Ear Surgery - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

EAR SURGERY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES ...

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EAR

SURGERY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ear Surgery: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00393-7 1. Ear Surgery-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ear surgery. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON EAR SURGERY ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ear Surgery................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND EAR SURGERY.................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ear Surgery ................................................................................. 45 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 46 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND EAR SURGERY ........................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 49 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 54 General References ....................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON EAR SURGERY ........................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patent Applications on Ear Surgery............................................................................................ 55 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON EAR SURGERY ............................................................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 59 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 60 Chapters on Ear Surgery ............................................................................................................. 60 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON EAR SURGERY .............................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 63 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 64 Academic Periodicals covering Ear Surgery ................................................................................ 65 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 69 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 71 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 75 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 79 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 79 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 79 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 85 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 86 EAR SURGERY DICTIONARY .................................................................................................... 87 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 117

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ear surgery is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ear surgery, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ear surgery, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ear surgery. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ear surgery, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ear surgery. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON EAR SURGERY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ear surgery.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ear surgery, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Diagnosis and Initiating Treatment for Peripheral System Disorders: Imbalance and Dizziness with Normal Hearing Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 33(3): 563-577. June 2000. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. Summary: There are a number of disorders that selectively involve the peripheral vestibular (balance) system, causing dizziness without hearing loss. This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment for patients with these types of disorders. These disorders include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis, recurrent vestibulopathy, familial vestibulopathy, and bilateral idiopathic vestibulopathy. The authors stress that a careful and thorough history is the most important part of the

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clinical work up of patients complaining of dizziness. History should include mode of onset and description of the first episode of dizziness; frequency and duration of individual episodes; whether the episodes are spontaneous or provoked by certain factors like head movements or specific positions; associated auditory symptoms such as hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing or other noises in the ears); head trauma; and concomitant ear disease or previous ear surgery. The authors cover pathogenesis, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for the disorders listed above. 6 figures. 44 references. •

Long-term Effects of Chronic Otitis Media on Binaural Hearing in Children Source: Archives of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. 121(8): 847-852. August 1995. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the long-term effect of otitis media with effusion (OME) on binaural hearing in children. The research design consisted of longitudinal testing over a 4-year period following insertion of tympanic membrane grommets, employing clinical and normal control groups. Twenty-two children with a history of OME were tested before grommet insertion and at 3 months and 1 year after surgery; some of the children were followed for up to 4 years after surgery. An age-matched control group of 40 children was tested. The results indicate a significant improvement in the masking-level difference (MLD) with increasing time after middle ear surgery; the MLD remained significantly reduced even 2 years after hearing threshold correction. The MLDs of the OME did not differ significantly from those of the control group when tested 3 years after middle ear surgery, even though a small proportion of subjects with a history of OME continued to have MLDs smaller than normal limits. The authors conclude that the results generally suggest a slow recovery of binaural function in children with OME after restoration of normal hearing thresholds. 3 figures. 17 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Ear Surgery The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ear surgery. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ear surgery. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ear surgery. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ear surgery:

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Project Title: AFFERENT INNERVATION OF THE POSTNATAL COCHLEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hume, Clifford R.; Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAR-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary goal of this award application is to allow me to develop the skill and knowledge necessary to establish a successful independent research program in the development of the auditory system and hearing rehabilitation. As an otolaryngologist, I am keenly aware of the impact of hearing loss on the lives of my patients. Because hearing loss directly affects the ability of people to communicate, these impacts can be far reaching. Although I have an extensive background in basic science research, I have only recently entered the auditory field. In addition, during my medical school years and residency, the time that I was able to devote to research was limited by clinical responsibilities. The training period supported by this award will allow me to become knowledgeable and proficient in the field of auditory neuroscience. An outstanding group of scientists has agreed to assist me in this process. This time will also enable me to broaden my understanding of limitations with current modalities of treatment of hearing loss, including cochlear implantation, middle ear hearing aids and reconstructive middle ear surgery. It is my expectation that this training period will enable me to establish the foundation for an innovative research program in auditory development and give me insight into new strategies for the treatment of hearing loss. Auditory perception is encoded by neural circuits that interconnect hair cells in the inner ear and the central nervous system. The assembly of this exquisitely ordered network is dependent on the precise arrangement of multiple cell types in the inner ear and the establishment of accurate axonal projections to the cochlea during embryogenesis. The Iong-term, goal of this research program is to identify the molecular signals that regulate the specification of hair cells and their synaptic connections during development and use these signals to design strategies to treat human hearing loss. In this proposal, I have outlined a series of experiments to characterize the normal developmental process of hair cell innervation. I will then utilize an in vitro culture system to test the ability of postnatal auditory neurons to innervate new hair cells, a model of regeneration. Finally, I will use molecular techniques to begin to dissect the signals that regulate axon guidance in the developing auditory system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AUDITORY EXPERIENCE AND ADULT NEURON TURNOVER IN BIRDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kirn, John R.; Professor; Biology; Wesleyan University Middletown, Ct 064590241 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract) Neurogenesis persists into adulthood in many vertebrates including humans. An understanding of the factors that control neuron addition and survival may ultimately lead to insights on the functions of adult neurogenesis and suggest mechanisms for brain repair. In adult warm-blooded vertebrates, the most widespread production of neurons occurs in the avian telencephalon. In songbirds, many new neurons are inserted into the High Vocal Center (HVC), a region necessary for the perception and production of learned vocalizations. New HVC neurons replace older neurons that have died. Recent work shows that auditory input is necessary for normal rates of neuronal replacement. Available data suggest that deafening decreases the numbers of HVC neurons incorporated and

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prolongs their subsequent survival. Proposed work will directly test whether the life span of neurons that have been successfully incorporated into HVC prior to deafening is augmented. Additional studies will determine whether deafening influences the production or early survival of adult-formed neurons. A lesion study will test whether the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (lMAN), an area necessary for song learning, participates in the auditory control of HVC neuron turnover. Playbacks of conspecific song produce increased rates of HVC neuron activity and maximal rates are obtained with playbacks of the bird's own song. Thus, the effects of deafening on HVC neuronal turnover may be due to depriving birds of song-related auditory stimulation. Proposed experiments will systematically deprive hearing-intact birds of access to self-generated auditory feedback and/or conspecific song to test this hypothesis. We will contrast these effects with those following manipulations that alter, without completely blocking, self-generated auditory feedback from singing. Collectively, these studies will explore the sensory requirements for the control of adult neuron addition and loss within a discrete, well-characterized neural system controlling a learned vocal behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHILD DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO EARLY OTITIS MEDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Paradise, Jack L.; Children's Hosp Pittsburgh/Upmc Hlth Sys of Upmc Health Systems Pittsburgh, Pa 152132583 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This study's main objectives are to determine whether persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) in the first 3 years of life results in lasting impairments of speech, language, cognitive, or psychosocial development, and if so, whether they are prevented or lessened by prompt tympanostomy- tube placement (TTP). From 2 hospitals and 6 pediatric practices 6391 well infants aged <2mo were enrolled. Middle-ear status and hearing are monitored. Up to age 3, children who reach specified criteria regarding persistent OME are randomized to undergo TTP either promptly or after a defined extended period of OME persists. Detailed developmental tests are administered at ages 3, 4 and 6 yr to all subjects who had met randomization criteria and to a sample of others representing a spectrum of OME experience. Analyses of results will enable determinations whether associations exist between early OME and later developmental impairments; if so, whether the associations are causal; and whether prompt TTP is effective in preventing or lessening such impairments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FIBER LASER FOR MYRINGOTOMY AND MIDDLE-EAR SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Linden, Kurt J.; Spire Corporation 1 Patriots Park Bedford, Ma 01730 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of the proposed program is to design and fabricate a prototype 2710 nm (2.71mum) fiber laser for use in myringotomy and middle-ear surgery, and to demonstrate its operation. The 2710 nm wavelength corresponds to a maximum in the absorption spectrum of water, thereby reducing the laser power requirement. Current myringotomy and middle-ear surgery generally involves the use of a scalpel. Some myringotomy and middle-ear procedures utilize CO2 lasers, but these lasers are large, expensive, and operate at a wavelength not optimized for maximum tissue absorption. The primary aim of this project is to make available to

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the otolaryngology community a new type of fiber laser which is much smaller, less costly, lower power, more flexible, and more reliable than the CO2 laser. The fiber laser system will consist of a 791 nm diode laser pump which is coupled into a double clad, erbium and praseodymium-doped fluorozirconate glass (Er,Pr:ZBLAN) fiber which acts as the 2710 nm fiber laser. Commercially-available components will be selected for this laser. The prototype fiber laser will be evaluated by an otolaryngologist without use of human or animal subjects. The laser will be further optimized, miniaturized, and demonstrated on animal models during Phase II. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMAGE-GUIDED OTOLOGIC SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Labadie, Robert F.; Otolaryngology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Image-guided surgery (IGS) consists of real-time display of current location on X-ray images during surgery. Analogous to Global Positioning Systems, IGS systems provide intraoperative navigational information which has been shown to be particularly useful in complex cases such as those where anatomy has been distorted by disease and/or in "limited-access" surgery where small incisions are used. Systems are currently available for neurosurgery sinus surgery, and orthopedic surgery. In ear surgery (otologic surgery), the use of IGS systems has been limited by technical difficulties in achieving the sub-millimeter precision needed to avoid damaging adjacent structures. These difficulties relate both to fiducial marker placement and intraoperative registration. Fiducial markers are localizing devices on the patient which can be easily identified in X-ray images; the gold standard for fiducial markers is a rigid frame which is screwed directly into the patient's skull under local anesthesia. Registration involves identifying the fiducial markers on both the patient and the X-ray images and then linking or superimposing the X-ray image onto the patient; proper alignment of the Xray images with the patient is critical and technologically difficult. The proposed study involves the use of a novel fiducial system that is non-invasive (it does not directly screw to the patient's skull but rather is secured in place by a mouth-guard/mouthpiece similar to those worn for sporting events) and non-obstructive (it does not impede the surgeon's movements). This fiducial system is couplet with a Vanderbilt-developed IGS system. As of this writing, the novel fiducial system and IGS system has been shown to achieve submillimeter accuracy when tested on locations within the ear of a human skull. The system will be tested on human beings undergoing elective ear surgery. Once safety has been documented, this system will be used for "computer-assisted" surgery where the desired surgery will be electronically drawn out on the X-ray and the surgeon's movements will be restricted from violating these plans without overriding the system. It is anticipated that this system will make ear surgery safer and more efficient. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MIDDLE-EAR MECHANICS IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL EARS Principal Investigator & Institution: Merchant, Saumil N.; Associate Professor of Otology & Laryngo; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006

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Summary: The goal of this work is to understand sound transmission through normal, diseased and reconstructed middle ears so that better diagnostic tests and surgical procedures can be offered to patients with middle-ear disease. Middle-ear diseases such as chronic otitis media and otosclerosis, which affect over 10 million people in the US, are common causes of significant conductive hearing loss. The current battery of diagnostic tests (otoscopy, audiometry, tympanometry) cannot reliably differentiate ossicular pathology, especially when the tympanic membrane is intact or if there has been prior middle-ear surgery. Additionally, it is commonly acknowledged that postoperative hearing results after tympanoplasty procedures for chronic otitis media are often unsatisfactory. Factors contributing to the modest nature of surgical results include lack of clear understanding of the critical structure-function relationships in the reconstructed ear, and failure of current diagnostic tests to determine such relationships. Laser Doppler vibrometry has been demonstrated to be more sensitive than audiometry and tympanometry in assessing middle- ear function, because the laser spot (only 100 micrometers diameter) can be focused at various points on the tympanic membrane and malleus, and because vibrometry is unaffected by the ear canal (unlike tympanometry). We propose to use vibrometry, other acoustical measurements (admittance and reflectance), audiometry and tympanometry to investigate structure-function relationships in (a) normal ears, (b) diseased ears with ossicular pathologies, and (c) reconstructed ears that have undergone surgery for chronic otitis media or otosclerosis. Similar vibrometry and acoustical measurements will also be made in a surgicallymodified human temporal bone preparation that mimics diseased and reconstructed ears. Our approach should lead to a better understanding of the structure-function relationships in normal and pathological middle ears, improved differential diagnosis of middle-ear lesions, better pre-operative patient counseling and surgical planning, optimization of surgical techniques and hearing results, and reduction in the number of failed surgeries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NON-SURGICAL DEVICE FOR TREATMENT OF MIDDLE EAR EFFUSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Silman, Shlomo; Arisil Instruments, Inc. 450 Clinton St New York, Ny 11231 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) The purpose of this study is to test the efficacy of a portable, automated, modified Politzer device for the nonsurgical management of middle-ear effusion in children (4-11 years of age). The objectives of this study are to determine whether the change in average air-bone gap and tympanometric peak pressure from the final pre-test to the post-test is greater for the experimental subjects who receive treatment with the device as compared with the control subjects. Subjects with middle-ear effusion will be randomly assigned to the experimental (n=59) and control groups (n=59). Each experimental subject will receive twice-daily treatment (administered by the guardian) with a portable, automated, modified Politzer apparatus over a period of 7 weeks. Post-testing (audiologic and otolaryngologic evaluations) will occur three weeks after the period encompassed by the treatment. The significance of this study will have far-reaching benefit in terms of a reduction of the need for surgical treatment for middle-ear efThsion. with resultant avoidance of possible adverse sequellae, and substantial reduction of cost of management from approximately $2,000 for surgical treatment to approximately $10 for nonsurgical management. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: If the clinical trial proves to be successful, there will

