Методические указания и контрольное задание №5 по английскому языку для студентов заочного факультета специальностей 170600, 170700, 120100, 120200

Министерство образования Российской Федерации Восточно-Сибирский государственный технологический университет

Методические указания и контрольное задание №5 по английскому языку для студентов заочного факультета специальностей 170600, 170700, 120100, 120200

Контрольная работа № 5 является заключительной в серии контрольных работ по иностранному языку, предусмотренных учебным планом для студентов заочного факультета, специальностей 170600, 170700, 120100, 120 200. Контрольная работа состоит из двух частей. Первая часть – это контрольная работа, состоящая из пяти вариантов. В каждом варианте предложены 2 текста и упражнения к ним, подготавливающие студентов к составлению аннотации статьи. Вторая часть контрольной работы предлагает дополнительный материал, дающий студентам возможность закрепления полученных навыков и умений при работе с литературой на иностранном языке. Цель контрольной работы №5 – проверить и подготовить студентов к сдаче экзамена по иностранному языку. Задания построены на аутентичном материале, заимствованном из оригинальных публикаций.

Ключевые слова: brittle, impurity, clamp, output, current, prime movers, rotate, turret, linkage, screw.

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ВСГТУ Улан-Удэ 2004

Доржиева Г.Б. Мантатова С.С. Левчук Э.Т.

Подписано в печать 24.06.2004г. Формат 60х84 1/16. Усл.п.л. 3,25, уч.-изд.л. 3,0. Тираж 150 экз. Заказ №81 Издательство ВСГТУ. г.Улан-Удэ, ул. Ключевская,40а

PART I Контрольная работа №5 Вариант 1 ЗаданиеI. I. a). Without looking through the text, decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Titanium is considered too brittle to be of any practical use. 2. Titanium alloys are very useful in mechanical engineering. 3. Titanium instruments corrode. b). Read the text and write down the numbers of true statements, using the vocabulary list. Vocabulary list: 1. brittle(atr) 2 impurity(n) 3. artificial joints 4. tensile strength 5. refractory(atr) 6. to surmount the barrier 7. pulp-and-paper industry 8. clamp(v) 9. straighten out(v) 10. tight spring 11. sensitive pickup

хрупкий примесь искусственные суставы прочность на разрыв огнеупорный преодолеть барьер целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность закреплять выпрямляться тугая пружина чувствительный адаптер, звукосниматель

A Wonder Metal 1. The story of titanium is extraordinary. To begin with, it was

discovered twice. A British scientist, William Gregor, found it first and called it menachanite, and six years later, in 1797, M. H. Claret, a German chemist, also found it and gave it its present name. 2. For many years, titanium was of interest only to research chemists - it was considered too brittle to be of any practical value. Yet it was the impurities with which it was usually associated (it forms compounds easily with nearly every known element) that made it brittle. 3. It cost the chemists in many countries endless efforts to isolate pure titanium and even more to start producing it commercially. In 1948 the world stock of pure titanium was only ten tons. Today the output is much larger. 4. Titanium has one surprising property - it is completely inert in biological media, something the medical community was quick to notice. It is being used to make artificial joints and many other things necessary in surgery at the Priorov Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics. Titanium instruments do not corrode, and are thirty per cent lighter than instruments" made of stainless steel. 5. Titanium’s high standard of corrosion resistance, lightness, tensile strength, and the ease of forging, rolling and stamping are finding it more and more uses. Titanium alloys are very useful in mechanical engineering, and for chemical and refractory apparatus. Titanium helped Soviet design engineers to surmount the sound and heat barriers in supersonic and high-altitude aircraft designing. On earth, it shows good work at chemical plants, in the pulp-and-paper and food industries. Moreover, it is still a source of surprise for the investigator. 6. A group of researchers at our Institute, under the leadership of Professor. I. Kornilov, D. Sc. (Chemistry), produced a material that has a kind of "memory", as the following experiment shows: a thin bent strip of the new alloy was clamped to a stand, a 500-gram weight hung on the free end. A current was passed through for several seconds, which

heated the strip to more than 100 °C. As if commanded by an enigmatic force, it straightened out like a tight spring and lifted the load. When the current was switched off, the strip gradually went back to its original shape. The cycle was repeated a number of times, and the strip always "remembered" its original shape. The surprising phenomenon of direct conversion of thermal energy into mechanical is seen with the naked eye. 7. The explanation is in the crystalline modifications of titanium-nickel alloy which, changing with the temperature, also changes back again. Notes: 1. when struck 2. output(n) 3. media(n) 4. strip(n) 5.current(n) 6. conversion(n) 7. load=weight

при ударе выпуск среда полоска ток преобразование, превращение зд. груз

3. surmount a. get better b. top c. overcome

4. current a. now passing b. use c. a year

IV. Put these words in the right order to make up a sentence. 1. red-hot /state/ harder / it / cold / vanadium / steel / is / than/ when/ the / is. 2. used/ scientists/ widely/ vanadium / metallurgy/ by / is. 3. are / in/ mechanical / titanium / alloys / useful / very / engineering. V. Read the text again and write out the words that describe the properties of titanium and its application. Titanium properties

application

brittle

medicine

......................... ……………….

………… …………

II. Match the following words with their definitions: 1) pure 2) property 3) corrode 4) alloy 5) resistance

a) to destroy slowly by chemical action b) opposing force c) mixture of metals d) unmixed with any other substance e) possessions

III. Vocabulary in Context. Choose the definition that fits each word or phrase as it is used in the text. 1. output 2. media a. quantity of goods a. communication b. power b. mass c. information c. medium

VI. Rewrite and translate passages 4, 5, 6 in written form. Задание 2. I. Read the text and answer the question in written form, using the vocabulary list. What spheres is mechanical engineering occupied with?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Vocabulary list: allied subjects - смежные науки extent(n) - широта prime movers -первичные двигатели applied mechanics - прикладная механика

power, process industries, production engineering, railroad, rubber and plastics, textiles, wood industries. II. а) Point out the questions that you can answer, using information from the text. б) Answer the questions in written form.

