CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Conjugated Linoleic Acid: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83840-2 1. Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on conjugated linoleic acid. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID.................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Conjugated Linoleic Acid.............................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID ........................................................ 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Finding Nutrition Studies on Conjugated Linoleic Acid............................................................. 25 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 39 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID ................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 41 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 General References ....................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID ................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Dissertations on Conjugated Linoleic Acid ................................................................................. 65 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID .............................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patents on Conjugated Linoleic Acid........................................................................................... 67 Patent Applications on Conjugated Linoleic Acid ....................................................................... 85 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 100 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID ................................................................ 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 103 Chapters on Conjugated Linoleic Acid....................................................................................... 103 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID .................................. 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 105 Academic Periodicals covering Conjugated Linoleic Acid ......................................................... 107 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 111 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 113 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 116 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 117 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 119 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 121 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 121 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 121 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 127 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 127
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CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID DICTIONARY.................................................................. 129 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 175
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with conjugated linoleic acid is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about conjugated linoleic acid, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to conjugated linoleic acid, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on conjugated linoleic acid. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to conjugated linoleic acid, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on conjugated linoleic acid. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on conjugated linoleic acid.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and conjugated linoleic acid, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Overview Source: Dietitian's Edge. 2(6): 22-23. November-December 2001. Summary: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a fatty acid supplement that some researchers propose enhances weight loss. CLA is a term that describes a group of linoleic acid isomers in which the double bonds are conjugated at carbons 10 and 12 or 9 and 11 in the cis and trans configurations. CLA is found in the meat and milk of ruminant animals and also in dietary supplements. Sarubin reviews the research on the efficacy of CLA in weight loss efforts. The evidence from animal studies suggests that CLA supplementation reduces body fat and increases lean body mass. Preliminary research in humans has not demonstrated the same positive effects on body composition. Sarubin concludes that 'at this time, CLA supplementation does not seem
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warranted for weight loss enhancement until further controlled trials can verify its efficacy.'
Federally Funded Research on Conjugated Linoleic Acid The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to conjugated linoleic acid. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to conjugated linoleic acid. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore conjugated linoleic acid. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for conjugated linoleic acid: •
Project Title: ADJUVANT NUTRITION IN CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Muga, Stephanie; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, Sc 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: Colorectal cancer remains a pre-eminent health concern in the United States today and is increasing in incidence worldwide. While chemotherapy for colon cancer is virtually standardized in this country (5-fluorouracil (FUra) and leucovorin), the reasons for only a 30-40% response rate are poorly understood. One highly under-explored variable in cancer chemotherapy is the effect of the patient's nutrient or dietary profile at the initiation of therapy and duration throughout therapy; dietary modification may significantly alter chemotherapeutic response. This project focuses on devising methods to prevent, treat, and control the development and progression of colorectal cancer. The novel approach to be explored in this project combines standard chemotherapeutic treatment with diet and nutrition modification to maximize drug efficacy thereby maintaining balances between key biochemical events that regulate cellular growth and differentiation. To date, very little research has examined the impact of dietary modulation on drug efficacy. This project will explore the effects of modifying the dietary environment in improving the response to FUra in a human colon cell culture system and the Ape Min/+ mouse model. Recent experiments in mice have shown that a diet high in fat, and low in vitamin D, calcium, methionine, choline, and folate induced colon cancer in the absence of a carcinogen. Studies on the chemopreventive elements in the diet indicate that many nutrients and non-nutrient components of diets are chemopreventive. We hypothesize that a diet enriched in chemopreventive factors (folate, calcium, vitamin D, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)) will potentiate the
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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therapeutic ratio of FUra in the Apc Min/+ mouse. We postulate that a "cancer preventive" diet will enhance FUra-induced programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the colon, whereas a Western Stress diet will inhibit the effects of FUra treatment. In Aim 1, we will identify the molecular mechanisms by which pro-apoptotic dietary factors modulate the therapeutic efficacy of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd; nueleoside derivative of FUra) by examining biomarkers related to inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in human colon cancer cell lines. In Aim 2, we will evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of administration of FUra on tumor incidence in the Apd Min/+ mouse. In Aim 3, we will evaluate the effects that (1) a supplemented diet enriched in folate, calcium, vitamin D, and conjugated linoleic acid and (2) a diet deficient in these factors has on 5-FU efficacy in the Apc Min/+ mouse. Results from this work will provide novel insight into the mechanisms of how dietary factors benefit colon tumorigenesis and how these dietary agents influence the ability of FUra to modulate colon carcinogenesis. Data obtained from these studies will be used to generate NIH R01 funding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTIOBESITY MECHANISM OF CLA ISOMER IN HUMAN ADIPOCYTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcintosh, Michael K.; Nutrition/Foodservice Systems; University of North Carolina Greensboro 103 Foust Building Greensboro, Nc 274026170 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to develop novel dietary strategies for the control of human obesity, the most prevalent nutritionrelated disease in America. The objective of this application is to identify isomerspecific mechanisms by which conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), unsaturated fatty acids found in beef and dairy foods that reduce adiposity in certain animals and humans, alters lipid metabolism in cultures of human (pre)adipocytes. The central hypothesis for the proposed research is that the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of CLA attenuates triglyceride (TG) content and alters lipid droplet morphology by enhancing energy expenditure, lipolysis, and fatty acid oxidation, thereby down-regulating the expression of perilipin-A, a major regulator of adipocyte TG storage. This hypothesis was formulated based on our preliminary findings in human (pre)adipocyte cultures demonstrating that trans-10, cis12, but not cis-9, trans-11, CLA decreased TG content, de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid esterification, and perilipin protein without affecting differentiation per se. The rationale for the proposed research is that once we understand how trans-10, cis-12 CLA prevents TG accumulation in (pre)adipocytes, effective strategies can be developed using CLA as an antiobesity nutrient in fortified foods or supplements for clinical trials. To accomplish this objective, the following specific aims will be examined in human cultures of differentiating preadipocytes and newly differentiated adipocytes: Aim #1. Determine the mechanism by which trans-10, cis-12 CLA decreases cellular TG content; and Aim #2. Determine the mechanism by which trans-10, cis-12 CLA decreases the expression of perilipin-A. In Aim #1, the impact of fatty acid type and dose on oxygen consumption, mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and uncoupling protein expression will be determined. In Aim #2, the influence of fatty acid type and dose on perilipin-A protein and gene expression will be evaluated. Using primary cultures of human adipocytes as our model is important, because there are clear differences between the lipid metabolism of human and animal adipocytes. The proposed studies are significant because they are expected to lead to the development of
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novel strategies for weight loss. Consequently, reductions in health problems and financial costs related to obesity are expected. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONJUGATED LINOLEIC AND OXIDATIVE LIPID METABOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Bull, Arthur W.; Chemistry; Oakland University Rochester, Mi 483094401 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-MAR-1999; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: Mammary cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among American women. Although the precise etiology in a majority of cases is unknown, several epidemiologic studies have implicated environmental factors as major contributors. In animal models it has been clearly demonstrated that mammary tumorigenesis is enhanced by high levels of dietary fat especially linoleic acid. Dietary changes leading to a reduction of experimental breast cancer have also been observed, which suggests dietary modifications may be capable of altering human cancer risk as well. Experiments in this proposal will investigate potential mechanisms of action by which a naturally occurring isomer of linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), inhibits carcinogenesis. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term referring to a mixture of position and geometric isomers of linoleic acid which occur in many foods. Low levels of dietary CLA (1%) inhibit carcinogenesis in experimental mammary cancer. However, almost nothing is known with respect to the metabolism of CLA. The current proposal will examine the working hypothesis that the tumor inhibitory potency of CLA is due to modulation of oxidative lipid metabolism. The specific aims of the project will 1. Determine the direct effects of CLA, and CLA-specific metabolites, on the enzyme systems responsible for oxidative metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids including lipoxygenases, cytochromes P-450 (fatty acid epoxygenase), cyclooxygenases, and 13HODE dehydrogenase. 2. Determine the effects of CLA and CLA-specific metabolites, on the expression of these enzymes in MEC cultures. 3. Examine the metabolism of CLA in rat mammary epithelial cell (MEC) culture as well as mammary gland and liver homogenates. Particular emphasis will be placed upon the generation of CLA-specific metabolites contained oxidized moieties. When these experiments are completed, we will have new information concerning the mode of action of an effective inhibitor of mammary tumorigenesis. Metabolic pathways and biological activity will have been evaluated. The results may provide insight into approaches for the reduction of mammary cancer in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DIET, EXOGENOUS HORMONES AND BREAST CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Colditz, Graham A.; Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Using repeated measures of exposure and the long follow-up in the Nurses' Health Study (1976 to 2004), we propose a series of analyses relating specific aspects of diet, nutritional status, and postmenopausal use to breast cancer incidence and survival among women with breast cancer. DNA samples from cohort numbers will be used to evaluate associations between functional important polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer and potential gene-diet interactions. Specific exposures will also be related to tumor characteristics using pathology blocks that have been collected from incident breast cancer cases. Dietary hypotheses include that low folate intake and blood levels
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increase breast cancer risk, in particular tumors characterized by negative estrogen receptor status and aberrant methylation of the genes for this receptor and p16; that dietary fiber and specific types and sources of fiber, flavonoids, overall antioxidant intake, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and decreases in adiposity each reduce risk. We further hypothesize that high dietary glycemic load and intakes of heterocyclic amines from cooked meat, N-3 fatty acids from fish, and (after a long latent period) total fat each in increase risk. Polymorphisms in genes related to specificity dietary exposures (MTHFR, manganese SOD, and NAT1/2) will be examined in relation to breast cancer directly and as interactions with the corresponding dietary factors. We also propose to evaluate the type and dose of post-menopausal hormone preparations in relation to overall risk of breast cancer and estrogen receptor status of tumors. Finally, we hypothesize that high intake of dietary fat reduces survival among women with breast cancer, but that high intake of protein, regular physical activity, and avoidance of weight gain each increase survival. Because of the prospective design with repeated measures of exposure, long follow-up, and large numbers of breast cancer cases (over 5,000 cases for most dietary analyses), these analyses will provide important data for women and their health providers attempting to reduce risk of breast cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MAMMARY CANCER PREVENTION BY CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID Principal Investigator & Institution: Ip, Clement C.; Distinguished Member & Chair; Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corp Buffalo, Ny 14263 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1994; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) represents certain positional isomers of linoleic acid. Milk and dairy products are good sources of CLA because of the unique metabolic capability of rumen bacteria in converting linoleic acid to CLA. We have described two distinct activities of CLA in mammary cancer prevention. First, CLA down-regulates mammary gland morphogenesis, and in doing so, may lower cancer risk. Second, CLA is also capable of suppressing neoplastic progression. Additionally, our in vitro experiments show that CLA decreases cell growth and induces apoptosis in a primary mammary epithelial cell (MEC) culture system. Aim 1 will determine the mechanism by which CLA inhibits proliferation of MEC. It is postulated that CLA may modulate signal transduction pathways. Potential targets include activation and recruitment of G proteins to the plasma membrane, the activity of the MAP kinase family, cyclins, cdk inhibitors and Rb. Aim 2 will determine the mechanism by which CLA stimulates apoptosis of MEC. The expression and activity of specific caspases, and the ability of caspase inhibitors to attenuate the apoptotic response to CLA, will be investigated. Additionally, the expression, phosphorylation, and dimerization of proand anti-apoptotic proteins will be studied. Aim 3 will determine whether CLA alters stromal-epithelial interactions since CLA is highly enriched in mammary adipocytes. A mammary adipocyte co-culture model will be utilized to delineate the effect of CLAloaded adipocytes on the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of normal and transformed MEC. Follow-up studies will investigate whether MEC transplanted into the gland-free mammary fat pad of CLA pre-treated rats are growth inhibited. Aim 4 will determine how CLA might affect the pace and outcome of mammary gland development and to elucidate the biological significance in relation to modulation of cancer risk. These animal experiments are designed to address whether CLA nutrition during pubescence may have a durable suppressive effect on maturation of the mammary epithelium and therefore resulting in a lower cancer risk later on in life. Aim
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5 will determine the effect of CLA feeding on the expression of proliferative and apoptotic markers in defined target cell populations of the mammary gland. These studies are designed to apply the in vitro information of Aims 1 and 2 to the in vivo model in order to validate the use of molecular surrogate endpoints in CLA intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for conjugated linoleic acid in the PubMed Central database: •
A semi-quantitative RT-PCR method to measure the in vivo effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on porcine muscle PPAR gene expression. by Meadus WJ.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150388
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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) versus saturated fats/cholesterol: their proportion in fatty and lean meats may affect the risk of developing colon cancer. by Eynard AR, Lopez CB.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=201014
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Accumulation via 10-Hydroxy-12-Octadecaenoic Acid during Microaerobic Transformation of Linoleic Acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus. by Ogawa J, Matsumura K, Kishino S, Omura Y, Shimizu S.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92720
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Effect of Linoleic Acid Concentration on Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38. by Kim YJ, Liu RH, Bond DR, Russell JB.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92448
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with conjugated linoleic acid, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for conjugated linoleic acid (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A new conjugated linoleic acid isomer, 7 trans, 9 cis-octadecadienoic acid, in cow milk, cheese, beef and human milk and adipose tissue. Author(s): Yurawecz MP, Roach JA, Sehat N, Mossoba MM, Kramer JK, Fritsche J, Steinhart H, Ku Y. Source: Lipids. 1998 August; 33(8): 803-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9727611&dopt=Abstract
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Activation of PPARgamma may mediate a portion of the anticancer activity of conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 September; 55(3): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985906&dopt=Abstract
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Addition of conjugated linoleic acid to a herbal anticellulite pill. Author(s): Birnbaum L. Source: Adv Ther. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783459&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant enzyme defence responses of human MCF-7 and SW480 cancer cells to conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): O'Shea M, Stanton C, Devery R. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 May-June; 19(3A): 1953-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10470140&dopt=Abstract
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Antiplatelet effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Author(s): Truitt A, McNeill G, Vanderhoek JY. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1999 May 18; 1438(2): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10320806&dopt=Abstract
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Atherosclerosis and conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Rudel LL. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1999 March; 81(3): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10434843&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid
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Bioconversion of vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid in humans. Author(s): Turpeinen AM, Mutanen M, Aro A, Salminen I, Basu S, Palmquist DL, Griinari JM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 76(3): 504-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197992&dopt=Abstract
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Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in humans. Author(s): Adlof RO, Duval S, Emken EA. Source: Lipids. 2000 February; 35(2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757542&dopt=Abstract
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Cell signal mechanisms, conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and anti-tumorigenesis. Author(s): Wahle KW, Heys SD. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2002 AugustSeptember; 67(2-3): 183-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324239&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in conjugated linoleic acid and its metabolites in patients with chronic renal failure. Author(s): Lucchi L, Banni S, Melis MP, Angioni E, Carta G, Casu V, Rapana R, Ciuffreda A, Corongiu FP, Albertazzi A. Source: Kidney International. 2000 October; 58(4): 1695-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11012903&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic but not acute treatment with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers (trans10, cis-12 CLA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA) affects lipid metabolism in Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Black IL, Roche HM, Gibney MJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8): 2167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163657&dopt=Abstract
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Cis 9, trans 11- and trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid isomers induce apoptosis in cultured SW480 cells. Author(s): Miller A, Stanton C, Devery R. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 November-December; 22(6C): 3879-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553008&dopt=Abstract
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Colonic anti-inflammatory mechanisms of conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R, Beitz DC. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2002 December; 21(6): 451-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468364&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits growth of Caco-2 colon cancer cells: possible mediation by oleamide. Author(s): Kim EJ, Jun JG, Park HS, Kim SM, Ha YL, Park JH. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 July-August; 22(4): 2193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174903&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middleaged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Riserus U, Berglund L, Vessby B. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 August; 25(8): 1129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11477497&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid and bone biology. Author(s): Watkins BA, Seifert MF. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 August; 19(4): 478S-486S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10963468&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid and disease prevention: a review of current knowledge. Author(s): MacDonald HB. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 April; 19(2 Suppl): 111S-118S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10759137&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic agents of bovine milk fat. Author(s): Parodi PW. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1999 June; 82(6): 1339-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10386321&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid and oxidative behaviour in cancer cells. Author(s): Devery R, Miller A, Stanton C. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 2001 May; 29(Pt 2): 341-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356179&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid and the risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Chajes V, Lavillonniere F, Ferrari P, Jourdan ML, Pinault M, Maillard V, Sebedio JL, Bougnoux P. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 203-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484165&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid
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Conjugated linoleic acid biosynthesis by human-derived Bifidobacterium species. Author(s): Coakley M, Ross RP, Nordgren M, Fitzgerald G, Devery R, Stanton C. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003; 94(1): 138-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492934&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid content in breast adipose tissue is not associated with the relative risk of breast cancer in a population of French patients. Author(s): Chajes V, Lavillonniere F, Ferrari P, Jourdan ML, Pinault M, Maillard V, Sebedio JL, Bougnoux P. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 July; 11(7): 672-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101117&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid decreases production of pro-inflammatory products in macrophages: evidence for a PPAR gamma-dependent mechanism. Author(s): Yu Y, Correll PH, Vanden Heuvel JP. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 April 15; 1581(3): 89-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020636&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid downregulates insulin-like growth factor-I receptor levels in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Author(s): Kim EJ, Kang IJ, Cho HJ, Kim WK, Ha YL, Park JH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 August; 133(8): 2675-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12888657&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid exhibits stimulatory and inhibitory effects on prostanoid production in human endothelial cells and platelets. Author(s): Torres-Duarte AP, Vanderhoek JY. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 April 7; 1640(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676356&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid in humans--reasons to be cheerful? Author(s): Calder PC. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2002 March; 5(2): 1236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11844976&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans. Author(s): Basu S, Smedman A, Vessby B. Source: Febs Letters. 2000 February 18; 468(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10683436&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal obesity. Author(s): Basu S, Riserus U, Turpeinen A, Vessby B. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2000 December; 99(6): 511-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099394&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits cell proliferation and ErbB3 signaling in HT-29 human colon cell line. Author(s): Cho HJ, Kim WK, Kim EJ, Jung KC, Park S, Lee HS, Tyner AL, Park JH. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2003 June; 284(6): G996-1005. Epub 2003 February 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571082&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARalpha. Author(s): Moya-Camarena SY, Vanden Heuvel JP, Blanchard SG, Leesnitzer LA, Belury MA. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1999 August; 40(8): 1426-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428978&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid isomers have differential effects on triglyceride secretion in Hep G2 cells. Author(s): Lin Y, Schuurbiers E, Van der Veen S, De Deckere EA. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2001 August 29; 1533(1): 38-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11514234&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid may be useful in treating diabetes by controlling body fat and weight gain. Author(s): Pariza MW. Source: Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2002; 4(3): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165172&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid metabolism. Author(s): Banni S. Source: Current Opinion in Lipidology. 2002 June; 13(3): 261-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045395&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. Author(s): Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O. Source: J Int Med Res. 2001 September-October; 29(5): 392-6. Erratum In: J Int Med Res 2002 March-April; 30(2): 210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725826&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid
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Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. Author(s): Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 December; 130(12): 2943-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110851&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and energy expenditure. Author(s): Zambell KL, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Gale B, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ. Source: Lipids. 2000 July; 35(7): 777-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941879&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite. Author(s): Medina EA, Horn WF, Keim NL, Havel PJ, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Erickson KL. Source: Lipids. 2000 July; 35(7): 783-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941880&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on fatty acid and glycerol kinetics. Author(s): Zambell KL, Horn WF, Keim NL. Source: Lipids. 2001 August; 36(8): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11592726&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans--metabolic effects. Author(s): Smedman A, Vessby B. Source: Lipids. 2001 August; 36(8): 773-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11592727&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the growth of human breast adenocarcinoma cells in SCID mice. Author(s): Visonneau S, Cesano A, Tepper SA, Scimeca JA, Santoli D, Kritchevsky D. Source: Anticancer Res. 1997 March-April; 17(2A): 969-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9137436&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): O'Quinn PR, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Tokach MD. Source: Animal Health Research Reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. 2000 June; 1(1): 35-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706843&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid: a review. Author(s): Kelly GS. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2001 August; 6(4): 367-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11578253&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid: effects on plasma lipids and cardiovascular function. Author(s): Khosla P, Fungwe TV. Source: Current Opinion in Lipidology. 2001 February; 12(1): 31-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176200&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid: implications for human health. Author(s): Whigham LD, Cook ME, Atkinson RL. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2000 December; 42(6): 503-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058400&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) regulate the expression of key apoptotic genes in human breast cancer cells. Author(s): Majumder B, Wahle KW, Moir S, Schofield A, Choe SN, Farquharson A, Grant I, Heys SD. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2002 September; 16(11): 1447-9. Epub 2002 July 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205043&dopt=Abstract
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Designed eggs containing conjugated linoleic acids and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Author(s): Watkins BA, Devitt AA, Feng S. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001; 90: 162-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11545041&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) intake assessment and possible biomarkers of CLA intake in young women. Author(s): Fremann D, Linseisen J, Wolfram G. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12001981&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid did not alter immune status in young healthy women. Author(s): Kelley DS, Taylor PC, Rudolph IL, Benito P, Nelson GJ, Mackey BE, Erickson KL. Source: Lipids. 2000 October; 35(10): 1065-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11104011&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: physiological effects and mechanisms of action. Author(s): Belury MA. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 2002; 22: 505-31. Epub 2002 April 04. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055356&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid increased its concentration in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but did not alter their function. Author(s): Kelley DS, Simon VA, Taylor PC, Rudolph IL, Benito P, Nelson GJ, Mackey BE, Erickson KL. Source: Lipids. 2001 July; 36(7): 669-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521964&dopt=Abstract
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Differences between humans and mice in efficacy of the body fat lowering effect of conjugated linoleic acid: role of metabolic rate. Author(s): Terpstra AH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 July; 131(7): 2067-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11435531&dopt=Abstract
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Differential stimulatory and inhibitory responses of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells to linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in culture. Author(s): Shultz TD, Chew BP, Seaman WR. Source: Anticancer Res. 1992 November-December; 12(6B): 2143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1295460&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of apoptosis on gastric adenocarcinoma cell line SGC-7901 induced by cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Liu JR, Chen BQ, Yang YM, Wang XL, Xue YB, Zheng YM, Liu RH. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 December; 8(6): 999-1004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439913&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid on cell cycle of gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (SGC-7901). Author(s): Liu JR, Li BX, Chen BQ, Han XH, Xue YB, Yang YM, Zheng YM, Liu RH. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 April; 8(2): 224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925596&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on metabolism of isotope-labeled oleic, linoleic, and CLA isomers in women. Author(s): Emken EA, Adlof RO, Duval S, Nelson G, Benito P. Source: Lipids. 2002 August; 37(8): 741-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12371744&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on immune function in healthy men. Author(s): Albers R, van der Wielen RP, Brink EJ, Hendriks HF, Dorovska-Taran VN, Mohede IC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 57(4): 595-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700622&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on immune responses, body composition and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Author(s): Ntambi JM, Choi Y, Park Y, Peters JM, Pariza MW. Source: Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology = Revue Canadienne De Physiologie Appliquee. 2002 December; 27(6): 617-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501000&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. Author(s): Kreider RB, Ferreira MP, Greenwood M, Wilson M, Almada AL. Source: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 2002 August; 16(3): 325-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173945&dopt=Abstract
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Estimation of conjugated linoleic acid intake by written dietary assessment methodologies underestimates actual intake evaluated by food duplicate methodology. Author(s): Ritzenthaler KL, McGuire MK, Falen R, Shultz TD, Dasgupta N, McGuire MA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 May; 131(5): 1548-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340114&dopt=Abstract
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Fatty acids and epithelial permeability: effect of conjugated linoleic acid in Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Roche HM, Terres AM, Black IB, Gibney MJ, Kelleher D. Source: Gut. 2001 June; 48(6): 797-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358898&dopt=Abstract
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Infant plasma trans, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are related to maternal plasma fatty acids, length of gestation, and birth weight and length. Author(s): Elias SL, Innis SM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 April; 73(4): 807-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273857&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: potential mechanisms of action. Author(s): Belury MA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 October; 132(10): 2995-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368384&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity by the cis-9,trans-11 isomer and the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Author(s): Choi Y, Park Y, Storkson JM, Pariza MW, Ntambi JM. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 June 21; 294(4): 785-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061775&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid on linoleic acid elongation in transformed yeast with human elongase. Author(s): Chuang LT, Leonard AE, Liu JW, Mukerji P, Bray TM, Huang YS. Source: Lipids. 2001 October; 36(10): 1099-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768153&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid on invasion of human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901. Author(s): Chen BQ, Yang YM, Gao YH, Liu JR, Xue YB, Wang XL, Zheng YM, Zhang JS, Liu RH. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 September; 9(9): 1909-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970874&dopt=Abstract
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Intake of conjugated linoleic acid, fat, and other fatty acids in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer: the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Author(s): Voorrips LE, Brants HA, Kardinaal AF, Hiddink GJ, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 October; 76(4): 873-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324303&dopt=Abstract
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Intestinal microorganisms do not supply associated gnotobiotic rats with conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Kamlage B, Hartmann L, Gruhl B, Blaut M. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 December; 129(12): 2212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10573552&dopt=Abstract
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Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Aro A, Mannisto S, Salminen I, Ovaskainen ML, Kataja V, Uusitupa M. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(2): 151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525591&dopt=Abstract
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Milk fat conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits growth of human mammary MCF-7 cancer cells. Author(s): O'Shea M, Devery R, Lawless F, Murphy J, Stanton C. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 September- October; 20(5B): 3591-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131667&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of arachidonic acid distribution by conjugated linoleic acid isomers and linoleic acid in MCF-7 and SW480 cancer cells. Author(s): Miller A, Stanton C, Devery R. Source: Lipids. 2001 October; 36(10): 1161-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768161&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of lipid metabolism and vitamin A by conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Carta G, Angioni E, Murru E, Melis MP, Spada S, Banni S. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2002 AugustSeptember; 67(2-3): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324240&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of MCF-7 breast cancer cell signal transduction by linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in culture. Author(s): Park Y, Allen KG, Shultz TD. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 March-April; 20(2A): 669-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10810338&dopt=Abstract
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Opposite effects of linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid on human prostatic cancer in SCID mice. Author(s): Cesano A, Visonneau S, Scimeca JA, Kritchevsky D, Santoli D. Source: Anticancer Res. 1998 May-June; 18(3A): 1429-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9673351&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma fatty acid pattern including diene-conjugated linoleic acid in ethanol users and patients with ethanol-related liver disease. Author(s): Szebeni J, Eskelson C, Sampliner R, Hartmann B, Griffin J, Dormandy T, Watson RR. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1986 December; 10(6): 647-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3101533&dopt=Abstract
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Potential health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Scimeca JA, Miller GD. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 August; 19(4): 470S-471S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153468&dopt=Abstract
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Production of free conjugated linoleic acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei of human intestinal origin. Author(s): Alonso L, Cuesta EP, Gilliland SE. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 June; 86(6): 1941-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12836928&dopt=Abstract
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Proliferative responses of normal human mammary and MCF-7 breast cancer cells to linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid and eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors in culture. Author(s): Cunningham DC, Harrison LY, Shultz TD. Source: Anticancer Res. 1997 January-February; 17(1A): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9066651&dopt=Abstract
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Quality characteristics of irradiated ready-to-eat breast rolls from turkeys fed conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Du M, Ahn DU, Mendonca AF, Wesley IV. Source: Poultry Science. 2002 September; 81(9): 1378-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269620&dopt=Abstract
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Recent advances in conjugated linoleic acid research. Author(s): Sebedio JL, Gnaedig S, Chardigny JM. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 1999 November; 2(6): 499-506. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678680&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity by the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid in HepG2 cells. Author(s): Choi Y, Park Y, Pariza MW, Ntambi JM. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 June 15; 284(3): 689-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11396956&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between the intake of milk fat and the occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in human adipose tissue. Author(s): Jiang J, Wolk A, Vessby B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 July; 70(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393134&dopt=Abstract
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Review of the effects of trans fatty acids, oleic acid, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and conjugated linoleic acid on mammary carcinogenesis in animals. Author(s): Ip C. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 December; 66(6 Suppl): 1523S1529S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394710&dopt=Abstract
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Safflower oil consumption does not increase plasma conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in humans. Author(s): Herbel BK, McGuire MK, McGuire MA, Shultz TD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 February; 67(2): 332-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9459383&dopt=Abstract
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Short communication: Consumer evaluation of milk high in conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Ramaswamy N, Baer RJ, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR, Kasperson KM, Whitlock LA. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2001 July; 84(7): 1607-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467809&dopt=Abstract
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Species differences in the metabolism and regulation of gene expression by conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Moya-Camarena SY, Belury MA. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1999 November; 57(11): 336-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10628184&dopt=Abstract
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Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Author(s): Riserus U, Basu S, Jovinge S, Fredrikson GN, Arnlov J, Vessby B. Source: Circulation. 2002 October 8; 106(15): 1925-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370214&dopt=Abstract
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The antiproliferative effects of biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid on human colorectal and prostatic cancer cells. Author(s): Palombo JD, Ganguly A, Bistrian BR, Menard MP. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 March 28; 177(2): 163-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825663&dopt=Abstract
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The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME. Source: Progress in Lipid Research. 2001 July; 40(4): 283-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11412893&dopt=Abstract
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The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Belury MA, Mahon A, Banni S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 257S-260S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514304&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain fatty acids on transepithelial calcium transport in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Jewell C, Cashman KD. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 89(5): 639-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720584&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on arachidonic acid metabolism and eicosanoid production in human saphenous vein endothelial cells. Author(s): Urquhart P, Parkin SM, Rogers JS, Bosley JA, Nicolaou A. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 February 28; 1580(2-3): 150-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880240&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans. Author(s): Benito P, Nelson GJ, Kelley DS, Bartolini G, Schmidt PC, Simon V. Source: Lipids. 2001 March; 36(3): 229-36. Erratum In: Lipids 2001 August; 36(8): 857. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337977&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on platelet function, platelet fatty acid composition, and blood coagulation in humans. Author(s): Benito P, Nelson GJ, Kelley DS, Bartolini G, Schmidt PC, Simon V. Source: Lipids. 2001 March; 36(3): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337976&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. Author(s): Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP, Saris WH, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 July; 27(7): 840-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821971&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy human subjects. Author(s): Noone EJ, Roche HM, Nugent AP, Gibney MJ. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88(3): 243-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207834&dopt=Abstract
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The growth inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid on a human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, is induced by a change in fatty acid metabolism, but not the facilitation of lipid peroxidation in the cells. Author(s): Igarashi M, Miyazawa T. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2001 February 26; 1530(2-3): 162-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239819&dopt=Abstract
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The growth inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid on MCF-7 cells is related to estrogen response system. Author(s): Durgam VR, Fernandes G. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 June 24; 116(2): 121-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9215854&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of fortification with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the quality of fluid milk. Author(s): Campbell W, Drake MA, Larick DK. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 January; 86(1): 43-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613847&dopt=Abstract
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The role of phenolics, conjugated linoleic acid, carnosine, and pyrroloquinoline quinone as nonessential dietary antioxidants. Author(s): Decker EA. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1995 March; 53(3): 49-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7770184&dopt=Abstract
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Trans-10, cis-12, but not cis-9, trans-11, conjugated linoleic acid attenuates lipogenesis in primary cultures of stromal vascular cells from human adipose tissue. Author(s): Brown JM, Halvorsen YD, Lea-Currie YR, Geigerman C, McIntosh M. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 September; 131(9): 2316-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533273&dopt=Abstract
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Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the desaturation of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in HepG2 cells. Author(s): Eder K, Slomma N, Becker K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 June; 132(6): 1115-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042419&dopt=Abstract
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Trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid inhibits Caco-2 colon cancer cell growth. Author(s): Kim EJ, Holthuizen PE, Park HS, Ha YL, Jung KC, Park JH. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2002 August; 283(2): G357-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121883&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Author(s): Riserus U, Arner P, Brismar K, Vessby B. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 September; 25(9): 1516-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196420&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and conjugated linoleic acid.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Conjugated Linoleic Acid The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid
The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on conjugated linoleic acid: •
Activation of PPARgamma may mediate a portion of the anticancer activity of conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Pantox Laboratories, San Diego, California 92109, USA. Source: McCarty, M F Med-Hypotheses. 2000 September; 55(3): 187-8 0306-9877
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Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched triacylglycerol mixtures by isocratic silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): USDA, NCAUR, Fat and Industrial Oil Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
[email protected] Source: Adlof, R O Menzel, A Dorovska Taran, V J-Chromatogr-A. 2002 April 12; 953(12): 293-7
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Analysis of variation in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat of dairy cows. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Source: Peterson, D G Kelsey, J A Bauman, D E J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 September; 85(9): 216472 0022-0302
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Cell-adhered conjugated linoleic acid regulates isomerization of linoleic acid by resting cells of Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Author(s): Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 6100, 02015 HUT, Finland.
