Uterine Cancer - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

UTERINE CANCER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Uterine Cancer: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84177-2 1. Uterine Cancer-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on uterine cancer. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON UTERINE CANCER ..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Uterine Cancer.............................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 18 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND UTERINE CANCER ........................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Finding Nutrition Studies on Uterine Cancer............................................................................. 43 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 45 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND UTERINE CANCER ..................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 47 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 General References ....................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND UTERINE CANCER ................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Recent Trials on Uterine Cancer.................................................................................................. 55 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON UTERINE CANCER ................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Patents on Uterine Cancer........................................................................................................... 65 Patent Applications on Uterine Cancer ....................................................................................... 76 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON UTERINE CANCER ..................................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 85 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 86 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 86 Chapters on Uterine Cancer......................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON UTERINE CANCER .......................................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Bibliography: Multimedia on Uterine Cancer ............................................................................. 89 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON UTERINE CANCER ....................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 91 Academic Periodicals covering Uterine Cancer ........................................................................... 93 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 97 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 99 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 109 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 111

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Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 111 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 111 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 117 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 119 UTERINE CANCER DICTIONARY........................................................................................... 121 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 173

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with uterine cancer is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about uterine cancer, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to uterine cancer, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on uterine cancer. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to uterine cancer, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on uterine cancer. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON UTERINE CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on uterine cancer.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and uterine cancer, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Cancer Incidence in the National Health and Nutrition Survey I Follow-Up Data: Diabetes, Cholesterol, Pulse, and Physical Activity Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 4(8): 807-811. December 1995. Contact: Available from American Association for Cancer Research, Inc. Public Ledger Building, Suite 816, 150 South Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3483. (800) 875-2997 or (201) 627-2427. Fax (201) 627-5872. Summary: This article is based on a study which examined cancer incidence among 14,407 men and women who were enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Survey I in the 1970s and followed through 1987. Using Cox regression analysis, researchers studied 657 male and 593 female cancer cases. Analyses were conducted for lung,

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colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer. Risk factors, which included diabetes, cholesterol, pulse, and physical activity, were only associated with cancers for men. The rate ratio was 1.38 for men with diabetes, while the elevated risk was especially evident for colorectal and prostate cancer. Overall, women with diabetes did not have an excess risk for cancer. However, site-specific elevated risks were observed for breast, lung, and colorectal cancer. Other findings indicated only a 10 to 20 percent excess risk for cancers among people with diabetes, with excesses concentrated in pancreatic cancer and, to a lesser extent, liver and uterine cancer. Slight inverse trends of cancer risk with cholesterol were only for men and were diminished compared to prior analyses of these data with less followup. Males with the lowest quartile of cholesterol had a rate ratio of 1 to 21 for all cancers. The rate ratio for men with the least amount of physical activity was 1 to 29. Hypotheses put forward to explain a relationship between diabetes and cancer include: increased cancer detection due to increased medical surveillance of people with diabetes; malignancy causing an increase in severity of subclinical diabetes; an increase in cancer and diabetes in obese individuals and people sharing genetic risk factors common to both diseases; and an etiological relationship. Based on the findings, the authors note that there is some evidence that cholesterol and nonrecreational physical activity could be artifacts of early effects of disease. 7 tables. 19 references. (AAM). •

Managed Menopause Source: Diabetes Forecast. 54(5): 69-70. May 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reviews evidence on the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for older women with diabetes. Although some evidence suggests that HRT may be useful for women with diabetes, other research shows that HRT has mixed effects on blood lipids. However, the overall consensus that is emerging is that postmenopausal women with diabetes should be considered for HRT, as long as the risks and benefits are carefully weighed. Contraindications include a personal or family history of breast, endometrial, or uterine cancer. However, HRT may be beneficial for women with a personal or family history of heart disease or osteoporosis. HRT can take the form of pills or patches. When menopause begins, HRT can cause unexplained hypoglycemia that can be managed with adjustment to insulin doses. Once menopause is established, HRT can help maintain hormone levels in a stable range. The decision to start HRT is an intensely personal one, and women should talk with their health care providers to help them make this decision.

Federally Funded Research on Uterine Cancer The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to uterine cancer. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to uterine cancer. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore uterine cancer. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for uterine cancer: •