Mechanical Engineering 1. Mechanical engineering has been recognized as a separate branch of engineering since the formation of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers of Great Britain in 1847. The development of the textile machinery, steam engines, machine-tools, pumping machinery, turbines and locomotives of that time made such a diversity interest for civilian engineers that these and allied subjects were called mechanical engineering. 2. Mechanical engineering deals with the design, construction and operation of machines and devices of all kinds, and with research and sciences upon which these depend. Among these machines are prime movers such as engines and turbines using air, gas, steam and water as operating media; pumping machines and other hydraulic apparatus; steam boilers, heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigerating equipment, transportation structures used in aviation; automotive engineering, railroads and ships, machine-tools, special machines for industry and for construction of buildings, railroads and harbors. In fact, mechanical engineering enters into the work of all engineers whose machines are to be developed for the processes of specialists of the other branches of engineering. 3. To understand better the extent of the activities and interests of mechanical engineers, the following lists of the professional divisions and technical committees of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) are given: professional divisions, applied mechanics, aviation, fuel, graphic arts (printing), heat transfer, hydraulics, industrial instruments and regulators, management, materials handling, metals engineering, oil and gas

1. When did a profession of mechanical engineer appear? 2. What devices of the textile industry arise great interest? 3. What is the purpose of creating technical committees of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers? 4. What are the professional divisions and technical committees of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers? 5. Why is it important to know the design, construction and operation of the devices? III. Read these sentences and arrange them according to the logic of the text. 1. Mechanical engineering enters into the work of all engineers. 2. Mechanical engineering deals with the design, construction and operation of machines of all kinds. 3. Professional divisions of ASME are the following: applied mechanics, aviation, fuel, graphic arts, heat transfer and etc. 4. The formation of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers has been recognized as a separate branch of engineering in Great Britain in 1847. 5. The development of the machinery, steam engines, machine-tools made a diversity interest for civilian engineers. IV. Fill in the table according to the information of the text.

Вариант 2 Mechanical engineering

machines and devices

professional division

Задание 1. I. a). Without looking through the text, decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1.Brass was probably obtained accidentally when melting mixed metal ores. 2.Most aluminum alloys are both and not strong. 3.Vanadium is a miracle metal.

V. а) Read the following sentences and point out the numbers of the sentences which correspond to the content of the text. b)Correct the sentences and rewrite.

b). Read the text and write down the numbers of true statements, using the vocabulary list.

1. This text is about a separate branch of mechanical engineering. 2. The development of the textile machinery increased the necessity for civilian engineers. 3. Great Britain was the first country where the mechanical engineering was a separate branch of engineering. 4. Prime movers of mechanical engineering are engines and turbines, pumping machines and other hydraulic apparatus used in different spheres of industries. 5. The professional divisions and technical committees of ASME take an active part in the work of all engineers.

1.lead ore 2. valuable 3. tungsten 4. chromium 5. brass

VI. Make up a summary of the text using the clichй. 1. This text is about… 2. The title of the text is … 3. The text consists of three (four) parts. 4. At the beginning the author describes … 5. The main idea of the text is … 6. The text provides useful information on …

Vocabulary list свинцовая руда ценный вольфрам хром латунь Alloys in industrial manufacturing

1. Bronze and brass, the first alloys in the history of metallurgy, were probably obtained by man accidentally when melting mixed metal ores. Much later alloys of iron were obtained. 2. Steel was made in small quantities in early times untill the mid- 19th century when it was manufactured on a large scale in the iron and steel industry 3. The commercial production of pure aluminum in about 1890 began a new range of alloys and among them duralumin, an alloy of about 94 per cent aluminum, with small quantities of copper, manganese, magnesium, and silicon. Most aluminum alloys are both light and strong.

4. Here is a short story about vanadium, wonder-metal. It was first discovered by Manuel del Rio. Professor of Mineralogy at the School of Mines in Mexico City, in lead ore. M. del Rio named the new metal erythronium because its salts became red when headed. 5. In 1830 Sefstrom’s discovery Wolher found that erythronium and vanadium were the same metal. In fact, Wolher himself had nearly discovered the metal in the Mexican ore. He had, actually, put some of the ore aside for further study. But before he could do it, Sefstrom's discovery was announced. 6. As far back as 1906 vanadium was the world's rarest metal. Its price was $ 4,760 a pound. It is still very valuable. But it is not so high-priced. It is more valuable now for what it can actually do. 7. And here is what it can do. When it is added to steel (in proportions of about two parts of vanadium to a thousand parts of steel) it does miracles. It makes an excellent alloy. Our finest high-speed tools, that are made of tungsten and chromium, get such brutal use that they would, most certainly, wear out in a very short time, if vanadium were not added. But a little bit of vanadium gives them a long life. 8. Vanadium steel is harder in the red-hot state than when it is cold. It is these wonderful qualities of vanadium steel that give us a smooth train ride at 100 kilometers an hour. 9. Vanadium was discovered in 1801, as has already been mentioned. But many years had passed before metallurgists realized its great value.

III. Vocabulary in Context. Choose the definition that fits each word or phrase as it is used in the text. 1. accidentally a. by chance b. undesirable c. without thinking

2. obtain a. push b. get c. buy

3. brutal a. savage b. cruel c. simple

4. realize a. exchange b. act c. understand

IV. Put these words in the right order to make up a sentence. 1. valuable / do / it / what / more / it / actually / is / can / for / now 2. are / strong / alloys / of / most / both / aluminum / light / and 3. vanadium / life / gives / of / a / but / little / them / but / long / a V. Read the text again and write out the words that describe the properties of vanadium and its application. Alloy properties application Vanadium + steel …………… …………… ………….. ………… ………… VI. Rewrite and translate passages 5, 6, 7, 8 in written form.

II. Match the following words with their definitions: 1. melt 2. ore 3. announce 4. miracle 5. smooth

a. surprising event b. to become liquid c. mineral d. to make known e. free from roughness

Задание 2. I. Read the text and answer the question in written form, using the vocabulary list. What operations do machine tools produce?

