ELECTRICITY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Electricity: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84276-0 1. Electricity-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on electricity. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ELECTRICITY ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Electricity...................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 9 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 Academic Periodicals covering Electricity ................................................................................... 11 Dissertations on Electricity ......................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ELECTRICITY.................................................................................... 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 Finding Nutrition Studies on Electricity..................................................................................... 13 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 14 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ELECTRICITY ............................................................. 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 17 General References ....................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ELECTRICITY .............................................................................................. 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 21 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 22 Chapters on Electricity................................................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON ELECTRICITY ................................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 25 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 29 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 31 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 33 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 35 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 36 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 39 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 39 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 39 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 45 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 45 ELECTRICITY DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 47 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 67
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with electricity is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about electricity, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to electricity, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on electricity. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to electricity, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on electricity. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ELECTRICITY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on electricity.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and electricity, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “electricity” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Weathering the Storm Source: Diabetes Forecast. 46(6): 34-38. June 1993. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: The authors of this article remind readers of the importance of emergency planning for people with diabetes. They stress that preparation is the key to disaster survival. Topics include the types of disasters that would constitute an emergency situation; the types of services, such as electricity and telephones, that would be interrupted during an emergency; making plans for during the actual emergency; food and water considerations, including a list of easily stored foods and liquids; food safety; emergency first-aid supplies, including medications, clothing, and toiletries; what to do
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if a warning of impending disaster is announced; the additional impact of stress on diabetes care; diabetes medications and monitoring supplies; safety tips for insulin; and suggestions for insulin pump users. In one sidebar, a nurse who worked through the 1989 Hurricane Hugo disaster in South Carolina describes her experiences. •
Cochlear Implants.From the Beginning Source: Hearing Health. 11(4): 39-42, 45. July/August 1995. Contact: Available from Voice International Publications, Inc. P.O. Drawer V, Ingleside, TX 78362-0500. Voice/TTY (361) 776-7240. Fax (361) 776-3278. Website: www.hearinghealthmag.com. Summary: This article recounts the history of cochlear implantation. Topics covered include the origins of the idea of using electricity to stimulate hearing; the role of polio research; the first surgeries to place cochlear implants; the work of Dr. Simmons and Dr. House in the early 1960's; single-channel versus multichannel implants; Dr. Eddington's work on the speech processor and the development of the Ineraid implant; research in the U.S. and abroad; present work by Cochlear Corporation, Advanced Bionics, and Med El; and support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The article features a timeline detailing the major steps in the history of cochlear implants. 6 figures.
Federally Funded Research on Electricity The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to electricity. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to electricity. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore electricity. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for electricity: •
Project Title: DETECTION OF H. PYLORI USING ELECTRICAL DNA SENSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Kelley, Shana O.; Chemistry; Boston College 140 Commonwealth Ave Newton, Ma 02467 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal describes the development of a new class of biosensors exploiting an intrinsic property of DNA: electrical conduction. The capability of dsDNA to conduct electricity, in combination with the ability to measure this conduction in short (<100bp) and specific DNA sequences, will be harnessed to
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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produce sensors with unprecedented sensitivity and portability. Conventional methods of detecting sequences on DNA arrays employ optical detection, and lack the sensitivity required to detect microbial species in clinical samples without extensive processing. The goal of this project is to construct a nanoscale DNA sensor with electrical detection that can sensitively and accurately detect Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium associated with gastric ulcers and cancer, in clinical samples. The specific aims of this project include (1) the demonstration of proof-of-principle for electrical DNA sensing carried out with synthetic DNA molecules modeling a unique H. pylori gene, and (2) the detection of H. pylori in clinical samples using electrical DNA detection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL ARTIFICIAL HEART POWER SUPPLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Cisar, Alan J.; Manager; Lynntech, Inc. College Station, Tx 77840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death around the world. Its prevalence is growing with congestive heart failure (CHF) representing the biggest proportion. Current treatment for end-stage CHF is transplantation, but of 40,000 patients in the US under age 65, less than 3,000 will receive transplants in any year. Most patients die while waiting for a transplant. Ventricular assist devices can help some patients as a bridge to transplantation. Implantable artificial hearts will help others, and serve as a permanent solution for patients with rejection problems. For these patients to have a near-normal life requires a compact, high energy density storage system so they can move about freely. Phase I of this SBIR project demonstrated the efficacy of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) in this role. DMFCs consume high energy density methanol solutions (600 Wh/L for a 10 percent solution) at temperatures slightly above ambient and deliver electrical power. DMFC stacks were demonstrated to start at room temperature, heat to operating temperature, and reliably supply electricity with a power density of 53 mW/cm_, requiring only a small fan to supply air and a small pump to deliver fuel as its balance of plant. The stack used to collect this data was fabricated from lightweight materials using standard industrial processes to insure that the final power supply resulting from this project will be manufacturable. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Nearly 500,000 people die from congestive heart failure in the US each year, with the total exceeding 3,000,000 around the world. At least half of them could benefit from a TAH or a VAD. These devices are currently in advanced stages of testing with secondary batteries as their only power supply. As they come into wider use higher energy density power supplies will be needed to give these patients a more normal life. This is the market that the proposed power supply addresses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MAGNETIC STIMULATION THERAPY: A NEW CONVULSIVE TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Lisanby, Sarah H.; Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1999; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is the most effective somatic treatment for major depression. Yet, cognitive side effects
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limit its utility and substantial number fail to respond. Electrical dosage and current paths are critical to both the efficacy and side effects of ECT, suggesting that changes in activity of discrete neural systems underlie the behavioral effects. Thus, to ensure efficacy and limit side effects, clinicians need better control over current density and greater specificity in the brain regions targeted. Implementing these advances is hampered by the use of externally applied electricity. The impedance of the skull and scalp degrade the stimulus, resulting in poor control over the strength and distribution of stimulation and variability both between and within patients. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) avoids these pitfalls by inducing current non-invasively using rapidly alternating magnetic fields that are transparent to tissue. Capitalizing on recent technical advances, we have induced seizures magnetically in anesthetized monkeys. Our data support the feasibility of magnetic seizure induction (MST) as a novel convulsive technique with enhanced control over dosing, offering the promise of fewer side effects and improved efficacy. While studies of subconvulsive rTMS are encouraging, antidepressant effect sizes are small and the likelihood of soon replacing ECT remains low. The goals of this project are to establish the feasibility and safety of MST, and compare its cognitive, physiological, and neuropathological effects with electroconvulsive shock (ECS). Four rhesus monkeys will be implanted with multicontact intracerebral electrodes to provide data on the spatial distribution of induced current and intracerebral electrophysiological effects of both ECS and MST, and address the surprising paucity of data on ECT. In a double-masked, parallel group, random assignment design, 24-monkeys will receive either sham, ECS or MST interventions over a 6-week period. Treatment groups will be compared in terms of acute recovery of orientation, amnesia, systemic side effects, ECG and EEG effects. Neuropathological studies will include gross and microscopic exam, hippocampal and anterior frontal cortex cell counts, and neuronal sprouting in hippocampus. This work will address the neuropathological consequences of the interventions, an issue of considerable public concern, and provide the basis for human trials contrasting the efficacy and adverse effects of ECT and MST. This research will also explore the mechanisms of action of this clinically relevant putative treatment and lay the foundation for its development as a new treatment for psychiatric patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MULTI IMAGER COMPATIBLE ROBOT FOR PROSTATE ACCESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stoianovici, Dan; Urology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The research objective in this R2l and R33 phased application is to advance the technology utilized in the diagnosis and delivery of localized therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer through the development of instrumentation allowing for improved and reproducible navigation and controlled probe insertion into the prostate gland. The deliverable is an accurate mechanism for performing precise image-guided procedures such as biopsy, brachytherapy, cryosurgery, hyperthermia, interstitial laser therapy, focused ultrasound and microwaves, chemotherapy, gene therapy, or other novel procedures. We propose the development of a new instrument for precise image-guided intervention. Even though this proposal's application relies in the urologic field, the proposed system applies to a large variety of other specialties. This application restricts the application range to the diagnostic and treatment of the prostate since urologic applications are our main domain of interest. The centerpiece of research is a compact image-guided robotic
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system which can be used with standard and modern medical imaging equipment. The novelty of the system relies in its compatibility with multiple imaging modalities, such as fluoroscopy, ultrasound, computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MR), and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). This allows not only for performing procedures with the imager of choice but also for using cross-platform, combined imaging modalities. An intense research effort is presently focused on the development of novel methods for advanced imaging and improved visualization. In contrast, the instrumentation used for image guided navigation and therapy delivery advanced modestly. Needle procedures are typically performed freehand or with a "template" device under transrectal ultrasound guidance. At present, no mechanical device exists for controllably and repeatedly access the prostate with a precision comparable with that of modern medical imaging systems. While the medical community is still divided about the best treatment modality of prostate cancer, there is undivided agreement about the poor specificity and predictability of the currently used prostate access techniques. Enhanced MR imagery provides uncontested tissue contrast and image quality, which ought to be used for guiding biopsy and localized therapy. This goal requires miniature, extremely high dexterity robots that are able to operate inside the magnet of MR scanners, which may be "open" or conventional closed bore systems. This task also demands a quantum leap in the current technology of mechatronic devices and clearly leads medical robotics into the next millennium. We propose to develop an instrument that could exploit the most advanced imaging methods for implementing the results obtained by urologists, oncologists, radiologists, radiotherapists, and biomedical researchers into clinical use. It creates means for measuring the local extent of the disease, for performing controlled biopsy and therapy delivery through advanced image-guided navigation and control. In conjunction with the recent citrate/choline ratio methods of tumor localization under MRSI, for example, this multi-application system could be used to perform precise tumor-centered biopsy procedures. The main research challenge relies in the robot compatibility with multiple imaging systems, especially the conventional MR imager. Innovative engineering research will address design miniaturization, adequate material selection and manufacturing. The mechanical part, which will operate within the conformed space of the imager in close proximity of the prostate, will be radiolucent, nonmagnetic, dielectric, and will provide means for safety and sterilization. For this, the system, including the motors, will be constructed of materials such as plastics, carbon fiber composites, ceramics, glasses, and rubbers. The use of electricity in the imager's room will be eliminated by using optical sensors and pneumatic/hydraulic motors while all control equipment will be located in the control room of the imager. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PARENT TRAINING IN CHILD SAFETY PRACTICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Glang, Ann E.; Oregon Center for Applied Science 1839 Garden Ave Eugene, or 97403 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-OCT-2004 Summary: (provided by investigator): Injuries are the leading cause of death and disability in children in America. Most injuries occur in children's' own homes and yards and can be prevented by parents through implementation of effective child safety practices. This project will produce an interactive multimedia (IMM) program that teaches childhood injury prevention skills to parents of children age 0-2. Tailored to the user's home environment, family situation, and child age, the program will be designed for use in home or medical office settings. The Phase I project will develop a CD-ROM
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IMM program for parents of children aged 6-12 months covering three of the content areas suggested by the American Association of Pediatrics (automobile passenger safety, falls, and poisoning). The program will be evaluated in a randomized trial. Phase II development will expand content to include: (a) additional units covering the remaining six content areas (fires and bums, firearm safety, drowning, suffocation and choking, sharp objects and heavy objects, and electricity), (b) all three child age-ranges (i.e., 0-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-24 months, (c) written materials for parents that summarize key content, and (d) written information for medical providers on program use. Final product will be in Intemet/Intranet, CD-ROM, and DVD-ROM delivery formats. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: WED BASED OUTREACH FOR PREGNANT AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Herman, Joanne; Associate Professor; None; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, Sc 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Low birth weight and preterm birth are the primary factors responsible for neonatal deaths, perinatal deaths, and infants with permanent neurological damage. African American (AA) women are twice as likely as Caucasian women to deliver low birth weight or preterm infants. Low-income women are at an even higher risk for poor pregnancy outcomes. Perceived stress and poor social support are import factors that impact the higher incidence of low birth weight and preterm birth. Social support buffers the effect of stressors and improves pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of the study is to test the effect of an innovative World Wide Web (web) based social support intervention on stressors during pregnancy; pregnancy related health behaviors; and pregnancy outcomes of gestational, intrapartal, and neonatal complications in lowincome pregnant AA women. The study is a pretest-posttest control group design with random assignment to Web page group and standard care group. The sample will consist of 40 pregnant AA women between the ages of 18-39 in the first trimester of pregnancy. To be included, women must be classified as low obstetrical risk, pregnant for the first time, carrying a singleton pregnancy, have electricity, functioning television set, functioning phone line, and agree to have a WebTV installed in their home. The population of interest will be accessed from a prenatal clinic of a regional hospital in the southeastern United States. The variables of social support; stressors during pregnancy (global stress, pregnancy related stress, life events, mood states); pregnancy related health behavior (weight gain, nutrient intake, physical activity); and pregnancy outcomes (gestational, intrapartal, neonatal complications) will be measured using instruments designed for use with culturally diverse low income pregnant women. All subjects will complete pretest instruments between 10 and 20 weeks gestation. Subjects in the web page group will receive standard of care, have WebTV installed in their homes, be taught how to use the system, be taught how to access the Health Pregnancy web page. Subjects in the standard care group will receive stand care and be given a written copy of the information contained on the Health Pregnancy web page. Posttest data will be collected after 28 weeks gestation. Pretest and posttest measurement must be at least 10 weeks apart. The hypotheses will be tested using ANCOVA, ANOVA, ChiSquare, and test of proportion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “electricity” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for electricity in the PubMed Central database: •
Electricity Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells Using Neutral Red as an Electronophore. by Park DH, Zeikus JG.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91983
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Electricity Production by Geobacter sulfurreducens Attached to Electrodes. by Bond DR, Lovley DR.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150094
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with electricity, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “electricity” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for electricity (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
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Effects of stress on psychophysiological parameters of electricity distribution network controllers in Ukraine. Author(s): Bobko N. Source: J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 2001 December; 30(1-2): 351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14564907&dopt=Abstract
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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LASIK complication: loss of electricity to the microkeratome during the forward pass. Author(s): Tuominen IS, Tervo TM. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2003 October; 81(5): 530-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14510804&dopt=Abstract
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Medical and social prognosis for patients with perceived hypersensitivity to electricity and skin symptoms related to the use of visual display terminals. Author(s): Stenberg B, Bergdahl J, Edvardsson B, Eriksson N, Linden G, Widman L. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002 October; 28(5): 349-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12432989&dopt=Abstract
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Outer hair cell piezoelectricity: frequency response enhancement and resonance behavior. Author(s): Weitzel EK, Tasker R, Brownell WE. Source: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2003 September; 114(3): 1462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14514199&dopt=Abstract