Project Title: LEUKOPLAKIA

ANIMAL

MODEL

OF

PROLIFERATIVE

VERRUCOUS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Murrah, Valerie A.; Diagnostic Scis/Gen Dentistry; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a significant global health problem, comprising one of the ten most common cancers, worldwide. Over the past decade, there has been increased interest in viruses as etiologic agents for cancers of all types. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading candidate for a role as a viral cofactor in oral cancer. In women, estrogen has been linked to multiple malignancies, including breast, cervical and uterine cancers, but, heretofore, estrogen has not been studied as a possible factor in oral cancer, despite the fact that well-recognized hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity occur as a result of hormonal changes during pregnancy and puberty. We hypothesize that HPV and estrogen interact in the oral cavity to cause proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, an oral condition, seen predominantly in women, which is associated with a high prevalence of HPV infection and which ultimately eventuates in oral cancer. Interactions between HPV and estrogen in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer have been studied in a specific transgenic mouse model (K14-HPV16), in which a portion of the HPV16 genome is targeted to the progenitor compartment of the epithelium; by means of the keratin 14 promoter. Preliminary data on the oral cavity in this model strongly support its value for studies of the interactions between these two agents at this site as well. To that end, our specific aims are: 1) to determine whether estrogen can promote transformation of the oral epithelium to a premalignant or malignant phenotype in the K14-HPV16 transgenic mouse model, 2) to perform a prospective analysis of changes in biomarkers associated with proliferation and transformation in the oral epithelium of K14-HPV16 mice that have been exposed to estrogen in a longitudinal manner, and 3) to analyze changes in biomarkers in human specimens of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia to determine correlations with the mouse model. The proposed study is unique in that it addresses the question of estrogen and viral interaction as a possible etiology of oral cancer, an important issue which has not ever been investigated. We feel strongly that this knowledge will ultimately result in appropriate timing of specific interventional therapies and preventive strategies for proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and oral cancer in the future, and will address an oral health problem that is a significant women's health issue. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOMARKERS FOR TOTAL BODY BURDEN OF FLUORIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Shearer, Thomas R.; Professor and Chairman; Oral Molecular Biology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): While the benefit of fluoridation in the prevention of dental caries has been overwhelmingly substantiated, the effect of fluoridation on other chronic health problems is less clear. For example, fluoridation has been linked with osteoporosis, bone cancer, uterine cancer, fertility rates, testosterone levels, gastroduodenal manifestations, and otosclerosis. The majority of studies evaluating the impact of fluoridation on chronic health conditions, however, have been ecological. In ecological studies, the unit of analysis is an aggregate on individuals rather than the individual itself and, in most cases both exposure status and disease status are based on the aggregate. Aggregating exposure and disease status data can lead to inappropriate conclusions regarding relationships at the individual level (ecological fallacy). The purpose of this research is to identify a biomarker for long-term fluoride exposure that can be used in future epidemiologic research on the impact of fluoride exposure on human health. Developing a fluoride biomarker will improve the precision of fluoride exposure measures and provide better estimates of individual level fluoride exposure. This will reduce misclassification of fluoride exposure, thereby enhancing our ability to detect dose-response relationships between fluoride exposure and health outcome measures. The fluoride content of bone appears to reflect total body burden of fluoride and is an appropriate "gold standard" for a fluoride biomarker. For this reason, we will recruit 210 patients scheduled for primary total hip or total knee replacement surgery in Portland and Salem, OR. Excised bone tissue along with fasting blood, fasting ductal saliva, and demographic information will be obtained from each study participant and analyzed for fluoride content at the Medical College of Georgia. While controlling for confounding variables, we will correlate bone fluoride to tissue fluoride in order to determine which tissue, if any, is the "best" biomarker for long-term fluoride exposure. In addition, we will obtain additional tissue samples from a subset (n=30) to evaluate the precision of the biomarker. This research is a collaborative effort between Oregon Health Sciences University and the Medical College of Georgia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION ANTIOXIDANTS

OF

UTERINE

CANCER

RISK

BY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Sharma, Minoti; Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corp Buffalo, Ny 14263 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of the proposed research is to identify effective and safe chemopreventive agents that will facilitate the development of cancer-preventive strategies and their application in the clinical setting. The antiestrogen Tamoxifen (Tam), which is used in the adjuvant therapy of breast cancer and is being evaluated as a prophylactic agent in women at high risk of breast cancer, increases the risk of endometrial cancer. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal syndrome also increases endometrial cancer risk. Metabolism of Tam and estrogen occurs in the liver with subsequent accumulation of the metabolites in target tissues. 4-OHTam, a major metabolite of Tam, accumulates in human uterus. 17BEstradiol (E2), a natural estrogen, is hydroxylated at the 4-position in human uterine cells by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozyme lB1. Expression of CYPs in human uterine endometrium suggests that endometrial tissue has potential to generate genotoxic Tam metabolites. Peroxidase-mediated oxidation of 4-OHTam and 4-OHE2 to quinone derivatives is believed to play a role in DNA ariduct formation by these metabolites. The redox cycling between 4-OHTam and its phenoxy radical and quinone hydroquinone

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forms of estrogen may also contribute to genotoxicity by inducing oxidative DNA damage. If unrepaired, DNA modification has potential to initiate carcinogenesis. Human endometrium is rich in peroxidase activity. Other enzyme systems potentially involved in metabolism of 4-OHTam by one-electron oxidation pathway are also present in this tissue. This proposal hypothesizes that inhibition of peroxidase-driven activation of 4-OHTam and 4-OHE2 by antioxidants will reduce the genotoxic potential of Tam and/or estrogen administration in endometrial tissue. The specific aims are; a) to expose a human endometrial explant culture model to 4-hydroxy metabolites of Tam and E2 and detect the formation of DNA adducts, depurinating adducts and 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine as indicators of DNA damage, b) to asses the chemopreventive efficacy of antioxidants ascorbate (vitamin C) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to inhibit DNA damage, and c) to investigate whether Tam alters the expression of CYPs in this model and thus alters tissue-specific Tam metabolism and subsequent DNA damage. The longterm goal of this proposal is to evaluate if the combination of Tam or estrogen with nontoxic antioxidants will cooperate to reduce uterine cancer risk associated with chronic exposure to Tam or estrogen. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLINICAL TRIAL TO DETERMINE WORTH OF TAMOXIFEN FOR BREAST CANCER PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Helzlsouer, Kathy J.; Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The study is an NSABP sponsored multi-center randomized trial to determine if tamoxifen in a daily dose of 20 mg reduces the risk of developing breast cancer compared to placebo. Women eligible for the study include women over the age of 60 or women 35 to 59 who have an estimated risk of developing breast cancer similar to that of a 60 year old woman. Participants take study pills for 5 years. We stopped enrolling women to the study in 1993; NSABP closed the study to enrollment in 1997. Over 50 women have been screened and 5 have been randomized. The majority of women refuse participation because of either potential side effects of tamoxifen or the wish to continue estrogen replacement therapy. One woman is now off the study after developing uterine cancer. Another woman went off the study because of side effects of the study pills. A third woman completed 5 years of taking study pills in November of 1997, and the last two women still taking study pills will stop taking the pills in February and July of 1998. Sally Brown, R.N., and Sue Markus, R.N., of the office of Dr. E. George Elias, will continue to collect reports of examinations, medical follow-up and history from all five women, at least through 1999. NSABP expects that enough information will be available to determine the preventive effects of Tamoxifen in 1999 or 2000. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COMPREHENSIVE PREVENTION/TREATMENT