Vocabulary list: 1. intermittently(adv) -прерывисто 2. rotate(v) - вращаться 3. spindle(n) - шпиндель 4. turret(n) - револьверная головка станка 5. cam(n) - тех. кулачок 6. linkage(n) - сцепление 7. screw – machine(n) – мелкий крепежный винт 8. bushing(n) – втулка 9. bearing(n) - подшипник Metal Cutting 1. Cutting is one of the oldest arts practiced in the stone age, but the cutting of metals was not found possible until the 18th century, and its detailed study started about a hundred years ago. 2. Now in every machine-shop you may find many machines for working metal parts, these cutting machines are generally called machine-tools and are extensively used in many branches of engineering. 3. Fundamentally all machine-tools remove metal and can be divided into the following categories: 1. Turning machines (lathes). 2. Drilling machine 3. Boring machines. 4. Milling machines. 5. Grinding machines. Machining of large-volume production parts is best accomplished by screw machines. These machines can do turning, threading, facing, boring and many other operations. Machining can produce symmetrical shapes with smooth surfaces and dimensional accuracies not generally attainable by most fabrication methods. 4. Screw-machined parts are made from bar stock or tubing fed intermittently and automatically through rapidly rotating hollow

spindles. The cutting tools are held on turrets and tool slides convenient to the cutting locations. Operations are controlled by cams or linkages that position the work, feed the tools, hold them in position for the proper time, and then retract the tools. Finished pieces are automatically separated from the raw stock and dropped into a container. 5. Bushings, bearings, nuts, bolts, studs, shafts and many other simple and complex shapes are among the thousands of products produced on screw machines. Screw machining is also used to finish shapes produced by other forming and shaping processes. 6. Most materials and their alloys can be machined - some with ease, others with difficulty. Machinability involves three factors: 1. Ease of chip removal. 2. Ease of obtaining a good surface finish. 3. Ease of obtaining good tool life. II. а) Point out the questions which you can answer , using the information from the text. б) Answer the questions in written form. 1. Why was it impossible to cut metals before the 18-th century? 2. Where are machine cutting tools applied for? 3. What types of machine-tools are used to produce large-volume production parts? 4. How are screw-machined parts processed? 5. What workparts are made by means of lathes? III. Read these sentences and arrange them according to the logic of the text. 1. Screw machined parts are automatically separated from the raw stock and dropped into a container. 2. Proper study of cutting began three hundred years ago. 3. Machinability of materials and alloys involves three factors. 4. All metal cutting machine-tools are divided into five groups.

5. Screw machines can do turning, threading, facing, boring and many other operations.

and high dimensional accuracies. 7. Finished parts are of symmetrical shapes.

IV. Fill in the table according to the information of the text.

VI. Make up a summary of the text using the clichй. 1.This text is about… 2.The title of the text is … 3.The text consists of three (four) parts. 4.At the beginning the author describes … 5.The main idea of the text is … 6.The text provides useful information on …

Название станка Англ. Русск. 1. lathe Токарный (turning станок machine)

Операция Англ. Русск. turning обточка

2. 3. 4. grinding machine 5.

drilling

6. 7. cutting machine

Вариант 3

расточка

Задание 1. I. a). Without looking through the text, decide whether the following statements are true or false.

винторезный станок milling

V. а) Read the following sentences and point out the numbers of the sentences which correspond to the content of the text. b) Correct the sentences and rewrite. 1. All machine-tools employed for removing metal are divided into five general categories. 2. Screw-machined parts can’t be made from bar stock. 3. Cutting tools held on turrets and tool slides are used for machining metal parts. 4. The workpiece placed on the spindle doesn’t rotate. 5. Cams and linkages designed for controlling cutting operations position the work, feed, hold in position and retract the tools. 6. Metal parts worked on machine-tools have smooth surfaces

1. Carbon steels are the most common steels used in industry. 2. Machine steels are very soft. 3. Vanadium makes steel corrosion. b). Read the text and write down the numbers of true statements, using the vocabulary list. Vocabulary list. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

open grained - крупнозернистый solidify(v) - затвердевать refractory(atr) - огнеупорный, огнестойкий fuse(v) - плавить, оплавлять pattern(n) - модель strains(n) - напряжение, деформация tungsten(n) - вольфрам rust-resistant(atr) – устойчивый к коррозии

9. make up(n) – состав 10. green sand – влажный песок Steel 1. Steel is a ferrous material with some carbon content. There are two kinds of steel: carbon and alloy steel. Carbon steels are the most common steels used in industry, their properties depending only on the percentage of carbon they contain. Machine steels are very soft and can be used for making machine parts that do not need strength. Medium carbon steels are better grade and stronger than machine steels. Tool steel may be used for manufacturing tools and working parts of machines because of its high strength and hardness. 2. Alloy steels are those in which in addition to carbon an alloying element is present in some appreciable quantity. They are divided into special alloy steels and high-speed steels which, in turn, are called "self-hardening steels". Alloying elements of these steels are: nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, etc. These alloying elements have a definite effect on the characteristic of the steel; nickel increases its strength and hardness; a high percentage of chromium makes steel rust-resistant and in this case it is called "stainless steel". The addition of some tungsten and molybdenum gives heat-resistant steel. 3. Vanadium makes steel corrosion, shock and vibration-resistant. The sand used for making moulds for steel castings differs greatly from that used in other branches of moulding. It must be much more refractory and open grained,1 because the metal is poured at an extremely high temperature and solidifies very rapidly. If the sand is not refractory enough it will fuse with the metal. The sand being not open grained, the gases will not escape from the mould rapidly enough, and blowholes will be formed in the casting. Many good steel castings are obtained with green sand moulds. Sand moulds are made by

shaping the moulding sand around a pattern which is to have the same shape as the finished object, but their size should be a little larger as the steel casting shrinks while cooling. Moulding sand is to be mixed with water in a certain proportion. Many of the smaller steel castings are used as they come from the moulds, but most of the larger ones have to be annealed to relieve the cooling strains formed when the metal solidifies. Steel can be used for a great variety of castings, and it can be cast into very large bodies. II. Match the following words and definitions. 1) content 2) strength 3) solidify 4) obtain 5) moulding

a) making something in b) to make or become hard c) quality of being strong d) substance e) to get

III. Vocabulary in Context. Choose the definition that fits each word or phrase as it is used in the text. 1. differ a. be unlike b. amount c. disagreement

2. shrink a. to become less b. to move back c. process

3. escape a. distraction b. to get free c. to forget

4. increase a. To become greater in degree b. growth c. be destroyed

IV. Put these words in the right order to make up a sentence. 1. common/ steels/ are / carbon/ the / steels/ most/ used/ in/ industry.