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Restructuring of the electricity industry and environmental issues: a California research program. Author(s): Vine EL. Source: Scientificworldjournal. 2001 August 2; 1: 357-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12806073&dopt=Abstract
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Social integration and mortality: a prospective study of French employees of Electricity of France-Gas of France: the GAZEL Cohort. Author(s): Berkman LF, Melchior M, Chastang JF, Niedhammer I, Leclerc A, Goldberg M. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004 January 15; 159(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718219&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of aneurysms with wires and electricity: a historical overview. Author(s): Siddique K, Alvernia J, Fraser K, Lanzino G. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 December; 99(6): 1102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705744&dopt=Abstract
•
Twelve-year changes in vascular risk factors and their associations with mortality in a cohort of 3499 Thais: the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand Study. Author(s): Sritara P, Cheepudomwit S, Chapman N, Woodward M, Kositchaiwat C, Tunlayadechanont S, Sura T, Hengprasith B, Tanphaichitr V, Lochaya S, Neal B, Tanomsup S, Yipintsoi T; Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 June; 32(3): 461-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777437&dopt=Abstract
Studies 11
Academic Periodicals covering Electricity Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to electricity. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
Dissertations on Electricity ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to electricity. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “electricity” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Students' Mental Models of Electricity in Simple DC Circuits by Isola, Andrew C., III; PhD from Western Michigan University, 1999, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9951237
•
The Use of Electricity to Treat Mental Illness in the United States, 1870 to the Present (Electroconvulsive Therapy) by Kneeland, Timothy William, PhD from The University of Oklahoma, 1996, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9632561
13
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ELECTRICITY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and electricity.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Electricity The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. Once you have entered the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “electricity” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “electricity” (or a synonym): •
Study cage that uses static electricity to confine small active insects (Hemiptera: Homoptera: Psyllidae) during replacement of host plants.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Does our electricity distribution system pose a serious risk to public health? Author(s): University of Bristol, HH Wills Physics Laboratory,
[email protected] Source: Henshaw, D L Med-Hypotheses. 2002 July; 59(1): 39-51 0306-9877
•
The effect of supplementary antioxidant therapy in patients who report hypersensitivity to electricity: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Department of Environmental Health, Stockholm County Council, Division of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Hillert, L Kolmodin Hedman, B Eneroth, P Arnetz, B B MedGenMed. 2001 March 23; 3(2): 11 1531-0132
•
The effect of zinc contamination from electricity pylons. Genetic constraints on selection for zinc tolerance. Source: Al Hiyaly, S.A.K. McNeilly, T. Bradshaw, A.D. Mortimer, A.M. Heredity. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications. January 1993. volume 70 (pt.1) page 22-32. 0018-067X
UK.
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Nutrition 15
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ELECTRICITY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to electricity. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to electricity and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “electricity” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to electricity: •
Medical and social prognosis for patients with perceived hypersensitivity to electricity and skin symptoms related to the use of visual display terminals. Author(s): Stenberg B, Bergdahl J, Edvardsson B, Eriksson N, Linden G, Widman L. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002 October; 28(5): 349-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12432989&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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•
drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to electricity; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
•
Alternative Therapy Acupuncture Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ching Lo Alternative names: meridian therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Electroacupuncture Alternative names: electric acupuncture electric acupuncture therapy electrical acupuncture Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/e.html
Alternative Medicine 19
Electroacupuncture According to Voll Alternative names: EAV Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/e.html Human Resources Chi Gong Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html Tsubo Therapy Alternative names: Tsubo Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html •
Herbs and Supplements Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
21
CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ELECTRICITY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to electricity. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on electricity include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “electricity” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on electricity: •
Fundamentals of Electronics for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists Source: Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1999. 192 p. Contact: Available from Allyn and Bacon. 160 Gould Street, Needham Heights, MA 02194. (800) 278-3525. Website: www.abacon.com. PRICE: $39.33. ISBN: 0134745299. Summary: This book is intended for both undergraduate and graduate students majoring in speech language pathology and audiology and for practitioners who are working in these fields. The book provides basic information about instrumentation and technology, including electricity and electronics, so that practitioners feel comfortable using, maintaining, and troubleshooting clinical instrumentation. Fifteen chapters cover the over and underuse of technology; circuits; essential concepts and terminology for understanding the functioning of circuits; power supplies; amplifiers and filters; switches and attenuators; oscillators; wires, cables, adapters, and interfaces; microprocessors; analog and digital storage devices; analog-to-digital and digital-to-
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analog converters; transducers; output devices; other black boxes found in clinical instruments; and combining circuits and devices to do tasks. The book includes four appendices: troubleshooting instrument malfunctions; testing and caring for batteries; making, repairing, and modifying cables; and instructions for viewing the stereo photographs provided in the book. A subject index concludes the volume. 82 figures. 2 tables. 34 references.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the link below, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “electricity” (or a synonym) in their titles. •
Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/externalsearch?tag=icongroupinterna&keyword=electricity&mode=books
Chapters on Electricity In order to find chapters that specifically relate to electricity, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and electricity using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “electricity” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on electricity: •
