Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

HEPATITIS A VACCINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES ...

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HEPATITIS A VACCINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00534-4 1. Hepatitis A Vaccine-Popular works.I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hepatitis A vaccine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEPATITIS A VACCINE ............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hepatitis A Vaccine ...................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. DISSERTATIONS ON HEPATITIS A VACCINE ............................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Dissertations on Hepatitis A Vaccine.......................................................................................... 39 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON HEPATITIS A VACCINE ............................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 41 Chapters on Hepatitis A Vaccine ................................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEPATITIS A VACCINE ............................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 45 Academic Periodicals covering Hepatitis A Vaccine ................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 49 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 50 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 53 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 55 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 59 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 63 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 63 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 69 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 69 HEPATITIS A VACCINE DICTIONARY ................................................................................... 71 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 85

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hepatitis A vaccine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hepatitis A vaccine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hepatitis A vaccine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hepatitis A vaccine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hepatitis A vaccine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hepatitis A vaccine. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEPATITIS A VACCINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hepatitis A vaccine.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hepatitis A vaccine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hepatitis A vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Have Hepatitis A Vaccine, Will Travel Source: Patient Care. 29(14): 6. September 15, 1995. Summary: In this brief article, the author summarizes recommendations for the use of the newly available inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Topics include patient selection; dosage and administration guidelines; managing travelers who are allergic to the vaccine or who choose not to be vaccinated; and nontravelers who should receive the hepatitis A vaccine. The author notes that one hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix) was approved in 1995; another (Vaqta) is awaiting FDA approval. The article concludes with a number by which readers can obtain additional information regarding recommendations for the hepatitis A vaccine. 1 reference.

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Hepatitis A Vaccine Source: American Journal of Gastroenterology. 91(2): 217-222. February 1996. Summary: This article familiarizes readers with the recently approved killed virus vaccine for immunization against hepatitis A. One hundred percent seroconversion occurs after a series consisting of a primary dose and a second booster shot 6 to 12 months later. Coadministration of immune-globulin and hepatitis A vaccine lowers ultimate antibody levels 50 percent compared with vaccine alone. The author notes that targets for immunization will probably be children, international travelers, military personnel, and food handlers. It will also be useful for general vaccination in areas where smoldering epidemics occur. Natural immunity levels in the U.S. population have undergone a significant decline since 1980 and are currently in the 21 to 33 percent range. Screening for immunity is likely to be cost-effective in persons over age 40. 4 figures. 41 references. (AA-M).

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Prevention of Hepatitis A Infections: Guidelines for Use of Hepatitis A Vaccine and Immune Globulin Source: Pediatrics. 98(6): 1207-1215. December 1996. Summary: This article outlines guidelines for use of hepatitis A vaccine and immune globulin (IG). The authors note that the licensing of two inactivated hepatitis A vaccines for persons 2 years or older necessitates development of recommendations for pediatric use, as well as a review of the current indications for IG in hepatitis A prophylaxis. Both vaccines are immunogenic and protective in children and adults. A single dose of vaccine induced antibody in 88 to 96 percent of subjects by 2 weeks and 97 to 100 percent by 1 month, and protected against subsequent hepatitis A virus (HAV) disease occurring 21 days after receipt of the dose in a community with endemic hepatitis A infection. However, completion of the full vaccine schedule is recommended to assure high antibody titers and likely longterm protection. The major pediatric indications for vaccine are travelers to areas with intermediate to high rates of endemic hepatitis A; children living in defined and circumscribed communities with high endemic rates or periodic outbreaks of HAV infection; and patients with chronic liver disease. IG is recommended for postexposure prophylaxis, as vaccine has not yet been demonstrated to be protective for this purpose. Except for travelers, recommendations for IG use are not changed from those in the current edition of the Red Book, and include contacts of cases in the home, child care centers, and other selected sites. 2 figures. 4 tables. 50 references. (AA).

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Who Should Receive Hepatitis A Vaccine? A Strategy for Controlling Hepatitis A in the United States (discussion) Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 171(supplement 1): S73-S77. 1995. Contact: Available from University of Chicago Press. Journals Division, P.O. Box 37005, Chicago, IL 60637. (206) 543-3660. Summary: This article presents a discussion from a symposium on the clinical development of the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. The participants included experts in vaccines, travel medicine, and infectious diseases; they outlined their positions on the initial target groups for use of the vaccine and their long-range views for its use. After introductory remarks, the article includes some of the broader interchange between panelists and the audience. The audience consisted of physicians involved in travel medicine, the military, and immunization and prophylactic medicine programs. Topics

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include length of immunity afforded by the vaccine; priorities in providing immunizations; the use of immune serum globulin with vaccine; and balancing costs with benefits. 4 references. (AA-M). •

Licensure of Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine and Recommendations for Use Among International Travelers Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 44(29): 559-560. July 28, 1995. Contact: Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. (202) 783-3238. Available free in electronic format: to subscribe, send e-mail to [email protected], with message body reading subscribe mmwr-toc. Also available on World-Wide Web at http: //www.cdc.gov/or by ftp at ftp.cdc.gov. Summary: This article reports on the licensure of the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine and provides recommendations for use among international travelers. The vaccine is licensed in adult and pediatric formulations, with different dosages and administration schedules and should be administered by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle. The article reports on immunogenicity studies; the administration of hepatitis A vaccine simultaneously with other vaccines and toxoids; vaccination of an immune person; cost factors; and preliminary recommendations for travelers. The complete Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations for the prevention of hepatitis A are in preparation. 7 references.

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Hepatitis A Vaccine Shows Promise Source: Science. 254(5038): 1581-1582. December 13, 1991. Summary: This article reports on the recent development of an effective experimental vaccine against hepatitis A. The new vaccine is less painful to receive and is much more effective than the shot of gamma-globulin currently used. The author reviews the three major strains of hepatitis, the epidemiology of hepatitis A in the United States, and data on the new vaccine's effectiveness. The vaccine causes the recipient to manufacture up to 200 times the protective antibodies that they could receive from a gamma-globulin shot.

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Containment of a Community-Wide Hepatitis A Outbreak Using Hepatitis A Vaccine Source: IHS Provider. Indian Health Service Provider. 21(9): 117-119. September 1994. Contact: Available from IHS Clinical Support Center. 1616 East Indian School Road, Suite 375, Phoenix, AZ 85016. (602) 640-2140. Fax (602) 640-2138. Summary: This report describes the use of hepatitis A vaccine to contain a communitywide hepatitis outbreak. Hepatitis A virus (HAV), an RNA virus in the picornavirus family with an incubation period of 15 to 45 days, causes an acute systemic illness that may include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headache, malaise, arthralgias, myalgias, photophobia, pharyngitis, cough, coryza, low grade fever, dark urine, claycolored stools, and jaundice. HAV is usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Close personal contact, poor hygiene, and overcrowding contribute to its spread. Ingestion of contaminated food and water, blood exposures, and swimming in contaminated pools or lakes can also serve as vehicles of transmission of the virus. Cyclical community outbreaks of HAV have historically occurred every 5 to 7 years in Northern Plains Indian communities. The index case for an outbreak on the Lower Brule Sioux Reservation was a 9-year-old male child living in a farming community adjacent to the

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reservation, who became ill in mid-October 1995. Subsequently, a total of 21 cases of hepatitis A were identified from October 1995 to the end of February 1996. Eight of the 21 cases were relatives of one extended Lower Brule family. All affected were Native Americans with the exception of one, a 39-year-old female who was a babysitter for some of this family cluster of eight cases. To contain the outbreak, family members and household contacts of active cases were given immune globulin; no serologic testing was done. In addition, 336 (approximately 80 percent) Lower Brule children between the ages of 2 and 12 received hepatitis A vaccine in mid-November, also without serologic testing. The authors conclude that the vaccination, as well as the gamma globulin (administered to household contacts of active cases) in concert with the usual hygiene and health education measures, seemed to effectively arrest the epidemic. 2 figures. 4 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Hepatitis A Vaccine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hepatitis A vaccine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hepatitis A vaccine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hepatitis A vaccine.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hepatitis A vaccine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hepatitis A vaccine” 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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(or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hepatitis A vaccine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A controlled trial of a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children. Author(s): Werzberger A, Mensch B, Kuter B, Brown L, Lewis J, Sitrin R, Miller W, Shouval D, Wiens B, Calandra G, et al. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 August 13; 327(7): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1320740

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A dose response study of hepatitis A vaccine in healthy adults who are > or = 30 years old and weigh > or = 77 kg. Author(s): Bertino JS Jr, Thoelen S, VanDamme P, Bryan JP, Becherer PR, Frey S, Hayden FG, Marcus LC, Parenti DM, Sperling M, Chan IS, Brown L, Nalin D. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 October; 178(4): 1181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9806056

