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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco 12000 GSR Product Update Session 1202 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco 12000 GSR Product Update Session 1202 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
1
Agenda Introduction Product Overview Architecture Switch Fabric Interfaces Applications 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
3
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Projected IP Backbone Bandwidth Requirements 5000 4500
2 x OC48
POP City-Pair Bandwidth Requirements
4000 3500
Mbps
3000 2500
OC48
2000 1500 1000
NA-Tier 1 ISP
2 x OC12 OC12
NA-Tier 2 ISP
500 0
Jan ’96 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
Jan ’97
Jan ’98
Jan ’99
4
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
2
IP Transport Alternatives
B-ISDN
IP over ATM
IP over SONET/SDH
IP over Optical
Multiplexing, Protection, and Management at Every Layer IP ATM
IP
IP
SONET/SDH
ATM
SONET/SDH
IP
Optical
Optical
Optical
Optical
Lower Cost, Complexity, and Overhead 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Agenda Introduction Product Overview Architecture Switch Fabric Interfaces Applications 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
3
Cisco GSR 12000 IP Backbone Leadership • High End Routing Product • Shipping since Oct ‘97 • Two models shipping: GSR 12008 and GSR 12012
• Carrier-class architecture • Premier IP-routing software • Extensively deployed - over 1,200 units in first year 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco 12008 GSR Product Highlights • Crossbar switch fabric architecture • Switching Capacity 40Gbps Up to 28Mpps
• 8 slot card cage (7 for interfaces) • Components: Switch Fabric Cards (SFC) Clock and Scheduler Cards (CSC) Route Processor (RP) Line Cards (LCs) 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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Cisco 12012 GSR Product Highlights • Crossbar switch fabric architecture • Switching Capacity 60Gbps Up to 44Mpps
• 12 slot card cage (11 for interfaces) • Components: Switch Fabric Cards (SFC) Clock and Scheduler Cards (CSC) Route Processor (RP) Line Cards (LCs) 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Agenda Introduction Product Overview Architecture Switch Fabric Interfaces Applications 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
5
System Overview Architecture for Scale & Performance
Line Card 0
Line Card 7 Switch Fabric
Line Card 1
Line Card 8 Scheduler
Line Card 6 RP
RP or LC11
Line Card 10
Note: All cards interconnected via M-Bus (not shown) Overview shown for 12012
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Vocabulary
• CEF CEF: Cisco Express Forwarding (marketing) • FIB FIB:
Forwarding Information Base (cache)
• RIB RIB:
Routing Information Base (routing table)
• Adjacency Adjacency: Database containing adjacent nodes (nexthop devices) with link layer info.
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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Cisco Express Forwarding Overview • Scaleable Forwarding Algorithm -Topology Driven, not cache based -Runs in “distributed” mode on Line Cards -Can support over 1 million routes
• Enables “New World” services -TAG/MPLS & IP-VPN utilize CEF as a ..foundation foundation 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
CEF Based Switching Route Processor Frame
Forwarding Information Base 00-0e1-00-00-00-00 2/3
Packet
Network 132.86.39.0
Frame
Packet
Line Cards Routing Table
Adjacency Table 00-0e1-00-00-00-00 2/3
• Routing Protocols inject entries into the master routing table • This information is used to create the CEF Forwarding Information Base and Adjacency table. All recursive routes and related Layer 2 adjacencies are resolved
• Any change in the routing table triggers an update to the CEF tables (FIB and Adjacency) 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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CEF Operation • CEF Switching is based upon “Longest Prefix Matching”
0
• Binary 32 bit 8+8+8+8 lookup algorithm • Leaf points to adjacency table
10
Adjacency ( i.e., Next Hop )
10.0.0.0/8
CEF is Topology Driven 171
64
171.64.0.0/16
31
192
255. 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
255.
Adjacency
200
255.