Medications Introduced into the Bladder Source: in Moldwin, R.M. Interstitial Cystitis Survival Guide: Your Guide to the Latest Treatment Options and Coping Strategies. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. 2000. p. 113-130. Contact: Available from Interstitial Cystitis Association. 51 Monroe Street, Suite 1402, Rockville, MD 20850. (800) HELP-ICA or (301) 610-5300. Fax (301) 610-5308. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.ichelp.org. PRICE: $12.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1572242108. Summary: More than 700,000 Americans have interstitial cystitis (IC), a condition that includes symptoms of recurring bladder pain and discomfort on urination. This chapter on medications introduced into the bladder to treat IC is from a self care book designed to empower readers by simplifying the diagnostic and treatment process for IC. The primary object of the book is to build a framework for delivering proper care to the IC patient. A more direct treatment approach than oral drug therapy is to instill (to introduce slowly) a medication or combination of medications directly into the bladder (intravesical therapy). The medications are instilled into the bladder using a catheter, usually on a weekly basis for varying durations (twenty to thirty minutes, if possible). The author briefly reviews the medications that have been used for intravesical therapy,
Books
23
then focuses on medications most commonly used in practice today. Drugs discussed in detail include dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); DMSO in combination with other drugs including heparin sulfate, steroids, sodium bicarbonate, and antibiotics; heparin sulfate; the anesthetic cocktail, usually a mixture of short and long acting anesthetic agents; BCG, bacillus Calmette Guerin, a reduced potency version of the tuberculosis bacteria; capsaicin; resiniferatoxin; cromolyn sodium (Gastrocrom); hyaluronic acid (Cystistat); silver nitrate and Argyrol; and sodium oxychlorosene (Clorpactin WCS 90). The author also discusses iontophoresis (electromotive drug administration), which involves employing a small amount of electricity to enhance the penetration of a drug. A final section addresses the usefulness of self catheterization, which apart from its usefulness for instilling medicines into the bladder, can be tremendously helpful to the patient who occasionally cannot urinate at all (urinary retention). 2 figures. •
Hearing Aid Components Source: in Dillon, H. Hearing Aids. Sidney, Australia: Boomerang Press. 2001. p. 18-47. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 782-3488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $59.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1588900525. Summary: This chapter on hearing aid components is from a comprehensive textbook that covers everything the audiologist needs to prescribe, select, and fit hearing aids, and evaluate their performance. In this chapter, the author introduces the components of hearing aids as a collection of functional building blocks. These components comprise the transducers that convert sound to and from electricity, and the things that alter sound while it is represented in electrical format. These 'building blocks' include the microphone, amplifier, digital circuits, tone controls and filters, receivers, acoustic dampers, telecoils, audio (electrical) input, remote controls, bone conductors, and batteries. Specific topics include the principle of microphones, the frequency response of microphones, different types of microphones, amplifier performance, peak clipping and distortion, output amplifiers, digital signal processors, filter and tone control structures, frequency response of receivers, and the capacity and physical size of hearing aid batteries. The chapter includes a summary and highlighted key paragraphs for ease of access to the information provided. 26 figures. 3 tables.
•
Electrical Stimulation for Tinnitus Suppression Source: in Tyler, R.S., ed. Tinnitus Handbook. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. 2000. p. 377-398. Contact: Available from Singular-Thomson Learning. P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 477-3692. Fax (606) 647-5963. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $65.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565939220. Summary: This chapter on the use of electrical stimulation for tinnitus suppression is from an audiology textbook that offers clinicians and recent graduates information on tinnitus (ringing or other sounds in the ears). In the chapter, the author discusses the two forms of external electricity, the electrical potentials in the auditory system, some characteristics of biological electricity, AC potentials in the cochlea, brain electrical potentials, first attempts to alleviate tinnitus with flow of electric charges, unexpected tinnitus suppression with electricity used for other purposes, tinnitus suppression according to the site of electrical stimulation, extracochlear stimulation with transcutaneous electrodes, extracochlear implants, and intracochlear stimulation (single
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and multichannel cochlear implants). The author concludes by reviewing the areas where additional research is needed. 1 figure. 4 tables. 72 references.
25
CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON ELECTRICITY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on electricity. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on electricity is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “electricity” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “electricity” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on electricity: •
Living With Kidney Disease Then and Now Source: Albuquerque, NM: IHS Kidney Disease Program and National Indian Video of America. 1996. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Bettye Lente, IHS Kidney Disease Program. 801 Vassar Drive NE., Albuquerque, NM 87106. (505) 256-4018. PRICE: Single copy free to select health professionals working with American Indian populations. Summary: This video is designed to help viewers recognize that many American Indians with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) live happy, productive lives. The video helps viewers feel more comfortable and confident about their choices for treatment and life as a person with kidney failure. The video opens with six American Indians expressing the feelings they had when they first learned about their ESRD. These feelings include uncertainty, denial, disappointment, anger, and frustration. The program then shows the six people successfully going about their daily lives. One young man lives in a rural area of the Navajo reservation with no running water or
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electricity. The program introduces him and his family, and he demonstrates how he does his exchanges at home. Two older men who both use peritoneal dialysis are shown with their families discussing how they have adjusted to life with ESRD. Another Pueblo man describes his life after receiving a kidney transplant. Two professional women are also featured. One woman is a nurse at the Zuni PHS Hospital and talks about how she copes with working and hemodialysis. The other woman is an outreach coordinator for the New Mexico Donor Program; she discusses how she manages her family, career, and peritoneal dialysis. The closing scenes focus on how the six people feel now that they are living full lives with the choices they made for treatment of their kidney disease. Feelings expressed are certainty, purpose, encouragement, hope, acceptance, and pride. (AA-M).