[email protected] Source: Rainio, A Vahvaselka, M Laakso, S Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2002 December; 60(4): 481-4 0175-7598
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Cis 9, trans 11- and trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid isomers induce apoptosis in cultured SW480 cells. Author(s): School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland. Source: Miller, A Stanton, C Devery, R Anticancer-Res. 2002 Nov-December; 22(6C): 3879-87 0250-7005
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Comparison of linoleic and conjugated linoleic acids in enzymatic acidolysis of tristearin. Source: Yang, T.Y. Xu, X.B. Li, L. J-food-lipids. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, 1993-. Sept 2001. volume 8 (3) page 149-161. 1065-7258
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Conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acid composition of cows' milk fat produced in lowlands and highlands. Author(s): Federal Dairy Research Station, Bern, Switzerland.
[email protected] Source: Collomb, M Butikofer, U Sieber, R Bosset, O Jeangros, B J-Dairy-Res. 2001 August; 68(3): 519-23 0022-0299
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Conjugated linoleic acid biosynthesis by human-derived Bifidobacterium species. Author(s): Teagasc, Dairy Products Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland. Source: Coakley, M Ross, R P Nordgren, M Fitzgerald, G Devery, R Stanton, C J-ApplMicrobiol. 2003; 94(1): 138-45 1364-5072
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Conjugated linoleic acid decreases fat accretion in pigs: evaluation by dual-energy Xray absorptiometry. Author(s): Agriculture Victoria, Victorian Institute of Animal Science, 600 Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.
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Source: Ostrowska, E Suster, D Muralitharan, M Cross, R F Leury, B J Bauman, D E Dunshea, F R Br-J-Nutr. 2003 February; 89(2): 219-29 0007-1145 •
Conjugated linoleic acid depresses the delta9 desaturase index and stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase enzyme activity in porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA.
[email protected] Source: Smith, S B Hively, T S Cortese, G M Han, J J Chung, K Y Castenada, P Gilbert, C D Adams, V L Mersmann, H J J-Anim-Sci. 2002 August; 80(8): 2110-5 0021-8812
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Conjugated linoleic acid differentially modifies fatty acid composition in subcellular fractions of muscle and adipose tissue but not adiposity of postweaning pigs. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Source: Demaree, S R Gilbert, C D Mersmann, H J Smith, S B J-Nutr. 2002 November; 132(11): 3272-9 0022-3166
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Conjugated linoleic acid does not inhibit development of aberrant crypt foci in colons of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Author(s): Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2. Source: Ealey, K N el Sohemy, A Archer, M C Nutr-Cancer. 2001; 41(1-2): 104-6 01635581
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Conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk fat: a food-based approach to cancer chemoprevention. Author(s): Teagasc, Dairy Products Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork (Ireland) Source: O'Shea, M. Lawless, F. Stanton, C. Devery, R. Trends-in-Food-Science-andTechnology (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 9(5) page 192-196. milk milk fat linoleic acid neoplasms mankind foods chemical composition
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Conjugated linoleic acid in combination with supplemental dietary fat alters pork fat quality. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621, USA. Source: Gatlin, L A See, M T Larick, D K Lin, X Odle, J J-Nutr. 2002 October; 132(10): 3105-12 0022-3166
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Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans. Author(s): Section of Geriatrics/Clinical Nutrition Research, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Box 609, SE-751 25, Uppsala, Sweden. samar@
[email protected] Source: Basu, S Smedman, A Vessby, B FEBS-Lett. 2000 Feb 18; 468(1): 33-6 0014-5793
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Conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA): good for everything? Author(s): (Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Monserrato (Italie). Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia Sperimentale) Source: Banni, S. Murru, E. Angioni, E. Carta, G. Melis, M.P. Sciences-des-Aliments (France). (2002). volume 22(4) page 371-380. Numero special: Dairy Products, Nutrition and Health. P11. linoleic acid isomerization human nutrition health 0240-8813
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Conjugated linoleic acid may be useful in treating diabetes by controlling body fat and weight gain. Author(s): Food Research Institute, Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
[email protected]
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Source: Pariza, M W Diabetes-Technol-Ther. 2002; 4(3): 335-8 1520-9156 •
Conjugated linoleic acid metabolism. Author(s): Department of Experimental Biology, Experimental Pathology Section, University of Cagliari, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Banni, S Curr-Opin-Lipidol. 2002 June; 13(3): 261-6 0957-9672
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Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fats and cytokine levels of mice. Author(s): Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Akahoshi, A Goto, Y Murao, K Miyazaki, T Yamasaki, M Nonaka, M Yamada, K Sugano, M Biosci-Biotechnol-Biochem. 2002 April; 66(4): 916-20 0916-8451
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Conjugated linoleic acid. Source: Jackson, A.A. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The British Nutrition Foundation. March 2000. volume 25 (1) page 25-27. 0141-9684
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Conjugated linoleic acid: effects on plasma lipids and cardiovascular function. Author(s): Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
[email protected] Source: Khosla, P Fungwe, T V Curr-Opin-Lipidol. 2001 February; 12(1): 31-24 0957-9672
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid decreased cachexia, macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and modifies splenocyte cytokines production. Author(s): Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Source: Yang, M Cook, M E Exp-Biol-Med-(Maywood). 2003 January; 228(1): 51-8 15353702
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: physiological effects and mechanisms of action. Author(s): Department of Molecular Medicine, Northwest Hospital, 21720 23rd Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, USA.
[email protected] Source: Belury, M A Annu-Rev-Nutr. 2002; 22: 505-31 0199-9885
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid lowers plasma cholesterol during cholesterol supplementation, but accentuates the atherogenic lipid profile during the acute phase response in hamsters. Author(s): Foster Biomedical Research Laboratory, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA. Source: Sher, J Pronczuk, A Hajri, T Hayes, K C J-Nutr. 2003 February; 133(2): 456-60 0022-3166
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid with fish oil alters yolk n-3 and trans fatty acid content and volatile compounds in raw, cooked, and irradiated eggs. Author(s): Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 973316702, USA.
[email protected] Source: Cherian, G Goeger, M P Ahn, D U Poult-Sci. 2002 October; 81(10): 1571-7 00325791
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acids alter serum IGF-I and IGF binding protein concentrations and reduce bone formation in rats fed (n-6) or (n-3) fatty acids. Author(s): Department of Food Science, Lipid Chemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA. Source: Li, Y Seifert, M F Ney, D M Grahn, M Grant, A L Allen, K G Watkins, B A JBone-Miner-Res. 1999 July; 14(7): 1153-62 0884-0431
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Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid does not improve nutritional status of tumor-bearing rats. Author(s): School of Nursing, K6-326, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison WI 53792-2455, USA. Source: McCarthy Beckett, Donna O Res-Nurs-Health. 2002 February; 25(1): 49-57 01606891
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Downregulation of macrophage activation by PPAR gamma suggests a role for conjugated linoleic acid in prevention of Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. Source: McCarty, M.F. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. 1998. volume 1 (3) page 217-226. 1096-620X
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Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on metabolism of isotope-labeled oleic, linoleic, and CLA isomers in women. Source: Emken, E.A. Adlof, R.O. Duval, S. Nelson, G. Benito, P. Lipids. Champaign, Ill. : American Oil Chemists' Society, 1966-. August 2002. volume 37 (8) page 741-750. 00244201
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Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acids on the distribution of fatty acids in serum lipoprotein fractions and different tissues of growing pigs. Author(s): Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany. Source: Tischendorf, F Mockel, P Schone, F Plonne, M Jahreis, G J-Anim-Physiol-AnimNutr-(Berl). 2002 October; 86(9-10): 313-25 0931-2439
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Effect of dose of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on percentage and fatty acid content of milk fat in midlactation holstein cows. Source: Giesy, J G McGuire, M A Shafii, B Hanson, T W J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 August; 85(8): 2023-9 0022-0302
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Effect of extruded full-fat soybeans on conjugated linoleic acid content of intramuscular, intermuscular, and subcutaneous fat in beef steers. Author(s): Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Source: Madron, M S Peterson, D G Dwyer, D A Corl, B A Baumgard, L H Beermann, D H Bauman, D E J-Anim-Sci. 2002 April; 80(4): 1135-43 0021-8812
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Effect of separate conjugated linoleic acid isomers on murine mammary tumorigenesis. Author(s): Department of Cell Biology and Human, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616-8643, USA.
[email protected] Source: Hubbard, N E Lim, D Erickson, K L Cancer-Lett. 2003 February 10; 190(1): 13-9 0304-3835
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Effect of soy protein isolate and conjugated linoleic acid on the growth of Dunning R3327-AT-1 rat prostate tumors. Author(s): Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology, Institute for Cancer Prevention, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
[email protected] Source: Cohen, L A Zhao, Z Pittman, B Scimeca, J Prostate. 2003 February 15; 54(3): 16980 0270-4137
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. Author(s): Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Human Movement Sciences and Education, University of Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
[email protected]
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Source: Kreider, R B Ferreira, M P Greenwood, M Wilson, M Almada, A L J-StrengthCond-Res. 2002 August; 16(3): 325-34 1064-8011 •
Effects of dietary fat and conjugated linoleic acid on plasma metabolite concentrations and metabolic responses to homeostatic signals in pigs. Author(s): Agriculture Victoria, Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia. Source: Ostrowska, E Cross, R F Muralitharan, M Bauman, D E Dunshea, F R Br-J-Nutr. 2002 December; 88(6): 625-34 0007-1145
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Effects of dietary fat source and breed on the carcass composition, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid content of sheep meat and adipose tissue. Author(s): ASRC, Harper Adams University College, School of Agriculture, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK. Source: Wachira, A M Sinclair, L A Wilkinson, R G Enser, M Wood, J D Fisher, A V Br-JNutr. 2002 December; 88(6): 697-709 0007-1145
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Feeding fish meal and extruded soybeans enhances the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk. Author(s): Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 570070647, USA. Source: Abu Ghazaleh, A A Schingoethe, D J Hippen, A R Whitlock, L A J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 March; 85(3): 624-31 0022-0302
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Fish oil and extruded soybeans fed in combination increase conjugated linoleic acids in milk of dairy cows more than when fed separately. Author(s): Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 570070647, USA. Source: Whitlock, L A Schingoethe, D J Hippen, A R Kalscheur, K F Baer, R J Ramaswamy, N Kasperson, K M J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 January; 85(1): 234-43 0022-0302
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Growth, carcass characteristics, muscle conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and response to intravenous glucose challenge in high percentage Wagyu, Wagyu x Limousin, and Limousin steers fed sunflower oil-containing diet. Author(s): Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1.
[email protected] Source: Mir, P S Mir, Z Kubert, P S Gaskins, C T Martin, E L Dodson, M V Calles, J A Johnson, K A Busboom, J R Wood, A J Pittenger, G J Reeves, J J J-Anim-Sci. 2002 November; 80(11): 2996-3004 0021-8812
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Increasing the conjugated linoleic acid content of eggs and associated effects on selected egg characteristics. Source: Sell, J.L. Chamruspollert, M. Ahn, D. Proc-Md-Nutr-Conf-Feed-Manuf. [College Park, Md.] : The Conference, 1961-. 1999. (46th) page 131-140b. 0542-8386
•
Influence of a conjugated linoleic acid mixture on growth, organ weights, carcass traits and meat quality in growing pigs. Author(s): Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany. Source: Tischendorf, F Schone, F Kirchheim, U Jahreis, G J-Anim-Physiol-Anim-Nutr(Berl). 2002 April; 86(3-4): 117-28 0931-2439
•
Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on early inflammatory responses in male broiler chickens. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
[email protected]
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31
Source: Takahashi, K Kawamata, K Akiba, Y Iwata, T Kasai, M Br-Poult-Sci. 2002 March; 43(1): 47-53 0007-1668 •
Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on growth, meat quality, lipogenesis, plasma leptin and physiological variables of lipid metabolism in rabbits. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Corino, C Mourot, J Magni, S Pastorelli, G Rosi, F J-Anim-Sci. 2002 April; 80(4): 1020-8 0021-8812
•
Intake of conjugated linoleic acid, fat, and other fatty acids in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer: the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Author(s): Department of Nutritional Epidemiology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, Netherlands.
[email protected] Source: Voorrips, L E Brants, H A Kardinaal, A F Hiddink, G J van den Brandt, P A Goldbohm, R A Am-J-Clin-Nutr. 2002 October; 76(4): 873-82 0002-9165
•
Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Source: Aro, A. Mannisto, S. Salminen, I. Ovaskainen, M.L. Kataja, V. Uusitupa, M. Nutr-cancer. Mahwah, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 2000. volume 38 (2) page 151-157. 0163-5581
•
Nutritional impact of conjugated linoleic acid: a model functional food ingredient. Source: Bassaganya Riera, J. Hontecillas, R. Wannemuehler, M.J. In-vitro-cell-dev-biol,Plant. Largo, MD : Society for In Vitro Biology. May/June 2002. volume 38 (3) page 241246. 1054-5476
•
Potent cytotoxic effect of the trans10, cis12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid on rat hepatoma dRLh-84 cells. Author(s): Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, 812-8581, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Yamasaki, M Chujo, H Koga, Y Oishi, A Rikimaru, T Shimada, M Sugimachi, K Tachibana, H Yamada, K Cancer-Lett. 2002 December 15; 188(1-2): 171-80 0304-3835
•
Prolonged dietary treatment with conjugated linoleic acid stimulates porcine muscle peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and glutamine-fructose aminotransferase gene expression in vivo. Author(s): Meat Research Section, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1.
[email protected] Source: Meadus, W J MacInnis, R Dugan, M E R J-Mol-Endocrinol. 2002 April; 28(2): 7986 0952-5041
•
Quality characteristics of irradiated ready-to-eat breast rolls from turkeys fed conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3150, USA. Source: Du, M Ahn, D U Mendonca, A F Wesley, I V Poult-Sci. 2002 September; 81(9): 1378-84 0032-5791
•
Recent advances in conjugated linoleic acid research. Author(s): Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite de Nutrition Lipidique, Dijon, France.
[email protected] Source: Sebedio, J L Gnaedig, S Chardigny, J M Curr-Opin-Clin-Nutr-Metab-Care. 1999 November; 2(6): 499-506 1363-1950
32
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
•
Screening of conjugated linoleic acid producing lactic acid bacteria from fecal samples of healthy babies. Source: Ham, J.S. In, Y.M. Jeong, S.G. Kim, J.G. Lee, E.H. Kim, H.S. Yoon, S.K. Lee, B.H. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci. Seoul, Korea : AAAP and Korean Society of Animal Nutrition. July 2002. volume 15 (7) page 1031-1035. 1011-2367
•
Short-term administration of conjugated linoleic acid reduces liver triglyceride concentration and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in OLETF rats. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Source: Rahman, S M Huda, M N Uddin, M N Akhteruzzaman, S J-Biochem-Mol-Biol. 2002 September 30; 35(5): 494-7 1225-8687
•
Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Author(s): Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
[email protected] Source: Riserus, U Basu, S Jovinge, S Fredrikson, G N Arnlov, J Vessby, B Circulation. 2002 October 8; 106(15): 1925-9 1524-4539
•
The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
[email protected] Source: Belury, M A Mahon, A Banni, S J-Nutr. 2003 January; 133(1): 257S-260S 00223166
•
The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy human subjects. Author(s): Unit of Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
[email protected] Source: Noone, E J Roche, H M Nugent, A P Gibney, M J Br-J-Nutr. 2002 September; 88(3): 243-51 0007-1145
•
trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid decreases lipogenic rates and expression of genes involved in milk lipid synthesis in dairy cows. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Source: Baumgard, L H Matitashvili, E Corl, B A Dwyer, D A Bauman, D E J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 September; 85(9): 2155-63 0022-0302
•
Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Author(s): Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
[email protected] Source: Riserus, U Arner, P BrisMarch, K Vessby, B Diabetes-Care. 2002 September; 25(9): 1516-21 0149-5992
•
Vaccenic acid feeding increases tissue levels of conjugated linoleic acid and suppresses development of premalignant lesions in rat mammary gland. Author(s): Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia Sperimentale, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy. Source: Banni, S Angioni, E Murru, E Carta, G Melis, M P Bauman, D Dong, Y Ip, C Nutr-Cancer. 2001; 41(1-2): 91-7 0163-5581
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “conjugated linoleic acid” (or a synonym): •
A newly discovered effect of conjugated linoleic acid: Damage to the hatchability of fowl eggs. Author(s): National Grassland Research Inst., Nishinasuno, Tochigi (Japan) Source: Aii. T. Matsuzaki, S. Sakamoto, K. Hayasawa, H. Shimizu, T. Ishida, S. AnimalScience-Journal (Japan). (July 1999). volume 70(4) page 246-247. chickens layer chickens egg hatchability linoleic acid feed additives egg yolk lipids 1344-3941 Summary: poulet poule pondeuse eclosabilite acide linoleique additif aux aliments des animaux jaune d' oeuf lipide
•
Analysis, occurrence and physiological properties of trans fatty acids (TFA) with particular emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA) - a review. Source: Fritsche, J. Steinhart, H. Fett-Lipid (Germany). (1998). volume 100(6) page 190210. fatty acids linolenic acid analytical methods biosynthesis foods human feeding processing animal feeding food intake adipose tissues blood plasma health physiological functions neoplasms immunity mankind 0931-5985 Summary: acide gras acide linolenique technique analytique biosynthese produit alimentaire alimentation humaine traitement alimentation des animaux prise alimentaire homme tissu adipeux plasma sanguin sante fonction physiologique neoplasme immunite genre humain
•
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and functional food? Author(s): (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dijon (France). Unite de Nutrition Lipidique) Source: Sebedio, J.L. Bretillon, L. Chardigny, J.M. Oleagineux-Corps-Gras-Lipides (France). (Jul-Aou 2001). volume 8(4) page 328-332. P78. human nutrition health foods linoleic acid chemical synthesis isomerization food safety disease control 1258-8210 Summary: nutrition humaine aliment sante pour homme acide linoleique synthese chimique isomerisation innocuite des produits alimentaires controle de maladies
•
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) influences the immune response in weaned piglets. Author(s): Milan Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Veterinarie per la Sicurezza Alimentare Source: Sciannimanico, D. Corino, C. Magni, S. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-CongressRecent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 344-346. piglets weaning diet immune response linoleic acid supplements sunflower oil lysozyme immunoglobulins blood serum Summary: porcelet sevrage regime alimentaire reponse immunitaire acide linoleique complement alimentaire huile de tournesol lysozyme immunoglobuline serum sanguin
•
Effect of diet on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of sheep milk and cheese. Author(s): Istituto Zootecnico e Caseario per la Sardegna, Olmedo, Sassari (Italy) Source: Cabiddu, A. Decandia, M. Molle, G. Piredda, G. Pirisi, A. Delogu, A. Addis, M. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-Congress-Recent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 111-113. ewes diet lolium hedysarum coronarium starch quality linoleic acid ewe milk ewe cheese milk yield feed intake milk fat Summary: brebis regime alimentaire lolium hedysarum coronarium amidon qualite acide linoleique lait de brebis fromage de brebis rendement laitier prise alimentaire animaux matiere grasse du lait
34
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
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Effect of fat source on trans C18:1 fatty acids and CLA in milk fat of Italian Friesian cows [conjugated linoleic acid]. Author(s): Pisa Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Agronomia e Gestione dell' Agroecosistema Florence Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Source: Secchiari, P. Mele, M. Serra, A. Ferruzzi, G. Paoletti, F. Buccioni, A. Antongiovanni, M. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-Congress-Recent-Progress-in-AnimalProduction-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 105-107. dairy cows diet fats soybeans linseed polyunsaturated fatty acids milk fat Summary: vache laitiere regime alimentaire corps gras soja graine de lin acide gras polyinsature matiere grasse du lait
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Energy balance of conjugated linoleic acid-treated pigs. Source: Muller, H.L. Stangl, G.I. Kirchgessner, M. Journal-of-Animal-Physiology-andAnimal-Nutrition (Germany). (1999). volume 81(3) page 150-156. sows animal feeding supplements linoleic acid energy metabolism energy exchange energy balance 0931-2439 Summary: truie alimentation des animaux complement alimentaire acide linoleique metabolisme energetique echange d' energie bilan energetique
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Impact of novel methodologies on the analysis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Implications of CLA feeding studies. Source: Mossoba, M.M. Kramer, J.K.G. Yurawecz, M.P. Sehat, N. Roach, J.A.G. Eulitz, K. Fritsche, J. Dugan, M.E.R. Ku, Y. Fett-Lipid (Germany). (1999). volume 101(7) page 235243. linoleic acid isomerization chromatography swine animal feeding supplements adipose tissues health mankind 0931-5985 Summary: acide linoleique isomerisation chromatographie porcin alimentation des animaux complement alimentaire tissu adipeux sante genre humain
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Safety of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in overweight or obese human volunteers. Source: Berven, G. Bye, A. Hals, O. Blankson, H. Fagertun, H. Thom, E. Wadstein, J. Gudmundsen, O. European-Journal-of-Lipid-Science-and-Technology (Germany). (2000). volume 102(7) page 455-462. mankind diet food enrichment linoleic acid isomerization overweight adipose tissues weight reduction blood composition metabolism health 1438-7697 Summary: genre humain regime alimentaire complementation acide linoleique isomerisation surpoids tissu adipeux baisse de poids composition du sang metabolisme sante
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Activation of PPARgamma may mediate a portion of the anticancer activity of conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Pantox Laboratories, San Diego, California 92109, USA. Source: McCarty, M F Med-Hypotheses. 2000 September; 55(3): 187-8 0306-9877
•
Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched triacylglycerol mixtures by isocratic silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): USDA, NCAUR, Fat and Industrial Oil Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
[email protected] Source: Adlof, R O Menzel, A Dorovska Taran, V J-Chromatogr-A. 2002 April 12; 953(12): 293-7
•
Analysis of variation in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat of dairy cows. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Nutrition
35
Source: Peterson, D G Kelsey, J A Bauman, D E J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 September; 85(9): 216472 0022-0302 •
Cell-adhered conjugated linoleic acid regulates isomerization of linoleic acid by resting cells of Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Author(s): Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 6100, 02015 HUT, Finland.
