HILD AFETY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Child Safety: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83860-7 1. Child Safety-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on child safety. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHILD SAFETY .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Child Safety................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. DISSERTATIONS ON CHILD SAFETY ............................................................................ 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Dissertations on Child Safety ...................................................................................................... 21 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON CHILD SAFETY ....................................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Patents on Child Safety................................................................................................................ 23 Patent Applications on Child Safety............................................................................................ 42 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHILD SAFETY ........................................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 73 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 74 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 76 Chapters on Child Safety ............................................................................................................. 76 Directories.................................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON CHILD SAFETY ................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHILD SAFETY ............................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 81 Newsletters on Child Safety......................................................................................................... 82 Academic Periodicals covering Child Safety ................................................................................ 83 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 87 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 89 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 92 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 93 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 104 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 113 CHILD SAFETY DICTIONARY ................................................................................................. 115 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 127
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with child safety is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about child safety, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to child safety, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on child safety. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to child safety, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on child safety. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHILD SAFETY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on child safety.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and child safety, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Children's safety research Source: Children's Environments Quarterly. 8 (3/4): 1-96. 1991. Contact: Available from Children's Environments Quarterly, Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. $30.00 for individuals; $70.00 for institutions. (ISSN 0886-0505). Summary: This special issue of Children's Environments Quarterly covers a variety of child safety topics in a variety of environments and looks at environmental aspects and roles of certain child injuries. It covers topics such as television violence, residential injuries, home fire safety, pedestrian injuries, outdoor play areas of family day care centers, playground safety, and child-resistant products.
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Federally Funded Research on Child Safety The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to child safety. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to child safety. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore child safety. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for child safety: •
Project Title: BRIEF CHILD SAFETY INTERVENTIONS IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Gielen, Andrea C.; Health Policy and Management; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is in response to PA-0 1-044 for research on Emergency Medical Services for Children. We propose to evaluate a theoretically driven and innovative brief intervention for child safety delivered in the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, which serves a high risk, inner city population. The intervention will address the use of car safety seats, working smoke alarms, and safely stored poisons because these are effective countermeasures known to help prevent the leading causes of childhood injury, namely motor vehicle occupant injuries, house fire deaths and injuries, and poisonings. The intervention, based on the stage-based model of behavior change known as the Precaution Adoption Model, combines well established principles of health communication with new computer technology. The specific aims of this proposed research are as follows: 1) Evaluate the effects of a brief, computer-tailored intervention on home and motor vehicle safety practices among parents with children from birth through five years of age who are being seen in the pediatric emergency department; 2) Determine whether and to what extent parent's anxiety level and children's injury history moderate the effects of the intervention; and 3) Using the Precaution Adoption Model (PAM) stages, describe parents' readiness to adopt home and motor vehicle safety practices and how this changes over time. A randomized controlled trial will be conducted, involving 1000 families with young children. Parents will be randomly assigned to receive either the Safety in Seconds program or a child immunization message, both of which will be delivered via a computer kiosk in the PED waiting room. The primary outcome measures will be the PAM stages and safety practices collected by in-home observation two weeks after the PED visit. Six months after the PED visit parents will receive a telephone interview to re-assess PAM stage, and to document
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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injuries and "near misses". Medical records will also be reviewed to collect injury data. Both intention-to-treat and exposure analyses will be used to evaluate the intervention. Multi-variate logistic and polytomous regression techniques will be used to assess the effect of parental anxiety and child injury history. Findings from this study will contribute to a better understanding of how behavioral sciences theories explain parents' safety practices. By examining the extent to which parent anxiety during the visit interferes with the delivery of effective communication, we will also gain new knowledge about whether a PED visit does in fact provide an important "teachable moment" for injury prevention. Finally, results will demonstrate how innovative health communications technologies can be used to reduce the risk of injuries among vulnerable children. With the ever growing access to computers in medical care settings, the Safety in Seconds program should be readily adaptable to other pediatric emergency department settings that serve vulnerable populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EVALUATION OF FARM SAFETY 4 JUST KIDS DAY CAMPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Reed, Deborah B.; Prev Med & Environmental Hlth; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: The purpose of this 3-year, multi-site evaluation research is to examine the effectiveness of farm safety day camps organized and executed through five Farm Safety 4 Just Kids (FS4JK) Chapters in different regions of the nation. The locations of the chapters encompass a variety of agricultural commodities and farm compositions. The specific aim is to evaluate whether the camps positively influence: (1) children's knowledge about farm safety and health, their safety attitudes, and subsequent safety behaviors; and (2) parents' attitudes and behavior toward children's farm safety behavior. In addition, the effect of the camps on the local community will be assessed. This research is grounded in the social-ecological framework of McLeroy and colleagues (1988) and in the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Training Intervention Effectiveness Research (TIER) Model. A multi-level, mixed-method evaluation strategy that combines both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods will be used to examine the long-term effects of the day camps on children, their families, and their communities. The design of the study is a quasi-experimental, no control group pretest-posttest design with repeated measures that will be collected over 18 months following children's camp experience. The partnership of local FS4JK Chapters, the North American Farm Safety 4 Just Kids organization, and the University of Kentucky provides a unique approach to examining the effectiveness of FS4JK day camps. The evaluation results can be used to assist FS4JK with refinements of future programs and will assist camp leaders in articulating their theoretical framework, goals, and objectives of the day camps. The findings also will contribute to the national research agenda in farm child safety knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and injury rates. The purpose of this 3-year, multi-site evaluation research is to examine the effectiveness of farm safety day camps organized and executed through five Farm Safety 4 Just Kids (FS4JK) Chapters in different regions of the nation. The locations of the chapters encompass a variety of agricultural commodities and farm compositions. The specific aim is to evaluate whether the camps positively influence: (1) children's knowledge about farm safety and health, their safety attitudes, and subsequent safety behaviors; and (2) parents' attitudes and behavior toward children's farm safety behavior. In addition, the effect of the camps on the local community will be assessed. This research is grounded in the social-ecological framework of McLeroy and colleagues (1988) and in
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the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Training Intervention Effectiveness Research (TIER) Model. A multi-level, mixed-method evaluation strategy that combines both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods will be used to examine the long-term effects of the day camps on children, their families, and their communities. The design of the study is a quasi-experimental, no control group pretestposttest design with repeated measures that will be collected over 18 months following children's camp experience. The partnership of local FS4JK Chapters, the North American Farm Safety 4 Just Kids organization, and the University of Kentucky provides a unique approach to examining the effectiveness of FS4JK day camps. The evaluation results can be used to assist FS4JK with refinements of future programs and will assist camp leaders in articulating their theoretical framework, goals, and objectives of the day camps. The findings also will contribute to the national research agenda in farm child safety knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and injury rates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC PRESCRIBING ON MEDICATION ERRORS A* Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Kevin B.; Associate Professor and Vice Chairman; Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 18-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Verbatim from the Applicant?s Abstract The Institute of Medicine?s report entitled "To Err is Human" identifies medication errors as an alarming and often preventable cause of patient morbidity and mortality. This report focused on the errors inherent in inpatient practice; however, advocates for child safety recognize the need for pediatric studies in this area. Children pose unique challenges, including increased risk incurred by weight-based dosing, and the potential for more serious consequences. The same challenges inherent in prescribing medications for children may pose difficulty for information systems designed to decrease medication errors. There are no studies examining the potential effects or problems associated with the use of tools for electronic prescribing in the pediatric population. This application proposes to assess the baseline medication error rate in an urban pediatric emergency department and clinic, staffed by attending physicians, fellows, and residents in all years of training. Implements of handheld electronic prescription writing will be compared and the effect that electronic prescribing has on medication error rates and prescribing practices will be determined. The first phase of this project will be an observational study. All patients being seen in the investigators? study sites for acute care who have a way of being contacted after filling their prescriptions will be eligible to be enrolled in this study. Each prescription will be logged, and patients will be contacted to compare the medication label with the original prescription. Any errors will be investigated by a data-monitoring team to determine the source of the error. The second phase of this project will be a randomized, controlled study using both paper-based and handheld electronic prescription writing tools in two pediatric outpatient facilities for two years. Each month, we will assign physicians to two-week blocks to utilize either paper-based or electronic prescribing. Randomization will change the method used by the site, rather than that used by the individual physician. The medication error rate will be determined in a fashion identical to that used during the first phase. At the end of each two-week block, all providers will complete a brief survey to quantify their compliance with recommended prescribing practices. These results will provide important data about the effectiveness of electronic prescription writing tools with respect to decreasing medication errors and improving prescribing practices. These results will be useful to
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commercial companies building tools to face the unique challenges of pediatrics. Finally, these results will help to guide additional studies about how information technology may improve pediatric patient care. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPACT OF PUBLICLY FUNDED PROGRAMS ON CHILD SAFETY NETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Budetti, Peter P.; None; Northwestern University 633 Clark St Evanston, Il 60208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Expansion of Medicaid managed care (MMC), a decline in Medicaid enrollment, and an increase in the number of uninsured children appears to be threatening the stability of pediatric safety net hospitals and Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC). Implementation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) may play a key role in their survival. The impact of these health care-related changes on community safety nets for children has not been studied. SPECIFIC AIMS The study will (1)describe relationship between characteristics of publicly funded programs and survival/financial viability of pediatric safety net providers (PSNP), (2) determine differential effects of MMC and S-CHIP for PSNPs relative to pediatric FQHCs, (3) investigate institutional and organizational factors among PSNPs that are precipitating change as a result of evolving Medicaid and S-CHIP programs, and (4)examine how successes and failures that PSNPs have experienced in confronting changes have affected their communities. STUDY DESIGN The unit of analysis is the individual pediatric safety net institution and the study period is 1996 through 1999. Safety net hospitals will be identified from the American Hospital Association's (AHA) Annual Survey of Hospitals and the Medicare Cost Report. FQHCs will be identified from the Uniform Data System (UDS). All hospitals with a high burden of uncompensated care (UC) and/or a large proportion of Medicaid revenues and all FQHCs will be included. Pediatric safety net hospitals and FQHCs will be selected by service mix (AHA data) and telephone survey to gather pediatric UC and Medicaid revenues for each hospital and by service mix and patient characteristics on the UDS, respectively. Key informant interviews will be conducted in MSAs with significant changes MMC and S-CHIP and in MSAs with significant negative, positive, or no changes in financial status of pediatric safety nets. Five case studies of MSAs with substantial change in MMC and S-CHIP and financial safety net success or failure will be conducted. ANALYSIS A logistic regression model will estimate the impact of hospital, market, and policy factors on closure. The model will indicate the extent to which baseline factors as well as changes in state Medicaid and S-CHIP policies affected the probability of closure over time. The hospital's cost, revenue, and profit equations will be modeled using a fixed effects regression model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PARENT TRAINING IN CHILD SAFETY PRACTICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Glang, Ann E.; Oregon Center for Applied Science 1839 Garden Ave Eugene, or 97403 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-OCT-2003 Summary: (provided by investigator): Injuries are the leading cause of death and disability in children in America. Most injuries occur in children's' own homes and yards and can be prevented by parents through implementation of effective child safety
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practices. This project will produce an interactive multimedia (IMM) program that teaches childhood injury prevention skills to parents of children age 0-2. Tailored to the user's home environment, family situation, and child age, the program will be designed for use in home or medical office settings. The Phase I project will develop a CD-ROM IMM program for parents of children aged 6-12 months covering three of the content areas suggested by the American Association of Pediatrics (automobile passenger safety, falls, and poisoning). The program will be evaluated in a randomized trial. Phase II development will expand content to include: (a) additional units covering the remaining six content areas (fires and bums, firearm safety, drowning, suffocation and choking, sharp objects and heavy objects, and electricity), (b) all three child age-ranges (i.e., 0-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-24 months, (c) written materials for parents that summarize key content, and (d) written information for medical providers on program use. Final product will be in Intemet/Intranet, CD-ROM, and DVD-ROM delivery formats. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PLAY DEVELOPMENT
SPACE
FOR
PARENTAL
UNDERSTANDING
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Diedrich, Frederick J.; Aptima, Inc. 12 Gill St, Ste 1400 Woburn, Ma 01801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project examines caregiver understanding of child development in order to design and test an educational play space geared toward improving that understanding through active, hands-on guidance. The goals of the play space are to improve caregiver understanding of complex development between infancy and kindergarten so they (1) safeguard their children against hazards and (2) facilitate their literacy and intellectual development. The long-term objectives are to create a play space and a software-based authoring mechanism for children's museums, daycares, doctors' offices, or preschools such that they will be able to design their own educational play spaces. Phase I work will include a preliminary review of developmental phenomena related to child safety and opportunities for facilitating literacy and intellectual development for infants through kindergarteners. This review will identify developmental phenomena that are difficult to understand because they are either early or precursor skills, late skills, regressions, affected by context or individual differences, or simply non-obvious. The results of the review will inform observational measures in a Phase I investigation of (1) relevant behaviors that current exhibits in the Pittsburgh Children's Museum elicit from children who visit and (2) caregiver beliefs about development and child abilities. Analysis of the data will suggest developmental phenomena and behaviors that relate to safety and literacy that can be elicited in a museum play space environment and that caregivers are unfamiliar with. These results will form the basis of design recommendations for building a new educational play space in Phase II. Phase II will also include a substantial validation study that seeks to quantify the influence of the play space on caregiver sensitivity to development. The validation study will examine changes that improve child safety and the child's opportunities for intellectual and literacy enrichment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REMOVING HOOA FAMILY FARM EXEMPTION: IMPACT ON INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Marlenga, Barbara L.; Marshfield Clinic 1000 N Oak Ave Marshfield, Wi 54449
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal addresses the first priority listed in the RF A: Develop and evaluate new or existing enhanced control technologies and is specifically focused on administrative controls in the form of public policy. Despite increased national efforts, the problem of childhood agricultural fatalities, injuries, and disability persists. Agricultural safety professionals and child safety advocates are beginning to consider public policy approaches. In the United States, one of the policy considerations is removing the family farm exemption from the Hazardous Occupations Order for Agriculture (HOOA). Before investing resources to initiate such a policy change, it would be helpful to assess its potential impact on the prevention of childhood agricultural injuries. The purpose of this proposed study, "Removing the HOOA Family Farm Exemption: Impact on Injury," is to systematically apply the HOOA to case descriptions of fatal and non-fatal injuries experienced by farm children in order to determine if the HOOA (if implemented and enforced) might have prevented the occurrence of these injuries. This proposed study will build upon our previous NIOSH grant in which we assembled a large case series (approximately 1000 cases) of traumatic childhood farm fatalities and injuries using existing surveillance data, coroner/medical examiner records, case investigation reports, and national survey data. The case series will be enhanced by additional injury cases from a national minority farmer's survey. The use of "real life" childhood farm injury cases will provide some evidence of the extent to which removal of the HOOA family m exemption might have reduced the occurrence of these injuries. It will also highlight ages, jobs and situations that would not be covered by removing the exemption. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with child safety, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for child safety (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
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A statewide analysis of child safety seat use and misuse in Michigan. Author(s): Eby DW, Kostyniuk LP. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 1999 September; 31(5): 555-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10440553&dopt=Abstract
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Airplane travel and child safety. Author(s): Sheldon SH, Wilson RR. Source: Pediatrics. 1982 June; 69(6): 835-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7079061&dopt=Abstract
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An analysis of the value of marketing to non-profit organizations: the case of child safety. Author(s): Razis V, Razis N. Source: Health Marketing Quarterly. 1993; 11(1-2): 163-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10132850&dopt=Abstract
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An examination of child safety seat use in a military population. Author(s): Stokes SC, Martin BR, Holmes CK, Jex JW, Lopreiato JO. Source: Military Medicine. 2000 November; 165(11): 875-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11143438&dopt=Abstract
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Anticipatory guidance about child safety seat misuse: lessons from safety seat “checkups”. Author(s): Kohn M, Chausmer K, Flood MH. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2000 June; 154(6): 606-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10850509&dopt=Abstract
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Approaches to child safety and accident prevention. Author(s): Irving M. Source: Community Nurse. 2000 August; 6(7): 23-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982082&dopt=Abstract
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Barriers to the provision of child safety restraint: anticipatory guidance among Rhode Island pediatricians. Author(s): Mull CC, Li MC, Rosenthal A, Berns SD. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2000 October; 83(10): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070679&dopt=Abstract
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Broken windows of the soul--when is child safety going to grow up? Author(s): Bass D. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2003 March; 93(3): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12768944&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of child safety seat users. Author(s): Wagenaar AC, Molnar LJ, Margolis LH. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 1988 August; 20(4): 311-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3415762&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety and demonstration homes. Author(s): MacKellar A. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1991 May 6; 154(9): 575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2056940&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety and the public media. An analysis from the Brisbane Drowning Study. Author(s): Nixon JW, Pearn JH, Wells R. Source: Aust Paediatr J. 1980 September; 16(3): 166-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7224992&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety is no accident. Author(s): Cohen D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984 June 23; 140(13): 756-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6727746&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety is no accident. Author(s): Arena JM. Source: Med Times. 1979 April; 107(4): 79-86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=431355&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety is not accident. A 50-year dilemma. Author(s): Arena JM. Source: N C Med J. 1990 January; 51(1): 56-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2304564&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety program. Author(s): Dewey MJ. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1983 January; 76(1): 39-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6827826&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety programs: implications affecting use of child restraints. Author(s): Hoadley MR, Macrina DM, Peterson FL. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1981 May; 51(5): 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6909446&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety restraint “loaner” programs. An evaluation of legal issues. Author(s): Adler PW. Source: The Journal of Legal Medicine. 1985 June; 6(2): 191-221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3875672&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety restraints: a new law in New Mexico. Author(s): Wayland J, Brady D. Source: N M Nurse. 1983 June; 28(2): 4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6577408&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seat Co-op in New Hampshire. Author(s): Chamberlin AN. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1986 October; 76(10): 1251. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3752335&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seat knowledge among parents utilizing emergency services in a level I trauma center in Southern California. Author(s): Vaca F, Anderson CL, Agran P, Winn D, Cheng G. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 November; 110(5): E61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415067&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seat knowledge among postpartum mothers in an urban setting. Author(s): Spanier AJ, Mercante D, Barkemeyer BM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 September; 95(9): 1017-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356101&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seat misuse patterns in four states. Author(s): Decina LE, Knoebel KY. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 1997 January; 29(1): 125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9110046&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seat misuse: home visiting assessment and intervention. Author(s): Block DE, Hanson TK, Keane A. Source: Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.). 1998 August; 15(4): 250-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9682617&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seat use for infants with Pierre Robin sequence. Author(s): Bull MJ, Stroup KB, Everly JS, Weber K, Doll JP. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1994 March; 148(3): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8130866&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seat use in a midwestern Hmong community. Author(s): Block D. Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 1997 NovemberDecember; 22(6): 304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631624&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seats for the prevention of traffic injuries. Author(s): Collar M. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 2001 May; 94(5): 160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11424724&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seats work! Author(s): McCue M. Source: Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses : Jspn. 2001 April-June; 6(2): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326466&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seats. Author(s): Proehl JA, Bradstreet D. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1987 June; 16(6): 723. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3578983&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seats. Author(s): Proehl JA, Bradstreet D. Source: American Family Physician. 1987 January; 35(1): 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3799422&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seats: do doctors know enough? Author(s): McKay MP, Curtis LA. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 January; 20(1): 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11781910&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seats: proper use and selection. Author(s): Bull MJ, Stroup KB, Alley C. Source: Indiana Med. 1984 October; 77(10): 775-9, 823, 830. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6491248&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety seats--improving use step-by-step. Author(s): Jolly BT. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 September; 34(3): 404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459101&dopt=Abstract