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be national and international interest. Although the custom-made device costs $325 including product liability, when commercially produced, it will cost about $5.00. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OTIC MONITORING

PROBE

FOR

NEUROCOCHLEAR

INTRAOPERATIVE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Delgado, Rafael E.; Executive Vice President; Intelligent Hearing Systems 7356 Sw 48Th St Miami, Fl 33155 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many cases of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) likely are caused by interruption of cochlear blood flow (CBF). Disruption of the internal auditory artery during surgical procedures to remove acoustic neuromas (ANs) probab'y account for many cases of postoperative deafness. Also, many cases of clinical SNHL, such as sudden SNHL, are thought to involve reduction of CBF. Previous experiments have demonstrated the utility of measuring cochlear blood flow using laser-Doppler flowmetry techniques. This proposal involves the refinement and clinical human testing of a novel otic probe and instrumentation capable of measuring CBF and electrocochleographic potentials. The probe will also have treatment capability in the form of irrigation and suction to present medications to the round window and inner ear. Phase I results demonstrated the feasibility of these functions in animal experiments using a prototype probe. In Phase II, a refined probe will be used to test safety and efficacy during human surgery. Ultimately, it is anticipated that this instrumentation will be used (1) intraoperatively to assist surgeons in preserving hearing during AN removal; (2) in research applications to elucidate the role of CBF in SNHL; (3) in the clinic for diagnosis and treatment of SNHL caused by vascular insufficiency. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE OF TGF-B IN EXCESSIVE SCARRING: A CUTANEOUS MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Mustoe, Thomas A.; Professor and Chief; Surgery; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Excessive, or hypertrophic, scarring at sites of cutaneous injury often produces functional and aesthetic deficits that can strongly impact the function of an individual in society. Our long-term goal is to develop diagnostic and therapeutic treatments that promote normal resolution of cutaneous wounds without excessive scar formation. Our preliminary work has focused on demonstrating the clinical relevance of a rabbit model of hypertrophic scarring to the human condition. This model mimics the human condition in a variety of ways including responsiveness to steroid and occlusive treatments and a reduced hypertrophy with aging. Most importantly, the hypertrophy of our model and humans is due to excessive production of extracellular matrix, primarily collagen. The most powerful regulator of collagen synthesis during wounding is the TGFbeta family of cytokines. Our central hypothesis is that TGFbeta regulates wound healing and scarring in a manner that the preponderance of its three isoforms and the temporal sequence of their abundance and appearance determine the scarring outcome of a wound healing response. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the TGFbeta receptors (I and 11) and the Smad members of the TGFbeta intracellular signalling components play critical roles in the maintenance of the hypertrophic state. These hypotheses will be tested using our clinically relevant rabbit hypertrophic scarring

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model. Our Specific Aims are: (1) To support the hypothesis that the ratio and temporal pattern of the appearance of TGFbeta isoforms and their overall impact on collagen synthesis is critical to the importance of the development of hypertrophic scar vs. normal scar utilizing our unique hypertrophic scar model in the rabbit ear. (2) To examine the hypothesis that alterations in the expression of TGFbeta receptors temporally, in absolute numbers, and ratios are important in the development of hypertrophic scar utilizing a gene therapy approach, both overexpressing Type I and Type II receptors, and blocking them with dominant negative receptors. This novel approach of modifying receptor expression in vivo will be examined for its potential therapeutic implications. (3) To further examine the hypothesis that TGFbeta isoform expression is critical to the development of hypertrophic scar by altering TGFbeta signal transduction through viral and non-viral gene therapy approaches of altering expression of SMAD 3,4,7, and measuring the impact on TGFbeta isoform expression, development of hypertrophic scar, and collagen 1 expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VESTIBULAR PATHOLOGY IN MENIERE'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ishiyama, Akira; Surgery; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 07-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Overall goal of the proposed project is to describe the effects of Meniere's disease on the individual endorgans and vestibular ganglion, and how the pathology relates to the clinical history and vestibular function on routine testing. We propose a prospective study of the vestibular periphery in Meniere's disease using specimens obtained from ablative inner ear surgery and postmortem specimens. The project will use 1) histopathologic analysis, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy to study vestibular pathology 2) unbiased stereology to obtain morphometric measures at multiple levels: neuroepithelium, the nerve fibers, and Scarpa's ganglion neurons in the same subject 3) clinico-pathological correlations and comparisons between morphometric parameters and standarized vestibular testing. Morphometric parameters to be studied include 1) regional total type I, type II, and supporting cell counts in each of the five vestibular endorgans 2) vestibular nerve fiber counts and diameter distribution 3) Scarpa's ganglion neuronal counts and volume distribution. Archival temporal bones from patients with Meniere's disease will be used for Scarpa's ganglion neuronal counts. Using this systematic, prospective design we hope to answer important clinical questions such as 1) Does Meniere's disease affect the individual endorgans differently? 2) Can the patterns of neuroepithelial endorgan damage be correlated with clinical history? 3) Does Meniere's disease affect the vestibular nerve and ganglion? 4) Is Meniere's disease associated with an atrophy of the Scarpa's ganglion neurons? 5) Are clinical phenomenon such as Tumarkin falls, delayed endolymphatic hydrops, and chronic dysequilibrium associated with particular patterns of neuroepithelial or differential endorgan damage? or with alterations in neuronal number or size? 6) What are the morphometric correlates to abnormalities on traditional vestibular testing: caloric paresis, and decreased gain and time constant on step rotational testing? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: WATER PRECAUTIONS AND TYMPANOSTOMY TUBES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mandel, Ellen M.; Children's Pittsburgh/Upmc Hlth Sys of Upmc Health Systems Pittsburgh, Pa 152132583

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: Children with tympanostomy tubes have traditionally been advised to protect their ears when swimming and bathing. Although acute otorrhea through a patent tube is a common occurrence, there is no published evidence that water exposure is causative. We will prospectively randomize 182 children, ages 6 months to 6 years, who have had bilateral tympanostomy tubes placed within one month of entry to one of 2 groups: 1) swimming and bathing without earplugh or 2) swimming and bathing with earplugs. We will stratify the groups by age (4 years) and by diagnosis (recurrent acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion). Parents will be given a calendar to record all swimming acitvity. The children will be seen monthly for one year, and whenever there is an intercurrent ear, nose, or throat problem. If otorrhea develops, a culture will be performed and the child will be treated with an oral antibiotic and ototopical drops. The primary comparison will be the incidence of otorrhea in each experimental group and the second comparison will be the average number of episodes per child in the two group. Examination of the culture results will help determine the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the otorrhea. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ear surgery, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for ear surgery (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

"Tissue welding" with the argon laser in middle ear surgery. Author(s): McKennan KX. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1990 November; 100(11): 1143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2233072

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20 years of experience with homografts in ear surgery. Author(s): Betow C. Source: J Laryngol Otol Suppl. 1982; 5: 1-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6765061

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of PORP, TORP, and incus homograft for ossicular reconstruction in chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Silverstein H, McDaniel AB, Lichtenstein R. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1986 February; 96(2): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3753735

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A comparison of total intravenous with balanced anaesthesia for middle ear surgery: effects on postoperative nausea and vomiting, pain, and conditions of surgery. Author(s): Mukherjee K, Seavell C, Rawlings E, Weiss A. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 February; 58(2): 176-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622108

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A method of anaesthesia for ear surgery. "Protected sleep". Author(s): Delaruelle J, Marquet J. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1971; 25(4): 673-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5143650

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A minimally invasive technique for endoscopic middle ear surgery. Author(s): Fabinyi B, Klug C. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1997; 254 Suppl 1: S53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9065627

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A molecular epidemiologic study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in patients undergoing middle ear surgery. Author(s): Suh HK, Jeon YH, Song JS, Hwang SJ, Cheong HJ. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1998; 255(7): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9783130

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A new self-retainer device for ear surgery. Author(s): Creter D. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1967 September; 86(3): 357. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6034668

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A randomized prospective trial to compare four different ear packs following permeatal middle ear surgery. Author(s): Zeitoun H, Sandhu GS, Kuo M, Macnamara M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1998 February; 112(2): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9578871

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A technique of anaesthesia, especially adapted for ear surgery, "protected sleep". Author(s): Delaruelle J, Marquet J. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1971; 281: 1-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4332929

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Advances in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Jahnke K. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1988; 39: 65-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3293366

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Aluminium oxide ceramic implants in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Jahnke K, Plester D. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1981 June; 6(3): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7261456

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Anaesthesia with profound hypotension for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Rollason WN. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1978 February; 50(2): 206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=626705

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Anaesthesia with profound hypotension for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Kerr AR. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1977 May; 49(5): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=861111

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Analysis in otoplasty. Author(s): Becker DG, Lai SS, Schipor I, Becker SS. Source: Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2003 August; 11(3): 297-305. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15062258

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Antimicrobial prophylaxis in ear surgery. Author(s): Jackson CG. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1988 October; 98(10): 1116-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3172958

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Applications of the KTP laser in chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Thedinger BS. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1990 March; 11(2): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2321693

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Aspects of anaesthesia for middle ear surgery an blood loss during stapedectomy. Author(s): Deacock AR. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1971 December; 64(12): 1226-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4399792

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Auditory brain stem response monitoring during middle ear surgery. Author(s): von Scheel J, Gerull G, Mrowinski D, Thoma J. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1989 August; 98(8 Pt 1): 605-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2764442

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Autoregulation of human inner ear blood flow during middle ear surgery with propofol or isoflurane anesthesia during controlled hypotension. Author(s): Preckel MP, Ferber-Viart C, Leftheriotis G, Dubreuil C, Duclaux R, Saumet JL, Banssillon V, Granry JC. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1998 November; 87(5): 1002-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9806672

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Bilateral stapedotomy in patients with otosclerosis: a disability-orientated evaluation of the benefit of second ear surgery. Author(s): De Bruijn AJ, Tange RA, Dreschler WA, Grolman W, Schouwenburg PF. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1998 April; 23(2): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9597281

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Binaural hearing after middle ear surgery. Masking-level difference for interaural time and amplitude cues. Author(s): Hall JW 3rd, Derlacki EL. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1988; 27(2): 89-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3408397

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Bioactive glass-ceramics in ear surgery: animal studies and clinical results. Author(s): Reck R. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1984 February; 94(2 Pt 2 Suppl 33): 1-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6363847

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Bioactive glass-ceramics in middle ear surgery. An 8-year review. Author(s): Reck R, Storkel S, Meyer A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1988; 523: 100-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3382120

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Bioinert ceramic implants in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Jahnke K, Plester D. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1981 NovemberDecember; 90(6 Pt 1): 640-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7316391

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Biomedical engineering in ear surgery. Author(s): Jako GJ. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1972 February; 5(1): 173-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4551410

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Bone allografts in reconstructive middle ear surgery. Author(s): Gersdorff M, Vilain J, Maisin JP, Munting E, Delloye C. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1989; 246(2): 94-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2658932

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Causation and prevention of sensorineural hearing loss after ear surgery. In: Sensorineural hearing loss. Author(s): Marquet J. Source: Ciba Found Symp. 1970; : 313-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5210922

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Choice, advice and assessment of patients for ear surgery. Author(s): Browning GG. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1996 October; 89(10): 571-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8976893

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Chondro-perichondrial connection in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Olaizola F, Ballivian H, Horna J, Ledesma M. Source: Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 1995; 116(2): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7569374