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A post-licensure evaluation of the safety of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (VAQTA, Merck) in children and adults. Author(s): Black S, Shinefield H, Hansen J, Lewis E, Su L, Coplan P. Source: Vaccine. 2004 January 26; 22(5-6): 766-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14741171

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A prevalence study of hepatitis A virus infection in a migrant community: Is hepatitis A vaccine indicated? Author(s): Dentinger CM, Heinrich NL, Bell BP, Fox LM, Katz DJ, Culver DH, Shapiro CN. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 May; 138(5): 705-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11343047

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A program to control an outbreak of hepatitis A in Alaska by using an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): McMahon BJ, Beller M, Williams J, Schloss M, Tanttila H, Bulkow L. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1996 July; 150(7): 733-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8673200

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A trial of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Green MS, Cohen D, Lerman Y, Sjogren M, Binn LN, Zur S, Slepon R, Robin G, Hoke C, Bancroft W, et al. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1994 May-June; 30(5-6): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8034508

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Administration of hepatitis A vaccine to a military population by needle and jet injector and with hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Hoke CH Jr, Egan JE, Sjogren MH, Sanchez J, DeFraites RF, MacArthy PO, Binn LN, Rice R, Burke A, Hill J, et al. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 March; 171 Suppl 1: S53-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876650

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Adult use of hepatitis A vaccine in developed countries. Author(s): Jilg W. Source: Vaccine. 1993; 11 Suppl 1: S6-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8383389

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An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS). Update on hepatitis A vaccine (Avaxim, Aventis Pasteur). Author(s): National Advisory Committee on Immunisation (NACI). Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2001 October 15; 27: 1-2. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11706685

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An open randomized study of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine administered concomitantly with typhoid fever and yellow fever vaccines. Author(s): Jong EC, Kaplan KM, Eves KA, Taddeo CA, Lakkis HD, Kuter BJ. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2002 March-April; 9(2): 66-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12044272

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An open study of subcutaneous administration of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (VAQTA) in adults: safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity. Author(s): Linglof T, van Hattum J, Kaplan KM, Corrigan J, Duval I, Jensen E, Kuter B. Source: Vaccine. 2001 July 16; 19(28-29): 3968-71. Erratum In: Vaccine 2001 October 12; 20(1-2): 281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427272

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Analysis of the antibody response in humans with a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Vidor E, Xueref C, Blondeau C, Bajard A, Francon A, Goudeau A, Peyron F, Brasseur P, Zuckerman A. Source: Biologicals : Journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization. 1996 September; 24(3): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8978923

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Antibody responses to Hepatitis A vaccine in healthy adults. Author(s): Irwin DJ, Millership S. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2001 June; 4(2): 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11525004

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Antibody titres after primary and booster vaccination of infants and young children with a virosomal hepatitis A vaccine (Epaxal). Author(s): Usonis V, Bakasenas V, Valentelis R, Katiliene G, Vidzeniene D, Herzog C. Source: Vaccine. 2003 November 7; 21(31): 4588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575771

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Are HCV-infected individuals candidates for hepatitis A vaccine? Author(s): Berenguer M, Wright TL. Source: Lancet. 1998 March 28; 351(9107): 924-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9734933

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Assessment of inactivation of hepatitis A vaccine by compound PCR. Author(s): Fineschi N, Pellegrini V, Zuckerman AJ, Cavalieri F. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1992 September; 39(1-2): 157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1331145

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Biophysical validation of Epaxal Berna, a hepatitis A vaccine adjuvanted with immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIV). Author(s): Gluck R, Walti E. Source: Dev Biol (Basel). 2000; 103: 189-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11214236

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Can patients awaiting liver transplantation elicit an immune response to the hepatitis A vaccine? Author(s): Smallwood GA, Coloura CT, Martinez E, Stieber AC, Heffron TG. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 December; 34(8): 3289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493448

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Clinical and laboratory observations following oral or intramuscular administration of a live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine candidate. Author(s): Sjogren MH, Purcell RH, McKee K, Binn L, Macarthy P, Ticehurst J, Feinstone S, Caudill J, See A, Hoke C, et al. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10 Suppl 1: S135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335645

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Clinical assessment of the safety and efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: rationale and summary of findings. Author(s): Andre FE, D'Hondt E, Delem A, Safary A. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10 Suppl 1: S160-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335652

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Clinical development of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Vidor E, Fritzell B, Plotkin S. Source: Infection. 1996 November-December; 24(6): 447-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007593

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Clinical experience with an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Clemens R, Safary A, Hepburn A, Roche C, Stanbury WJ, Andre FE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 March; 171 Suppl 1: S44-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876648

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Clinical trial with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine and recommendations for its use. Author(s): Tilzey AJ, Palmer SJ, Barrow S, Perry KR, Tyrrell H, Safary A, Banatvala JE. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 May 16; 304(6837): 1272-6. Erratum In: Bmj 1992 May 23; 304(6838): 1352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1318765

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Comparison of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two different dose levels of hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children and adolescents. Author(s): Poovorawan Y, Kosuwon P, Sutra S, Theamboonlers A, Vimolket T, Safary A. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1998 June-September; 16(2-3): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9876949

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Comparison of two immunization schedules with an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (AvaximTM). Author(s): Vidor E, Ratheau C, Briantais P, Vuillier D. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 1998 December; 5(4): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9876189

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Concurrent administration of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine with immune globulin in healthy adults. Author(s): Walter EB, Hornick RB, Poland GA, Tucker R, Bland CL, Clements DA, Rhamstine CC, Jacobson RM, Brown L, Gress JO, Harris KE, Wiens BL, Nalin DR. Source: Vaccine. 1999 March 17; 17(11-12): 1468-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10195783

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Considerations for the development of recommendations for the use of hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Margolis HS, Shapiro CN. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1993; 18 Suppl 2: S56-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8182276

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Control of a community hepatitis A outbreak using hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Irwin DJ, Millership S. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1999 September; 2(3): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10491872

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Control of a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A by mass vaccination with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Zamir C, Rishpon S, Zamir D, Leventhal A, Rimon N, Ben-Porath E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 March; 20(3): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11347668

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Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccine in prevention of secondary hepatitis A infection. Author(s): Pechevis M, Khoshnood B, Buteau L, Durand I, Piquard Y, Lafuma A. Source: Vaccine. 2003 September 8; 21(25-26): 3556-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12922083

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Depression of the immune response to an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine administered concomitantly with immune globulin. Author(s): Green MS, Cohen D, Lerman Y, Sjogren M, Binn LN, Zur S, Slepon R, Robin G, Hoke C, Bancroft W, et al. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 September; 168(3): 740-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8394864

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Development of live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine (H2-strain). Author(s): Mao JS, Chen NL, Huang HY, Chai SA, Dong DX, Cao YY, Zhang HY, Wu DM, Zhang SY. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1992 March; 105(3): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1327667

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Development of live, attenuated hepatitis A vaccine (H2-strain). Author(s): Mao JS. Source: Vaccine. 1990 December; 8(6): 523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1965075

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Development of the formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine, VAQTA from the live attenuated virus strain CR326F. Author(s): Armstrong ME, Giesa PA, Davide JP, Redner F, Waterbury JA, Rhoad AE, Keys RD, Provost PJ, Lewis JA. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1993; 18 Suppl 2: S20-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8182268

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Discussion: who should receive hepatitis A vaccine? A strategy for controlling hepatitis A in the United States. Author(s): Hollinger FB, Eickhoff T, Gershon A, Jong EC, Koff RS. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 March; 171 Suppl 1: S73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876653

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Does immunoglobulin interfere with the immunogenicity to Pasteur Merieux inactivated hepatitis A vaccine? Author(s): Zanetti A, Pregliasco F, Andreassi A, Pozzi A, Vigano P, Cargnel A, Briantais P, Vidor E. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1997 January; 26(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9148018

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Does the concurrent administration of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine influence the immune response to other travelers vaccines? Author(s): Bock HL, Kruppenbacher JP, Bienzle U, De Clercq NA, Hofmann F, Clemens RL. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2000 March-April; 7(2): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10759573

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Don't forget the hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): McAnulty JM, Conaty SJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 April 6; 168(7): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9577449

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Don't forget the hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Thompson SC, Le Leu LA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1997 August 18; 167(4): 228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9293273

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Dose range evaluation of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine administered as a single dose followed by a booster. Author(s): Minutello M, Zotti C, Orecchia S, Di Martino E, Bastianoni I, Ypma E, Ruggenini Moiraghi A, Podda A. Source: Vaccine. 2000 August 15; 19(1): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10924781