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Child Safety Week: focusing on the local scene. Author(s): Scowen P. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 1996; 6(2): 32-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8704413&dopt=Abstract
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Child safety. Getting the playground ready for spring.and a good resource for playground safety materials. Author(s): Ucci M. Source: Child Health Alert. 2002 April; 20: 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12143776&dopt=Abstract
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Consumer input for child safety programs. Author(s): Martin GL, Heimstra NW. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1974 February; 44(2): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4492406&dopt=Abstract
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Does the use of child safety seats increase as a result of loan schemes? Author(s): Lindqvist KS. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 1993 August; 25(4): 421-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8357455&dopt=Abstract
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Education and child safety: a children's crusade. Author(s): Paalman MH. Source: The Anatomical Record. 1998 December; 253(6): 155. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875983&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluating the impact of child safety seat check-up events on parental knowledge. Author(s): Herring AB, Jones C, Nunez C. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 2002 December; 99(6): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500589&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of a child safety program based on the WHO safe community model. Author(s): Lindqvist K, Timpka T, Schelp L, Risto O. Source: Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 2002 March; 8(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11928968&dopt=Abstract
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Evolving role of standards in child safety: a Canadian perspective. Author(s): Bank J. Source: Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 1998 December; 4(4): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9887414&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of child safety seat to prevent death. Author(s): Ross DJ, Gloyns PF. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 June 21; 292(6536): 1636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3087552&dopt=Abstract
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Firearms and child safety. Author(s): Hollingsworth GW. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1987 December; 141(12): 1250. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3687854&dopt=Abstract
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Firearms in the home and child safety. Author(s): Patterson PJ, Smith LR. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1987 February; 141(2): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3812393&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines for proper use of child safety seats. Author(s): Klinich KD, Manary M. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 February 1; 67(3): 466, 469; Author Reply 46970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588068&dopt=Abstract
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Hospital-based child safety restraint programs. Author(s): Anbar RD, Randell KA. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1986 July; 140(7): 618. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3717094&dopt=Abstract
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How readable are child safety seat installation instructions? Author(s): Wegner MV, Girasek DC. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 March; 111(3): 588-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612241&dopt=Abstract
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How safe are child safety seats? Author(s): Halpern JS. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1990 May-June; 16(3 Pt 1): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2370714&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing child safety-seat use and proper use among toddlers. Evaluation of an enforcement and education program. Author(s): Decina LE, Temple MG, Dorer HS. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 1994 October; 26(5): 667-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7999211&dopt=Abstract
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Infant and child safety practices of parents. Author(s): Jan MM, Hasanain FH, Al-Dabbagh AA. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 December; 21(12): 1142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11360087&dopt=Abstract
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Information through television: does it promote child safety? Author(s): Sundelin C, Rasmussen F, Berfenstam R, Troedsson K. Source: Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 1996 March; 2(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9346052&dopt=Abstract
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Injuries associated with child safety seat misuse. Author(s): Graham CJ, Kittredge D, Stuemky JH. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1992 December; 8(6): 351-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1454645&dopt=Abstract
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Is child safety rebellion reaching its tipping point? Author(s): Mickalide A. Source: Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 2000 December; 6(4): 310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11144635&dopt=Abstract
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Lowe's Home Safety Council: an opportunity for PNPs to work with industry on child safety issues on a large scale. Author(s): Hobbie C, Burns C. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1996 March-April; 10(2): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8847612&dopt=Abstract
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Making child safety no accident. Author(s): Simmons J. Source: Healthplan. 1997 May-June; 38(3): 58-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10176865&dopt=Abstract
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Motor-vehicle occupant injury: strategies for increasing use of child safety seats, increasing use of safety belts, and reducing alcohol-impaired driving. Author(s): Evans CA Jr, Fielding JE, Brownson RC, England MJ, Fullilove MT, Guerra FA, Hinman AR, Isham GJ, Land GH, Mahan CS, Mullen PD, Nolan PA, Scrimshaw SC, Teutsch SM, Thompson RS; Task Force on Community Prevention Services. Source: Mmwr. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control. 2001 May 18; 50(Rr-7): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418509&dopt=Abstract
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National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) notes. Child safety seat distribution: what works? Author(s): Harris JS, Jolly BT, Runge JW, Todd KH. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 September; 34(3): 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459100&dopt=Abstract
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On child safety. Author(s): Price WA. Source: N C Med J. 1987 November; 48(11): 609. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2892140&dopt=Abstract
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Parental attitudes and knowledge of child safety. A national survey. Author(s): Eichelberger MR, Gotschall CS, Feely HB, Harstad P, Bowman LM. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1990 June; 144(6): 714-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2346154&dopt=Abstract
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Pediatric residents buckle up: a child safety seat training program for pediatric residents. Author(s): Tender JA, Taft CH, Frey C, Mickalide A, Gitterman BA. Source: Ambulatory Pediatrics : the Official Journal of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association. 2001 November-December; 1(6): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888424&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal child safety education. Author(s): Goodson JG, Buller C, Goodson WH 3rd. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 March; 65(3): 312-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3974957&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing death and injury in childhood: a synthesis of child safety seat efforts. Author(s): Roberts MC, Turner DS. Source: Health Educ Q. 1984 Summer; 11(2): 181-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6520001&dopt=Abstract
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Principles in injury control: lessons to be learned from child safety seats. Author(s): Kalbfleisch J, Rivara F. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1989 June; 5(2): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2748406&dopt=Abstract
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Priorities for child safety in the European Union: agenda for action. Author(s): Vincenten J, Michalsen A. Source: Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 2002 March; 9(1): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462158&dopt=Abstract
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Proper use of child safety seats. Author(s): Biagioli F. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 May 15; 65(10): 2085-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046778&dopt=Abstract
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Recommendations to reduce injuries to motor vehicle occupants: increasing child safety seat use, increasing safety belt use, and reducing alcohol-impaired driving. Author(s): Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001 November; 21(4 Suppl): 16-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11691558&dopt=Abstract
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Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase use of child safety seats. Author(s): Zaza S, Sleet DA, Thompson RS, Sosin DM, Bolen JC; Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001 November; 21(4 Suppl): 31-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11691560&dopt=Abstract
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Some observations regarding the vibrational environment in child safety seats. Author(s): Giacomin J. Source: Applied Ergonomics. 2000 April; 31(2): 207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10711983&dopt=Abstract
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Strategies for child safety. Author(s): Vimpani GV. Source: Aust Paediatr J. 1982 December; 18(4): 235-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7165582&dopt=Abstract
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Studies of child safety restraint use in motor vehicles--some methodological considerations. Author(s): Webb GR, Bowman JA, Sanson-Fisher RW. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 1988 April; 20(2): 109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3358831&dopt=Abstract
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The association between hands-on instruction and proper child safety seat installation. Author(s): Lane WG, Liu GC, Newlin E. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 October; 106(4 Suppl): 924-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11044145&dopt=Abstract
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The child safety and drug safety acts. Author(s): Van Dellen TR. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1966 July; 130(1): 56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4380131&dopt=Abstract
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The Child Safety Centre--a new concept in child accident prevention. Author(s): Cohen D. Source: World Hosp. 1979 August; 15(3): 199-202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10244801&dopt=Abstract
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The Maryland child safety seat law. Author(s): Roberts KB, Bernstein-Cohen L, Gielen AC. Source: Md State Med J. 1983 December; 32(12): 919-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6664122&dopt=Abstract
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The misuse of child safety restraints. Author(s): Halpern JS. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1987 November-December; 13(6): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3320446&dopt=Abstract
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The problem of child safety in South Africa. Author(s): Wodrich D, Eastman J. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1979 March 10; 55(10): 381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=432733&dopt=Abstract
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The use of child safety restraints with nursery furniture. Author(s): Watson WL, Ozanne-Smith J. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1993 June; 29(3): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8518008&dopt=Abstract
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Tractors, motorcycles, ATVs: inconsistencies in legislation for child safety. Examples from New Zealand. Author(s): Langley JD. Source: Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 1996 March; 2(1): 4-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9346044&dopt=Abstract
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Using administrative data to assess child safety in out-of-home care. Author(s): Garnier PC, Poertner J. Source: Child Welfare. 2000 September-October; 79(5): 597-613. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11021349&dopt=Abstract
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'What I said' versus 'what you heard': a comparison of physicians' and parents' reporting of anticipatory guidance on child safety issues. Author(s): Morrongiello BA, Hillier L, Bass M. Source: Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 1995 December; 1(4): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9346035&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. DISSERTATIONS ON CHILD SAFETY Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to child safety. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “child safety” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on child safety, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Child Safety ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to child safety. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Developing Guidelines for Designing Child Safety Printed Educational Materials: A User-Centered Approach by Stevens, Suzanne Lynn; Phd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2003, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082610
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Evaluation of the Educational Component of the Madera County, California, Child Safety Seat Program by Hernandez, Natalie Yvvone; Mph from California State University, Fresno, 2002, 70 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412796
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Factors Associated with Parental Practice, Knowledge and Perception of Child Safety in the Home Environment by Alfano, Kathleen Mary, Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1996, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9634407
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON CHILD SAFETY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.4 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “child safety” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on child safety, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Child Safety By performing a patent search focusing on child safety, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 4Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on child safety: •
Anchorage system and apparatus for a child safety seat and method of using same Inventor(s): Madsen; Aron K. (Marysville, OH), Maruyama; Kazuhiko (Dublin, OH), Swayne; Andrew K. (Dublin, OH), Tiefenthaler; Jeffrey P. (Mechanicburg, OH) Assignee(s): Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,485,055 Date filed: August 7, 2000 Abstract: A safety restraint anchoring device for use in a vehicle includes an anchor plate having an opening defined therethrough, the plate being adapted to have multiple portions thereof fixed to a support panel in a vehicle body, and a rigid rod member connected to the anchor plate. The rod member has a loop shaped portion extending through the opening and projecting away from said plate, and the loop shaped portion is adapted to securely receive a child restraint seat attachment tether. The rod member also has ends welded to a surface of the anchor plate and the loop shaped portion of the rod member extends through the opening in the plate. The anchor plate is adapted to be welded or otherwise fixed to a lower surface of the support panel and the loop shaped portion of the rod member extends through an opening defined in the support panel and projects away from the support panel when the anchor plate is fixed to the support panel. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to child restraint anchorage systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to the following: a weld-on child restraint anchor, which preferably uses a vehicle's parcel shelf box structure for attachment, an installation kit for installing a child restraint anchor system into a vehicle as part of the vehicle's parcel shelf box, and to methods of using same. In accordance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 213 and 225, manufacturers of child restraints have begun producing a new generation of child safety seats, which attach to vehicles in a new way. These new safety seats include a top tether strap designed to improve seat stability and to reduce the potential for head injury. Beginning Sep. 1, 1999, vehicle manufacturers have equipped most new passenger cars (excluding convertibles), minivans, light trucks, and SUV's with corresponding top tether strap anchorage attachments. With a new generation child seat, a consumer installs the seat in the rear seat of a vehicle using the seat belt to secure the bottom of the seat, and the child seat tether and tether hook to secure the top of the seat to the vehicle's child anchor. With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, conventionally many vehicle manufacturers use a bolton style child anchor 2 that is secured with a bolt 4 to a child anchor weld nut 6, which nut is typically welded to a flange on a vehicle's front stiffener panel 8 or a separate smaller bracket (not shown). The anchor 2 has an opening 14 to which a tether hook 24 of a child safety seat may be connected. This style of child anchor is relatively straight forward, but it has some disadvantages and inefficiencies associated with its use. For example, one disadvantage with the conventional arrangement of FIGS. 1, 2, is the timeconsuming and awkward installation process. Installation of such arrangement occurs at the vehicle factory, and specifically it takes two workers approximately 45 seconds to install it at 3 seat locations, and installation requires the use of an anti-rotation jig to guarantee that the anchor is straight and facing forward. In a vehicle assembly line context, relative to its size and complexity, this is a time-consuming and awkward process.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06485055__ •
Antenna configuration of an apparatus for detecting a child safety seat placed on a seat of a motor vehicle Inventor(s): Hamperl; Reinhard (Koefering, DE), Hetzenecker; Erwin (Regensburg, DE), Pietsch; Arnulf (Regensburg, DE), Swart; Marten (Obertraubling, DE), Zelger; Christian (Regensburg, DE) Assignee(s): Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (Munich, DE) Patent Number: 6,307,518 Date filed: April 4, 1997 Abstract: An antenna configuration in an apparatus for detecting a child safety seat placed on a seat in a motor vehicle. A single transmitting antenna formed as a loop surrounds two loop-shaped receiving antennas. The receiving antennas receive electromagnetic measurement fields originating from an electromagnetic exciter field transmitted by the transmitting antenna. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an antenna configuration of an apparatus for detecting a child safety seat placed on a seat of a motor vehicle. Especially in light of recent findings regarding the apparent dangers posed by airbags and the development and integration of systems which will ensure proper inflation of airbags (i.e. adjusted inflation force depending on the occupant and/or temporary disengagement of the tripping mechanism), it is most important to dependably determine various bits of information regarding the type and position of any occupant on each motor vehicle seat exposed to such airbags. The information is particularly important when a child safety seat is placed on the vehicle seat. There has become known from German Patent DE 44 09 971 C2 one such apparatus, in which one transmitting antenna and one receiving antenna each are disposed in the vehicle seat. An electromagnetic exciter field is broadcast periodically via the transmitting antenna. A resonator/transponder of a child safety seat placed on the passenger seat alters the exciter field in a characteristic way. The exciter field altered by the resonator is picked up as a measurement field by the receiving antenna and evaluated by an evaluation circuit. If a single characteristic for a resonator is ascertained in the measurement field, then an output circuit of the apparatus generates a status signal that is supplied in particular to an airbag controller. The airbag controller can vary the tripping of an airbag disposed in front of the vehicle seat, or a side airbag disposed laterally of the seat, on the basis of the status signal output by the child safety seat detection apparatus. Optionally, airbag tripping can be prevented, to protect a child in the child safety seat from the force of the airbag as it inflates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06307518__
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Car seat pad Inventor(s): Konovalov; George (20835 E. Apache Way, Walnut, CA 91789), Wells; Jennifer M. (P.O. Box 1466, Brea, CA 92822) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,454,352 Date filed: April 14, 2000
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Abstract: A car seat pad for use in child safety seats is described. The seat pad is formed of isotonic foam or encapsulated gel material to insulate an infant or small child from the hard surface of the safety seat. The pad includes a back portion and a hingedly joined seat portion. The back portion includes a number of slots designed to accommodate the seat belt webbing of the child safety seat. The seat portion includes a notch to provide space for the buckle of the seat belt. A removable washable cover is provided for the seat pad. The cover includes reinforced openings aligned with the slots in the back portion of the pad. In versions of the seat pad designed for larger children, a lumbar support pas is attached to the lower end of the back portion and an additional seat pad is attached to the upper end of the seat portion. The side edges of the back and seat portions are tapered to eliminate additional padding material from accumulating in the safety seat when the seat pad is fold to fit within the seat. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to padding material for seating structures. More particularly, the invention relates to removable seat padding designed for use with portable child automobile seats. Laws in most states now mandate the use of child safety seats for infants and children under certain weight limits when riding in automobiles. While many designs for child safety seats have been developed, most if not all, provide only rudimentary padding for the developing bones and skeletal structures of infants and small children. As many children spend considerable time in these child safety seats the potential for discomfort, injury and even improper development of bones, muscles and skeletal structures is a very real problem. Various devices have been developed to provide padding for repeated human contact with hard surfaces. U.S. Pat. No. 5,865,180 issued to Sigfrid discloses a pocket connected to a cover into which is introduced a removable pad and a second pocket designed to close over the pad and the first pocket. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06454352__ •
Child carrier Inventor(s): Fowler; Michael (Longmont, CO), Lennert; Christopher B. (Longmont, CO) Assignee(s): American Recreation Products, Inc. (St. Louis, MO) Patent Number: 6,318,608 Date filed: August 7, 2000 Abstract: A child carrier for supporting a child adjacent the back of a user's torso includes a forward portion having straps engageable with the user's torso for enabling the user to tote the child carrier in a hands-free manner. A rearward portion is generally rearward of and spaced from the forward portion and a seat portion is connected generally between the forward and rearward portions for supporting a child. A child compartment is between the forward and rearward portions and defined at least in part by the seat portion. A child safety harness includes at least two shoulder straps connected to the carrier at respective first ends of the shoulder straps and positioned in the child compartment to extend over the shoulders of the child when the child is placed on the seat portion. An adjustment strap is coupled to respective second ends of the shoulder straps. An adjustment device is mounted on the carrier and has an engaged position for engaging the adjustment strap such that the shoulder straps may be tightened on the child by exerting a force only on the adjustment strap, the adjustment device inhibiting loosening of the adjustment strap and thereby inhibiting loosening of the shoulder straps on the child when the adjustment device is in the engaged position.
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Leg straps extend from the rearward portion toward the forward portion, the leg straps positioned to extend over at least one leg of the child. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to child carriers for supporting a child in a child compartment adjacent the back of a hiker, and more particularly to a child carrier having an adjustable five point child safety harness for securing the child in the child compartment. A conventional child carrier has a forward portion with shoulder straps and a waist strap for holding the child carrier on the back of a hiker. A child compartment having a seat portion for supporting the child is positioned rearward of the forward portion. Some older model child carriers included no means for holding the child in the compartment. Later model child carriers include a shoulder harness and/or a simple lap belt to prevent the child from falling (or climbing) out of the carrier. However, some later model child carrier harnesses and lap belts have proven deficient under real world conditions. It has been reported with regard to recent recalls of some child carriers that certain harnesses and/or lap belts do not always prevent the child from wriggling out of the child compartment. The prior art harnesses and lap belts are often difficult to properly tighten against the child, which is due in part to the difficulty of adjusting straps inside the child compartment while the child is in the carrier. Where the harness and/or lap belt are not properly used, there is a serious risk that the child may wriggle out of the child compartment and fall to the ground. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06318608__ •
Child resistant self igniting hand held lighter Inventor(s): Gerace; Joseph L. (10821 Claridge St., Westchester, IL 60154) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,390,809 Date filed: April 10, 2000 Abstract: A child safety device in a hand held lighter comprises a rotatable barrel section and a release button. The child safety device requires that a user of advanced dexterity and hand eye coordination push a trigger or release button while contemporaneously therewith rotating the barrel section. Rotation of the barrel section allows for aligning of fuel line sections so that when aligned and the trigger mechanism is depressed, the flammable substance is allowed to flow to the firing chamber at the nozzle. After each depressing and release of the trigger, the barrel section returns to its first position, and the user must re-rotate the barrel section to re-light to lighter. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to general purpose utility lighters, such as those used to ignite candles, barbecue grills, fireplaces, and campfires, and in particular to a lighter having a safety device. Specifically, the present invention related to a child resistant, self-igniting hand held lighter. The instant invention provides a mechanism to reduce the likelihood of dangerous and oftentimes deadly fires by implementing a child resistant device on hand held lighters, specifically, those used in the lighting of candles, barbecue grills, fireplaces, and campfires. Such hand held lighters are well described in the art, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,738,507 to Mifune et al. Protection against child use is achieved with the present invention by implementing a device that requires dexterity and hand-eye coordination of an advanced age. Dangers associated with children and fire are well known. Dangerous and oftentimes fatal fires often result when children play with or attempt to use hand held lighters. Deadly fires often result because present hand held lighters of the type identified do not sufficiently