2. production/ increases / mass/ productivity/ efficiency/ and 3. steel/ corrosion / vanadium / makes/ shock/ vibration-resistant/ and. V. Read the text again and write out the words that describe properties of alloy steel and name alloy elements. alloy element 1)……………. 2) nickel 3) ………….. 4) vanadium

properties alloy steel

a) …………. b)…………. c) rust-resistant d) ……………

VI. Rewrite and translate passage 3 in written form. Задание 2. I. Read the text and answer the question in written form using the vocabulary list. When and why was the word “automation” coined? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Vocabulary list valve (n) - клапан, золотник refining (n) - очистка assemble(v) - собирать chain(n) - цепь superficial(atr) - поверхностный, внешний consideration (n)- рассмотрение coin (v) - создавать entail(v)- закреплять порядок Industrial Engineering and Automation

1. A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production

refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer belt, moves the product to stations where each worker performs a limited number of operations until the product is assembled. In the automobile assembly plant such systems have reached a highly-developed form. A complex system of conveyer belts and chain drives moves car parts to workers who perform the thousands of necessary assembling tasks. 2. Mass production increases efficiency and productivity to a point beyond which the monotony of repeating an operation over and over slows down the workers. Many ways have been tried to increase productivity on assembly lines: some of them are as superficial as piping music into the plant or painting the industrial apparatus in bright colors; others entail giving workers more variety in their tasks and more responsibility for the product. 3. These human factors are important considerations for industrial engineers who must try to balance an efficient system of manufacturing with the complex needs of workers. Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part. Automation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes by which machines do tasks previously performed by people. The word was new but the idea was not. We know of the advance in the development of steam engines that produced automatic valves. Long before that, during the Middle Ages, windmills had been made to turn by taking advantage of changes in the wind by means of devices that worked automatically. 4. Automation was first applied to industry in continuous-process manufacturing such as refining petroleum, making petrochemicals, and refining steel. A later development was computer-controlled automation of assembly line manufacturing, especially those in which quality control was an important factor.

II. а) Point out the questions which you can answer, using information from the text. б) Answer the questions in written form. 1. Why were the human factors important considerations for industrial engineers? 2. How did people in the Middle Ages use the advantage of changes in the wind? 3. What are the main tasks of assembly line? 4. What is a major development in manufacturing in the twentieth century? 5. What was a later development in industrial automation? III. Read these sentences and arrange them according to the logic of the text. 1. Mass production referred to manufacturing processes with an assembly line. 2. Automated processes do tasks which were performed by people. 3. Refining petroleum, making petrochemicals, refining steel are continuous-process manufacturing where automation was first applied. 4. Engineers must try to balance manufacturing with the complex needs of workers. 5. The development of mass production techniques was a major advance in twentieth century. IV . Fill in the table according to the information of the text. Term mass production conveyer belt automation

Class Characteristics manufacturing process in which … …… which… …

V. а) Read the following sentences and point out the numbers of the sentences which correspond to the content of the text. b)Correct the sentences and rewrite. 1. This text is about the development of mass production techniques. 2. Assembly systems have created a highly-developed form. 3. The monotony of repeating an operation increase productivity on assembly lines. 4. Industrial engineers must take into consideration the human factors. 5. The idea of automation by which machines do tasks previously performed by people was new in the 1940s. VI Make up a summary of the text using the clichй. 1. This text is about… 2.The title of the text is … 3.The text consists of three (four) parts. 4.At the beginning the author describes … 5.The main idea of the text is … 6.The text provides useful information on … Вариант 4 Задание 1. I. a). Without looking through the text, decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Iron is an element that has a chemical symbol Fe. 2. Cast iron is a cheap material. 3. Copper is not ductile and easily worked. b). Read the text and write down the numbers of true statements, using the vocabulary list.

Vocabulary list: 1. blast furnace - доменная печь 2. set light - зажигать 3. blow air - продувать воздух 4.charge (n)- шихта 5.melt(v) - плавить 6. flow out(v) - вытекать 7.trough (n)- желоб 8.impurities (n)- включения 9. pour (cast) into moulds - заливать в формы 10. pig iron - чушковый чугун 11. grey cast iron - серый чугун 12. forge(v) - ковать 13. roast(v) - выжигать 14. casting(n) - отливка 15.substitute - заменитель Metals for Motoring 1. The parts of your car come in all kinds of different shapes and sizes and, what is equally important, in a wide variety of different materials. Let us have an in-depth look at car materials. 2. Iron. Obviously the bulk of a motor car is made from metals based on iron. Iron is an element that has a chemical symbol Fe and is the father of the ferrous family. It is obtained by filling a blast furnace with iron oxides or carbonates and coke, setting light to the mass and blowing air through it. The carbon in the coke and the oxygen in the iron oxide combine to produce carbon monoxide that burns and takes more oxygen from the iron part of the furnace charge to give carbon dioxide. As the temperature increases the iron melts and, from time to time, is allowed to flow out of the bottom of the furnace into special troughs cut into the sand floor of the iron works. 3. Blast furnace-produced iron, the basic material of steels, contains between 3 and 4% of carbon and smaller percentages of

impurities such as sulphur, silicon, phosphorus and manganese. 4. Cast iron. Ordinary cast iron is produced by melting pig iron and pouring it into moulds, made of sand, to get it to set into complex shapes. It is a cheap material that is soft, fairly brittle and unsuitable for anything that takes a tension or bending load. In compression there is virtually no plastic deformation or elasticity; it just suddenly fractures across a plane at about 550. So cast iron is used for castings such as crankcases, gearboxes and rear axles. 5. If the pig iron used for casting is specially selected to have smaller amounts of carbon and a low sulphur and phosphorous content and the rate of cooling the casting is controlled to a slow rate, then the structure of the iron is improved. The graphite can be made to form into balls or modules, which are much stronger than the usual plates or starfish shapes and the iron part tends to form as pearlite. These cast irons are two or three times as strong in tension as ordinary grey cast iron and have a certain amount of elasticity and less brittleness. They are used for crankshafts as it is much easier to cast a crankshaft shape than to forge it. 6. Copper. The main constituent of the brass/bronze family is copper, which is obtained by roasting the copper sulphide ores to remove the arsenic and antimony impurities and then smelting the ores in a furnace to produce the molten metal. Copper is soft, ductile and easily worked and is difficult to produce in a really pure state. Plain copper is seldom used for anything but electrical components in cars, due to its low resistance. It is used for pipework because of its ductility, but has been replaced by cheaper and better materials. 7. Aluminum. Aluminum is produced by electrolytic means from bauxite, an aluminum hydroxide, and makes a good clean casting with a fairly coarse grain structure. It is a fair substitute for cast iron except that it is a bit more ductile. On the other hand, it can be rolled or drawn into sheets, rods, and tubes that can be bent due to their ductility whereas cast iron cannot.