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Early appearance of neutralizing antibodies after vaccination with an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Flehmig B, Staedele H, Xueref C, Vidor E, Zuckerman J, Zuckerman A. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1997 July; 35(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279722

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Effect of maternal antibody on immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in infants. Author(s): Letson GW, Shapiro CN, Kuehn D, Gardea C, Welty TK, Krause DS, Lambert SB, Margolis HS. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2004 March; 144(3): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15001936

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Effect of virus strain and antigen dose on immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Goubau P, Van Gerven V, Safary A, Delem A, Knops J, D'Hondt E, Andre FE, Desmyter J. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10 Suppl 1: S114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335638

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Effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccine in a former frequently affected community: 9 years' followup after the Monroe field trial of VAQTA. Author(s): Werzberger A, Mensch B, Nalin DR, Kuter BJ. Source: Vaccine. 2002 March 15; 20(13-14): 1699-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11906754

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Efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in pre- and postexposure conditions in marmosets. Author(s): D'Hondt E, Purcell RH, Emerson SU, Wong DC, Shapiro M, Govindarajan S. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 March; 171 Suppl 1: S40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876647

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Efficacy of hepatitis A vaccine in prevention of secondary hepatitis A infection: a randomised trial. Author(s): Sagliocca L, Amoroso P, Stroffolini T, Adamo B, Tosti ME, Lettieri G, Esposito C, Buonocore S, Pierri P, Mele A. Source: Lancet. 1999 April 3; 353(9159): 1136-9. Erratum In: Lancet 1999 June 12; 353(9169): 2078. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10209977

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Efficacy of virosome hepatitis A vaccine in young children in Nicaragua: randomized placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Perez OM, Herzog C, Zellmeyer M, Loaisiga A, Frosner G, Egger M. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 September 1; 188(5): 671-7. Epub 2003 August 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12934183

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Evaluation of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Canadians 40 years of age or more. Author(s): Scheifele DW, Bjornson GJ. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1993 February 15; 148(4): 551-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8431816

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Excellent booster response 4 to 8 years after a single primary dose of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Iwarson S, Lindh M, Widerstrom L. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2004 March-April; 11(2): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15109480

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Excellent booster response 4-6 y after a single primary dose of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Iwarson S, Lindh M, Widerstrom L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(2): 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11928839

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Factors influencing a communitywide campaign to administer hepatitis A vaccine to men who have sex with men. Author(s): Friedman MS, Blake PA, Koehler JE, Hutwagner LC, Toomey KE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2000 December; 90(12): 1942-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11111274

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Field evaluation of a hepatitis A vaccine in a Norwegian contingent to the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. Author(s): Aarhaug P. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10 Suppl 1: S156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335651

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Further evaluation of the safety and protective efficacy of live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine (H2-strain) in humans. Author(s): Mao JS, Chai SA, Xie RY, Chen NL, Jiang Q, Zhu XZ, Zhang SY, Huang HY, Mao HW, Bao XN, Liu CJ. Source: Vaccine. 1997 June; 15(9): 944-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9261939

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Good immunogenicity of GBM strain inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in healthy male adults. Author(s): Garin D, Vidor E, Wallon M, Fanget B, Brasseur P, Delolme H, Caron F, Mojon M, Gravey A, Humbert G, et al. Source: Vaccine. 1995 February; 13(2): 220-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7625120

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Hepatitis A after a single dose of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Parment PA, Emilsson H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(8): 634. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12238588

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Hepatitis A vaccine administration: comparison between jet-injector and needle injection. Author(s): Williams J, Fox-Leyva L, Christensen C, Fisher D, Schlicting E, Snowball M, Negus S, Mayers J, Koller R, Stout R. Source: Vaccine. 2000 March 17; 18(18): 1939-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10699344

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Hepatitis A vaccine and travel departure. Author(s): Krause DS. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 April; 26(4): 1018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564510

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Hepatitis A vaccine development: a personal perspective. Author(s): Gust I. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2002 April; 32(4): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11951922

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Hepatitis A vaccine failure. Author(s): Elliott JH, Kunze M, Torresi J. Source: Lancet. 2002 June 1; 359(9321): 1948-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12057583

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Hepatitis A vaccine failure: how to treat the threat. Author(s): Taliani G, Sbaragli S, Bartoloni A, Santini MG, Tozzi A, Paradisi F. Source: Vaccine. 2003 November 7; 21(31): 4505-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575759

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Hepatitis A vaccine for secondary hepatitis A infection. Author(s): Shouval D, Ashur Y. Source: Lancet. 1999 July 24; 354(9175): 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10440345

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Hepatitis A vaccine for secondary hepatitis A infection. Author(s): Monto AS, Victor JC. Source: Lancet. 1999 July 24; 354(9175): 341-2; Author Reply 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10440344

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Hepatitis A vaccine for secondary hepatitis A infection. Author(s): Bell BP, Margolis HS. Source: Lancet. 1999 July 24; 354(9175): 341; Author Reply 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10440343

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Hepatitis A vaccine for secondary hepatitis A infection. Author(s): Beutels P, Van Damme P. Source: Lancet. 1999 July 24; 354(9175): 340-1; Author Reply 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10440342

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Hepatitis A vaccine in healthy adults: a comparison of immunogenicity and reactogenicity between two- and three-dose regimens. Author(s): Lu MY, Chang MH, Tsai KS, Chen DS. Source: Vaccine. 1999 January; 17(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10078604

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Hepatitis a vaccine in liver transplant recipients. Author(s): Avery RK, Dumot J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 June 1; 32(11): 1656-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11340543

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Hepatitis A vaccine in pediatric patients affected by metabolic liver diseases. Author(s): Giacchino R, Timitilli A, Castellano E, Di Rocco M, Fiore P, Soncini R, Romano L. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 August; 20(8): 805-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734747

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Hepatitis A vaccine interchangeability. Author(s): Wallace MR. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2001 August; 3(4): 283. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11469996

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Hepatitis A vaccine responses in HIV-positive persons with haemophilia. Author(s): Tilzey AJ, Palmer SJ, Harrington C, O'Doherty MJ. Source: Vaccine. 1996 August; 14(11): 1039-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879099

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Hepatitis A vaccine set for 2-year-olds to adults. Author(s): Marwick C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 March 22-29; 273(12): 906-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7884933

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Hepatitis A vaccine shows promise. Author(s): Hoffman M. Source: Science. 1991 December 13; 254(5038): 1581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1749931

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Hepatitis A vaccine strategies and relevance in the present scenario. Author(s): Arankalle VA. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2004 May; 119(5): Iii-Vi. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15218976

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Rosenthal P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 May 20; 350(21): 2211-2; Author Reply 2211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15156595

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Van Herck K, Van Damme P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 May 20; 350(21): 2211-2; Author Reply 2211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15152071

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Bell BP. Source: Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2002 July; 13(3): 165-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12199612

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Bell BP. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 December; 19(12): 1187-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11144382

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Nalin DR. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1996 December; 38(12): 1200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8978510

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Bader TF. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996 February; 91(2): 217-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8607483

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Cleghorn G. Source: Qld Nurse. 1995 May-June; 14(3): 11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7568977

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Longson PJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 October 10; 305(6858): 888. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1330143

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Bancroft WH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 August 13; 327(7): 488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1320741

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Boughton CR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1991 October 21; 155(8): 508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1658582

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Regan CM, Syed Q, Corkery A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 August 17; 303(6799): 414. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1655132

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Hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Misra SP, Dwivedi M. Source: Lancet. 1989 July 8; 2(8654): 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2472537

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Hepatitis A vaccine. A new convenient single-dose schedule with booster when longterm immunization is warranted. Author(s): Victor J, Knudsen JD, Nielsen LP, Fomsgaard A, Thybo S, Bygbjerg I, Westh H. Source: Vaccine. 1994 November; 12(14): 1327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7856299

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Hepatitis A vaccine: current indications. Author(s): Rosenthal P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1998 July; 27(1): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9669738

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Hepatitis A vaccine: immunogenicity following administration of a delayed immunization schedule in infants, children and adults. Author(s): Williams JL, Bruden DA, Cagle HH, McMahon BJ, Negus SE, Christensen CJ, Snowball MM, Bulkow LR, Fox-Leyva LK. Source: Vaccine. 2003 July 4; 21(23): 3208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804849

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Hepatitis A vaccine: indirect evidence of immune memory 12 years after the primary course. Author(s): Van Herck K, Van Damme P, Lievens M, Stoffel M. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2004 February; 72(2): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695659

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Hepatitis A vaccine: is it being used to best advantage? Author(s): Scheifele DW, Ochnio J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 July 9; 167(1): 44-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12137079