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guard against use by young children. The present invention addresses these problems and others which may also be associated with the known art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06390809__ •
Child restraint system for aircraft use Inventor(s): Duda; David Joseph (Corona, CA), Nathan; Ronald John (Long Beach, CA), Parrow; James John (Coppell, TX) Assignee(s): Golden Talon Aviation Consulting, Inc. (Coppell, TX) Patent Number: 6,543,722 Date filed: August 24, 2001 Abstract: A child safety restraint system is disclosed for use on private and commercial aircraft. The invention includes a removable, portable strap assembly for safely securing automotive child safety seats to aircraft seats and frames in compliance with present and pending federal aviation safety regulations. A system is disclosed which includes a pair of anchors attached to the front beam on an aircraft seat. A pair of connectable and adjustable belt assemblies are attached one each, to the anchors. One belt assembly is passed through the frame of a child safety seat and connected to the other belt assembly. The combined length of the connected belt assemblies is then adjusted to place the system in tension, and thereby secure the child safety seat to the aircraft seat. The resulting system provides significantly improved safety for children over the use of the lap belts to secure child safety seats in commercial aircraft. Excerpt(s): None. The present invention relates to child safety restraint systems in transportation, and in particular, to child restraint systems for use on aircraft. More specifically, the present invention relates to a removable, portable strap assembly for securing automotive child safety seats to aircraft seats and frames in compliance with federal aviation safety regulations. The safe transportation of children is an issue of national interest. Every state in the nation has enacted laws pertaining to the use of child safety seats in vehicles for the transportation of infants and toddlers under 2 years of age. Substantial progress has been made in the design of these seats and education of the public in the necessity of their use. Airline transportation has provided safety engineers with different problems to address than automobiles. Additionally, since travel by infants and toddlers on aircraft is less frequent than by automobile, design improvements have lagged. Since parents traveling with infants and toddlers are required to have child car safety seats at their final destinations, the safety seats normally travel with the parents, but often are stored as luggage, with the children being held by the parents or secured into an aircraft seat with a standard lap belt. The small bodies of children are not well protected by a lap belt, and are at extreme risk when being held by a parent or guardian. Infants held by a parent or guardian also pose a serious risk to other passengers and crewmembers, since the adult is unable to hold onto the child in severe turbulence, high energy stops, and crashes. The result is that infants and toddlers on aircraft are currently at much higher risk of injury or death than adults. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06543722__
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Child safety barrier Inventor(s): Andersen; Finn (Niels Bohrsvej 14, DK-8670 Lasby, DK) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,301,832 Date filed: September 11, 2000 Abstract: A child safety barrier for positioning across an opening includes a frame and a gate which is hinged to the frame and can be swung from a closed position where the gate lies in the plane of the frame to an open position out of the plane, a corner of the barrier including a spring-biased threaded rod with friction block which can be pressure fit against a side of the opening and includes markers for indicating the degree of pressure fit within the opening. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a safety child barrier of the type which includes a gate mounted in a frame, the barrier being fastenable in an opening using clamping devices which can be clamped against the sides of the opening. Child safety gates are used as temporary barriers across doorways, stairways, windows, and similar openings to prevent small children and animals from passing therethrough. There are known child safety barriers which include a frame with a central gate and there are also known barriers where the gate is located at one side thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06301832__
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Child safety barrier for use in a driveway Inventor(s): Cundy; John P. (49409 Shenandoah Dr., Macomb, MI 48044), Malczewski; James E. (21210 Raintree, Macomb, MI 48044) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,301,831 Date filed: July 28, 2000 Abstract: A safety barrier positionable across a path for deterring rolling objects from passing beyond the barrier includes an elongate hollow member having open lateral ends. The elongate hollow member includes a base for positioning on a surface and an upwardly extending wall having an arcuate concave surface for hindering rolling objects from passing beyond the barrier. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a child's safety barrier and especially a barrier for positioning near an end of the driveway or other inclined surface for preventing rolling objects such as balls from passing the barrier. Children's safety is a major concern of parents, caretakers, and other adults. Most adults know of an occurrence when a child has run after a ball rolling into the street where and has not looked out for possible oncoming traffic. Tragically, some children have been injured or killed by a vehicle when they ran into the street to retrieve the ball. Parents in the past have provided a makeshift barrier at the end of their driveway out of furniture, blocks of wood, and other articles to prevent their children's play toys from rolling into the street and thereby preventing the children from retrieving the play toys. These previous barriers used by parents to block rolling objects were generally cumbersome to move, unattractive and did not always stop the rolling object. In addition, the articles had to be removed from a driveway before a vehicle could proceed into the homeowner's yard. It is the intent of the current invention to address the aforementioned concerns by providing a barrier for
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rolling objects and especially for children's balls and other rolling playthings that is lightweight to carry, transportable, durable, easily connectable to each other to adjust its length, as well as easy and inexpensive to manufacture. The safety barrier of the present invention is an elongated member having a base and a first and second wall extending upwardly from the base. The first and second walls meet at an upper point spaced above the base wherein at least one of the walls has a concave exterior surface. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06301831__ •
Child safety car seat, protector, protector for child-care instrument, child-care instrument and bed for a newborn Inventor(s): Kassai; Kenzou (Osaka, JP), Onishi; Ichiro (Osaka, JP), Takahashi; Fumiko (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Aprica Kassai Kabushikikaisha (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,481,794 Date filed: February 1, 2000 Abstract: A safety car seat for a child is provided with a headrest vertical moving device, a shoulder belt position control device, a sleeping support position control device, a crotch belt position control device, a footrest step position control device and a moving device for changing the capacity of a support space for protecting the brain, the back and respiration of a child in the seat. By employing this mechanism, it is possible to provide a juvenile safety car seat enabling implementation of comfortability and safeness as well as protection of the brain, the neck and respiration of a baby based on medical criteria for the baby. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a technique for changing the capacity of a space for supporting a juvenile whose body is in the process of growth, and more particularly, it relates to a technique for enabling a bed state optimum for a baby based on medical criteria in a neonatal period, infancy or childhood. The most important factors of a child-care instrument are excellent safeness and comfortability for a juvenile or child. Among child-care instruments, particularly a child safety car seat employed in a car must be comfortable and assure a high safety in supporting a child in a proper state responsive to the growth of the child. A neonate grows into an infant, a child and a school child, and its habitus or growth changes in this process. Therefore, the juvenile safety car seat must change the space for supporting the juvenile in response to the change of its habitus for regularly providing an optimum space responsive to the growth of the child. Further, it is extremely important to protect the brain, the neck and respiration of the juvenile, particularly a neonate or an infant whose brain is in a developmental stage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06481794__
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Child safety device Inventor(s): Kovnatsky; Ilya (35 W. Bellwood Ave., Holland, PA 18966), Osborne; Harold G. (36 Delft Dr., Holland, PA 18966), Osborne; Richard C. (83 W. Myrtle Ave., Feasterville, PA 19053) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,650,241 Date filed: December 22, 2000 Abstract: A perimeter monitoring system intended for the enhanced safety of children includes a receiver communicating with a plurality of transmitters worn by the monitored individuals within a predefined perimeter area surrounded by a perimeter loop antenna. A periodic transmission is sent by each transmitter to the receiver as confirmation that the child is presently within the desired area. The system will alarm the operator and provide an indication identifying any one of the monitored children that either leaves the predefined perimeter or enters a restricted area. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to security systems. More particularly, the invention is directed to a child safety system. A typical home or commercial security system generally consists of a plurality of different monitoring devices, depending upon the type and extent of protection desired. The monitoring devices include motion sensitive detectors, closed circuit video cameras, light curtains and audio detectors. Motion sensitive detectors and light curtains may be setup to cover a particular area. An alarm will be triggered if movement is detected within the monitoring area. Likewise, audio detectors will monitor for intruders by detecting all sounds within a defined area and activating an alarm if the sounds exceed a predetermined threshold. Video monitoring devices such as closed circuit cameras are typically installed in areas where direct visual monitoring is difficult or when it is desired to observe several areas from a single location. However, video monitoring devices require constant visual surveillance of the display to determine whether any changes have occurred. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06650241__
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Child safety device, alarm and lock for firearms Inventor(s): Riebling; John Terry (Pittsburgh, PA) Assignee(s): Child Guard LLC (Gibsonia, PA) Patent Number: 6,601,332 Date filed: February 7, 2000 Abstract: Trigger lock, safety and alarm devices for a firearm includes a trigger clamp that immobilizes the devices on the firearm in a position in which the device cannot be moved with respect to the firearm to actuate the trigger and discharge the firearm. The devices include a locking mechanism that is used to mount the device to the firearm. An alarm on the device is sounded by actuation of a motion sensor when the device is moved, for example, when the firearm is moved. The alarm can be enabled and disabled using buttons mounted on the devices, and an indicator light flashes on the devices when the alarm is enabled. The keys are also used to operate the locking mechanism to lock or unlock the devices. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to safety devices, alarms and locks and, more particularly, to safety devices, alarms and locks for firearms. Gun locks are used to
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reduce the incidence of accidental or unauthorized discharge of firearms. Trigger locks inhibit access to the trigger of the firearm in an effort to prevent operation of the trigger to fire the firearm. Trigger locks typically consist of two main assemblies that are mounted and locked together over or around the trigger guard and trigger of the firearm, thereby blocking access to the trigger. Known trigger locks are, however, inadequate. Locks that employ a key to lock the two assemblies to each other on the firearm are of very limited use to those who own firearms for self defense, since ready access to the key may not be available in a perceived emergency, and, in any event, proper and quick use of the key to unlock the lock may be difficult or impossible given the stressful nature of the emergency situation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06601332__ •
Child safety latch assembly Inventor(s): Julian; Ian M. (2111 Chatou Pl., Kennesaw, GA 30152) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,431,616 Date filed: September 24, 1999 Abstract: A latch assembly for releasably maintaining the drawer in a closed position with respect a drawer frame includes a latch guide attached to the interior surface of the front panel of the drawer. The latch guide has a guide channel defined therein, a latch member is slidably received. The latch member engages the drawer frame in its locked position and includes a body to which a spring is mounted for biasing the latch member upwardly into engagement with he drawer frame. The latch member has a ramp along which a slide member moves. The slide member is connected to a rod which, in turn, is connected to a drawer knob. When the knob is pulled forwardly, the latch member is moved downwardly against the force of the spring to disengage the latch member from the frame to enable the drawer to be opened. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to latching or locking devices. More particularly, the present invention primarily relates to safety latching or locking devices for securing cabinets or drawers against access by children. Latching devices are commonly used for securing cabinets, drawers and other closure devices in a closed and locked position. Such latching devices typically have been in the form of keyed locks mounted in the door or face of a drawer and include a locking bolt that is moved into locking engagement with the frame of the door or drawer as they key is turned. Such key locks are, however, not practical or are inconvenient for use with drawers or cabinets that are frequently accessed, such as kitchen cabinets, such that it is impractical to have to replace/use a key to pen the drawer or cabinet. However, it is also often necessary for these cabinets to be secured against access by small children to prevent them from reaching dangerous or breakable objects such as knives or glassware. Accordingly, childproof latching or locking devices have been developed to secure drawers and cabinet doors. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,139,249 and 5,823,649 disclose child-proof latches for cabinets and drawers. The problem with such child-proof latching devices, however, typically has been that they are difficult to operate, as they generally include a spring biased catch or lock located inside the drawer or cabinet. Thus, the person opening the drawer or cabinet generally must hold the door or drawer open with one hand while reaching into the drawer and depressing the catch with the other hand.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06431616__ •
Child safety lock Inventor(s): Scottino; Anthony C. (24 Sidehill La., Yonkers, NY 10710) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,352,290 Date filed: April 18, 2000 Abstract: An apparatus comprising modified cabinet doorknobs, a lock shaft and a pressure activated lock for mating with the connecting shaft. The lock shaft fits through the holes in the doorknobs. The lock comprises a housing, spring loaded window or pin, and a spring. When a user presses down on the lock the pin or window would move allowing passage of the lock shaft through the lock. When released, the pin or window would engage the holes, grooves or flanges of the shaft locking the shaft and preventing removal of the shaft from the lock. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for securing cabinet doors and specifically to a child safety lock to prevent children from gaining access to cabinets in kitchens and bathrooms. The prior art discloses a wide variety of cabinet locks and child safety locks. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,243 discloses an electromagnetic lock with remote treadle for securing cabinets. U.S. Pat. No. 5,230,541 discloses a cabinet fastener with a flexible elongated band for securing paired handles of a cabinet. U.S. Pat. No. 4,984,833 discloses a lock hook for a door of a computer cabinet. U.S. Pat. No. 4,177,656 discloses a heavy duty cabinet lock. U.S. Pat. No. 3,475,929 discloses a portable locking device which requires a padlock. What is needed beyond the prior art is a child safety lock of simple and inexpensive design. The present invention meets the needs and solves the problems identified above by providing an apparatus comprising modified cabinet doorknobs, a lock shaft and a pressure activated lock for mating with the connecting shaft. The modified cabinet doorknobs replace the existing doorknobs. In some cases, existing doorknobs may be altered to meet the requirements of the modified doorknobs. The modified doorknobs each have a knob shaft of a first diameter and a knob of a second diameter. The second diameter will always be larger than the first diameter. Each modified doorknob has a 1/4 inch hole running horizontally through the center shaft of the doorknob and parallel to the surface of the cabinet to which the doorknobs are to be attached. A typical doorknob has a knob of approximately 1 inch diameter and a shaft 3 1/4 inches long and 3/8 inch diameter. The modified doorknobs may be secured to the cabinet by a variety of means. In the preferred embodiment, the modified doorknobs are secured to the cabinet by 11/4 inch screws. A washer may be placed between the doorknob shaft and the cabinet door. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06352290__
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Child safety restraint Inventor(s): Christian; Anne (Garland, TX), Martin; Lauree (Iola, TX) Assignee(s): Propedia, L.L.C. (Iola, TX) Patent Number: 6,409,272 Date filed: July 20, 2000
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Abstract: An apparatus suitable for safely restraining a child in a sitting position in a child transport or seat is disclosed. The apparatus may preferably be attached to a vehicular seat, infant carrier, stroller, high chair, booster seat, motion toy, or shopping cart. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a child safety restraint apparatus. More specifically, an apparatus suitable for safely restraining a child in a sitting position in a child transport is disclosed. The apparatus may preferably be attached to a shopping cart to safely restrain a child seated therein. Numerous systems have been developed to safely restrain children in variety of transports, including child seats, strollers and shopping carts. However, accidents continue to be a problem. Active children, if not properly supervised, are often able to defeat many of the current restraint systems. Such lack of supervision commonly occurs as parents are momentarily distracted or otherwise inattentive. Unfortunately, serious injuries are often sustained after the child escapes from the mechanical restraints. This is particularly a problem during shopping trips. Parents often leave children temporarily unattended in a shopping cart while browsing through a store's merchandise. During these moments, accidents and injuries are likely. The magnitude of this problem was highlighted in a report from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. The Commission reported that an annual average of 21,600 children under the age of 5 were treated in U.S. hospital emergency rooms for shopping cart injuries during the years 1985 to 1996 (see http:// www.cpsc/gov/library/shopcart.htmo). More than half of these were treated for falls from the carts (about 16,000 in 1996). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06409272__ •
Child seat with movable side head guards Inventor(s): Kassai; Kenzou (Osaki, JP), Yamamoto; Hiroyasu (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Aprica Kassai Kabushikikaisha (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,485,101 Date filed: July 31, 2001 Abstract: Nursing equipment for a child, such as an adjustable child safety seat, includes a back rest, a pair of side guards provided on opposing sides of the back rest for protecting side portions of an infant, and a pair of side head guards provided to be movable in an upward/downward direction and so as to be selectively detachable, inside the pair of side guards. By this structure, the nursing equipment helps to surely protect the head and particularly the brain of an infant as the infant grows. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nursing equipment or an adjustable child safety support device such as an adjustable child safety seat and, more specifically, to a structure for a nursing equipment capable of fully protecting a head (brain) of an infant. Healthy and sound growth of infants and babies is a common wish of parents worldwide. The first to third years, and especially the second year for a baby is a critical period when the baby comes to be aware of his or her self. Therefore, it is recognized that protection of the head (brain) of the, infant of this age is of importance for sound and healthy growth of the infant. The head (brain) may be protected by a "proper nursing method" and "use of proper nursing equipment." Here, "proper nursing method" means proper parental care of the infant as described in detail in, for example, IKUJI NO GENRI (Principle of Child Bearing), by Dr. Jushichiro Naito. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06485101__
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Child's safety seat pillow Inventor(s): Kastlunger; Maribel (2266 Binday Way, San Diego, CA 92054) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,641,221 Date filed: August 20, 2002 Abstract: An improved head and neck support pillow is presented that is light-weight, washable, and can be attached to a standard child's safety seat. The pillow is designed to support a child's head and neck while the child is in the seat and the vehicle is in operation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to headrests, headrest pillows, and head and neck support devices that can be attached to child safety seats, wheelchairs, and the like. Pillows, cushions, and other head supports/restraints are a common feature of seats and support systems such as wheelchairs and safety seats. This invention is particularly pointed towards child safety seats and the lack of support for children's heads in such seats. Parents who place their children in such safety seats are often witnesses to a sleeping child's head falling forward or on one side while the child is in the seat. When sudden movement of the car occurs, such as a sharp turn or stop, or hitting a dip in the road, the child's head can move violently with unfortunate consequences. Children awaken suddenly and begin crying and can even suffer injury to the head or neck. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641221__
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Combined vehicle window control and child safety locking device Inventor(s): Li; Mark Hao (Birmingham, GB) Assignee(s): Meritor Light Vehicle Systems (UK) Limited (GB) Patent Number: 6,650,025 Date filed: September 13, 2001 Abstract: A vehicle incorporating a switch, a window operable by a first power actuator, and a door having a child safety locking device operable by a second power actuator, the vehicle further including an associated window operating switch and an inside door opening handle for normal use by an occupant sitting adjacent the door, in which the switch is arranged to operate the second power actuator to put the child safety locking device into a child safety on condition, prevent the first power actuator from opening the window in response to operation of the associated window operating switch, and prevent the second power actuator from operating in response to operation of the inside door opening handle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to vehicles, in particular vehicles having power operated windows and doors with child safety locking devices. Child safety locking devices are known on rear vehicle doors, and can be in either an on or off condition. The child safety locking device on condition corresponds to a situation which prevents the opening of the door by operation of an inside door handle, and the child safety device off condition corresponds to a situation which allows the opening of the door by operation of an inside door handle. Child safety locking devices can be manually changed between these conditions. Furthermore, vehicle manufacturers are employing power operated child safety locking devices operable by switches usually located near the driver. Many vehicles incorporate a switch to disable the rear electric windows, with
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this switch again usually located near the driver. Clearly many other driver operated switches and levers need to be readily operable by the driver, hence there is limited space for these devices. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06650025__ •
Convertible child safety seat Inventor(s): Clement; David F. (Colorado Springs, CO), Goor; Dan (Colorado Springs, CO), Goor; E. Patricia (Colorado Springs, CO) Assignee(s): XSCI, Inc. (Colorado Springs, CO) Patent Number: 6,386,632 Date filed: February 29, 2000 Abstract: The convertible child safety seat of the present invention provides improved occupant protection in all vehicles, in both the front and rear seats, and especially in vehicles equipped with a passenger-side airbag. The child safety seat includes an air bag deflector, including a shock absorbent canopy to deflect an expanding air bag away from the infant and dampen the shock of airbag deployment and an impact. The child safety seat is convertible from a rearward facing position to a forward facing position. The cradle of the safety seat is removable utilizing a single-handed release mechanism to unlock the cradle from the frame. A handle with ergonomically designed grips aids removal of the cradle and allows carrying the cradle to put less strain on the carrier. Excerpt(s): Many states have passed laws that mandate the use of a child safety seat for children up to the age of four years old. In recent years, an increasing number of vehicles have been equipped with passenger-side airbags with the expectation that all automobiles produced in the United States will be so equipped, and by 1999, passengerside airbags will be federally mandated for all new vehicles, including light trucks. Although child seat manufacturers routinely warn purchasers to secure the child safety seat in the center of the rear-seat when there is an airbag in the car, it is not uncommon for the seat to be placed in the front, passenger-side seat. However, rear-facing infants in the back seat, when alone with the driver, often cause distractions which contribute to or cause crashes. In addition, recent Government data shows that in numerous rear-end crashes, front seats break and hurt, or even kill, children in the back seat. For the sake of safety alone, if not for passenger side airbag, then rearfacing infants should be placed in the front seat to avoid distractions from the back seat which contribute to crashes and to allow for infant driver eye contact thus adding to the infant's feeling of security. That not withstanding, the failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions presents a serious safety risk to an infant in a rearfacing safety seat positioned in front of a passenger side air bag. A significant body of data has shown that the interaction between a rear facing infant seat and a front passenger-side airbag can result in excessive head and chest acceleration, causing serious and perhaps fatal injury to an infant occupant. For example, the airbag/seat interaction produces accelerations of an infant's head exceeding 100 G's at bag impact and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) values ranging from 650 to 1300. By contrast, rear facing seats not experiencing airbag interaction produce head accelerations of about 50 G's and HIC values less than 1000 and generally around 650 when crash tested at a standardized test speed of 48 km/hr. The Child Restraint Air Bag Interaction (CRABI) task force recommends 390 HIC as the top acceptable number for infant safety. One reason that it has not been possible to meet the HIC recommendations is that current infant restraint systems use hard plastics.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06386632__ •
Locking device for a child safety door Inventor(s): Cheng; Shu-Chen (3rd Fl., No. 100, Wenlin N. Rd., Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,425,609 Date filed: February 21, 2001 Abstract: A locking device for use with a child safety door has a press bar (24) pivotally received in a housing (21), a first latch (22) pivotable in relation to the housing (21) and having an end (222) securely engaged with a first end (242) of the press bar (24), a handle (26) pivotally received in the housing (21) and having an abutting block (263) and a second latch (23) slidably received inside the housing (21) and operatably connected with the handle (26). With such an arrangement, the press bar (24) and the handle (26) are able to control the locking/unlocking mode between the door (14) and the doorframe (10) of the safety door. Excerpt(s): The present utility model relates to a locking device, and more particularly to a locking device for a child safety door. The locking device has a first latch and a second latch adapted to be detachably received in holes in a doorframe to selectively lock the safety door. With reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, a conventional safety door is shown. Normally, the safety door has a U-shaped frame (30), a door (40) pivotally connected with the frame (30) and a locking assembly (50) provided in the door (40) to secure the engagement between the door (40) and the frame (30). The locking assembly (50) has a housing (51) with a first latch (52) movably received in the housing (51) to correspond to a first hole (31) and a second latch (53) pivotally received in the housing (51) to correspond to a second hole (32) of the frame (30). The locking assembly (50) further has a control handle (55) pivotally connected with the housing (51) by means of a torsion spring (56), a retaining cam (54) securely engaged with the control handle (55) and having an extension (541) formed with the retaining cam (54) and operatably engaged with the first latch (52) and a lever (57) opposite to the first latch (52) and pivotally received in the housing (51) and a first end of which extends out of the housing (51) and a second end of which engages with a free end of the second latch (53). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06425609__