[email protected] Source: Rainio, A Vahvaselka, M Laakso, S Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2002 December; 60(4): 481-4 0175-7598
•
Cis 9, trans 11- and trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid isomers induce apoptosis in cultured SW480 cells. Author(s): School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland. Source: Miller, A Stanton, C Devery, R Anticancer-Res. 2002 Nov-December; 22(6C): 3879-87 0250-7005
•
Comparison of linoleic and conjugated linoleic acids in enzymatic acidolysis of tristearin. Source: Yang, T.Y. Xu, X.B. Li, L. J-food-lipids. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, 1993-. Sept 2001. volume 8 (3) page 149-161. 1065-7258
•
Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid does not improve nutritional status of tumor-bearing rats. Author(s): School of Nursing, K6-326, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison WI 53792-2455, USA. Source: McCarthy Beckett, Donna O Res-Nurs-Health. 2002 February; 25(1): 49-57 01606891
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Downregulation of macrophage activation by PPAR gamma suggests a role for conjugated linoleic acid in prevention of Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. Source: McCarty, M.F. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. 1998. volume 1 (3) page 217-226. 1096-620X
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Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on metabolism of isotope-labeled oleic, linoleic, and CLA isomers in women. Source: Emken, E.A. Adlof, R.O. Duval, S. Nelson, G. Benito, P. Lipids. Champaign, Ill. : American Oil Chemists' Society, 1966-. August 2002. volume 37 (8) page 741-750. 00244201
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Effect of dose of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on percentage and fatty acid content of milk fat in midlactation holstein cows. Source: Giesy, J G McGuire, M A Shafii, B Hanson, T W J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 August; 85(8): 2023-9 0022-0302
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Effect of extruded full-fat soybeans on conjugated linoleic acid content of intramuscular, intermuscular, and subcutaneous fat in beef steers. Author(s): Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Source: Madron, M S Peterson, D G Dwyer, D A Corl, B A Baumgard, L H Beermann, D H Bauman, D E J-Anim-Sci. 2002 April; 80(4): 1135-43 0021-8812
•
Effect of separate conjugated linoleic acid isomers on murine mammary tumorigenesis. Author(s): Department of Cell Biology and Human, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616-8643, USA.
[email protected] Source: Hubbard, N E Lim, D Erickson, K L Cancer-Lett. 2003 February 10; 190(1): 13-9 0304-3835
36
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
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Effect of soy protein isolate and conjugated linoleic acid on the growth of Dunning R3327-AT-1 rat prostate tumors. Author(s): Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology, Institute for Cancer Prevention, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
[email protected] Source: Cohen, L A Zhao, Z Pittman, B Scimeca, J Prostate. 2003 February 15; 54(3): 16980 0270-4137
•
Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. Author(s): Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Human Movement Sciences and Education, University of Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
[email protected] Source: Kreider, R B Ferreira, M P Greenwood, M Wilson, M Almada, A L J-StrengthCond-Res. 2002 August; 16(3): 325-34 1064-8011
•
Effects of dietary fat and conjugated linoleic acid on plasma metabolite concentrations and metabolic responses to homeostatic signals in pigs. Author(s): Agriculture Victoria, Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia. Source: Ostrowska, E Cross, R F Muralitharan, M Bauman, D E Dunshea, F R Br-J-Nutr. 2002 December; 88(6): 625-34 0007-1145
•
Feeding fish meal and extruded soybeans enhances the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk. Author(s): Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 570070647, USA. Source: Abu Ghazaleh, A A Schingoethe, D J Hippen, A R Whitlock, L A J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 March; 85(3): 624-31 0022-0302
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Fish oil and extruded soybeans fed in combination increase conjugated linoleic acids in milk of dairy cows more than when fed separately. Author(s): Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 570070647, USA. Source: Whitlock, L A Schingoethe, D J Hippen, A R Kalscheur, K F Baer, R J Ramaswamy, N Kasperson, K M J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 January; 85(1): 234-43 0022-0302
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Growth, carcass characteristics, muscle conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and response to intravenous glucose challenge in high percentage Wagyu, Wagyu x Limousin, and Limousin steers fed sunflower oil-containing diet. Author(s): Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1.
[email protected] Source: Mir, P S Mir, Z Kubert, P S Gaskins, C T Martin, E L Dodson, M V Calles, J A Johnson, K A Busboom, J R Wood, A J Pittenger, G J Reeves, J J J-Anim-Sci. 2002 November; 80(11): 2996-3004 0021-8812
•
Increasing the conjugated linoleic acid content of eggs and associated effects on selected egg characteristics. Source: Sell, J.L. Chamruspollert, M. Ahn, D. Proc-Md-Nutr-Conf-Feed-Manuf. [College Park, Md.] : The Conference, 1961-. 1999. (46th) page 131-140b. 0542-8386
•
Influence of a conjugated linoleic acid mixture on growth, organ weights, carcass traits and meat quality in growing pigs. Author(s): Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany. Source: Tischendorf, F Schone, F Kirchheim, U Jahreis, G J-Anim-Physiol-Anim-Nutr(Berl). 2002 April; 86(3-4): 117-28 0931-2439
Nutrition
37
•
Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on early inflammatory responses in male broiler chickens. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Takahashi, K Kawamata, K Akiba, Y Iwata, T Kasai, M Br-Poult-Sci. 2002 March; 43(1): 47-53 0007-1668
•
Intake of conjugated linoleic acid, fat, and other fatty acids in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer: the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Author(s): Department of Nutritional Epidemiology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, Netherlands.
[email protected] Source: Voorrips, L E Brants, H A Kardinaal, A F Hiddink, G J van den Brandt, P A Goldbohm, R A Am-J-Clin-Nutr. 2002 October; 76(4): 873-82 0002-9165
•
Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Source: Aro, A. Mannisto, S. Salminen, I. Ovaskainen, M.L. Kataja, V. Uusitupa, M. Nutr-cancer. Mahwah, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 2000. volume 38 (2) page 151-157. 0163-5581
•
Nutritional impact of conjugated linoleic acid: a model functional food ingredient. Source: Bassaganya Riera, J. Hontecillas, R. Wannemuehler, M.J. In-vitro-cell-dev-biol,Plant. Largo, MD : Society for In Vitro Biology. May/June 2002. volume 38 (3) page 241246. 1054-5476
•
Potent cytotoxic effect of the trans10, cis12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid on rat hepatoma dRLh-84 cells. Author(s): Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, 812-8581, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Yamasaki, M Chujo, H Koga, Y Oishi, A Rikimaru, T Shimada, M Sugimachi, K Tachibana, H Yamada, K Cancer-Lett. 2002 December 15; 188(1-2): 171-80 0304-3835
•
Prolonged dietary treatment with conjugated linoleic acid stimulates porcine muscle peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and glutamine-fructose aminotransferase gene expression in vivo. Author(s): Meat Research Section, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1.
[email protected] Source: Meadus, W J MacInnis, R Dugan, M E R J-Mol-Endocrinol. 2002 April; 28(2): 7986 0952-5041
•
Quality characteristics of irradiated ready-to-eat breast rolls from turkeys fed conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3150, USA. Source: Du, M Ahn, D U Mendonca, A F Wesley, I V Poult-Sci. 2002 September; 81(9): 1378-84 0032-5791
•
Recent advances in conjugated linoleic acid research. Author(s): Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite de Nutrition Lipidique, Dijon, France.
[email protected] Source: Sebedio, J L Gnaedig, S Chardigny, J M Curr-Opin-Clin-Nutr-Metab-Care. 1999 November; 2(6): 499-506 1363-1950
38
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
•
Screening of conjugated linoleic acid producing lactic acid bacteria from fecal samples of healthy babies. Source: Ham, J.S. In, Y.M. Jeong, S.G. Kim, J.G. Lee, E.H. Kim, H.S. Yoon, S.K. Lee, B.H. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci. Seoul, Korea : AAAP and Korean Society of Animal Nutrition. July 2002. volume 15 (7) page 1031-1035. 1011-2367
•
Short-term administration of conjugated linoleic acid reduces liver triglyceride concentration and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in OLETF rats. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Source: Rahman, S M Huda, M N Uddin, M N Akhteruzzaman, S J-Biochem-Mol-Biol. 2002 September 30; 35(5): 494-7 1225-8687
•
Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Author(s): Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
[email protected] Source: Riserus, U Basu, S Jovinge, S Fredrikson, G N Arnlov, J Vessby, B Circulation. 2002 October 8; 106(15): 1925-9 1524-4539
•
The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
[email protected] Source: Belury, M A Mahon, A Banni, S J-Nutr. 2003 January; 133(1): 257S-260S 00223166
•
The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy human subjects. Author(s): Unit of Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
[email protected] Source: Noone, E J Roche, H M Nugent, A P Gibney, M J Br-J-Nutr. 2002 September; 88(3): 243-51 0007-1145
•
trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid decreases lipogenic rates and expression of genes involved in milk lipid synthesis in dairy cows. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Source: Baumgard, L H Matitashvili, E Corl, B A Dwyer, D A Bauman, D E J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 September; 85(9): 2155-63 0022-0302
•
Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Author(s): Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
[email protected] Source: Riserus, U Arner, P BrisMarch, K Vessby, B Diabetes-Care. 2002 September; 25(9): 1516-21 0149-5992
•
Vaccenic acid feeding increases tissue levels of conjugated linoleic acid and suppresses development of premalignant lesions in rat mammary gland. Author(s): Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia Sperimentale, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy. Source: Banni, S Angioni, E Murru, E Carta, G Melis, M P Bauman, D Dong, Y Ip, C Nutr-Cancer. 2001; 41(1-2): 91-7 0163-5581
Nutrition
39
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to conjugated linoleic acid; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to conjugated linoleic acid. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to conjugated linoleic acid and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to conjugated linoleic acid: •
Activation of PPARgamma may mediate a portion of the anticancer activity of conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 September; 55(3): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985906&dopt=Abstract
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Activity and mRNA levels of enzymes involved in hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in mice fed conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Takahashi Y, Kushiro M, Shinohara K, Ide T. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 April 8; 1631(3): 265-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668178&dopt=Abstract
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Addition of conjugated linoleic acid to a herbal anticellulite pill. Author(s): Birnbaum L. Source: Adv Ther. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783459&dopt=Abstract
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Age at puberty, total fat and conjugated linoleic acid content of carcass, and circulating metabolic hormones in beef heifers fed a diet high in linoleic acid beginning at four months of age. Author(s): Garcia MR, Amstalden M, Morrison CD, Keisler DH, Williams GL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 January; 81(1): 261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597397&dopt=Abstract
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Antimutagenic and some other effects of conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Kritchevsky D. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2000 May; 83(5): 459-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10953669&dopt=Abstract
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Antiplatelet effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Author(s): Truitt A, McNeill G, Vanderhoek JY. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1999 May 18; 1438(2): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10320806&dopt=Abstract
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Bioconversion of vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid in humans. Author(s): Turpeinen AM, Mutanen M, Aro A, Salminen I, Basu S, Palmquist DL, Griinari JM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 76(3): 504-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197992&dopt=Abstract
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Biotechnology for the production of nutraceuticals enriched in conjugated linoleic acid: II. Multiresponse kinetics of the hydrolysis of corn oil by a Pseudomonas sp. lipase immobilized in a hollow-fiber reactor. Author(s): Sehanputri PS, Hill CG Jr. Source: Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2000 August 20; 69(4): 450-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10862683&dopt=Abstract
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Cell signal mechanisms, conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and anti-tumorigenesis. Author(s): Wahle KW, Heys SD. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2002 AugustSeptember; 67(2-3): 183-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324239&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in body composition with conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): DeLany JP, West DB.
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Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 August; 19(4): 487S-493S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10963469&dopt=Abstract •
Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid) are not increased in tissue lipids of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with soybean oil. Author(s): Beaulieu AD, Drackley JK, Merchen NR. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 March; 80(3): 847-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890424&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. Author(s): Dhiman TR, Satter LD, Pariza MW, Galli MP, Albright K, Tolosa MX. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2000 May; 83(5): 1016-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821577&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), body fat, and apoptosis. Author(s): Miner JL, Cederberg CA, Nielsen MK, Chen X, Baile CA. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 February; 9(2): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316347&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid and bone biology. Author(s): Watkins BA, Seifert MF. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 August; 19(4): 478S-486S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10963468&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid and linoleic acid are distinctive modulators of mammary carcinogenesis. Author(s): Ip C, Scimeca JA. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1997; 27(2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9121939&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid changes swine performance and carcass composition. Author(s): Thiel-Cooper RL, Parrish FC Jr, Sparks JC, Wiegand BR, Ewan RC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 July; 79(7): 1821-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465369&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese from cows fed extruded oilseeds. Author(s): Dhiman TR, Helmink ED, McMahon DJ, Fife RL, Pariza MW.
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Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1999 February; 82(2): 412-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10068962&dopt=Abstract •
Conjugated linoleic acid decreases hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA expression. Author(s): Lee KN, Pariza MW, Ntambi JM. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1998 July 30; 248(3): 817-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9704011&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid decreases production of pro-inflammatory products in macrophages: evidence for a PPAR gamma-dependent mechanism. Author(s): Yu Y, Correll PH, Vanden Heuvel JP. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 April 15; 1581(3): 89-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020636&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid depresses the delta9 desaturase index and stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase enzyme activity in porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue. Author(s): Smith SB, Hively TS, Cortese GM, Han JJ, Chung KY, Castenada P, Gilbert CD, Adams VL, Mersmann HJ. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 August; 80(8): 2110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211379&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid differentially modifies fatty acid composition in subcellular fractions of muscle and adipose tissue but not adiposity of postweaning pigs. Author(s): Demaree SR, Gilbert CD, Mersmann HJ, Smith SB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 November; 132(11): 3272-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421839&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid does not inhibit development of aberrant crypt foci in colons of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Author(s): Ealey KN, el-Sohemy A, Archer MC. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 41(1-2): 104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094611&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid in combination with supplemental dietary fat alters pork fat quality. Author(s): Gatlin LA, See MT, Larick DK, Lin X, Odle J. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 October; 132(10): 3105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368402&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans. Author(s): Basu S, Smedman A, Vessby B.
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Source: Febs Letters. 2000 February 18; 468(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10683436&dopt=Abstract •
Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of normal rat mammary epithelial cells in primary culture. Author(s): Ip MM, Masso-Welch PA, Shoemaker SF, Shea-Eaton WK, Ip C. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 1999 July 10; 250(1): 22-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10388518&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid isomers in partially hydrogenated soybean oil obtained during nonselective and selective hydrogenation processes. Author(s): Jung MY, Ha YL. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 February; 47(2): 704-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563957&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid modulates tissue levels of chemical mediators and immunoglobulins in rats. Author(s): Sugano M, Tsujita A, Yamasaki M, Noguchi M, Yamada K. Source: Lipids. 1998 May; 33(5): 521-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9625600&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fats and cytokine levels of mice. Author(s): Akahoshi A, Goto Y, Murao K, Miyazaki T, Yamasaki M, Nonaka M, Yamada K, Sugano M. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2002 April; 66(4): 916-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036077&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and energy expenditure. Author(s): Zambell KL, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Gale B, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ. Source: Lipids. 2000 July; 35(7): 777-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941879&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite. Author(s): Medina EA, Horn WF, Keim NL, Havel PJ, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Erickson KL. Source: Lipids. 2000 July; 35(7): 783-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941880&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on fatty acid and glycerol kinetics. Author(s): Zambell KL, Horn WF, Keim NL.
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Source: Lipids. 2001 August; 36(8): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11592726&dopt=Abstract •
Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans--metabolic effects. Author(s): Smedman A, Vessby B. Source: Lipids. 2001 August; 36(8): 773-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11592727&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice. Author(s): Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Takahashi M, Tanemura K, Kim HJ, Tange T, Okuyama H, Kasai M, Ikemoto S, Ezaki O. Source: Diabetes. 2000 September; 49(9): 1534-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10969838&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid. A powerful anticarcinogen from animal fat sources. Author(s): Ip C, Scimeca JA, Thompson HJ. Source: Cancer. 1994 August 1; 74(3 Suppl): 1050-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8039138&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid: a review. Author(s): Kelly GS. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2001 August; 6(4): 367-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11578253&dopt=Abstract
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Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats. Author(s): Ip C, Banni S, Angioni E, Carta G, McGinley J, Thompson HJ, Barbano D, Bauman D. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 December; 129(12): 2135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10573540&dopt=Abstract
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Control of rat mammary epithelium proliferation by conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Ip C, Dong Y, Thompson HJ, Bauman DE, Ip MM. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 39(2): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759286&dopt=Abstract
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Designed eggs containing conjugated linoleic acids and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Author(s): Watkins BA, Devitt AA, Feng S.
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Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001; 90: 162-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11545041&dopt=Abstract •
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters fatty acid composition of pig skeletal muscle and fat. Author(s): Ramsay TG, Evock-Clover CM, Steele NC, Azain MJ. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 August; 79(8): 2152-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518224&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid consumption during pregnancy and lactation influences growth and tissue composition in weaned pigs. Author(s): Bee G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 December; 130(12): 2981-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110857&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid decreased cachexia, macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and modifies splenocyte cytokines production. Author(s): Yang M, Cook ME. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2003 January; 228(1): 51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524473&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: physiological effects and mechanisms of action. Author(s): Belury MA. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 2002; 22: 505-31. Epub 2002 April 04. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055356&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid increases immunoglobulin productivity of SpragueDawley rat spleen lymphocytes. Author(s): Yamasaki M, Kishihara K, Mansho K, Ogino Y, Kasai M, Sugano M, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2000 October; 64(10): 2159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11129589&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid influences the immune response of young and old C57BL/6NCrlBR mice. Author(s): Hayek MG, Han SN, Wu D, Watkins BA, Meydani M, Dorsey JL, Smith DE, Meydani SN. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 January; 129(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9915872&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid lowers plasma cholesterol during cholesterol supplementation, but accentuates the atherogenic lipid profile during the acute phase
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response in hamsters. Author(s): Sher J, Pronczuk A, Hajri T, Hayes KC. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 February; 133(2): 456-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566483&dopt=Abstract •
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid modulates phenotype and effector functions of porcine CD8(+) lymphocytes. Author(s): Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R, Zimmerman DR, Wannemuehler MJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 September; 131(9): 2370-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533281&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid modulation of phorbol ester skin tumor promotion. Author(s): Belury MA, Nickel KP, Bird CE, Wu Y. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1996; 26(2): 149-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8875552&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid normalizes impaired glucose tolerance in the Zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa rat. Author(s): Houseknecht KL, Vanden Heuvel JP, Moya-Camarena SY, Portocarrero CP, Peck LW, Nickel KP, Belury MA. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1998 March 27; 244(3): 678-82. Erratum In: Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998 June 29; 247(3): 911. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9535724&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid protects against end stage disease of systemic lupus erythematosus in the NZB/W F1 mouse. Author(s): Yang M, Pariza MW, Cook ME. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2000 August; 22(3): 433-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10946824&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reciprocally modifies ketogenesis and lipid secretion by the rat liver. Author(s): Sakono M, Miyanaga F, Kawahara S, Yamauchi K, Fukuda N, Watanabe K, Iwata T, Sugano M. Source: Lipids. 1999 September; 34(9): 997-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10574665&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces adiposity in lean but not obese Zucker rats. Author(s): Sisk MB, Hausman DB, Martin RJ, Azain MJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 June; 131(6): 1668-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11385051&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass and affects gene expression of proteins regulating energy metabolism in mice. Author(s): Takahashi Y, Kushiro M, Shinohara K, Ide T. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2002 November; 133(3): 395-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431407&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces cerebral prostaglandin E(2) in mice. Author(s): Nakanishi T, Koutoku T, Kawahara S, Murai A, Furuse M. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 May 1; 341(2): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686384&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces plasma lipoproteins and early aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Author(s): Nicolosi RJ, Rogers EJ, Kritchevsky D, Scimeca JA, Huth PJ. Source: Artery. 1997; 22(5): 266-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209699&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid with fish oil alters yolk n-3 and trans fatty acid content and volatile compounds in raw, cooked, and irradiated eggs. Author(s): Cherian G, Goeger MP, Ahn DU. Source: Poultry Science. 2002 October; 81(10): 1571-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12412926&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acids alter adipose tissue and milk lipids of pregnant and lactating sows. Author(s): Bee G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 September; 130(9): 2292-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958826&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acids alter serum IGF-I and IGF binding protein concentrations and reduce bone formation in rats fed (n-6) or (n-3) fatty acids. Author(s): Li Y, Seifert MF, Ney DM, Grahn M, Grant AL, Allen KG, Watkins BA. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 1999 July; 14(7): 1153-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404015&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acids promote fatty streak formation in the C57BL/6 mouse atherosclerosis model. Author(s): Munday JS, Thompson KG, James KA. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1999 March; 81(3): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10434852&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary effect of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid levels in white adipose tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats. Author(s): Yamasaki M, Mansho K, Mishima H, Kasai M, Sugano M, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1999 June; 63(6): 1104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10427699&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary EPA reduces tumor load in ApcMin/+ mice by altering arachidonic acid metabolism, but conjugated linoleic acid, gamma--and alpha-linolenic acids have no effect. Author(s): Whelan J, Petrik MB, McEntee MF, Obukowicz MG. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 507: 579-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664643&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary fatty acid sources affect conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk from lactating dairy cows. Author(s): Kelly ML, Berry JR, Dwyer DA, Griinari JM, Chouinard PY, Van Amburgh ME, Bauman DE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 May; 128(5): 881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9566998&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary manipulations of body fat-reducing potential of conjugated linoleic acid in rats. Author(s): Sugano M, Akahoshi A, Koba K, Tanaka K, Okumura T, Matsuyama H, Goto Y, Miyazaki T, Murao K, Yamasaki M, Nonaka M, Yamada K. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2001 November; 65(11): 2535-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11791729&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid does not alter the resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Author(s): Turnock L, Cook M, Steinberg H, Czuprynski C. Source: Lipids. 2001 February; 36(2): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11269693&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid does not improve nutritional status of tumor-bearing rats. Author(s): McCarthy-Beckett DO. Source: Research in Nursing & Health. 2002 February; 25(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807919&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid increased its concentration in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but did not alter their function. Author(s): Kelley DS, Simon VA, Taylor PC, Rudolph IL, Benito P, Nelson GJ, Mackey BE, Erickson KL.
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Source: Lipids. 2001 July; 36(7): 669-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521964&dopt=Abstract •
Dietary trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver in the mouse. Author(s): Clement L, Poirier H, Niot I, Bocher V, Guerre-Millo M, Krief S, Staels B, Besnard P. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2002 September; 43(9): 1400-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12235171&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary trans-vaccenic acid (trans11-18:1) increases concentration of cis9,transllconjugated linoleic acid (rumenic acid) in tissues of lactating mice and suckling pups. Author(s): Loor JJ, Lin X, Herbein JH. Source: Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 2002 March-April; 42(2): 85-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216963&dopt=Abstract
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Differential incorporation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers into egg yolk lipids. Author(s): Yang L, Huang Y, James AE, Lam LW, Chen ZY. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 August 14; 50(17): 4941-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166986&dopt=Abstract
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Distributions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in tissue lipid classes of pigs fed a commercial CLA mixture determined by gas chromatography and silver ionhigh-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Kramer JK, Sehat N, Dugan ME, Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP, Roach JA, Eulitz K, Aalhus JL, Schaefer AL, Ku Y. Source: Lipids. 1998 June; 33(6): 549-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9655369&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-dependent effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the growth of rat hepatoma dRLh-84 cells in vivo. Author(s): Yamasaki M, Ikeda A, Hirao A, Tanaka Y, Rikimaru T, Shimada M, Sugimachi K, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 December; 48(6): 505-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775118&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on growth performance and antibody production in broiler chicks. Author(s): Takahashi K, Akiba Y, Iwata T, Kasai M. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 89(5): 691-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720589&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Author(s): Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W, Storkson JM, Cook ME, Pariza MW. Source: Lipids. 1997 August; 32(8): 853-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270977&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on metabolism of isotope-labeled oleic, linoleic, and CLA isomers in women. Author(s): Emken EA, Adlof RO, Duval S, Nelson G, Benito P. Source: Lipids. 2002 August; 37(8): 741-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12371744&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on phorbol ester-induced PGE2 production and hyperplasia in mouse epidermis. Author(s): Kavanaugh CJ, Liu KL, Belury MA. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 33(2): 132-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368807&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the composition of egg yolk lipids. Author(s): Du M, Ahn DU, Sell JL. Source: Poultry Science. 1999 November; 78(11): 1639-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10560841&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the growth rate of live birds and on the abdominal fat content and quality of broiler meat. Author(s): Du M, Ahn DU. Source: Poultry Science. 2002 March; 81(3): 428-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902422&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the in vivo growth of rat hepatoma dRLh84. Author(s): Yamasaki M, Ikeda A, Hirao A, Tanaka Y, Miyazaki Y, Rikimaru T, Shimada M, Sugimachi K, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 40(2): 140-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962249&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acids on the distribution of fatty acids in serum lipoprotein fractions and different tissues of growing pigs. Author(s): Tischendorf F, Mockel P, Schone F, Plonne M, Jahreis G. Source: Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2002 October; 86(9-10): 313-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452973&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of dietary lipid source on conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat. Author(s): Chouinard PY, Corneau L, Butler WR, Chilliard Y, Drackley JK, Bauman DE. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2001 March; 84(3): 680-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11286421&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of dose of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on percentage and fatty acid content of milk fat in midlactation holstein cows. Author(s): Giesy JG, McGuire MA, Shafii B, Hanson TW. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2002 August; 85(8): 2023-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214995&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of high-oil corn or added corn oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid formation in beef steers fed finishing diets. Author(s): Duckett SK, Andrae JG, Owens FN. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 December; 80(12): 3353-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542177&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of soy protein isolate and conjugated linoleic acid on the growth of Dunning R3327-AT-1 rat prostate tumors. Author(s): Cohen LA, Zhao Z, Pittman B, Scimeca J. Source: The Prostate. 2003 February 15; 54(3): 169-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518321&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of timing and duration of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on mammary cancer prevention. Author(s): Ip C, Scimeca JA, Thompson H. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1995; 24(3): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8610043&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on lipid levels and peroxisome proliferation in the hamster. Author(s): de Deckere EA, van Amelsvoort JM, McNeill GP, Jones P. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1999 October; 82(4): 309-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10655980&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on the hepatic microsomal desaturation activities in vitro. Author(s): Bretillon L, Chardigny JM, Gregoire S, Berdeaux O, Sebedio JL. Source: Lipids. 1999 September; 34(9): 965-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10574661&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse. Author(s): West DB, Delany JP, Camet PM, Blohm F, Truett AA, Scimeca J.
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on the belly firmness and fatty acid composition of genetically lean pigs. Author(s): Eggert JM, Belury MA, Kempa-Steczko A, Mills SE, Schinckel AP. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 November; 79(11): 2866-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768116&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. Author(s): Kreider RB, Ferreira MP, Greenwood M, Wilson M, Almada AL. Source: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 2002 August; 16(3): 325-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173945&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acids and docosahexaenoic acid on rat liver and reproductive tissue fatty acids, prostaglandins and matrix metalloproteinase production. Author(s): Harris MA, Hansen RA, Vidsudhiphan P, Koslo JL, Thomas JB, Watkins BA, Allen KG. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2001 July; 65(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11487304&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and linoleic:linolenic acid ratio on polyunsaturated fatty acid status in laying hens. Author(s): Du M, Ahn DU, Sell JL. Source: Poultry Science. 2000 December; 79(12): 1749-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194037&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in nursery pigs of dirty and clean environments on growth, empty body composition, and immune competence. Author(s): Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas-Magarzo R, Bregendahl K, Wannemuehler MJ, Zimmerman DR. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 March; 79(3): 714-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263832&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on DNA adduct formation of PhIP and IQ after bolus administration to female F344 rats. Author(s): Josyula S, Schut HA. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1998; 32(3): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10050263&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of hen egg yolks. Author(s): Szymczyk B, Pisulewski PM. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 90(1): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12844380&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation, color, and water-holding capacity of pork loin. Author(s): Joo ST, Lee JI, Ha YL, Park GB. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 January; 80(1): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831506&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary fat and conjugated linoleic acid on plasma metabolite concentrations and metabolic responses to homeostatic signals in pigs. Author(s): Ostrowska E, Cross RF, Muralitharan M, Bauman DE, Dunshea FR. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 December; 88(6): 625-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493084&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary fat source and breed on the carcass composition, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid content of sheep meat and adipose tissue. Author(s): Wachira AM, Sinclair LA, Wilkinson RG, Enser M, Wood JD, Fisher AV. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 December; 88(6): 697-709. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493092&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows during established lactation. Author(s): Perfield JW 2nd, Bernal-Santos G, Overton TR, Bauman DE. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2002 October; 85(10): 2609-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12416815&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of modified tall oil versus a commercial source of conjugated linoleic acid and increasing levels of modified tall oil on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Author(s): O'Quinn PR, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Unruh JA, Woodworth JC, Smith JS, Tokach MD. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2000 September; 78(9): 2359-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985411&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of temperature and agitation rate on the formation of conjugated linoleic acids in soybean oil during hydrogenation process. Author(s): Jung MO, Yoon SH, Jung MY.