27
APPENDICES
29
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
31
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 9
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway11
The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “electricity” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “electricity” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov. Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 15 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 16 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 17 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 11 12
Physician Resources
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more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on electricity can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to electricity. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to electricity. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas.
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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to electricity. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to electricity. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with electricity. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about electricity. For more information, see the
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NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “electricity” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “electricity”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “electricity” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “electricity” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
43
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
45
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
47
ELECTRICITY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acupuncture Therapy: Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. Heat or moxibustion and acupressure may be used in conjunction. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration.
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Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artificial Organs: Devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. They may be temporary or permanent. Since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from prostheses and implants and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic (artificial eye) as well as functional (artificial limbs). [NIH] Audiologist: Study of hearing including treatment of persons with hearing defects. [NIH] Audiology: The study of hearing and hearing impairment. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Back Injuries: General or unspecified injuries to the posterior part of the trunk. It includes injuries to the muscles of the back. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular
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or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit
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volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Implantation: Surgical insertion of an electronic device implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Coke: A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names.
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Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the
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internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. [NIH] Cryostat: A batchwise operating apparatus in which a cryogenic liquid or solid is used to maintain by evaporation a cryotemperature which needs not be constant but may vary in a predetermined fashion. [NIH] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]
Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Dexterity: Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diathermy: The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or highfrequency sound waves. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Doping: The action of administering a drug to someone before a sports event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH]
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Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluoroscopy: Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen. [NIH] Fossil Fuels: Any hydrocarbon deposit that may be used for fuel. Examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or
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suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH]
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Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hearing aid: A miniature, portable sound amplifier for persons with impaired hearing, consisting of a microphone, audio amplifier, earphone, and battery. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemiptera: A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: Heteroptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hermetic: Impervious to air; airtight. [EU] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immunity:
Nonsusceptibility
to
the
invasive
or
pathogenic
effects
of
foreign