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Chronic ear surgery: a historical review. Author(s): Briggs RJ, Luxford WM. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1994 July; 15(4): 558-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8588615

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Clinical consequences of feedback on ear surgery: the continuous recording of adverse events and complications with regard to reducing the number of surgeons who perform otosclerosis surgery. Author(s): Rombout J, Van Zanten B, Fokkens WJ, Pauw BK. Source: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2002 August;259(7):351-61. Epub 2002 July 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12189400

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Clinical studies in ear surgery. Author(s): Holmquist J, Hallen O. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1983 July; 5(1): Preceding 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6881303

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Clinical-histopathological correlations of pitfalls in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Mutlu C, da Costa SS, Paparella MM, Schachern PA. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1998; 255(4): 189-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9592676

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Cochlear blood flow modifications induced by anaesthetic drugs in middle ear surgery: comparison between sevoflurane and propofol. Author(s): Albera R, Ferrero V, Canale A, De Siena L, Pallavicino F, Poli L. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 September; 123(7): 812-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575396

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Coital vertigo after ear surgery: when is sex safe? Author(s): Dawlatly EE. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1998 July-August; 19(4): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9692639

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Combination of granisetron and droperidol in the prevention of nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Fujii Y, Saitoh Y, Tanaka H, Toyooka H. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1999 March; 11(2): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10386280

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Comments regarding prognostic significance of stapes reflex in Bell's palsy, application of electroneuronography in managing Bell's palsy, and tuberculosis of the middle ear in facial paralysis, management of an injured facial nerve following middle ear surgery. Author(s): Gersdorff MC. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1991 November; 12(6): 468-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1805644

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Comparison of methods of evaluating hearing benefit of middle ear surgery. Author(s): Toner JG, Smyth GD. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1993 January; 107(1): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8445312

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Comparison of propofol with enflurane during hypotensive anaesthesia for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Bembridge JL, Moss E, Grummitt RM, Noble J. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1993 December; 71(6): 895-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8280561

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Comparison of subhypnotic doses of thiopentone vs propofol on the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting following middle ear surgery. Author(s): Honkavaara P, Saarnivaara L. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998 February; 42(2): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9509205

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Computerized documentation in middle ear surgery. Methods and clinical experiences. Author(s): Harris S. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1981; 374: 1-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6274131

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Congenital auricular malformations. Indications, contraindications, and timing of middle ear surgery. Author(s): Bellucci RJ. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1972 October; 81(5): 65963. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4651109

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Congenital malformations and middle ear surgery. Author(s): Marquet J. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1981 February; 74(2): 119-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7205846

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CT and MR imaging after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Kosling S, Bootz F. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 2001 November; 40(2): 113-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11704358

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Current use of implants in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Goldenberg RA, Emmet JR. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2001 March; 22(2): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11300260

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Defensive chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Kinney SE. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1980 July; 90(7 Pt 1): 1082-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7392744

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Delayed facial palsy following uneventful middle ear surgery: a herpes simplex virus type 1 reactivation? Author(s): Bonkowsky V, Kochanowski B, Strutz J, Pere P, Hosemann W, Arnold W. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1998 November; 107(11 Pt 1): 901-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9823837

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Delayed hypersensitivity reaction to topical aminoglycosides in patients undergoing middle ear surgery. Author(s): Yung MW, Rajendra T. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2002 October; 27(5): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383298

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Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of cholesteatoma in pediatric and adult patients who have undergone middle ear surgery. Author(s): Aikele P, Kittner T, Offergeld C, Kaftan H, Huttenbrink KB, Laniado M. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 July; 181(1): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12818870

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Dimensions of importance in reconstructive middle ear surgery. Author(s): Tjellstrom A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1977 May-June; 83(5-6): 488-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=888684

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Do magnesium infusions protect the inner ear during middle ear surgery? A randomized double blind study. Author(s): Pilgramm M, Kochy HP, Schafer M, Weibel HP. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 1993; 88: 517-28. English, German. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8460391

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Double cartilage block ossiculoplasty in chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Harvey SA, Lin SY. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 June; 109(6): 911-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10369281

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Drill-generated noise levels in ear surgery. Author(s): Kylen P, Arlinger S. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1976 November-December; 82(5-6): 402-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=998209

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Drilling in ear surgery. A comparison of pre- and postoperative bone-conduction thresholds in both the conventional and extended high-frequency ranges. Author(s): Hallmo P, Mair IW. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 1996; 25(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8658024

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Ear surgery and mastoid air cell system. Author(s): Palva T, Virtanen H. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1981 February; 107(2): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7469894

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Ear surgery camps in Nepal and the work of the Britain Nepal Otology Service (BRINOS). Author(s): Weir N. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1991 December; 105(12): 1113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1787375

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Ear surgery in Nepal. Author(s): Prinsley P. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1998 January; 80(1 Suppl): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9797582

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Ear surgery in osteogenesis imperfecta. Clinical findings and short-term and longterm results. Author(s): Garretsen TJ, Cremers CW. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1990 March; 116(3): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2306350

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Ear surgery in rural Thailand: a trip diary. Author(s): Jahn AF. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1990 December; 19(6): 399-412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2280455

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Ear surgery in the institutionalized mentally retarded. Author(s): Simic WJ Jr, Wiegle J, Angelo R. Source: Trans Pa Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1976 Spring; 29(1): 63-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=960192

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Ear surgery in Treacher Collins syndrome. Author(s): Marres HA, Cremers CW, Marres EH, Huygen PL. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1995 January; 104(1): 3141. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7832540

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Ear surgery today. Author(s): Goodman WS. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1980 April; 9(2): 103-4. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7373688

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Effect of conductive hearing loss and middle ear surgery on binaural hearing. Author(s): Hall JW 3rd, Derlacki EL. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1986 September-October; 95(5 Pt 1): 525-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3767223

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Effect of ondansetron on nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery during general anaesthesia. Author(s): Honkavaara P. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1996 February; 76(2): 316-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8777119

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Effect of transdermal hyoscine on nausea and vomiting during and after middle ear surgery under local anaesthesia. Author(s): Honkavaara P. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1996 January; 76(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8672379

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Efficacy of ondansetron for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after outpatient ear surgery under local anesthesia. Author(s): Ku PK, Tong MC, Lo P, van Hasselt CA. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 2000 January; 21(1): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651430

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EMLA and ear surgery: is it possible to achieve full-thickness anesthesia with EMLA? Author(s): Sarifakioglu N, Terzioglu A, Cigsar B, Aslan G. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2004 March; 30(3): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15008868

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Endoscope-assisted ear surgery. Author(s): Bottrill ID, Poe DS. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1995 March; 16(2): 158-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8572114

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Endoscopic middle ear surgery. Author(s): Tarabichi M. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1999 January; 108(1): 3946. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9930539

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Epidermal cysts of temporal fossa: an unusual complication of ear surgery. Author(s): Tovi F, Bartal N, Zirkin C. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1985 March-April; 94(2 Pt 1): 162-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3994235

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Erbium laser in middle ear surgery: in vitro and in vivo animal study. Author(s): Shah UK, Poe DS, Rebeiz EE, Perrault DF Jr, Pankratov MM, Shapshay SM. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1996 April; 106(4): 418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8614215

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Esmolol for hypotensive anesthesia in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Pilli G, Guzeldemir ME, Bayhan N. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1996; 47(2): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8869676

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Eustachian tube function and size of the mastoid air cell system in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Homquist J, Bergstrom B. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 1977; 6(2): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=929083

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Evaluation of pooled fibrin sealant for ear surgery. Author(s): Siedentop KH, Chung SE, Park JJ, Sanchez B, Bhattacharya T, Marx G. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1997 September; 18(5): 660-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9303166

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External auditory canal wall cholesteatoma: a complication of ear surgery. Author(s): Venkatraman G, Mattox DE. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1997 March; 117(2): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105469

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Facial nerve monitoring in chronic ear surgery: US practice patterns. Author(s): Greenberg JS, Manolidis S, Stewart MG, Kahn JB. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 February; 126(2): 108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11870338

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Facial nerve palsy after bat ear surgery. Author(s): Johr M, Sossai R. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1996 August; 83(2): 434. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8694337

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Facial palsy following local anesthetic infiltration for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Raman R, Job A. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1991 March; 117(3): 341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1998580

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Factors affecting recovery of mastoid aeration after ear surgery. Author(s): Tanabe M, Takahashi H, Honjo I, Hasebe S, Sudo M. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1999; 256(5): 220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392294

Studies

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Fate of cartilage material used in middle ear surgery light and electron microscopy study. Author(s): Hamed M, Samir M, El Bigermy M. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1999 July; 26(3): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10419032

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Fitness of civil aviation passengers to fly after ear surgery. Author(s): Moser M. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1990 August; 61(8): 735-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2400379

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Glue ear surgery in Scottish children 1990-1994: still plenty of ENT and public health challenges. Author(s): Bisset F. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1997 June; 22(3): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9222628

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Glue ear surgery. Author(s): Milne R, Hill A. Source: Quality & Safety in Health Care. 2003 April; 12(2): 159. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679516

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Grafting materials and methods in reconstructive ear surgery. Author(s): Perkins R. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1975 July-August; 84(4 Pt 1): 518-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1098544

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Granisetron reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1997 October; 79(4): 539-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9389277

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Gustatory otalgia and wet ear syndrome: a possible cross-innervation after ear surgery. Author(s): Saito H. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 April; 109(4): 569-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10201742

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Haemostasis in ear surgery. Author(s): Smith C. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1971 December; 64(12): 1225-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5131267

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High-tone sensorineural losses following chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Palva T, Karja J, Palva A. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1973 September; 98(3): 176-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4742423

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Histopathological observations on polyethylene-type materials in chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Palva T, Makinen J. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1983 January-February; 95(1-2): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6829295

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Home temporal bone dissection: anatomic approaches to ear surgery. Author(s): Farrior JB 3rd. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1980 May-June; 88(3): 310-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6995912

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Homograft ossicles in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Wehrs RE. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1985 January; 6(1): 33-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3976856

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Homograft stapes in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Tos M. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1978 August; 3(3): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=737860

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Homografts in chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Viscomi GJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1978 July; 88(7 Pt 1): 1165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=672349

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Homografts in middle ear surgery--ten years of experience. Author(s): Marquet JF. Source: Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1975 January-February; 80(1): 30-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1124568

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How useful is tricalcium phosphate ceramic in middle ear surgery? Author(s): Zollner C, Busing CM. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1986 July; 7(4): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3740238

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Hyaluronic acid in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Bagger-Sjoback D, Holmquist J, Mendel L, Mercke U. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1993 September; 14(5): 501-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8122716

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Hypersensitive allergic reactions to bismuth-iodoform-paraffin paste following ear surgery. Author(s): Lim PV, Hughes RG, Oates J. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1998 April; 112(4): 335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9659493

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Hypotensive anaesthesia for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Williamson R. Source: Anaesthesia. 1987 June; 42(6): 669. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3619008

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Hypotensive anesthesia for middle ear surgery: a comparison of propofol infusion and isoflurane. Author(s): Valtonen M, Kuttila K, Kanto J, Pakkanen A, Rosenberg P. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1992 June; 14(5): 383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1513195

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Iatrogenic epidermoid cyst of the parotid region following ear surgery. Author(s): Thompson AC, Bradley PJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1991 March; 105(3): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2019816

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Immediate and short-term complications of chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Palva T, Karja J, Palva A. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1976 March; 102(3): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1267687

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Importance of eustachian tube function in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Tos M. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1998 September; 77(9): 744-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9787517

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Incidence of regeneration of the chorda tympani nerve after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Saito T, Shibamori Y, Manabe Y, Yamagishi T, Igawa H, Ohtsubo T, Saito H. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2002 April; 111(4): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11991589

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Incidental tumours during middle ear surgery. Author(s): Goksu N, Kemaloglu YK, Ataoglu O, Ileri F, Hicyilmaz C. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1996 June; 25(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8783086

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Increased incidence of retching and vomiting during periovulatory phase after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Honkavaara P, Pyykko I, Rutanen EM. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1996 November; 43(11): 1108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8922765

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Incus homografts in chronic ear surgery. Author(s): House WJ, Patterson ME, Linthicum FH Jr. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1966 August; 84(2): 148-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5947874

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Incus precautions in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Webb BM, Fields RL, McFarland JJ, Moffet DB. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1966 September; 84(3): 313-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5946812

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Induced hypotension for middle ear surgery. Author(s): MacRae WR. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1971 December; 64(12): 1223-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5131266