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Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 June; 49(6): 3010-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410002&dopt=Abstract •
Evaluation of conjugated linoleic acid and dietary antibiotics as growth promotants in weanling pigs. Author(s): Weber TE, Schinckel AP, Houseknecht KL, Richert BT. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 October; 79(10): 2542-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721832&dopt=Abstract
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Feeding conjugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes catabolic responses due to endotoxin injection. Author(s): Miller CC, Park Y, Pariza MW, Cook ME. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1994 February 15; 198(3): 1107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8117267&dopt=Abstract
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Fish oil and extruded soybeans fed in combination increase conjugated linoleic acids in milk of dairy cows more than when fed separately. Author(s): Whitlock LA, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR, Kalscheur KF, Baer RJ, Ramaswamy N, Kasperson KM. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2002 January; 85(1): 234-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11860116&dopt=Abstract
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Formation of conjugated linoleic acids in soybean oil during hydrogenation with a nickel catalyst as affected by sulfur addition. Author(s): Ju JW, Jung MY. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 May 7; 51(10): 3144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720406&dopt=Abstract
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Fresh forage and solin supplementation on conjugated linoleic acid levels in plasma and milk. Author(s): Ward AT, Wittenberg KM, Froebe HM, Przybylski R, Malcolmson L. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 May; 86(5): 1742-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778585&dopt=Abstract
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Growth, carcass characteristics, muscle conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and response to intravenous glucose challenge in high percentage Wagyu, Wagyu x Limousin, and Limousin steers fed sunflower oil-containing diet. Author(s): Mir PS, Mir Z, Kubert PS, Gaskins CT, Martin EL, Dodson MV, Calles JA, Johnson KA, Busboom JR, Wood AJ, Pittenger GJ, Reeves JJ. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 November; 80(11): 2996-3004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462269&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of conjugated linoleic acids in hydrogenated soybean oil by silver ionimpregnated HPLC and gas chromatography-ion impacted mass spectrometry of their 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives. Author(s): Jung MY, Jung MO. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 6188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358500&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the oxidative stability of rat liver microsomes and skeletal muscle homogenates. Author(s): Livisay SA, Zhou S, Ip C, Decker EA. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 September; 48(9): 4162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10995331&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing the amount of fat in a conjugated linoleic acid-supplemented diet reduces lipodystrophy in mice. Author(s): Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Miyazaki H, Kasaoka S, Ezaki O. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 June; 133(6): 1793-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771319&dopt=Abstract
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Infant plasma trans, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are related to maternal plasma fatty acids, length of gestation, and birth weight and length. Author(s): Elias SL, Innis SM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 April; 73(4): 807-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273857&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on establishment and progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Author(s): Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Wright S, Tso P, Czarnecki SK. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 August; 19(4): 472S-477S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10963467&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of dietary fish oil on conjugated linoleic acid and other fatty acids in milk fat from lactating dairy cows. Author(s): Donovan DC, Schingoethe DJ, Baer RJ, Ryali J, Hippen AR, Franklin ST. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2000 November; 83(11): 2620-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11104282&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of conjugated linoleic acid on mouse forestomach neoplasia induced by benzo (a) pyrene and chemopreventive mechanisms. Author(s): Chen BQ, Xue YB, Liu JR, Yang YM, Zheng YM, Wang XL, Liu RH. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 January; 9(1): 44-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508349&dopt=Abstract
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Intake of conjugated linoleic acid, fat, and other fatty acids in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer: the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Author(s): Voorrips LE, Brants HA, Kardinaal AF, Hiddink GJ, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 October; 76(4): 873-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324303&dopt=Abstract
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Interesterification (acidolysis) of butterfat with conjugated linoleic acid in a batch reactor. Author(s): Garcia HS, Keough KJ, Arcos JA, Hill CG Jr. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2000 March; 83(3): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750090&dopt=Abstract
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Intestinal microorganisms do not supply associated gnotobiotic rats with conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Kamlage B, Hartmann L, Gruhl B, Blaut M. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 December; 129(12): 2212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10573552&dopt=Abstract
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Isomeric distribution of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in the tissues of layer hens fed a CLA diet. Author(s): Yang L, Huang Y, Wang HQ, Chen ZY. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 September 10; 51(19): 5654-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12952415&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolizable energy value of conjugated linoleic acid for broiler chicks and laying hens. Author(s): Sell JL, Jin S, Jeffrey M. Source: Poultry Science. 2001 February; 80(2): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11233010&dopt=Abstract
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Milk conjugated linoleic acid response to fish oil supplementation of diets differing in fatty acid profiles. Author(s): AbuGhazaleh AA, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR, Kalscheur KF. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 March; 86(3): 944-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12703631&dopt=Abstract
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Milk fat conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits growth of human mammary MCF-7 cancer cells. Author(s): O'Shea M, Devery R, Lawless F, Murphy J, Stanton C. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 September- October; 20(5B): 3591-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131667&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of body fat and serum leptin levels by dietary conjugated linoleic acid in Sprague-Dawley rats fed various fat-level diets. Author(s): Yamasaki M, Ikeda A, Oji M, Tanaka Y, Hirao A, Kasai M, Iwata T, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 January; 19(1): 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507636&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of lipid metabolism and vitamin A by conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Carta G, Angioni E, Murru E, Melis MP, Spada S, Banni S. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2002 AugustSeptember; 67(2-3): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324240&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional regulation of porcine bacterial-induced colitis by conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Hontecillas R, Wannemeulher MJ, Zimmerman DR, Hutto DL, Wilson JH, Ahn DU, Bassaganya-Riera J. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 July; 132(7): 2019-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097686&dopt=Abstract
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Olive oil prevents the adverse effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on chick hatchability and egg quality. Author(s): Aydin R, Pariza MW, Cook ME. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3): 800-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238762&dopt=Abstract
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Opposite effects of linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid on human prostatic cancer in SCID mice. Author(s): Cesano A, Visonneau S, Scimeca JA, Kritchevsky D, Santoli D. Source: Anticancer Res. 1998 May-June; 18(3A): 1429-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9673351&dopt=Abstract
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Oxidative stability of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Author(s): Yang L, Leung LK, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 August; 48(8): 3072-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10956070&dopt=Abstract
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Pre- and postnatal dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters adipose development, body weight gain and body composition in Sprague-Dawley rats. Author(s): Poulos SP, Sisk M, Hausman DB, Azain MJ, Hausman GJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 October; 131(10): 2722-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11584096&dopt=Abstract
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Preferential incorporation of trans, trans-conjugated linoleic acid isomers into the liver of suckling rats. Author(s): Yang L, Yeung SY, Huang Y, Wang HQ, Chen ZY. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 87(3): 253-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064334&dopt=Abstract
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Production responses of dairy cows to dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) during the transition period and early lactation. Author(s): Bernal-Santos G, Perfield JW 2nd, Barbano DM, Bauman DE, Overton TR. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 October; 86(10): 3218-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14594242&dopt=Abstract
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Prolonged dietary treatment with conjugated linoleic acid stimulates porcine muscle peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and glutamine-fructose aminotransferase gene expression in vivo. Author(s): Meadus WJ, MacInnis R, Dugan ME. Source: Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 2002 April; 28(2): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932205&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction of murine mammary tumor metastasis by conjugated linoleic acid. Author(s): Hubbard NE, Lim D, Summers L, Erickson KL. Source: Cancer Letters. 2000 March 13; 150(1): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755392&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between the intake of milk fat and the occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in human adipose tissue. Author(s): Jiang J, Wolk A, Vessby B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 July; 70(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393134&dopt=Abstract
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Review of the effects of trans fatty acids, oleic acid, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and conjugated linoleic acid on mammary carcinogenesis in animals. Author(s): Ip C. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 December; 66(6 Suppl): 1523S1529S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394710&dopt=Abstract
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Safflower oil consumption does not increase plasma conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in humans. Author(s): Herbel BK, McGuire MK, McGuire MA, Shultz TD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 February; 67(2): 332-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9459383&dopt=Abstract
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Short communication: Postruminal infusion of conjugated linoleic acids negatively impacts milk synthesis in Holstein cows. Author(s): Bell JA, Kennelly JJ. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 April; 86(4): 1321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741557&dopt=Abstract
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Short-term administration of conjugated linoleic acid reduces liver triglyceride concentration and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in OLETF rats. Author(s): Rahman SM, Huda MN, Uddin MN, Akhteruzzaman S. Source: J Biochem Mol Biol. 2002 September 30; 35(5): 494-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359092&dopt=Abstract
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Short-term intake of conjugated linoleic acid inhibits lipoprotein lipase and glucose metabolism but does not enhance lipolysis in mouse adipose tissue. Author(s): Xu X, Storkson J, Kim S, Sugimoto K, Park Y, Pariza MW. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 March; 133(3): 663-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612134&dopt=Abstract
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Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Author(s): Riserus U, Basu S, Jovinge S, Fredrikson GN, Arnlov J, Vessby B. Source: Circulation. 2002 October 8; 106(15): 1925-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370214&dopt=Abstract
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Synthesis of glycerides containing n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid by solvent-free acidolysis of fish oil. Author(s): Garcia HS, Arcos JA, Ward DJ, Hill CG Jr. Source: Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2000 December 5; 70(5): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11042555&dopt=Abstract
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Technical note: production of butter with enhanced conjugated linoleic acid for use in biomedical studies with animal models. Author(s): Bauman DE, Barbano DM, Dwyer DA, Griinari JM. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2000 November; 83(11): 2422-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11104258&dopt=Abstract
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The 10trans,12cis isomer of conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the development of hypertension in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats. Author(s): Nagao K, Inoue N, Wang YM, Hirata J, Shimada Y, Nagao T, Matsui T, Yanagita T.
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Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 June 20; 306(1): 134-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788078&dopt=Abstract •
The deposition of conjugated linoleic acids in eggs of laying hens fed diets varying in fat level and fatty acid profile. Author(s): Raes K, Huyghebaert G, De Smet S, Nollet L, Arnouts S, Demeyer D. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 February; 132(2): 182-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823576&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on arachidonic acid metabolism and eicosanoid production in human saphenous vein endothelial cells. Author(s): Urquhart P, Parkin SM, Rogers JS, Bosley JA, Nicolaou A. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 February 28; 1580(2-3): 150-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880240&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. Author(s): Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP, Saris WH, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 July; 27(7): 840-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821971&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy human subjects. Author(s): Noone EJ, Roche HM, Nugent AP, Gibney MJ. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88(3): 243-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207834&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid, on calcium absorption and bone metabolism and composition in young growing rats. Author(s): Kelly O, Cusack S, Jewell C, Cashman KD. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 October; 90(4): 743-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129442&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid in mammary cancer prevention is independent of the level or type of fat in the diet. Author(s): Ip C, Briggs SP, Haegele AD, Thompson HJ, Storkson J, Scimeca JA. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1996 May; 17(5): 1045-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8640911&dopt=Abstract
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Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) measurement of compositional differences in hams, loins, and bellies from conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-fed stress-
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genotype pigs. Author(s): Swan JE, Parrish FC Jr, Wiegand BR, Larsen ST, Baas TJ, Berg EP. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 June; 79(6): 1475-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11424684&dopt=Abstract •
Toxicological evaluation of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in male Fischer 344 rats. Author(s): Scimeca JA. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1998 May; 36(5): 391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9662414&dopt=Abstract
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Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the desaturation of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in HepG2 cells. Author(s): Eder K, Slomma N, Becker K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 June; 132(6): 1115-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042419&dopt=Abstract
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Trans-vaccenic acid is desaturated to conjugated linoleic acid in mice. Author(s): Santora JE, Palmquist DL, Roehrig KL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 February; 130(2): 208-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720171&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to conjugated linoleic acid; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Herbs and Supplements Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10102,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to conjugated linoleic acid. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “conjugated linoleic acid” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on conjugated linoleic acid, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Conjugated Linoleic Acid ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to conjugated linoleic acid. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Changing Dietary Lipid Composition to Increase Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Transvaccenic Acid Concentrations in Milk Fat by Whitlock, Lance Aaron; Phd from South Dakota State University, 2002, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081147
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Chemical and Physical Properties of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Enriched Milk Fats by Avramis, Constantina A. (connie); Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71762
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid (cla) Prolongs the Survival and Reduces Cachexia of the Autoimmune Nzb/w F1 Mouse: Role of Cytokine Regulation by Cla in Body Weight Wasting and Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Yang, Ming-der; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049400
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid and the Metabolic Syndrome. Clinical and Metabolic Studies with Special Reference to Insulin Resistance, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation by Riserus, Ulf Magnus; Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2002, 66 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f735633
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Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acids on Lipid Metabolism in Lactating Dairy Cows by Baumgard, Lance Hall; Phd from Cornell University, 2002, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3037350
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Plasma Conjugated Linoleic Acid (cla) Concentration among Adults, Identification of Biomarkers in Dietary Cla Assessment, and Investigation of Cla-enriched Cheese Consumption on Milk Fat Content and Immunity during Lactation by Ritzenthaler, Kristin Liebich; Phd from Washington State University, 2002, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086312
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Regulation of Adiposity by Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid by Xu, Xiaofang; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060586
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Role of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Colon and Mammary Cancer by Ealey, Kafi Nequan; Msc from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ68883
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Synthesis of Structured Lipids Containing Conjugated Linoleic Acid, and Evaluation of Their Physical Properties by Rocha-uribe, Alejandro; Phd from Texas A&m University, 2002, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050002
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The Endogenous Synthesis of Cis-9, Trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid in the Lactating Dairy Cow by Corl, Benjamin Alan; Phd from Cornell University, 2003, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087021
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The Inhibitory Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (cla) on N-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism in a Transformed Yeast Model by Chuang, Lu-te; Phd from The Ohio State University, 2002, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049005
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “conjugated linoleic acid” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on conjugated linoleic acid, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Conjugated Linoleic Acid By performing a patent search focusing on conjugated linoleic acid, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on conjugated linoleic acid: •
Conjugated linoleic acid in treatment and prophylaxis of diabetes Inventor(s): Klaveness; Jo (Oslo, NO), Remmereit; Jan (Volda, NO), Wadstein; Jan (Oslo, NO) Assignee(s): Natural Corporation (Sandvira, NO) Patent Number: 6,440,931 Date filed: February 22, 2000 Abstract: This invention provides method of treatment and prophylaxis of both insulin (Type I) and non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus, by administration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in the form of pure isomers, selected isomer mixtures or non-selected isomer mixtures. The conjugated linoleic acids may be administered alone, or in combination with other diabetes therapeutic regimes. Excerpt(s): This invention provides a method for treatment and prophylaxis of diabetes comprising administering conjugated linoleic acid to subjects suspected of suffering from or at risk of developing diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a high concentration of glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) which is a result of insulin deficiency and/or insulin resistance. Diabetes is a common disease in humans, with more than 50 million cases worldwide. There are two main forms of diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (e.g., Type I diabetes) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (e.g., Type II diabetes). Insulin is the main form of treatment of Type I diabetes and has to be administrated parenterally (e.g., by injection). Today, most of the insulin in clinical use is produced recombinantly. Type II diabetes can be treated with various oral anti-hyperglycemic agents like biguanidines (e.g., metformin), sulphonylurea compounds such as tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, glipizid and glibenclamide, and acarbose (i.e., an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor). Very mild forms of diabetes mellitus (Type II) can often be kept under control by the patient without use of drugs by selection of correct diet (e.g., intake of limited amounts of carbohydrates), bodyweight reduction for obese patients, increased exercise and reduction of stress. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06440931__
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Conjugated linolenic acid-based synthetic triglycerides Inventor(s): Adams; Wolfgang (Meckenbeuren, DE), Gaupp; Rolf (Dietenheim, DE), Gierke; Juergen (IlIertissen, DE), Sander; Andreas (IlIertissen, DE), Timmermann; Franz (Illertissen, DE), Von Kries; Rainer (IlIertissen, DE) Assignee(s): Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien (Duesseldorf, DE) Patent Number: 6,177,580 Date filed: October 29, 1999 Abstract: A process for making synthetic triglycerides involving: (a) providing a reaction component selected from the group consisting of glycerol, a triglyceride, and mixtures thereof; (b) providing a fatty acid mixture containing at least 50% by weight, based on the weight of the fatty acid mixture, of conjugated linoleic acid; (c) providing an inert gas atmosphere; (d) combining the reaction component with the fatty acid mixture, in the inert atmosphere, to form a reaction mixture; and (e) heating the reaction
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mixture to a temperature of from 180 to 240.degree. C., at a heating rate of from 0.5 to 3 K per minute, thus forming the synthetic triglyceride. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to synthetic triglycerides containing C.sub.6-24 fatty acid residues, with the proviso that at least one residue is a conjugated linoleic acid residue, and to a process for the production of the triglycerides. The invention also relates to the use of the triglycerides in foods and pharmaceutical products. Polyunsaturated.omega.-3 and.omega.-6 fatty acids, such as.alpha.-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, are among the fatty acids essential to mammals and human beings. Besides linoleic acid, other isomeric octadecadienoic acids occur in nature. They are distinguished by conjugated double bonds at carbon atoms 9 and 11, 10 and 12 and 11 and 13. These isomeric octadecadienoic acids are collectively referred to in the scientific literature as conjugated linoleic acids (abbreviation: CLAs) and have recently attracted increasing attention (NUTRITION, Vol. 19, No. 6, 1995). Conjugated linoleic acids are present as constituents in various foods. Their main source are animal foods although significant quantities of CLA are also present in milk and milk products. In addition, CLAs have been found in various oils and fats, the concentration in vegetable oils being significantly lower than the concentration in animal fats (J. Food Compos. Anal. 5, 185197 (1992)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06177580__ •
Cow milk with enhanced nutritive and health values Inventor(s): Cummings; Kenneth R. (Skillman, NJ), Palmquist; Donald L. (Wooster, OH) Assignee(s): Church & Dwight Co., Inc. (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 6,602,537 Date filed: May 14, 1999 Abstract: A cow milk product with enhanced nutritional and health values for human consumption, obtained from cows fed with a feedstock having a supplement containing at least about 60 weight percent of calcium oleate, which product has milk fat with a profile of fat constituents including about 1-3.5 weight percent of conjugated linoleic acid, about 2-6 weight percent of trans-11 18:1 fatty acid, about 20-30 weight percent of cis-9 18:1 fatty acid, and about 30-38 weight percent of 14:0 and 16:0 fatty acid, per total milk fat, and wherein the 18:1 to 18:0 fatty acid ratio in the milk fat is about 2-3.2:1. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to feedstocks for lactating dairy cows which are nutrient-supplemented to provide milk with a modified fatty acid profile. More specifically this invention relates to the production of cow milk which has an increased content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Conjugated linoleic acid is a collective term for positional and structural isomers of linoleic acid. These isomers are combinations of delta-9,11 or delta-10,12, with each of the two double bonds having the possibility of being cis or trans. Thus, there are eight isomers with these specific combinations. The conjugated linoleic acid isomer with a cis double bond between carbon atoms 9 and 10, and a trans double bond between carbon atoms 11 and 12, is of particular interest for purposes of the present invention. The nomenclature of fatty acids is simplified by referring to stearic acid as 18:0, oleic acid as cis-9 18:1, linoleic as cis-9, cis-12 18:2, and conjugated linoleic acid, for example, as cis-9, trans-I 11 18:2. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06602537__
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Dietary supplement containing glycerol ester of conjugated linoleic acid and rosemary extract containing carnosic acid Inventor(s): Krumhar; Kim Carleton (Carlsbad, CA) Assignee(s): Metagenics, Inc. (San Clemente, CA) Patent Number: 6,432,453 Date filed: February 1, 2001 Abstract: A composition containing a stabilized form of conjugated linoleic acid is described. The conjugated linoleic acid is reacted with glycerol to form an ester, which is much more resistant to oxidation than the acid form of the conjugated linoleic acid. The composition can additionally contain antioxidants, such as rosemary leaf extract, tocopherols, chelating agents, ascorbic acid, the like. The composition can also contain a fatty acid and/or glycerol ingredient. A method for supplementing an individual's diet is also described. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. This invention relates to dietary supplements. More particularly, the invention relates to dietary supplements containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in a formulation that protects the CLA from oxidation. Compared to previous generations, Americans are deficient in CLA because of lower consumption of red meat and butter fat, and because changes in cattle-feeding practices have decreased CLA content in meat and milk. For optimal CLA production, cows should graze on grass instead of being artificially fattened in feed lots. The meat of grass-fed cows contains up to four times as much CLA as meat from feed-lot cows. Today's dairy products have only about one-third the amount of CLA they had before 1960. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06432453__
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Edible fat-spread Inventor(s): Lievense; Lourus Cornelis (Vlaardingen, NL), McNeill; Gerald Patrick (Vlaardingen, NL), Meijer; Gert W. (Vlaardingen, NL) Assignee(s): Van Den Bergh Foods Co., division of Conopco, Inc. (Lisle, IL) Patent Number: 6,159,525 Date filed: November 14, 1996 Abstract: An edible fat spread is provided that comprises triglyceride fat the fatty acid residues of which include 0.05-20 wt % conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) residues. The spread has sensoric properties as good as corresponding spreads without CLA and can be used as a normal part of a daily diet while it can contribute to obtaining an improved blood lipid profile. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an edible fat spread. More particularly, the invention relates to a fat spread having an effective form of conjugated linoleic acid. Fatspreads are products containing a fat phase and often also an aqueous phase. Fat continuous examples of such fatspreads are plastic shortenings, margarines, butter and reduced fat variants of margarine and butter. In such fat-continuous products the fat phase comprises oil in the liquid state and a network of fat crystals, which largely determine the rheological properties of the product. Spreads having a continuous aqueous phase and a dispersed fat phase that have plastic rheology and are suitable for spreading e.g. on bread or toast, are known as well. Also bi-continuous spreads have been developed. If the spread has a continuous aqueous phase, the aqueous phase is structured with
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hydrocolloids, e.g. gums and/or modified starches to obtain plasticity. The invention also relates to a process for preparing the edible fat spread. In 1979 it was found that uncooked and pan-fried ground beef can have antimutagenic activity. (Cancer Lett. (1979), 7, 63-69). In 1987 it was reported that the active substance were isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). This activity of CLA was confirmed in that inhibition of mouse skin carcinogenesis was observed (Carcinogenesis, (1987), 8(12), 1881-1887. It was further found that mammary tumors in rats and mouse forestomach neoplasia are suppressed by dietary CLA (Cancer Res. (1991), 51(22), 6118-6124 and Cancer Res. (1990), 50, 1097-1101). In the article it was suggested that the active form of CLA is CLA incorporated in phospholipid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06159525__ •
Eggs enriched with conjugated linoleic acid Inventor(s): Aydin; Rahim (Madison, WI), Cook; Mark E. (Madison, WI), Pariza; Michael W. (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,113,973 Date filed: April 15, 1998 Abstract: An egg enriched for conjugated linoleic acid and having a normal appearance is produced by feeding poultry a diet enriched in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and a selected monounsaturated fatty acid. A poultry feed supplemented having conjugated linoleic acid and a selected monounsaturated fatty acid. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The conjugated linoleic acids (hereinafter, collectively, "CLA"), a set of eight positional and geometric isomers of unconjugated cis-9, cis-12octadecadienoic acid ("linoleic acid"), exhibit beneficial health effects when consumed in an animal's diet. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06113973__
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Equine neutraceuticals Inventor(s): Kanter; Morton Jay (103 S. Dawson Ave., Columbus, OH 43209), Taylor; Lynn E. (4461 S. Old 3C Hwy., Westerville, OH 43082) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,410,067 Date filed: November 8, 2000 Abstract: We describe a highly stable oat oil-conjugated linoleic acid isomeric mixture composition as an ingredient in an oral neutraceutical supplement and method of delivery to equine that meets the dietary needs of neonates, immuno-compromised, athletic horses, and geriatrics. The increased activity and/or stress levels exhibited by the above mentioned groups requires 2-4 times the daily digestible energy as well as additional vitamins and minerals. The neutraceutical supplement consists of at least 20% crude fat, which contains at least a 50% oat oil-6% CLA isomeric mixture composition; and which imparts a remarkable stability to the formulation.