192.31.200.0/24
Adjacency
255 15
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
dCEF - Scaling Switching Performance GRP CEF Table downloaded to each line card
Master CEF Table
CEF table created from Routing Table
Multi Gigabit Crossbar
•Line Cards utilize CEF table to autonomously forward packets •Any change in the Master CEF table triggers an update to all cards •Switching performance is scaled with the addition of each line card 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
8
Architected for High Availability • Dual-route processors • Distributed forwarding tables • Switch fabric redundancy
Line Line Card Card
Line Line Card Card
Line Line Card Card
Line Line Card Card Multigigabit Multigigabit Crossbar Crossbar Fabric Fabric
•••
• Redundant power supplies • Redundant cooling systems
Line Line Card Card Route Route Processor Processor
• Maintenance bus • Line card protection 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
•••
Line Line Card Card Route Route Processor Processor
Maintenance Bus Fan/Blower Fan/Blower System System
Power Power Supply Supply
17
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
GSR 120000 Switch Fabric Overview • Crossbar switch fabric – 8 x 8 in Cisco 12008 – 12 x 12 in Cisco 12012
• Distributed over multiple cards – SFC contains the fabric – CSC contains the fabric and scheduler
Switch Fabric
• Scheduler grants bandwidth to the line cards every clock cycle • Fabric supports redundancy with no data loss on switchover
Scheduler
– 3 SFC and 2 CSC provides: • 1+1 redundancy for scheduler • 4+1 redundancy for fabric 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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GSR Switch Fabric Architecture
4 x 1.25 Gb/s
• Supports high density of interfaces at OC-48
4 x 1.25 Gb/s
Control Control and and Fabric Fabric (CSC) (CSC)
Line Line Card Card
• Virtual output queues eliminate “head-of-line blocking” • Combined scheduling of unicast and multicast traffic
Fabric Fabric (SFC) (SFC) Fabric Fabric (SFC) (SFC) Fabric Fabric (SFC) (SFC)
Line Line Card Card (or (or RP) RP)
Control 16 x 16 Control and Fabric and Fabric Fabric (CSC) (CSC)
• Hardware assist multicast packet replication and partial fulfillment 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
Line Line Card Card
Line Line Card Card (or (or RP) RP)
19
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
System Capacity
• Five 1.25Gbps serial lines per slot • One serial line to each of the fabric cards (one for redundant fabric)
Slot Slot11 Slot Slot22
CSC CSC B B
…
• Switching Capacity:
Slot Slotnn
CSC CSC A A SFC SFC 33 SFC SFC 22
– Per Slot
SFC SFC 11
4 x 1.25Gbps/Slot = 5Gbps/slot
– 12008 system capacity 5Gbps/slot x 8 slots = 40Gbps
4 x 1.25 Gbps/Serial Lines/Slot
– 12012 system capacity 5Gbps/slot x 12 slots = 60Gbps 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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Agenda Introduction Product Overview Architecture Switch Fabric Interfaces Applications 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
GSR 12000 Interface Overview
OC48/STM-16 OC48/STM-16 PoS PoS OC12/STM-4 OC12/STM-4 PoS PoS OC3/STM-1 OC3/STM-1 PoS PoS OC12/STM-4 OC12/STM-4 ATM ATM OC3/STM-1 OC3/STM-1 ATM ATM CHOC12 CHOC12 to to DS3 DS3 CHOC12 CHOC12 to to STS3c STS3c
• Industry leading interface breadth • Optimized for queuing and forwarding • Hardware assist for highperformance switching
Gigabit Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet
• Silicon queuing engine for QoS • Multiple Optics
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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Industry Leading Interface Breadth Port Density per Line Card
Interface Packet over SONET/SDH HDLC Frame Relay
OC48c/STM16c OC12c/STM4c OC3/STM1
1 1/4 4
Channelized OC12 (DS3) Channelized OC12 (STS3c) Channelized STM4 (STM1)
1 1 1
ATM ATM
OC12c/STM4c OC3/STM1
1 4
Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
1
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Line Card Architecture
Physical Physical Layer Layer (Optics) (Optics)
Layer Layer 33 Engine Engine
RX RX
Fabric Fabric Interface Interface
To To Fabric Fabric
• Line cards components – Physical Layer (Optics, Framer, SAR, etc.) – Layer 3 Engine (Router)
CPU CPU
– Fabric Interface (line card to/from fabric interface) TX TX
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From From Fabric Fabric
– Central Processor (CPU)
24