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Operating child safety barriers Inventor(s): D'Amelio; Brian (Maynard, MA), Fernandes; Antonio S. (Fall River, MA), Hagerty; Thomas A. (Somerville, MA), Hotaling; Bryan R. (Arlington, MA), Monahan; Robert D. (Canton, MA), Rossman; Jon R. (Chelmsford, MA) Assignee(s): First Years Inc. (DE) Patent Number: 6,536,163 Date filed: October 12, 2001 Abstract: A child safety barrier is disclosed, including a receptacle assembly rigidly mountable to a structural element on one side of a passageway, a gate comprising a latch housing, the gate being mountable to a structural element on an opposite side of the passageway and positionable to span across the passageway, a retractable plunger
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assembly disposed at least partially within the latch housing and extendable from the latch housing to engage the receptacle assembly and retain the gate in a closed position, and a knob exposed at a surface of the latch housing for manipulation by an operator, the knob being movable in a first sense to a first position and movable from the first position in a second sense to cause the plunger assembly to retract from the receptacle assembly to release the gate for opening. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to operating child safety barriers, such as those placed across the top of a staircase to prevent infants or children from wandering onto a stairway. Child safety barriers (gates) are found across entrances at the tops of stairways in the homes of many people with infants or small children. Safety codes can require that such gates be securely fastened to structural elements on either side of the entrance on top of a stairway, rather than be held in place by pressure and friction. It is desirable that such gates be easily operated by adults, but not by small children. The invention features a child safety gate having a latching assembly that can be engaged with a corresponding receptacle assembly, and then released by moving a single knob in two consecutivesenses, such as in a linear sense and then a rotational sense. The word "sense" is used herein to indicate a direction of motion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06536163__ •
Safety gate Inventor(s): Yates; Pauline Diane (16 Vicar Road, Anfield, Liverpool, L6 OBW, GB), Yates; Robert (16 Vicar Road, Anfield, Liverpool, L6 OBW, GB) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,470,948 Date filed: February 16, 2001 Abstract: A collapsable, child, safety gate for selectively forming a barrier across an opening inside a house such as a stairwell, including a storage housing capable of being fixed in position across the house opening, either permanently or temporarily, and a folding curtain-which can be stored in the storage housing when folded and which can be withdrawn therefrom along guide tracks to an extended position for forming a barrier across the opening. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of United Kingdom patent application number 0003849.7, filed Feb. 19, 2000. The present invention relates to a safety gate, especially a child safety gate, for forming a barrier across an opening inside a house such as a doorway, stairwell, and the like. Child safety gates are used for preventing babies and toddlers from reaching parts of the house which are dangerous to the child (e.g. stairs) or to which the child might cause harm. Known safety gates produced to date comprise rigid non-collapsable, generally rectangular frames of various types which usually include a series of barrier rods, typically of about 0.5 inch/1.2 cm diameter. These frames have screw fixings at the four comers for enabling the frame to be fixed in position within or across the housing opening, either temporarily or semipermanently. Since these gates employ a rigid frame, they are cumbersome and not easily stored. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06470948__
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Seat belt tension sensor Inventor(s): Hartley; David L (Shelby Township, MI), Kohut; George Rodney (Troy, MI), Murphy; Morgan D. (Kokomo, IN), Purdie; David B (Itasca, IL), Yoon; Joseph Y (Rochester Hills, MI) Assignee(s): Delphi Technologies, Inc. (Troy, MI) Patent Number: 6,554,318 Date filed: February 28, 2001 Abstract: A seat belt tension sensing assembly fixedly secured to a vehicle. The seat belt tension sensing assembly has a housing and a slider slidably received within the housing, the slider being capable of movement between a first position and a second position within the housing, the second position corresponding to a tension in the seat belt consummate with a child safety seat being secured by the seat belt, the slider having a first opening for a portion of the seat belt to pass therethrough. A first magnet and a second magnet are secured in a second opening in the slider, the first and second magnet being in a facing spaced relationship. A Hall effect device is fixedly secured to the housing and protrudes into the second opening of the slider. The Hall effect device is closer to the first magnet when the slider is in the first position and the Hall effect device is closer to the second magnet when the slider is in the second position. The Hall effect device provides a signal to an air bag controller, and a biasing member provides an urging force to the slider, the urging force urging the slider into the first position. Excerpt(s): This application relates to tension sensors, and in particular, a seat belt tension sensor. Vehicular air bags play an important role in restraining a seat occupant in vehicular crash situations. However, and in some applications, it may be desirable to suppress the deployment of an air bag. In addition, the deployment of an air bag corresponding to an unoccupied seat represents an unnecessary repair expense. Vehicles are provided with seat restraint systems such as a seat belt in order to restrain an occupant in a seat of the vehicle. In some vehicles, the seat restraint system may be a lap belt, a shoulder belt, or both. Occasionally, the lap belt and shoulder belt are connected together at one end. The seat restraint system includes a latch plate at the connected end. The seat restraint system also includes a buckle connected at one end by webbing or the like to the vehicle structure. The buckle receives the latch plate to be buckled together. When the buckle and latch plate are buckled together, the seat restraint system restrains movement of the occupant to help protect the occupant during a collision. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06554318__
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Vehicle door latch mechanism Inventor(s): Kalsi; Gurbinder Singh (Warley, GB) Assignee(s): Meritor Light Vehicle Systems (UK) Ltd. (Birmingham, GB) Patent Number: 6,474,706 Date filed: August 7, 2000 Abstract: Vehicle door latch mechanism with child safety facility includes a base plate 12 having a throat 14 which receives a striker with which the latch engages. A main actuating lever 16 is operable by an exterior door handle and/or power actuator to release the latch and has an arm 22 carrying a longitudinally slidable drive dog 24. A release lever 18 operable only by an inside door handle is pivoted in a plane normal to
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the plane of arm 22. A rotatable button 26 in throat 14 so as to be accessible only when the door is open has crank connection to dog 24 to shift it between a drive position at which the levers coact and a disabling position at which movement of release lever 18 will not drive lever 16. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to latch mechanism for doors and other closures of vehicles with particular application to the rear passenger doors of cars and light vehicle likely to be accessible to children in the vehicle but remote from immediate adult supervision. It is known to provide the latch mechanism with a child safety facility whereby the latch mechanism can be set to a child safety mode in which the door cannot be unlatched by use of the inside door handle or equivalent inside release facility when the door is shut, the setting means being rendered inaccessible by the closing of the door. The object of the invention is to provide latch mechanism having a child safety facility which is of particularly simple construction requiring few components, which is economical to manufacture and assemble, and which is reliable and effective in use. According to the invention there is provided a vehicle door latch mechanism having a child safety facility, and mechanism including a main actuating lever operable by an exterior handle of the door and/or a remotely controlled power actuator in use to release the mechanism for opening the door: an inside release lever operable by an interior handle of the door in use: and a child safety facility having setting means inaccessible when the door is closed for selectively enabling and disabling drive connection of the inside release lever with the main actuating lever: characterised in that said facility includes a drive dog slidingly engaged with an arm of one of said levers for movement longitudinally thereof between a drive position at which it co-acts with an arm of the other of said levers to transmit drive from the inside release lever to the main actuating lever and a disabling position at which it is clear of said arm, and a setting element linked to the dog for effecting said movement and operatively positioned so as to be accessible only when the door is opened. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06474706__ •
Vehicle seat assembly having child seat attachments Inventor(s): Adamson, Sr.; Richard (Almont, MI), Raybon; Michelle (St. Clair Shore, MI), Severinski; Paul S. (Brownstown, MI), Verdura; Philip (West Bloomfield, MI) Assignee(s): Lear Corporation (Southfield, MI) Patent Number: 6,634,710 Date filed: September 28, 2001 Abstract: A vehicle seat assembly includes a seat frame for supporting a cushion of a seat. A bracket is attached to the seat frame. The bracket includes mounting locations for fastening the bracket to a floor portion of a vehicle. At least one pair of anchor wires are attached to the bracket. Each of the anchor wires includes first and second legs which are attached to the bracket, and a latch receiving portion interconnecting the first and second legs. The latch receiving portion is adapted to be releasably engageable with a corresponding latch mechanism on a child safety seat. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to vehicle seats, and in particular to a structure of a vehicle seat incorporating anchoring wires for use in securing a child safety seat to a passenger seat. Automotive child safety seats have typically been secured to passenger seats of a vehicle using straps, such as the existing seat belt for adult passengers. The ends of the seat belt are anchored to structural members of the
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automobile. The seat belt is directed through apertures or slots formed in the child safety seat, thereby securing the child seat relative to the seat belt. It is often laborious and sometimes complicated to fasten the child safety seat by means of the seat belt. Due to the flexible nature of the seat belt, the position of the child seat may also shift during operation of the vehicle. To overcome these problems associated with securing a child safety seat with the existing seat belt, various regulations have been implemented requiring standardized structures and methods for securing child seats within an automobile. One such regulation was promulgated by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, entitled "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Child Restraint Systems; Child Restraint Anchorage Systems", (64 FR 10786). The regulation requires that motor vehicle manufacturers provide a new way of installing child seats that are standardized and independent of the vehicle seat belts by use of a new anchorage system. Suitable child safety seats will include restraints or latches for coupling to the anchorage systems. The anchorage system includes a pair of spaced apart anchoring wires having a generally U-shaped configuration functioning as a receiving portion for a cooperating latch of a child safety seat. The anchoring wires are secured relative to the vehicle to provide a rigid support for transmitting the load or force from the child seat upon impact or rapid deceleration of the vehicle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06634710__ •
Vehicular child safety seat Inventor(s): Inoue; Keiji (Osaka, JP), Kassai; Kenzou (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Aprica Kassai Kabushikikaisha (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,322,143 Date filed: December 4, 2000 Abstract: A vehicular child safety seat comprises a waist belt engaging portion for deciding the vertical position of a waist belt provided on a movable member displaceable with respect to a base portion and locking means for restricting displacement of the movable member with respect to the base portion. The movable member is rendered rotatable about an axis X--X. A user can adjust the vertical position of the waist belt by rotating the movable member. The user can further fix the vertical position by changing the direction of a switch portion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a vehicular child safety seat placed on a seat of a car and fixed to the seat of the car with a waist belt included in a seat belt provided on the seat for holding a juvenile. Following the recently increasing requirement for improvement in safety of automobiles, a vehicular child safety seat has been developed as an apparatus for attaining safety for a newborn, an infant, a child or a schoolchild (generically referred to as a juvenile) riding in a car. The vehicular child safety seat 1 includes a seat surface 11 and side walls 12. Each side wall 12 has a waist belt engaging portion 13 and a shoulder belt engaging portion 14. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06322143__
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Vehicular child safety seat Inventor(s): Kassai; Kenzou (Osaka, JP), Yamamoto; Hiroyasu (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Aprica Kassai Kabushikikaisha (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,520,579 Date filed: July 16, 2001 Abstract: A child seat includes a seat body, a base, and a mechanism for simultaneously sliding the seat body forward as the seat body is rotated relative to the base. This rotation sliding mechanism includes a cam plate connected to the seat body and an abutting plate connected to the base. When the seat body is in a forward-facing position, one side of the cam plate is entirely abutted against the abutting plate. When the cam plate is rotated by 45.degree., the cam plate moves toward the front while a corner of the cam plate abuts against the abutting plate. With this structure, the child seat has enhanced securing stability relative to a vehicle seat and can facilitate in-vehicle handling. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to vehicular child safety seats which are secured to a vehicle seat by a seat belt of a vehicle seat. More specifically, the present invention relates to a structure of a vehicular child safety seat capable of providing enhanced securing stability relative to a vehicle seat and facilitating in-vehicle handling. If a conventional vehicular child safety seat (hereinafter referred to as a child seat) has a mechanism in which a support surface for supporting a child is rotatable, the support surface is rotated with the child seat secured to a vehicle seat. Thus, for the purpose of preventing a backrest of the support surface from interfering the vehicle seat (especially, a backrest of the vehicle seat) when the support surface rotates, the backrest is adapted to incline largely forward. Alternatively, the support surface is designed to provide a prescribed distance between the backrest of the child seat and the backrest of the vehicle seat, taking into account a rotating radius of the backrest of the child seat. However, the former alternative requires a complicated mechanism. In addition, for rotation of the support surface, the backrest must incline forward. As a result, in-vehicle operation becomes complicated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06520579__
Patent Applications on Child Safety As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.5 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to child safety:
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Adjustable width child safety barrier Inventor(s): Britto, James J.; (Westport, MA), Hagerty, Thomas A.; (Somerville, MA), Hotaling, Bryan R.; (Arlington, MA), Monahan, Robert D.; (Canton, MA), Rossman, Jon R.; (Chelmsford, MA) Correspondence: James W. Babineau; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20020179257 Date filed: June 5, 2001 Abstract: A method is disclosed of installing a barrier device at a passageway. The method includes attaching a barrier housing containing a retractable barrier to a structural element on one side of the passageway, extending the barrier a desired distance from the barrier housing, with the barrier so extended, setting an extension limit of the barrier to prevent subsequent extension of the barrier beyond the desired distance from the barrier housing and, with the extension limit set, retracting the barrier into the housing. The set extension limit can permit subsequent retraction and reextension of the barrier up to the set extension limit. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to child safety barriers, such as are placed across doorways to protect children. Safety gates are found in interior doorways in the homes of many people with infants or small children. Some such gates are rigidly mounted to one side of a passage and can swing open. Others, for example, are secured by pressure against a doorframe, and removed entirely to allow passage. Still others, for example Sandsborg, U.S. Pat. No. 5,690,317, have suggested m expanding a flexible barrier across a doorway to act as a safety gate for children. Improvements in manufacturability and ease of use are desired for such gates. The invention features a flexible barrier-type safety gate that can be readily adjusted to set a maximum extension width when mounting the gate in position. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Aid for threading a seat belt through a child safety restraint Inventor(s): Dittmar, Dezarae J.; (Franklin, TN), Dittmar, Edward S.; (Franklin, TN) Correspondence: Banner & Witcoff; 1001 G Street N W; Suite 1100; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020062543 Date filed: November 29, 2000 Abstract: A device helps the user pull a vehicle seat belt mechanism through a child safety restraint seat to secure the seat in the vehicle. In one embodiment, the device includes an elongated handle member and a pocket member located at one end of the handle member. This pocket member includes: (a) at least one wall that defines a chamber to receive a portion of a seat belt mechanism, (b) an open face of sufficient size to allow the portion of the seat belt mechanism to enter into the chamber, and (c) a slot defined in the wall. The slot allows a restraining band portion of the seat belt mechanism to extend outside the chamber and retains the portion of the seat belt mechanism within the chamber when the handle member is pulled. In another embodiment, the device includes an elongated handle member having a first end and a second end and a spring hook mechanism located proximate the second end. This
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spring hook mechanism includes: (a) a base portion connected with the elongated handle member and (b) a free hook end extending from the base portion toward the second end of the elongated handle member. The free hook end includes a hook member for engaging a portion of the seat belt mechanism. In this embodiment, the distance between the hook member and the first end of the elongated handle member is greater than the distance between the base portion and the first end of the elongated handle member. Preferably, the devices according to the invention are integrally formed from a rigid but flexible material, such as a strong plastic. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a device to assist in the installation of a child safety restraint seat of the type designed to rest on a vehicle seat and to be secured to the vehicle seat by a vehicle lap or shoulder belt which passes between the child restraint occupant and the vehicle seat. A common design of a child safety restraint seat includes a transverse channel or path in a base or frame for receiving a seat belt of the lap or shoulder type in a tie-down arrangement. The male metal engagement plate of the seat belt buckle passes through the child safety restraint seat and is coupled to a mating female buckle on the other side, thereby securing the child safety restraint seat to the vehicle. Often, the transverse channel or path the male metal engagement plate and fabric belt must take through the base or frame of the child safety restraint seat is smaller than a person's hand or arm and/or is not a straight smooth path for the seat belt to transverse. This makes it difficult to thread the seat belt through the child safety restraint seat and to secure the safety seat to the seat of a vehicle. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Child automotive safety seat with integral seat belt tensioner Inventor(s): McNeff, James R.; (Eagle, ID) Correspondence: Pedersen & Company, Pllc; P.O. Box 2666; Boise; ID; 83701; US Patent Application Number: 20030127894 Date filed: December 2, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides a child safety seat with an integral seat belt tensioner for properly securing the seat to the passenger seat of an automotive vehicle by taking up the slack in the seat belt after it has been fastened through the child seat. The tensioner pulls or pushes the seat belt so that the few inches of slack that usually exist are eliminated by the tensioner. The safety seat is adapted to have internal space, either in its back and/or below the seat, to accommodate the tensioner and the belt movement so that the controls, tensioner, and/or other moving parts are out of the reach of the a child in the seat. A preferred version of the tensioner includes motor and gearing to move a belt holder up and down generally along the rear of the safety seat, for tightening and loosening the belt, respectively. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of Provisional Application Serial No. 60/338,415, filed Nov. 30, 2001, and entitled "Child Automotive Safety Seat with Integral Seat Belt", which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates generally to child safety seats for use in an automotive vehicle and more particularly to properly securing a child's safety seat to a passenger seat of the vehicle. Today's passenger vehicles have a seat restraint device, commonly known as a "seat belt," for each occupant the vehicle is designed to carry. However, use of a conventional seat restraint by a small child can result in serious injury to the child in the event of a collision or other accident. To mitigate this problem, child safety seats and other devices have been developed
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which improve the safety afforded the child passenger. Such safety seats are typically secured to the vehicle's passenger seats directly by the vehicle's seat belts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Child protector device for child car seat, bed or the like Inventor(s): Kassai, Kenzou; (Osaka, JP), Onishi, Ichiro; (Osaka, JP), Takahashi, Fumiko; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Fasse Patent Attorneys, P.A.; P.O. Box 726; Hampden; ME; 04444-0726; US Patent Application Number: 20020195851 Date filed: August 27, 2002 Abstract: A protector device for a child-care instrument such as a child safety car seat or a child bed provides cushioning and protection around the child while allowing the support space for receiving the child to be adapted to different stages of the growth of the child. The protector device includes a head protector surrounding the child's head, an upper protector surrounding the child's upper body, and a lower protector surrounding the child's lower body. Protector elements may also support the child's head and body from below. The adaptable protector device makes the child-care instrument safer and more comfortable for the child in various stages of growth. Excerpt(s): The present application is a Divisional Application of our copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/496,151, filed on Feb. 1, 2000. The most important factors of a child-care instrument are excellent safeness and comfortability for a juvenile or child. Among child-care instruments, particularly a child safety car seat employed in a car must be comfortable and assure a high safety in supporting a child in a proper state responsive to the growth of the child. A neonate grows into an infant, a child and a school child, and its habitus or growth changes in this process. Therefore, the juvenile safety car seat must change the space for supporting the juvenile in response to the change of its habitus for regularly providing an optimum space responsive to the growth of the child. Further, it is extremely important to protect the brain, the neck and respiration of the juvenile, particularly a neonate or an infant whose brain is in a developmental stage. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Child resistant seat belt Inventor(s): Bates, Andrew Martin; (Gainesville, FL), Dean, Arvie Clyde III; (Gainesville, FL) Correspondence: Arvie Clyde Dean Iii; 205 N.E. 9th Street; Gainesville; FL; 32608; US Patent Application Number: 20030079321 Date filed: October 29, 2002 Abstract: A permanent enhancement for seat belts and child safety seat belt buckles that is resistant to release by children. The device is molded from rubber, plastics, polymers, or composite materials as to not be excessive in size and it can be color coded to match the materials used in the vehicle or child safety seat. The force required to release the