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Inflammatory cells in chronic middle ear disease. Value of lymphocyte subset determination in ear surgery. Author(s): Palva T, Taskinen E. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1990 January-February; 109(1-2): 124-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2309551

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Influence of minor ear surgery on infrared tympanic thermometry. Author(s): Mandell DL, Pearl AW, Rothschild MA. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 May; 127(5): 547-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11346431

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Inner ear surgery. Author(s): Helms J. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1988; 39: 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3394562

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Intraoperative facial nerve monitoring in chronic ear surgery: a resident training experience. Author(s): Kartush JM. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1994 November; 15(6): 814-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8572100

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Intraoperative facial nerve monitoring in chronic ear surgery: a resident training experience. Author(s): Pensak ML, Willging JP, Keith RW. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1994 January; 15(1): 108-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8109620

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Intravenous lidocaine as a supplement to nitrous oxide anaesthesia for radical middle ear surgery. Author(s): Aldrete JA, Fraser JG. Source: Can Anaesth Soc J. 1966 July; 13(4): 397-402. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5966404

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Is pressure dressing necessary after ear surgery? Author(s): Castelli ML, Di Lisi D, Marcato P, Tavormina P, Cappellaro E, Sartoris A. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001 March; 110(3): 254-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11269770

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Labyrinthine fistula as a late complication of middle ear surgery using the canal wall down technique. Author(s): Hakuba N, Hato N, Shinomori Y, Sato H, Gyo K. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 November; 23(6): 832-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12438841

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Labyrinthine trauma during ear surgery. Author(s): Jahrsdoerfer RA, Johns ME, Cantrell RW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1978 October; 88(10): 1589-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=703452

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Laser applications in inner ear surgery. Author(s): Anthony PF. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1996 December; 29(6): 1031-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8890133

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Linear measurements in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Gibb AG, Croll TL. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1986 June; 100(6): 625-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3722994

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Local anaesthesia for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Lancer JM, Fisch U. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1988 October; 13(5): 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3243013

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Local anaesthesia in middle ear surgery: survey of patients and surgeons. Author(s): Yung MW. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1996 October; 21(5): 404-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8932943

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Long-term follow-up results of electrogustometry and subjective taste disorder after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Saito T, Manabe Y, Shibamori Y, Yamagishi T, Igawa H, Tokuriki M, Fukuoka Y, Noda I, Ohtsubo T, Saito H. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 November; 111(11 Pt 1): 2064-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11801998

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Long-term survey of prominent ear surgery: a comparison of two methods. Author(s): Tan KH. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1986 April; 39(2): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3697576

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Major ear surgery in a paediatric day care unit. Author(s): Rowlands RG, Harris R, Hern J, Knight JR. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 October; 116(10): 791-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12437832

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Management of carotid artery hemorrhage in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Welling DB, Glasscock ME 3rd, Tarasidis N. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1993 December; 109(6): 996-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8265199

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Management of labyrinthine fistulae in chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Copeland BJ, Buchman CA. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 January-February; 24(1): 51-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12579483

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Management of tubal function in reconstructive middle ear surgery. Author(s): Tos M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1980 January; 94(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7359028

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Measurement of drill-generated noise levels during ear surgery. Author(s): Hickey SA, O'Connor AF. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1991 September; 105(9): 732-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1919341

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Metabolic and hormonal responses to induced hypotension for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Newton MC, Chadd GD, O'Donoghue B, Sapsed-Byrne SM, Hall GM. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1996 March; 76(3): 352-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8785132

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Middle ear air injection after chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Silverstein H, Gordon M, Rosenberg SI, Seidman M, Willcox TO, Silverstein J. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1993 September; 109(3 Pt 1): 48892. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8414568

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Middle ear surgery in fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone. Author(s): Sataloff RT, Graham MD, Roberts BR. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1985 March; 6(2): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3985131

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Middle ear surgery under local anaesthesia and sedation. Author(s): Edussuriya B, Goonasekera CD, Rajapakse M, Rajapakse VP, Jayasooriya D. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1997 June; 42(2): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9257466

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Modification of auditory pathway functions in patients with hearing improvement after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Vasama JP, Makela JP, Ramsay HA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1998 July; 119(1): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9674525

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Multidirectional tomography in reconstructive middle ear surgery. Author(s): Wilbrand HF, Ekvall L. Source: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1975 September; 16(5): 436-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1199782

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Munchausen syndrome by proxy complicating ear surgery. Author(s): DiBiase P, Timmis H, Bonilla JA, Szeremeta W, Post JC. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1996 December; 122(12): 1377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8956754

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Newer types of ear surgery. Author(s): Brown LA. Source: Nursing Forum. 1965; 4(3): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5174636

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Nitrofurazone and middle ear surgery. Author(s): Goffin FB. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1967 January; 46(1): 60-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6038407

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On preservation of the posterior bony canal wall in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Hoogland GA. Source: Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel). 1971; 33(5): 341. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5159312

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Ondansetron/promethazine combination or promethazine alone reduces nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Khalil S, Philbrook L, Rabb M, Wells L, Aves T, Villanueva G, Amhan M, Chuang AZ, Lemak NA. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1999 November; 11(7): 596-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10624646

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Opening of the labyrinth during chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Palva T, Karja J, Palva A. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1971 January; 93(1): 75-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5538744

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Optimal concentration of epinephrine for vasoconstriction in ear surgery. Author(s): Gessler EM, Hart AK, Dunlevy TM, Greinwald JH Jr. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 October; 111(10): 1687-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11801926

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Ossicular manipulation in chronic ear surgery. An electrocochleographic study. Author(s): Kylen P, Arlinger S, Jerlvall L, Harder H. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1980 October; 106(10): 598-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7417088

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Ossicular reconstruction in chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Palva T, Palva A, Karja J. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1973 November; 98(5): 340-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4745309

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Pathology as it related to ear surgery. I. Surgery of glomus tumours. Author(s): Belal A Jr, Sanna M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1982 December; 96(12): 1079-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6294204

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Pathology as it relates to ear surgery II. Labyrinthectomy. Author(s): Belal A, Ylikoski J. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1983 January; 97(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6822767

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Pathology as it relates to ear surgery. III Surgery of cerebello-pontine angle tumours. Author(s): Belal A. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1983 February; 97(2): 101-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6600775

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Pathology as it relates to ear surgery. IV. Surgery of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Belal A Jr. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1984 February; 98(2): 127-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6693814

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Pathology as it relates to ear surgery. V. Ossiculoplasty. Author(s): Belal A Jr, Sanna M, Gamelotti R. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1984 March; 98(3): 229-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6366099

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Pathology as it relates to ear surgery. VI. Cochlear implantation. Author(s): Belal A. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1987 March; 101(3): 245-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3553399

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Pathology as it relates to ear surgery. VII. Tympanoplasty. Author(s): Belal A. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1987 October; 101(10): 993-1010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3681136

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Patient satisfaction in ear surgery. Author(s): Ramsden R. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1993 April; 107(4): 385. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8320535

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Pediatric ear surgery. Part I: The external and middle ears. Author(s): Fritsch MH. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1992 November; 71(11): 542-3, 547-8, 553-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1493752

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Pediatric ear surgery. Part II: The inner ear. Author(s): Fritsch MH. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1992 November; 71(11): 555, 558-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1493753

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Peroperative drill-generated noise levels in ear surgery. Author(s): Holmquist J, Oleander R, Hallen O. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1979 May-June; 87(5-6): 458-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=463518

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Philosophy and aims of modern ear surgery. Author(s): Hoople GD. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1974 February; 7(1): 3-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4812645

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Plasti-pore implants in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Emmett JR. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1995 April; 28(2): 265-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7596607

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Possibility of reciprocal infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between medical personnel and patients undergoing middle ear surgery. Author(s): Lee ES, Song JS, Hwang SJ, Suh HK, Cheong HJ. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2001 MarchApril; 63(2): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11244367

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Postauricular sulcus approach in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Abdeen MO. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1966 December; 84(6): 612-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5957136

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Postoperative care of patients having ear surgery. Author(s): Di Biasio AG. Source: Nursing Forum. 1965; 4(3): 104-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5174622

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Post-operative evaluation of middle ear surgery. Author(s): Marquet J, Graff A. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1982; 21(1): 20-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7055476

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Preoperative care of patients having ear surgery. Author(s): McCurdy HW. Source: Nursing Forum. 1965; 4(3): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5174637

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Preoperative swabs for the treatment of draining ears after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Stellfeld M, Wolthers OD, Lildholdt T. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1986 June; 11(3): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3089648

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Preoperative test of bleeding time in ear surgery. Author(s): Harris S, Nilsson IM. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1980 May-June; 89(5-6): 474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7192476

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Present concepts of reconstructive middle ear surgery. Author(s): Sade J. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1967 September; 46(9): 1121-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6074718

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Prevention of nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery: granisetron versus ramosetron. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Kobayashi N. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 December; 109(12): 1988-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10591360

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Prevention of nausea and vomiting with transdermal hyoscine in adults after middle ear surgery during general anaesthesia. Author(s): Honkavaara P, Saarnivaara L, Klemola UM. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1994 December; 73(6): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7880660

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Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting with antiemetics in patients undergoing middle ear surgery: comparison of a small dose of propofol with droperidol or metoclopramide. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Kobayashi N. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 January; 127(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177010

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Profound hypotension for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Donald JR. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1978 January; 50(1): 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=626687

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Prophylactic antiemetic therapy with a combination of granisetron and dexamethasone in patients undergoing middle ear surgery. Author(s): Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 November; 81(5): 754-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10193289

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Prophylactic anti-emetic therapy with granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide in female patients undergoing middle ear surgery. Author(s): Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H. Source: Anaesthesia. 1998 December; 53(12): 1165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10193218

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Propofol-based anesthesia as compared with standard anesthetic techniques for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Jellish WS, Leonetti JP, Murdoch JR, Fowles S. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1995 June; 7(4): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7546755

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Propofol-based anesthesia as compared with standard anesthetic techniques for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Jellish WS, Leonetti JP, Murdoch JR, Fowles S. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1995 February; 112(2): 262-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7838550

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ProSeal laryngeal mask airway use for prolonged middle ear surgery. Author(s): Nicholls M. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001 August; 87(2): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721708

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Quality of life following ear surgery measured by the 36-item Short Form Health Survey and the Glasgow Benefit Inventory. Author(s): Morzaria S, Westerberg BD, Anzarut A. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 October; 32(5): 323-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14974864

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Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dosed-finding study of the antiemetic effects and tolerability of ramosetron in adults undergoing middle ear surgery. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 December; 25(12): 3100-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749148

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Rate of recovery of taste function after preservation of chorda tympani nerve in middle ear surgery with special reference to type of disease. Author(s): Sakagami M, Sone M, Tsuji K, Fukazawa K, Mishiro Y. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2003 January; 112(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12537059

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Reconstructive ear surgery. Author(s): Hicks GW, Wright JW Jr, Wright JW 3rd. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1978 July; 71(7): 694-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=670768

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Reconstructive middle ear surgery for children. Author(s): Cole JM. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1970 June; 3(2): 319-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5006504

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Remifentanil induces consistent and sustained controlled hypotension in children during middle ear surgery. Author(s): Degoute CS, Ray MJ, Gueugniaud PY, Dubreuil C. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 March; 50(3): 270-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620951

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Reporting the benefits from middle ear surgery using the Glasgow Benefit Plot. Author(s): Browning GG. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1993 March; 14(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8503486

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Results of homografts in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Wehrs RE. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1978 May; 88(5): 808-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=642674

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Results with 2- or 3-legged wire columellization in chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Palva T, Palva A, Karja J. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1971 October; 80(5): 760-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5110883

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Routine preoperative imaging in chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Blevins NH, Carter BL. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1998 July; 19(4): 527-35; Discussion 535-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661767

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Safety of neck rotation for ear surgery in children with Down syndrome. Author(s): Todd NW, Holt PJ, Allen AT. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 September; 110(9): 1442-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10983939

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Sensorineural hearing loss following chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Tos M, Lau T, Plate S. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1984 July-August; 93(4 Pt 1): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6465785

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Sensorineural hearing loss in chronic ear surgery. Author(s): Smyth GD. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1977 January-February; 86(1 Pt 1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=835969

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Side-hole suction for ear surgery. Author(s): Todd NW Jr. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1979 January-February; 87(1): 878. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=503479

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Some aspects of middle ear surgery. Author(s): Janeke JB. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1979 June 16; 55(25): 1035-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=483083