RESEARCH

AGENDA

FOR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Morgado, Mariza G.; Fiotec Avenida Brazil 4036, Sala 1016 Rio De Janeiro, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): The current proposal aims to fully integrate the researchers currently involved in HPTN pilot studies in different sites, in Rio de Janeiro

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and Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil), in a single team, in different areas including basic science, clinics, applied behavioral and social sciences and epidemiology. For such purpose I our team is requesting a CIPRA RO3 proposal to reinforce current activities carried out as part of HPTN pilot studies and other ongoing protocols in Rio de Janeiro. A second major area of the current proposal involves training of key personnel in different areas, defining standard guidelines and routines to be applied in the different sites involved in the future studies. The focus of our study is HIV/AIDS among women in two Brazilian regions. Such regions have been affected by sub-epidemics with different dynamics: whereas the epidemic in Rio de Janeiro is reaching a plateau, the southern sub-epidemics is still progressing under a fast pace. So, a first broad objective is to analyze in detail the underlying reasons of such contrastive dynamics, from different points of view. One main point refers to the distinct molecular epidemiology of HIV prevailing in such regions, to be thoroughly explored by analyses of HIV strains and drug resistant viruses circulating among HIV-infected pregnant women and newborns in reference hospitals of both regions. A second main point refers to the exploration of the different epidemiological patterns of HIV and major STDs in each region and center, carrying out preparedness studies of a cohort of women under particular risk to be infected with HIV and/or a major sexually transmitted pathogens. This cohort will also be of paramount importance to assess HIV sero-incidence and associated risk behaviors. A third main point refers to the implementation of comprehensive studies involving HIV positive women, highlighting co-infection of HIV and HPV, particularly relevant in the Brazilian context, where uterine cancer constitutes a major challenge and HIV/AIDS has been affecting in a large extent women from disenfranchised communities where uterine cancer is especially prevalent. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--BIOSTATISTICS AND DATA MANAGEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Mueller, Peter; Professor; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: The Biostatistics and Data Management Core for the M. D. Anderson Uterine Cancer SPORE will serve multiple needs for the planning and conduct of the SPORE's translational research. This resource will be used for hypothesis refinement, experimental design, data management, quality control, result analysis and informative presentation of results, and will function across all projects of the SPORE. From a biostatistical perspective, design and analysis of laboratory and clinical projects will be peflbrmed in collaboration with Dr. Peter Mueller, Mr. Mark Munsell, Mr. David Gold, and Ms. Debbie Cohen. Data from SPORE clinical trials and laboratory projects will be entered into a customized database application developed specifically for the SPORE. This computerized database will facilitate continuous monitoring of clinical trial results and will allow for automated data audits. Thus, from inception to reporting, translational experiments will benefit from SPORE resources that will be used to augment existing M. D. Anderson biostatistics resources. The specific aims of the Biostatistics and Data Management Core are: 1. To provide guidance in the design and conduct of clinical trials and other experiments arising from the ongoing research of the SPORE. 2. To provide the innovative statistical modeling, simulation techniques, and data analyses needed by the Projects, Developmental Projects, and other Cores to achieve their Specific Aims. 3. To ensure that the results of all Projects are based on welldesigned experiments and are appropriately interpreted. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Walker, Cheryl L.; Professor; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: The overall aim of the Gynecologic Oncology Developmental Research Program is to provide initial funding to support innovative translational studies and exploratory research in gynecologic oncology. The support of translational research projects that can generate clinically testable hypotheses aimed at reducing the incidence of uterine cancers or leading to improved therapeutic outcomes or quality of life for gynecologic cancer patients will be emphasized. Preproposals in the form of Project abstracts (1/2 -1 page) will be solicited by the Program and applicants of responsive abstracts invited to submit Pilot Project proposals to the Program. Proposals will follow an abbreviated RO1 research grant format and be up to 5 pages in length. The Developmental Research Program Directors in conjunction with the Executive Committee of the SPORE will help investigators submitting proposals formulate relevant translational research aims and plans, as many investigators may not have previous expertise in this area. This process will therefore be a major educational activity that is anticipated to further stimulate translational research in gynecologic oncology and encourage the participation of both basic researchers and clinicians in translational research. Competing proposals will be evaluated and ranked by the External Advisory Committee. The SPORE Executive Committee will then meet to make the final selection of Pilot Projects for funding. Projects will be funded for 1 year with the possibility of renewal for an additional year. It is anticipated that the Program will fund 2-3 Pilot Projects each year. All Projects will be reviewed at the end of their first year with written progress reports and oral presentations at the SPORE annual retreat. Projects receiving an additional year of support will submit a final progress report at the end of their second year. Examples of Pilot Project abstracts are presented to illustrate the type of multidisciplinary translational research proposals that are anticipated to be received by the Program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER IN A COHORT OF OLDER WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Folsom, Aaron R.; Professor; Epidemiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1985; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (From Applicant's Abstract) Because cancer is the second leading cause of death in postmenopausal women, detailed epidemiological investigations are warranted to identify etiologic factors, including potentially modifiable risk factors. The Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS) recruited a population-based cohort of 41,837 Iowa women, aged 55-69 years in 1986, to determine whether diet, body fat distribution, and other risk factors were related to cancer incidence. Exposure and lifestyle information was collected in a baseline mailed survey and four follow-up surveys. Cancer incidence and mortality have been ascertained since 1986 by linkage with the State Health Registry of Iowa, a SEER site, and the National Death Index. The project has been extremely productive, with more than 90 publications. Because of the existing wealth of information on this large cohort of women, we propose in this 5-year renewal to extend follow-up for cancer incidence and mortality through 18 years. Further IWHS is expected to yield a total of at least 8,150 incident cancers and 11,000 deaths. This will allow us to perform additional analyses in four broad areas to test hypotheses about a)