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belt can be controlled through material choice and the size of the release button. Thus, discouraging the untimely release of the seat belt buckle. Excerpt(s): This application is a non-provisional patent application having Ser. No. 60/345,906 filed on Oct. 29, 2001, which is owned by the same inventors. The present invention relates generally to seat belt restraint devices, and, more particularly, to a seat belt restraint for children. Child safety is among the most important issues of today's parents. These concerns are heightened in the area of automobile safety. When children reach the age/size where the use of a toddler child safety seat or a booster seat is warranted, parents are subjected to the frustration and danger that is presented by these devices. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Child safety barriers Inventor(s): Hagerty, Thomas A.; (Somerville, MA), Hotaling, Bryan R.; (Arlington, MA), Monahan, Robert D.; (Canton, MA), Rossman, Jon R.; (Chelmsford, MA), Sidman, Ronald J.; (Marston Mills, MA) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20030197164 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: A child safety gate includes a flexible barrier that is retractable into a housing and extendable across a passageway to inhibit passage by a child. An electrically operable extension lock solenoid inhibits barrier extension until activated by a parent. The gate includes a motion sensor, a night light, a child monitor and an interactive audio-visual display. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to child safety barriers, such as are placed across doorways to protect children. Safety gates are found in interior doorways and passages in the homes of many people with infants or small children. Some such gates are rigidly mounted to one side of a passage and can swing open. Others, for example, are secured by pressure between opposing vertical surfaces, and removed entirely to allow passage. Improvements in manufacturability, ease of use, and safety are desired for such gates. In one aspect, the invention features an adjustable width child safety gate. The gate includes a housing mountable to a surface on one side of a passageway and a main shaft coupled to the housing for rotation about an axis. The gate also includes a flexible barrier secured to the main shaft at an inner edge of the barrier. The barrier is extendable across the passageway to inhibit passage by a child. The gate also includes an electrically operable extension lock adapted to prevent extension of the barrier from the housing until electrically unlocked. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Child safety cap for syringe pump Inventor(s): Bynum, Gail Beth; (Brooklyn Park, MN) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould P.C.; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030163089 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: A safety cap cover for use with a medication pump and a method for using a pump are described, where the cap cover makes the pump is more difficult for a child to open. The cap cover according to the present invention is configured to reversibly attach to and enclose a pump cap of a medication pump. The cap cover is movable from a first state to a second state on the pump cap. In the first state, the safety cap cover rotates freely around the pump cap. In the second state, the cap cover contacts an exterior surface of the pump cap so that the user can apply torque on the pump cap through the cap cover to rotate the pump cap. Preferably, the safety cap cover is moved from the first state to the second state by applying a radially inward force on opposing sides of the cap cover. Excerpt(s): This application is being filed concurrently with the following six commonly assigned patent applications: "Cartridge and Pump with Axial Loading" (also identified by Attorney Docket No. 9015.143US01 and Express Mail Certificate No. EV036305619US), "Syringe Pump Control Systems and Methods" (also identified by Attorney Docket No. 9015.144US01 and Express Mail Certificate No. EV036305622US), "Insulin Pump Having Missed Meal Bolus Alarm" (also identified by Attorney Docket No. 9015.146US01 and Express Mail Certificate No. EV036305596US), "Programmable Medical Infusion Pump Displaying a Banner" (also identified by Attorney Docket No. 9015.147US01 and Express Mail Certificate No. EV036305579US), "Programmable Insulin Pump" (also identified by Attorney Docket No. 9015.148US01 and Express Mail Certificate No. EV036305582US), and "Programmable Medical Infusion Pump" (also identified by Attorney Docket No. 9015.141US01 and Express Mail Certificate No. EV036305605US). The disclosures of these six patent applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The present invention relates to a medication pump and a cartridge for use in a medication pump, and methods for using the same. More particularly, the present invention is particularly useful in the context of portable medication pumps that automatically discharge medication from a medication cartridge. Various ambulatory or portable medical devices are known for treating patients at a remote site away from the caregiver or clinician office. One example of an ambulatory medical device is a drug delivery device, such as a drug pump, for providing periodic or continuous drug delivery to the patient when the patient is away from the caregiver's office. Ambulatory drug pumps are shown for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,559,038, 4,731,058, 5,531,697, 5,389,078 and 5,695,473, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Drug pumps may be used to deliver insulin and many other medications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Child safety car seat assembly Inventor(s): Yanagihara, Lyle C.; (Honolulu, HI) Correspondence: Woodard, Emhardt, Naughton, Moriarty And Mcnett; Bank One Center/tower; Suite 3700; 111 Monument Circle; Indianapolis; IN; 46204-5137; US Patent Application Number: 20020171274 Date filed: May 15, 2001 Abstract: A child safety seat system having a child seat, a separable mounting plate, and a stroller frame incorporating a mounting plate. The mounting plate attaches to an automobile or similar seat by means of a standard adult seat belt. The child seat may be coupled to the separable mounting plate or the stroller frame mounting plate for transporting a child securely. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to child restraint devices designed to transport children, and more specifically to apparatus and methods for utilizing a car seat in both a car and on a stroller. Child safety seats are know for transporting children in automobiles, while strollers or buggies are known for transporting children over walking distances. As many trips include both driving and walking portions, these trips have traditionally required the use of both a child safety seat and a stroller. At least two problems are posed with to the transportation of children over both walking and driving portions of a journey. First, the parent may purchase two separate pieces of equipment, such as a car seat and a stroller. Second, the parent may remove the child from a seated position when transitioning from one mode of transportation to the other. The child may be unbuckled from the car seat, removed from the car seat, placed in the stroller seat and strapped into the stroller when transitioning from the riding to the walking portion of a trip. This multi-step transition is stressful to the child, especially if the child has fallen asleep in the car seat during the ride portion of the journey. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Child safety device adaptable on a vehicle Inventor(s): Catin, Joseph; (Saint Jean De Niost, FR), Vezinet, Cedric; (Lyon, FR) Correspondence: Dennison, Schultz & Dougherty; 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020163232 Date filed: May 24, 2002 Abstract: Child safety device able to be adapted on a vehicle.The device of the invention includes a portable element (2) fitted with a tiltable arch-shaped handle (4) and a base (3) permanently fixed on a seat of the vehicle, the portable element (2) and the base (3) being equipped with centering and positioning means and vertical locking means via the rotation of the portable element (2) with respect to the base (3).According to the invention, the vertical locking means include an anchorage piece (15) provided with at least one locking branch (16) and an opening (17) emerging into a cavity and making it possible to insert the locking branch (16) through the opening (17) according to an engaging position and then bringing the portable element (2) into a locking position via a relative rotation of the anchorage piece (15) with respect to the opening (17). Excerpt(s): The invention concerns the technical sector of motor vehicle safety devices for a child and able to be used at the rear and/or at the front of vehicles for private
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individuals. The term "motor vehicle child safety device" is limited to low weight categories, that is the groups 0, 0+ and 1, namely respectively child devices from 0 to 10 kg, 0 to 13 kg and 9 to 18 kg. More specifically, the invention concerns devices made up of a body and a carrying arch-shaped handle offering a large number of functions, such as carrying outside the vehicle or use as a bench deck-chair. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Child safety device for buses Inventor(s): Talbot, Douglas C.; (Vail, CO) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye P.C.; 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Road; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20020186124 Date filed: March 13, 2002 Abstract: A bus safety system for reminding a driver to search a bus for passengers comprising a receiver module incorporating a microprocessor, the receiver module programmed to control an alarm based on at least one selected time interval following activation; a wire harness attachable between the receiver module and an electrical system of the bus; and a transmitter incorporating an alarm deactivation switch and adapted to send RF signals; wherein the receiver module is adapted to receive the RF signals from the transmitter. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/877,393 filed Jun. 8, 2001. This invention relates to a safety device for buses, and specifically, to a child safety device particularly applicable to school buses. There are several alarm systems currently available for ensuring that no children are left on a bus after the last scheduled stop. These systems require the driver to walk to the back of the bus to deactivate an alarm that will otherwise sound after a predetermined interval. In some cases, the driver can perform the check and deactivate the alarm while the ignition is on, for example, after the last stop but before returning to the bus yard. Examples of such alarm systems may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,107,915; 5,874,891; 5,243,323 and 5,128,651. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Child safety feature for a vehicle door latch Inventor(s): Fisher, Sidney Edward; (Worcestershire, GB) Correspondence: Carlson, Gaskey & Olds, P.C.; 400 West Maple Road; Suite 350; Birmingham; MI; 48009; US Patent Application Number: 20030015878 Date filed: July 12, 2002 Abstract: A vehicle door latch operably connected to a manually operable element selectively operable to disable a transmission path between the vehicle door latch and an internal door release means thereby to prevent release of the vehicle door latch by the internal door release means, wherein the manually operable element comprises means of illumination.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Great Britain patent application numbers GB 01 17446.5 filed Jul. 18, 2001. This invention relates to child safety features on vehicle door latches, particularly to the visibility of child safety features. Most vehicle doors can be opened from both inside and outside. When a passenger is a child, curiosity may lead to the child opening the door from the inside when it is not safe to do so. For this reason it is desirable to be able to stop a child being able to open the door from the inside. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Child safety restraint system for swing sets Inventor(s): McNutt, Eddie; (Conway, AR), McNutt, Mary Sue; (Conway, AR) Correspondence: Richard J. Poe; 391 Hwy 286 East; Conway; AR; 72032; US Patent Application Number: 20030040372 Date filed: August 25, 2001 Abstract: A safety system for restraining a child in a conventional swing set comprising a belt for secure placement around the upper torso of a child, with safety snap hooks attached to the belt for securely engaging the vertical support elements of the swing set. The safety snap hooks are attached to the belt by means of D-rings through which the belt passes. The D-rings are fixed at such a location as to position the safety snap hooks adjacent to the vertical support members of the swing set. Further, such D-rings are fixed at such a spacing as to prevent fastening the belt at a diameter smaller than a child's head to prevent entrapment about the neck or head. The safety snap hooks are connected to the D-rings by one or more chain or S-links, or short flexible elements. The safety snap hooks are of the type that have a self-positioning member at the hook opening that will not allow the hook to become disengaged from the vertical support elements of the swing set unless intentionally activated manually. The safety snap hooks are constructed in shape and size so they can be hooked into chain links of the vertical support elements of the swing set or fastened over the outside of chain links so as not to be movable to an adjacent chain link unless intentionally manually disengaged. The ability to be fastened over the outside of a chain link allows the safety snap hook to accommodate chain with plastic sheathing or other coverings. The safety hooks will also work on swing sets with vertical support members of rope or other flexible material by tying a knot at the appropriate location and attaching the safety hook just above the knot. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved safety restraint system for restraining a child of about three years of age and above in a conventional play ground type swing set. The prior art relates to restraint systems that consists either of restraining systems built integral to the play ground swing set and are not portable between swings or adjustable for height, or that are of a harness type constructions. The prior art of harness type construction is primarily intended for infants and very small children below the age of about three years and are not adaptable or suitable for older children. A child restraint system for restraining a child in a conventional playground type swing set is disclosed. The restraint system of the present invention comprises a belt for fastening around the upper torso of a child with the belt attaching to the vertical support elements of the swing set through linkage and appropriately shaped safety snap hooks. The system is portable from swing set to swing set and is attachable at various positions along the vertical support elements of the swing set but remain fixed at the attached positions until manually removed and reattached at other locations. The disclosed system is portable from swing set to swing set and has the advantage over prior art
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restraint systems which form an integral part of the swing set and are not portable. Prior art systems incorporate a system of seats and harnesses that are often found objectionable by the wearer. The present invention is usable at various height settings, has fewer parts and is simple to understand and use compared to the prior art devices and is more economical to produce and maintain. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Child safety seat Inventor(s): Burleigh, David William; (Bognor Regis, GB), Carine, David Shaun; (Andover, GB) Correspondence: Davis & Bujold, P.L.L.C.; Fourth Floor; 500 N. Commercial Street; Manchester; NH; 03101-1151; US Patent Application Number: 20030047972 Date filed: August 15, 2002 Abstract: A child safety seat, for use in a vehicle, has a seat body including a seat portion and a seat back. A link member connects the seat body to a vehicle body. Movement of the link member relative to the seat body is arranged to cause movement of a part of the child seat relative to the child seat body so as to put the child seat in a better condition to protect a child occupant in the event of an accident. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a child safety seat for use in a vehicle of the type comprising a seat body including a seat portion and a seat back, and a link member for connecting the seat body to a vehicle body. The link member may comprise a guide adapted to be engaged by a vehicle seat belt. Alternatively, the link member may comprise a flexible or rigid coupling adapted to engage with anchorages on the vehicle body. Frequently, it is difficult for a child's body to be positioned in a child seat in conditions that are optimum in the event of an accident. For example, if the child seat has a child harness (such as is disclosed in EP-A-0295838), it is desirable for the harness to be as tight as possible. In practice, users do not tighten the harnesses of child seats sufficiently for optimum performance. In addition, the straps of such harnesses are liable to stretch during an accident. Similarly, in the case of a rearward-facing seat for an infant (such as is disclosed in EP-A-1006017), the optimum position in the event of an accident is to have the seat back in a relatively upright position. In normal use, a more reclined position is preferred because it provides better support for the infant's head and because it is more conducive to sleep. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Child safety seat Inventor(s): Mori, Isamu; (Saitama-shi, JP), Takizawa, Manabu; (Saitama-shi, JP) Correspondence: Armstrong,westerman, Hattori,; Mcleland & Naughton, Llp; 1725 K Street, Nw, Suite 1000; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20020000743 Date filed: June 25, 2001 Abstract: An improved child safety set is disclosed, which in a thin and simple structure using an unconventional material is highly capable of shock absorption by dispersing a
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body pressure omnidirectionally to protect the head and the stomach of an infant seated in the safety seat in a traveling vehicle. At least in a head corresponding portion (1e) of a child safety-seat main body (1) there is disposed a mass of a cushioning material that is capable of absorbing an impact by dispersing a pressure thereof. Such a mass of cushioning material is preferably a mass of gel material (8) or a liquid sealed flexible bag (30). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a child safety seat using a yieldable mass of material having excellent cushioning or shock absorbing properties for protecting the body and, inter aria, the head of a young child or infant seated on the child safety seat. A child safety seat basically comprises a safety-seat main body adapted to receive and securely hold an infant and a main-body bearer for supporting the safety-seat main body immovably from its bottom side. With the bearer fixed fast to a seat in a vehicle such as a passenger car, the child safety seat is designed to assure safety for the infant placed in the vehicle while traveling. Further, the safety-seat bearer is attached to the bottom of the safety-seat main body for placement on a seat of the vehicle and for fixation fast thereto by means of a belt from the vehicle seat. The safety-seat bearer typically is designed to render the safety-seat main body turnable horizontally and/or slidable in its reclining direction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Child safety seat Inventor(s): Maier, Dieter; (Giengen, DE), Schall, Hermann; (Neenstetten, DE) Correspondence: Davis & Bujold, P.L.L.C.; 500 North Commercial Street; Fourth Floor; Manchester; NH; 03101; US Patent Application Number: 20020038968 Date filed: November 5, 2001 Abstract: A child safety seat comprises a seat structure having a base support surface for resting on a vehicle seat cushion, and a seating surface for a child occupant, the seating surface. A rigid link is attached to the child seat structure solely by a coupling mechanism that permits angular movement of the child seat structure relative to the rigid links about an axis located above the base support surface. A releasable connector is mounted on the rigid link for engagement with a standard anchorage unit associated with the vehicle seat. The child safety seat may be either forward facing or rearward facing. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application No. 09/678,004. This invention relates to a child safety seat for use in a vehicle. It is well known for a child safety seat to rest on a vehicle seat and to be secured thereon by the corresponding vehicle seat belt. The disadvantage of this arrangement is that, even if the vehicle seat belt is pulled very tight during installation, the resilience of the belt, will permit undesirable movement of the child seat relative to the vehicle in the event of sudden deceleration, for example, during an accident. In order to overcome this disadvantage, it has been proposed to provide vehicle seats with standard anchorage units at agreed locations for engagement by releasable connectors which are attached to the child seat structure by rigid links. Such anchorage units will be referred to hereinafter as "standard anchorage units". Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Child safety seat Inventor(s): Arnott, Kris Alan; (Colorado Springs, CO), Clement, David F.; (Colorado Springs, CO), Goor, Dan; (Colorado Springs, CO) Correspondence: Weingarten, Schurgin, Gagnebin & Lebovici Llp; Ten Post Office Square; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20020175544 Date filed: May 14, 2002 Abstract: The infant safety seat of the present invention provides improved occupant protection in all vehicles, especially in the front seat of vehicles equipped with a passenger-side airbag. The infant safety seat includes an air bag deflecting canopy, and dampening mechanisms to protect against the shock of airbag deployment and an impact. The safety seat comprises a base, adapted to be secured to a seat of the vehicle by a seat belt passed through an opening in the base and a cradle having a back portion and seat portion having sides and a handle attached across said sides. A latching mechanism incorporated in the base removably secures the cradle to the base by grasping an attachment element between the handle and sides. The cradle of the safety seat is removable utilizing a single-handed release mechanism to unlock the cradle from the base. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) to U.S. provisional patent application serial No. 60/358,560 filed Feb. 21, 2002, and under 35 U.S.C.sctn.120 to patent application Ser. No. 09/515,434 filed Feb. 29, 2000, entitled: CONVERTIBLE CHILD SAFETY SEAT, which application claimed priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.120 to patent application Ser. No. 09/170,383, filed Oct. 13, 1998, entitled: CONVERTIBLE CHILD SAFETY SEAT, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,181, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Many states have passed laws that mandate the use of a child safety seat for children up to the age of four years old. Since 1999 all new automobiles and light trucks produced in the United States have been equipped with passenger-side airbags because of a federal mandate. Although child seat manufacturers routinely warn purchasers to secure the child safety seat in the center of the rear-seat when there is an airbag in the car, it is not uncommon for the safety seat to be placed in the front, passenger-side seat. Rear-facing infants in the back seat, when alone with the driver, often cause distractions that contribute to, or cause, crashes. A distressed infant alone in a safety seat in the back seat of a car is at least as distracting to the driver as a cellphone, a well-established and quantified distraction. In addition, recent Government data shows that in numerous rear-end crashes, front seats break and hurt, or even kill, children in the back seat. If not for passenger side airbag, for the sake of safety, rearfacing infants should be placed in the front seat to minimize distractions contributing to crashes and to allow for infant/driver eye contact thus adding to the infant's feeling of security. In recognition of this fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has recommended the installation of an airbag on/off switch in cars carrying infants or small children in the front seat. Still, there is risk to an infant in a rearfacing safety seat positioned in front of a passenger side air bag. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Child safety seat alarm system and method therefor Inventor(s): Toles, Sandra Blake; (Las Vegas, NV) Correspondence: Weiss & Moy PC; 4204 North Brown Avenue; Scottsdale; AZ; 85251; US Patent Application Number: 20030132838 Date filed: January 6, 2003 Abstract: A child safety seat comprises a safety seat unit. An alarm unit is coupled to the safety seat unit. The alarm unit sounds an alarm to remind occupants of the vehicle when a child is sitting in the child safety seat after the ignition of the vehicle in which the child safety seat is installed is turned off. Excerpt(s): This patent application is claiming the benefit of the U.S. Provisional Application having an application No. 60/345,840, filed Jan. 7, 2002, in the name of Sandra Blake Toles, and entitled "REMEMBER BABY". This invention relates to child safety seats and, more specifically, to an improved child safety seat which has an alarm system to remind occupants in a vehicle that a child is occupying the child safety seat once the ignition in the vehicle is deactivated. Child safety is always on the forefront of most peoples' minds. This is due to the fact that young children are unable to take care of themselves. Because of this, extra precaution is used to ensure a child's safety. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Child safety seatbelt Inventor(s): de Naurois, Philippe; (Germantown, MD), Figueiredo Carandina, Regina Maria; (Rio de Janeiro, BR) Correspondence: Law Offices OF Royal W. Craig; Suite 153; 10 North Calvert Street; Baltimore; MD; 21202; US Patent Application Number: 20020158433 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: A child safety seatbelt for restraining a child in a seat. The device comprises two independent straps each of which fasten at one end to the seat. The opposite ends of the straps lock together to form a continuous safety restraint over the waist of a child. An adjustment means is incorporated onto one of the straps to lengthen or shorten the seatbelt to ensure proper fit. The seatbelt further comprises textual or graphic indicia visible on the front face of the belt. The indicia may represent, for example, logos, instructions for use, or warnings. Accordingly the device may be used concurrently as a safety device and a marketing device for businesses, as for example when used on a shopping cart. Alternatively, the seatbelt may be used as a portable safety restraint device for private individual use. Excerpt(s): The present application derives priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/281,329 for "CHILD SAFETY SEATBELT"; filed: Apr. 4, 2001. The present invention relates to child restraint devices. Specifically, it relates to a portable child safety seatbelt for restraining a child in a seat. To protect the safety of a child when riding in a child seat, stroller, baby chair, shopping cart seat or the like, it is appropriate to restrain the child around the waist using a seatbelt. Many seats intended for use by small children are not equipped with a means to safely secure the child.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Child seat anchor connector Inventor(s): Galbreath, John Alexander; (Reisterstown, MD) Correspondence: John Alexander Galbreath; 2516 Chestnut Woods CT; Reisterstown; MD; 21136; US Patent Application Number: 20020030393 Date filed: September 11, 2001 Abstract: The invention is a device which connects a child safety seat, such as that used in an automobile, to an anchor bar installed in the automobile. The connector includes an anchor end adapted to engage the anchor bar, and a child seat end adapted for connecting to either flexible webbing or a solid connection point on a child safety seat. The anchor end has an inwardly beveled surface which forms a docking guide. The docking guide surrounds a rectangular area in the center of the anchor end, wherein a latch plate is located. In operation, the anchor end of the connector is positioned over and urged toward the anchor bar. The beveled front surface of the latch plate allows the anchor bar to urge the latch plate upward, against the resistance provided by a biasing spring. The connector is further urged onto the anchor bar until the anchor bar passes under the latch plate and into an anchor bar cavity, which retains the anchor bar within the connector. To release the connector from the anchor bar, the user depresses a release button located on the outer surface of the connector. Excerpt(s): This non-provisional application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/231,593, filed Sep. 11, 2000, and that previous provisional application is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention is in the area of child seat connection systems, specifically a device which connects a child safety seat, such as that used in an automobile, to an anchor bar installed in the automobile. Child safety seats have been previously secured in automobiles by using the seat belts of the automobile--that is, the existing seat belts are threaded in or around the child safety seat and latched in the usual manner, ostensibly securing the safety seat to the automobile seat, and thus to the automobile itself. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Child tether cover Inventor(s): Bateman, Brian; (Rochester Hills, MI), Maloney, Paul A.; (Ann Arbor, MI), Moore, Donal; (Birmingham, MI) Correspondence: Andrew R. Basile; Young & Basile, P.C.; Suite 624; 3001 West Big Beaver Road; Troy; MI; 48084; US Patent Application Number: 20020104190 Date filed: January 23, 2001 Abstract: A cover for an anchor system, for example a motor vehicle child safety seat anchor system, having an attachment point adjacent a base layer opening and a tether selectively detachably connected to the attachment point. The cover comprises a circumferential flange defining an opening therein, and operatively connected to the base layer opening. A cap is receivable within the circumferential flange opening, is
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rotatably attached to the circumferential flange, and selectively movable about a pivot point from a closed position to an open position. A notch is defined in at least one of the flange and the cap. The notch allows the tether to pass therethrough when the cap is in the closed position. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to a child seat attachment system for a motor vehicle and, more particularly, to a cover for an anchor in such a system. Safety considerations, and in many areas goverunental legislation, require that small children traveling in a vehicle be restrained by equipment specifically designed for this purpose. The restraint systems normally provided in vehicles for improving the safety of adults traveling in the vehicle are generally not suitable for occupants below a certain weight or height. The apparatus most commonly used for restraining children who do not fit the height or weight requirements of the provided restraint system is a child safety seat (commonly referred to as a "car seat"). The child safety seat is generally secured to the vehicle by utilizing the seat belts of the adult restraint system. Recently, manufacturers of child safety seats have released new designs therefor, resulting from a new standardized child safety seat system. Consequently, most new passenger vehicles are equipped to accommodate the new child safety seat designs. The standardized system is known as LATCH (an acronym standing for "Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children"). Under this new system, vehicles are to be equipped with new, special child seat anchorage points. Child seats will attach to the vehicle seat via these anchorage points, as opposed to the current method of being held by the vehicle's seat belts. The system has three anchorage points: one tether, or upper anchorage and two lower anchorages. The lower anchorages are rigid, round rods located where the vehicle seat cushion meets the seat back. The tether anchorage is a ring-like object, rod, attachment bolt or the like permanently attached to the vehicle, and generally recessed below an internal surface (for example, the package tray) in the vehicle. There is an opening in the internal vehicle surface to provide access to the anchorage point. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Child-key guard unit Inventor(s): Trammel, Earl M. JR.; (Chesterfield, MO) Correspondence: Senniger Powers Leavitt And Roedel; One Metropolitan Square; 16th Floor; ST Louis; MO; 63102; US Patent Application Number: 20020027364 Date filed: May 9, 2001 Abstract: A child-safety door locking system for an automobile door has a shield movable relative to the interior door panel of the door between a retracted inoperative position corresponding to a normal lock mode and an extended operative position corresponding to a guard lock mode. In the inoperative position the shield is withdrawn from the manual lock actuator of the door whereby in the locked position the manual lock actuator may be manually grasped and moved to its unlocked position. In the operative position the shield occupies a position relative to the door panel and manual lock actuator so that the manual lock actuator is shielded in its locked position to block access to the manual lock actuator for manual movement to its unlocked position. The lock actuator is otherwise moveable to its unlocked position when the shield is in its operative position.