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Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The supplementation of fat in the equine diet is now fairly common with the most common fat sources including corn oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, and rice bran oil. These oils all have short shelf-lives under field conditions and will tend to become rancid at high temperatures when used either alone or when added to fat supplements containing other nutrients as well as vitamins and minerals. The present invention describes a method to increase the shelf-life of fat supplements that contain the above mentioned oils by adding oat oil to the crude fat mixture or by using oat oil as the single source of crude fat in the supplement. The invention further describes the use of oat oil alone as a top dressing or the use of oat oil in the combination with an isomeric mixture of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) as a top dressing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06410067__ •
Immune stimulating dietary supplement and method of use thereof Inventor(s): Meydani; Mohsen (Newton, MA), Meydani; Simin Nikbin (Newton, MA) Assignee(s): Trustees of Tufts College (Medford, MA) Patent Number: 6,642,259 Date filed: March 25, 2002 Abstract: The immune system of middle aged and elderly individuals is stimulated with a dietary supplement. The dietary supplement includes Vitamin E, Vitamin B6 and conjugated linoleic acid. The dietary supplement can further include glutathione alone or in combination with Vitamin C, folic acid, zinc, selenium, Vitamin D, copper and Vitamin B12. The dietary supplement is administered to middle aged and elderly individuals in a suitable form for consumption by the individual. Suitable forms of consumption can include a snack bar, tablet, capsule, powder, drink, or dairy products. Excerpt(s): Immune responses gradually decline with increasing age. Coincident with a decline in immune responses is a concomitant increase in the incidence of tumor development, infection and inflammatory diseases in middle aged and elderly populations of individuals. ("Fundamental Immunology" ed. W.E. Paul, Raven Press, NY (1989); Miller, R. A., Exp. Gerontol. 29:21-35 (1994). Compromised nutritional status can contribute to the impaired immunological state and, hence, declining health of aging individuals. Thus, there is a need to develop convenient and effective methods that augment the nutritional requirements of middle aged and elderly individuals, thereby stimulating the immune system to combat disease. The present invention relates to a dietary supplement. It also is directed to a method to stimulate the immune system of middle aged and elderly individuals or to stimulate proliferation of a lymphocyte by administration of the dietary supplement. In one embodiment, the dietary supplement comprises Vitamin E, Vitamin B6 and conjugated linoleic acid. In a specific embodiment, the dietary supplement includes Vitamin E in an amount in a range of between about 10 milligrams and about 267 milligrams per milligram of Vitamin B6, and conjugated linoleic acid in an amount in a range of between about 17 milligrams and about 100 milligrams per milligram of Vitamin B6. In another specific embodiment, the dietary supplement further includes glutathione Vitamin C, folic acid, zinc, selenium, Vitamin D, copper, Vitamin B12 and glutathione. Preferably, the dietary supplement includes Vitamin C in an amount in a range of between about 17 milligrams and about 200 milligrams per milligram of Vitamin B6; folic acid in an amount in a range of between about 0.05 milligrams and about 0.2 milligrams per milligram of Vitamin B6; zinc in an amount in a range of between about 1.67 milligrams and about 10 milligrams per milligram of Vitamin B6; selenium in an amount in a range of between
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about 0.005 milligrams and about 0.02 milligrams per milligram of Vitamin B6; Vitamin D in an amount in a range of between about 0.0008 milligrams and about 0.005 milligrams per milligram of Vitamin B6; copper in an amount in a range of between about 0.00008 milligrams and about 0.0007 milligrams per milligram of Vitamin B6; Vitamin B12 in an amount in a range of between about 0.0002 milligrams and about 0.001 milligrams per milligram of Vitamin B6; and glutathione in an amount in a range of between about 4 milligrams and about 33 milligrams per milligram of Vitamin B6. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642259__ •
Liver fat accumulation inhibitory composition, food additive for liver fat accumulation, inhibition, and method of inhibiting liver fat accumulation Inventor(s): Imada; Takuma (Saga, JP), Masaki; Kyosuke (Sendai, JP), Noda; Tsuneyuki (Kurume, JP), Shimizu; Seiichi (Otsu, JP), Toba; Masamichi (Tosu, JP) Assignee(s): Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,468,556 Date filed: March 3, 2000 Abstract: A method of inhibiting liver fat accumulation which comprises administering a conjugated linoleic acid homolog to a mammal or making the mammal ingest it; and a liver fat accumulation inhibitory composition characterized by containing an effective amount of a conjugated linoleic acid homolog together with a support for medicinal preparations or foods. The administration or ingestion of CLA inhibits the total lipid content and the triglyceride content in the liver from increasing, and hence can effectively prevent diseases attributable to fatty liver, such as chronic hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel liver fat accumulation inhibitory composition, a food additive for liver fat accumulation inhibition, and a method of inhibiting liver fat accumulation. It has been considered that fatty liver, which is a disease wherein fat is excessively accumulated in the liver (hepatocytes), is caused by supernutrition, hyperingestion of alcohol, diabetes and side effects due to administration of pharmaceuticals, and can cause severe diseases such as chronic hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis. It is an important subject to treat and prevent fatty liver; however, there have not been accomplished any other safe and effective method for treatment and prevention thereof than control of nutrition to be fed, and there have scarcely been made any development of drugs (pharmaceuticals) for treatment and prevention. Fatty liver refers to a state where lipid, particularly neutral fat, is accumulated in hepatocytes to the degree exceeding a physiologically permissible range, but a morphological/biochemical clear definition for a quantitative standard of fat deposition has still to be made. In general, fatty liver refers to a case where a remarkable morphological change in accumulation of neutral fat is recognized in hepatocytes over a range of a third of all lobuli and any other remarkable morphological abnormality can not be recognized. From a biochemical point of view, a standard for judgment of fatty liver is that the weight of neutral fat is about 10% (100 mg/g wet weight) or more of the wet weight of hepatic tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06468556__
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Method for commercial preparation of conjugated linoleic acid Inventor(s): Liu; Ya-Dong (Saskatoon, CA), Reaney; Martin J. (Saskatoon, CA), Westcott; Neil D (Saskatoon, CA) Assignee(s): Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of (Ottawa, CA) Patent Number: 6,420,577 Date filed: December 1, 1999 Abstract: Methods for simultaneous saponification and quantitative isomerization of glyceride oils containing interrupted double bond systems, with alkali in water to yield soaps with conjugated double bond systems are disclosed. Novel methods of hydrolysis of the soap product with acid to form fatty acid-water emulsions and the breaking of those emulsions are also disclosed. The preferred embodiment uses a vegetable oil rich in linoleic acid such as sunflower or safflower oil, potassium hydroxide, phosphoric acid to neutralize the soaps, and an emulsion breaking compound which can include ethanol or other monohydric alcohol, tannins (either hydrolysable or condensed tannin) or polyethylene glycol. The reaction forms positional and geometric isomers of conjugated linoleic acid and the preferred isomer mixture is controlled by a combination of agitation, precisely controlled heating and rapid initiation and termination of the reaction. The reaction product composition may be enriched by crystallization. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved process for preparation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from oils rich in linoleic acid, which overcomes problems with an intractable emulsion that occurs between CLA and water by treatment with either an alcohol or polyethylene glycol or a tannin. The reaction is also unique in that it allows the control of the production of positional isomers in the conjugated linoleic acid. The process by-product stream is usable directly as a fertilizer that limits waste disposal costs. Conjugated linoleic acid is the trivial name given to a series of eighteen carbon diene fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. Applications of conjugated linoleic acids vary from treatment of medical conditions such as anorexia (U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,066) and low immunity (U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,901) to applications in the field of dietetics where CLA has been reported to reduce body fat (U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,646) and to inclusion in cosmetic formulae (U.S. Pat. No. 4,393,043). Industrial applications for CLA also exist where it is used as a lubricant constituent (U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,711). CLA synthesis can be used as a means to chemically modify linoleic acid so that it is readily reactive to Diels-Alder reagents (U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,534). In one method linoleic acid was separated from oleic acid by first conjugation then reaction with maleic anhydride followed by distillation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,640). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06420577__
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Method for increasing brown fat, comprising administering conjugated linoleic acid as active ingredient Inventor(s): Iwata; Toshio (Tokyo-To, JP), Kasai; Masaaki (Nagoya, JP), Koba; Kazunori (Nagasaki, JP), Okuyama; Hitoshi (Tokyo-To, JP), Sakono; Masanobu (Miyazaki, JP), Sugano; Michihiro (Kumamoto, JP) Assignee(s): Rinoru Oil Mills Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,451,336 Date filed: April 28, 2000
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Abstract: There is provided an agent for increasing brown fat, comprising a conjugated linoleic acid as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an agent for increasing brown fat, comprising a conjugated linoleic acid as an active ingredient. More particularly, the present invention relates to an agent for increasing brown fat, comprising a conjugated linoleic acid as an active ingredient, which agent can increase brown fat cells capable of consuming extra energy and producing heat to prevent obesity, and use of the agent in the field of foods. In recent years, patients suffering from obesity have been increased also in Japan, and this is becoming a serious social problem. Obesity derived from such factors as increased ingestion (hyperphagia), reduced excercise (lack of excercise), and a fluctuation in generation of body heat causes accumulation of a large amount of body fat. This is causative of arteriosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiac diseases, and, in some cases, leads to complications, such as angiopathy, neuropathy, and aphylaxis. Fat is stored in adipose tissues. Adipose tissues are classified into two types which are utterly different from each other in function. One of the adipose tissues is a white adipose tissue which occupies the major part of the adipose tissues and functions to accumulate extra energy, and the other adipose tissue is a brown adipose tissue which has a function opposite to that of the white adipose tissue, that is, functions to consume extra energy. The brown adipose tissue is significantly found in infancy, and the level thereof decreases with aging. The brown adipose tissue is present in the back of the neck, a portion around shoulder blade in the back, axilla, periphery of the heart, and periphery of the kidney, and the total weight thereof is as small as about 40 g. This brown adipose tissue is governed by a sympathetic nervous system, and functions to generate heat for body temperature retention purposes and, in addition, to burn extra energy, thereby preventing obesity. Increasing and developing this brown adipose tissue are a great aid in eliminating obesity and are expected to prevent or reduce obesity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06451336__ •
Method for increasing the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in milk and/or tissue fat of a ruminant Inventor(s): Griinari; Mikko (Espoo, FI), Nurmela; Kari (Helsinki, FI) Assignee(s): Valio Oy (Helsinki, FI) Patent Number: 6,635,271 Date filed: June 5, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for increasing the concentration of the cis-9, trans-11 isomer of octadecadienoic acid in the milk fat and/or the tissue fat of a ruminant. In the method the ruminant is fed the trans-11 isomer of octadecenoic acid either as such or mixed with other feed, separately or together with other fatty acids. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for increasing the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid, i.e. chemically precisely expressed the cis-9,trans-11 isomer of octadecadienoic acid (CLA, cis-9,trans-11-C18:2) in the milk fat and/or the tissue fat of a ruminant by feeding to the ruminant, either as such or mixed with other feed, separately or together with other fatty acids, vaccenic acid, i.e. chemically precisely expressed the trans-11 isomer of octadecenoic acid (trans-11-C18:1). Recently it has been observed that conjugated linoleic acid, i.e. CLA, provides quite effective protection against several forms of cancer (Ha Y. L. et al., Cancer Res. 1990, 50:1097; Ip C. et al., Cancer 1994,
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74:1050). It has been observed to be effective against skin and stomach cancers of the mouse and against cancer of the mammary gland of the rat (Scimeca J. A. et al., Diet and Breast Cancer. American Inst. Of Cancer Res. 1994, Plenum Press, London). The growth of human cancer cells has also successfully been inhibited in cell cultures (Shultz T. D. et al., Canc. lett. 1992, 63:125). It has also been observed to have other metabolic effects, some of which clearly suggest effects on health (Banni, S. and J.-C. Martin. 1998. Trans fatty acids in human nutrition. Ed. Sebedio and Christie, The Oily Press, Dundee). In nature, CLA is present mainly as a component in the tissue fat and the milk fat of ruminants, cis-9,trans-11 being the main isomer (approx. 90%). Small amounts of other isomers are also present in milk, but in the present context, CLA denotes specifically the cis-9,trans-11 isomer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635271__ •
Method of altering nutritional components of milk produced by a lactating animal Inventor(s): Bauman; Dale E. (Ithaca, NY), Chouinard; P. Yvan (Quebec, CA), Griinari; Mikko (Helsinki, FI), McGuire; Mark A. (Moscow, ID) Assignee(s): Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. (Ithaca, NY) Patent Number: 6,288,114 Date filed: June 23, 1998 Abstract: The present invention alters mammary synthesis of fat to improve milk quality. These changes in milk composition represent improvements in nutritional quality consistent with contemporary dietary recommendations. Of special importance is the disclosure of new data relating to specific conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), potent naturally occurring anti-carcinogens. In the course of an investigation to enhance milk content of conjugated linoleic acid, it was discovered that abomasal infusion of a single TFA isomer caused a marked milk fat depression. This observation was unexpected because the prior art has consistently shown that body fat and milk fat always show reciprocal changes in lactating cows and indicated that CLA's generally reduced body fat in growing animals. The current disclosure demonstrates that an increase in milk fat content of a specific TFA isomer, trans-10 C.sub.18:1. (Griinari et al., 1997, 1998) causes MFD. This observation is in conflict with the prior art that taught that an increase in total TFA caused MFD. These results are applicable to other domestic lactating mammals (e.g., pigs). Upon the infusion of CLA, a portion of the CLA is transferred to the mammary gland and incorporated into milk fat. Hence, the methods disclosed increase the levels of CLA found in milk, thereby improving the nutritional benefits to human health associated with CLA. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to the field of methods of altering fat and fat composition of milk produced by a lactating animal. More particularly, the inventions pertain to methods of decreasing the milk fat content of milk and increasing the percentage of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in milk. Today, consumers are much more aware of nutrition, particularly dietary fat. This awareness includes a shift toward consumption of low fat products, including low fat milk products. Thus, there is interest in reducing the fat percentage of milk produced by the cow. Milk fat is composed mainly of triglycerides. The mammary cell absorbs the precursors or building blocks for milk production (e.g. the component fatty acids of milk: acetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, and preformed fatty acids) from the circulation. Several reviews have summarized the factors that affect milk fat percentage and yield. Nutrition plays a major role, and certain nutritional practices cause milk fat depression by mechanisms that have not been clearly
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established. The milk fat depression (MFD) which occurs when "high concentrate diets" or diets primarily composed of one type nutrient, in this case grains, are fed represent an extreme situation where the rate of milk fat synthesis in an individual cow can decrease by 50% or more. In addition, several other dietary manipulations including rumen active fats, small particle size forage, lush pasture and ionophores all result to varying degrees in decreased milk fat yield. These nutritional situations involve changes in rumen fermentation or metabolism, which are believed to directly or indirectly result in a shortage of lipid precursors at the mammary gland. The actual mechanisms involved in MFD had not been fully explained but several theories have been proposed. These theories can be broadly summarized into two categories: (1) theories which consider the depression to be an indirect consequence of a shortage in the supply of lipid precursors to the mammary gland and (2) those that attribute MFD to a direct inhibition of mammary gland synthesis of milk fat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06288114__ •
Method of increasing fat firmness and improving meat quality in animals Inventor(s): Buege; Dennis R (Madison, WI), Cook; Mark E (Madison, WI), Jerome; Daria L (Detroit Lakes, MN), Mozdziak; Paul (Madison, WI), Pariza; Michael W (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,060,087 Date filed: December 16, 1998 Abstract: A method of treating meat animals to increase fat firmness, shelf life and meat quality indices consisting of administering to the meat animals a safe and effective amount of conjugated linoleic acid or CLA. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The present application generally relates to methods of treating animals. More particularly, it relates to a method of treating animals to improve meat quality and lengthen shelf life. As the American population increasingly uses unsaturated fats in food preparation, the resulting spent restaurant greases are increasingly unsaturated. These greases/oils are in turn used by the animal feed industries to feed meat animals, such as pigs. Because of the high degree of unsaturation of these oils, animals eating these oils have softer fat and tissue. In addition, corn is being genetically selected for higher levels of unsaturated fats. Since corn is a major component of animals diets, the use of high oil corn in place of saturated fat also soften fats and tissues. This creates a major problem in slicing meats (e.g. bacon). The soft fat disrupts slicing operations by producing unacceptable slices and clogging the blade, resulting in lost time and reduced value product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06060087__
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Method of increasing longevity and preventing body weight wasting in autoimmune disease by using conjugated linoleic acid Inventor(s): Cook; Mark (Madison, WI), Pariza; Michael W (Madison, WI), Yang; Mingder (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,395,782 Date filed: March 2, 2001 Abstract: Administering conjugated linoleic acid to human and non-human animals having conditions associated with the existence of autoimmune complexes or autoimmune reactive cells can extend the survival life time, prolong healthy tissue and organ function and prevent body weight wasting in these animals. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. An autoimmune disease can be characterized by the presence of anti-self antibodies ("autoantibodies") or self-reactive B- and T-cell clones which are generally not observed in animals that do not have such a disease. The autoantibodies form immune complexes that become trapped in tissues and organs and thereby attract macrophages which can physically damage the animal's tissues or organs. For example, in the non-limiting case of a damaged kidney, protein molecules normally prevented from leaving the kidney in urine are instead excreted in the urine. A relatively common autoimmune disease is lupus, a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect various parts of the body, especially skin, joints, blood, and kidneys. More than 16,000 Americans develop lupus each year. It is estimated that 500,000 to 1.5 million Americans have been diagnosed with lupus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06395782__
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Method of producing conjugated fatty acids Inventor(s): Pariza; Michael W. (Madison, WI), Yang; Xiao-Yun (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,060,304 Date filed: October 13, 1998 Abstract: A method for producing a cis-9, trans-11 fatty acid from a fatty acid containing double bonds in the cis-configuration at positions 9 and 12, includes the step of combining a Lactobacillus microorganism with free fatty acids in a fermentation process. The conjugated fatty acid products can include, for example, cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Excerpt(s): Not applicable. Linoleic acid is an 18 carbon molecule that contains double bonds in the cis-9, cis-12 configuration. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a general term for a set of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid that possess conjugated double bonds, in the cis or trans configuration, at positions 9 and 11 or at positions 10 and 12. CLA occurs naturally in a wide variety of foods, especially in foods such as cheese that are derived from ruminant animals. Ha, Y. L., N. K. Grimm and M. W. Pariza, Carcinogenesis, Vol. 8, No. 12, pp. 1881-1887 (1987); Ha, Y. L., N. K. Grimm and M. W. Pariza, J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 75-81 (1987). Methods of using CLA are described in issued U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,017,614; 5,070,104; 5,208,356; 5,428,072; 5,430,066; 5,504,114, and 5,554,646.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06060304__ •
Method of reducing bodyweight and treating obesity Inventor(s): Remmereit; Jan (Volda, NO) Assignee(s): Natural Nutrition Ltd. AS (NO) Patent Number: 6,034,132 Date filed: March 19, 1998 Abstract: The present invention discloses method for reducing body weight and treating obesity. The method comprises administering a nutritionally effective amount of conjugated linoleic acid to a human. The conjugated linoleic acid may be provided in the form of a free fatty acid in a pill, or as a component of a prepared food product. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the administration of a dietary supplement, conjugated linoleic acid, to induce bodyweight reduction, thereby providing a treatment for obesity. Obesity is the most common disorder of the developed world. The ready availability of food in most areas, a shift to relatively sedentary lifestyles, and changing food sources have contributed to this problem. Researchers have hypothesized that recent changes in food sources have led to an imbalance in the optimal ratio of fatty acid intake. These imbalances may influence obesity. Specifically, modern diets have increased amounts of omega-6 fatty acids as compared to omega-3 fatty acids, as noted in Simopoulos, "Evolutionary Aspects of Diet: Fatty Acids, Insulin Resistance and Obesity", in Obesity: New Directions in Assessment and Management, VanItallie and Simonpoulos ed., The Charles Press, Philadelphia, 241-61 (1995). Omega-6 fatty acids are represented by linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids are represented by alpha-linolenic acid. A balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids existed for most of human history and has now been changed to a ratio of about 20 to 25:1 in the favor of omega-6 fatty acids. This increase in omega-6 fatty acids is due the increased intake of vegetable oils and increased amounts saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (depot fat) in domestic meat as compared to meat from wild game. The replacement of saturated fats with unsaturated fats has been widely recommended, resulting in increased intake of omega-6 fatty acids from vegetable oils and trans fatty acids from margarine. This means that humans have been exposed to pharmacological doses of omega-6 fatty acids from the first time in their evolutionary history. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06034132__
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Methods for preparing CLA isomers Inventor(s): Saebo; Asgeir (Eidsnes, NO), Saebo; Per Christian (Volda, NO) Assignee(s): Conlin Co., Inc. (Detroit Lakes, MN) Patent Number: 6,380,409 Date filed: April 24, 2000 Abstract: Novel compositions containing conjugated linoleic acid isomers can be used for controls in gas chromatography and for animal feeding studies. Purified isomers of conjugated linoleic acid can be treated to produce a preparation containing two isomers of CLA. The preparation can be used as is or further processed to separate the two isomers. The isomers can be used in their free fatty acid form or converted to alkylesters
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or triglycerides. Furthermore, the isomers are useful as supplements for food products or feed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to lipid biochemistry, and in particular to the preparation of various isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. In 1978, researchers at the University of Wisconsin discovered the identity of a substance contained in cooked beef that appeared to inhibit mutagenesis. The substance was found to be a mixture of positional isomers of linoleic acid (C18:2) having conjugated double bonds. The c9,t11 and t10,c12 isomers are present in greatest abundance, but it is uncertain which isomers are responsible for the biological activity observed. It has been noted from labelled uptake studies that the 9,11 isomer appears to be somewhat preferentially taken up and incorporated into the phospholipid fraction of animal tissues, and to a lesser extent the 10,12 isomer (Ha, et al., Cancer Res., 50: 1097 [1990]). The biological activity associated with conjugated linoleic acids (termed CLA) is diverse and complex. At present, very little is known about the mechanisms of action, although several preclinical and clinical studies in progress are likely to shed new light on the physiological and biochemical modes of action. The anticarcinogenic properties of CLA have been well documented. Administration of CLA inhibits rat mammary tumorigenesis, as demonstrated by Birt, et al., Cancer Res., 52: 2035s [1992]. Ha, et al., supra, reported similar results in a mouse forestomach neoplasia model. CLA has also been identified as a strong cytotoxic agent against target human melanoma, colorectal and breast cancer cells in vitro. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06380409__ •
Process for the preparation of materials with a high content of conjugated long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids Inventor(s): Cain; Frederick William (Wormerveer, NL), McNeill; Gerald Patrick (Sharnbrook, GB), Moore; Stephen Raymond (Sharnbrook, GB), Zwemmer; Olga Cornelia (Wormerveer, NL) Assignee(s): Loders Croklaan B.V. (Wormerveer, NL) Patent Number: 6,184,009 Date filed: September 30, 1998 Abstract: A process for preparing a material B comprising geometrical isomers L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 of conjugated linoleic acid moieties in a specific weight ratio of X.sub.B wherein a material A selected from free fatty acids, mono-, di- or tri-glycerides, phospholipids, alkyl esters or wax-esters containing at least 5 weight % of L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 are subjected to enzymatic conversion using an enzyme that can discriminate between L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 so that the original weight ratio of L.sub.1 to L.sub.2 of X.sub.A in the starting material is increased to X.sub.B where X.sub.B is equal to or greater than 1.1 X.sub.A. Advantageously, the isomers L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 are cis.sup.9, trans.sup.11 and trans.sup.10, cis.sup.12 linoleic acid or vice versa. The enzyme is advantageously a lipase obtained from Geotrichum candidum or Candida rugosa or a phospholipase. The starting material A may be, for example, a fish oil or vegetable oil. The resulting products may be blended with a complementary fat and may be used as foods or food supplements or in pharmaceutical compositions. Excerpt(s): This application was filed under 35 USC 371 as the national phase of PCT/EP96/05024 filed Nov. 12, 1996. The beneficial effects of conjugated long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in food products for animals or humans have been recognised in the prior art. According to EP 440.325 CLA's can be applied as "metal
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chelator" in natural foods. The CLA's contain 9.11 and 10.12-octadecadienoic acid, salts or other derivatives thereof. The free acids can be prepared by e.g. an enzymic treatment, using.DELTA.sup.12 cis.DELTA.sup.11 trans isomerase, of linoleic acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06184009__ •
Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 Inventor(s): Cook; Mark E (Madison, WI), Pariza; Michael W (Madison, WI), Whigham; Leah D (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,077,868 Date filed: July 20, 1999 Abstract: Disclosed is a method for selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 in an animal having a cyclooxygenase-2 activity by delivering into the animal an amount of a conjugated linoleic acid effective to reduce cyclooxygenase-2 activity in the animal. Excerpt(s): Inflammatory reactions and associated pain can be induced by prostaglandins. Inflammation can be reduced by inhibiting prostaglandin biosynthesis. Most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, a key regulated enzyme in synthesis of 20 carbon eicosenoids, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE.sub.2), from arachidonic acid. However, complete inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis is disfavored because prostaglandins also beneficially maintain the digestive tract lining. In the absence of prostaglandins, a propensity for ulcers and similar digestive problems can develop. This is particularly problematic for people suffering from conditions such as arthritis, the treatment of which generally requires long-term use of relatively large doses of anti-inflammatory agents. The cyclooxygenase enzymes are reviewed by Williams, C. S. and R. N. DuBois, "Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: Why two isoforms?" Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 33):G393-G400 (1996), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Briefly, cyclooxygenase exists in at least two different enzyme isoforms (Simmons et al., P.N.A.S. U.S.A. 86:1178-1182 (1989)), designated-Cox-1 and Cox-2. Cox-1 is involved in synthesizing housekeeping prostaglandins that function to maintain the digestive tract lining. In contrast, Cox-2 catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain, but does not appear to catalyze housekeeping prostaglandins. Both Cox-1 and Cox-2 are involved in producing precursors for several prostanoids including PGE.sub.2. Cox-1 is expressed constitutively at relatively stable levels in many tissues, whereas Cox-2 expression can be induced by a variety of chemicals, including, but not limited to, lipopolysaccharides, phorbal esters, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, human chorionic gonadotropin, and platelet activating factor. As a result of this distinction, one can characterize the relative contribution of each isoform to the overall PGE.sub.2 level by comparing basal PGE.sub.2 levels to the levels after induction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06077868__
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Skin care composition Inventor(s): Alaluf; Simon (Bedford, GB), Green; Martin Richard (Bedford, GB), Harding; Clive Roderick (Bedford, GB), Hu; Heng-Long (Gloucester, GB), McNeill; Gerald Patrick (Channahon, IL), Powell; Jonathan Richard (Bedford, GB), Rawlings; Anthony Vincent (Wirral, GB), Rogers; Julia Sarah (Bedford, GB), Watkinson; Allan (Bedford, GB) Assignee(s): Unilever Home & Personal Care USA, division of Conopco, Inc. (Greenwich, CT) Patent Number: 6,287,553 Date filed: December 13, 1999 Abstract: A topical composition and cosmetic method for treating skin conditions selected form the group consisting of wrinkling, sagging, photodamaged skin, sensitive skin, dry skin, flaky skin, red skin, irritated skin, itchy skin and age spots, the composition comprising:(a) conjugated linoleic acid, and/or derivatives thereof comprising conjugated linoleic acid moieties, in which at least 50% by weight of the conjugated linoleic acid and/or moieties, is present as the cis 9 trans 11 isomer; and(b) a dermatologically acceptable carrier. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to topical compositions for application to human skin and to their use in improving the condition and appearance of skin. Skin is subject to deterioration through dermatological disorders, environmental abuse (wind, air conditioning, central heating) or through the normal aging process (chronoaging) which may be accelerated by exposure of skin to sun (photoaging). In recent years the demand for cosmetic compositions and cosmetic methods for improving the appearance and condition of skin has grown enormously. Consumers are increasingly seeking "antiaging" cosmetic products which treat or delay the visible signs of chronoaging and photoaging skin such as wrinkles, lines, sagging, hyperpigmentation and age spots. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06287553__