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Hepatitis A vaccine: persistence of antibodies 5 years after the first vaccination. Author(s): Totos G, Gizaris V, Papaevangelou G. Source: Vaccine. 1997 August; 15(11): 1252-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9286052

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Hepatitis A vaccine: ready for prime time. Author(s): Duff B, Duff P. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 March; 91(3): 468-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9491879

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Hepatitis A vaccine: time for universal immunization. Author(s): Steele RW. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2002 January-February; 41(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11866358

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Hepatitis A vaccine: which dose is best? Author(s): Lonergan G. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 April 5; 273(13): 999-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7897815

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Hepatitis A virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses following immunization with a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Cederna JB, Klinzman D, Stapleton JT. Source: Vaccine. 1999 December 10; 18(9-10): 892-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10580203

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Hepatitis and hepatitis A vaccine: a glimpse of history. Author(s): Hilleman MR. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1993; 18 Suppl 2: S5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8182274

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High immunogenicity and good tolerability of a new hepatitis A vaccine candidate. Author(s): Langer BC, Lovestad A, Frosner GG. Source: Vaccine. 1996 August; 14(12): 1089-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8911001

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IHF proposes hepatitis A vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy trials. Author(s): Welty TK. Source: S D Nurse. 1990 November; 32(4): 21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2148436

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Immunization of seronegative infants with hepatitis A vaccine (HAVRIX; SKB): a comparative study of two dosing schedules. Author(s): Troisi CL, Hollinger FB, Krause DS, Pickering LK. Source: Vaccine. 1997 October; 15(15): 1613-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9364691

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Immunization of US soldiers with a two-dose primary series of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: early immune response, persistence of antibody, and response to a third dose at 1 year. Author(s): DeFraites RF, Feighner BH, Binn LN, Kanjarpane DD, Delem AD, MacArthy PO, Krauss MR, Krause DS, Moonsammy GI, Hoke CH Jr. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 March; 171 Suppl 1: S61-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876651

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Immunogenecity of hepatitis A vaccine in children below 2 years of age. Author(s): Mittal SK, Rastogi A. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1999 January; 36(1): 97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10709135

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Immunogenicity and adverse effects of inactivated virosome versus alum-adsorbed hepatitis A vaccine: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Holzer BR, Hatz C, Schmidt-Sissolak D, Gluck R, Althaus B, Egger M. Source: Vaccine. 1996 July; 14(10): 982-6. Erratum In: Vaccine 1997 February; 15(2): 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8873392

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Immunogenicity and efficacy of a killed hepatitis A vaccine in day care center children. Author(s): Richtmann R, Chaves RL, Mendonca JS, Konichi SR, Mitre HP, Takei K, Dietz K, Flehmig B. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1996 February; 48(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8835347

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Immunogenicity and protectivity of a new liposomal hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Ambrosch F, Wiedermann G, Jonas S, Althaus B, Finkel B, Gluck R, Herzog C. Source: Vaccine. 1997 August; 15(11): 1209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9286045

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Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Indian adults. Author(s): Das K, Jain A, Gupta RK, Kar P. Source: Natl Med J India. 1999 November-December; 12(6): 268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10732428

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Immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in a comparative study. Author(s): Goilav C, Zuckerman J, Lafrenz M, Vidor E, Lauwers S, Ratheau C, Benichou G, Zuckerman A. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1995 July; 46(3): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7561805

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Immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Thai young adults. Author(s): Vimolket T, Theamboonlers A, Dumas R, Milcamps B, Forrat R, Poovorawan Y. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1998 December; 29(4): 779-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10772564

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Immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in young adults: a comparative study. Author(s): Ren A, Feng F, Ma J, Xu Y, Liu C. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2002 October; 115(10): 1483-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12490092

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Immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: a clinical trial with comparison of administration route. Author(s): Fisch A, Cadilhac P, Vidor E, Prazuck T, Dublanchet A, Lafaix C. Source: Vaccine. 1996 August; 14(12): 1132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8911009

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Immunogenicity and safety of a virosomal hepatitis A vaccine (Epaxal) in healthy toddlers and children in Chile. Author(s): Riedemann S, Reinhardt G, Ibarra H, Frosner GG. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2004 March; 93(3): 412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15124849

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Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine amongst Singaporeans. Author(s): Guan R, Ng HS, Fock KM, Ho KY, Yap I, Kang JY, Chow WC, Chew CN, Ng C, Teo CJ, et al. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1995 June; 26(2): 268-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8629058

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Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in anti-HIV positive and negative homosexual men. Author(s): Hess G, Clemens R, Bienzle U, Schonfeld C, Schunck B, Bock HL. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1995 May; 46(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7623005

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Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Taiwanese adults and children. Author(s): Lee CY, Huang LM, Lee PI, Chiu HH, Dumas R, Milcamps B, Lin W. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 March; 31(1): 29-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11023061

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Immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis A vaccine in children with chronic liver disease. Author(s): Ferreira CT, da Silveira TR, Vieira SM, Taniguchi A, Pereira-Lima J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 September; 37(3): 25861. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12960646

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Immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis A vaccine in liver and renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Stark K, Gunther M, Neuhaus R, Reinke P, Schroder K, Linnig S, Bienzle U. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 December; 180(6): 2014-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10558960

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Immunogenicity and safety of two doses of a paediatric hepatitis A vaccine in thai children: comparison of three vaccination schedules. Author(s): Lolekha S, Pratuangtham S, Punpanich W, Bowonkiratikachorn P, Chimabutra K, Weber F. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2003 December; 49(6): 333-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14725410

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Immunogenicity of a killed hepatitis A vaccine in seronegative volunteers. Author(s): Flehmig B, Heinricy U, Pfisterer M. Source: Lancet. 1989 May 13; 1(8646): 1039-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2565998

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Immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine administered according to two different schedules and the interference of other "travellers" vaccines with the immune response. Author(s): Bienzle U, Bock HL, Kruppenbacher JP, Hofmann F, Vogel GE, Clemens R. Source: Vaccine. 1996 April; 14(6): 501-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8782347

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Immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine after exposure at 37 degrees C for 1 week. Author(s): Wiedermann G, Ambrosch F. Source: Vaccine. 1994 April; 12(5): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8023546

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Immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Alaska Native children and Native and non-Native adults. Author(s): McMahon BJ, Williams J, Bulkow L, Snowball M, Wainwright R, Kennedy M, Krause D. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 March; 171(3): 676-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876615

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Immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Dutch United Nations troops. Author(s): Hopperus Buma AP, van Doornum GJ, Veltink RL, van Ameijden EJ, Leentvaar-Kuijpers A, Coutinho RA. Source: Vaccine. 1997 August-September; 15(12-13): 1413-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9302753

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Immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children: two years' follow-up. Author(s): Lee WT, Chang MH, Lee CY, Chen DS, Safary A, Andre FE. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1995 September-October; 36(5): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8607357

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Immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Sjogren MH, Hoke CH, Binn LN, Eckels KH, Dubois DR, Lyde L, Tsuchida A, Oaks S Jr, Marchwicki R, Lednar W, et al. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1991 March 15; 114(6): 470-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1994794

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Immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in decompensated liver disease. Author(s): Dumot JA, Barnes DS, Younossi Z, Gordon SM, Avery RK, Domen RE, Henderson JM, Carey WD. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 June; 94(6): 1601-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10364031

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Immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in children with chronic liver disease. Author(s): Majda-Stanislawska E, Bednarek M, Kuydowicz J. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2004 June; 23(6): 571-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15194843

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Immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in children. Author(s): Lee SD, Lo KJ, Chan CY, Yu MY, Wang YJ, Safary A. Source: Gastroenterology. 1993 April; 104(4): 1129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8462802

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Immunogenicity of two versus three injections of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in adults. Author(s): Chen XQ, Bulbul M, de Gast GC, van Loon AM, Nalin DR, van Hattum J. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1997 February; 26(2): 260-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9059944

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Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and consistency of a new, inactivated hepatitis A vaccine--a randomized multicentre study with three consecutive vaccine lots. Author(s): Kallinowski B, Gmelin K, Kommerell B, Bock HL, Clemens R, Scheiermann N, Wohland B, Hofmann F, Theilmann L. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10(8): 500-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1320306

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Immunologic approaches to assessing the response to inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Lemon SM. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1993; 18 Suppl 2: S15-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8182266

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Immunological priming of one dose of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine given during the first year of life in presence of maternal antibodies. Author(s): Lagos R, Munoz A, Dumas R, Pichon S, Zambrano B, Levine M, Vidor E. Source: Vaccine. 2003 September 8; 21(25-26): 3730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12922104