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potential risk factors for uncommon cancers not yet studied in this cohort; b)unexamined potential risk factors for incident common cancers; c) risk factors for incident cancers examined in a limited fashion previously; and d) potential contributors to better survival of breast, colorectal, ovarian, or uterine cancer. We also propose to expand our existing nested case-control study of candidate genes for breast cancer to 432 cases and 332 controls. We will genotype polymorphisms in genes affecting estrogenmetabolizing enzymes and DNA repair proteins, to test the hypothesis that these are associated with risk of breast cancer. The proposed project will provide new information on the risk and survival of cancer in older women. Two recent Program Announcements from the National Cancer Institute emphasize the need for risk factor information on older women (PA-98-028 Diet, Lifestyle and Cancer in U.S. Specific Populations) and on survival (PA-98-027 Cancer Survival Studies in Established Epidemiologic Cohorts). The information that the IWHS will provide could be valuable in the control of this major public health problem. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ER BETA SELECTIVE AGONIST CORONARY PROTECTION-MENOPAUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hermsmeyer, Kent R.; Dimera, Llc. 2525 Nw Lovejoy St, Ste 401 Portland, or 97210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 07-JUL-2003; Project End 06-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this Phase I project is to test and develop, using primate coronary artery vascular muscle cells in vitro, a novel estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) selective (over ERalpha) agonist that is highly effective for protecting coronary arteries against hyperreactivity and also for relieving cardiovascular menopausal symptoms of ovarian steroid deficiency. Such cardiovascular hyperreactivity appears to result from the deficiency of balanced estrogen ERbeta versus ERalpha receptor stimulation after the cessation of ovarian function. This project will examine the effect of the ERbeta Agonist (ERbetaA), which is a natural human steroid metabolite, for the novel indication as a genomic repressor of reactivity in rhesus coronary vascular muscle cell experiments. This project is addressed to the challenge of reduction of coronary dysfunction, disability, and fatalities in menopausal women. Cardiovascular disease, the leading risk of death for women and men over age 50, mechanisms related to declining steroid production and steroid receptor balance are not well understood. The proposed ERbetaA formulation has been designed to significantly improve this situation and enhance quality of life in both women and men. The new commercial product will be a formulation designed to advance the present state by providing the first agent to offer ERbeta selective stimulation. The ERbetaA profile is salutary as it includes protection against coronary hyperreactivity while simultaneously lowering the risk of breast and uterine cancer. Furthermore, the need for only a low concentration of this bioidentical metabolite portends an excellent safety and side-effect prospect. Selective stimulation of ERbeta appears ideal because of this multifaceted protection against coronary hyperreactivity and of breast and uterine carcinomas. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ESTRADIOL AND SERMS ON COGNITION, MOOD AND AFFECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Kelly, Thomas H.; Professor; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001