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Supplementary uses of the suction device for resident training in ear surgery. Author(s): Rubin JS. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1986 April; 15(2): 135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3712545

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Surgeon's experience as a factor for emetic sequelae after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Honkavaara P, Pyykko I. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998 October; 42(9): 1033-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9809084

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Survival of the cortical bone columella in ear surgery. Author(s): Kylen P, Albrektsson T, Ekvall L, Hellkvist H, Tjellstrom A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1987 July-August; 104(1-2): 158-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3310512

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Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis and reconstructive ear surgery. Author(s): Carlin WV, Lesser TH, John DG, Fielder C, Carrick DG, Thomas PL, Hill S. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1987 December; 12(6): 441-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3327637

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Tests of eustachian tube function and ear surgery. Author(s): Sloth H, Lildholdt T. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1989 June; 14(3): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2743611

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The aims of middle ear surgery to improve hearing. Author(s): Browning GG. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1993 January; 107(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8445301

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The bioactive glass ceramic Ceravital in ear surgery. Five years' experience. Author(s): Reck R, Helms J. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1985 May; 6(3): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4003541

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The decline of ear surgery in the 21st century. Author(s): Hughes GB. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 2000 January; 21(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651425

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The Er:YAG laser in ear surgery: first clinical results. Author(s): Nagel D. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 1997; 21(1): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228644

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The exenterated mastoid: a problem of ear surgery. Author(s): Meuser W. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1985 July; 6(4): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4025529

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The facial nerve in congenital ear surgery. Author(s): Crabtree JA. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1974 June; 7(2): 505-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4599271

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The facial nerve in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Althaus SR, House HP. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1974 June; 7(2): 461-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4599268

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The first inner ear surgery to conserve or improve a sensory hearing loss: a candid discussion of the first 50 years of endolymphatic sac surgery for hydrops with its innovator. Author(s): Portmann G, Shambaugh GE Jr, Arenberg IK, Arenberg CR. Source: Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 1978 May-June; 99(5-6): 277-98. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=360340

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The four-point setback: a simple, objective method to satisfy patients in prominent ear surgery. Author(s): George A, Kollady J, Rajacic N. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 June; 109(7): 2601-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12045610

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The Glasgow Benefit Plot: a new method for reporting benefits from middle ear surgery. Author(s): Browning GG, Gatehouse S, Swan IR. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1991 February; 101(2): 180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1992270

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The high jugular bulb in ear surgery: three case reports and a review of the literature. Author(s): Moore PJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1994 September; 108(9): 772-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7964142

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The internal carotid artery in relation to middle ear surgery. Author(s): Howard D. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1982 December; 7(6): 381-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7160095

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The mastoid air cell system in ear surgery. Author(s): Holmquist J, Bergstrom B. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1978 March; 104(3): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=629709

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The methodical collection of ear surgery data as a basis for quality control. Author(s): Rombout J, Moorman PW, Holm AF, Pauw KH. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 April; 259(4): 184-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12064506

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The operating microscope and the development of ear surgery. Author(s): Gibson WP. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1980 January; 73(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7014879

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The place of fenestration in congenital ear surgery. Author(s): Schwaber MK, Glasscock ME 3rd, Nissen AJ, Jackson CG. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1983 January; 4(3): 222-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6338729

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The results of chronic ear surgery in a training programme. Author(s): Vartiainen E. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1998 April; 23(2): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9597291

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The role of prophylactic antibiotics in middle ear surgery. A study on phenoxymethylpenicillin prophylaxis. Author(s): Bagger-Sjoback D, Mendel L, Nord CE. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1987 November; 8(6): 519-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3124628

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The state of tinnitus after inner ear surgery. Author(s): Silverstein H, Haberkamp T, Smouha E. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1986 November; 95(4): 438-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3106906

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The use of the drill in ear surgery. Author(s): Hallen O, Tjellstrom A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1975 July-August; 80(1-2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1166783

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The use of vascular flaps in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Black B. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1998 July; 19(4): 420-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661749

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The value of head dressings for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Rowe-Jones JM, Leighton SE. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1993 January; 107(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8445303

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The value of head dressings for middle ear surgery. Author(s): Hoare TJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1993 July; 107(7): 666. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15125298

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Three new instruments for use in ear surgery. Author(s): Shevick IM, Wood E. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1965 December; 44(12): 51-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5841274

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Three-dimensional Hi-Vision video imaging in ear surgery. Author(s): Yagi T, Mochizuki R, Saito H. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1995 January-February; 57(1): 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7700604

•

Tomography and xerotomography after reconstructive middle ear surgery for cholesteatoma. Author(s): Brunner S, Berrett A, Tos M. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1982 May; 2(2): 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7106130

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Topics in physics and middle ear surgery. Author(s): Marquet J, Van Camp KJ, Creten WL, Decraemer WF, Wolff HB, Schepens P. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1973; 27(2): 139-319. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4576872

•

Tragal perichondrium and cartilage in reconstructive ear surgery. Author(s): Eviatar A. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1978 August; 88(8 Pt 2 Suppl 11): Suppl 11: 1-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=682797

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Transdermal scopolamine for the reduction of postoperative nausea in outpatient ear surgery: a double-blind, randomized study. Author(s): Reinhart DJ, Klein KW, Schroff E. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1994 August; 79(2): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7639364

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Tympanic membrane homografts in ear surgery. Author(s): Plester D. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1970; 24(1): 34-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4394380

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Tympanic thermometry and minor ear surgery. Author(s): Tomkinson A, Roblin DG, Quine SM, Flanagan P. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1996 May; 110(5): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8762315

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Unbalanced middle ear anaesthesia. A response to 'A comparison of total intravenous with balanced anaesthesia for middle ear surgery: effects on postoperative nausea and vomiting, pain and conditions of surgery', Mukherjee K et al., Anaesthesia 2003; 58: 176-9. Author(s): Walsh E. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 June; 58(6): 620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12846668

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Use of antibiotic prophylaxis in ear surgery. Author(s): Govaerts PJ, Raemaekers J, Verlinden A, Kalai M, Somers T, Offeciers FE. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 January; 108(1 Pt 1): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9432077

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Use of costal cartilage in middle ear surgery. Author(s): Decat M, Polet MA, Gersdorff M. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1997; 51(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105477

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Use of endoscopes for chronic ear surgery in children. Author(s): Rosenberg SI, Silverstein H, Hoffer M, Nichols M. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1995 August; 121(8): 870-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7619412

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Variables affecting the drill-generated noise levels in ear surgery. Author(s): Kylen P, Stjernvall JE, Arlinger S. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1977 September-October; 84(3-4): 252-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=906818

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What's new in middle ear surgery? Author(s): Smyth GD. Source: Ulster Med J. 1966; 35(1): 35-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5922873

Studies

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Worth a thousand words--an illustration after ear surgery. Author(s): McDaniel AB, Silverstein H. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1987 January; 8(1): 39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3565545

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Younger patients have a higher rate of recovery of taste function after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Sone M, Sakagami M, Tsuji K, Mishiro Y. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 August; 127(8): 967-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493207

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND EAR SURGERY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and ear surgery.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Ear Surgery The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “ear surgery” (or a synonym): •

Prevention of nausea and vomiting with transdermal hyoscine in adults after middle ear surgery during general anaesthesia. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, Otolaryngological Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland. Source: Honkavaara, P Saarnivaara, L Klemola, U M Br-J-Anaesth. 1994 December; 73(6): 763-6 0007-0912

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND EAR SURGERY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to ear surgery. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to ear surgery and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to ear surgery: •

A model for prelingual deafness, the congenitally deaf white cat--population statistics and degenerative changes. Author(s): Heid S, Hartmann R, Klinke R. Source: Hearing Research. 1998 January; 115(1-2): 101-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9472739

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A new method of partial deafness treatment. Author(s): Skarzynski H, Lorens A, Piotrowska A. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 April; 9(4): Cs20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12709676

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Acoustic reflex post-stapectomy: a preliminary report. Author(s): Mikaelian DO, Gamsey HB, Trocki I, Jassal SP.

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Source: Trans Pa Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1977 Fall; 30(2): 161-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=595071 •

Acoustic role of the buttress and posterior incudal ligament in human temporal bones. Author(s): Hato N, Welsh JT, Goode RL, Stenfelt S. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 March; 124(3): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11240990

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Acoustic stapedius reflex elicited after stapedectomy. Author(s): Prasansuk S, Hinchcliffe R. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1972 June; 86(6): 637-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5041628

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An anatomically shaped incus prosthesis for reconstruction of the ossicular chain. Author(s): Lord RM, Mills RP, Abel EW. Source: Hearing Research. 2000 July; 145(1-2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10867286

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Arrest of apoptosis in auditory neurons: implications for sensorineural preservation in cochlear implantation. Author(s): Scarpidis U, Madnani D, Shoemaker C, Fletcher CH, Kojima K, Eshraghi AA, Staecker H, Lefebvre P, Malgrange B, Balkany TJ, Van De Water TR. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2003 May; 24(3): 409-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12806293

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Assessment of electrostimulation in children supplied with cochlear implants. Author(s): Stephan K, Welzl-Muller K. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1997 November; 18(6 Suppl): S97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9391616

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Audiologic quiz case. Author(s): Hayes D. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1977 August; 103(8): 502-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=880124

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Audiological performance with cochlear reimplantation from analogue singlechannel implants to digital multi-channel devices. Author(s): Hamzavi JS, Baumgartner WD, Adunka O, Franz P, Gstoettner W.

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Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 2000 November-December; 39(6): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11766690 •

Bone cements as adjuvant techniques for ossicular chain reconstruction. Author(s): Hoffmann KK, Kuhn JJ, Strasnick B. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2003 January; 24(1): 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544023

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Bone-conducted stimulation in electrocochleography. Author(s): Arlinger SD, Kylen P. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1977 November-December; 84(5-6): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=920139

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Carbon monoxide poisoning in infants: treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Rudge FW. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 March; 86(3): 334-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8451675

•

Central nervous system metabolic activity after cochlear implantation in the feline neonatal model. Author(s): Baylor JE, Mcfeely WJ Jr, Antonelli PJ. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 October; 121(4): 361-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10504588

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Changes in external ear resonance after ventilation tube (Grommet) insertion in children with otitis media with effusion. Author(s): Hong SH, Cho YS, Chung WH, Koh SJ, Seo IS, Woo HC. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2001 April 27; 58(2): 14752. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11278023

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Changes in loudness after stapedectomy. Author(s): McCandless GA, Goering DM. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1974 November; 100(5): 344-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4429478

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Cochlear implant versus vestibular stimulation. Communication. Author(s): Bleeker JD, Wit HP.

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Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1984 March-April; 93(2 Pt 1): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6608909 •

Cochlear implantation in children under the age of two years: candidacy considerations. Author(s): Osberger MJ. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 September; 117(3 Pt 1): 145-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9334757

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Coding of the fundamental frequency in continuous interleaved sampling processors for cochlear implants. Author(s): Geurts L, Wouters J. Source: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2001 February; 109(2): 713-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11248975

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Cognitive evoked potentials to speech and tonal stimuli in children with implants. Author(s): Kileny PR, Boerst A, Zwolan T. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 September; 117(3 Pt 1): 161-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9334760

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Comparison between neural and psychophysical recordings of taste stimulations. Author(s): Diamant H. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1968 January-February; 65(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5657118

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Comparison of EAP thresholds with MAP levels in the nucleus 24 cochlear implant: data from children. Author(s): Hughes ML, Brown CJ, Abbas PJ, Wolaver AA, Gervais JP. Source: Ear and Hearing. 2000 April; 21(2): 164-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10777023

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Comparison of preoperative electrostimulation data using an ear-canal electrode and a promontory needle electrode. Author(s): Lesinski A, Littmann X, Battmer RD, Lenarz T. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1997 November; 18(6 Suppl): S88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9391612

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Comparison of speech recognition with different speech coding strategies (SPEAK, CIS, and ACE) and their relationship to telemetric measures of compound action potentials in the nucleus CI 24M cochlear implant system. Author(s): Kiefer J, Hohl S, Sturzebecher E, Pfennigdorff T, Gstoettner W.