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Immunoprecipitation and virus neutralization assays demonstrate qualitative differences between protective antibody responses to inactivated hepatitis A vaccine and passive immunization with immune globulin. Author(s): Lemon SM, Murphy PC, Provost PJ, Chalikonda I, Davide JP, Schofield TL, Nalin DR, Lewis JA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997 July; 176(1): 9-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9207344

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Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine booster given >/=24 months after the primary dose. Author(s): Landry P, Tremblay S, Darioli R, Genton B. Source: Vaccine. 2000 October 15; 19(4-5): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11027799

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Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in childhood: implications for disease control. Author(s): Nalin D, Brown L, Kuter B, Patterson C, McGuire B, Werzberger A, Santosham M, Block S, Reisinger K, Watson B, et al. Source: Vaccine. 1993; 11 Suppl 1: S15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8383388

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Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Author(s): Tsang SW, Sung JJ. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1999 November; 13(11): 1445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10571600

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Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in healthy Chinese adults. Author(s): Lo YC, Lee SS, Wong KH, Lim WL. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1996 February; 239(2): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8568486

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Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: a safety and immunogenicity study in health professionals. Author(s): Davidson M, Krugman S, Sandman LA. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10 Suppl 1: S119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335639

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Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: a safety and immunogenicity study in health professionals. Author(s): Sandman L, Davidson M, Krugman S. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 March; 171 Suppl 1: S50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876649

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Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: immunogenicity, efficacy, safety and review of official recommendations for use. Author(s): Andre F, Van Damme P, Safary A, Banatvala J. Source: Expert Review of Vaccines. 2002 June; 1(1): 9-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908508

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Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: long-term antibody persistence. Author(s): Wiedermann G, Kundi M, Ambrosch F, Safary A, D'Hondt E, Delem A. Source: Vaccine. 1997 April-May; 15(6-7): 612-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9178459

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Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and long-term antibody persistence. Author(s): Van Damme P, Thoelen S, Cramm M, De Groote K, Safary A, Meheus A. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1994 December; 44(4): 446-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7897379

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Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine-induced antibodies: follow-up and estimates of longterm persistence. Author(s): Van Herck K, Van Damme P. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2001 January; 63(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11130881

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Inactivated virosome hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Loutan L, Bovier P, Althaus B, Gluck R. Source: Lancet. 1994 February 5; 343(8893): 322-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7905144

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Inactivated virosome hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): D'Hondt E, Delem A. Source: Lancet. 1994 May 7; 343(8906): 1165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7910259

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Inadequate response to intradermal hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Brindle RJ, Morris CA, Berger R, Kurtz JB. Source: Vaccine. 1994 May; 12(6): 483-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8036820

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Interference assessment of yellow fever vaccine with the immune response to a single-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (1440 EL.U.). A controlled study in adults. Author(s): Gil A, Gonzalez A, Dal-Re R, Calero JR. Source: Vaccine. 1996 August; 14(11): 1028-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879097

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Laboratory tests and reference reagents employed in studies of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Binn LN, MacArthy PO, Marchwicki RH, Sjogren MH, Hoke CH Jr, Burge JR, D'Hondt E. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10 Suppl 1: S102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335636

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Long-term immunogenicity of an inactivated virosome hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Bovier PA, Bock J, Loutan L, Farinelli T, Glueck R, Herzog C. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 December; 68(4): 489-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12376955

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Long-term persistence of anti-HAV antibodies following active immunization with hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Maiwald H, Jilg W, Bock HL, Loscher T, Sonnenburg F. Source: Vaccine. 1997 March; 15(4): 346-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9141202

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Neurological adverse event after administration of the hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): George DL, Benonis JG. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 November; 115(7): 587. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599645

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New findings in live, attenuated hepatitis A vaccine development. Author(s): Provost PJ, Bishop RP, Gerety RJ, Hilleman MR, McAleer WJ, Scolnick EM, Stevens CE. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1986 October; 20(2): 165-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3021899

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Parental knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with not receiving hepatitis A vaccine in a demonstration project in Butte County, California. Author(s): Bardenheier B, Gonzalez IM, Washington ML, Bell BP, Averhoff F, Massoudi MS, Hyams I, Simard EP, Yusuf H. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 October; 112(4): E269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14523210

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Patterns of immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in anti-HIV positive and negative hemophilic patients. Author(s): Santagostino E, Gringeri A, Rocino A, Zanetti A, de Biasi R, Mannucci PM. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1994 October; 72(4): 508-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7878624

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Placebo-controlled efficacy study of hepatitis A vaccine in Valdivia, Chile. Author(s): Riedemann S, Reinhardt G, Frosner GG, Ibarra H, Moraleda L, Hering V, Siegel F, Toledo C, Leon J, Gonzalez JL, et al. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10 Suppl 1: S152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335650

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Preparation and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Pellegrini V, Fineschi N, Matteucci G, Marsili I, Nencioni L, Puddu M, Garelick H, Zuckerman AJ. Source: Vaccine. 1993; 11(3): 383-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8383387

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Prevention of hepatitis A with the hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Craig AS, Schaffner W. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 January 29; 350(5): 476-81. Review. Erratum In: N Engl J Med. 2004 June 24; 350(26): 2726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749456

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Primary study of attenuated live hepatitis A vaccine (H2 strain) in humans. Author(s): Mao JS, Dong DX, Zhang HY, Chen NL, Zhang XY, Huang HY, Xie RY, Zhou TJ, Wan ZJ, Wang YZ, et al. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1989 April; 159(4): 621-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2538518

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Production, quality control and characterization of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Peetermans J. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10 Suppl 1: S99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335671

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Progress toward a live, attenuated human hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Provost PJ, Banker FS, Giesa PA, McAleer WJ, Buynak EB, Hilleman MR. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1982 May; 170(1): 8-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6281797

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Prospects for the introduction of hepatitis A vaccine into public health use. Author(s): Kane MA. Source: Prog Med Virol. 1990; 37: 96-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2173851

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Rapid antibody response after vaccination with a virosomal hepatitis a vaccine. Author(s): Ambrosch F, Finkel B, Herzog C, Koren A, Kollaritsch H. Source: Infection. 2004 June; 32(3): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15188074

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Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of three different lots of a hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Theilmann L, Kallinowski B, Gmelin K, Hofmann F, Scheiermann N, Wohland B, Stickl H, Maiwald H, Moriabadi FK, Bock HL, et al. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10 Suppl 1: S132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335644

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Recent advances in hepatitis A vaccine development. Author(s): Siegl G, Lemon SM. Source: Virus Research. 1990 October; 17(2): 75-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2291334

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Recommendations for use of hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Hegarty MA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 June 13; 304(6841): 1570. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1320975

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Regional variation in the cost effectiveness of childhood hepatitis A immunization. Author(s): Jacobs RJ, Greenberg DP, Koff RS, Saab S, Meyerhoff AS. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 October; 22(10): 904-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14551492

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Safety and immunogenicity of a new formulation of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Dagan R, Greenberg D, Goldenbertg-Gehtman P, Vidor E, Briantais P, Pinsk V, Athias O, Dumas R. Source: Vaccine. 1999 April 9; 17(15-16): 1919-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10217590

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Safety and immunogenicity of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in concurrent administration with a typhoid fever vaccine or a typhoid fever + yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Dumas R, Forrat R, Lang J, Farinelli T, Loutan L. Source: Adv Ther. 1997 July-August; 14(4): 160-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10174195

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Safety and immunogenicity of a pediatric formulation of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Argentinean children. Author(s): Lopez EL, Del Carmen Xifro M, Torrado LE, De Rosa MF, Gomez R, Dumas R, Wood SC, Contrini MM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 January; 20(1): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176566

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Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in children 2 to 5 years old. Author(s): Aristegui J, Morales JL, Dal-Re R, Gonzalez A, Gallego MS, Garrote E. Source: Infection. 1995 September-October; 23(5): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8557400

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Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in preschool children. Author(s): Balcarek KB, Bagley MR, Pass RF, Schiff ER, Krause DS. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 March; 171 Suppl 1: S70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876652

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Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: effect of dose and vaccination schedule. Author(s): Westblom TU, Gudipati S, DeRousse C, Midkiff BR, Belshe RB. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 May; 169(5): 996-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8169430

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Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in healthy adult volunteers. Author(s): Horng YC, Chang MH, Lee CY, Safary A, Andre FE, Chen DS. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1993 July-August; 8(4): 338-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8397010

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Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children. Author(s): Horng YC, Chang MH, Lee CY, Safary A, Andre FE, Chen DS. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 May; 12(5): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8392163

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Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Kemper CA, Haubrich R, Frank I, Dubin G, Buscarino C, McCutchan JA, Deresinski SC; California Collaborative Treatment Group. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 April 15; 187(8): 1327-31. Epub 2003 March 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12696015