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Suppression of carcinoma using high purity conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) Inventor(s): Seidel; Michael C. (61 Hickory La., Chalfont, PA 18914) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,319,950 Date filed: April 1, 1999 Abstract: A method for the treatment of carcinoma in a human is disclosed, including administering to a human a therapeutically effective amount of 9-cis, 11-trans octadecadienoic acid formed by reacting an ester of ricinoleic acid with a tosyl chloride or a mesyl chloride to form a tosylate or mesylate of an ester of ricinoleic acid, and reacting the tosylate or mesylate of an ester of ricinoleic acid with diazabicycloundecene. The method includes administering to a human a purified conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) produced by a novel synthesis process for producing 9-cis, 11-trans octadecadienoic acid at room temperature in high yield including providing a tosylate or mesylate of a methyl ester of ricinoleic acid and providing a purified 9-cis, 11-trans octadecadienoic acid formed when the tosylate or mesylate reacts with diazabicycloundecene.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a suppression of carcinoma using a high purity conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) provided by a novel synthesis of the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In one aspect, this invention relates to a suppression of carcinoma using a high purity conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) provided by a novel synthesis of 9-cis, 11trans octadecadienoic acid, also known as 9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a general term used to name positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid. The free, naturally occurring conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been previously isolated from fried meats and described as anticarcinogens by Y. L Ha, N K. Grimm and M. W. Pariza, in Carcinogenesis, Vol. 8, No. 12, pp. 1881-1887 (1987). Since then, they have been found in some processed cheese products (Y. L. Ha, N. K. Grimm and M. W. Pariza, in J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 75-81 (1987)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06319950__ •
Treatment of skin damage using conjugated linoleic acid and ascorbyl fatty acid esters Inventor(s): Perricone; Nicholas V. (27 Coginchaug Ct., Guilford, CT 06437) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,296,861 Date filed: May 2, 2000 Abstract: A synergistic combination of conjugated linoleic acid and fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid is topically applied to treat skin damage, such as contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, xerosis, eczema, rosacea, seborrhea, psoriasis, thermal and radiation burns, other types of skin inflammation, and aging. Typical compositions contain from about 1% to about 25% by weight of a CLA preparation containing 9,11-octadecadienoic acid and 10,12-octadecadienoic acid, and from about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of a saturated fatty acid ester of ascorbic acid such as ascorbyl palmitate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the topical application of conjugated linoleic acid together with fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid for the treatment of acute and chronic skin damage. Therapies according to the invention are particularly efficacious for treating a variety of skin conditions including contact dermatitis (particularly diaper area dermatitis), atopic dermatitis, xerosis, eczema, rosacea, seborrhea, psoriasis, thermal and radiation burns, other types of skin inflammation, and the tissue degenerative effects of aging. Skin inflammation and aging are closely related phenomena. So similar are the processes involved with both, that aging is sometimes described dermatologically as a chronic low grade inflammatory condition. In acute inflammation, there is typically a respiratory burst of neutrophil activity that initiates cascades that typically involve a change in the oxidation state of the cell. Acute inflammation is also characterized by mast cell degranulation wherein serotonin is produced, which acts as a signal transduction factor. Following that, excited oxygen species are generated, e.g., superoxide anion, and these damage the lipid-rich membranes and activate the chemical mediators of proinflammation and inflammation. Alteration in the redox state of the cell activates transcription factors such as NF.kappa.B as well as AP1, which then causes production of proinflammation mediators. These mediators, such as TF.alpha. and various interleukins, cause a burst of cytokines. Arachadonic acid is released, which is oxidized to biologically active mediators. When arachadonic acid is oxidized via the cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathways, for example, prostaglandins, leukotrines, and hyroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) are produced, which cause erythma, edema, and free radical production. Transcription
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factors such as NF.kappa.B and AP1alter DNA expression in the cell and produce cytokines and proteinases such as collagenase. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06296861__ •
Use of conjugated linoleic acids Inventor(s): Vanderhoek; Jack Y. (Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): The George Washington University (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,077,525 Date filed: April 10, 1998 Abstract: The use of conjugated linoleic acid to inhibit cyclooxygenase-catalyzed conversion of arachidonic acid, thromboxane formation and platelet aggregation. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) to inhibit the cyclooxygenase-catalyzed conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane/prostanoids in platelets and platelet function, particularly platelet aggregation. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) have received considerable attention recently because of reports that they may have chemoprotective properties. In the past few years, CLAs have generated considerable interest in cancer and cardiovascular research. A variety of reports have appeared indicating that CLAs may be effective in inhibiting the initiation and/or post-initiation phases of carcinogenesis in several experimental animal models (3-5). CLAs have also been reported as decreasing the incidence of chemically induced skin and forestomach cancers in mice and mammary tumors in rats. Other findings indicate that CLAs have reduced in vitro cell growth when added to malignant melanoma cells, colorectal cancer cells and human breast cancer cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06077525__
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Use of zinc salts of conjugated linoleic acid to treat skin disorders Inventor(s): Bryce-Smith; Derek (Reading, GB) Assignee(s): Kappa Pharmaceuticals Limited (Reading, GB) Patent Number: 6,300,374 Date filed: April 6, 1999 Abstract: The present invention concerns compositions and their use in the treatment of skin disorders, particularly, but not limited to, eczema, psoriasis and dermatitis, and also compositions and their use in treatment of cancer, particularly skin cancer. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns compositions and their use in the treatment of skin disorders particularly, but not limited, to eczema, psoriasis and dermatitis, and also compositions and their use in treatment of cancer, particularly skin cancer. Conjugated linoleic acid and linoleic acid are well-known for their therapeutic, particularly chemotherapeutic, properties (see, for example, Belury, M. A., 1995 Nutrition Reviews, 53 (4): 83-39 and references therein; Pariza, M. W., Chemistry & Industry, Jun. 16, 1997, 464-466; EP 0 087 863; EP 0 044 341; EP 0 078 434; EP 0 003 407; EP 0 057 175; EP 0 071 357; EP 0 085 579; EP 0 139 480), and have comprised nonessential components of compositions for treating skin disorders (EP 0 727 991). WO
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95/13806 discloses the use of a composition comprising zinc salts of 68% (unconjugated) linoleic acid and 10% conjugated isomers of linoleic acid for use in treating skin disorders. However, the present inventor has now found that zinc salts of conjugated linoleic acids have an unexpectedly great efficacy in the treatment of skin disorders when compared to for example unconjugated zinc linoleate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06300374__
Patent Applications on Conjugated Linoleic Acid As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to conjugated linoleic acid: •
Agent for increasing brown fat, comprising conjugated linoleic acid as active ingredient Inventor(s): Iwata, Toshio; (Tokyo-To, JP), Kasai, Masaaki; (Nagoya-shi, JP), Koba, Kazunori; (Nagasaki-shi, JP), Okuyama, Hitoshi; (Tokyo-To, JP), Sakuno, Masanobu; (Miyazaki-shi, JP), Sugano, Michihiro; (Kumamoto-shi, JP) Correspondence: Foley & Lardner; Washington Harbour; 3000 K Street NW; Suite 500; Washington; DC; 20007-5109; US Patent Application Number: 20020015771 Date filed: April 28, 2000 Abstract: There is provided an agent for increasing brown fat, comprising a conjugated linoleic acid as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an agent for increasing brown fat, comprising a conjugated linoleic acid as an active ingredient. More particularly, the present invention relates to an agent for increasing brown fat, comprising a conjugated linoleic acid as an active ingredient, which agent can increase brown fat cells capable of consuming extra energy and producing heat to prevent obesity, and use of the agent in the field of foods. In recent years, patients suffering from obesity have been increased also in Japan, and this is becoming a serious social problem. Obesity derived from such factors as increased ingestion (hyperphagia), reduced excercise (lack of excercise), and a fluctuation in generation of body heat causes accumulation of a large amount of body fat. This is causative of arteriosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiac diseases, and, in some cases, leads to complications, such as angiopathy, neuropathy, and aphylaxis. Fat is stored in adipose tissues. Adipose tissues are classified into two types which are utterly different from each other in function. One of the adipose tissues is a white adipose tissue which occupies the major part of the adipose tissues and functions to accumulate extra energy, and the other adipose tissue is a brown adipose tissue which has a function opposite to that of the white adipose tissue, that is, functions to consume extra energy. The brown adipose tissue is significantly found in infancy, and the level thereof decreases with aging. The brown adipose tissue is present in the back of the neck, a portion around shoulder blade in the back, axilla, periphery of the heart, and periphery of the kidney, and the total weight thereof is as small as about 40 g. This
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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brown adipose tissue is governed by a sympathetic nervous system, and functions to generate heat for body temperature retention purposes and, in addition, to burn extra energy, thereby preventing obesity. Increasing and developing this brown adipose tissue are a great aid in eliminating obesity and are expected to prevent or reduce obesity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Beneficial control of energy balance in periparturient cattle Inventor(s): Block, Elliot; (Yardley, PA), Cummings, Kenneth R.; (Skillman, NJ), Sanchez, William K.; (Tigard, OR) Correspondence: Watov & Kipnes, P.C.; P.O. Box 247; Princeton Junction; NJ; 08550; US Patent Application Number: 20030113363 Date filed: December 14, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for beneficial control of body condition and dietary energy balance in dairy cattle during colostrum milk production. An important aspect of the beneficial control is the provision of a feedstock which has a supplemented content of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid derivative having rumen-bypass properties. The ingested quantity of CLA derivative ingredient per cow is effective for lowering and maintaining the fat content of colostrum milk in the range between about 4-6 weight percent and for increasing milk yield. The presence of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid structural isomer in an invention feedstock is minimized, because it counteracts the beneficial effects of the trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid structural isomer, such as reduction in milk yield. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to dietary factors with respect to postpartum dairy cattle nutrition. More specifically, this invention relates to beneficial control of body condition and energy balance in dairy cattle during colostrum milk production after calving. There are numerous dairy science publications which elaborate theory and practice in connection with the biology of dairy cattle during a prepartum-postpartum transition period. The time span from three weeks before to three weeks after dairy cattle parturition (i.e., the "periparturient" period) is critically important to health, production, and profitability of the cows. Most infectious diseases and metabolic disorders occur during this periparturient period, such as milk fever, ketosis, retained fetal membranes, metritis, and displaced abomasum. Immunosuppression during the periparturient period leads to increased susceptibility to mastitis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Bioactive conjugated linoleic acid glycerides and method of use Inventor(s): Bonsignore, Patrick V.; (US), Gurin, Michael H.; (US) Correspondence: David G. Rosenbaum; Rosenbaum & Associates, P.C.; 875 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 3653; Chicago; IL; 60611; US Patent Application Number: 20020147356 Date filed: November 21, 2001 Abstract: A composition and method for supplementing feed, nutrition and diet systems with bioactive glycerides of conjugated linoleic acid comprised of a synergistic blend of
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conjugated linoleic bioactive isomers acid in mono-, di-, and/or triglyceride form. The composition comprises (A) bioactive glycerides of conjugated linoleic acid comprised of a synergistic blend of conjugated linoleic bioactive isomers acid in mono-, di- and/or triglyceride form, (B) a carrier medium, and (C) a delivery system as a dietary supplement. The composition provides an effective increase in nutritional, therapeutic, and pharmacological properties in nutrition and diet systems. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/252,382 filed Nov. 21, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/250,359 filed Dec. 1, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/254,317 filed Dec. 11, 2000. The present invention relates to the field of human and animal nutrition, and in particular to nutritional compositions containing bioactive glycerides of conjugated linoleic acid (BG-CLA). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), generally understood as a family of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12-octadecadienoic acid), has been and is the focus of numerous research programs that seek to capitalize on its nutritional, therapeutic, and pharmacological properties. However the biological activity associated with CLA is diverse and complex and past testing has generated claims that are diametrically opposed to each other in terms of the active biologic isomer. The potential beneficial effects of CLA supplementation are apparent. Several criteria have been used for selecting CLA compositions for specific applications. The factors of significance have centered on the inclusion of a specific bioactive isomer or multiple bioactive isomers in a defined isomeric ratio. Other factors that affect the feasibility and performance of CLA isomers' composition include ingredient cost, toxicity, taste, and effect on subject within the diet. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Bulk animal feeds containing conjugated linoleic acid Inventor(s): Remmereit, Jan; (Volda, NO) Correspondence: J. Mitchell Jones; Medlen & Carroll, Llp; Suite 2200; 220 Montgomery Street; San Francisco; CA; 94104; US Patent Application Number: 20010026832 Date filed: December 20, 2000 Abstract: A conjugated linoleic acid is prepared in industrial scale as a hydrolyzed isomerized product for blending into bulk domestic animal feeds. The CLA-containing isomerized hydrolyzed oil from sunflower and safflower seeds has sufficiently low levels of phosphatides and sterols to permit crude processing and incorporation into feeds of an undried, undistilled oil fraction without toxic or unpalatable effects. Excerpt(s): Processes for the conjugation of the double bonds of polyunsaturated unconjugated fatty acids have found their main application in the field paints and varnishes. Oils comprised of triglycerides of conjugated fatty acids are known as drying oils. Drying oils have value because of their ability to polymerize or "dry" after they have been applied to a surface to form tough, adherent and abrasion resistant films. Tung oil is an example of a naturally occurring oil containing significant levels of conjugated fatty acids. Because tung oil is expensive for many industrial applications, research was directed towards finding a substitute. In the 1930's, it was found that conjugated fatty acids were present in oil products subjected to prolonged saponification, as originally described by Moore, J. Biochem., 31: 142 (1937). This finding led to the development of several alkali isomerization processes for the production of
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conjugated fatty acids from various sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In alkali isomerization the fatty acids are exposed to heat, pressure and a metal hydroxide or oxide in nonaqueous or aqueous environments, resulting in the formation of conjugated isomers. Other methods have been described which utilize metal catalysts, which is not as efficient in the production of conjugated double bonds. It was found that isomerization could be achieved more rapidly in presence of higher molecular weight solvent. Kass, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61: 4829 (1939) and U.S. Pat. No. 2,47,890 (1950) showed that replacement of ethanol with ethylene glycol resulted in both an increase in conjugation in less time. U.S. Pat. No. 2,350,583 and British Patent No 558,881, (1994) achieved conjugation by reacting fatty acid soaps of an oil with an excess of aqueous alkali at 200-230 degrees C. and increased pressure. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
CLA-esters Inventor(s): Barclay, Scott; (Sharnbrook, GB), Rakowski, Krzysztof Piotr; (Wormerveer, NL), Taran, Victoria; (Wormerveer, NL) Correspondence: Pillsbury Winthrop Llp; 1600 Tysons Boulevard; Mclean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20020049346 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: The invention concerns with esters from conjugated linoleic acid and a food allowable alcohol from the group of terpene alcohols and sesquiterpene alcohols, these esters have good taste and display the health effects from the CLA part and from the food allowable alcohol part of the molecule. Excerpt(s): Esters from CLA (.dbd.reaction product of conjugated linoleic acid and an alcohol) are known from eg WO 97/18320 or WO 99/32105. However the esters disclosed in WO 97/18320 are mainly the octylesters and these esters have the disadvantage that the alcohol residue is not food allowable and that therefore the use of these esters in foods is a problem. In this same document also glycerol esters of CLA isomers are disclosed which can be made from glycerol and free CLA by esterification. However during this esterification the enrichment in a specific CLA isomer (in general c9t11 or t10c12 CLA) is low or the reaction rate and or yield for this conversion is very low. Moreover the products so obtained often are not very active for their desired health effect. Another problem is that the esters disclosed in WO '105 often are derived from an alcohol that, although being food allowable is not readily available or is difficult to remove from the reaction mixture (eg tocopherol alcohol or ascorbyl alcohols or retinyl alcohols). We studied whether we could find a solution for above problems. This study resulted in the finding of new esters of CLA isomers that can be made easily in good yields in relatively short times while the products obtained often displayed high enrichment rates in specific CLA-isomers (in particular in c9t11 and/or t10c12 isomers). Moreover the alcohols used herefore are food allowable and easily available and can be separated easily from the crude reaction mix resulting from the partial conversion of the free CLA with the alcohol. Moreover we found that these esters displayed good health properties and excellent taste properties. In particular the taste of the esters was improved compared to the taste of the free acids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Composition and method for modulating nutrient partitioning Inventor(s): McCleary, Larry; (Golden, CO) Correspondence: Glenn Parma; 1104 Biemert Street; Green Bay; WI; 54304 Patent Application Number: 20020132219 Date filed: December 28, 2000 Abstract: A nutritional supplement composition for modulating nutrient partitioning in a human so as to increase oxidation of fat and promote increased storage of glycogen is composed of hydroxycitric acid, carnitine, biotin, a gluconeogenic substrate, and, optionally, one or more of chromium, conjugated linoleic acid, coenzyme Q10, eicosapentaenoic acid, pyridoxine, alpha-lipoic acid, magnesium, and gymnema sylvestre. A method for modulating nutrient partitioning in a human involves orally or parenterally administering the aforementioned composition to the human, preferably on a daily basis, for a therapeutically effective period of time. Preferably, the method further involves having the human follow a specific dietary regimen wherein the glycemic index is less than 60 and the daily calorie consumption from carbohydrates is less than about 50% and the daily calorie consumption from protein is at least about 20%. Optionally, the method further involves an exercise program, a stress reduction program and/or a blood donation program. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for modulating nutrient partitioning. More particularly, the present invention provides a composition and a method for modulating nutrient partitioning in humans so as to normalize nutrient pathways which play a key role in numerous metabolic disorders, the composition and method being designed to prevent, delay or reverse such disorders. Disorders of nutrient partitioning leading to biochemical signaling abnormalities form the basis for a group of metabolic disorders. These include but are not limited to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, Syndrome X, hypertriglyceridemia and/or low HDL syndrome, high RQ (respiratory quotient) syndrome, obesity, chronic fatigue syndrome, small dense LDL syndrome, recidivism from weight loss, glucolipoxia, premature aging, memory loss, endothelial dysfunction, vascular disease, hypertension, postprandial hyperlipidemia, certain types of cancer, metabolic inflexibility and others. The basic abnormality is similar in each circumstance but manifests clinically in different ways depending upon the organ involved, the individual's genetic makeup, age, sex and other factors. The two major macronutrient fuels are fat and carbohydrate (which is stored in the body as glycogen). In the body, fat and carbohydrate are combined in certain proportions to generate the fuel mix the body burns at any point in time. If the fuel mix contains more carbohydrate, it contains relatively less fat and vice versa. Because there is minimal metabolic transformation between carbohydrate and fat, if more fat is being burned, then less is being stored and vice versa. The same holds true for carbohydrate, i.e., if more carbohydrate is being burned, then less is being stored and vice versa. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Compositions and methods for facilitating weight loss Inventor(s): Yegorova, Inna; (Northridge, CA) Correspondence: Nancy Lord Johnson, LTD.; 1970 N. Leslie RD. NO. 204; Pahrump; NV; 89060; US Patent Application Number: 20030082168 Date filed: October 22, 2001 Abstract: Compositions and methods for facilitating weight loss by inhibiting carbohydrate absorption, enhancing lipolysis, and modulating the metabolism of glucose in a human. The compositions comprise wheat alpha amylase, conjugated linoleic acid, Momordica charantia, lipotrophic vitamins and green tea. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the administration of novel compositions and related methods using wheat alpha amylase, conjugated linoleic acid and Momordica charantia, lipotrophic vitamins and green tea to facilitating weight loss by inhibiting carbohydrate absorption, enhancing lipolysis, and normalizing the metabolism of glucose in a human. Obesity is a serious heath problem both in the United States as well as world-wide. Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III show that one in three Americans are at least twenty percent overweight. Kuczmarski et al., 272 JAMA 205-211 (1994). Other studies have shown that the prevalence of obesity increases threefold between the ages of 20 and 50, however, this varies for men and women. In particular, the weights of men appear to stabilize after age 50 and then begin to decline around age 60. Women, however, generally continue to gain weight until age 60, and it is not until after age 60 that their weight begins to decline. Kaplan and Sadock, SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY 731 (1998). Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of fat on the body. Obesity can be measured by either body weight or by body mass index (BMI). By convention, obesity is said to be present when body weight exceeds by 20 percent the weight listed in typical height-weight index tables. The other measurement of obesity, BMI, is the amount of fat present in the body and is considered a reliable indication of fatness in non-athletic adults. The BMI may be calculated by using the following formula: BMI equals [body weight in kg] divided by [height in meters].sup.2. In general, a normal BMI is between the range of 20 to 25, whereas the BMI of obese individuals is greater than or equal to 30. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Compositions for preventing cellulite in mammalian skin Inventor(s): Halvorsen, Yuan-Di Chang; (Holly Springs, NC), Lea-Currie, Yolanda Renee; (Burlington, NC), Pieraccini, Peter; (Durham, NC), Sen, Anindita; (Cary, NC), Wilkison, William O.; (Bahama, NC) Correspondence: Alston & Bird Llp; Bank OF America Plaza; 101 South Tryon Street, Suite 4000; Charlotte; NC; 28280-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20010041708 Date filed: February 15, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for combating cellulite or reducing localized fatty excesses which comprises administering to a person having cellulite or localized fatty excesses a body slimming amount of a composition containing 10-trans, 12-cis conjugated linoleic acid.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/182,443, filed Feb. 15, 2000. Cellulite is a term applied to a skin condition associated with the lumps, bumps and dimples that appear on the thighs of many women. Cellulite primarily afflicts the thighs and buttocks but may also be present on the stomach and upper arms. This condition is frequently described as "orange peel skin", "mattress phenomena" or the "cottage cheese effect". Cellulite afflictions are a stubborn problem causing emotional and psychological distress to many women. Although the etiology of cellulite is poorly understood, the main etiological factor appears to be local accumulation of fat in a regional compartment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Conjugated fatty acids and related compounds Inventor(s): Christie, William Walker; (Dundee, GB), Simon, Josiah William; (High Shincliff, GB), Slabas, Antoni Ryszard; (High Shincliff, GB) Correspondence: J. Mitchell Jones; Medlen & Carroll, Llp; Suite 2200; 220 Montgomery Street; San Francisco; CA; 94104; US Patent Application Number: 20010023259 Date filed: December 18, 2000 Abstract: It has been demonstrated that conjugated linoleic acid isomers with the first double bond in position 9 (cis) or 10 (trans), added exogenously, can be desaturated in position 6 by the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. The metabolites, 6-cis, 9-cis, 11trans-octadecatrienoic and 6-cis,10-trans,12-cis-octadecatrienoic acids, which have not previously been characterized, were isolated by a combination of chromatographic techniques and the structures were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the form of picolinyl ester and dimethyloxazoline derivatives. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35. U.S.C.sctn. 119 (a)-(d) to United Kingdom application 99 29 897.8, filed Dec. 18, 1999. This invention relates to a novel method of making certain compounds (especially fatty acids and derivatives thereof) being desaturated at a 6th carbon atom in a chain of carbon atoms, relative to the starting substrate; certain novel compounds being unsaturated at a 6th carbon atom in a chain of carbon atoms; and to compositions for nutritional and/or pharmaceutical use, comprising certain fatty acid compounds and derivatives thereof. The invention also provides for use of certain compounds as nutritional supplements and/or pharmaceuticals; and a method of making a nutritional and/or pharmaceutical composition. Octadecadienoic acid is the name given to C18 fatty acids having two carbon/carbon double bonds (i.e., C.sub.18:2 fatty acids). The carbon/carbon double bonds may be positioned essentially at any point along the hydrocarbon chain (other than, of course, involving the carbon atom of the carboxyl group). Linoleic acid is the name given to the octadecadienoic acid having carbon/carbon double bonds at positions 9 and 12, both being in the "cis" configuration (i.e., cis-9, cis-12 octadecadienoic acid). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the two carbon/carbon double bonds, when separated by one carbon/carbon single bond, may form a small "conjugated" system of delocalized electrons in the carbon atoms. Such molecules may be referred to as conjugated linoleic acid (abbreviated as CLA), even though the term "linoleic acid", strictly speaking, refers only to the cis-9, cis-12 compound. It will be apparent that there are many possible isomers of CLA depending, for example, on the position of the double bonds ("positional isomers"), or on the stereochemistry ("geometric isomers") of
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the double bonds (which may be trans/trans, cis/cis, cis/trans or trans/cis; abbreviated as t/t, c/c, c/t and t/c respectively). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Conjugated linoleic acid compositions Inventor(s): Fimreite, Duane; (Chicago, IL), Saebo, Asgeir; (Eidsnes, NO) Correspondence: Medlen & Carroll, Llp; 101 Howard Street, Suite 350; San Francisco; CA; 94105; US Patent Application Number: 20020098274 Date filed: September 24, 2001 Abstract: Novel compositions containing conjugated linoleic acids are efficacious as animal feed additives and human dietary supplements. Linoleic acid is converted to its conjugated forms in which the resulting composition is low in certain unusual isomers compared to conventional conjugated linoleic products. In addition, the inventions provides compositions that are prepared according to a novel method that controls oxidation of CLA into volatile organic compounds as well as containing metal oxidant chelators to control oxidation during storage. Excerpt(s): The application is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/132,593, filed Aug. 11, 1998 and U.S. Ser. No. 09/270,940, filed Mar. 17, 1999, which is a continuationin-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/042,767, filed Mar. 17, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,833, and U.S. Ser. No. 09/042,538, filed Mar. 17, 1998. The present invention relates to the field of human and animal nutrition, and in particular to certain novel compositions of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). These compositions are prepared according to a novel method that controls oxidation of CLA into volatile organic compounds and in some cases contain antioxidants that control oxidation. In 1978, researchers at the University of Wisconsin discovered the identity of a substance contained in cooked beef that appeared to inhibit mutagenesis. The substance was found to be a mixture of positional isomers of linoleic acid (C18:2) having conjugated double bonds. The c9,t11 and t10,c12 isomers are present in greatest abundance, but it is uncertain which isomers are responsible for the biological activity observed. It has been noted from labelled uptake studies that the 9,11 isomer appears to be somewhat preferentially taken up and incorporated into the phospholipid fraction of animal tissues, and to a lesser extent the 10,12 isomer. (Ha, et al., Cancer Res., 50: 1097 [1990]). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Diet composition and method of weight management Inventor(s): Alviar, Barbara; (Rockford, MI), Connor, Lynne Marie; (Rockford, MI), Dixon, Albert Augustus; (Tustin, CA), Magee, Molly Marie; (Aliso Viejo, CA), Maly, Eugene Robert; (Kentwood, MI), McLauchlan, Suzanne M.; (Ada, MI) Correspondence: Alticor INC.; 7575 Fulton Street East Mailcode 78-2g; Ada; MI; 49355; US Patent Application Number: 20020187204 Date filed: June 28, 2002