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microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incineration: High temperature destruction of waste by burning with subsequent reduction to ashes or conversion to an inert mass. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is
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usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]
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Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Medical Waste: Blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special disposal procedures. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microkeratome: A surgical device that is affixed to the eye by use of a vacuum ring. When secured, a very sharp blade cuts a layer of the cornea at a predetermined depth. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with
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other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU]
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Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Power Plants: Units that convert some form of energy into electrical energy, such as hydroelectric or steam-generating stations, diesel-electric engines in locomotives, or nuclear power plants. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases
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in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolucent: Partly or wholly permeable to X-rays or other forms of radiation contrasted with radiopaque. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays,
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gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Robotics: The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH]
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Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sonogram: A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing sound waves off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH]
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Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and
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other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transrectal ultrasound: A procedure used to examine the prostate. An instrument is inserted into the rectum, and sound waves bounce off the prostate. These sound waves create echoes, which a computer uses to create a picture called a sonogram. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]
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Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 47, 59, 60 Abortion, 47, 60 Acetylcholine, 47, 50 Acoustic, 23, 47, 66 Acupuncture Therapy, 18, 47 Adverse Effect, 6, 47, 63 Affinity, 47, 63 Alkaloid, 47, 49 Alternative medicine, 47 Alveoli, 47, 66 Amino acid, 47, 58, 61, 64 Amnesia, 6, 48 Anaesthesia, 48, 56 Analog, 21, 48 Antibiotics, 23, 48 Antibody, 47, 48, 50, 55, 62, 63 Antidepressant, 6, 48 Antigen, 47, 48, 51, 55 Antioxidant, 14, 48, 64 Anuria, 48, 57 Arteries, 48, 49, 51, 58 Artificial Organs, 48, 62 Audiologist, 23, 48 Audiology, 21, 23, 48 Auditory, 23, 48 Autopsy, 48, 58 B Bacillus, 23, 48 Back Injuries, 48 Bacteria, 23, 48, 49, 64, 65 Bacterium, 5, 48 Base, 49, 52, 57, 64 Biopsy, 6, 49 Bladder, 22, 49, 52, 56, 59, 61, 65 Blastocyst, 49, 51, 53 Blood pressure, 49, 63 Blood vessel, 49, 66 Body Fluids, 49, 53, 63 Bone Marrow, 49, 54 Brachytherapy, 6, 49 Branch, 49, 53, 59, 61, 63, 64 Breakdown, 49, 54 Buffers, 8, 49 C Capsaicin, 23, 49 Cardiac, 49, 53, 58 Catheter, 22, 49, 56
Catheterization, 23, 49, 56 Cause of Death, 5, 7, 49 Cell, 6, 10, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 59, 60 Cell Count, 6, 49 Cell Division, 48, 50, 60 Cellulose, 50, 60 Chemotherapy, 6, 50 Choline, 7, 50 Choroid, 50, 62 Chronic, 50, 53, 57 Citrus, 50 Clear cell carcinoma, 50, 52 Clinical trial, 4, 50, 51, 62 Coal, 50, 53 Cochlea, 23, 50 Cochlear, 4, 24, 50, 64, 66 Cochlear Diseases, 50, 64 Cochlear Implantation, 4, 50 Cochlear Implants, 4, 24, 50 Cochlear Nerve, 50, 66 Coke, 50 Complement, 50, 51 Complementary and alternative medicine, 17, 19, 51 Complementary medicine, 17, 51 Conception, 47, 51, 53, 60 Conduction, 4, 51 Congestive heart failure, 5, 51 Consumption, 51 Contamination, 14, 51 Contraindications, ii, 51 Control group, 8, 51 Convulsive, 6, 51 Cornea, 51, 58 Coronary, 51, 58 Coronary Thrombosis, 51, 58 Corrosion, 51 Cortex, 6, 51, 52, 53 Cortical, 52, 62 Craniocerebral Trauma, 52, 64 Cromolyn Sodium, 23, 52 Cryostat, 52 Cryosurgery, 6, 52 Curative, 52, 64 Cystitis, 22, 52 D Density, 5, 6, 52, 59, 63 Dentate Gyrus, 52, 55
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DES, 52 Dexterity, 7, 52 Diagnostic procedure, 52 Dialyzer, 52, 55 Diathermy, 52, 58 Dilatation, 47, 52, 61 Diploid, 52, 60 Direct, iii, 5, 22, 52, 62 Discrete, 6, 52 Distal, 52, 53 Doping, 52 Drug Interactions, 52 Drug Tolerance, 53, 65 Duct, 49, 53 E Efficacy, 5, 6, 53 Electrode, 53 Electrolyte, 53, 57, 63 Electrophysiological, 6, 53 Embryo, 47, 49, 53, 56, 60, 64 Embryo Transfer, 53, 60 End-stage renal, 25, 53 Entorhinal Cortex, 53, 55 Enzyme, 53, 54, 64, 66 Evoke, 53, 64 Excrete, 48, 53, 57 Extracellular, 53, 63 F Fatigue, 53, 55 Fertilization in Vitro, 53, 60 Fetus, 47, 53, 60, 64 Flatus, 53, 54 Fluoroscopy, 7, 53 Fossil Fuels, 53 Free Radicals, 48, 53 G Gas, 10, 53, 54, 55, 64, 66 Gas exchange, 54, 66 Gastric, 5, 54 Gene, 5, 6, 54 Gene Expression, 54 Gene Therapy, 6, 54 Gestation, 8, 54, 60, 64 Gestational, 8, 54 Gland, 54, 59, 61, 64 Glucose, 50, 54, 56 Glucuronic Acid, 54, 55 Graft, 54, 55 Grafting, 54, 56 Growth, 48, 54, 60 H Haploid, 54, 60