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Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of my co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/504,763, filed Feb. 15, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 6,131,965, issued on Oct. 17, 2000, which is a continuation of U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 08/864,590, filed May 28, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 5,927,775, issued Jul. 27, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,409, issued Oct. 14, 1997. This invention relates generally to door locking systems, and more particularly to standard equipment child-safety door locking systems for automobile doors. There are presently systems which prevent the rear doors of automobiles from being unlocked and opened by children while the automobile is in motion. At present, all major car makers are incorporating as standard equipment a child-safety locking system of European origin that consists of adding a separate mechanical unit to the rear doors in addition to the regular locking unit. This child safety locking unit has a small lever that is positioned on the face of the door panel which requires that the door be opened to access the lever. The child safety locking unit requires manual setting for (1) normal locking and (2) child-safety locking. Normal locking permits the door to be locked, unlocked and opened by manipulation of the regular locking unit and door latch from inside the vehicle. However, when child safety locking is activated the door becomes totally inoperable from the inside whether the regular locking unit is locked or unlocked. The door may then be opened only from the outside, and then only when the regular locking unit is unlocked. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Child's sleep collar Inventor(s): Smith, Carol J.; (Hanson, MA) Correspondence: Carol J. Smith; 196 Main ST.; Hanson; MA; 02341; US Patent Application Number: 20020043859 Date filed: August 23, 2001 Abstract: A child's sleep collar for use with a child safety seat that includes a pair of collar supports, forming a left and a right collar support. Each of the collar supports has a body, an attachment end, and a coupling end. The attachment end includes an attachment strap and is designed to attach respectively to a left or right belt positioning clip of a child safety seat. The coupling end of each collar support forms a generally planar surface and has a left or right collar fastener respectively attached to the planar surface. Each of the collar fasteners is designed to releasably engage the other collar fastener. When the collar fasteners are attached, the left planar surface faces the right planar surface. The body of each collar support includes a cushion fill material and is preferably tubular. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to child safety seat for a motor vehicle and a child's sleep collar or child's headrest for use with a child safety seat. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus for supporting the head of a forward facing sleeping child while riding in a car safety seat. Conventional child safety seats are designed to secure children in vehicles and to restrain them in the event of an impact. Beginning at around 1 year of age, children sit upright in forward facing car seats, often for long periods of time. Toddlers and older children in the range of 30-80 pounds typically sit upright in high back booster seats. In any child safety seat, the potential for a child to doze or fall asleep while sitting in the car seat is high. When this occurs in a forward facing car seat or booster seat, the child's head typically sags, droops, or hangs unsupported in a forward or lateral position from the neck. This hanging position is
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uncomfortable for the child and may result in excessive strain on the neck muscles or other injuries. In order to address the lack of neck and head support of conventional child safety seats, various designs have been proposed. Many of these designs are adapted to attach to a conventional child safety seat and to provide lateral head support, but they typically provide only minimal frontal head support. Such headrests typically leave an opening at the front, which minimizes strangulation hazards, but which also minimizes frontal head support. For example, Baskin-Lockman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,139,100, discloses a headrest that is detachably connectable to the backrest portion of a child safety seat. Although the Baskin-Lockman headrest provides lateral support to a child's head, it merely attempts to deter forward motion of a child's head through the use of a pillow shaped lower portion on its lateral supports. The BaskinLockman headrest does not positively support the chin or otherwise provide positive support to a child's head as it droops forward. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Detachable head support for a child safety seat Inventor(s): Jones, Eugene H.; (Wilmington, NC) Correspondence: William J. Mason; Maccord Mason Pllc; Post Office Box 1489; Wrightsville Beach; NC; 28480; US Patent Application Number: 20030137176 Date filed: September 27, 2002 Abstract: First and second head supports are releasably attached to the side edges of a child safety seat. Each of the head supports has a cushion section positioned on the inner side of the seat back and a clamp arm positioned on the outer side of the seat back, with the clamp arm having a proximal end attached to the cushion section. The spacing between the clamp arm adjacent the proximal end of the cushion section is approximately equal to the width of the seat back. Preferably, the cushion section is generally cubical, with first and second headrest faces, permitting use of the head supports on seats having backs with side edges generally parallel to the seat back center section, as well as seat backs having side edges generally perpendicular to the seat back center section. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/351,830 filed Jan. 24, 2002, and entitled "Headrest Cushion Clamps for a Child Safety Seat". The present invention generally relates to safety attachments for a child safety seat. Specifically, the present invention is a new type of detachable head support for a child safety seat useful in preventing discomfort and injury to a sleeping child. Children in the United States are required by law to be restrained within a child safety seat while riding in a motor vehicle. Child safety seats are designed to prevent injury to children by providing a separate seat having secondary restraints that are superior to standard adult safety belts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Device and method for entertaining a child in an automobile Inventor(s): Clabaugh, Clayton; (Austin, TX), Clabaugh, Leticia; (Austin, TX), Graf, Ben; (Austin, TX), Graf, Karen; (Austin, TX) Correspondence: Jeffrey C. Hood; Conley, Rose & Tayon, P.C.; P. O. Box 398; Austin; TX; 78767-0398; US Patent Application Number: 20020077020 Date filed: December 19, 2000 Abstract: A device and method for entertaining a child in an automobile. The device includes a support member comprising two opposite ends with hangers for coupling to respective attachment members on respective opposite interior sides of an automobile. The attachment members may comprise clothes hanger hooks or emergency passenger handles, both typical standard features of automobiles. The device includes one or more suspension elements which couple to the support member, and corresponding toys coupled to each of the suspension elements. Each suspension element may be adjustable in length, thus allowing the height of each suspended toy to be adjusted. The device may be installed in an automobile such that one or more children in child safety seats situated in the back seat of the automobile may be entertained by the suspended toys. The device may be used whether a child is in a forward facing position or a rear facing position. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of child toys, and more particularly to a toy mobile for entertaining a child in an automobile. The use of toy mobiles to entertain young children in the home is well known. Toy mobiles have been developed which attach to cribs and baby-walkers to amuse infants, while others are designed to be suspended from the ceiling. These mobiles are very effective diversions for young children at home. However, young children increasingly spend large amounts of time riding in the family automobile. Furthermore, automobile safety guidelines suggest, and many state laws mandate, that young children riding in automobiles be buckled into child safety seats, preferably installed in the back seat of the automobile. The placement of the child in the back seat (as opposed to the front passenger seat) removes the child from close proximity with the driver. These guidelines further suggest that children below 20 lbs. in weight should be situated in the backseat facing the rear of the automobile. This precaution exacerbates the isolation of the child in that the child can no longer see the driver, which may result in boredom and/or anxiety on the part of the child. Therefore it would be desirable to provide a diversion for children riding in the back seat of an automobile. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Device for the detachable attachment of an object, in particular a child's safety seat, on a motor vehicle seat Inventor(s): Habedank, Klaus-Dieter; (Stadthagen, DE) Correspondence: Rick Martin; Patent Law Offices OF Rick Martin, PC; 416 Coffman Street; Longmont; CO; 80501; US Patent Application Number: 20030006641 Date filed: June 13, 2002
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Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for the detachable attachment of an object, in particular a child's safety seat, on a motor vehicle seat, wherein seat-integrated holding means and object-integrated holding means cooperate, and the seat-integrated holding means is rigidly connected with a pivot axle extending between the seat frame side parts, through the rotation of which they can be pivoted from a use position into a park position, and conversely. The invention addresses the problem of equipping such a device with significantly better operating comfort. This problem is solved thereby that on the outside of the motor vehicle seat an operating element (9) is disposed via which a torque can be transmitted onto the pivot axle (7). Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from application serial number 101 28 670.8 which was filed in Germany on Jun. 13, 2001. The present invention relates to a device for the detachable attachment of an object, in particular a child's safety seat, on a motor vehicle seat. A well-known problem in the motor vehicle industry is the attachment of child safety seats to the existing seats of the motor vehicle. In order to securely attach the child safety seat, there must be a seat-integrated holding means, or anchor point, built into the frame of the seat. However, this seat-integrated holding means must not interfere with the comfort of the existing seat when in normal use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dinette child safety seat attachment system Inventor(s): Duncan, Gary L.; (Middlebury, IN) Correspondence: Price Heneveld Cooper Dewitt & Litton; 695 Kenmoor, S.E.; P O Box 2567; Grand Rapids; MI; 49501; US Patent Application Number: 20020109381 Date filed: February 15, 2001 Abstract: A bench-type dinette seat frame includes a pair of spaced-apart anchor bars positioned at the junction of a seat section and a back section of the dinette frame and a third attachment point positioned above and intermediate the first and second spaced apart anchors to provide a three-point attachment of a child safety seat to the dinette frame. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to recreational vehicles and particularly to an attachment system for attaching child safety seats to a dinette bench. Standards have been developed by the Department of Transportation for regulating the attachment of child safety seats in a uniform manner in vehicles, such as automobiles. Such standards include FMVSS213 and FMVSS225 relating to the child restraints and the anchorage points, respectively. Basically, it is desired to provide a uniform system which meets minimum requirements which assures that a child safety seat will remain in situ in the event of an accident. Thus, for example, FMVSS225 for an anchorage point requires that an anchor point withstand a static force of 3000 pounds at each point with a maximum of 5" deflection of the anchor point. Typically, for vehicles such as automobiles, a commercially available child safety seat will be attached at two locations on either side of the child safety seat to anchor points located at the intersection of the vehicle seat and seat back. A third anchor point is provided higher on the seat back such that a tether at the upper portion of the child safety seat attaches to such anchor point to prevent the upper portion of the safety seat from lurching forwardly in the event of an accident. Such a safety seat installation cannot easily be accommodated in recreational vehicles, since other design considerations come into play. Front passenger seats are typically
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captain-chair type plush upholstered seats which render them virtually impossible to fasten safety seats securely to them. Further, some motor homes are equipped with passenger side airbags and child safety seats are not recommended for front passenger seats having such airbags. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Key and combination locking mechanism Inventor(s): Worrall, Charles H.; (Sandy, UT) Correspondence: Karl R Cannon; PO Box 1909; Sandy; UT; 84091; US Patent Application Number: 20020033607 Date filed: August 7, 2001 Abstract: The locking mechanism described herein is for use in an enclosure, which is part of a product delivery system. The locking mechanism uses existing locks and latches, and configures them using linkages into a mechanism that is not currently available. The mechanism has a latch that holds the door of the enclosure closed. This latch stays in a normally unlocked state until deliberate acts are taken to lock the latch. When a delivery is made, the delivery person opens the unlocked door, makes the delivery, and then closes the door and turns the rotary latch counter clockwise until it latches in the locked position. There are three independent and distinct ways to unlock the mechanism: (1) a key can be used to unlock the mechanism; (2) a combination lock can be used to unlock the mechanism; or (3) an emergency release paddle, for child safety is located on the lower back cover of the lock, and can be pushed to unlock the mechanism. If children were playing around the enclosure and one child was locked in the enclosure by another, the child in the enclosure need only to push the paddle to release the lock, and then push the door open. Once unlocked either by the key, the combination, or the release paddle the latch will remain unlocked. The combination of the lock can only be changed by use of the key lock. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/223,581, filed Aug. 7, 2000, entitled "Key and Combination Locking Mechanism," which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, including but not limited to those portions that specifically appear hereinafter. Not Applicable. 1. The Field of the Invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Lighter with a flipper safety mechanism Inventor(s): Man, Aman Chung Kai; (Fo Tan Shatin, CN) Correspondence: Trojan Law Offices; 9250 Wilshire Blvd; Suite 325; Beverly Hills; CA; 90212 Patent Application Number: 20020076667 Date filed: January 29, 2002 Abstract: The invention concerns a lighter (10, 60, 90) comprising a device generating a flame whereof one part called an actuator (14) is mobile along a longitudinal axis between a neutral position, wherein said device cannot generate a flame and an active position, wherein said device can generate a flame, and a safety mechanism (30, 62, 94)
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mobile between a locked position, wherein said safety mechanism locks the actuator in its neutral position, and a released position allowing said actuator to move towards its active position. The invention is characterized in that the safety mechanism comprises a safety member (32, 64, 96) having a part said to be active (46, 72, 102, 128) which, when the safety mechanism is in locked position, is inclined relative to the longitudinal axis (ZZ') of the actuator in the direction thereof SO as to be arranged against a stop (34, 106, 14, 119a) and, when the safety mechanism is in released position, is arranged opposite a housing (37, 112, 132).In a new embodiment, a safety mechanism utilizes one button to contact both the child safety mechanism and also the piezo unit activator. The activation button has a space for a flipper, which is either pivotally secured or integrally formed with the activation button. The safety mechanism also includes a stopper on the activation button, which limits the downward movement of the activation button. The activation button translates downward sufficiently to operate the fuel-release lever opening the fuel-discharge valve. However, in order to activate the piezoelectric unit, the flipper must also be depressed a further distance than the activation button and rotated about a button axis to generate a spark to ignite the fuel released by the fuelrelease lever and fuel-discharge valve. Excerpt(s): Pursuant to 35 U.S.C.sctn. 120 and.sctn. 365(c), this is a continuation-in-part of PCT/FR00/03128, filed Nov. 9, 2000, which claims priority to French Patent Application No. 99/14153, filed Nov. 10, 1999. PCT/FR00/03128 was published in French on May 17, 2001 as WO 01/35026. This invention relates generally to child resistant lighters with a flipper safety mechanism. The invention relates to a lighter comprising, on the one hand, a flame generation device whereof a portion called an actuator is mobile between a so-called rest position, wherein said device cannot generate a flame, and a so-called ready position wherein said device can generate a flame, and on the other hand, a safety mechanism mobile between a so-called locked position wherein said safety mechanism blocks the actuator in its rest position and a so-called unlocked position enabling said actuator to move towards its active position. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and apparatus for improving child safety and adult convenience while using a mobile ride-on toy Inventor(s): Gavish, Dan; (Haifa, IL), Gavish, Hanna; (Haifa, IL) Correspondence: Dan Gavish; 4, Harakafot Street; Haifa; 34745; IL Patent Application Number: 20030174085 Date filed: February 24, 2003 Abstract: A method and apparatus by which an adult accompanying a child riding a mobile ride-on toy, can continuously determine if the child is free to fully operate the toy, or else, said adult can force the said toy to slow down, and/or to stop, and/or to otherwise control the ride-on toy in order to protect the child's safety, is disclosed. Said adult can gain control as specified above, by operating a wireless remote-control unit. Furthermore, said adult can limit the distance between the ride-on toy and the said adult, so that the child cannot drive too far away from the adult, i.e., the toy automatically stops as soon as the predetermined range limit is reached. Also, the rideon toy can be used as long as it is under the control of said adult, but it automatically stops when said adult loses control over the ride-on toy.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of children's toys and amusement devices. In particular, the invention presents a method and apparatus for improving child safety and accompanying adult convenience when the child is using a ride-on toy such as: a riding toy-car, a riding toy-tricycle, a riding toy-tractor, a riding toymotorcycle, a riding toy-jeep, a riding toy-horse, a riding toy-sheep, or any other shape of a ride-on toy. The ride-on toy could be foot powered, or battery powered, or gasoline powered, or otherwise powered. U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,071 issued to Rodriguez-Ferre, entitled "Child's toy vehicle having a safety device", describes a toy vehicle having a receiver circuit which may be enabled by an electromagnetic signal emitted by a remote control, handled by an adult. One drawback of the aforesaid patent is the need to transmit the electromagnetic signal continuously in order to enable the use of the toy. This means that the adult needs to continuously hold the button on the remote control, and also, the remote control battery is being drained very fast, which makes it impractical for use. To enable continuous use of the toy without continuously transmitting the electromagnetic signal by the remote control, a functional selection switch needs to be installed on the vehicle, which means not only additional hardware cost, but also reduced ease of use. Another drawback of the aforesaid patent is lack of ability for the adult to automatically limit the distance between the ride-on toy and the said adult in order to prevent the child from driving too far away from the adult. U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,507 issued to Prather, entitled "Powered toy vehicle with containment system", describes a toy vehicle with containment system including a radio antennae perimeter defining system. Perimeter defining radio transmitter pylons are installed to define a containment area within which a child can drive. Each pylon is equipped with a radio transmitter circuit, a battery, and a directional antennae. The need to install those pylons, as well as their costs, are drawbacks of that patent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Motorized remote controlled reclining child car seat Inventor(s): Dukes, David N.; (Coronado, CA) Correspondence: Donald W. Meeker; Patent Agent; 924 East Ocean Front, E; New Port Beach; CA; 92661; US Patent Application Number: 20030151284 Date filed: February 11, 2002 Abstract: A motor and sprocket drive move a child safety seat between a sitting and reclining position on a base secured by a vehicle safety belt. A drive shaft and gear system, drive belt with pulley system, double action winch and cord system or other drive system positioned within an enclosed base move the sprocket reversibly. A remote control operable by the driver of the vehicle controls the seat motor. A pair of sprockets housed in the base interacts horizontally with a mating pair of arched tracking grooves in the seat to move the seat with no weight bearing on the sprockets. The electric motor may be battery powered or plugged into the cigarette lighter of the vehicle. The sprocket or a solenoid lock the seat in place. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to child safety car seats and in particular to a child safety car seat that has a remote controled motorized reclining capability. While riding in cars, children normally wish to remain upright in a seated position to look around or play. But children often fall asleep while riding. In the safety child car seats, now required by law, a child falling asleep in a sitting position usually winds up with his or her head bent over in an uncomfortable position with the child's neck contorted
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downward and sideways and the child's head often falls forward in a potentially choking position unless the seat is reclined. Some prior art child car seats are capable of reclining to allow the child to be in a comfortable position while sleeping and still be protected in the child car safety seat. These reclining seats provide a variety of means for raising or lowering the seat. All of them require special attention to lower or raise the seat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Motorized remote controlled reclining child safety car seat Inventor(s): Dukes, David N.; (Coronado, CA) Correspondence: Donald W. Meeker; Patent Agent; 924 East Ocean Front, # E; Newport Beach; CA; 92661; US Patent Application Number: 20030160486 Date filed: April 29, 2002 Abstract: A motor and reversible drive move a child safety seat between a sitting and reclining position on a base secured by a vehicle safety belt. A drive shaft and gear system, double action winch and cord system, hydraulic drive, screw drive, or other drive system positioned within an enclosed base move the safety seat reversibly. A remote control operable by the driver of the vehicle controls the seat motor. An interconnecting system between the safety seat and the base maintains the safety seat in proximity with the vehicle seat back. The electric motor may be battery powered or plugged into the cigarette lighter of the vehicle. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 10/074,295 filed Feb. 11, 2002. The present invention relates to child safety car seats and in particular to a child safety car seat that has a remote controled motorized reclining capability and maintains proximity with the vehicle seat back for safety. While riding in cars, children normally wish to remain upright in a seated position to look around or play. But children often fall asleep while riding. In the safety child car seats, now required by law, a child falling asleep in a sitting position usually winds up with his or her head bent over in an uncomfortable position with the child's neck contorted downward and sideways and the child's head often falls forward in a potentially choking position unless the seat is reclined. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Panel attachment system Inventor(s): Darling, Sandra M.; (Niceville, FL), Kane, Michael T.; (Conesus, NY) Correspondence: Steven C. Schnedler; Carter & Schnedler, PA; 56 Central AVE., Suite 101; PO Box 2985; Asheville; NC; 28802; US Patent Application Number: 20030039041 Date filed: August 23, 2002 Abstract: A viewing panel device, such as a mirror device used inside a motor vehicle for observing an infant in a rear-facing child safety seat secured to the rear seat of the vehicle. The viewing panel device may be employed in a plurality of attachment configurations, for use with a plurality of possible vehicle configurations. In one
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configuration, the top tether anchorage point included in newer vehicles as part of the LATCH anchorage point system is employed. Excerpt(s): The benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/314,723, filed Aug. 24, 2001, is claimed. The invention relates to attachment systems for panels attached to seats of vehicles, such as but not limited to mirrors used inside a motor vehicle for observing an infant in a rear-facing child safety seat secured to the rear seat of the vehicle. Mirror devices used inside a motor vehicle for observing an infant in a rear-facing child safety seat secured to the rear seat of the vehicle are disclosed, for example, in the following Cossey U.S. Pat. No. 4,702,572; Masucci U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,892; Erickson U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,956; Harris U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,118; Gardner U.S. Pat. No. 4,909,618; Lumbra et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,347; Nolan-Brown U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,321; Rubin U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,898; Sorenson U.S. Pat. No. 6,039,455; Brennan et al U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,155; Mercado U.S. Pat. No. 6,305,810 and Monahan et al U.S. Pat. No. 6,354,708. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Purring pillow apparatus Inventor(s): Flack, Scott Ryan; (Bloomington, IL) Correspondence: Scott Flack; 1 Yew CT.; Bloomington; IL; 61701; US Patent Application Number: 20030147546 Date filed: February 4, 2002 Abstract: The apparatus is of a modified recording module loaded with a pre-recorded purring cat sound. The recording module is housed within an enclosure for durability and child safety. The module playback (purring sound) is triggered by a push-button connected to the modified recording module and is located on the outside top of the sealed enclosure. A 2-position slide switch is incorporated into the battery leads of the recording module to give it an On/Off function. The pillow face has a smooth material and the bottom of the pillow is of a furry synthetic material simulating a cat. The enclosure is placed between the padding of the pillow and the pillow is sealed with a zipper. The purring sound is activated when the slightest pressure is applied to either the top or bottom of the pillow. Excerpt(s): The purring pillow is an apparatus that makes a purring sound when the slightest pressure is applied to the pillow. The purring pillow apparatus is designed by placing a modified 20-second recording module into a 6".times.2".times.1" enclosure. The recording module play button is removed from the circuit board and 2 wires are soldered in place. The other end of the wires are soldered to a push-button and mounted to the lid of the enclosure. A 2-position slide switch is incorporated into the battery leads of the recording module to give it an On/Off function. Holes are drilled into the enclosure lid to simulate a speaker grill so that the speaker of the recording module can be fastened to the inside of the enclosure with hot glue. A pre-recorded purring cat sound is recorded into the recording module. When the push-button is triggered, the purring sound is activated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Rear-facing child seat mirror device Inventor(s): Edgar, Derek A.; (Fort Wayne, IN) Correspondence: Baker & Daniels; 111 E. Wayne Street; Suite 800; Fort Wayne; IN; 46802 Patent Application Number: 20020036846 Date filed: May 9, 2000 Abstract: An assembly for observing an infant in a rear facing child safety seat located on a rear seat of a motor vehicle which includes a mirror and a mirror support arm. The mirror support arm includes a base or lower portion that is configured to be coupled to a child seat or otherwise held in position thereby. An upper portion of the mirror support arm includes a portion that is configured to secure the mirror thereto in an adjustable manner, so that the mirror can be aligned to provide a person sitting in a front seat of the motor vehicle with a line of sight to the infant which line of sight that is directed off the mirror and a rear view mirror that is provided in the front portion of the motor vehicle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to child safety devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a visual monitoring assembly which allows a driver of a vehicle to observe a child sitting in a rear-facing child seat positioned in the rear passenger compartment of a vehicle. Following the advent of the use of air bags in motor vehicles, it has been determined that it is much safer to seat children in the rear passenger compartments of motor vehicles equipped with air bags. In addition, it has been determined that rear-facing child seats are safer than front-facing seats, because the raised back portions of rear-facing seats function to catch and prevent children from being propelled out of the seats in the event of an abrupt deceleration of a motor vehicle. The Child Passenger Protection Act which became law in 1983, requires that an infant traveling in a motor vehicle be secured in a safety seat that is itself fastened to the center of the rear seat of the vehicle by means of seat belts. As a result of the Child Passenger Protection Act and other safety concerns, it has become common practice to locate child seats in the rear of motor vehicles and position the seats such that infants seated therein face rearwardly. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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System for releasably securing a child seat to a stowable seat Inventor(s): Moffa, Michael Douglas; (Glenview, IL) Correspondence: Irwin C Alter; 19 South Lasalle ST; Suite 1650; Chicago; IL; 60603; US Patent Application Number: 20020109382 Date filed: April 12, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a system for removably associating a child seat to a dual occupancy stowable seat. In addition to being able to secure a child seat, the stowable seat has a deployed position and a stowed position. The stowed position provides space for storing a wheel chair or other item in the space formerly occupied by the deployed seat. The deployed position is utilized for seating or for statically securing up to two child seats. For the purpose of securing a child seat, the stowable seat has one or more anchor systems, which are an integral and permanent part of a previously existing seat frame of sufficient strength and durability or are installed as OEM in the vehicle. The anchor system is arranged and positioned such that when it is not being
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used to secure a child safety seat it will not interfere with the ability of the stowable seat to provide seating for an occupant or interfere with the stowable seat's movement from the deployed to the stowed position. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation in part from application Ser. No. 09/715,486 with a filing date of Nov. 17, 2000. Freedman Seating Company is the assignee of this application and application Ser. No. 09/715,486. There is one or more inventors in common between the applications. Systems for securing child seats have become more and more popular and thus have also become more and more inventive and effective in manners of securing the child seat to a vehicle seat. Most commonly a child seat rests on a vehicle seat and is secured thereon by the corresponding vehicle seat belt. This method is effective in preventing a child seat from flying off the vehicle seat when rapid deceleration of the respective automobile occurs, as in an accident. However, even when the vehicle's seat belt is pulled tight, there is still undesirable slipping and movement of the child seat on the vehicle seat which may allow for the tippage of the child seat or additional snapping forward of the child seat and thus excessive torque and force upon the infant. There have been many recent improvements on the common method of securing a child seat to the vehicle seat rather then merely through the use of the vehicle's seat belt. Darrow in U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,046 disclosed an apparatus for anchoring a child seat within a motor vehicle through the use of an anchorage bar. Stack, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,095,604 disclosed a child seat with a tether hook on a strap, and a vehicle seat with a connector receptacle on the rear portion of the seat, whereby the tether hook is associated with the connector receptacle. Also, Jackson et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,082,819 disclosed a child seat with a removable base frame, whereby said base frame is directly and removably attachable to a vehicle seat frame. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