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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GSR 12000 Interfaces
• Type
Ethernet ATM
• Features
SRP POS
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• Applications
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Packet over SONET/SDH Interfaces • Cisco was first to market with PoS interfaces OC48c/STM-16c OC48c/STM-16c 11 port port SM-SR SM-SR OC12c/STM-4c OC12c/STM-4c SM-LR-2 SM-LR-2 11 or or 44 port port MM MM OC3c/STM-1c SM-IR OC3c/STM-1c SM-IR 44 port port MM MM CHOC12 CHOC12 to to DS3 DS3 SM-IR SM-IR 11 port port (12 (12 DS3s) DS3s) SM-LR SM-LR SM-IR SM-IR
• Over 20,000 Interfaces Deployed • Offered in a variety of data rates • Optics Support
CHOC12 CHOC12 to to STS3c STS3c 11 port port (4 (4 OC3s) OC3s) SM-IR SM-IR
Multimode OC-3c/STM1 OC-12c/STM4 CH OC12/STM4 OC-48c/STM16
Type 1 = 1310 nm Type 2 = 1550 nm 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
Singlemode
LED-1 (11 dB) LED-1 (6 dB)
IR-1 (16 dB) IR-1 (13 dB) IR-1 (13 dB) SR-1 (8 dB)
LR-1 (29 dB)
LR-2 (26 dB)
Fiber loss at 1310 nm typically 0.40-0.50 dB/km Fiber loss at 1550 nm typically 0.25-0.35 dB/km 26 26
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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PoS Backbone Applications
Connect to tributary interfaces on SONET/SDH muxes (OC3c/STM1c to OC48c/STM16c) Connect to transponders in a WDM system (typically OC12c/STM4c or OC48c/STM16c) Interconnect GSR directly over dark fiber with regenerators to extend the distance of LR interfaces (typically OC48c/STM16c) 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
PoS Edge Applications Connect to other routers directly over fiber (typically OC3c/STM1c)
Connect to other routers via a SONET/SDH access ring, with multiple tributary connections between the GSR at the PoP - one for each (OC3c/STM1c to OC48/STM16c) Connect to other routers via a SONET/SDH access ring, channelized interface used to connect to tributary side to aggregate multiple sites on to one physical interface (DS3 to OC3/STM1 on CHOC12/STM4) 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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PoS Intra-PoP Applications
Connect Edge Routers to Backbone Routers within a PoP/Data Center
Backbone Routers
Edge Routers
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OC3c/STM1c OC12c/STM4c OC48c/STM16c
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT) Interfaces • Ring-based Packet Transport OC12c/STM4c OC12c/STM4c 22 port/1 port/1 ring ring SM-LR SM-LR
OC12c/STM4c OC12c/STM4c 22 port/1 port/1 ring ring SM-IR SM-IR
OC12c/STM4c OC12c/STM4c 22 port/1 port/1 ring ring MM MM
Eliminate SONET/SDH equipment while retaining benefits Maximize bandwidth efficiency
• Offered in OC12c/STM4c rates on GSR 12000 & 7500 • Multiple Optics Multi mode Single mode Intermediate Reach Single mode Long Reach
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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SONET/SDH-Based TDM Transport • Accepted transport architecture • Performance monitoring and self-healing
Provisioned Connections
• Expensive and inefficient for packets Multiple equipment layers Bandwidth inefficiency
Protection SONET SONET ADM ADM
Working
SONET/SDH Ring SONET SONET ADM ADM
SONET SONET ADM ADM SONET SONET ADM ADM
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Ring-Based Packet Transport
• Eliminate SONET/SDH equipment while retaining benefits • Maximize bandwidth efficiency • Extend rich IP functionality over metro area
Working BFP
DPT Ring
• Minimize provisioning and configuration requirements 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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Spatial Reuse Protocol • New Layer 2 MAC technology SRP
Section Section Path Path Concatenated Concatenated plus plus Line Line OverOverPayload Payload Overhead Overhead head head
Spatial Reuse Protocol Uses SONET/SDH framing Bandwidth efficient Fairness (SRP-fa) Scalable Fast protection switching and service restoration Multicasting and priority
MAC MAC IP IP Packet Packet MAC MAC IP IP Packet Packet
GSR GSR 75XX 75XX
75XX 75XX
DPT-Based LAN/MAN/WAN
75XX 75XX
75XX 75XX GSR GSR
• Enables DPT functionality 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
…
75XX 75XX
33
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
DPT Enables Transport Flexibility and Evolution Dark Fiber
DPT Ring SONET SONET ADM ADM
SONET SONET ADM ADM
SONET SONET ADM ADM