8. The aluminum alloys with copper, manganese, and nickel are pretty numerous and are selected either for their corrosion resistance, high electrical conductivity, ductility and/or higher strength. II. Match the following words with their definitions. 1. obtain 2. furnace 3. increase 4. impurity 5. brittle

a. enclosed space for heating metals b. to become greater in degree c. to get d. hard but easily broken e. not pure

III. Vocabulary in context. Choose the definition that fits each word or phrase as it is used in the text. 1.cheap a. shallow b. little money c. poor

2. improve a. to add b. usefulness c. To make better

3. mould a. substance b. container c. way

4. tension a. state of b. voltage c. thin

V. Read the text again and write out the words that describe the properties and application of given materials. Properties 1. ………….. 2. ………….. 3. soft, ductile 4……………

pig iron grey cast iron copper aluminum

Application ………………….. …………………. rods, tubes, sheets …………………

VI. Rewrite and translate passages 4, 5 in written form. Задание 2. I. Read the text and answer the question in written form, using the vocabulary list. Why is it necessary to create flexible production lines? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Vocabulary list to define - определять range - ассортимент batch - партия, серия to dismantle - демонтировать to switch - переходить, переключаться на part - заготовка software - программное обеспечение Towards Flexible Production Facilities

IV. Put these words in the right order to make up a sentence: 1. is / copper / soft / worked / easily / ductile / and 2. by / produced / electronic / aluminum / is / means /bauxite / from 3.facility / a / flexible / the / level / an / factory / highest / automatic / is

1. Present-day industry, in particular engineering, is defined by the fact that its products - machine-tools, devices, instruments, etc.- are normally produced for a very short period of time and replaced by other more advanced products. The range of products is growing and the size of batches is decreasing. The new production environment has brought about new requirements. Thus, for example, earlier functionally

"rigid" automatic production lines require considerable changes to be introduced or the line to be fully dismantled when the factory switches to a new product. Unlike the above lines, flexible production lines can be switched over to a new product virtually instantaneously. When operated on a 24-hour basis, these lines need only a minimal team of operators to attend the production. 2. A set of modules can be combined by a transport-and-storage system and a control system into a production line (or a production area). In Russia such lines from the basis for automated workshops capable of producing 100-250 parts of similar shape, sizes and requiring similar machining operations (milling, cutting, drilling, etc.). 3. The highest level of a flexible production facility, an automatic factory, incorporates several flexible production workshops. Such a factory has both automated equipment and automated services, including computer-aided design of products and processes, and software development for its control systems. Such automated factories are being designed and are expected to become fully operational in the near future. Russia and other industrialized countries are currently making use of flexible modules and workshops. II. а) Point out the questions which you can answer, using information from the text. б) Answer the questions in written form. 1. What factor characterizes the present day industry? 2. Why do “rigid” automatic production lines demand significant improvements? 3. How many operators are necessary to service the flexible production lines? 4. How can a flexible production line be defined? 5. What equipment is necessary for the highest level of a flexible production facility?

III . Read these sentences and arrange them according to the logic of the text. 1. Flexible production lines are able to produce about two hundred fifty parts of similar shape and size. 2. Machine-tools, devices, instruments are usually manufactured for a very short period of time and replaced by other more advanced products. 3. Many highly developed countries use flexible modules and workshops. 4. Flexible production lines can be switched quickly over to a new product. IV. Fill in the table according to the information of the text. 1. Automatic Production Line

2. Flexible Production Facilities

automatic workshop

V. а) Read the following sentences and point out the numbers of the sentences, which correspond to the content of the text. b) Correct the sentences and rewrite.

1. The number of products is increasing and the size of batches is decreasing. 2. A module unit can incorporate a transportation and refrigeration system and packaging system in a production area. 3. A computer aided design and products and processes, and software developments for the control systems are an indispensable part of an automatic factory. 4. Future industry is expected to become fully operational. 5. A new production line can work 24 hours and is serviced by several operators. VI. Make up a summary of the text using the clichй. 1. This text is about… 2. The title of the text is … 3. The text consists of three (four) parts. 4. At the beginning the author describes … 5. The main idea of the text is … 6. The text provides useful information on … Вариант 5 Задание 1. I. a). Without looking through the text, decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1. The example of automated system is an assembly plant. 2. Industrial robots, originally designed to perform complex tasks. 3. Mechanization was the first step in the development of automation. b). Read the text and write down the numbers of true statements, using the vocabulary list.

Vocabulary list 1. sequence(n) - последовательность 2. assembly plant - сборочный завод 3. non-manufacturing(atr) - непроизводственный 4. device(n) - устройство, прибор 5. flyball governor - центробежный регулятор 6. steam engine - паровоз 7. household thermostat - бытовой термостат Automation 1. Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products. 2. The term automation is also used to describe non-manufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people. 3. Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency. 4. Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine. 5. In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production

was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation. 6. The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device. 7. Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations. II. Match the following words with their definitions. 1.transfer 2. device 3. necessary 4. familiar 5. apply

a. well-known to b. which has to be done c. plan, scheme d. to move e. to put into operation

III. Vocabulary in context. Choose the definition that fits each word or phrase as it is used in the text. 1. assemble a. mass production b. military call c. gather together

2. adopt a. take up b. give c. accept

3. outstanding a. easily noticed b. attention c. success

4. variety a. things b. not the same c . entertainment

IV. Put these words in the right order to make up a sentence: 1. gave / to / development / rise / the / machines / controlled / numerically / of 2. manufacturing / steps / automated / had / in / several / its / development 3. feedback / has / principle / been / the / used / centuries / for V. Read the text again and write out the words that describe the functions of industrial robots and name the steps in automated manufacturing. Steps Functions 1.………………… 2. industrial robots transfer, …, … . 3. ……………….. VI. Rewrite and translate passages 1, 2, 3 in written form. Задание2 I. Read the text and answer the question in written form, using the vocabulary list. Where and what for can vanadium alloys be applied for? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Vocabulary list: alloy - сплав tensile strength - сила напряжения hinges -шарнир tough - жёсткий long-wearing - износостойкий ductile - ковкий apply - применять copper - медь resist - сопротивляться