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Abstract: A diet composition for managing body weight including effective amounts of Garcinia cambogia extract, Gymnema sylvestre extract, chromium picolinate, vanadium compound, L-carnitine, and conjugated linoleic acid. The daily effective amounts are administered in three approximately equal doses in conjunction with the daily meals. The diet composition is also administered in conjunction with a restricted-calorie diet. The diet composition optionally includes effective amounts of kola nut extract, dehydrated parsley, and lemon bioflavonoids. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a dietary supplement effective for managing body weight and to the method of managing body weight by administering the dietary supplement. Many people attempt to control their body weight in order to enhance personal health, appearance, and self image. Common methods to control or lose weight include one or more of the following: (1) a reduced-calorie diet that manages fat, carbohydrate, and protein intake, (2) pharmaceuticals, such as amphetamine-like agents to affect the hypothalamic center and reduce the hunger sensation, and (3) a physical activity/exercise program. However, far too often individuals abandon a reducedcalorie diet regime before they reach their goal or ideal weight because they struggle against ingrained eating habits and feelings of hunger, emotional pressure, and discouragement. Further, the use of synthesized pharmaceuticals can stress the overall health and cause unwanted side effects, including addiction. Many individuals also fail to adhere to a physical activity regime over a long period. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Inhibition of tyrophagus putrescentiae in pet food products Inventor(s): Ernst, Thomas J.; (St. Louis, MO), Jackson, Janet R.; (Columbia, IL), Lepp, Robert S.; (St. Louis, MO) Correspondence: John S. Beulick; C/o Armstrong Teasdale, Llp; One Metropolitan Square; Suite 2600; ST Louis; MO; 63102-2740; US Patent Application Number: 20020172740 Date filed: May 21, 2001 Abstract: A method of inhibiting the growth of Tyrophagus putrescentiae in a pet food product includes the step of adding at least 0.3% by weight conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to the pet food product. Specifically, adding conjugated linoleic acid to the pet food product includes the steps of adding conjugated linoleic acid to a pet food meal pre-mix, extruding the conjugated linoleic acid containing premix to form the pet food product, cutting the pet food product to size, and drying the pet food product. The method can further include the step of coating the dried, cut to size pet food product with conjugated linoleic acid. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to inhibition of growth and reproduction of Tyrophagus putrescentiae, and more particularly, to inhibition of growth and reproduction of Tyrophagus putrescentiae in pet food product by conjugated linoleic acid. Pet food products are sometimes stored in distribution centers before sale to the public, and are also typically stored in homes by pet owners after purchase and before consumption by pets. Sometimes stored pet food products can be spoiled and/or consumed by pests such as mites. One common mite classified as Tyrophagus putrescentiae is known to feed and propagate in some pet food products. Preservatives incorporated in the pet food product at excess levels can be used to inhibit infestation of
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pet food products by organisms such as Tyrophagus putrescentiae. However, most preservatives used add no positive nutritional value to pet food products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Isomer enriched conjugated linoleic acid compositions Inventor(s): Jerome, Daria; (Owatonna, MN), Saebo, Asgeir; (Oersta, NO), Skarie, Carl; (Detroit Lakes, MN) Correspondence: Medlen & Carroll, Llp; Suite 2200; 220 Montgomery Street; San Francisco; CA; 94104; US Patent Application Number: 20010025113 Date filed: January 30, 2001 Abstract: Compositions and methods of using conjugated linoleic acid preparations enriched for the t10,c12 and c9,t11 isomers are disclosed. It is found that preparations of conjugated linoleic acid containing a ratio of t10,c12 to c9,t11 of about greater than 1.2:1 are desirable for a wide variety of nutritional, therapeutic and pharmacologic uses. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/072,422, filed May 4, 1998, and U.S. Ser. No. 09/072,421, filed May 4, 1998, both now pending. The present invention relates to the field of human and animal nutrition, and in particular to compositions containing conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has become the focus of numerous research programs which seek to capitalize on its nutritional, therapeutic, and pharmacologic properties. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for preparing a conjugated linoleic acid-containing structured lipid and use of the same Inventor(s): Chung, Soo Hyun; (Seoul, KR), Jeong, Jae Hong; (Kyunggi-do, KR), Kim, In Hwan; (Seoul, KR), Yoon, Chil Surk; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Martine & Penilla, Llp; 710 Lakeway Drive; Suite 170; Sunnyvale; CA; 94085; US Patent Application Number: 20030032672 Date filed: April 18, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing a CLA-enriched structured lipid by a transesterification of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) with ester or free fatty acid form of CLA using lipases, and use of the same. It has been known that CLA mainly exists in an acid form, and has various beneficial biological activities, but rapid oxidation property during storage. And also, animal fat or plant oil, widely ingested by animals or humans, is naturally produced as an acylglycerol form containing various fatty acids. The CLA-containing structured lipid is manufactured by mixing free or ester form of CLA with acylglyceride at a molar ratio of 1:1.about.1:5, adding immobilized lipase of 2.2.about.20% by weight of CLA and acylglyceride to the mixture with a solvent, and incubating at 35.about.75.degree. C. for 1-36 hours. The CLA-containing structured lipid is a natural TG form and contains a high content of CLA, characterized by at least 15% content of CLA in total fatty acid composition, and at least 5% of CLA at sn-2 position. Accordingly, with the CLA-enriched MCT being administrated, it can efficiently provide
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biological activities of CLA, such as inhibition of carcinogenesis and reduction of fat accumulation in a body, as well as rapidly supply calories, an innate nutritional property of MCT. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preparing a conjugated linoleic acid (hereinafter, referred to as "CLA")-enriched structured lipid by transesterification of medium chain triglyceride with CLA in the presence of lipases, and use of the same. More particularly, the present invention is concerned with cis-9, trans11 octadecadienoic acid or trans-10, cis-12 octadecadienoic acid which has physiological activity. CLA is a general nomenclature for a positional and geometric isomer of linoleic acid having conjugated double bonds with cis or trans configuration. It has been known that CLA has the nutritional and physiological activity of inhibiting mutations and inhibiting or reducing the occurrence of cancer in the skin, the stomach, the breast, and the large intestine. Also, CLA is known to relieve arteriosclerosis, treat diabetes by reducing sensitivity to glucose, and prevent obesity by reducing body fat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for producing starting materials for obtaining conjugated linoleic acid Inventor(s): Gutsche, Bernhard; (Hilden, DE), Hoemmerich, Uwe; (Duesseldorf, DE), Strube, Albert; (Neuss, DE) Correspondence: Cognis Corporation; 2500 Renaissance BLVD., Suite 200; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406 Patent Application Number: 20030181522 Date filed: March 13, 2003 Abstract: Processes for preparing linoleic acid raw materials are described wherein the processes comprise: (a) transesterifying a triglyceride component with an alcohol having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, at a temperature of from 80 to 120.degree. C., to form a transesterification mixture comprising linoleic acid esters and one or more by-products selected from the group consisting of glycerides, free glycerol, and soaps, wherein the triglyceride component is comprised of at least 60% by weight linoleic acid; and (b) removing the one or more by-products from the transesterification mixture. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to food supplements and, more particularly, to a process for the production of raw materials for the production of conjugated linoleic acid. Polyunsaturated.omega.-3 and.omega.-6 fatty acids, such as.alpha.-linoleic acid and linoleic acid, are among the fatty acids essential to mammals and human beings. Besides linoleic acid, other isomeric octadecadienoic acids occur in nature. They are distinguished by conjugated double bonds at carbon atoms 9 and 11, 10 and 12 and 11 and 13. These isomeric octadecadienoic acids are collectively referred to in the scientific literature as conjugated linoleic acids (abbreviation: CLAs) and have recently attracted increasing attention (NUTRITION, Vol. 19, No. 6,1995). Various working groups have reported on the significance of CLAs to the organism. Recently, Shultz et al. reported on the inhibiting effect on the in-vitro growth of human cancer cells (Carcinogenesis 8, 1881-1887 (1987) and Cancer Lett. 63, 125-133 (1992)). In addition, CLAs have a strong antioxidative effect so that, for example, the peroxidation of lipids can be inhibited (Atherosclerosis 108, 19-25 (1994)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of potentating the action of 2-methoxyoestradiol, statins and C-peptide of proinsulin Inventor(s): Das, Undurti Narasimha; (Norwood, MA) Correspondence: Rama B Nath; 4000 Parkside Center Blvd #1805; Farmers Branch; TX; 75244; US Patent Application Number: 20020077317 Date filed: December 15, 2000 Abstract: A method of stabilizing and potentiating the actions of 2-methoxyoestradiol, statins, H.sub.2 blockers, and C-peptide of proinsulin which have modifying influence on angiogenisis and inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, peptic ulcer disease, diabete mellitus and its complications, and Alzheimer's disease as applicable by using in coupling conjugation certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) chosen from linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, alphalinolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, cis-parinaric acid or conjugated linoleic acid in predetermined quantities. Uncontrolled angiogenic activity and tumor growth can be inhibited by the selective use of a mixture of PUFAs with antiangiogenic substances used selectively, and optionally in conjunction with predetermined anti-cancer drugs. A preferred method of administration of the mixture to treat a tumor is intra-arterial administration into an artery which provides the main blood supply for the tumor. The method will also be useful in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease, diabetes mellitus and its complications and Alzheimer's disease. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/392,953 Filed on Sep. 9, 1999 and entitled "Method of Treatment for Cell Proliferative Disorders including Cancer", and Ser. No. 09/478,291 Filed on Jan. 5, 2000 and entitled "A method of stabilizing and potentiating the action of anti-angiogenic substances", which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention generally relates to the use of 2methoxyoestradiol (2-ME), an anti-angiogenic agent and a free radical inducer, in the cure of cell proliferative disorders including cancer and other disorders caused by uncontrolled angiogenic activity in the body. More particularly, the invention is directed to the efficacious use of 2-methoxyoestradiol and other anti-angiogenic, tubule binding, and enhancers of free radical generation agents. The term angiogenesis refers to the generation or formation of new blood vessels into a tissue or organ. Angiogenesis can occur both during some physiological processes and/or in some pathological conditions. For example, angiogenesis can be seen to occur during wound healing, fetal growth, corpus luteum, and endometrium, etc., (1). Endothelial cells, which cause to form the inner lining of the blood vessels, are constituted by a thin layer of epithelial cells and these cells are necessary for the process of angiogenesis. During the process of angiogenesis, irrespective of whether it is physiological or pathological, the endothelial cells release enzymes which can produce erosions of the basement membrane through which the endothelial cells cause protrusions. In response to the stimuli given by various agents, endothelial cells proliferate and migrate through the protrusions and form a sprout of the parent blood vessel. These endothelial cell sprouts can merge to form capillary loops leading to the formation of new blood vessel(s). If the blood vessels are in a tumor area, these new blood vessels in turn will provide enough nutrients and energy sources so that tumor cells can divide, proliferate and grow both in number and size. Thus, the process of angiogenesis is both essential and critical to the growth of cancer. The other pathological states in which angiogenesis plays a critical role include: rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, scleroderma, myocardial angiogenesis, corneal diseases, diabetic retinopathy associated with neovascularization, macular degeneration,
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ovulation, menstruation etc. The process of angiogenesis also appears to be critical for tumor metastasis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nutritional composition, methods of producing said composition and methods of using said composition Inventor(s): Siskind, Harry J.; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: Kenyon & Kenyon; One Broadway; New York; NY; 10004; US Patent Application Number: 20010048952 Date filed: December 18, 2000 Abstract: Nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids are disclosed. Nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids are also disclosed. Methods for preparing and using these compositions are additionally provided. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/171267, filed Dec. 16, 1999. The present invention provides nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids. The instant invention also provides nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids. The invention additionally contemplates methods for preparing these compositions and methods of using the compositions. It has now been discovered that a nutritional composition comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids effectively assists in the reduction of body fat, enhancement of nutrient absorption, and formation and protection of lean muscle tissue. The composition may also possess antioxidant properties. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DIETARY SUPPLEMENT Inventor(s): BARNES, DAVID J; (WILDWOOD, MO), DALEY, CHRISTINE A; (COLUMBIA, IL), HASTINGS, CARL W; (GLENCOE, MO) Correspondence: Marshall, O'toole, Gerstein, Murray & Borun; 600 Sears Tower, 233 Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606-6402; US Patent Application Number: 20010041187 Date filed: October 20, 1998
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Abstract: A dietary supplement for enhancing physical performance of human subjects is disclosed. The supplement in dry, finely-divided form includes as a major ingredient a soy protein isolate containing at least 80% protein on a moisture-free basis with lesser amounts of carbohydrate, free form amino acids, medium chain triglycerides, creatine monohydrate, l-carnitine, grape seed extract, coenzyme Q10, piper nigrum extract, and alpha lipoic acid. In a preferred embodiment, the supplement also includes minor amounts of conjugated linoleic acid and phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine complex. Excerpt(s): Soy protein is known to be the only plant protein equal in quality to protein derived from milk, meat or eggs. The most concentrated source of soy protein is soy protein isolate which, preferably, is manufactured by water extraction (rather than alcohol extraction) of defatted and dehulled soybeans and therefore retains its natural isoflavones. On a Protein Digestability Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) of 1.0, soy protein isolate is highly digestible and meets or exceeds the essential amino acid requirements for children and adults. Such an isolate contains naturally high levels of branched chain amino acids to provide an energy source during physical activity, it having been reported that during the first 20 minutes of strenuous sports activity muscle glycogen serves as the primary energy source but that after 20 minutes bioavailable fatty acids and branched chain amino acids become the primary energy sources. Isolated soy protein is therefore known to be a highly desirable energy source for athletes that also helps to reduce muscle fatigue and enhance muscle recovery. In addition, isolated soy protein is known to contain naturally high levels of arginine which stimulates the release of anabolic hormones to promote muscle formation, enhances wound healing, helps to maintain a strong and healthy immune system, and is believed to be beneficial in reducing stress. Such isolated soy protein is also a good source of naturally occurring iron, a fact of considerable importance for athletes who are highly susceptible to "sports anemia" resulting from loss of iron occurring in sweat and urine. There is compelling evidence from both animal and human studies that, compared to animal protein, soy protein also reduces elevated levels of LDL-cholestrol. A meta-analysis of 38 clinical studies reported in 29 scientific articles has provided quantitative data showing that consumption of soy protein rather than animal protein significantly decreases blood concentrations of total cholestrol, LDLcholestrol, and triglycerides in humans. Anderson J. W., Johnstone B. M. and Cook-Newell M. E., NEJM 1995; 333:276-282. Such studies provide motivation for recommending the increased consumption of soy protein, particularly isolated soy protein, as part of an integrated dietary approach to the control of hypercholesterolemia. It is therefore believed that the intake of protein isolates may be advantageous to athletes and others concerned about the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Rapid growth dairy heifers having reduced mammary fat content Inventor(s): Block, Elliot; (Yardley, PA), Cummings, Kenneth R.; (Skillman, NJ), Sanchez, William K.; (Tigard, OR) Correspondence: Watov & Kipnes, P.C.; P.O. Box 247; Princeton Junction; NJ; 08550; US Patent Application Number: 20030039681 Date filed: August 13, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a feedstock for intensive feeding of replacement dairy heifers to promote rapid growth, and facilitate early breeding and
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first calving at an age of about 20-24 months. The calved heifers subsequently yield increased first lactation milk production and lifetime milk. An essential ingredient of the invention feedstock is conjugated linoleic acid derivative having rumen-bypass properties. The quantity of conjugated linoleic acid derivative is effective for prevention of mammary gland tissue damage by minimizing mammary fat content. A preferred feedstock includes a content of slow-release degradable nitrogen source for efficient rumen fermentation, and a content of rumen-bypass protein. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to nutrient-supplemented feedstocks for dairy replacement heifers. More specifically this invention relates to the provision of a feedstock which is adapted for the rapid growth of prepubertal heifers having increased size and weight, and having reduced mammary fat content at first calving. Growing dairy replacement heifers to 80-85 percent of their mature size at first calving is important to the production economics of a dairy herd. By increasing growth rate and lowering age at first calving, dairy producers significantly influence the largest variable cost of a dairy enterprise. The challenge is to achieve rapid-growth heifers without adverse effect on mammary development and first lactation yield. A main objective is improved turnover rate among first lactation heifers, and the ability of the heifers to freshen and lactate without disease or weight loss. To optimize profitability of a dairy enterprise, replacement heifers need to calve at 22-24 months of age, while having a body weight greater than 550 kilograms. Rapid growth with intensive feeding is necessary to meet these criteria. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
SKIN LIGHTENING COMPOSITION Inventor(s): ALALUF, SIMON; (BEDFORD, GB), GREEN, MARTIN RICHARD; (BEDFORD, GB), IWATA, KOICHI; (EDGEWATER, NJ), MCNEILL, GERALD PATRICK; (CHANNAHON, IL), POWELL, JONATHAN RICHARD; (BEDFORD, GB), RAWLINGS, ANTHONY VINCENT; (BEBINGTON, GB) Correspondence: Unilever; Patent Department; 45 River Road; Edgewater; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20020068042 Date filed: December 20, 1999 Abstract: A topical composition comprising:(a) conjugated linoleic acid, and/or derivatives thereof comprising conjugated linoleic acid moieties, in which at least 1% by weight of the conjugated linoleic acid and/or moieties is present as the trans 10, cis 12 isomer, and(b) a dermatologically acceptable carrier.The product is particularly suitable for lightening human skin. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to topical compositions for application to human skin and to their use in lightening human skin. Many people are concerned with the degree of pigmentation of their skin. For example, people with age spots or freckles may wish such pigmented spots to be less pronounced. Others may wish to reduce the skin darkening caused by exposure to sunlight or to lighten their natural skin colour. To meet this need many attempts have been made to develop products that reduce the pigment production in the melanocytes. However, the substances thusfar identified tend to have undesirable side effects, e.g. skin irritation. Consequently such substances are not suitable for cosmetic use or they can only be applied at a concentration at which their skin lightening effect is less than desired. Using a combination of different skin lightening substances may be considered to reduce adverse side effects but there is a
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substantial risk that by using such a combination the skin lightening is reduced as well due to competition effects. Therefore there is a need for improvement in the effectiveness of cosmetic skin lightening products. GB 2 287 405 discloses a skinwhitening cosmetic preparation that comprises in combination an extract of Glycyrrhyza glabra or a related plant species and an.alpha.-hydroxy-,.beta.-hydroxy- or keto-acid or an amide, salt or ester thereof. The combination is said to act synergistically to inhibit tyrosinase thus inhibiting melanin formation. WO 94/07462 discloses compositions inter alia to lighten the skin that comprise retinol or a derivative thereof and a dioic acid. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of conjugated acid derivatives Inventor(s): Cain, Frederick William; (Wormerveer, NL), Mohede, Ingrid Celestina Maria; (Wormerveer, NL), O'Shea, Marianne; (Channahon, IL), Schmid, Ulrike; (Wormerveer, NL) Correspondence: Morgan Lewis & Bockius Llp; 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue NW; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030215465 Date filed: April 17, 2003 Abstract: The invention concerns the use of conjugated linoleic acid (=CLA) or derivatives thereof, such as partial glycerides or triglycerides, alkyl esters or salts for the production of a food, a food supplement or a pharmaceutical preparation with the property to prevent or to cure influenza, to boost the effects of an influenza vaccination and/or to alleviate the effects of an influenza vaccination in humans and/or animals. Excerpt(s): the nature of the illness caused by the different viruses is different. Thogoto viruses leading to a more severe illness than influenza viruses such as optic neuritis and fatal meningitis. Because of these basic differences in mechanism a man skilled in the art never would have expected that CLA could have a positive effect on all the family members of the whole Orthomyxovirus family. U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,885 being the mother patent of above U.S. Pat. No. 376 has a similar teaching although the claims now are limited to the anti viral effects of CLA. Again influenza is not disclosed in this document. Here the same argument as above will account. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with conjugated linoleic acid, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on conjugated linoleic acid.
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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning conjugated linoleic acid. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to conjugated linoleic acid. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on conjugated linoleic acid include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “conjugated linoleic acid” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “conjugated linoleic acid” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “conjugated linoleic acid” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research by Martin P. Yurawecz (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 1893997022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1893997022/icongroupinterna
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Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research by Jean-Louis Sebedio (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1893997286; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1893997286/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Conjugated Linoleic Acid In order to find chapters that specifically relate to conjugated linoleic acid, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit
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your search to book chapters and conjugated linoleic acid using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover conjugated linoleic acid.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on conjugated linoleic acid is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to conjugated linoleic acid. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for conjugated linoleic acid: •
Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 05, 2001
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to conjugated linoleic acid, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms).
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Academic Periodicals covering Conjugated Linoleic Acid Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to conjugated linoleic acid. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering conjugated linoleic acid that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “conjugated linoleic acid” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Overview Source: Dietitian's Edge. 2(6): 22-23. November-December 2001. Summary: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a fatty acid supplement that some researchers propose enhances weight loss. CLA is a term that describes a group of linoleic acid isomers in which the double bonds are conjugated at carbons 10 and 12 or 9 and 11 in the cis and trans configurations. CLA is found in the meat and milk of ruminant animals and also in dietary supplements. Sarubin reviews the research on the efficacy of CLA in weight loss efforts. The evidence from animal studies suggests that CLA supplementation reduces body fat and increases lean body mass. Preliminary research in humans has not demonstrated the same positive effects on body composition. Sarubin concludes that 'at this time, CLA supplementation does not seem warranted for weight loss enhancement until further controlled trials can verify its efficacy.'
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.
13 14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 708 1 440 0 0 1149
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
15
Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
16
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
17
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 18 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 19
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on conjugated linoleic acid can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to conjugated linoleic acid. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to conjugated linoleic acid. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “conjugated linoleic acid”:
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•
Other guides Dietary Fats http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfats.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Phenylketonuria http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/phenylketonuria.html Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html Vitamin and Mineral Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminandmineralsupplements.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to conjugated linoleic acid. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
Patient Resources
•
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to conjugated linoleic acid. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with conjugated linoleic acid. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about conjugated linoleic acid. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “conjugated linoleic acid” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “conjugated linoleic acid”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “conjugated linoleic acid” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
127
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal fat: Fat (adipose tissue) that is centrally distributed between the thorax and pelvis and that induces greater health risk. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell
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respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allantois: An embryonic diverticulum of the hindgut of reptiles, birds, and mammals; in man its blood vessels give rise to those of the umbilical cord. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-Linolenic Acid: A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH]
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Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiopathy: Disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. There are two types of angiopathy: macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. In macroangiopathy, fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. In microangiopathy, the walls of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. Then the cells, for example, the ones in the center of the eye, do not get enough blood and may be damaged. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic Agents: Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or
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induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved. They differ from antineoplastic agents in that they prevent neoplasms from forming. The anticarcinogenic substances can be divided into three categories. The first consists of compounds that prevent the formation of carcinogens from precursor substances. The second group consists of "blocking agents" which inhibit carcinogenesis by preventing carcinogenic agents from reaching or reacting with critical target sites in the tissues. The third group is the "suppressor agents" which act by suppression of expression of neoplasia in cells previously exposed to carcinogens that would otherwise cause neoplasms. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid
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to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH]
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Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH]
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Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists
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mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Brown Fat: A thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in newborns of many species, including humans, and in hibernating mammals. The tissue is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH]
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Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Degranulation: The process of losing secretory granules (secretory vesicles). This occurs, for example, in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules by exocytosis. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]
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Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chorion: The outermost extraembryonic membrane. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH]
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Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]
Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes
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immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union
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of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Diseases: Diseases of the cornea. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]
Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH]
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Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclins: Regulatory proteins that function in the cell cycle to activate maturation promoting factor. They complex with p34cdc2 (PROTEIN P34CDC2), the catalytic subunit of maturation-promoting factor, and modulate its protein kinase activity. Cyclins themselves have no enzymatic activity. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes),
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bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyuridine: 2'-Deoxyuridine. An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietetics: The study and regulation of the diet. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate
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objects. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or
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aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol.
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Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]
Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetal Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which surround the embryo or fetus and provide for its nutrition, respiration, excretion and protection; they are the yolk sac, allantois, amnion,
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and chorion. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH]
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Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH]
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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food
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or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hibernation: The dormant state in which some animal species pass the winter. It is characterized by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolic activity and by a depression of vital signs. It is a natural physiological process in many warm-blooded animals. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hyperphagia: Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels
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are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local
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infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH]
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Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ionophores: Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Latent period: A seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response. [EU]
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Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucovorin: The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linoleic Acids: Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipodystrophy: A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between
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linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lolium: Common member of the Gramineae family used as cattle fodder. It harbors several fungi and other parasites toxic to livestock and people and produces allergenic compounds, especially in its pollen. The most commonly seen varieties are L. perenne, L. multiflorum, and L. rigidum. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet.