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Summary: Estradiol produces diverse effects on physiology and behavior, many of which are critical for maintaining the health and well-being of women. However, estradiol also enhances the growth of abnormal cells and increases risk for breast and uterine cancer. Furthermore, loss of estradiol due to medical complications or aging is also associated with a number of adverse outcomes, including increased risk for cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and dementia. This diverse profile of effect has been linked to differential effectors at receptor sites in tissues throughout in the body, and medications having selective effects at these receptor sites (SERMs) have been forthcoming. Estradiol has clear but subtle effects on cognitive processes and mood. Few studies have evaluate the impact of SERMs on cognition or wood. The overall aim of this application is to compare the effects of estradiol and two SERMs, tamoxifen and raloxifene, on cognition or mood. The overall aim of this application is to compare the effects of estradiol and two SERMs, tamoxifen and raloxifene, on cognition, mood, and brain function in healthy adult women, and to assess whether the behavioral effects of tamoxifen and raloxifene occur through estrogen receptor mechanisms. In the study (women ages 21-35), the effects of estradiol will be determined by comparing behavior measures during testing intervals occurring early and late during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in the presence or absence of tamoxifen and raloxifene. The second study with postmenopausal women will examine behavioral measures before initiation of replacement therapy with those taken after 1,6 and 12 months of treatment in matched groups receiving placebo, estradiol or raloxifene. Across these studies, a profile of behavioral effects of estradiol and SERMs will be established. As the mechanisms through with estradiol and estrogen receptor modulators produce their effects become better understood, it is likely that new estrogen receptor modulators will be developed which will have increasingly selective effects at estrogen receptor sites in tissue. It is also likely that pharmacological developments related to other behaviorally active hormones will be forthcoming. A long-term goal of this project is to train young faculty to work with emerging technologies to enhance development of hormonally based medications with beneficial behavioral profiles. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISM

ESTROGENIC

STEROIDS--NEUROTROPHIC

ACTION

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Brinton, Roberta Diaz.; Professor of Molecular Pharmacology And; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The broad goal of this research is to discover estrogenic steroids with neurotrophic activity that will promote the growth and survival of neurons derived from brain regions involved in cognitive function. Germination this proposal began when we discovered several estrogenic steroids that exhibit relatively low affinity for the uterine estrogen nuclear receptor (122-126), which could reduce the risk of breast and uterine cancer, but which exerted a neurotrophic effect similar to what we had observed for the endogenous human female estrogen, and beta-estradiol. (3) Of particular interest was the neurotrophic activity of the equine estrogen, equilin. Equilin is a major component of Premarin, a complex formulation of at least 10 different conjugated equine estrogens, that is currently the leading prescribed pharmaceutical for estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women and is currently under study in 8,000 women participating in the multicenter Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. (59) The proposed studies are designed to test the overall hypothesis that steroids

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which are estrogenic in chemical structure will influence neuronal outgrowth and survival with varying efficacies depending on their molecular structure. Further, the basis for the different efficacies and potencies of estrogen steroids on neuronal outgrowth will be reflected in their ability to regulate receptor channel function. We further hypothesize that mechanisms that promote an increase in intracellular calcium will underlie estrogenic steroid-induced neurotropism. Lastly, we hypothesize that estrogenic steroids that exert a neurotrophic effect will also promote neuronal survival by enhancing viability and thereby will enhance the capacity of neurons to resist a oxidative stress by beta-amyloid peptide and other free radical generators. To test these hypotheses morphological analyses of dissociated cortical and hippocampal neurons in culture in response to estrogenic steroids and to pharmacological agents that block nuclear estrogen receptors, plasma membrane glutamatergic receptors and protein kinases will be conducted. In addition, whole cell recording will conducted in cultured neurons and slice preparations to analyze the electrophysiological effects of neurotrophic estrogens. Results of these studies will have a direct impact on the use and design of estrogen replacement therapy for the amelioration of cognitive deficits in postmenopausal women and for the prevention of Alzheimer's Disease in this population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION OF VIABLE OVARIAN CANCER CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Wen-Tien; Professor; Vitatex, Inc. 25 E Loop Rd Stony Brook, Ny 11790 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Molecular profiling of gene expression is a powerful tool that can be used to stage human tumors and categorize them with respect to projected prognosis and therapeutic responsiveness. This technology has been applied most effectively to leukemias and lymphomas for which it is relatively easy to obtain highly enriched pools of tumor cells. Similar approaches to study solid tumors have been less successful because solid tumor tissue samples contain many non-tumorigenic types of cells, because many of the tumor cells found in them are dead or dying at any given moment, and because of the low abundance emigrating metastatic cells. Current technology to enrich for metastatic ovarian cancer cells from ascites at the time of surgery involves using a combination of centrifugation and positive- and negativeselecting immuno-affinity steps. This cumbersome protocol yields pools of metastatic cells less than 50% pure and viable that are contaminated by non-tumor leukocyte and epithelial cells and dead and dying tumor cells. In this STTR Phase I application, we propose to optimize and validate a novel and rapid cell separation technology for enrichment of viable metastatic tumor cells from the ascites of patients with ovarian cancer. The approach is anticipated to yield a collection of viable tumor cells greater than 99% pure. In parallel, we will also purify tumor-associated leukocytes to enable expression profiling comparisons. This will provide a measure of the efficiency of the enrichment procedure and a proof-of-principle demonstration of the proposed profiling methods. In Phase II, the integrated technologies optimized in this first phase will be translated into broad gene expression studies on ovarian and uterine cancer: We will perform microarray analysis to identify genes up-regulated in metastatic ovarian and uterine tumor cells from blood and ascites in comparison to non-tumorigenic ovarian and uterine epithelial cells and primary (in situ) ovarian and uterine tumor cells. Ultimately, the combination of specific metastatic tumor cell enrichment and correctly