Vanadium in Automobile Manufacture 1. Europe was using vanadium at a time when vanadium was quite unknown in the United States. Then in 1906, Henry Ford discovered how valuable this/metal could be. That year Henry Ford went to Palm Beach to watch his model K. in an -automobile race. At that time it was the best car on the market in the United States. But model K- was badly beaten by a French car. After the race Ford picked up a small part from this French car and had it analyzed in the Detroit laboratory. In. this way he discovered that the part was made of an alloy of steel and the rare metal vanadium. 2. At that time there was no one in the United States who knew how to make this alloy. Ford had to get an engineer from Europe. He got an expert from England. And the English engineer made the first vanadium steel commercially. 3. This incident revolutionized automobile manufacture: it was soon found that vanadium steel had three times the tensile strength of ordinary steel. 4. Luckily for the automobile industry, the richest vanadium deposits in the world were discovered in the same year, i. e. 1906, in Peru. This mine remains the largest single source of vanadium in the world although in Colorado and other Western states fair quantities of vanadium are mined. 5. About the same time vanadium was found valuable in other fields. Some thousand tons of vanadium went into the hinges for the locks on the Panama Canal. The cables on the famous Golden Gate bridge used wire that was drawn from vanadium steel. 6. The steel helmets that were used in both World Wars were made of vanadium steel. Generally speaking, vanadium is a "must" where strength and hardness are needed. Because vanadium is tough and long-wearing it is often referred to as a "miracle-metal." 7. What is vanadium like? Pure vanadium is a bright, silvery, ductile metal. But it is

extremely difficult to get it pure. It is stable in air and is not affected by water at room temperature. When vanadium is finely divided and thrown into a flame it burns very brightly. 8. Vanadium, as you know, is used in motorcars, locomotives, trucks, buses and other mobile machinery. Where else is it made use of? Vanadium-bronze is applied in the aircraft industry. But vanadium-copper alloys are more suitable for making ship parts as well as submarine parts. It is because vanadium-copper alloys can easily resist saltwater. 9. Vanadium is also used in precious metal alloys from which jewelry is made. Vanadium hardens gold and may be applied for coins and dental bridges. Vanadium is now applied in medicine, too. It is used in treating venereal diseases and anemia. Doctors got good results in the case of anemia; it gave a better appetite and a gain in weight. II. а) Point out the questions that you can answer, using information from the text. б) Answer the questions in written form. 1. 2. 3. 4.

What did Ford discover in the Detroit laboratory? Why did Ford hire the engineer from Europe? When was vanadium discovered? Why vanadium is better than steel in automobile manufacture? 5. What is pure vanadium like? III. Read these sentences and arrange them according to the logic of the text. 1. Vanadium steel is three times stronger then ordinary steel. 2.The famous Golden Gate bridge used wire that was made from vanadium steel. 3.It is extremely difficult to get vanadium in a pure form.

4.Henry Ford made experiments with vanadium in 1906. 5.The discovery of vanadium made a great advance in the automobile industry. IV. Fill in the table according to the information of the text. Properties of vanadium alloys ………………. Vanadium-bronze ………………. Vanadium-copper ……………….

Properties of alloys

Application

…………….. …………….. …………….. can resist salt water ……………..

…………….. …………….. …………….. …………….. coins and dental bridges

V. а) Read the following sentences and point out the numbers of the sentences which correspond to the content of the text. b)Correct the sentences and rewrite. 1. This text is about the discovery of vanadium in the United States. 2. Model K was the best car on the market in the U.S. 3. Western states of the U.S. had the richest deposits of vanadium in 1906. 4. Some outstanding qualities of vanadium helped it to be the most popular metal in automobile manufacture. 5. Vanadium-bronze alloys are suitable for making ship parts. VI. Make up a summary of the text using the clichй. 1. This text is about… 2. The title of the text is … 3. The text consists of three (four) parts. 4. At the beginning the author describes …

5. The main idea of the text is … 6. The text provides useful information on …

PART II

I.

Additional Texts for Reading Text I Read the text using the words from the list: Vocabulary list:

1. blast furnace – доменная печь 2. bauxite(n) – боксит 3. skim off(v) – снимать 4. slag(n) – шлак 5. ore(n) – руда 6. rustproof(atr) – нержавеющий METALS If you look around you, you will see that many of the things we use in our daily life have metal in them. Metals are substances that are mined from the earth where they were formed a long time ago. When metals are mined, they are found mixed with rocks and earth in a form called ore. The most common ores are iron and bauxite. Aluminum, a metal used for many household objects, is made from bauxite. There are as many as seventy different kinds of metals, but iron is the most commonly used. After iron ore is mined the rocks and dirt must be separated from the metal. This process is called smelting and is done by heating the ore in giant blast furnaces. The ore is placed in a steel furnace which is lined with bricks. Then a special kind of coal, called coke, is added along with limestone. Hot air is forced into the furnace, heating the mixture to 1.600 degrees centigrade. The metal in the ore becomes liquid and sinks to the bottom. Other substances rise to the top and are

skimmed off. These waste products are called slag and are worthless. The liquid iron is then poured out into a mold to cool and become solid. Later, it can be heated again and molded to make useful items. If it is to be made into steel, iron is melted again and mixed with carbon in another careful process. There are many kinds of steel, and the process for making each kind is different. The inclusion of other elements affects the properties of the steel. Manganese gives extra strength and toughness. Steel containing 4 per cent silicon is used for transformer cores or electromagnets because it has large grains acting like small magnets. The addition of chromium gives extra strength and corrosion resistance, so we can get rust-proof steels. Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to form a hard surface on steel (case-hardening). High-speed steels, which are extremely important in machine-tools, contain chromium and tungsten plus smaller amounts of vanadium, molybdenum and other metals. 2. Scan the text for information that answers the questions below: 1. What equipment and materials are needed to extract iron from iron ore? 2. How is steel made? 3. How does different inclusion of other elements influence the properties of the steel? 3. Match the following words and definitions: a. mine b. furnace c. process d. brick

1. the ore from which aluminum is made 2. baked clay 3. to dig a hole in order to obtain something 4. extremely large

e. bauxite f. giant g. liquid h. ore

5. an enclosed space in which a hot fire is made to extract metals from ores 6. a rock from which metal can be obtained 7. a substance which is not a solid or a gas 8. a connected set of actions which are carried out to obtain a particular result

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

surgery(n) – хирургия bone(n) – кость wire(n) – провод muscles(n) – мускулы sinews(n) – сухожилие TANTALUM

4. Arrange the following sentences according to the process of melting described in the text. a. The liquid iron is poured out into a mold to cool and become solid. b. The ore is put in a steel furnace. c. A coke is added with limestone. d. The metal in the ore becomes liquid and sinks to the bottom. e. Hot air is forced into a furnace. f. Slag rises to the top and is skimmed off. 5. Discuss with your partner: 1. Why are metals essential in today’s life? 2. Where do we get metals from? How do we get them? 3. How is an iron kettle made? Describe the whole process.