System, method and apparatus adapted to install a child safety seat in a vehicle Inventor(s): Abel, Kenton B.; (Rowland Heights, CA) Correspondence: Kenton B. Abel; 17800 Colima Road, #254; Rowland Heights; CA; 91748; US Patent Application Number: 20030111883 Date filed: December 9, 2002 Abstract: A system adapted to install a child safety seat in a vehicle, comprising a child safety seat, a restraint system; and a tension device; wherein the restraint system includes at least one restraint belt, the restraint belt includes a restraint belt loose end, the tension device is connected to the restraint belt loose end, and, the tension device is adapted to generate tension on the restraint system through the restraint belt loose end to firmly secure the child safety seat with respect to the vehicle. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/339,683, filed on Dec. 12, 2001, which is expressly incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein. The present invention relates to installation of a child safety seat, and in particular to a System, Method and Apparatus Adapted to Install a Child Safety Seat in a Vehicle. The field of the invention pertains to the installation of child safety seats in vehicles. The National Safety Belt Coalition reports that experts estimated that 80% to 90% of child safety seats are installed and/or used incorrectly in automobiles. As a result, every year many children
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are needlessly injured or killed during otherwise minor vehicular accidents because of the incorrect installation of the child's safety seat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Two-stage protective car seat cover for child and infant safety chairs Inventor(s): Henley, Michael E.; (Santa Ynez, CA), McConnell, Thomas E.; (Santa Ynez, CA) Correspondence: Kit M. Stetina; Stetina Brunda Garrad & Brucker; Suite 250; 75 Enterprise; Aliso Viejo; CA; 92656; US Patent Application Number: 20030205921 Date filed: May 1, 2002 Abstract: There is provided a seat cover for accommodating a child safety chair upon a seat. The seat cover comprises a lower protective member which is disposable upon a seating portion of the seat. This lower member can accommodate the child safety chair when positioned in a rearward-facing direction to prevent it from permanently compressing the seating portion. The seat cover further comprises an upper protective member that is disposable against a seat-back portion of the seat. This upper member is selectively attachable with and detachable from the lower member. By doing so, the upper member can further prevent the chair from permanently compressing the seatback portion when it is repositioned in a forward-facing direction and placed in contact therewith. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to seat covers, and more particularly to an improved, two-stage seat cover which transitions from a one-piece system for accommodating a rear-facing child safety chair to a two-piece system for accommodating a forward-facing one to prevent a seat from being soiled and permanently compressed thereby. Child safety chairs have been marketed throughout the world for many years. It is now mandatory within the United States for parents to employ child safety chairs when traveling in vehicles so that their children are safe in case an unfortunate event such as a car accident should occur. Child safety chairs on seats are typically positioned in two directions depending upon the age and/or weight of the child using it. The safety chair is typically placed to face toward the vehicle's rear when it is used upon a small infant generally up to six months of age. As the infant matures in age and weight (i.e., six months up to eight years or eighty pounds in weight), the child safety chair is usually turned around so that it faces toward the front of the vehicle. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Universal floatation child safety seat Inventor(s): Bedard, Peter; (New Rochelle, NY) Correspondence: Lackenbach Siegel; One Chase Road; Scarsdale; NY; 10583; US Patent Application Number: 20020195849 Date filed: July 2, 2002 Abstract: There is provided a child safety seat and a child safety seat system that are adapted for use in automobiles, watercraft, and/or aircraft. The child safety seat is
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adapted to float in water such that a child secured in the safety seat is held completely or almost completely above the surface of the water. The child safety seat has a "selfrighting" capability such that the seat will turn top-side up in water. The child safety seat has a handle that is integral to the self-righting capability of the child safety seat. In addition, the child safety seat system includes a base that may be used, in particular, in a watercraft and that is adapted to secure the child safety seat such that the child safety seat cannot be shifted horizontally, but can be moved vertically. Alternatively, the base may include a releasable locking assembly, particularly for use in automobiles or aircraft. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/535,476, filed on Mar. 24, 2000, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/167,468, filed Oct. 7,1998 (now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,360 on May 9, 2000). This invention relates to seats for infants and children that may be used in motor vehicles, aircraft, and watercraft. In particular, this invention relates to such seats that secure the infant or child for safety and are also adapted to float upright in the water. This invention further relates to seating systems for infants and children that may be used in motor vehicles, aircraft, and watercraft. In particular, this invention relates to a seating system that includes the aforementioned floating seat, and a base adapted to accept the seat in such a way that the seat is laterally secured and vertically free. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Variable angle vehicle child safety seat Inventor(s): Maciejczyk, Wieslaw; (Sunshine, AU) Correspondence: Davis & Bujold, P.L.L.C.; Fourth Floor; 500 N. Commercial Street; Manchester; NH; 03101-1151; US Patent Application Number: 20030025369 Date filed: July 30, 2002 Abstract: A reclining child's safety seat arrangement for a seat member (3) and base member (1) assembly. The seat member (3) is pivotally mounted to the base member (1) on a transverse axis (5) and a link (7) extends between the seat member and the base member and spaced apart from the transverse axis (5). Alteration of the angle of the link arm with respect to the base member such as by the use of an extendable arm (13), on either the link arm or the base member, varies the amount of recline of the child safety seat. Useful for convertible seats which may be used either as a rearwardly facing infant seat in a more prone position or a forwardly facing child safety seat with the child in a more upright position. The variable angle arrangement of the present invention can be used for reclining the seat in a selected amount when the seat is in the former orientation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a variable angle vehicle safety seat and particularly a safety seat adapted for use by infants and small children. Infants in an age range of up to about 6 months use a rearwardly facing child seat in a vehicle and this invention is intended to enable such an infants seat to be able to be substantially reclined or have a variable angle of recline. For children in the range of about 6 months to about 4 or 5 years the safety seat used in a vehicle is a forward facing type of seat and with a child sitting in a more upright position. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Vehicle Inventor(s): Li, Mark Hao; (Birmingham, GB) Correspondence: Carlson, Gaskey & Olds, P.C.; 400 West Maple Road; Suite 350; Birmingham; MI; 48009; US Patent Application Number: 20030042793 Date filed: September 13, 2001 Abstract: A vehicle incorporating a switch, a window operable by a first power actuator, and a door having a child safety locking device operable by a second power actuator, the vehicle further including an associated window operating switch and an inside door opening handle for normal use by an occupant sitting adjacent the door, in which the switch is arranged to operate the second power actuator to put the child safety locking device into a child safety on condition, prevent the first power actuator from opening the window in response to operation of the associated window operating switch, and prevent the second power actuator from operating in response to operation of the inside door opening handle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to vehicles, in particular vehicles having power operated windows and doors with child safety locking devices. Child safety locking devices are known on rear vehicle doors, and can be in either an on or off condition. The child safety locking device on condition corresponds to a situation which prevents the opening of the door by operation of an inside door handle, and the child safety device off condition corresponds to a situation which allows the opening of the door by operation of an inside door handle. Child safety locking devices can be manually changed between these conditions. Furthermore, vehicle manufacturers are employing power operated child safety locking devices operable by switches usually located near the driver. Many vehicles incorporate a switch to disable the rear electric windows, with this switch again usually located near the driver. Clearly many other driver operated switches and levers need to be readily operable by the driver, hence there is limited space for these devices. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Vision-based method and apparatus for automatically activating a child safety feature Inventor(s): Gutta, Srinivas; (Yorktown Heights, NY), Philomin, Vasanth; (Hopewell Junction, NY), Trajkovic, Miroslav; (Ossining, NY) Correspondence: Corporate Patent Counsel; U.S. Philips Corporation; 580 White Plains Road; Tarrytown; NY; 10591; US Patent Application Number: 20030093200 Date filed: November 13, 2001 Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for monitoring a location using visionbased technologies and to automatically trigger the activation of a child safety feature or an alarm when a child is detected. One or more image capture devices are focused on a given location. The captured images are processed to identify the presence of a child and to initiate an appropriate response, such as sending assistance, activating a child safety feature or triggering an alarm. A number of rules can be utilized to define various child safety events. Each rule contains one or more conditions that must be satisfied in
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order for the rule to be triggered, and, optionally, a corresponding action-item that should be performed when the rule is satisfied, such as sending assistance, activating a child safety feature or triggering an alarm. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for controlling appliances and other dangerous devices, such as microwave ovens, stoves and irons, and more particularly, to a vision-based method and apparatus for automatically detecting the presence of a child and to automatically activate a child safety feature. The marketplace offers a number of consumer appliances, such as microwave ovens, stoves and irons, that provide an ever-growing number of features intended to increase the safety and convenience of these appliances. Many appliances, for example, have a child safety feature that prevents the appliance from being easily activated by a child. While such child safety features have significantly reduced the occurrence of injuries to children, they typically require the affirmative action of an adult or another user to manually activate the child safety feature. In addition, children may be exposed to danger when they are merely in the vicinity of certain appliances or other dangerous zones. For example, children may get burned if they touch an oven or range that is in use. Similarly, a backyard pool is another well-known hazard that requires diligent supervision of children by an adult. A number of perimeter monitoring tools exist that allow such dangerous zones to be protected by activating an alarm when a child or another object enters the protected zone. Generally, such perimeter monitoring tools employ audio or optical techniques to detect sound in a protected zone or to detect when an optical beam surrounding a protected zone has been broken, respectively. As a result, there is a significant potential for false alarms when objects other than a child, such as a pet or an authorized adult, enter the zone. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Visual stimulation attachment for use in vehicles Inventor(s): Wells, Cheryl L.; (Dallas, TX) Correspondence: Robert H. Johnston Iii; P.O. Box 121183; Arlington; TX; 76012; US Patent Application Number: 20020197932 Date filed: December 15, 2001 Abstract: A visual stimulation attachment for amusing an infant riding in a child safety seat or child in a vehicle that has headliner includes a visually-stimulating background member and an attachment device (e.g., a micro-hook material) secured to the background member and operable to releasably couple the background member to the headliner of the vehicle. The visual stimulation attachment may have one or more tether lines with a dangling member attached to it. A method of amusing an infant with a visually stimulating attachment and of manufacturing a visually stimulating attachment are also presented. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to devices to amuse infants and children, and more particularly to a visual stimulation attachment for use in vehicles that attaches to the ceiling of the vehicle. Protective child safety seats for use in vehicles are now the norm in many places around the world. In the United States, many states have laws requiring the use of child safety seats. For younger infants, the child safety seat is placed in the seat of the vehicle facing backwards, i.e., opposite the usual forward movement of the vehicle. The infant is left to see primarily the back of the vehicle seat and the vehicle's ceiling. Without more, this view does not amuse most infants for very
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long. Various efforts have been made to provide entertainment or amusement for infants that are placed in child safety seats. U.S. Pat. No. 4,188,745, and entitled "infant toy," describes a tube arrangement for suspending items in front of an infant in a child seat. The arms attach to the car seat by adhesive plates and thumbscrews. The toy suspends playing objects such as bells, mirrors, stars, or any other objects that are attractive to the infant from rubber springs. The tube system requires mechanical attachment to the car seat itself. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with child safety, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on child safety. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning child safety. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHILD SAFETY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to child safety. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on child safety include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on child safety: •
Injury prevention and control for children and youth. (3rd ed.) Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1997. 468 pp. Contact: Available from Publications Department, American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, P.O. Box 927, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927. Telephone: (847) 228-5005 or (800) 433-9016 / fax: (847) 228-5097 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.aap.org. $44.95 plus $6.95 shipping and handling. Summary: This manual is intended for office use, and for preparation for seminars or speeches by pediatricians or others interested in prevention and control of pediatric injuries. The manual covers three broad topics: pediatric injury prevention and control, injury control in specific settings, and specific topics. Chapters on pediatric injury prevention offer information on the science of injury prevention, office based injury counseling, and a developmental approach to adolescent injury control. Chapters on injury control in specific settings cover injury prevention in the home, school, day care,
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camps, the workplace, and in agriculture. Chapters on specific topics cover violence, motor vehicles, water safety, fires, firearms, airway obstruction, product safety, toy safety, sports safety, recreational activities and vehicles, and injuries caused by animals. Appendices cover injury death rates, child safety advocacy, American Academy of Pediatrics policy statements and educational material, injury and poison prevention, and a list of federal injury prevention agencies and programs.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “child safety” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “child safety” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “child safety” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Parents' Guide to Child Safety by Vincent J. Fontana; ISBN: 0690000812; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0690000812/icongroupinterna
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Air bags, car seats, and child safety : hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, April 28, 1997; ISBN: 0160550874; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160550874/icongroupinterna
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Child Safety for Parents (How to Help Your Child) by Bill Gillham; ISBN: 1853404616; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853404616/icongroupinterna
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Child Safety from Preschool to Adolescence by Bill Gilham, et al (1997); ISBN: 0415124778; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415124778/icongroupinterna
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Child Safety Is No Accident [CLV] by Jay M. Arena (Author), Miriam Bachar (Author); ISBN: 0801512220; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801512220/icongroupinterna
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Child Safety Is No Accident: A Parents' Handbook of Emergencies by Jay M., M.D. Arena, Miriam Bachar, Ph.D. Settle (1987); ISBN: 9993931667; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9993931667/icongroupinterna
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Child Safety Made Easy by Lori Marques, et al (1998); ISBN: 096527702X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096527702X/icongroupinterna
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Child Safety on the Internet by Gregory Giagnocavo (Editor), et al; ISBN: 013569468X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/013569468X/icongroupinterna
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Child Safety Program :; ISBN: 8030458797; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8030458797/icongroupinterna
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Child Safety: Problem and Prevention from Preschool to Adolescence: A Handbook for Professionals by Bill Gillham (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 041512476X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/041512476X/icongroupinterna
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Child Safety-Net: How Protect Your Children from Harm Online by Mark Brasche; ISBN: 0967704103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967704103/icongroupinterna
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Complete Idiots Guide to Child Safety by Susan Crites Price, et al; ISBN: 0028636309; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0028636309/icongroupinterna
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Evaluation of the Hamilton Child Safety Initiative (Evaluation of the Hamilton Child Safety Initiative) by Denis Oag (1999); ISBN: 074807743X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074807743X/icongroupinterna
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Good Practice in Child Safety by Angela Dare, Margeret O'Donovan (2000); ISBN: 0748745025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748745025/icongroupinterna
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Gun Violence Prevention Act of 1994 : public health and child safety : hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session on S. 1882. March 23, 1994; ISBN: 0160521157; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160521157/icongroupinterna
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H.R. 1309, child safety restraint systems requirement on commercial aircraft : hearing before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, August 1, 1996; ISBN: 0160543096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160543096/icongroupinterna
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Keep Kids Safe: A Parent's Guide to Child Safety by Ellen Shaw (2001); ISBN: 0970150911; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970150911/icongroupinterna
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Keys to Child Safety and Care of Minor Injuries (Barron's Parenting Keys) by Robert J. Vinci; ISBN: 0812048253; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812048253/icongroupinterna
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Mother's Guide to Child Safety by Bryson Kalt, Ralph Bass (1971); ISBN: 0448053985; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448053985/icongroupinterna
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New Child Safety Handbook by Sharon McKay; ISBN: 0771599129; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0771599129/icongroupinterna
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New Vaccine for Child Safety by Murl Harmon (1976); ISBN: 0917066006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0917066006/icongroupinterna
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Parents Book of Child Safety by David Laskin; ISBN: 0345351045; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345351045/icongroupinterna
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Safe and Secure: A Loving Parents Guide to Child Safety by Christina Elston; ISBN: 0425162311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425162311/icongroupinterna
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Stranger Smart \Child Safety C/Ww95/Us/Rental by Movie Cd Cmspg 4089 (1997); ISBN: 1574181343; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1574181343/icongroupinterna
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The Child Safety Book by Andrea R., M.D. Gravatt, Pete Adams (Illustrator) (1996); ISBN: 1566640970; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566640970/icongroupinterna
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The Child Safety Book on Tape by Andrea R., Md. Gravatt, Peter Adams (Illustrator) (1996); ISBN: 1566640989; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566640989/icongroupinterna
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The Child Safety Protection Act and the Bucket Drowning Prevention Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Consumer of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, July 1, 1993; ISBN: 0160416140; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160416140/icongroupinterna
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The Complete Book of Child Safety (Selfhelp) by Douglas Cohen, et al; ISBN: 187468717X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/187468717X/icongroupinterna
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The Medicines (Child Safety) Amendment Regulations 1987: Medicines (Statutory Instruments: 1987: 877) by Great Britain (1987); ISBN: 0110768779; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110768779/icongroupinterna
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The Medicines (Child Safety) Amendment Regulations 1994: Medicines (Statutory Instruments: 1994: 1402) (1994); ISBN: 0110444027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110444027/icongroupinterna
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The Paranoid Sisters Present: Child Safety Made Easy by Lisa Carter (Introduction), Lori Marques (Introduction); ISBN: 0965277003; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965277003/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:6
Chapters on Child Safety In order to find chapters that specifically relate to child safety, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and child safety using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. 6
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to child safety have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:7 •
How Can I Help My Child?: Early Childhood Resource Directory for Parents and Professionals Caring About Children Ages 2 Through 5 in the Washington Metro Area Source: Silver Spring, MD: Early Childhood Consultation Center. 1997. 313 p. Contact: Available from Early Childhood Consultation Center. Resource Directory Order, 11506 Michale Court, Silver Spring, MD 20904-2704. (301) 593-5992. PRICE: $25.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0965824403. Summary: This directory lists a wealth of resources serving the needs of families with young children in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The resource includes more than 1500 local listings and more than 400 national listings. The manual includes six sections of information for parents, health care professionals, and educators. The General Resources section covers agencies and associations related to young children; catalogs and stores for children's books, magazines and audiovisual materials; educational videos for adults; computer online services and software for adults and children; conferences and speaker series for adults; government resources; helplines, hotlines, newsletters and newspapers about young children; play equipment and playgrounds; toys and craft supplies; and educational supplies. The second section, Health Resources, includes pediatric CPR and first aid courses; pediatric dental care; hospitals and clinics; health helplines; pediatric nutritionists and nutritional resources; pediatric optometrists; pediatricians; and pediatric speech and hearing specialists. The Mental Health Resources section includes counseling centers for families; mental health centers, agencies and associations for families; child psychiatrists and psychologists; helplines; social workers; and specialists in special needs, testing, and assessment. The Child Care and School Resources section offers referral sources, special needs information, Head Start information, nanny agencies, insurance, and babysitting services. The Parent Resources section covers child safety, computer online services, family consultants, parent helplines, parent education classes, and information and support groups (for adoption, allergy, ADD, disabilities, divorce, fathers, gay parents, grandparents, learning disabilities, mothers, multicultural families, playgroups, single parents, special needs children). The final section offers Early Childhood Professional Resources, including business management resources, educational resources and curriculum, catalogs and stores for professional books and audiovisual materials, conferences, consultants, continuing education, job clearinghouses, professional organizations, and professional publications. Most entries include the name, address, and telephone number of the resource listing. A glossary of terms and a brief subject index conclude the directory.
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You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “child safety” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.
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The legislation database: A state by state comparison of safety legislation Source: San Diego, CA: Children's Safety Network Injury Data Technical Assistance Center, San Diego State University. 1994. 66 pp. Contact: Available from Children's Safety Network Injury Data Technical Assistance Center, California Center for Childhood Injury Prevention, San Diego State University, 6505 Alvarado Road, Suite 208, San Diego, CA 92120. Telephone: (619) 594-3691 / fax: (619) 594-1995 / e-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This directory lists state legislative contacts who can provide information about traffic safety legislation at the state level; it also provides fact sheets profiling the main features of each state's traffic safety laws and highlighting components of the laws that pertain to children and adolescents. Each profile covers mandatory safety belt laws, child safety seat legislation, regulations pertaining to driving under the influence (DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI), truck bed restraint legislation, and helmet laws for bicycles and motorcycles. Appendices list information derived from the individual profiles. The directory is a print version of a database maintained by the Children's Safety Network Injury Data Technical Assistance Center. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].
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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON CHILD SAFETY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on child safety. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on child safety is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “child safety” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on child safety: •
Protecting your newborn Source: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. 1997. 66 pp., 1 videotape (29 minutes, VHS 1/2 inch), 1 set of fact sheets (21 pp.), 1 brochure (2 pp.). Contact: Available from Dave Houston, Ford Motor Company, P.O. Box 1899, Dearborn, MI 48121-1899. Telephone: (313) 594-1312. Available at no charge. Summary: This set of materials consists of a videorecording, a teacher's manual, a set of reproducible child passenger safety tips, and a brochure with photographs showing correct and incorrect methods of using child safety restraints in automobiles. This material is designed to be used to educate parents about infant and child safety in vehicles and infant safety in the home. It contains very detailed information about the correct use of child safety seats.
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Safety advice from EMS (SAFE): A guide to injury prevention Source: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996. ca. 400 pp., 1 videotape (38 minutes, VHS 1/2 inch). Contact: Available from Emergency Medical Services Division, NTS-42, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Rm. 5119, Washington, DC 20590. Telephone: (202) 366-4913 or (800) 424-9393 auto safety hotline / fax: (202)493-2088 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov. Available at no charge. Summary: This teaching guide and accompanying videotape can be used by emergency medical services personnel when they make presentations to the general public on selected traffic safety topics. Lesson plans cover occupant protection, impaired driving, child safety seats, speed, yielding to emergency vehicles, bicycle safety, and pedestrian safety. Each plan includes master sheets for overheads and handouts, and provides resources and references for further information.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHILD SAFETY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover child safety.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on child safety is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to child safety. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “child safety” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for child safety: •
Most child safety seats used incorrectly Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 09, 1998
•
Child Safety Hints For The Holidays Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 24, 1997
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “child safety” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to child safety, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “child safety” (or synonyms).
Newsletters on Child Safety Find newsletters on child safety using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following
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hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “child safety.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •
Computer technology for child welfare services Source: Virginia Child Protection Newsletter. 49: 1-15. Fall, 1996. Contact: Available from J. Grayson, Department of Psychology, James Madison University, 800 S. Main Street, Harrisonburg, VA 22801. Summary: This newsletter reviews ways that social service agencies are using computers, particularly the Internet, to help protect children. It explains the Internet and the World Wide Web, provides a glossary of helpful terms, and lists a collection of Internet sights that might be useful to those in the child protection field. The newsletter also covers child pornography and child safety on the Internet and provides guidelines for child computer use.
Academic Periodicals covering Child Safety Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to child safety. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering child safety that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “child safety” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Patterns of misuse of child safety seats Source: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996. 90 pp. Contact: Available from Office of Program Development and Evaluation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Rm. 5119, Washington, DC 20590. Telephone: (202) 366-4913 or (800) 424-9393 auto safety hotline / fax: (202)493-2088 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov. Available at no charge. Summary: This report describes the results of a study of car seat use and misuse in four states in over 4,000 vehicles. The study examined the patterns of child safety seat misuse and examined the most appropriate techniques to accurately and efficiently collect this data. The report includes recommendations on those techniques, along with others advocating stronger state laws, an increase in restraint law enforcement, and the provision of better instructions with car seats.
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.