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targeted molecular profiling will create a technology capable of staging and predicting prognosis and therapeutic responsiveness for multiple types of epithelial tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INSULIN AND IGF IN FEMALE COLON, BREAST, UTERINE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Strickler, Howard D.; Associate Professor; Epidemiology & Population Health; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Increasing evidence indicates that high serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is associated with elevated risk of colorectal, breast, and endometrial cancer. Three Insulin Resistance Syndrome-related conditions, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle, are also associated with greater risk of these cancers, and hyperinsulinemia is hypothesized to drive these relationships, at least in part. Insulin shares 40 percent homology with IGF-1, and biologic studies suggest both are mitogens. However, few epidemiologic studies have evaluated cancer risk based on insulin levels, and none have been prospective with sufficient sample size or adequate control for confounders. Similarly, there are sparse epidemiologic data regarding free IGF-1 and cancer, even though the unbound form is the main bioactive component. A cross-sectional study by our group found free IGF-I more strongly associated with breast cancer than total IGF-1. To provide definitive evidence of their associations with cancer, a prospective study of insulin and free IGF-1 is necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this application is to determine the effects of high serum insulin and free IGF-1 on risk of incident colorectal, breast and endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women. Specimens and data will be obtained from the Observational Study of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), a large (n=93,725), ethnically and geographically diverse cohort of postmenopausal women aged 50-79. We propose conducting a case-cohort study, testing baseline serum for fasting glucose, insulin, total and free IGF-1, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and total estradiol. Follow-up will average 7 years, with cases excluded if diagnosed in the first 18 months. Our specific aims are to study: (1) The independent effects of high serum insulin and free IGF-1 on risk of colorectal (n=500), breast (n=900) and endometrial cancers (n=300); (2) Among the subcohort (controls; n=900), the factors related to levels of total IGF-1, free IGF-1, and IGFBP-3; (3) Whether type 2 diabetes is an independent risk factor for colorectal, breast and endometrial cancers, controlling for insulin resistance, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INTERFERON AND RALOXIFENE EFFECTS ON CANCER CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosenfeld, Cheryl S.; Animal Sciences; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dr. Cheryl Rosenfeld, the applicant, has a D.V.M. (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 1995) and two years of Anatomical Pathology residency training at Missouri. She then completed a Ph.D. in Animal Sciences with Dr. Dennis Lubahn on abnormalities in the ovaries and reproductive tract of mice null for the estrogen receptor-alpha gene (ERaKO mouse). She is currently a Research Assistant Professor with her sponsor for this proposal, Dr. R. Michael Roberts, a Curators' Professor at Missouri and member of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Roberts'

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interests are maternal recognition of pregnancy and particularly in the role that is played by Type I interferons (IFNs) in early pregnancy of the large farm mammals. Dr. Rosenfeld has been studying the structure and distribution of IFN receptor subunits within the uterus of the sheep as her primary project. She currently has a 25% commitment as an instructor in Veterinary Microanatomy. Dr. Rosenfeld is the first author on seven refereed papers and a co-author on eight more. Her goal is to obtain a tenure track faculty position that will allow her to conduct teaching and research in cancer biology and comparative medicine. The hypothesis that underpins this proposal is that Type I IFN transcriptionally up-regulate the activity of the estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) gene in endometrium, which in turn modulates the concentration of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ERa). The overall objective of these experiments is to prove this hypothesis and determine whether type I IFN, either alone or in combination with an anti-estrogen, have any potential for treating human uterine cancers. The work will involve a study of effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis and on the regulation or ERa and ERb in cells derived from endometrial cancers, experiments to determine the transcriptional control of ERb expression, and microarray experiments to compare the effects of IFN on gene expression in the uteri of mice null for either ERa or ERb. All of this work is transferable when Dr. Rosenfeld takes a permanent position. The University of Missouri has an outstanding program in reproductive biology, with faculty working in cancer biology and endocrine disruption, as well as biochemical endocrinology and genetics. The University is in the process of developing a Comparative Oncology Program. The campus provides a rich mix of disciplines and a collaborative environment, in which Dr. Rosenfeld is expected to continue to thrive. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MD ANDERSON CANCER CTR. GYNECOLOGY SPORE: UTERINE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Burke, Thomas W.; Gynecologic Oncology; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of the Gynecological Cancer SPORE at the University of Texas - M.D. Anderson Cancer Center is to conduct innovative translational research for the prevention and treatment of uterine tumors. Tumors arising from the epithelial (endometrium) and smooth muscle (myometrium) compartments of the uterus are important, yet under- funded, causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy in the United States with an estimated 39,300 new cases and 6,600 deaths for 2002. Smooth muscle tumors of the uterus, especially leiomyomas, are the most common indication for hysterectomy in the United States, with an estimated 250,000 hysterectomies per year attributable to these tumors. The proposed Gynecological Cancer SPORE is a truly multidisciplinary program that includes clinicians and basic scientists with both oncologic and non-oncologic backgrounds. Such a multidisciplinary team is necessary to achieve a more thorough understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of these tumors. The Gynecologic SPORE consists of five research projects: Project 1, Randomized Phase II Comparison of Arzoxifene and Megace in Women with Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Adenocarcinoma with Laboratory Correlates Designed to Identify Mechanism of Action (Thomas Burke, M.D., and Cheryl Walker, Ph.D., Co-Principal lnvestigator). Project 2, A Novel Endometrial Cancer Chemoprevention Strategy for Obese Women, an At-Risk Population (Karen Lu, M.D., and Peter Davies, M.D., Ph.D., Co-Principal Investigators). Project 3, CpG Island