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Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in infants: a candidate for inclusion in the childhood vaccination programme. Author(s): Piazza M, Safary A, Vegnente A, Soncini R, Pensati P, Sardo M, Orlando R, Tosone G, Picciotto L. Source: Vaccine. 1999 February 12; 17(6): 585-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10075165

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Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in patients with chronic liver disease. Author(s): Keeffe EB, Iwarson S, McMahon BJ, Lindsay KL, Koff RS, Manns M, Baumgarten R, Wiese M, Fourneau M, Safary A, Clemens R, Krause DS. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1998 March; 27(3): 881-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9500723

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Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in patients with chronic liver disease. Author(s): Lee SD, Chan CY, Yu MI, Wang YJ, Chang FY, Lo KJ, Safary A. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1997 June; 52(2): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9179771

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Safety and immunogenicity of subcutaneous hepatitis A vaccine in children with haemophilia. Author(s): Ragni MV, Lusher JM, Koerper MA, Manco-Johnson M, Krause DS. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2000 March; 6(2): 98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10781196

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Safety, immunogenicity and antibody persistence of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in 4 to 15 year old children. Author(s): Castillo de Febres O, Chacon de Petrola M, Casanova de Escalona L, Naveda O, Naveda M, Estopinan M, Bordones G, Zambrano B, Garcia A, Dumas R. Source: Vaccine. 1999 November 12; 18(7-8): 656-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10547425

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Safety, immunogenicity, and kinetics of the immune response to a single dose of virosome-formulated hepatitis A vaccine in Thais. Author(s): Poovorawan Y, Theamboonlers A, Chumdermpadetsuk S, Gluck R, Cryz SJ Jr. Source: Vaccine. 1995 July; 13(10): 891-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7483760

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Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (VAQTA) in rural Kentucky children. Author(s): Block SL, Hedrick JA, Tyler RD, Smith RA, Calandra G, Patterson C, Lewis J, Sitrin R, Miller W, Schwartz S, et al. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 December; 12(12): 976-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8108223

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Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: effects of single and booster injections, and comparison to administration of immune globulin. Author(s): Shouval D, Ashur Y, Adler R, Lewis JA, Miller W, Kuter B, Brown L, Nalin DR. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1993; 18 Suppl 2: S32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8182270

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Saliva and serum as diagnostic media for antibody to hepatitis A virus in adults and in individuals who have received an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Laufer DS, Hurni W, Watson B, Miller W, Ryan J, Nalin D, Brown L. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 April; 20(4): 868-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7795087

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Serological approaches to distinguish immune response to hepatitis A vaccine and natural infection. Author(s): Robertson BH, Jia XY, Tian H, Margolis HS, Summers DF, Ehrenfeld E. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10 Suppl 1: S106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335637

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Seroprevalence of hepatitis A in children--implications for hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Mittal SK, Rastogi A, Rastogi A, Kumar N, Talukdar B, Kar P. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 1998 July-September; 19(3): 120-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9828714

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Seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus in Mumbai, and immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Dhawan PS, Shah SS, Alvares JF, Kher A, Shankaran, Kandoth PW, Sheth PN, Kamath H, Kamath A, Koppikar GV, Kalro RH. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1998 January; 17(1): 16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9465507

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Should health care workers exposed to hepatitis C routinely receive hepatitis A vaccine? Author(s): Koff RS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 January 21; 279(3): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9438734

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Single dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: rationale and clinical assessment of the safety and immunogenicity. Author(s): Van Damme P, Mathei C, Thoelen S, Meheus A, Safary A, Andre FE. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1994 December; 44(4): 435-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7897376

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Studies in chimpanzees of live, attenuated hepatitis A vaccine candidates. Author(s): Provost PJ, Conti PA, Giesa PA, Banker FS, Buynak EB, McAleer WJ, Hilleman MR. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1983 March; 172(3): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6302710

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Successful booster antibody response up to 54 months after single primary vaccination with virosome-formulated, aluminum-free hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Beck BR, Hatz C, Bronnimann R, Herzog C. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 November 1; 37(9): E126-8. Epub 2003 September 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14557982

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The effect of age and weight on the response to formalin inactivated, alumadjuvanted hepatitis A vaccine in healthy adults. Author(s): Reuman PD, Kubilis P, Hurni W, Brown L, Nalin D. Source: Vaccine. 1997 July; 15(10): 1157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269062

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The effect of immunization with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine on the clinical course of HIV-1 infection: 1-year follow-up. Author(s): Bodsworth NJ, Neilsen GA, Donovan B. Source: Aids (London, England). 1997 May; 11(6): 747-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9143606

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The effectiveness and safety of hepatitis A vaccine: a systematic review. Author(s): Demicheli V, Tiberti D. Source: Vaccine. 2003 June 2; 21(19-20): 2242-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744850

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The immune response to different doses of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Jilg W, Bittner R, Schatzl H, Rasshofer R, Schmidt M, Deinhardt F. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1993; 18 Suppl 2: S38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8182271

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The need for immunoglobulin for travelers who receive hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Halsey NA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 June; 21(6): 576-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182391

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The pros and cons of using hepatitis A vaccine to control outbreaks. Author(s): Crowcroft N. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2001 March; 4(1): 5-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11467021

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The requirement for hepatitis A vaccine in Gurkha soldiers. Author(s): Kitson MM, Connor MP. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1999 June; 145(2): 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10420345

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The success of hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Sjogren MH. Source: Gastroenterology. 1993 April; 104(4): 1214-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8385043

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The use of hepatitis A vaccine in Italy--evidence-based recommendations from an expert panel. Author(s): Mele A, Jefferson T. Source: Vaccine. 2003 June 2; 21(19-20): 2223. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744846

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The utilisation of hepatitis A vaccine 1992-1994. Author(s): Sloan DS. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1996 March; 54(2): 140-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8655301

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Thermostability of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine stored at 37 degrees C for one week. Author(s): Wiedermann G, Ambrosch F, Andre FE, Delem A, D'Hondt E, Safary A. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1994 December; 44(4): 442. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7897377

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Towards a hepatitis A vaccine. A review. Author(s): Anderson BN, Coulepis AG, Gust ID. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1984 October; 93(2): 269-76. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6094664

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Two year old hepatitis A vaccine is as good as new. Author(s): Rajan E, al Bloushi S, O'Farrell B, Shattock A, Courtney MG, Safary A, Fielding JF. Source: Vaccine. 1996 October; 14(15): 1439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8994319

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Two-year review of hepatitis A vaccine safety: data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Author(s): Niu MT, Salive M, Krueger C, Ellenberg SS. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 June; 26(6): 1475-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9636890

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Use of hepatitis A vaccine in a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A. Author(s): Craig AS, Sockwell DC, Schaffner W, Moore WL Jr, Skinner JT, Williams IT, Shaw FE, Shapiro CN, Bell BP. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 September; 27(3): 531-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9770153

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Use of nuclease enzyme in the purification of VAQTA, a hepatitis A vaccine. Author(s): Hagen AJ, Aboud RA, DePhillips PA, Oliver CN, Orella CJ, Sitrin RD. Source: Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 1996 June; 23 ( Pt 3): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8679106

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Who should receive hepatitis A vaccine? Author(s): Arankalle VA, Chadha MS. Source: Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2003 May; 10(3): 157-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12753332

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Who should receive hepatitis A vaccine? Author(s): Mawhorter SD. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2001 October; 68(10): 825-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11596618

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Who should receive hepatitis A vaccine? Author(s): Brewer MA, Edwards KM, Decker MD. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1995 April; 14(4): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7603804

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Who should receive hepatitis A vaccine? Considerations for the development of an immunization strategy. Author(s): Margolis HS, Shapiro CN. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10 Suppl 1: S85-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335667

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CHAPTER 2. DISSERTATIONS ON HEPATITIS A VACCINE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to hepatitis A vaccine. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “hepatitis A vaccine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hepatitis A vaccine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Hepatitis A Vaccine ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to hepatitis A vaccine. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

The epidemiology of hepatitis A in Almaty, Kazakhstan: Background for a comparative trial of hepatitis A vaccine versus immune globulin for postexposure prophylaxis by Victor, John C., PhD from University of Michigan, 2004, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3122063

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON HEPATITIS A VACCINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hepatitis A vaccine. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hepatitis A vaccine include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “hepatitis A vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on hepatitis A vaccine: •

Viral Hepatitis: Practical Evaluation and Treatment Source: Kirkland, WA: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers. 1995. 248 p. Contact: Available from Hogrefe and Huber Publishers. Seattle Main Office, P.O. Box 2487, Kirkland, WA 98083-2487. (800) 228-3749 or (206) 820-1500. Fax (206) 823-8324. PRICE: $49 plus shipping (as of 1995). ISBN: 0889371334. Summary: This book provides up to date practical information on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the viral hepatitis. Designed for a broad based audience of primary care providers, the book includes 15 chapters on the following topics: an overview of viral hepatitis; hepatitis A; hepatitis A vaccine; acute hepatitis B; chronic hepatitis B; special circumstances with HBV; prevention of hepatitis B; treatment of hepatitis B; diagnosis and transmission of hepatitis C; clinical features of hepatitis C; special topics in hepatitis C; treatment of hepatitis C; delta hepatitis; hepatitis E; and

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fulminant hepatic failure. The book explains diagnosis, clinical features, epidemiology and transmission, natural history, prevention, and treatment for each form of hepatitis. Each chapter includes an outline and summary of approach. A subject index concludes the volume. (AA-M).