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[NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Maturation-Promoting Factor: Protein kinase that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms. In meiosis it induces immature oocytes to undergo meiotic maturation. In mitosis it has a role in the G2/M phase transition. Once activated by cyclins, MPF directly phosphorylates some of the proteins involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and the degradation of cyclins. The catalytic subunit of MPF is protein P34CDC2. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]
Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH]
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Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metritis: Generalized inflammation of the uterus. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH]
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Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monounsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat that is found primarily in plant foods, including olive and canola oils. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fatigue: A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH]
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Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of
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prevalent cases. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Unsaturated fatty acids required for the growth of mammals. They are constituents of phospholipids and glycerides in cell membranes. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH]
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Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]
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Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the
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platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for
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the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proinsulin: The substance made first in the pancreas that is then made into insulin. When insulin is purified from the pancreas of pork or beef, all the proinsulin is not fully removed. When some people use these insulins, the proinsulin can cause the body to react with a rash, to resist the insulin, or even to make dents or lumps in the skin at the place where the insulin is injected. The purified insulins have less proinsulin and other impurities than the other types of insulins. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU]
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Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH]
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Purified Insulins: Insulins with much less of the impure proinsulin. It is thought that the use of purified insulins may help avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Resting metabolic rate: RMR accounts for 65 to 75 percent of daily energy expenditure and represents the minimum energy needed to maintain all physiological cell functions in the resting state. The principal determinant of RMR is lean body mass (LBM). Obese subjects have a higher RMR in absolute terms than lean individuals, an equivalent RMR when corrected for LBM and per unit surface area, and a lower RMR when expressed per kilogram of body weight. Obese persons require more energy for any given activity because of a larger mass, but they tend to be more sedentary than lean subjects. [NIH]
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Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponification: The hydrolysis of an ester into an alcohol and acid. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seborrhea: Hypersecretion of sebum with excessive oily secretion from the sweat glands. [NIH]
168 Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of
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protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
170 Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between
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neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH]
172 Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uncoupling Agents: Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those ionophores that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial
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membranes. [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH]
174 Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yolk Sac: An embryonic membrane formed from endoderm and mesoderm. In reptiles and birds it incorporates the yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. In placental mammals its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of most of the intestinal mucosa and the site of formation of the germ cells. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdomen, 129, 152, 155, 169, 170, 171 Abdominal, 11, 13, 52, 129, 154, 161 Abdominal fat, 52, 129 Aberrant, 7, 27, 44, 129 Abrasion, 87, 129 Acceptor, 129, 154, 160 Acetylcholine, 129, 138 Acyl, 129, 145 Adaptability, 129, 137 Adaptation, 129, 162 Adduct, 54, 129 Adenocarcinoma, 14, 16, 129 Adipocytes, 5, 7, 129, 154 Adipose Tissue, 9, 11, 12, 20, 23, 27, 30, 33, 34, 44, 46, 49, 50, 55, 60, 61, 75, 85, 129, 136, 154 Adverse Effect, 59, 99, 129, 168 Aerobic, 129, 130, 160 Aerobic Metabolism, 129, 130, 160 Aerobic Respiration, 129, 130, 160 Afferent, 130, 154, 160 Age of Onset, 130, 172 Algorithms, 130, 135 Alimentary, 130, 143, 161 Alkaline, 130, 136, 162 Allantois, 130, 146 Aloe, 97, 130 Alpha Particles, 130, 166 Alpha-Linolenic Acid, 23, 50, 63, 79, 96, 130 Alternative medicine, 106, 130 Amino Acid Sequence, 130, 131 Amino Acids, 97, 98, 130, 161, 163, 165, 170, 173 Ammonia, 130, 148, 170, 173 Amnion, 130, 146 Amphetamine, 93, 130, 143 Amylase, 90, 130 Anabolic, 98, 131 Anaesthesia, 131, 151 Anal, 69, 131, 145 Analog, 131, 147 Anaphylactic, 131, 162 Anaphylatoxins, 131, 140 Anaplasia, 131 Anemia, 98, 131, 147 Angiogenesis, 96, 131, 156
Angiopathy, 75, 85, 131 Animal model, 6, 61, 84, 131 Anorexia, 74, 131 Antibiotics, 56, 131, 153 Antibodies, 78, 131, 133, 155, 162 Antibody, 51, 131, 132, 140, 151, 156, 169 Anticarcinogenic, 11, 80, 131 Anticarcinogenic Agents, 11, 131 Anticoagulant, 132, 165 Antidote, 132, 154 Antigen, 131, 132, 140, 150, 151, 156 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 132, 140 Anti-infective, 132, 150, 169 Anti-inflammatory, 10, 81, 132, 133 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 81, 132, 133 Antimetabolite, 132, 143, 147 Antineoplastic, 132, 147 Antineoplastic Agents, 132 Antioxidant, 7, 9, 97, 132, 133, 161 Antiproliferative, 21, 132 Apolipoproteins, 132, 154 Apoptosis, 5, 7, 10, 16, 26, 35, 43, 45, 46, 132, 137 Aqueous, 70, 88, 132, 134, 142, 144, 150 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 132, 155 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 133, 155 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 133, 155 Arachidonic Acid, 19, 22, 50, 62, 81, 84, 96, 132, 133, 154, 164 Arginine, 98, 131, 133 Arterial, 96, 133, 138, 150, 165, 171 Arteries, 131, 133, 135, 141, 155, 157, 171 Arterioles, 133, 135, 136 Arteriolosclerosis, 133 Arteriosclerosis, 75, 85, 95, 133, 151 Ascorbic Acid, 70, 83, 133, 150 Aspirin, 81, 133 Atherogenic, 28, 47, 133 Atopic, 83, 133 Atrophy, 133, 154 Autoantibodies, 78, 133, 134 Autoantigens, 133, 134 Autoimmune disease, 78, 134, 158 Autonomic, 129, 134, 170 Autonomic Nervous System, 134, 170 Axilla, 75, 85, 134
176 Conjugated Linoleic Acid
B Bacteria, 7, 32, 38, 129, 132, 134, 140, 145, 147, 149, 157, 172, 173 Bacterial Infections, 134, 149, 166 Bactericidal, 134, 146 Bacterium, 134, 140 Base, 134, 143, 153, 161, 162 Basement Membrane, 96, 134, 146, 153 Basophils, 134, 137, 149, 154, 162 Benign, 133, 134, 149, 159 Benzene, 134, 153 Beta Rays, 134, 144 Bile, 134, 147, 155 Bioavailable, 98, 134 Biochemical, 4, 11, 18, 20, 44, 48, 56, 62, 73, 80, 89, 132, 135, 168 Biomarkers, 5, 12, 15, 66, 135 Biosynthesis, 10, 12, 26, 33, 81, 133, 135 Biotechnology, 8, 26, 31, 35, 37, 42, 45, 47, 50, 61, 106, 113, 135 Biotin, 89, 135 Bladder, 135, 158, 165, 173 Blood Coagulation, 22, 135, 136, 171 Blood Coagulation Factors, 135 Blood Glucose, 135, 149, 152 Blood Platelets, 135, 168, 171 Blood pressure, 135, 150, 151, 169 Blood vessel, 96, 130, 131, 135, 137, 145, 155, 171, 173 Body Composition, 3, 14, 17, 22, 29, 36, 42, 45, 52, 54, 59, 62, 114, 135 Body Fluids, 135, 136, 169, 172 Body Mass Index, 90, 135, 160 Bolus, 54, 135 Bolus infusion, 135 Bone Density, 17, 29, 36, 54, 135 Bone Marrow, 134, 135, 155, 158, 169, 170 Branch, 125, 136, 155, 161, 169, 171 Breakdown, 136, 143, 147, 156 Breeding, 98, 136 Bronchoconstriction, 136, 162 Brown Fat, 74, 75, 85, 136 Buccal, 136, 155 Burns, 83, 89, 136 Burns, Electric, 136 Bypass, 86, 99, 136 C Cachexia, 28, 47, 65, 136 Calcification, 133, 136 Calcium, 4, 22, 29, 35, 53, 62, 69, 136, 140, 154, 156, 168 Capillary, 96, 136, 154, 173
Carbohydrate, 89, 90, 93, 98, 136, 148 Carcinogen, 4, 129, 136 Carcinogenesis, 5, 6, 18, 21, 43, 60, 62, 71, 78, 83, 84, 95, 132, 137, 138 Carcinogenic, 132, 134, 137, 152 Carcinoma, 18, 82, 83, 137 Cardiac, 75, 85, 137, 147, 158 Cardiovascular, 15, 28, 84, 130, 137, 154, 168 Carnitine, 89, 93, 98, 137 Caspase, 7, 137 Cathode, 134, 137, 144 Causal, 137, 145 Caustic, 137, 169 Cecum, 137, 153 Cell Cycle, 16, 137, 142 Cell Death, 5, 132, 137, 158 Cell Degranulation, 83, 137 Cell Differentiation, 137, 168 Cell Division, 134, 137, 157, 162 Cell membrane, 137, 143, 146, 160, 162 Cell proliferation, 13, 133, 137, 152, 168 Cell Respiration, 130, 137, 160, 166 Central Nervous System, 129, 130, 134, 137, 143, 147, 148, 149, 154, 158, 160, 168 Centrifugation, 137, 157 Cerebral, 49, 137, 138 Cerebrum, 137, 138 Character, 138, 142 Chelating Agents, 70, 138 Chemoprevention, 27, 138 Chemopreventive, 4, 57, 138 Chemoprotective, 84, 138 Chemotactic Factors, 138, 140 Chemotherapy, 4, 138 Chlorophyll, 138 Cholesterol, 8, 28, 47, 55, 134, 138, 139, 141, 150, 154, 155, 167 Cholesterol Esters, 138, 154 Choline, 4, 138 Chorion, 138, 147 Chromatin, 132, 138, 145 Chromium, 89, 93, 97, 138 Chromosome, 138, 140, 156 Chronic, 10, 68, 73, 78, 83, 89, 136, 138, 139, 145, 152, 165, 167, 170, 171, 173 Chronic Disease, 136, 138 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 89, 138 Chronic renal, 10, 139 Chylomicrons, 139, 154 Citrus, 133, 139 Clear cell carcinoma, 139, 143
Index 177
Clinical trial, 4, 5, 113, 139, 166 Cloning, 135, 139 Cod Liver Oil, 139, 145 Coenzyme, 27, 44, 89, 98, 133, 139 Cofactor, 139, 159, 165, 171 Cohort Studies, 139, 145 Colitis, 59, 139 Collagen, 97, 134, 139, 146, 156, 163, 164 Colorectal, 4, 21, 80, 84, 139 Colorectal Cancer, 4, 84, 139 Colostrum, 86, 139 Complement, 33, 34, 131, 139, 140 Complementary and alternative medicine, 41, 64, 140 Complementary medicine, 41, 140 Complementation, 34, 140 Computational Biology, 113, 140 Concomitant, 72, 140 Conjugation, 74, 87, 96, 140 Conjunctiva, 141, 152 Connective Tissue, 133, 136, 139, 141, 147, 167, 171 Consumption, 21, 47, 60, 66, 69, 70, 72, 76, 89, 93, 98, 141, 159, 161 Contact dermatitis, 83, 141 Contamination, 141, 149 Contraindications, ii, 141 Contrast Sensitivity, 141, 160 Coordination, 138, 141, 158 Corn Oil, 42, 53, 72, 141 Cornea, 141 Corneal Diseases, 96, 141 Corneum, 141, 145 Coronary, 98, 141, 157 Coronary heart disease, 98, 141 Coronary Thrombosis, 141, 157 Corpus, 96, 141 Corpus Luteum, 96, 141 Creatine, 98, 141 Creatinine, 141 Cross-Sectional Studies, 142, 145 Crystallization, 74, 142 Curative, 142, 171 Cutaneous, 141, 142, 155 Cyclic, 142, 164 Cyclins, 7, 142, 156 Cysteine, 142, 170 Cytochrome, 142, 166 Cytochrome b, 142, 166 Cytokine, 28, 45, 65, 142 Cytoplasm, 132, 134, 137, 142, 144, 145, 149, 158
Cytotoxic, 31, 37, 80, 142, 168 D Dairy Products, 7, 26, 27, 70, 72, 142, 167 Databases, Bibliographic, 113, 142 De novo, 5, 142 Degenerative, 83, 142, 149, 155 Deletion, 132, 142 Dendritic, 143, 156 Density, 135, 137, 143, 154, 163 Deoxyuridine, 5, 143 Depolarization, 143, 168 Dermatitis, 83, 84, 143, 144 DES, 27, 33, 34, 131, 143 Dextroamphetamine, 130, 143 Diabetes Mellitus, 68, 96, 143, 148, 149 Diabetic Retinopathy, 96, 143 Diagnostic procedure, 67, 106, 143 Diastolic, 143, 151 Dietary Fats, 118, 143, 154 Dietary Fiber, 7, 143 Dietetics, 15, 47, 74, 143 Digestion, 130, 134, 143, 152, 154, 155, 161, 170 Digestive tract, 81, 143, 169, 174 Dihydroxy, 143, 146 Dimerization, 7, 143 Diploid, 140, 143, 162 Direct, iii, 6, 77, 143, 144, 158, 166 Disinfectant, 143, 146 Dopamine, 130, 143, 144, 157 Drug Interactions, 144 Duodenum, 134, 144, 170 Dura mater, 144, 156, 161 E Eczema, 83, 84, 144 Edema, 83, 141, 143, 144 Effector, 48, 129, 140, 144 Efficacy, 3, 4, 16, 62, 85, 114, 144 Egg Yolk, 33, 51, 52, 55, 144 Elasticity, 133, 144 Elastin, 139, 144, 146 Electrolyte, 144, 163, 169 Electrons, 91, 132, 134, 137, 144, 153, 160, 166 Elementary Particles, 144, 159, 165 Embryo, 130, 137, 144, 146, 151, 163, 174 Emodin, 130, 144 Emollient, 144, 148, 160 Emulsion, 74, 144 Endometrium, 96, 145 Endothelial cell, 12, 22, 62, 96, 145, 171 Endotoxic, 145, 154
178 Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Endotoxin, 56, 145, 172 End-stage renal, 139, 145 Energy balance, 34, 86, 145, 154 Enhancers, 96, 145 Environmental Health, 112, 114, 145 Enzymatic, 26, 35, 80, 136, 140, 142, 145, 146, 167 Eosinophils, 137, 145, 149, 154 Epidemiologic Studies, 6, 145 Epidermis, 52, 141, 145, 150 Epithelial, 6, 7, 17, 45, 96, 129, 145, 149, 153 Epithelial Cells, 45, 96, 145, 149, 153 Epithelium, 7, 46, 134, 145, 147 Erythema, 141, 145 Erythrocytes, 131, 136, 145 Esophagus, 143, 145, 162, 170 Esterification, 5, 88, 145 Estrogen, 7, 23, 146 Estrogen receptor, 7, 146 Ethanol, 19, 74, 88, 146 Ethylene Glycol, 88, 146 Exocytosis, 137, 146 Exogenous, 144, 146, 172 Extensor, 146, 165 Extracellular, 141, 146, 156, 169 Extracellular Matrix, 141, 146, 156 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 146, 156 Extraction, 98, 146 F Family Planning, 113, 146 Fatigue, 138, 146, 158 Fatty Liver, 51, 73, 146 Fermentation, 77, 78, 99, 146 Fetal Membranes, 86, 146 Fetus, 146, 147, 173 Fibrin, 135, 147, 171 Flatus, 147 Fluorouracil, 4, 147 Folate, 4, 6, 143, 147 Folic Acid, 72, 147, 154 Fructose, 31, 37, 60, 147 Fungi, 140, 147, 149, 155, 157, 173, 174 G Gallbladder, 129, 147 Ganglia, 129, 147, 159, 170 Gas, 51, 57, 68, 79, 91, 130, 147, 150, 159 Gastric, 16, 18, 137, 147, 161 Gastric Juices, 147, 161 Gastric Mucosa, 147, 161 Gastrin, 147, 150
Gastrointestinal, 13, 23, 146, 147, 154, 168, 170, 172 Gastrointestinal tract, 146, 147, 154, 168, 172 Gene, 5, 6, 8, 21, 31, 37, 49, 60, 135, 147, 150, 162 Gene Expression, 5, 8, 21, 31, 37, 49, 60, 147 Genetics, 140, 147 Genotype, 63, 148, 162 Gestation, 17, 57, 148 Gland, 6, 7, 32, 38, 46, 76, 77, 99, 148, 156, 161, 165, 168, 170 Glucose, 30, 36, 48, 56, 61, 68, 90, 95, 133, 135, 138, 143, 148, 149, 152 Glucose Intolerance, 143, 148 Glucose tolerance, 48, 148 Glucose Tolerance Test, 148 Glutamic Acid, 147, 148, 164 Glutamine, 31, 37, 60, 148 Glutathione Peroxidase, 148, 168 Glycerol, 14, 45, 68, 70, 88, 95, 148, 162 Glycerophospholipids, 148, 162 Glycogen, 89, 98, 148, 158 Glycoprotein, 148, 153, 171, 172 Goats, 142, 148 Gonadotropin, 81, 148 Governing Board, 149, 164 Grade, 83, 149 Granulocytes, 149, 168, 174 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 149, 166 Grasses, 147, 149 H Headache, 149, 152 Helminths, 149, 152 Hemoglobin, 131, 138, 145, 149 Hemoglobin A, 138, 149 Hemostasis, 149, 168 Hepatic, 41, 44, 53, 73, 148, 149 Hepatitis, 73, 149 Hepatitis A, 73, 149 Hepatocytes, 73, 149 Hepatoma, 23, 31, 37, 51, 52, 149 Hepatovirus, 149 Heredity, 147, 150 Hibernation, 136, 150 Hormone, 7, 143, 147, 150, 152, 154, 167, 168 Horny layer, 145, 150 Host, 150, 154, 173 Housekeeping, 81, 150
Index 179
Hydrogen, 129, 134, 136, 146, 148, 150, 154, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 165 Hydrogen Peroxide, 148, 150, 154 Hydrolysis, 42, 74, 150, 154, 162, 163, 165, 167 Hydrophobic, 148, 150, 154 Hydroxylysine, 139, 150 Hydroxyproline, 139, 150 Hypercholesterolemia, 98, 150 Hyperglycemia, 68, 150 Hyperlipidemia, 89, 150 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 150, 151, 154 Hyperphagia, 75, 85, 150 Hyperpigmentation, 82, 150 Hyperplasia, 52, 150 Hypersensitivity, 150, 154, 167 Hypertension, 61, 75, 85, 89, 133, 149, 150 Hypertriglyceridemia, 89, 151 Hypertrophy, 150, 151 Hypotension, 151, 162 Hypothalamic, 93, 151 Hypothalamus, 134, 151 I Id, 39, 63, 118, 124, 126, 151 Imidazole, 135, 151 Immune function, 17, 151 Immune response, 17, 33, 47, 72, 132, 134, 151, 170, 173 Immune system, 72, 98, 151, 154, 155, 158, 174 Immunity, 33, 66, 74, 151, 155, 160 Immunogenic, 151, 154 Immunoglobulin, 47, 131, 151 Immunologic, 138, 151, 155 Immunosuppressant, 147, 151 In vitro, 7, 53, 80, 84, 151 In vivo, 8, 31, 37, 51, 52, 60, 151, 171 Indicative, 103, 151, 161, 173 Induction, 81, 151 Infancy, 75, 85, 151 Infantile, 151, 154 Infarction, 141, 151, 157 Infection, 50, 72, 138, 151, 152, 155, 159, 167, 170, 174 Infestation, 93, 152 Influenza, 100, 152 Infusion, 61, 76, 152 Ingestion, 73, 75, 85, 148, 150, 152, 163 Initiation, 4, 74, 84, 152, 172 Insight, 5, 6, 152 Insulin, 12, 21, 24, 32, 38, 61, 66, 68, 79, 89, 148, 152, 153, 164, 172
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 68, 152 Insulin-like, 12, 152 Interleukin-1, 81, 152 Interleukin-2, 152 Interleukins, 83, 152 Intestinal, 18, 20, 22, 58, 148, 152, 174 Intestine, 139, 152, 153 Intoxication, 152, 173 Intracellular, 151, 152, 163, 164, 166, 168 Intramuscular, 29, 35, 152 Intravenous, 30, 36, 56, 152, 153 Intrinsic, 134, 153 Invasive, 151, 153 Ionophores, 77, 153, 172 Ions, 134, 138, 144, 150, 153 Isoflavones, 98, 153 J Joint, 153, 170, 171 K Kb, 112, 153 Keto, 100, 153 Ketone Bodies, 153 Ketosis, 86, 153 Kinetics, 14, 42, 45, 153 L Labile, 139, 153 Lactation, 47, 55, 60, 66, 99, 139, 153 Laminin, 134, 146, 153 Large Intestine, 95, 137, 139, 143, 152, 153, 166, 169 Latent, 7, 153 Latent period, 7, 153 Leptin, 14, 22, 31, 32, 38, 45, 59, 154 Lesion, 154, 172 Leucovorin, 4, 154 Leukocytes, 134, 136, 138, 145, 149, 152, 154, 158, 172 Leukotrienes, 10, 19, 42, 54, 59, 133, 154 Library Services, 124, 154 Ligament, 154, 165 Lipase, 42, 80, 94, 154 Lipid A, 94, 154 Lipid Peroxidation, 12, 13, 23, 27, 44, 154, 161 Lipodystrophy, 46, 57, 154 Lipolysis, 5, 61, 90, 154 Lipopolysaccharides, 81, 154 Lipoprotein, 29, 52, 61, 154, 155 Lipoprotein Lipase, 61, 154 Lipoxygenase, 83, 133, 154
180 Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Localized, 90, 151, 153, 154, 155, 162, 167, 172 Lolium, 33, 155 Low-density lipoprotein, 154, 155 Lupus, 65, 78, 155, 171 Lymph, 145, 155 Lymphatic, 152, 155, 169 Lymphatic system, 155, 169 Lymphocyte, 72, 132, 155, 156 Lymphoid, 131, 155 Lymphokines, 155 M Macrophage, 28, 29, 35, 47, 152, 155 Macrophage Activation, 29, 35, 155 Macula, 155 Macula Lutea, 155 Macular Degeneration, 96, 155 Malignant, 84, 129, 132, 133, 155, 159 Malnutrition, 133, 136, 155 Mastitis, 86, 156 Matrix metalloproteinase, 54, 156 Maturation-Promoting Factor, 142, 156 Meat, 3, 7, 30, 31, 36, 37, 52, 55, 70, 77, 79, 98, 114, 143, 156, 167 Medial, 133, 156 Mediate, 9, 26, 34, 41, 144, 156 Mediator, 152, 156, 168 MEDLINE, 113, 156 Megaloblastic, 143, 147, 156 Melanin, 100, 156 Melanocytes, 99, 150, 156 Melanoma, 80, 84, 156 Melanosomes, 156 Memory, 89, 131, 156 Meninges, 137, 144, 156 Meningitis, 100, 156 Menopause, 156, 163 Menstruation, 97, 156, 157 Meta-Analysis, 98, 157 Metabolic disorder, 68, 86, 89, 157 Metabolite, 30, 36, 55, 154, 157 Metastasis, 60, 97, 156, 157 Methionine, 4, 157, 170 Metritis, 86, 157 MI, 90, 92, 127, 157 Microbe, 157, 172 Microorganism, 78, 139, 157, 173 Microscopy, 134, 157 Microsomal, 53, 157 Migration, 155, 157 Milligram, 72, 157 Milliliter, 135, 157
Mitosis, 132, 156, 157 Modification, 4, 157 Molecular, 5, 8, 28, 32, 38, 49, 60, 88, 113, 115, 135, 140, 157, 166, 170, 172 Molecule, 78, 88, 132, 134, 139, 140, 144, 150, 157, 160, 166, 168 Monoamine, 130, 143, 157 Monocytes, 152, 154, 158, 162 Mononuclear, 16, 50, 158, 172 Monounsaturated fat, 71, 79, 158 Morphogenesis, 7, 46, 158 Morphological, 73, 144, 156, 158 Morphology, 5, 155, 158 Motility, 158, 168 Mucosa, 147, 155, 158, 174 Multiple sclerosis, 158, 160 Muscle Fatigue, 98, 158 Mutagenesis, 80, 92, 158 Mutagens, 158 Myalgia, 152, 158 Myocardium, 157, 158 N Nasal Mucosa, 152, 158 Nausea, 153, 158 NCI, 1, 111, 139, 158 Necrosis, 132, 151, 157, 158 Need, 3, 72, 99, 103, 114, 119, 129, 139, 148, 156, 158, 171 Neoplasia, 57, 71, 80, 132, 159 Neoplasm, 159 Neoplastic, 7, 131, 159 Nerve, 156, 158, 159, 160, 163, 167 Nervous System, 130, 134, 137, 156, 159, 170 Neuritis, 159, 160 Neurons, 147, 159, 170, 171 Neuropathy, 75, 85, 159 Neutrons, 130, 159, 166 Neutropenia, 159, 162 Neutrophil, 83, 159 Nickel, 48, 56, 159 Nitrogen, 99, 146, 148, 159, 172 Nuclear, 140, 144, 156, 158, 159 Nuclei, 130, 141, 144, 157, 159, 160, 165 Nucleic acid, 158, 159 Nucleus, 132, 134, 138, 142, 144, 145, 158, 159, 165 Nutritional Status, 6, 29, 35, 50, 72, 159 O Odds Ratio, 159, 166 Ointments, 160, 169 Omega-3 fatty acid, 79, 160
Index 181
Omega-6 Fatty Acids, 79, 160 Optic disc, 160 Optic Disk, 143, 155, 160 Optic Nerve, 160, 161, 167 Optic Neuritis, 100, 160 Orbital, 160 Organelles, 137, 142, 156, 158, 160 Ovarian Follicle, 141, 160 Ovary, 141, 160, 163 Overweight, 14, 22, 34, 39, 62, 90, 160 Ovulation, 97, 160 Ovum, 141, 148, 160, 174 Oxidation, 5, 41, 55, 70, 83, 89, 92, 94, 129, 132, 133, 142, 148, 154, 160, 161, 172 Oxidative metabolism, 6, 129, 130, 154, 160 Oxidative Stress, 21, 32, 38, 61, 66, 161 Oxygen Consumption, 5, 161, 166 P Pachymeningitis, 156, 161 Palliative, 161, 171 Pancreas, 129, 135, 152, 154, 161, 164, 172 Pancreatic, 137, 161 Parasitic, 149, 152, 161 Particle, 77, 161, 172 Parturition, 86, 161 Pathologic, 132, 141, 150, 161, 165 Pathologic Processes, 132, 161 Pelvic, 161, 165 Pepsin, 161 Pepsin A, 161 Peptic, 96, 161 Peptic Ulcer, 96, 161 Peptide, 96, 154, 161, 163, 165 Pericardium, 161, 171 Peripheral blood, 16, 50, 161 Petrolatum, 145, 161 PH, 12, 44, 135, 161 Pharmacologic, 94, 161, 172 Pharynx, 152, 162 Phenolphthalein, 145, 162 Phenotype, 48, 140, 162 Phorbol, 48, 52, 162 Phospholipases, 162, 168 Phospholipids, 80, 146, 154, 160, 162 Phosphorus, 136, 162 Phosphorylated, 139, 162 Phosphorylation, 7, 162, 172 Physiologic, 135, 157, 162, 164, 166 Pigment, 99, 156, 162 Pigmentation, 99, 150, 162
Plants, 130, 136, 138, 139, 144, 148, 158, 162, 163, 172 Plaque, 133, 162 Plasma, 7, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 28, 30, 31, 33, 36, 47, 49, 55, 56, 57, 60, 66, 131, 137, 138, 148, 149, 150, 162, 168 Plasma cells, 131, 162 Plasticity, 71, 162 Platelet Activating Factor, 81, 162 Platelet Activation, 162, 169 Platelet Aggregation, 84, 131, 163, 171 Platelets, 12, 84, 133, 137, 162, 163, 171 Poisoning, 138, 152, 158, 163 Pollen, 155, 163 Polyethylene, 74, 163 Polypeptide, 130, 139, 161, 163, 174 Polyposis, 139, 163 Polyunsaturated fat, 6, 15, 21, 30, 34, 46, 54, 55, 60, 62, 80, 88, 96, 163, 171 Posterior, 131, 160, 161, 163 Postmenopausal, 6, 18, 19, 31, 37, 58, 163 Postnatal, 59, 163 Postprandial, 89, 163 Postsynaptic, 163, 168 Potassium, 74, 163, 169 Potassium hydroxide, 74, 163 Potentiate, 4, 163 Potentiating, 96, 163 Potentiation, 163, 168 Practice Guidelines, 115, 163 Precancerous, 138, 164 Preclinical, 80, 164 Precursor, 132, 133, 138, 144, 145, 164, 172 Premalignant, 32, 38, 164 Prevalence, 90, 159, 164 Progeny, 140, 164 Progression, 4, 7, 57, 131, 164 Progressive, 133, 137, 139, 149, 158, 162, 164 Proinsulin, 96, 164, 166 Proline, 139, 150, 164 Prophylaxis, 68, 164, 167, 173 Prostaglandin, 49, 81, 164, 171 Prostaglandins A, 54, 81, 164, 165 Prostaglandins D, 165 Prostate, 29, 36, 53, 135, 165, 172 Protein C, 28, 49, 130, 132, 154, 165, 173 Protein S, 98, 135, 165 Proteoglycans, 134, 146, 165 Proteolytic, 140, 165 Protons, 130, 150, 165, 166 Protozoa, 140, 157, 165, 173
182 Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Pruritic, 144, 165 Psoriasis, 83, 84, 96, 165, 167 Psychotomimetic, 130, 143, 165 Puberty, 42, 165 Public Policy, 113, 165 Publishing, 8, 165 Pupil, 141, 160, 165 Purified Insulins, 164, 166 R Radiation, 83, 144, 166, 174 Randomized, 144, 166 Receptor, 7, 12, 31, 37, 60, 129, 132, 144, 166, 168 Receptors, Serotonin, 166, 168 Recombination, 140, 166 Rectum, 139, 143, 147, 153, 165, 166 Recurrence, 138, 166 Refer, 1, 136, 139, 147, 155, 159, 166 Regimen, 89, 144, 166 Relative risk, 12, 166 Respiration, 146, 166 Respiratory Burst, 83, 166 Response rate, 4, 166 Resting metabolic rate, 22, 62, 166 Retina, 143, 155, 160, 167 Retinal, 143, 160, 167 Retinoids, 167 Retinol, 100, 167 Retrobulbar, 160, 167 Rheology, 70, 167 Rheumatism, 167 Rheumatoid, 96, 118, 167 Rheumatoid arthritis, 96, 167 Risk factor, 145, 166, 167 S Saphenous, 22, 62, 167 Saphenous Vein, 22, 62, 167 Saponification, 74, 87, 167 Saturated fat, 8, 77, 79, 83, 167 Scleroderma, 96, 133, 167 Sclerosis, 133, 158, 167 Screening, 32, 38, 139, 167 Seborrhea, 83, 167 Sebum, 167, 168 Secondary tumor, 157, 168 Secretion, 13, 48, 152, 153, 167, 168 Secretory, 137, 168 Secretory Vesicles, 137, 168 Sedentary, 79, 166, 168 Selenium, 72, 168 Semen, 165, 168 Serotonin, 83, 166, 168, 172
Serous, 139, 168 Serum, 19, 22, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 49, 52, 59, 131, 139, 148, 155, 168, 172 Sex Characteristics, 165, 168 Side effect, 73, 93, 99, 129, 168, 172 Signal Transduction, 7, 19, 83, 168 Skeletal, 47, 57, 169 Skeleton, 153, 164, 169 Small intestine, 137, 139, 144, 150, 152, 169 Soaps, 74, 88, 95, 169 Sodium, 169, 170 Solid tumor, 131, 169 Solvent, 61, 88, 94, 134, 146, 148, 169 Soybean Oil, 43, 45, 55, 56, 57, 72, 163, 169 Specialist, 119, 169 Species, 12, 21, 26, 83, 100, 136, 149, 150, 157, 161, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174 Specificity, 7, 133, 169 Spinal cord, 137, 138, 144, 156, 159, 161, 169, 170 Spinous, 145, 169 Spleen, 47, 155, 169 Steatosis, 146, 169 Steel, 169, 173 Stimulant, 130, 143, 169 Stomach, 76, 91, 95, 129, 143, 145, 147, 148, 150, 153, 158, 161, 162, 169, 170 Stool, 153, 170 Stress, 5, 62, 68, 71, 89, 93, 98, 134, 158, 161, 167, 170 Stromal, 7, 23, 170 Subacute, 152, 170 Subclinical, 151, 170 Subcutaneous, 27, 29, 35, 44, 129, 144, 154, 170 Subspecies, 169, 170 Substance P, 157, 168, 170 Substrate, 89, 91, 170 Sulfur, 56, 146, 157, 170 Superoxide, 83, 166, 170 Suppression, 82, 83, 132, 143, 170 Suppressive, 7, 170 Sweat, 98, 167, 170 Sweat Glands, 167, 170 Sympathetic Nervous System, 75, 86, 134, 170 Sympathomimetic, 130, 143, 144, 170 Symphysis, 165, 170 Synaptic, 168, 170 Synergistic, 83, 86, 171 Systemic, 48, 65, 135, 152, 162, 167, 171 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 48, 171
Index 183
Systolic, 151, 171 T Therapeutics, 13, 171 Thermal, 83, 159, 171 Thorax, 129, 171 Threshold, 150, 171 Thrombin, 147, 163, 165, 171 Thrombocytes, 163, 171 Thrombocytopenia, 162, 171 Thrombomodulin, 165, 171 Thrombosis, 165, 171 Thromboxanes, 133, 171 Thrombus, 141, 151, 163, 171 Ticks, 152, 171 Tolerance, 129, 148, 171 Tomography, 135, 171 Topical, 82, 83, 99, 146, 150, 161, 169, 171 Toxic, iv, 87, 134, 138, 141, 149, 151, 155, 159, 163, 168, 172 Toxicity, 87, 144, 172 Toxicology, 27, 63, 114, 172 Toxins, 132, 151, 172 Trace element, 138, 159, 172 Transcription Factors, 83, 172 Transduction, 168, 172 Transfection, 135, 172 Transplantation, 139, 172 Triglyceride, 5, 13, 32, 38, 61, 68, 70, 73, 87, 94, 95, 150, 151, 172 Tryptophan, 139, 168, 172 Tuberculosis, 141, 155, 172 Tumor marker, 135, 172 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 28, 47, 81, 172 Type 2 diabetes, 22, 32, 38, 172 U Ulcer, 96, 161, 172 Unconscious, 151, 172 Uncoupling Agents, 153, 172
Unsaturated Fats, 77, 79, 173 Urea, 170, 173 Urethra, 165, 173 Urine, 78, 98, 135, 141, 153, 173 Uterus, 141, 145, 157, 173 V Vaccination, 100, 173 Vaccines, 173 Vagina, 143, 157, 173 Vanadium, 93, 173 Vascular, 23, 89, 151, 152, 160, 171, 173 Vein, 153, 159, 167, 173 Venous, 165, 173 Venules, 135, 136, 173 Vesicular, 157, 173 Veterinary Medicine, 113, 173 Viral, 100, 152, 172, 173 Virulence, 172, 173 Virus, 145, 162, 172, 173 Viscosity, 167, 173 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 143, 173 Vitro, 8, 31, 37, 95, 173 Vivo, 173 W Weight Gain, 7, 13, 27, 59, 174 White blood cell, 131, 139, 154, 155, 159, 162, 174 Wound Healing, 96, 98, 156, 174 X Xenograft, 131, 174 X-ray, 26, 135, 137, 159, 174 Y Yeasts, 147, 162, 174 Yolk Sac, 146, 174 Z Zygote, 141, 174 Zymogen, 165, 174
184 Conjugated Linoleic Acid