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Methylation Profiling of Endometrial Cancer (Russell Broaddus, M.D., Ph.D., and JeanPierre Issa, M.D., Co-Principal lnvestigators). Project 4, Molecular Progression of Endometrial Cancer (David Loose-Mitchell, Ph.D., and Judith Wolf, M.D., Co-Principal Investigators). The research projects are supported by four cores: Core 1, Administration (Thomas Burke, M.D., Principal Investigators); Core 2, Pathology (Russell Broaddus, M.D., Ph.D., Principal Investigators); Core 3, Biomarkers (David Loose-Mitchell, Ph.D., Principal Investigator); and Core 4, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Peter Mueller, Ph.D., Principal Investigator). The Developmental Research Program (Cheryl Walker, Ph.D., Principal Investigator) will provide funding for innovative research. A Career Development Program (George Stancel, Ph.D., Principal Investigator) will encourage faculty development research. An Internal Advisory Committee and External Advisory Committee will assist in scientific and clinical planning and evaluation of projects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PERINATAL ESTROGEN, OXIDATIVE DAMAGES & UTERINE LESIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Roy, Deodutta L.; Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-JAN-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The goal of this application is to characterize the molecular changes that underlie the development of estrogen-induced uterine lesions, including cancer. Neonatal exposure of hamsters to diethylstilbestrol (DES) or natural estrogen produces uterine tumors. Our preliminary studies revealed that exposure of neonatal hamsters to DES leads to induction of myeloperoxidase and hyperproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-alfa and IL-1B in the uteri of the pubertal animals. Compared to unexposed controls, the pubertal hamsters that had been exposed to DES neonatally exhibited a several-fold increase in 8-OH-dG levels and mutations in the uterine DNA. These findings led us to postulate that estrogen exposure of neonates results in imprinting that predisposes the pubertal animal to develop uterine cancer. The objectives of this application are: (1) to further elucidate the molecular consequences of estrogen exposure, with a focus on identifying whether hyperproduction of proinflammatory cytokine lL-1B and TNF-alfa in the uterus due to neonatal imprinting by estrogen exposure is involved in the etiopathology of uterine lesions; and (2) to examine whether hyperproduction of IL-1 J3 as a consequence of alterations in susceptibility genes in the uterus is involved in estrogen-induced uterine cancer. The specific aims are: 1. To determine how perinatal estrogen exposure leads to persistent hyperproduction of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1B and TNF-alfa in the pubertal period in the organ in which cancer develops, the uterus. 2. To determine whether the sensitivity of the uterus to neonatal estrogen that results in persistent hyperproduction of IL-1 f3 and TNF-alfa in the uteri of pubertal animals is controlled genetically. 3. To determine if persistent hyperproduction of IL-1B and TNF-alfa resulting from neonatal exposure produces instability in the uterine genome. 4.To determine whether persistent hyperproduction of IL-1B and TNF-alfa associated with neonatal exposure triggers oxidative damage to the genome through reactive oxidants leading to the development of uterine lesions, particularly cancer. These studies will provide key information concerning the mechanistic basis for the association of neonatal imprinting of the uterus in response to estrogen with subsequent persistent inflammatory responses and their role in damage to the genome through the formation of mutations in uterine susceptibility genes. They also will provide a new paradigm for analyzing how exposure of the uterus to synthetic and natural estrogens during the

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perinatal period might alter the uterine genome during development, which, in turn, may predispose an individual to the development of adverse effects, including cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROGESTIN REGULATION OF VEGF IN BREAST CANCER CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hyder, Salman M.; Integrative Biology and Pharmacology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 23-AUG-2002 Summary: VEGF is a central regulator of angiogenesis, and cancer is dependent upon this process since tumors cannot grow past a microscope size without the generation of new blood vessels to provide a sufficient nutrient supply. The VEGF system is thus an attractive therapeutic target for disease such as breast and uterine cancer, which require angiogenesis for growth and metastasis. Little is known about the regulation of VEGF expression in hormone related cancers such as those of the mammary gland and endometrium, and it is unclear how one might prevent VEGF expression or actions in these diseases. We have been involved in studying the hormonal regulation of VEGF expression in these tissues, and recently made the novel discovery that progesterone regulates expression of this key angiogenic factor in some human breast cancer cells, specifically in the well characterized T47-D cell line. The aim of this proposal is to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of VEGF by progesterone in human breast cancer cells, in normal rodent mammary cells in vivo, in several in vivo mammary tumor models and in human xenografts grown in nude mice. The hypothesis we will test is that progestins (P) regulate transcription of VEGF directly via classical progesterone (PR) mediated signaling pathways. To test this hypothesis we propose 4 specific aims: (1) To determine the mechanism by which progestins regulate expression of VEGF in human breast cancer cells, (2) To determine which form(s) of the PR regulates VEGF expression, the receptor domains necessary for regulation, and the regulatory elements in the VEGF gene that mediate PR induction, (3) To define VEGF regulation by progestins and anti- progestins in vivo in the normal rodent mammary gland, in rodent mammary tumor models and in human tumor xenografts grown in nude mice and (4) to determine if PO induced VEGF in breast cancer cells participates in the process of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Elucidating the mechanisms that control VEGF production in normal and neoplastic mammary cells is essential to understand the regulation of angiogenesis in breast cancer and to design new therapeutic approaches to this disease that modulate VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE ROLE OF TIMP-1 IN UTERINE PHYSIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Nothnick, Warren B.; Assistant Professor and Director; Gynecology and Obstetrics; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) is expressed in the uteri of both menstruating and non-menstruating species. In menstruating species, TIMP-1 is postulated to control the extent of tissue breakdown that occurs during menses. However, as TIMP-1 is expressed beyond the period of menses as well as within the uterus of non-menstruating species, the role of this TIMP within the uterus beyond the regulation of tissue breakdown is uncertain. We have previously demonstrated and present strong supportive evidence in this application, which suggest that TIMP-1 plays