~ ~ ~
WDM
~ ~ ~
SONET SONET ADM ADM
SONET/SDH Ring or Linear Point to Point
• Runs over dark fiber, SONET, or WDM • Enables transport “mix and match” • Provides efficient evolution path for incumbents • Provides optimized transport for greenfield builds
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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DPT Features
• Basic packet processing • Fairness • Multicasting • Intelligent Protection Switching • Topology discovery • ARP and routing • Network management 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Intelligent Protection Switching Fiber Cut
• Like SONET/SDH, DPT provides Proactive performance monitor and self-healing via ring wrapping Fast 50-ms restoration Protection switching hierarchy
GSR GSR
Cisco Cisco 75XX 75XX Cisco Cisco 75XX 75XX
• Unlike SONET/SDH, DPT provides signaling via explicit control messages Multilayer awareness and elastic cooperation differentiated handling by priority enhanced pass-through mode Fast IP service restoration on large rings No dedicated protection bandwidth and intelligent rehoming after wrap Minimal configuration and provisioning 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
GSR GSR Cisco Cisco 75XX 75XX
Cisco Cisco 75XX 75XX
Detects Alarms and Events and Wraps Ring ~50 ms
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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DPT Application Highlights
Si
GSR
Regional Transport Ring
Metro Access Ring
Leased Lines
GSR
GSR
GSR
HFC
Dedicated Access PoP Ring
Backbone Ring
HFC
GSR
Cable Data Access Ring
GSR
Regional Transport Ring
Server Access Ring
GSR
HFC 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
GSR
HFC
37
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Interfaces
• Offered in a variety of data rates OC12c/STM-4c OC12c/STM-4c 11 port port OC3c/STM-1c OC3c/STM-1c 44 port port
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OC3/STM1 OC12/STM4
• Used for aggregation and backbone connectivity
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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ATM Applications
ATM ATM Core Core IP IP Aggregation Aggregation
• IP is the ‘end’ protocol
IP IP Edge Edge ATM as the core layer
• ATM used for: – interconnecting IP core – aggregating multiple IP end points into an IP core
IP IP Core Core ATM ATM Aggregation Aggregation IP IP Edge Edge ATM as the aggregation layer 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
ATM Backbone Applications
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ATM
GSR backbone inter-connected via VPs/VCs through a public/private ATM network OC3c/STM1c OC12c/STM4c)
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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Cisco Systems Confidential
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ATM Aggregation Applications
GSRs and remote routers connect to an ATM network Remote routers connect to the GSR via ATM VCs/VPs Allows aggregation of multiple remote locations into a single router interface
IP Core
ATM UNI
ATM UNI
ATM Network for Aggregation CPE Router
Edge Router Edge Router 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
Edge Router 41
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
ATM Intra-PoP Applications
Backbone Routers
Edge Routers
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Connect Edge Routers to ATM switch within a PoP Connect GSR backbone routers to ATM switch in the PoP Interconnect edge routers to backbone routers via ATM VCs/VPs
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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Ethernet Interfaces
• Gigabit Ethernet interface available
Gigabit Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet MM MM -- SX SX SM SM -- LH LH 11 port port
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• Used primarily for IntraPoP applications
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Gigabit Ethernet Intra-PoP Applications Backbone Routers GigE Switch
Backbone routers connected to Edge routers or servers using Gigabit Ethernet interfaces via an LAN switch
Edge Routers
Backbone Routers
Backbone routers connected to Edge routers or servers directly using Gigabit Ethernet interfaces
Edge Routers 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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Optical IP Networks Sample Architecture
TDM TDM
TDM TDM
TDM TDM
TDM TDM