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Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 2001 January-February; 40(1): 32-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11296939 •

Comparison of two methods for selecting minimum stimulation levels used in programming the Nucleus 22 cochlear implant. Author(s): Skinner MW, Holden LK, Holden TA, Demorest ME. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1999 August; 42(4): 814-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10450903

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Conversion from the SPEAK to the ACE strategy in children using the nucleus 24 cochlear implant system: speech perception and speech production outcomes. Author(s): Psarros CE, Plant KL, Lee K, Decker JA, Whitford LA, Cowan RS. Source: Ear and Hearing. 2002 February; 23(1 Suppl): 18S-27S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11885571

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Intraoperative electrocochleographic monitoring of inner ear surgery for endolymphatic hydrops. A review of cases. Author(s): Arenberg IK, Obert AD, Gibson WP. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1991; 485: 53-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1843172

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Peroperative temporary threshold shift in ear surgery. An electrocochleographic study. Author(s): Kylen P, Arlinger SD, Bergholtz LM. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1977 November-December; 84(5-6): 393-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=920141

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Recovery times and side effects after propofol infusion and after isoflurane during ear surgery with additional infiltration anaesthesia. Author(s): Ledderose H, Rester P, Carlsson P, Peter K. Source: Anaesthesia. 1988 March; 43 Suppl: 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3259110

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Short-term and long-term effects on the masking level difference following middle ear surgery. Author(s): Hall JW 3rd, Grose JH. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 1993 September; 4(5): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8219297

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON EAR SURGERY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “ear surgery” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ear surgery, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Ear Surgery As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to ear surgery:

5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 6 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Otoplasty for behind-the-ear hearing aids Inventor(s): Bayer, Erich; (Straubing, DE) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020172386 Date filed: June 7, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to an otoplasty for behind-the ear provisions for hearing aids, with which a preferably flexible signal conductor coming from the behind-the-ear device, such as a sound tube (28) can be positioned in the auditory canal. The otoplasty is individually adapted to the anatomy of the patient. Its fixing part is essentially in the form of a hook which follows the outer edge (36) of the cavum conchae (22) in an arch, at least in some areas. A limb (32) which follows the edge of the cavum conchae becomes a bent transversal section (34) above the antitragus (30), traversing the cavum conchae, extending in the direction of the porus acusticus externus and expanding at its end section (40) which comes to rest in the upper area of the auditory canal (26), in order to receive the signal conductor (42). Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an ear fitting piece, i.e. an earpiece for behind-the-ear (BTE) devices in the field of hearing acoustics. These devices are also frequently referred to as BTE-secret ears (SE). In this connection, in comparison with SE solutions, which use an external hearing aid with additional equipment hidden in the clothing, a relatively short sound tube, individually adapted to the anatomy, is used, making it possible to noticeably reduce friction losses, particularly in the high-frequency sonic range. However, the sound tube must be precisely positioned in or on the auditory canal, and for this purpose, an ear fitting piece, i.e. an earpiece is regularly used, which is individually adapted to the human anatomy of the ear of the patient to be treated. Up to the present date, various forms of earpieces have become common, with some, namely the so-called "open" BTE earpieces, being particularly preferred, in order to have the minimum possible effect on the auditory canal, caused by partially covering or closing it off in some regions, with a "foreign body." These "open" BTE devices have the further advantage that the hearing capacity that still exists is impaired as little as possible in terms of its natural effect. Known relevant earpieces are known as "SE shell shape, SE clip shape, or SE claw shape" (See Ulrich Voogdt: Otoplastik--Die individuelle Otoplastik zur Horgerate-Versorgung,. , [Earpieces--Individual earpieces for hearing aids,.], Volume 2 of the scientific series "Akademie fur Horgerte-Akustik" [Academy for hearing device acoustics], Median-Verlag of Killisch-Horn GmbH, 1993). A modified version of these common earpieces is the "open" solution. However, all of the variants have the common feature that it is frequently not possible to make the hearing correction as natural as possible. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ear surgery, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps:

Patents 57

Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ear surgery. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ear surgery. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON EAR SURGERY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to ear surgery. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on ear surgery include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on ear surgery: •

Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Sourcebook Source: Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc. 1998. 576 p. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics, Inc. Penobscot Building, Detroit, MI 48226. (800) 234-1340. Fax (800) 875-1340. PRICE: $78.00. ISBN: 0780802063. Summary: This reference book provides information about some of the most common disorders of the ears, nose, and throat. The text describes diseases and their accompanying symptoms, as well as treatment options and current research initiatives. The book's 67 chapters are arranged in six parts: introduction, disorders of the inner and outer ear, vestibular disorders, disorders of the nose and sinuses, disorders of the throat, and cancers related to the ears, nose, and throat. Specific disorders and topics include otitis externa, otitis media, allergy, perforated eardrum, cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, tinnitus, hyperacusis, ear surgery, dizziness, BPPV (benign paraoxysmal positional vertigo), labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease, perilymph fistula, sinusitis, rhinitis,

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antihistamines, nosebleeds, smell and taste problems, sore throats, hoarseness, swallowing disorders, salivary glands, snoring, sleep apnea, spasmodic dysphonia, laryngeal diseases and disorders, smoking cessation, head and neck cancer, cancer of the oral cavity and upper throat, esophageal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer. Simple line drawings illustrate some of the anatomical concepts discussed. The book also includes a glossary of terms and an annotated directory of organizational resources with addresses, telephone numbers, e-mail addresses, and web site locations.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “ear surgery” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “ear surgery” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “ear surgery” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Acoustical Aspects of Chronic Ear Surgery (#5506120) by Richard L. Goode; ISBN: 9991669590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991669590/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Ear Surgery In order to find chapters that specifically relate to ear surgery, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and ear surgery using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on ear surgery: •

Surgery Source: in Hayback, P.J. BPPV: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 2000. p. 79-92. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $34.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963261142. Summary: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is an inner ear balance disorder characterized by sudden brief bouts of intense vertigo (a sensation of spinning dizziness) and nystagmus (rapid eyeball movements) induced by specific head movements. This chapter on surgery for BPPV is from a book that was written for people who have or suspect they have BPPV and who want to know more about its nature, causes, diagnosis, and treatments as well as strategies for coping with its effects. The author explains that the majority of people with BPPV will never have inner ear

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surgery; they will either improve on their own or while undergoing one medical (non surgical) treatment or another. Physicians look at a number of different factors to determine if surgery would be an appropriate treatment option; factors can be divided into three groups: patient, physician, and general. The chapter lists suggested questions for patients to ask their doctors, and offers strategies to help in the decision making process about surgery. The author then describes the types of surgeries that may be performed, including posterior semicircular canal occlusion, singular neurectomy (nerve section), and utricular macular ablation. For each type, the author describes the procedure, postoperative recovery, success rates, possible reasons for failure, and potential complications. The book is published by the Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA), a nonprofit organization that provides information and support to people with inner ear disorders. 1 figure. 21 references. •

Management of Congenital Aural Atresia Source: in Canalis, R.F. and Lambert, P.R., eds. Ear: Comprehensive Otology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2000. p. 359-370. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030. Fax (301) 223-2300. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $179.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 078171558X. Summary: Congenital atresia (the lack of a normal body opening) of the external ear canal presents a challenging problem for the otologist. This chapter on the management of congenital aural atresia is from a textbook that offers complete coverage of the field of clinical otology (study of the ear). The book is oriented to serve both the otolaryngology resident as a practical learning tool and the practicing otolaryngologist as an updated reference source of clinical and basic information. This chapter covers epidemiology; embryology; classification of deformities; preoperative patient assessment, including history, physical examination, audiologic evaluation, and computed tomography; medical management of unilateral or bilateral atresia; surgical management, including general considerations, timing of surgery, and canal cholesteatoma; surgical techniques, including incision, canal drilling, middle ear surgery, tympanic membrane grafting, meatoplasty, skin grafting, and postoperative care; surgical findings; hearing results; and potential complications, such as conductive hearing loss, canal stenosis, facial nerve injury, and labyrinthine injury. 15 figures. 21 references.

•

Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Source: in Cahill, M., et al. Everything You Need to Know About Diseases. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 501-542. Contact: Available from Springhouse Corporation. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477-0908. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671; Fax (215) 646-8716. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0874348226. Summary: This chapter is from a consumer health handbook. This lengthy chapter outlines ear, nose, and throat disorders. For each disorder, the authors define the condition, its causes, its symptoms, diagnosis and diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Conditions outlined include adenoid enlargement, hearing loss, infectious myringitis, inflammation of the mastoid, labyrinthitis, laryngitis, Meniere's disease, middle ear infection, motion sickness, nasal papillomas, nasal polyps, nosebleed, otosclerosis, septal perforation and deviation, sinus infection, sore throat, swimmer's ear, throat abscess, tonsillitis, vocal cord nodules and polyps, and vocal cord paralysis. The chapter features a number of sidebars that cover topics including preparing a child

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for adenoid surgery, removing earwax, preventing congenital hearing loss, preventing noise-induced hearing loss, coping with laryngitis, Meniere's disease, preventing middle ear infections, fluids and where they collect in middle ear infections, minimizing motion sickness, nosebleeds, speeding up recovery after ear surgery, dealing with a perforated or deviated septum, sinuses and their anatomy, tonsillectomy, coping with a sore throat, preventing swimmer's ear, throat abscess, gargling with warm salt water, recovering from vocal cord surgery, and tracheotomies. 10 figures. 1 table.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON EAR SURGERY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover ear surgery.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on ear surgery is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to ear surgery. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “ear surgery” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date

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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “ear surgery” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to ear surgery, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “ear surgery” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on ear surgery:

Periodicals and News

•

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Otosclerosis: A Common Cause of Hearing Loss Source: American Hearing Research Foundation Newsletter. 27(2): 1-3. Fall 2000. Contact: Available from American Hearing Research Foundation. 55 East Washington Street, Suite 2022, Chicago, IL 60602. (312) 726-9670. Fax (312) 726-9695. Summary: This article provides an overview of otosclerosis. This disease, which is characterized by the growth of spongy bone around the stapes and oval window, causes the progressive loss of hearing. Conductive hearing loss occurs if this bone tissue grows around the ossicles and keeps them from moving. If the tissue does not interfere with the ossicles, it is termed subclinical. Histologic otosclerosis is the presence of otosclerosis tissue whether or not it is causing hearing loss. Clinical otosclerosis is the term used when hearing loss is detectable. Hearing loss usually occurs in the low frequencies first and is only conductive. High frequencies are generally affected next, followed by hearing loss in the middle frequencies. As the conductive hearing loss develops, a sensorineural hearing loss may also occur. Although middle ear surgery can restore the conductive component of hearing loss in many people, it will not eliminate the sensorineural loss. The frequency of otosclerosis depends on age, race, and gender. Although otosclerosis runs in families, the genetic cause is unclear. The most common theory is that a dominant gene causes otosclerosis. In addition, it appears that the bone rebuilding process is faulty in otosclerosis, which could be caused by genetic defects in the enzymes directing the remodeling process.

Academic Periodicals covering Ear Surgery Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to ear surgery. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering ear surgery that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 8666 39 967 0 35 9707

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “ear surgery” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ear surgery can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ear surgery. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ear surgery. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ear surgery”:

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Dizziness and Vertigo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dizzinessandvertigo.html Ear Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eardisorders.html Ear Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/earinfections.html Facial Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/facialinjuriesanddisorders.html Hearing Disorders and Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersanddeafness.html Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plasticandcosmeticsurgery.html Scars http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scars.html Skin Aging http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinaging.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on ear surgery. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Middle Ear Surgery: For Better Health and Hearing Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 2000. 16 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: $1.50 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This booklet informs patients about middle ear surgery, which is often undertaken to improve hearing and ease other symptoms in people with chronic middle ear problems. The booklet covers the basics of middle ear anatomy and function, typical symptoms of middle ear problems, the treatment plan, preoperative care and information, tympanoplasty (repair of a damaged eardrum), mastoidectomy (removal of infected bone and growths from the middle ear), ossicular chain reconstruction

Patient Resources

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(replacement of the three middle ear bones), stapes surgery (to replace all or part of a damaged stapes bone), hospital recovery, and postoperative care at home. Detailed illustrations of the middle ear are provided. The booklet is illustrated with full color line drawings of the medical settings and the procedure used for each of the surgical techniques described. 32 figures. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ear surgery. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ear surgery. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ear surgery. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ear surgery. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ear surgery” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ear surgery”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ear surgery” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on ear surgery: •

Basic Guidelines for Ear Surgery Ear surgery Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002988.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Ear Surgery Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm

•

Background Topics for Ear Surgery Blood clots Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001124.htm Central Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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EAR SURGERY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent

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that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the

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pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Audiometry: The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds, and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Aural: Pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus. [EU] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around

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smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binaural: Used of the two ears functioning together. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bleeding Time: Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone-conduction: The means by which sound can reach the inner ear and be heard without traveling via the air in the ear canal or meatus. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH]