Health Behavior, 8, 54 Health Status, 54, 55 Hearing aid, 23, 55 Heart failure, 5, 55 Hemiptera, 14, 55 Hemodialysis, 26, 52, 55, 57 Hemoglobinopathies, 54, 55 Heparin, 23, 55 Hepatocyte, 55 Heredity, 14, 54, 55 Hermetic, 55 Hippocampus, 6, 52, 55, 64 Homologous, 54, 55 Hormone, 52, 55, 56 Host, 14, 55 Hydrogen, 49, 55, 59 Hypersensitivity, 10, 14, 17, 55 Hyperthermia, 6, 52, 55 I Id, 15, 17, 55 Immunity, 55 Impairment, 48, 56 Implantation, 51, 56 In vitro, 53, 54, 56 In vivo, 54, 55, 56 Incineration, 56 Indicative, 56, 59, 66 Induction, 6, 52, 56 Industrial Waste, 56 Infarction, 51, 56, 58 Inflammation, 52, 56, 60, 64 Ingestion, 56, 58, 60 Inhalation, 56, 60 Inorganic, 56, 58 Insulin, 4, 56, 62 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 56 Intensive Care, 56 Intermittent, 56, 60 Interstitial, 6, 22, 49, 56 Intracranial Hypertension, 56, 64 Intravesical, 22, 56 Intrinsic, 4, 47, 56 Intubation, 49, 56 Invasive, 55, 57, 58 Ion Exchange, 50, 57 Ionization, 57 Ions, 49, 53, 55, 57 Iontophoresis, 23, 57 K Kidney Disease, 25, 26, 57 Kidney Failure, 25, 53, 57 Kidney Failure, Acute, 57
Index 69
Kidney Failure, Chronic, 57 L Labyrinth, 50, 57, 66 Laser therapy, 6, 57 Leukemia, 54, 57 Library Services, 57 Ligament, 57, 61 Lipid, 50, 56, 57 Liver, 47, 54, 55, 57 Localization, 7, 58 Localized, 6, 58, 60 Locomotion, 58, 60 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 7, 58 Medical Waste, 58 Membrane, 50, 51, 52, 58, 62, 66 Memory, 48, 58 Mental, iv, 4, 11, 53, 58, 61, 65 Mental Health, iv, 4, 58, 61 Methanol, 5, 58 Methionine, 58, 64 MI, 45, 58 Microkeratome, 10, 58 Microscopy, 58 Microwaves, 6, 58, 61 Modeling, 5, 58 Molecular, 52, 55, 58, 65 Mucus, 58 Myocardium, 58 N Need, 3, 6, 21, 22, 25, 58, 65 Neonatal, 8, 58 Nephropathy, 57, 58 Nerve, 50, 58, 59, 64, 66 Nervous System, 47, 58, 59 Neural, 6, 59 Neurogenic, 59, 65 Neuronal, 6, 59 Neurons, 50, 52, 59, 66 Nuclear, 59, 60 Nuclei, 50, 54, 58, 59, 66 O Ocular, 59 Oliguria, 57, 59 Opacity, 52, 59 Optic Nerve, 59, 62 Orbit, 59 Orbital, 59 Ovum, 54, 59, 66 Oxidation, 48, 59 P Palliative, 59, 64
Pancreas, 47, 56, 59 Pathologic, 49, 51, 55, 59 Pelvic, 59, 61 Perinatal, 8, 60 Peritoneal, 26, 60 Peritoneal Cavity, 60 Peritoneal Dialysis, 26, 60 Peritoneum, 60 Petroleum, 53, 60 Pharmacologic, 60, 65 Phonophoresis, 57, 60 Physiology, 53, 60 Plant Diseases, 60 Plants, 14, 47, 50, 54, 60, 65 Plasma, 57, 60, 62 Pneumonia, 51, 60 Poisoning, 8, 60 Posterior, 48, 50, 59, 60 Power Plants, 60 Precursor, 50, 60 Pregnancy Outcome, 8, 60 Prenatal, 8, 53, 60 Prevalence, 5, 60 Probe, 6, 61 Progressive, 53, 54, 57, 61 Prospective study, 10, 61 Prostate, 6, 61, 62, 65 Prostate gland, 6, 61 Proteins, 47, 48, 50, 60, 61 Psychiatric, 5, 6, 61 Psychiatry, 61, 66 Psychic, 58, 61, 62 Psychogenic, 61, 65 Public Health, 14, 61 Pulmonary, 49, 51, 57, 61, 66 Pulmonary Edema, 57, 61 R Race, 52, 61 Radiation, 54, 55, 61, 66 Radio Waves, 52, 58, 61 Radioactive, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61 Radiolucent, 7, 61 Radiotherapy, 49, 61 Randomized, 8, 14, 53, 62 Recombination, 54, 62 Rectum, 53, 54, 61, 62, 65 Refer, 1, 50, 58, 62, 65 Regeneration, 62 Regimen, 53, 62 Reproduction Techniques, 60, 62 Reproductive system, 61, 62 Respiratory Physiology, 62, 66
70
Electricity
Retina, 50, 59, 62, 66 Retroviral vector, 54, 62 Rigidity, 60, 62 Risk factor, 10, 61, 62 Robotics, 7, 62 Rod, 48, 62 S Screening, 50, 62 Seizures, 6, 62 Self Care, 22, 62 Semen, 61, 62 Sensor, 5, 62 Shock, 6, 63 Side effect, 5, 47, 63, 65 Skeleton, 63 Skull, 6, 52, 59, 63, 64 Social Support, 8, 63 Sodium, 23, 63 Sodium Bicarbonate, 23, 63 Solvent, 58, 63 Soma, 63 Somatic, 5, 63 Sonogram, 63, 65 Sound wave, 51, 52, 63, 65 Spasm, 51, 63 Specialist, 63 Species, 5, 48, 49, 61, 63, 64, 65 Specificity, 6, 7, 47, 63 Spectroscopic, 7, 63 Spectrum, 58, 61, 64 Spontaneous Abortion, 60, 64 Sterilization, 7, 64 Steroids, 23, 64 Stillbirth, 60, 64 Stimulus, 6, 53, 64 Stomach, 47, 54, 55, 60, 64 Stress, 3, 8, 9, 64 Subclinical, 62, 64 Subiculum, 55, 64 Subspecies, 63, 64 Substrate, 64 Sulfur, 58, 64 Sulfur Dioxide, 64 Suppression, 23, 64 Symphysis, 61, 64
Systemic, 6, 49, 56, 63, 64 T Temporal, 55, 64 Therapeutics, 64 Thermal, 64 Tinnitus, 23, 64, 66 Tissue, 6, 7, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65 Tolerance, 14, 65 Tomography, 7, 65 Tone, 23, 65 Tonus, 65 Topical, 63, 65 Toxic, iv, 56, 58, 64, 65 Toxicity, 52, 65 Toxin, 65 Transcutaneous, 23, 65 Transfection, 54, 65 Transplantation, 5, 53, 57, 65 Transrectal ultrasound, 7, 65 U Unconscious, 55, 65 Uremia, 57, 65 Urethra, 61, 65 Urinary, 23, 52, 59, 65 Urinary Retention, 23, 65 Urinate, 23, 65 Urine, 48, 49, 57, 59, 65 V Vagina, 52, 62, 66 Vascular, 10, 50, 56, 66 Ventilation, 66 Ventricle, 55, 66 Vestibule, 50, 66 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 50, 64, 66 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 64, 66 Vitreous, 62, 66 Vitreous Body, 62, 66 Vitro, 55, 66 W Weight Gain, 8, 66 X X-ray, 53, 59, 61, 66 Z Zygote, 51, 66
Index 71
72
Electricity