Chapters on Hepatitis A Vaccine In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hepatitis A vaccine, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hepatitis A vaccine using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hepatitis A vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hepatitis A vaccine: •

Treatment for Hepatitis B: Interferon, Lamivudine, and Adefovir Source: in Everson, G.T.; Weinberg, H. Living with Hepatitis B: A Survivor's Guide. Long Island, NY: Hatherleigh Press. 2002. p.139-174. Contact: Available from Hatherleigh Press. 5-22 46th Avenue Suite 200, Long Island City, NY 11101. (800) 528-2550. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://store.yahoo.com/hatherleighpress/index.html. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1578260841. Summary: Chronic hepatitis B can lead to cirrhosis (liver scarring), liver cancer, and the need for liver transplantation. This chapter on drug therapy is from a book that helps readers diagnosed with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection educate themselves about the disease and its treatment. The authors first offer an overview of general guidelines for patients with acute hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis B, and monitoring issues for patients with chronic infection. The authors then discuss drug therapy, including interferon, lamivudine, thymosin-alpha1 (Zadazin), famciclovir (Famvir), ganciclovir (Cytovene), and adefovir dipovoxil. For each drug, the authors describe the therapy, consider administration and dosage issues, and address side effects that may be encountered. The chapter concludes with information about nonresponders, the hepatitis B vaccine, the hepatitis A vaccine, and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). Throughout the chapter the authors include quotes from real people who are living with hepatitis. 6 figures. 1 reference.

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Diet: Phase Out Source: in Green, W.F. First Year: Hepatitis B. New York, NY: Marlowe and Company. 2002. p. 129-145. Contact: Available from Marlowe and Company. 161 William Street, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10038. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1569245339. Summary: Viral hepatitis B (liver infection) is one of the most preventable medical conditions due to the availability of a hepatitis B vaccine, yet an estimated 100,000 people in the United States are infected each year, and 6,000 die from complications. When the author of this book was diagnosed in 1993, he decided to be proactive in his quest to understand and manage his illness. In this chapter, the author focuses on what

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readers might be experiencing the second month after they receive their diagnosis of hepatitis B virus HBV) infection, discussing the diet therapy. The chapter is in two parts: first, a focus on the psychosocial aspects that the reader might experience, followed by a section of instructional material. In nontechnical language, the author reviews strategies where patients can gradually phase out unhealthy food, quickly eliminate alcohol consumption (a crucial aspect of treatment), minimize intake of saturated fats, cut down on full-fat dairy products, eliminate ingestion of raw or undercooked fish or shellfish, minimize intake of red meat and cured meats, eliminate as much sugar as possible, avoid dietary mind games, avoid added salt, and adapt cooking methods to maximize nutrition. The second section outlines the indications of the HBV vaccine, as well as the indications for the hepatitis A vaccine. 1 table.

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CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEPATITIS A VACCINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hepatitis A vaccine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hepatitis A vaccine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hepatitis A vaccine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hepatitis A vaccine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hepatitis A vaccine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hepatitis A vaccine: •

Contrary to recommendation, hepatitis A vaccine not required in Indian cirrhotics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 05, 2003

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Two-dose hepatitis A vaccine regimen provides 20 years of protection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 25, 2002

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GSK's Havrix hepatitis A vaccine may protect up to 30 years Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 14, 2002

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Three dosage levels of hepatitis A vaccine safe and well tolerated Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 26, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hepatitis A vaccine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hepatitis A vaccine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hepatitis A vaccine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hepatitis A vaccine” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Hepatitis A Vaccine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hepatitis A vaccine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering hepatitis A vaccine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for hepatitis A vaccine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with hepatitis A vaccine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to hepatitis A vaccine: Hepatitis A Vaccine Inactivated •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Havrix; Vaqta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202902.html

Hepatitis A Virus Vaccine Inactivated and Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine Recombinant •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Twinrix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500307.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

51

APPENDICES

53

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute4: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

4

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

55

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.5 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:6 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

5 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 6 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway7

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.8 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hepatitis A vaccine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 963 1 806 29 5 1804

HSTAT9 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.10 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.11 Simply search by “hepatitis A vaccine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 9 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 10 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 11 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 7 8

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists12 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.13 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.14 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 14 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 12

13

59

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hepatitis A vaccine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hepatitis A vaccine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hepatitis A vaccine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hepatitis A vaccine”:

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Hepatitis A Vaccine

Childhood Immunization http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childhoodimmunization.html Hepatitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitis.html Hepatitis A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisa.html Hepatitis B http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisb.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on hepatitis A vaccine. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Recommended Dosages and Schedules of Hepatitis A Vaccines. Recommended Dosages of Hepatitis B Vaccines Source: St. Paul, MN: Immunization Action Coalition. 1997. 1 p. Contact: Available from Hepatitis B Coalition. 1573 Selby Avenue, Suite 234, St. Paul, MN 55104. (612) 647-9009. Fax (612) 647-9131. PRICE: $1.00. Summary: This fact sheet consists of two charts designed to guide clinic workers who are administering vaccinations. The first chart lists recommended dosages and schedules of hepatitis A vaccines; the second lists recommended dosages of hepatitis B vaccines. The first chart (hepatitis A) notes the vaccine brand, the group of patients in whom it is used, ages, dose, volume, number of doses, and schedule. Two vaccine brands are noted: Havrix (SmithKline Beecham) and VAQTA (Merck and Co.). The hepatitis B chart notes HBV risk group or age group and the dosages for two different brands: Engerix-B (SmithKline Beecham) and Recombivax HB (Merck and Co.). The chart reminds users that different vials contain different concentrations of vaccine. In addition, once one brand is started, the same brand should be used to complete the series. An end note provides recommendations for adult patients on dialysis.

Patient Resources

61

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hepatitis A vaccine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hepatitis A vaccine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hepatitis A vaccine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hepatitis A vaccine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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Hepatitis A Vaccine

http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hepatitis A vaccine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hepatitis A vaccine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hepatitis A vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hepatitis A vaccine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.15

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

15

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Hepatitis A Vaccine

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)16: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

16

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

65

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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HEPATITIS A VACCINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH]

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Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH]

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Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coryza: Profuse discharge from the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement

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through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fulminant Hepatic Failure: Liver failure that occurs suddenly in a previously healthy person. The most common causes of FHF are acute hepatitis, acetaminophen overdose, and liver damage from prescription drugs. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.

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[NIH]

Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Haematuria: Blood in the urine. [EU] Haemophilia: A haemorrhagic diathesis occurring in two main forms: 1. Haemophilia A (classic haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency), an X-linked disorder due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII; 2. Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), also Xlinked, due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. Both forms are determined by a mutant gene near the telomere of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq), but a different loci, and are characterized by subcutaneous and intramuscular haemorrhages; bleeding from the mouth, gums, lips, and tongue; haematuria; and haemarthroses. [EU] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain

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hormones). [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunization Schedule: Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and

Dictionary 77

severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and zalcitabine analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

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Hepatitis A Vaccine

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU]

Dictionary 79

Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Picornavirus: Any of a group of tiny RNA-containing viruses including the enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary vaccination: First or principal vaccination ( = introduction of a vaccine into the body for the purpose of inducing immunity). [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH]

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Hepatitis A Vaccine

Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or

Dictionary 81

tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thymosin: A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thymus Gland: A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the mediastinum, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the thyroid gland and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoids: Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is

82

Hepatitis A Vaccine

analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine adjuvant: A substance added to a vaccine to improve the immune response so that less vaccine is needed. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virosomes: Semi-synthetic complex derived from nucleic-acid free viral particles. They are essentially reconstituted viral coats, where the infectious nucleocapsid is replaced by a compound of choice. Virosomes retain their fusogenic activity and thus deliver the incorporated compound (antigens, drugs, genes) inside the target cell. They can be used for vaccines (vaccines, virosome), drug delivery, or gene transfer. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Yellow Fever: An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. [NIH] Yellow Fever Vaccine: Vaccine used to prevent yellow fever. It consists of a live attenuated 17D strain of the yellow fever virus. [NIH] Yellow Fever Virus: The type species of the Flavivirus genus. Principal vector transmission