Metro Access Hybrid TDM, Data Rings using ISR 3303 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
Metro Regional DPT Rings Dark Fiber using GSR 12000 and 7500
Backbone Point to Point PoS over SONET/SDH, DWDM, or Dark Fiber using GSR 12000
Metro Regional
Metro Access
DPT Rings Dark Fiber using GSR 12000 and 7500
Hybrid TDM, Data Rings using ISR 3303 45
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Agenda Introduction Product Overview Architecture Switch Fabric Interfaces Applications 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Confidential
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Need for Class of Service
OC12/ STM4
• An interface is offered more load than it can support for an extended period of time causing the transmit queues to grow GE
OC3/STM1 OC12/ STM4
GE
• Back pressure, is applied on on ingress queues/ports • If load persists, traffic could be dropped at ingress • Therefore what is needed is an efficient mechanism for classifying incoming traffic and giving it different emission priorities
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Class of Service Features • Admission Control Access Lists (ACL), Extended ACL (EACL)
• Packet Classification/Rate Limiting Committed Access Rate
• Congestion Avoidance Random Early Detection (RED) Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED)
• Queue Scheduling Deficit Round Robin (DRR) 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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QoS/CoS - Edge vs. Core W-RED / M-DRR
CPE OC3/STM1
OC48/STM16
(X)ACL / CAR / W-RED
CPE
(X)ACL / CAR / W-RED
•Separate QoS Mechanisms for Edge and Core •Admission Control (X-ACL) and Traffic Classification (CAR) at the .Edge of the network •Congestion Management (W-RED) and Traffic Class Prioritization .(M-DRR) in the Core 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Committed Access Rate (CAR) Ingress 155Mb/s Pipe VoIP
HTTP
CAR Engine
FTP
Rate - Limited to 100Mb/s VoIP
Separate “Conform” and “Exceed” Actions
HTTP
FTP
VoIP 1st Class HTTP 2nd Class FTP 3rd Class
• ‘Rule Based’ Engine • CoS Packet Classification (Set-ToS) Based on Flexible Rules • IP Precedence / IP Access List / Incoming Interface / MAC Address • Rate Limiting Functionality • Generally Deployed at the Network Edge 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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RED Implements A Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Queue Queue RED
• If average queue length is less than min queue threshold, no packets are dropped • If average queue length is above max queue threshold, all packets are dropped
Drop Probability
• When average queue length is between the min and max, probability of dropping the packet is calculated as follows min
max
wq = wq*(1-weight) + weight*(current queue depth) where weight = (1/(2^ext-weight))
Average Queue Depth 1202 1117_06F9_c2_X
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
WRED Extends Functionality of RED to IP Precedence Incoming IP Packet
ToS ToS
• IP precedence bits are in the Type of Service (ToS) field in the IP header
IP Precedence A B
Queue Queue
C
• WRED uses the configured values to classify packets into different Classes of Service (COS)
Drop Probability
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• Designated to define the relative importance or priority of the packet
C B A min max Average Queue Depth 52
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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DRR Provides Emission Priority Strict Priority
• IP packets are mapped into different Class of Service (CoS) queues based on precedence bits
..
• Queues are serviced in round robin fashion except for one
Alternate Priority
• This one queue can be configured to be in either one of two modes:
..
Strict Priority Mode Alternate Priority Mode
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
GSR Class of Service Putting it all together W-RED
Queue
DRR
CAR IP Traffic VoIP HTTP FTP
ToS Written VoIP HTTP FTP
Packets are: Colored (ToS Set) at Ingress Classified and Potentially Discarded by W-RED (Congestion Mgmt) Assigned to the Appropriate Outgoing Queue Scheduled for Transmission by DRR
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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Thank You
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Please Complete Your Evaluation Form Session 1202
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