11 12
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 11074 565 2064 310 97 14110
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “child safety” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
13
Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
14
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
15
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 16 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 17
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on child safety can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to child safety. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to child safety. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “child safety”:
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Guides on child safety Child Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childsafety.html
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Other guides Accidents http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/accidents.html Child Day Care http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdaycare.html Motor Vehicle Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/motorvehiclesafety.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to child safety, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Preventing Household Accidents Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/home/household.html
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Specific Conditions/Aspects All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) Safety Source: National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/children/resources/ATV/FactSheet.htm Avoiding Holiday Dangers Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/outdoor/holiday_dangers.html Backpack Safety Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/home/backpack.html Car Safety Seats: A Guide for Families (2003) Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.aap.org/family/carseatguide.htm Childproofing Your Home: 12 Safety Devices to Protect Your Children Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/grand/12steps/12steps.html Children at Risk Source: National Safe Kids Campaign http://www.safekids.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=1031&folder_id=540 Choosing Safe Toys Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZZYBLOQ7C &sub_cat=104http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=Z ZZZYBLOQ7C&sub_cat=104
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Curious Kids Set Fires: Teaching Children Fire Safety Source: United States Fire Administration http://www.usfa.fema.gov/public/factsheets/curious.shtm Food Safety Tips for Halloween Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/fscupd43.html For Kids' Sake Think Toy Safety http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/281.pdf Gearing Up for Bicycle Safety Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/nutrition_fit/fitness/bike_safety.html Gun Safety Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/positive/family/gun_safety.html Halloween Safety Tips Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZB1E4BQDC& sub_cat=104 Halloween Special for Kids and Parents: Novelty Makeup Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/cos10-31.html Helping Kids Do the Job Safely Source: National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety http://www.nagcat.org/categories.htm High Temperatures Could Mean Tragedy for a Child Left in a Car Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/breaking_news/High_temperature_car.html Horses and Children Source: National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/children/resources/Equestrian/FactSheet.ht m How to Plan for the Unexpected: Preventing Child Drownings http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PUBS/359.pdf Internet Safety Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/positive/family/net_safety.html Keeping Farm Children Safe Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001293/d001293.html Personal Watercraft Safety Source: National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/children/resources/PWC_FS.htm Playground Safety Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/brochure/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=39&topcategory=A
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bout%2520Orthopaedics&searentry=playgrounds Preventing Abductions Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/positive/talk/abductions.html Recreational Activities and Childhood Injuries Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=340&topcategory=Pedia trics Rural Youth Pedestrian Motor Vehicle Traffic Source: National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/children/resources/MotorVehicle.htm Safety Tips for Sleeping Babies Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/203.html Safety Tips for the Holidays Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.aap.org/advocacy/archives/dectips.htm Skateboards http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/093.pdf Snowmobiles and Youth Source: National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/children/resources/Snowmobile/FactSheet.ht ml Spotlight on Injuries from Fireworks Source: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/duip/spotlite/firework_spot.htm Thrift Stores Safety Checklist for Consumers and Thrift Stores Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/thrift/thrftck.html Tips for Safe Air Travel with Children Source: Federal Aviation Administration http://www1.faa.gov/index.cfm/apa/1329 Toy Injury Source: National Safe Kids Campaign http://www.safekids.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=1212&folder_id=540 Water Safety Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ7IV4O97C& sub_cat=104 Youth Riding in Pickup Truck Cargo Areas Source: National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/children/resources/Vehicles/KidsandPickups .htm
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Children Being Safe in the Kitchen Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/watch/house/safe_in_kitchen.html Do You Know How to Be Street Smart? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/watch/out/street_smart.html Further Adventures of Kidd Safety: Interactive Games Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/kids/kidsafety/index.html Guide to Keeping Safe in the Car and on the Bus Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/watch/out/car_safety.html How to Stay Safe Around Animals Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/watch/house/animals.html Kids! Let's Learn About Home Fire Safety! Source: United States Fire Administration http://www.usfa.fema.gov/kids/hfs.htm
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Latest New American Doctors No Longer Back Anti-Poison Remedy Source: 11/03/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14510 .html Holiday Safety Tips, 2003 Source: 11/01/2003, American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/dectips.htm Simple Precautions Keep Sledding Kids Safe Source: 11/21/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14790 .html
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Law and Policy New CDC Guidelines Help Schools Prevent Injuries among Children and Adolescents Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r011207.htm
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Organizations American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.aap.org/ Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/
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National Safe Kids Campaign http://www.safekids.org/ •
Prevention/Screening Public Briefing on CCA Pressure-Treated Wood Playground Equipment Scheduled Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/phth/ccastatement.html
•
Statistics Agricultural Safety and Children Source: National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/children/resources/Agriculture/FactSheet.ht m Childhood Injury Source: National Safe Kids Campaign http://www.safekids.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=1030&folder_id=540 Guidelines to Prevent Unintentional Injuries and Violence Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/healthtopics/injury/guidelines/facts.htm Injuries/Deaths of Children Left Unattended in or Around Motor Vehicles Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/fs020703.htm Nonfatal Choking-Related Episodes for Children 0 to 14 Years of Age Source: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/fs021024.htm School Injuries Source: National Safe Kids Campaign http://www.safekids.org/tier3_cd.cfm?folder_id=540&content_item_id=1170 Spotlight on Choking Episodes Among Children Source: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/duip/spotlite/choking.htm
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on child safety. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general
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Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Childhood injury: Cost and prevention facts Source: Landover, MD: Children's Safety Network Economics and Insurance Resource Center, National Public Services Research Institute. 1994-. irregular. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Available for loan. Summary: These fact sheets give data on deaths and injuries caused by various types of childhood injury, when and where they occur, who is at risk, health care costs and savings, and prevention effectiveness. Topics include falls, motor vehicles, bicycles, home injuries, scald burns, drowning, sports, residential fires, poisoning, adolescents and young adults, and gunshot wounds. Additional sheets discuss the effectiveness of prevention efforts, including bicycle helmets, child safety seats, poison control centers, speed limits, injury prevention counseling by pediatricians, and sobriety checkpoints. Definitions are included. [Funded in part by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].
•
Ten things you can do to save a child's life Source: Newton, MA: Children's Safety Network, Education Development Center. [ca. 1995]. 4 pp. Contact: Available from Children's Safety Network National Injury and Violence Prevention Resource Center, Education Development Center, 55 Chapel Street, Newton, MA 02458. Telephone: (617) 969-7100 / fax: (617) 244-3436 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.edc.org/HHD/csn. Available at no charge. Summary: This brochure for legislators lists ten things they can do to help save children's lives. The list addresses bicycle helmet legislation, child safety seat funding, MCH agency childhood injury prevention programs, motor vehicle safety restraint laws, funding of poison control centers, requirement of four-sided fencing around swimming pools, safety features and safe storage of firearms, child death review teams, zero tolerance legislation to combat underage drinking and driving, and setting a personal example by practicing injury prevention. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].
•
Drive It Safe! Source: Chicago, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1994. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). P.O. Box 75838, Chicago, IL 60675-5838. (800) 626-6726. Fax (for credit card or institutional purchase orders) (800) 823-8025. Web site: www.aaos.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk prices available. Summary: This brochure for the general public offers tips on driving safely. Advice includes obeying traffic safety rules, driving defensively, keeping one's car in good mechanical condition, wearing safety belts, using fixed headrests, and restraining a child in a properly secured child safety seat. The brochure explains the different types of
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collisions, provides data on the effectiveness of safety belts, and discusses the need to use them even in cars equipped with air bags. It dispels myths about the use of safety belts; explains the risk to a child being held on an adult's lap; and presents information on aging and driving, drinking and driving, and using safety belts during pregnancy. •
Child transportation safety tips Source: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. 1997. 19 pp. Contact: Available from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Rm. 5119, Washington, DC 20590. Telephone: (202) 366-4913 or (800) 4249393 auto safety hotline / fax: (202)493-2088 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov. Summary: This information package focuses on child safety in automobiles. It provides nine fact sheets with tips on auto safety: safety seat checkup, safety seats and seat buckles, infant seats, big baby or toddler seats, preschool and school children's safety, safety seat belts, harness straps, safety seat recalls, and air bag safety.
•
Agricultural safety and children Source: Marshfield, WI: National Farm Medicine Center. 1998. 10 items. Contact: Available from National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Telephone: (703) 356-1964 or (888) 4344MCH / fax: (703) 821-2098 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nmchc.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This information packet contains materials about child farm injury prevention. It is intended to provide helpful resources to professionals unfamiliar with child agricultural safety. Items in the packet include an introductory letter describing the purpose and intended audience for the packet; a fact sheet on agricultural safety and children; a resource list; an information sheet on what child safety advocates can do; a professional contact list; a summary of public policy relating to child agricultural labor; a farm safety fact sheet; a list of selected Web sites; an evaluation form; and a program summary. [Partially funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].
•
Drowning prevention Source: Marshfield, WI: National Farm Medicine Center. 1998. 10 items. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Telephone: (703) 356-1964 or (888) 434-4MCH / fax: (703) 821-2098 / e- mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nmchc.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This information packet is intended to provide professionals with relevant injury facts, suggestions for preventive actions, and examples of drowning prevention programs. The items in the packet include: an introductory letter; a fact sheet on rural health drowning; two resource lists of information sources and prevention programs; a model bill for a personal flotation device act; a child safety advocate strategies sheet; a rural youth drowning response form; an American Trauma Society 'Guide to Water Safety' booklet; and an information sheet on farm pond safety. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].
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Sixth quarterly planner: Child passenger safety Source: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996. 29 items (various pagings). Contact: Available from Office of Occupant Protection, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Rm. 5119, Washington, DC 20590. Telephone: (202) 366-4913 or (800) 424-9393 auto safety hotline / fax: (202)493-2088 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov. Up to ten copies available at no charge. Summary: This packet, the sixth Campaign Safe and Sober quarterly planner, focuses on child passenger safety. The planner contains camera ready logos, brochures, fact sheets, and instructional booklets on child safety seats, children as passengers in pickup trucks, air bags, school buses, pedestrians, bicycles, and alcohol.
•
Child passenger safety training workshop Source: [Washington, DC]: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. n.d. 2 pp. Contact: Available from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Rm. 5119, Washington, DC 20590. Telephone: (202) 366-4913 or (800) 4249393 auto safety hotline / fax: (202)493-2088 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov. Summary: This pamphlet advertises an ongoing occupant protection workshop given by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The workshop is divided into two tiers. One tier is for state and local advocates of child passenger safety. Tier one focuses on identifying misused child restraint systems. The second tier is for others with a broader interest in safety. This tier concentrates on networking and advocating for child safety. The workshop and materials are free for all participants.
•
Preventing childhood injuries for a bright future Source: Washington, DC: National Institute for Health Care Management Research and Educational Foundation. 2000. 1 v. Contact: Available from National Institute for Health Care Management Research and Educational Foundation, 1225 19th Street, N.W., Suite 710, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 296-4426 / fax: (202) 296-4319 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nihcm.org. Summary: This participant's notebook includes materials from the forum held in Washington, DC on March 1, 2000. The forum convened health plan managers, federal, state and local officials, childhood safety experts, advocacy groups and policy makers, to reinforce the efforts of groups that have established injury prevention programs as well as to encourage others to address this problem. The forum was part of a Bright Futures and Managed Care series. The folder contains four brochures on child safety programs; the forum agenda; two sections on case studies; policy and strategy discussion presentation outlines; and a section of additional reference materials. The remaining sections include faculty biographies; a participant list; and organization information for the National Institute for Health Care Management (NIHCM) Research and Educational Foundation, the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, and the Maternal and Child Health Bureau. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].
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•
A consumer protection approach to firearm safety Source: Newton, MA: Children's Safety Network National Injury and Violence Prevention Resource Center, Education Development Center. 1997. 53 pp. Contact: Available from Children's Safety Network National Injury and Violence Prevention Resource Center, Education Development Center, 55 Chapel Street, Newton, MA 02458. Telephone: (617) 969-7100 / fax: (617) 244-3436 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.edc.org/HHD/csn. Available at no charge. Summary: This resource packet presents information on several recent initiatives to protect consumers from firearm-related injuries and deaths. Included are text of proposed handgun sale regulations from Massachusetts which would require childresistant safety devices and other design considerations on all handguns manufactured or sold within the state, and testimony from various experts in response to these regulations. The packet also includes a bibliography of readings related to handgun design and child safety, a fact sheet and summary of a model handgun safety standard act from the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research, and two advertisements from Project Lifeline that address the dangers posed to children by guns. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau]. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “child safety” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Recommendations to reduce injuries to motor vehicle occupants: increasing child safety seat use, increasing safety belt use, and reducing alcohol-impaired driving Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2001 November; 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2841&nbr=2067&a mp;string=child+AND+safety Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Auto Safety Hotline - U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Summary: The toll-free Auto Safety Hotline is your chance to help identify safety problems in motor vehicles, tires and automotive equipment such as child safety seats, or get safety information. Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1363
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Child Passenger Safety Summary: This site provides information and advice on a variety of car safety issues for the family. Includes information on buying a safe car; and child safety issues -- air-bags and car seats. Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2826
•
Pesticides and Child Safety Summary: This consumer health information document discusses pesticide poisoning of children in the home and precautions to protect children from accidental pesticide poisonings or exposures. Source: Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances/EPA http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3017
•
Teaching Your Child About Safety Summary: This web site presents information, resources and referrals for parents and the general public who are either concerned about child safety issues or who need parenting guidelines related to child Source: Safer Child, Inc. http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6196 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to child safety. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to child safety. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with child safety. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about child safety. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “child safety” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “child safety”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For
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publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “child safety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “child safety” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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CHILD SAFETY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Behavioral Sciences: Disciplines concerned with the study of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and
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protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catalogs: Ordered compilations of item descriptions and sufficient information to afford access to them. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Checkup: A general physical examination. [NIH] Check-up: A general physical examination. [NIH] Child Development: The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of the child from birth up to but not including adolescence. It includes healthy responses to
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situations, but does not include growth in stature or size (= growth). [NIH] Child Welfare: Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and
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citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dexterity: Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emergency Medical Services: Services specifically designed, staffed, and equipped for the emergency care of patients. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.
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[NIH]
Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fats: One of the three main classes of food and a source of energy in the body. Bile dissolves fats, and enzymes break them down. This process moves fats into cells. [NIH] Firearms: Small-arms weapons, including handguns, pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns, etc. [NIH]
Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH]
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Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Information Systems: Integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inoperable: Not suitable to be operated upon. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as
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a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Medication Errors: Errors in prescribing, dispensing, or administering medication with the result that the patient fails to receive the correct drug or the indicated proper drug dosage. [NIH]
MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Motorcycles: Two-wheeled, engine-driven vehicles. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH]
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Neck Muscles: The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus). [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
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Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Point System: A way to plan meals that uses points to rate food. The foods are placed in four classes: calories, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Each food is given a point value within its class. A person with a planned diet for the day can choose foods in the same class that have the same point values for meals and snacks. [NIH] Poison Control Centers: Facilities which provide information concerning poisons and treatment of poisoning in emergencies. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prone Position: The posture of an individual lying face down. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
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Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rural Health: The status of health in rural populations. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seat Belts: Restraining belts fastened to the frame of automobiles, aircraft, or other vehicles, and strapped around the person occupying the seat in the car or plane, intended to prevent the person from being thrown forward or out of the vehicle in case of sudden deceleration. [NIH]
Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Single Parent: A natural, adoptive, or substitute parent of a dependent child, who lives with only one parent. The single parent may live with or visit the child. The concept includes the never-married, as well as the divorced and widowed. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH]
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Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strangulation: Extreme compression or constriction of the trachea or of any part. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual,
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between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Uncompensated Care: Medical services for which no payment is received. Uncompensated care includes charity care and bad debts. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Walkers: Walking aids generally having two handgrips and four legs. [NIH] Wheelchairs: Chairs mounted on wheels and designed to be propelled by the occupant. [NIH]
127
INDEX A Acrylonitrile, 115, 124 Adjustment, 26, 54, 115 Adolescence, 74, 115, 116, 122 Airway, 74, 115 Airway Obstruction, 74, 115 Algorithms, 115 Alternative medicine, 82, 115 Anal, 115, 119 Anatomical, 14, 115, 117 Anesthesia, 115 Anxiety, 4, 59, 115 Aqueous, 115, 118 Arterial, 115, 123 Arteries, 115, 116, 117, 121 B Base, 29, 30, 39, 41, 42, 44, 48, 52, 53, 55, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 115, 121 Bed Rest, 78, 115 Behavioral Sciences, 5, 115 Biotechnology, 9, 76, 82, 89, 115 Blood pressure, 116, 121 Bone Marrow, 116, 120 Branch, 48, 111, 116, 123, 124 Burns, 16, 99, 116 Burns, Electric, 116 C Carbohydrates, 116, 123 Carbon Dioxide, 116, 119, 124 Case report, 116 Case series, 9, 116 Catalogs, 77, 116 Cause of Death, 7, 116 Cell, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125 Cell membrane, 116, 121 Cell Respiration, 116, 124 Checkup, 100, 116 Check-up, 14, 116 Child Development, 8, 116 Child Welfare, 20, 83, 117 Chin, 58, 117 Chromosome, 117, 121 Clamp, 31, 58, 117 Clinical Medicine, 117, 123 Clinical trial, 4, 89, 117, 124 Cloning, 115, 117 Cofactor, 117, 123 Computational Biology, 89, 117
Constriction, 117, 125 Contraindications, ii, 117 Control group, 5, 117 Controlled study, 6, 117 Coordination, 27, 117 Coronary, 117, 121 Coronary Thrombosis, 117, 121 D Data Collection, 5, 117 Databases, Bibliographic, 89, 117 Day Care, 3, 73, 94, 118 Delivery of Health Care, 118, 119 Dental Care, 77, 118 Dexterity, 27, 118 Diagnostic procedure, 23, 82, 118 Digestion, 118, 125 Direct, iii, 31, 117, 118, 124 Distal, 118, 123 Drive, ii, vi, 39, 40, 62, 63, 64, 99, 118 Drug Tolerance, 118, 125 Duodenum, 118, 125 E Electrons, 115, 118, 121 Emergency Medical Services, 4, 80, 118 Emulsion, 118, 119 Encapsulated, 26, 118 Environmental Health, 88, 90, 118 Esophagus, 118, 125 Expiration, 119, 124 F Family Planning, 89, 119 Fathers, 77, 119 Fats, 119, 123 Firearms, 15, 31, 74, 99, 119 Fixation, 52, 119 Fold, 26, 119 Foramen, 117, 119 Forearm, 116, 119, 124 Fovea, 119 Friction, 29, 38, 119 G Gasoline, 63, 119 Gene, 76, 115, 119 Glucose, 119, 120, 121 Governing Board, 119, 123 Growth, 30, 34, 45, 115, 117, 119 H Health Care Costs, 99, 119, 120
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Health Expenditures, 119, 120 Heredity, 119, 120 Hormone, 120 Host, 120 Hydrogen, 115, 116, 120, 121 I Id, 94, 96, 98, 102, 103, 110, 112, 120 Immune response, 120 Immune Sera, 120 Immunization, 4, 120 Immunologic, 120 In situ, 60, 120 Indicative, 74, 120 Infancy, 8, 30, 120 Infarction, 117, 120, 121 Information Systems, 6, 120 Ingestion, 120, 123 Inhalation, 120, 123 Inoperable, 57, 120 Insulin, 47, 120, 121 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 121 Ions, 115, 120, 121 Isotonic, 26, 121 K Kb, 88, 121 L Library Services, 110, 121 Linkage, 50, 121 Lipid, 120, 121 Localized, 118, 119, 121 Loop, 24, 25, 31, 121 Lumbar, 26, 121 M Mandible, 117, 121 Medication Errors, 6, 121 MEDLINE, 89, 121 Mental Health, iv, 4, 77, 88, 91, 121, 123 MI, 29, 39, 40, 55, 79, 113, 121 Molecular, 89, 91, 115, 117, 121, 124 Molecule, 115, 121 Monitor, 31, 46, 121 Motorcycles, 19, 78, 121 Myocardium, 121 N Neck Muscles, 58, 122 Necrosis, 120, 121, 122 Need, 3, 6, 36, 61, 63, 70, 73, 76, 77, 79, 82, 90, 100, 103, 104, 122, 125 Neonatal, 30, 122 Neonatal period, 30, 122 Nerve, 115, 117, 122, 124, 125 Nitrogen, 119, 122
O Observational study, 6, 122 Ophthalmology, 119, 122 Outpatient, 6, 122 Oxygen Consumption, 122, 124 P Pancreas, 120, 122 Patient Education, 98, 108, 110, 113, 122 Pediatrics, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 73, 74, 94, 95, 96, 97, 122 Petroleum, 119, 122 Phallic, 119, 122 Pharmacologic, 115, 122, 125 Physical Examination, 116, 122 Physiologic, 121, 122 Platinum, 121, 123 Point System, 65, 123 Poison Control Centers, 99, 123 Poisoning, 8, 99, 103, 123 Polymers, 45, 123, 125 Posterior, 115, 122, 123 Practice Guidelines, 91, 102, 123 Precursor, 8, 123 Progressive, 118, 119, 122, 123 Prone, 69, 123 Prone Position, 69, 123 Protein S, 76, 116, 123 Proteins, 116, 121, 122, 123, 124 Proximal, 58, 118, 123 Psychiatry, 119, 123 Public Health, 12, 75, 91, 123 Public Policy, 9, 89, 100, 123 Pulse, 121, 123 R Radius, 42, 124 Randomized, 4, 6, 8, 124 Refer, 1, 119, 124 Respiration, 30, 45, 116, 121, 124 Retina, 124 Rod, 24, 29, 32, 56, 117, 124 Rubber, 45, 72, 115, 124 Rural Health, 100, 124 Rural Population, 124 S Screening, 117, 124 Seat Belts, 41, 45, 55, 56, 66, 100, 124 Sensor, 31, 39, 46, 124 Serum, 120, 121, 124 Shock, 36, 51, 52, 53, 124, 126 Single Parent, 77, 124 Skeletal, 26, 117, 124 Skeleton, 124
Index 129
Social Work, 77, 124 Specialist, 104, 124 Steel, 117, 125 Stimulus, 118, 125 Stomach, 52, 118, 120, 125 Strangulation, 58, 125 Stress, 124, 125 Styrene, 124, 125 Support group, 77, 125 Symphysis, 117, 125 T Thorax, 121, 125 Threshold, 31, 125 Thrombosis, 123, 125 Thymus, 120, 125 Tissue, 116, 118, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125 Tolerance, 99, 125 Tonicity, 121, 125 Torsion, 37, 120, 125
Toxic, iv, 103, 125 Toxicology, 90, 125 Trachea, 125 Traction, 117, 125 Transfection, 115, 125 Transfer Factor, 120, 125 Transmitter, 31, 49, 63, 125 Transplantation, 120, 125 Trauma, 12, 100, 122, 126 Trees, 124, 126 U Uncompensated Care, 7, 126 Unconscious, 120, 126 V Venous, 123, 126 Veterinary Medicine, 89, 126 W Walkers, 59, 126 Wheelchairs, 35, 126
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Index 131
132 Child Safety