Dictionary 83

to humans is by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. [NIH] Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chainterminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. [NIH]

85

INDEX A Acetaminophen, 71, 74 Adjuvant, 71 Adverse Effect, 21, 71, 80 Algorithms, 71, 72 Alternative medicine, 46, 71 Alum, 21, 34, 71 Aluminum, 34, 71 Amino acid, 71, 79, 80, 81 Amino Acid Sequence, 71 Analog, 71, 74, 77 Anorexia, 5, 71 Antibodies, 5, 13, 20, 25, 27, 28, 71, 76, 77, 79, 80 Antibody, 4, 8, 9, 13, 21, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 34, 71, 72, 76 Antigen, 13, 71, 72, 76 Arteries, 72, 73, 78 Attenuated, 9, 11, 12, 15, 28, 29, 34, 72, 82 B Bacteria, 72, 80, 82 Benign, 72, 75 Bile, 72, 75, 77 Bile Pigments, 72, 77 Biotechnology, 6, 36, 46, 55, 72 Bladder, 72, 82 Bone Marrow, 72, 76, 77 C Cell, 71, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82 Central Nervous System, 72, 75 Central Nervous System Infections, 72, 75 Child Care, 4, 72 Cholesterol, 72, 80 Chromosome, 72, 75, 81 Chronic, 4, 23, 25, 26, 32, 41, 42, 72, 73, 76, 81 Cirrhosis, 42, 73 Clinical trial, 6, 10, 22, 55, 73, 74, 79, 80 Cloning, 72, 73 Computational Biology, 55, 73 Conjunctiva, 73, 76 Contamination, 73, 75 Contraindications, ii, 73 Controlled study, 28, 73 Coronary, 73, 78 Coronary Thrombosis, 73, 78 Coryza, 5, 73 Cranial, 73, 75

Craniocerebral Trauma, 73, 75 Curative, 73, 81 Cytomegalovirus, 73, 74 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 73, 74 D Dairy Products, 43, 73, 80 Degenerative, 73, 75 Developed Countries, 8, 73 Diagnostic procedure, 46, 74 Diathesis, 74, 75 Digestion, 72, 74, 77, 80 Direct, iii, 49, 74, 80 Double-blind, 32, 74 Drug Interactions, 50, 74 E Efficacy, 10, 13, 14, 15, 21, 27, 29, 74 Encapsulated, 74, 77 Endemic, 4, 74 Environmental Health, 54, 56, 74 Enzyme, 36, 74, 81 Epidemic, 6, 74 F Family Planning, 55, 74 Fat, 43, 72, 74, 77, 80, 81 Fatigue, 5, 74 Fulminant Hepatic Failure, 42, 74 Fungi, 74, 82 G Ganciclovir, 42, 74 Gene, 72, 74, 75, 82 Goats, 73, 75 Governing Board, 75, 79 Grade, 5, 75 H Haematuria, 75 Haemophilia, 17, 32, 75 Headache, 5, 75, 76 Headache Disorders, 75 Health Education, 6, 75 Hemorrhage, 73, 75, 79 Hepatocytes, 75 Hepatovirus, 75 Hormones, 75, 76, 81 Humoral, 20, 75 Humour, 75 Hyperbilirubinemia, 76, 77 Hypertension, 75, 76

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Hepatitis A Vaccine

I Immune adjuvant, 71, 76 Immune response, 9, 11, 12, 20, 21, 24, 28, 33, 35, 71, 72, 76, 82 Immune Sera, 76 Immune system, 76, 77, 82 Immunization, 4, 5, 10, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28, 30, 35, 37, 60, 76, 80 Immunization Schedule, 10, 19, 76 Immunodeficiency, 32, 76, 81 Immunogenic, 4, 76 Immunoglobulin, 12, 35, 71, 76 Immunologic, 25, 76, 81 Incubation, 5, 76 Incubation period, 5, 76 Infarction, 73, 76, 78 Infection, 4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 42, 73, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82 Inflammation, 75, 76, 78, 79 Influenza, 9, 76 Ingestion, 5, 43, 77, 79 Interferon, 42, 77 Interferon-alpha, 77 Intracellular, 76, 77, 80 Intramuscular, 5, 9, 75, 77 J Jaundice, 5, 76, 77 K Kb, 54, 77 Kinetics, 33, 77 L Lamivudine, 42, 77 Liposomal, 21, 77 Liver, 4, 9, 16, 17, 23, 25, 32, 42, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77 Liver cancer, 42, 77 Liver Transplantation, 9, 42, 77 Localized, 74, 76, 77 Lymphatic, 76, 77, 81 Lymphocyte, 72, 77 Lymphoid, 71, 77, 81 Lytic, 77, 80 M Malaise, 5, 77 Malignant, 77 Meat, 43, 77, 80 MEDLINE, 55, 78 Membrane, 73, 78, 79 Memory, 19, 71, 78 Meningitis, 78, 79 Mental, iv, 6, 54, 56, 74, 78, 79, 80 Mental Disorders, 78, 79

Mental Health, iv, 6, 54, 56, 78, 80 MI, 32, 69, 78 Molecular, 55, 57, 72, 73, 78 Molecule, 72, 78, 80, 81 Motion Sickness, 78 Myalgia, 77, 78 Myocardium, 78 N Nasal Mucosa, 76, 78 Nausea, 5, 78 Necrosis, 76, 78 Neural, 75, 78 Neutralization, 26, 78 Nucleocapsid, 78, 82 O Overdose, 74, 78 P Paediatric, 23, 78 Palliative, 78, 81 Pathogen, 76, 79 Patient Education, 60, 64, 66, 69, 79 Patient Selection, 3, 79 Pharmacologic, 79, 81 Pharyngitis, 5, 79 Pharynx, 76, 79 Phospholipids, 74, 79 Photophobia, 5, 79 Picornavirus, 5, 79 Plasma, 71, 79 Plasma cells, 71, 79 Pneumonia, 73, 79 Poisoning, 78, 79 Polypeptide, 71, 79, 81 Polysaccharide, 72, 79 Practice Guidelines, 56, 79 Prevalence, 7, 79 Primary vaccination, 34, 79 Progressive, 73, 78, 79 Prophylaxis, 4, 39, 79, 81, 82 Protein S, 72, 80 Proteins, 71, 72, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82 Protozoa, 80, 82 Public Health, 9, 11, 14, 22, 23, 30, 35, 56, 80 Public Policy, 55, 80 R Randomized, 8, 14, 21, 25, 32, 74, 80 Receptor, 72, 80 Refer, 1, 74, 80 Regimen, 46, 74, 80 Rickettsiae, 80, 82

87

S Saturated fat, 43, 80 Screening, 4, 73, 80 Seroconversion, 4, 80 Serologic, 6, 80 Serum, 5, 33, 76, 80 Side effect, 42, 49, 71, 80, 81, 83 Somatic, 75, 80 Specialist, 61, 80 Stomach, 78, 79, 80 Stress, 78, 80 Subacute, 76, 81 Subarachnoid, 75, 79, 81 Subclinical, 76, 81 Subcutaneous, 8, 32, 75, 81 Sulfur, 77, 81 Systemic, 5, 50, 76, 81, 82 T Telomere, 75, 81 Therapeutics, 26, 50, 81 Thymosin, 42, 81 Thymus, 76, 77, 81 Thymus Gland, 81 Tissue, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82 Toxic, iv, 81, 83 Toxicity, 74, 81 Toxicology, 56, 81 Toxins, 72, 76, 81 Toxoids, 5, 81

Transcriptase, 77, 81, 83 Transfection, 72, 81 Transfer Factor, 76, 82 Transplantation, 9, 76, 82 Typhoid fever, 8, 31, 82 U Urethra, 82 Urine, 5, 72, 75, 82 V Vaccination, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 20, 23, 30, 31, 32, 79, 82 Vaccine adjuvant, 9, 82 Vaccines, 4, 5, 12, 24, 27, 60, 82 Vascular, 75, 76, 82 Veterinary Medicine, 55, 82 Viral, 37, 41, 42, 76, 82, 83 Viral Hepatitis, 37, 41, 82 Virosomes, 9, 82 Virulence, 72, 81, 82 Virus, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 20, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 42, 43, 50, 72, 77, 78, 82 W White blood cell, 71, 77, 79, 82 Y Yellow Fever, 8, 28, 31, 82 Yellow Fever Vaccine, 8, 28, 31, 82 Yellow Fever Virus, 82 Z Zalcitabine, 77, 83

88

Hepatitis A Vaccine

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