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Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesteatoma: A non-neoplastic keratinizing mass with stratified squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges, central nervous system, bones of the skull, and most

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commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorda Tympani Nerve: A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Implantation: Surgical insertion of an electronic device implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector

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not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective

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tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Striatum: Striped gray and white matter consisting of the neostriatum and paleostriatum (globus pallidus). It is located in front of and lateral to the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the globus pallidus and putamen). The white matter is the internal capsule. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Custom-made: Any active implantable medical device specifically made in accordance with a medical specialist's written prescription which gives, under his responsibility, specific design characteristics and is intended to be used only for an individually named patient. [NIH]

Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH]

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Cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH]

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Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Ear Diseases: Diseases of the ear, general or unspecified. [NIH] Eardrum: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Endolymphatic Duct: Duct connecting the endolymphatic sac with the membranous labyrinth. [NIH] Endolymphatic Sac: The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi

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and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Facial Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation. [NIH] Facial Paralysis: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. Facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. Neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of

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other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH]

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Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Hammer: The largest of the three ossicles of the ear. [NIH] Head Movements: Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans. [NIH] Hearing aid: A miniature, portable sound amplifier for persons with impaired hearing, consisting of a microphone, audio amplifier, earphone, and battery. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperacusis: An abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to auditory stimuli of normal volume. Cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; facial nerve diseases; stapes surgery; and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH]

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Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incus: One of three ossicles of the middle ear. It conducts sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU]

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Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthine: A vestibular nystagmus resulting from stimulation, injury, or disease of the labyrinth. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngeal Diseases: General or unspecified disorders of the larynx. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning

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secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malleus: The largest of the auditory ossicles, and the one attached to the membrana tympani (tympanic membrane). Its club-shaped head articulates with the incus. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA,

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can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Polyps: Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is often called simply the striatum. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH]

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Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]

Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystagmus: An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and it has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A collagen disorder resulting from defective biosynthesis of type I collagen and characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. There are four major types, I-IV. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otitis Media with Effusion: Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-

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colored transudate. [NIH] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Otology: The branch of medicine which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders and diseases of the ear. [NIH] Otorrhea: A discharge from the ear, especially a purulent one. [EU] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Outer ear: The pinna and external meatus of the ear. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural

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and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perilymph: The fluid contained within the space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Pontine: A brain region involved in the detection and processing of taste. [NIH]

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Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia. [NIH]

Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Praseodymium: Praseodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Prosencephalon: The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary

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vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the diencephalon and telencephalon. [NIH]

Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH]

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Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retching: Dry vomiting. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Round Window: Fenestra of the cochlea; an opening in the medial wall of the middle ear leading into the cochlea. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics

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when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scalpel: A small pointed knife with a convex edge. [NIH] Sclerae: A circular furrow between the sclerocorneal junction and the iris. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled

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to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Snoring: Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate. [NIH]

Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Songbirds: Passeriformes of the suborder, Oscines, in which the flexor tendons of the toes are separate, and the lower syrinx has 4 to 9 pairs of tensor muscles inserted at both ends of the tracheal half rings. They include many commonly recognized birds such as crows, finches, robins, sparrows, and swallows. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Speech Perception: The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes). [NIH]

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Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Stapedius: The stapedius muscle arises from the wall of the middle ear and is inserted into the neck of the stapes. Its action is to pull the head of the stapes backward. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of

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homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Syrinx: A fistula. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Terminalis: A groove on the lateral surface of the right atrium. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonal: Based on special tests used for a topographic diagnosis of perceptive deafness (damage of the Corti organ, peripheral or central damage, i. e. the auditive cortex). [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]

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Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tympani: The part of the cochlea below the spiral lamina. [NIH] Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Uvula: Uvula palatinae; specifically, the tongue-like process which projects from the middle of the posterior edge of the soft palate. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU]

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Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibular Nerve: The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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INDEX A Ablation, 61, 87 Abscess, 61, 87, 110 Acoustic, 9, 49, 50, 87, 115 Action Potentials, 52, 87 Acuity, 87, 89 Adjuvant, 51, 87 Adrenal Medulla, 87, 96 Adrenergic, 87, 95, 96, 112 Adverse Effect, 87, 110 Aerosol, 87, 104 Afferent, 87, 97 Airway, 35, 87, 111 Algorithms, 87, 90 Alkaloid, 87, 89, 110 Allografts, 15, 87 Alternative medicine, 64, 87 Alveoli, 87, 114 Ampulla, 87, 96 Anaesthesia, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 42, 46, 53, 87 Anaesthetic, 16, 87 Analgesic, 88, 104 Anatomical, 60, 88, 89, 94, 100 Anesthesia, 7, 14, 16, 21, 22, 25, 30, 35, 41, 87, 88, 96, 107 Anesthetics, 88, 97 Animal model, 7, 88 Antiallergic, 88, 107 Antibacterial, 88, 111 Antibiotic, 11, 37, 42, 88, 107, 111 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 37, 42, 88, 107 Antibodies, 88, 100 Antibody, 88, 92, 94, 99, 100, 108 Antiemetic, 34, 35, 88, 99, 102 Antigen, 88, 93, 99, 100 Anti-inflammatory, 88, 95, 98, 105 Antispasmodic, 88, 110 Anus, 88, 89, 101 Anxiolytic, 88, 104 Apnea, 88 Aponeurosis, 88, 98 Apoptosis, 50, 88 Argon, 11, 89 Artery, 9, 28, 39, 89, 90, 102, 105, 108 Asphyxia, 89, 104 Atmospheric Pressure, 89, 100 Atresia, 61, 89

Atrium, 89, 113 Atrophy, 10, 89 Atropine, 89, 110 Audiometry, 8, 89 Auditory, 4, 5, 9, 14, 22, 30, 50, 56, 89, 96, 99, 102, 114 Aural, 61, 89 Auricular, 17, 89 Avian, 5, 89 Axons, 89, 103 B Bacteria, 88, 89, 111, 114 Bacterium, 89, 113 Basal Ganglia, 89, 98, 108 Base, 35, 89, 101, 113 Basement Membrane, 89, 97 Benign, 3, 59, 60, 90, 98, 103 Bilateral, 3, 11, 14, 61, 90, 105 Bile, 90, 112 Binaural, 4, 14, 20, 90 Biosynthesis, 90, 104 Biotechnology, 11, 64, 71, 90 Bismuth, 25, 90 Bleeding Time, 33, 90 Blood pressure, 90, 100 Blood vessel, 90, 101, 114 Bone Marrow, 90, 98, 102 Bone-conduction, 19, 90 Brain Stem, 14, 90, 92, 115 Bronchi, 90, 96 Bupivacaine, 90, 102 C Calcium, 90, 93, 110 Callus, 91, 96 Capillary, 90, 91 Carcinogenic, 91, 112 Cardiac, 91, 96, 97, 102, 112 Case report, 39, 91 Caudal, 91, 107 Caudate Nucleus, 91, 94, 103 Causal, 6, 91 Cell Count, 10, 91 Cell Death, 88, 91, 103 Cell Differentiation, 91, 110 Cell proliferation, 91, 110 Central Nervous System, 5, 91, 96, 98, 106, 110 Cerebral, 89, 90, 91, 94, 97, 98, 113

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Cerebral Cortex, 91, 97, 98 Cerebral hemispheres, 89, 90, 91, 113 Cerebrum, 91, 113 Character, 91, 95 Chemotherapy, 91, 99 Cholesteatoma, 18, 22, 41, 59, 61, 91 Cholesterol, 90, 92, 112 Chorda Tympani Nerve, 26, 35, 92 Chromatin, 89, 92 Chronic, 4, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 36, 37, 40, 42, 60, 76, 92, 100, 111, 112, 113 Cisplatin, 92, 104 Clinical trial, 4, 8, 71, 92, 94, 95, 109 Cloning, 90, 92 Cochlea, 5, 92, 101, 109, 114 Cochlear, 5, 9, 16, 32, 50, 51, 52, 53, 92, 99, 113, 115 Cochlear Diseases, 92, 113 Cochlear Implantation, 5, 50, 51, 92 Cochlear Implants, 50, 52, 92 Cochlear Nerve, 92, 115 Collagen, 9, 90, 92, 104, 107 Collapse, 92, 111 Complement, 92, 93 Complementary and alternative medicine, 49, 54, 93 Complementary medicine, 49, 93 Computational Biology, 71, 93 Computed tomography, 61, 93 Computerized axial tomography, 93 Computerized tomography, 93 Concomitant, 4, 93 Conduction, 89, 93 Connective Tissue, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 103, 113 Constriction, 94, 101, 114 Constriction, Pathologic, 94, 114 Contraindications, ii, 17, 94 Control group, 4, 8, 94, 109 Corpus, 94, 103, 107, 110 Corpus Striatum, 94, 103 Cortex, 94, 107, 113 Cortical, 37, 94, 110 Cortisone, 94, 95 Cranial, 92, 94, 97, 101, 103, 105, 106, 115 Craniocerebral Trauma, 94, 113 Cues, 14, 94 Curative, 94, 113 Custom-made, 9, 94 Cutaneous, 9, 94, 100 Cyst, 25, 94

Cytokines, 9, 94 Cytoplasm, 89, 94, 99 Cytotoxic, 94, 95, 104, 111 Cytotoxic chemotherapy, 95, 104 D Degenerative, 49, 95, 103 Deletion, 89, 95 Dendrites, 95, 103 Depolarization, 95, 111 Dermis, 95, 114 Dexamethasone, 34, 95 Diagnostic procedure, 55, 64, 95 Diffusion, 18, 95, 100 Direct, iii, 95, 109, 112 Discrete, 6, 95, 113 Dissection, 24, 95 Distal, 95, 96, 108 Dizziness, 3, 59, 60, 76, 95, 114 Dopamine, 95, 102, 104 Dorsal, 95, 107 Dorsum, 95, 98 Double-blind, 35, 41, 95 Drug Interactions, 95 Duct, 87, 95, 96, 109, 112 Duodenum, 90, 96, 112 Dysphonia, 60, 96 Dysplasia, 29, 96 E Ear Diseases, 8, 96 Eardrum, 59, 76, 96 Edema, 96, 101, 103 Efferent, 96, 97 Efficacy, 8, 9, 21, 96 Effusion, 8, 96 Elastin, 92, 96 Elective, 7, 96 Electrode, 52, 96 Embryo, 91, 96, 104 Embryogenesis, 5, 96 Embryology, 61, 96 Emetic, 34, 37, 96 Endolymphatic Duct, 96 Endolymphatic Sac, 39, 96 Endoscope, 21, 96 Endoscopic, 12, 21, 96 Enflurane, 17, 96 Environmental Health, 70, 72, 96 Enzyme, 96, 98, 110, 113, 115 Epinephrine, 31, 87, 95, 96, 104 Erbium, 7, 21, 97 Esophageal, 60, 97 Esophagus, 89, 97, 112

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Eustachian tube, 22, 25, 38, 97 Extracellular, 9, 94, 97 Extracellular Matrix, 9, 94, 97 Extracellular Space, 97 Extremity, 97, 105 F Facial, 13, 17, 18, 22, 27, 38, 61, 76, 92, 97, 99, 102, 105 Facial Expression, 97 Facial Nerve, 17, 27, 38, 61, 97, 99, 105 Facial Nerve Diseases, 97, 99 Facial Paralysis, 17, 97 Family Planning, 71, 97 Fibrin, 22, 97, 113 Fibrinogen, 97, 113 Fissure, 92, 98 Fistula, 27, 59, 98, 113 Flexor, 98, 111 Fossa, 21, 98 Friction, 56, 98 G Ganglia, 98, 103, 106, 112 Ganglion, 10, 92, 98, 115 Gas, 89, 95, 98, 104, 112, 114 Gas exchange, 98, 114 Gastrointestinal, 96, 98, 110 Gene, 10, 65, 90, 98 Gene Expression, 98 Gene Therapy, 10, 98 Genotype, 87, 98 Gland, 87, 94, 98, 105, 112 Glucocorticoid, 95, 98 Gonadal, 98, 112 Governing Board, 98, 107 Graft, 87, 99 Grafting, 23, 61, 99, 100 Granisetron, 16, 23, 34, 99 Granulocytes, 99, 111 H Hair Cells, 5, 92, 99, 115 Hammer, 99, 104 Head Movements, 4, 60, 99 Hearing aid, 5, 56, 99 Hemoglobinopathies, 98, 99 Hemorrhage, 28, 94, 99 Heredity, 98, 99 Herpes, 18, 99 Herpes Zoster, 99 Histamine, 99, 107 Histology, 99, 105 Hoarseness, 60, 99, 101 Homologous, 98, 99, 112, 113