Text II. I. Read the text using the words from the list: Vocabulary list: 1. skull(n) – череп 2. tissue(n) – ткань 3. plunge(v) – погружать

First of all, where does the name of this metal come from? The metal, grey and hard, was named after Tantalus, a hero of Greek mythology. Tantalus was the son of Zeus and the nymph Pluto and father of Niobe. Tantalus was severely punished because he revealed the secret of Zeus. He was plunged up to the chin in water with the fruit hanging over his head. But both water and fruit withdraw from him, whenever he tried to reach for them. In the early nineteenth century Ekeberg, a Swedish scientist, suffered about as much as Tantalus himself when he discovered a new element in some minerals but could not get it pure. The first chemist who got it in a comparatively pure state was Berzelius. But even he failed. It was really his follower Henry Rose who finally got pure tantalum after he had studied its properties for almost fifteen years. In fact, even now it is difficult to get pure tantalum. What about the uses of this rare metal? Where is it applied? It has important uses in medicine, to begin with. Surgeons fix up, fractured bones and skulls and unite tissues with it. They, also, use tantalum to replace muscles. And they knit together, sinews with fine tantalum wire. Doctors believe it possible to make use of tantalum in surgery because it does not irritate tissues. And it does not disrupt the functions of the body either.

Tantalum is both hard and flexible. As a matter of fact, it is so flexible that it can be easily drawn out into the finest wire. Tantalum resists corrosion. That is why it is fit for lining chemical apparatus. Besides, it has a most important use in metallurgy. It is good for making high-quality steels. Of course, tantalum is still a rare and valuable metal, and so it cannot be used widely. 2. Scan the text for information that answers the questions below: 1. Why is tantalum named after the hero of Greek mythology hero? 2. Why is it difficult to get tantalum in a pure state? 3. Where can tantalum be used? 4. What are the properties of tantalum?

3. This chemical element was called after a hero of Greek mythology. 4. This metal doesn’t irritate tissues during surgical operations. 5. It is very difficult to obtain pure tantalum even now. 5. Discuss with your partner: 1. Why is tantalum a valuable metal? 2. Why do you think many chemical elements are called after Greek mythology Gods and Heroes?

Text III. I. Read the text using the words from the list:

3. Match the following words and definitions: a. withdraw b. disrupt c. fracture d. tissue e. wire f. surgery g. irritate

1. metal in the form of a thread 2. similar cells and their products produced by human beings. 3. the branch of medicine 4. to bother 5. to be broken 6. to take away 7. to throw into disorder

Vocabulary list: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

sample(n) – образец nuisance(n) – чепуха impurity(n) – зд. вкрапление alloy(n) – сплав resistance(n) – сопротивление aircraft(n) – самолетостроение NIOBIUM

4. Arrange the following sentences according to the logic of the process of melting described in the text. 1. Tantalum is very useful in metallurgy. 2. Tantalum is suitable for lining chemical devices.

Here is a short story about niobium or columbium. In 1801 Charles Hatchett, an English chemist, analyzed an ore sample which had been sent to the British Museum from the United States. He named it columbium after Christopher Columbus. And the columbium-ore was given the name of columbite.

But in 1844 this metal or metallic element was rediscovered by Rose. And because it looked like tantalum it was named niobium after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus, and the mythological goddess of tears. But the new name (niobium) was not immediately accepted. And only after more than 100 years of controversy, was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1960. Today American scientists refer to the metal as niobium. But, most American metallurgists and producers of the metal use the name columbium. For many years niobium was not only useless, but it was, in fact, a nuisance. Chemists looked upon it as an impurity in the ores of important metals. In recent years metallurgists discovered that niobium was an excellent alloy for strengthening many kinds of steel, and that in resistance to heat and corrosion it was a miracle-metal. Now niobium is beginning to be used in making synthetic silk, as well as in aircraft industry. But since it is still a rare metal its uses are limited. Is it found in many parts of the world? Not at all. Deposits of columbite, its ore, are worked in Australia, Africa (Nigeria and Congo- Kinshasa), in the Kola peninsula Canada, Brazil and Norway. 2. Scan the text for information that answers the questions below: 1. How many years did it take to scientists to recognize columbite as a chemical element? 2. Why is this chemical element called niobium or Columbium? 3. Why is niobium considered to be a miracle metal? 4. In what industries is niobium used? 5. What parts of the world is niobium found? (look at the map)

3. Match the following words and definitions: a. ore b. deposit c. controversy d. pure e. strengthening f. miracle g. impurity

1. a quarrel 2. free from anything that contaminates. 3. making stronger 4. a place where ore is in great quantity. 5. a mixture with another substance 6.a natural underground substance. 7. supernatural happening regarded as an act of God.

4. Arrange the following sentences according to the text. 1. Niobium is referred to metals by American scientists. 2. Niobium or Columbium was named after Christopher Columbus. 3. This alloy strengthens steel and makes metals rust-proof. 4. Deposits of niobium ore are limited. 5. American metallurgists used two names for this chemical element. 5. Discuss with your partner: 1. What is the specific gravity of niobium? 2. Why do metallurgists consider niobium an excellent alloy?

Text IV. I. Read the text using the words from the list: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Vocabulary list: assumption(n) – допущение, предположение lustre(n) – блеск exposure(n) – выделение dull(n) – тускнеть, матировать tinge(n) – оттенок lead(n) – свинец potassium(n) – калий sulphur(n) – сера THALLIUM

Thallium made its public debut in 1862 at the International Exhibition in London. The year before W. Crookes searching by spectrography for tellurium in the residues of a German sulfuric acid plant noted an unaccountable green line in the spectrum. He concluded that this line represented a new element. With a poetic touch he compared the colour of the spectrum line to the bright green tint of new vegetation and named the element thallium from the Latin thallus—" a budding twig." He was successful in obtaining a small quantity in metallic form for display at the 1862 International Exhibition in London. Controversies have often arisen as to the priority of a discovery, and thallium was no exception. Professor A. Lamy, working independently of W. Crookes, observed the same spectrum line in the residues from another sulfuric acid plant and claimed credit for its discovery. W. Crookes was, probably, prior to A- Lamy in discovery and preparation by only a few months. W. Crookes' assumption that thallium belonged to the sulphur family was soon disproved as the physical and chemical properties were investigated. Studies revealed that the element

was closely associated with lead, mercury, potassium and aluminium. Mendeleev when publishing his atomic table placed it in Group III under indium between mercury and lead; and this has been its accepted place-ever since. Thallium is found in potash minerals., which have no commercial significance at present. Today the metal is recovered mainly as a by-product from the roasting of pyrite ores in the production of sulfuric acid and from the smelting of lead and zinc. Metallic thallium when freshly cut has a metallic lustre, which upon exposure to air dulls to a bluish grey tinge resembling lead in appearance. As a matter of fact, the properties of thallium are very similar to those of lead. Investigations of the systems of thallium and other elements show that thallium readily alloys with many other elements, the exceptions are copper, zinc, aluminium, nickel, and selenium. 2. Scan the text for information that answers the questions below: 1. What was the year of thallium discovery? 2. Who named the element “thallium” and why? 3. What group of chemical elements is thallium associated with? 4. Where is thallium placed in the Mendeleev’s table? 5. What colour has this element when it is exposed to air? 3. Match the following words and definitions: a. priority b. mineral c. spectrum d. resemble e. exception f. property