Hormonal, 29, 89, 99 Hormone, 94, 96, 99, 107, 110 Hydroxylysine, 92, 99 Hydroxyproline, 92, 99 Hyperacusis, 59, 97, 99 Hyperbaric, 51, 100 Hyperbaric oxygen, 51, 100 Hyperplasia, 100, 103 Hypersensitivity, 18, 100 Hypertrophy, 9, 100 Hypesthesia, 100, 103 Hypotension, 13, 14, 26, 29, 34, 36, 100 Hypotensive, 17, 22, 25, 100 I Idiopathic, 3, 100 Illusion, 100, 114 Immune response, 87, 88, 94, 100, 115 Immunohistochemistry, 10, 100 Immunology, 87, 100 Impairment, 96, 100 Implantation, 32, 52, 100 In vitro, 5, 21, 98, 100 In vivo, 10, 21, 98, 100 Incision, 61, 100, 101 Incontinence, 100, 110 Incus, 12, 26, 50, 100, 102 Infection, 12, 33, 61, 89, 100, 102, 112 Infiltration, 22, 53, 100, 107 Inflammation, 61, 88, 99, 101, 103, 104, 106, 109, 113 Infusion, 25, 53, 101 Ingestion, 101, 106 Inhalation, 87, 96, 101, 106 Inner ear, 5, 9, 10, 14, 19, 27, 28, 32, 39, 40, 53, 60, 90, 92, 101 Innervation, 5, 23, 97, 101 Insight, 5, 101 Intestines, 89, 98, 101 Intracellular, 9, 100, 101, 110 Intracranial Hypertension, 101, 105, 113 Intravenous, 12, 27, 42, 101 Invasive, 7, 12, 101 Involuntary, 99, 101, 104, 109, 111 Irrigation, 9, 101 Ischemia, 89, 101 Isoflurane, 14, 25, 53, 101 K Kb, 70, 101 L Labyrinth, 31, 92, 96, 101, 105, 106, 110, 115 Labyrinthine, 27, 29, 61, 101

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Labyrinthitis, 59, 61, 101 Lacrimal, 97, 101 Laryngeal, 35, 60, 101 Laryngeal Diseases, 60, 101 Laryngitis, 61, 101 Larynx, 23, 101, 115 Lesion, 6, 102 Leukemia, 98, 102 Lidocaine, 27, 102 Ligament, 50, 102 Localization, 100, 102 Localized, 87, 100, 102 Lymphatic, 100, 102 M Malleus, 8, 100, 102 Malnutrition, 89, 102 Meatus, 90, 96, 102, 105, 114 Medial, 102, 109 Mediate, 92, 95, 102, 115 MEDLINE, 71, 102 Meiosis, 102, 112, 113 Membrane, 8, 93, 95, 96, 101, 102, 103, 109, 110, 111, 114 Meninges, 91, 94, 102 Mental, iv, 4, 70, 72, 91, 102, 108 Mental Health, iv, 4, 70, 72, 102, 108 Metoclopramide, 34, 102 Microscopy, 10, 23, 90, 102 Millimeter, 7, 102 Mitosis, 89, 102 Molecular, 5, 12, 71, 73, 90, 93, 97, 102 Molecule, 88, 89, 93, 99, 102, 109, 110 Motion Sickness, 61, 103, 107, 110 Mucinous, 98, 103 Mucociliary, 103, 111 Muscular Diseases, 97, 103, 105 Mydriatic, 103, 110 N Narcotic, 103, 104 Nasal Mucosa, 103 Nasal Polyps, 61, 103 Nausea, 16, 20, 21, 23, 30, 34, 41, 46, 88, 103, 104 Necrosis, 89, 103 Neonatal, 51, 103 Neoplasms, 103 Neostriatum, 6, 91, 94, 103, 108 Nerve Fibers, 10, 92, 103, 115 Nervous System, 51, 87, 91, 99, 103, 106, 112 Neural, 5, 6, 52, 87, 103, 108 Neuritis, 3, 103, 115

Neuroleptic, 103, 104 Neuronal, 5, 10, 103 Neurons, 5, 10, 50, 92, 95, 98, 103, 112, 115 Neurosurgery, 7, 104 Neurosyphilis, 104, 105 Neurotransmitter, 95, 99, 104, 110 Nitrogen, 87, 89, 104, 114 Nitrous Oxide, 27, 104 Nuclear, 89, 98, 103, 104 Nuclei, 92, 97, 98, 102, 104, 115 Nucleus, 6, 52, 53, 89, 92, 94, 102, 104, 107, 108, 115 Nystagmus, 60, 101, 104 O Ointments, 104, 105 Ondansetron, 20, 21, 30, 104 Ossicles, 24, 65, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105 Ossification, 104 Osteogenesis, 20, 104 Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 20, 104 Otitis, 4, 6, 8, 11, 51, 59, 104 Otitis Media, 4, 6, 8, 11, 51, 59, 104 Otitis Media with Effusion, 4, 6, 11, 51, 104 Otolaryngologist, 5, 7, 61, 105 Otorrhea, 11, 105 Otosclerosis, 8, 14, 16, 59, 61, 65, 105 Outer ear, 59, 105 Outpatient, 21, 41, 105 P Paediatric, 28, 105 Palate, 105, 111, 114 Palliative, 105, 113 Palsy, 17, 18, 22, 105 Paraffin, 25, 105 Paralysis, 61, 97, 105 Paranasal Sinuses, 105, 111 Paraparesis, 105 Paresis, 10, 97, 103, 105 Paresthesias, 103, 105 Parotid, 25, 105 Paroxysmal, 3, 60, 105 Patch, 105, 114 Pathologic, 89, 100, 105, 106 Pathologic Processes, 89, 106 Pathologies, 8, 106 Patient Education, 76, 80, 82, 86, 106 Perception, 5, 106 Perforation, 61, 106 Perilymph, 59, 106 Peripheral Nervous System, 104, 105, 106 Petroleum, 105, 106

121

Pharmacologic, 88, 106, 114 Phospholipases, 106, 110 Physical Examination, 61, 106 Physiologic, 90, 106, 109 Platelet Activation, 106, 111 Pneumonia, 94, 106 Poisoning, 51, 103, 106 Polyethylene, 24, 106 Polypeptide, 92, 97, 106 Pons, 90, 97, 106 Pontine, 31, 97, 106 Posterior, 30, 50, 61, 95, 105, 107, 114 Postnatal, 5, 107 Postoperative, 9, 12, 17, 19, 21, 33, 34, 41, 42, 61, 77, 107 Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting, 12, 17, 21, 34, 42, 107 Postsynaptic, 107, 110 Potentiation, 107, 111 Practice Guidelines, 72, 107 Praseodymium, 7, 107 Premedication, 107, 110 Preoperative, 33, 36, 52, 61, 76, 107 Probe, 9, 107 Procaine, 102, 107 Progesterone, 107, 112 Progression, 88, 107 Progressive, 65, 91, 103, 106, 107, 114 Proline, 92, 99, 107 Promethazine, 30, 107 Prophase, 107, 112, 113 Prophylaxis, 13, 40, 107 Propofol, 14, 16, 17, 25, 34, 35, 53, 107 Prosencephalon, 107, 113 Prospective study, 10, 108 Prosthesis, 50, 108 Protein S, 90, 108 Proteins, 88, 92, 94, 102, 104, 108, 114 Proximal, 95, 108, 110 Proxy, 30, 108 Pruritus, 107, 108 Psychiatry, 108, 114 Public Health, 23, 72, 108 Public Policy, 71, 108 Pulse, 96, 108 Purulent, 105, 108 Putamen, 94, 103, 108 Q Quaternary, 108, 110 R Race, 65, 108 Radiation, 100, 108, 109, 115

Radiation therapy, 100, 108 Radioactive, 100, 104, 108, 109 Random Allocation, 109 Randomization, 6, 109 Randomized, 6, 12, 19, 35, 41, 96, 109 Reactivation, 18, 109 Receptor, 10, 88, 95, 99, 104, 109, 110 Recombination, 98, 109 Refer, 1, 92, 95, 99, 102, 103, 109, 110, 115 Reflex, 17, 49, 50, 109 Refraction, 109, 111 Regeneration, 5, 26, 109 Regimen, 96, 109 Research Design, 4, 109 Respiratory Physiology, 109, 114 Retching, 26, 109 Retroviral vector, 98, 109 Rhinitis, 59, 109 Risk factor, 108, 109 Round Window, 9, 109 S Saliva, 109 Salivary, 60, 92, 97, 109 Salivary glands, 60, 92, 97, 109 Saponins, 109, 112 Scalpel, 6, 110 Sclerae, 104, 110 Scopolamine, 41, 110 Screening, 92, 110 Sedative, 107, 110 Seizures, 105, 110 Semicircular canal, 61, 101, 110 Sensibility, 87, 110 Septal, 61, 110 Septum, 62, 110 Septum Pellucidum, 110 Serotonin, 99, 104, 110, 114 Shock, 110, 114 Side effect, 53, 87, 101, 110, 113 Signal Transduction, 10, 110 Sinusitis, 59, 111 Skeleton, 111 Skin graft, 61, 111 Skull, 7, 91, 94, 111, 113 Sleep apnea, 60, 111 Smoking Cessation, 60, 111 Snoring, 60, 111 Somatic, 96, 102, 106, 111 Songbirds, 5, 111 Spasm, 88, 111 Spasmodic, 60, 111 Spatial disorientation, 95, 111

122

Ear Surgery

Specialist, 77, 94, 111 Species, 87, 96, 102, 108, 111, 114, 115 Spectrum, 6, 111 Speech Perception, 53, 111 Spinal cord, 90, 91, 92, 98, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 112 Squamous, 91, 112 Squamous Epithelium, 91, 112 Stapedius, 50, 112 Stenosis, 61, 112 Steroid, 9, 94, 109, 112 Stimulus, 89, 96, 101, 105, 109, 112, 113 Stomach, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 112 Stress, 3, 85, 103, 112 Striatum, 103, 112 Stricture, 112 Subacute, 100, 111, 112 Subclinical, 65, 100, 110, 112 Suction, 9, 37, 112 Sympathetic Nervous System, 104, 112 Sympathomimetic, 95, 96, 112 Synapse, 87, 112 Synapsis, 112 Synaptic, 5, 104, 111, 112 Syrinx, 111, 113 Systemic, 37, 90, 96, 100, 101, 108, 113 T Telencephalon, 5, 89, 91, 108, 113 Temporal, 8, 9, 10, 21, 24, 29, 50, 97, 102, 113 Tendon, 98, 113 Terminalis, 113 Therapeutics, 35, 113 Threshold, 4, 53, 113 Thrombin, 97, 113 Tinnitus, 4, 40, 59, 104, 113, 115 Tomography, 30, 41, 113 Tonal, 52, 113 Tone, 24, 113 Tonsillitis, 61, 113 Tonsils, 113 Tonus, 113

Topical, 18, 105, 113 Toxic, iv, 89, 113, 114 Toxicity, 95, 114 Toxicology, 72, 114 Toxins, 88, 100, 114 Transdermal, 21, 34, 41, 46, 114 Transduction, 110, 114 Transfection, 90, 98, 114 Trauma, 4, 27, 103, 114 Tryptophan, 92, 110, 114 Tuberculosis, 17, 114 Tumour, 98, 114 Tympani, 92, 102, 114 Tympanic membrane, 4, 8, 41, 61, 102, 104, 114 U Urinary, 100, 110, 114 Uvula, 111, 114 V Vaccine, 87, 114 Vascular, 9, 40, 95, 100, 114 Vasoconstriction, 31, 96, 114 Vein, 101, 104, 105, 114 Ventilation, 51, 114 Vertigo, 3, 16, 59, 60, 76, 104, 114, 115 Vestibular, 3, 10, 51, 59, 60, 61, 99, 101, 115 Vestibular Nerve, 10, 115 Vestibule, 92, 101, 110, 115 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 92, 99, 113, 115 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 99, 113, 115 Veterinary Medicine, 71, 115 Viral, 10, 114, 115 Virus, 18, 109, 114, 115 Vitro, 115 Vivo, 115 Vocal cord, 61, 115 W Wound Healing, 9, 115 X Xenograft, 88, 115 X-ray, 7, 93, 104, 108, 115

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Ear Surgery

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