1. a person or a thing is not included 2. a natural substance got from the earth 3. to get knowledge of 4. an image of a band of colours 5. to be similar to 6. high place among competing claims

g. discovery

7.special quality that belongs to something

4. Arrange the following sentences according to the logic of the process of melting described in the text. 1. It is often discussed who is the first to discover a new element, and thallium was no exception. 2. Thallium didn’t belong to the sulphur family because of the physical and chemical properties. 3. Professor A. Lamy was the first to discover a new element. 4. Lead and thallium stand near each other in the atomic table. 5. Investigations show that thallium doesn’t alloy with zinc. 5. Discuss with your partner: 1. Why is it difficult to be a discoverer of a new metal? 2. What do you think will happen when the world runs out of metals? Text V. I. Read the text using the words from the list: Vocabulary list: 1. coincide(v) 2. advent(n) 3. inflexible(atr) 4. advance(n) 5. occur(v) 6. influence(v) 7. versatile(atr)

совпадать приход, появление негибкий успех, прогресс происходить оказывать влияние на гибкий

8. sets of computer instructions 9. precision(n)

программы компьютера точность

FOUR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS The history of mechanical engineering goes back to the time when the man first tried to make machines. We can call the earlier rollers, levers and pulleys, for example, the work of mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering, as we understand it today, starts from the first Industrial Revolution. People have labeled as "revolutions" three episodes in the industrial history of the world and now we are entering the fourth. The first industrial revolution took place in England between 1760 an 1840. Metal became the main material of the engineer instead of wood, and steam gave man great reserves of power. This power could drive not only railway engines and ships but also the machines which built them. In the second revolution, from 1880 to 1920, electricity was the technical driving force. It provided power for factories that was easier and cheaper to control than steam. It was marked also by the growing importance of science-based industries such as chemicals and electrical goods, and the use of scientifically-designed production methods such as semi-automatic assembly lines. The third industrial revolution coincided with the advent of automation — in its inflexible form. In this revolution, the main features were advances in the control of manufacturing processes so that things could be made more cheaply, with greater precision and (often) with fewer people. And this change which occurred around the middle of this century, also featured a new machine that was to greatly influence the world, the electronic computer. What is the fourth industrial revolution?

The fourth industrial revolution will be characterized by automated machines that are versatile and programmable and can make different things according to different sets of computer instructions. It will be characterized by flexible, automated machinery, the most interesting example of which are robots. 2. Scan the text for information that answers the questions below: 1. When does the history of mechanical engineering begin? 2. What were the earliest types of machines? 3. What are four stages of the development of world industry and how are they characterized by? 4. What period of industrial revolution occurs at present?

4.

3. 1. 2. 1.

5. Discuss with your partner: 1. Does an industrial revolution make always good for people? 2. How does the industrial revolution influence human life? 3. What do you think will be expected results of using robots?

3. Match the following words and definitions: a. label b. wood c. provide d. steam e. assembly line f. manufacture g. flexible

1. the hard substance which makes up the main part of trees. 2. the arrangement of workers, machines and equipment. 3. to make a product 4. to name 5. capable of being bent. 6. water in the form of vapor. 7. to supply with what is needed.

4. Sum up the information from the text and fill in the table: № 1. 2. 3.

Period 1760-1840

Main features 1. metal-the main material for the engineer. 2. steam-the driving technical force. 1. 2.

Text VI. I. Read the text using the words from the list: Vocabulary list: 1. 2. 3. 4.

in turn – в свою очередь tool engineer- технолог approach(n)- подход advanced engineering courses – курсы повышения квалификации

5. complicated(atr)– сложный

THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN MANUFACTURE Future improvements in productivity are largely dependent on the application of science to manufacturing. This depends in turn on the availability of large numbers of scientifically trained engineers. The higher schools can serve the needs of industry in two ways: by performing basic research and by training well-qualified engineers in the manufacturing field. There is a growing need for engineers who are familiar with the fundamental problems in metal processing and manufacturing. In the near future many of the engineers will be recent university graduates. A few will come through courses of study in industry. Others, having a basic engineering knowledge will continue additional studies at colleges to prepare themselves for work in industry. Therefore, an engineer does not finish his education when he receives his diploma, particularly in the fields of interest to tool engineers who are to study new developments, constantly. There are numerous ways in which industry and education can cooperate on problems of common interest. Scientists and research engineers are engaged in work that is intended to provide a scientific approach to many purely industrial problems. These scientists and engineers can make a real contribution to engineering education or academic research. They can, for example, teach advanced engineering courses and they can actively participate in basic and applied research. Similarly, large and complicated projects of new technologies could well be handled by institute researchers working on practical applications. This would often provide the most efficient approach to the solution of processing problems. 2. Scan the text for information that answers the questions below: 1. How does higher education help to improve manufacture and develop industry?

2. What must a qualified engineer know to meet the needs of industry? 3. How do scientists and engineers contribute to engineering education? 4. What can help to solve the processing problems? 3. Match the following words and definitions: a. availability b. serve c. research d. graduate e. be engaged f. contribution g. be handled

1. to act in a certain capacity 2. giving something to someone 3. be held 4. be employed 5. the state of being ready for use. 6. a scientific investigation 7. a person who holds an academic degree.

4.Arrange the following sentences according to the text: 1. Both scientists and engineers can make a contribution to engineering education and academic research. 2. An engineer does not finish his education when he receives his diploma. 3. There is a close cooperation between industry and education. 4. The higher school can serve the needs of industry. 5.Discuss with your partner: 1. Why is it important for scientists to cooperate with industry? 2. Why does an engineer have to continue his education after receiving a diploma? 3. What is the role of science in manufacture?

Рекомендуемая литература: 1. Английский язык для машиностроительных специальностей вузов. Бгашев В.Н., Долматовская Е.Ю., Ручкина Г. А., Швыйковская Р.Н. М., Высшая школа, 1990 2. И.П.Агабекян, П.И. Коваленко. Английский для инженеров. Учебное пособие. – Ростов-на-Дону., Феникс, 2002.