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a role in uterine development, growth and function. The goal of the proposed application is to expand these preliminary observations and further examine the role of TIMP-1 within the uterus during post-natal uterine development and growth. The hypothesis to be tested is that TIMP-1 controls steroid-regulated uterine development and cell proliferation via a MMP-dependent mechanism which involves modulation of steroid receptor expression within the uterus. We will use TIMP-1 deficient mice and a variety of molecular, cellular and biochemical approaches to test this hypothesis by: 1) examining the spatio-temporal pattern of TIMPs and the function of TIMP-1 during uterine growth and development, 2) determining the mechanisms by which TIMP-1 regulates uterine cell proliferation, and 3) delineating the processes by which TIMP-1 regulates uterine progesterone receptor expression. The proposed experiments will provide new insight into the control of uterine cell proliferation as well as steroid action thereby defining a novel role for TIMP-1 within the uterus. These studies will broaden our understanding on the role of TIMP-1 in uterine physiology and may help to develop new strategies to treat uterine disorders such as infertility, endometriosis and uterine cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UNDERSTANDING TISSUE SELECTIVE MIXED ANTI ESTROGEN DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Richardson, Maia T.; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: We are studying the estrogen receptors (ERs) through which estrogen and the estrogen-related anti-cancer drugs, tamoxifen and raloxifene, act. Our research will help us understand why these drugs have different effects in different parts of the human body. For example, tamoxifen blocks breast cancer, but increases the risk of uterine cancer. Raloxifene, like estrogen, can help to prevent osteoporosis, but without the increased breast cancer risk associated with estrogen. Previous experiments have indicated that different responses by different ER ligands are partly due to the differences in the two ER subtypes, and partly due to different types of DNA sequences where ERs can bind. We want to find ER-regulated genes that are induced by raloxifene or tamoxifen, but not by the natural ligand, 17-estradiol. Cells will be treated with these compounds and used for a genomic screen. Sequences can then be obtained for all the genes that are activated by anti-estrogens but not by estrogen. Genes and promoters will be characterized, and deletion analysis used to isolate the response elements, DNA regions of estrogen receptor interactions. Extensive use of database tools will be necessary for this part of the project. Novel response elements will be of particular interest. These will be analyzed mechanistically by making reporter constructs with the response elements and testing ER alpha verses ER beta effects of transcription. Crystal structures of the ligand binding domain of ER binding these different ligands show significant differences which have been implicated in the different responses. Computer graphics will be important for analyzing mutants and new ligands created to understand these difference more completely. It is our hope that a better understanding of estrogen receptors, the ligands they bind, and the genes they regulate can lead to improved application of known estrogen therapies and can help in the development of new ones. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for uterine cancer in the PubMed Central database: •

A functional polymorphism in the promoter of the progesterone receptor gene associated with endometrial cancer risk. by De Vivo I, Huggins GS, Hankinson SE, Lescault PJ, Boezen M, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ.; 2002 Sep 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129433

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Comparison of two methods based on cross-sectional data for correcting corpus uterine cancer incidence and probabilities. by Merrill RM, Lyon JL, Wiggins C.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58835

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Modulation of AP-1 Activity by the Human Progesterone Receptor in Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Cells. by Bamberger A, Bamberger CM, Gellersen B, Schulte HM.; 1996 Jun 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39208

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Prevalence of defective DNA mismatch repair and MSH6 mutation in an unselected series of endometrial cancers. by Goodfellow PJ, Buttin BM, Herzog TJ, Rader JS, Gibb RK, Swisher E, Look K, Walls KC, Fan MY, Mutch DG.; 2003 May 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156300

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The waiting time paradox: population based retrospective study of treatment delay and survival of women with endometrial cancer in Scotland. by Crawford SC, Davis JA, Siddiqui NA, de Caestecker L, Gillis CR, Hole D, Penney G.; 2002 Jul 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117451

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Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor: Prognostic biomarker for endometrial cancer. by Memarzedeh S, Kozak KR, Chang L, Natarajan S, Shintaku P, Reddy ST, Farias-Eisner R.; 2002 Aug 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125001

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with uterine cancer, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for uterine cancer (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 25-year analysis of deaths from uterine cancer in Louisville, Kentucky. Author(s): Nealon NA, Christopherson WM. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1980 October; 10(2): 194-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7461484&dopt=Abstract

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A case of Raynaud's disease with uterine cancer producing interleukin-6. Author(s): Murashima A, Takasaki Y, Hashimoto H, Hirano T, Hirose S. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1992 September; 11(3): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1458793&dopt=Abstract

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A new self-administered test for uterine cancer: the Ayre scrape aspirator. Author(s): Ayre JE. Source: Med Times. 1969 January; 97(1): 151-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5762726&dopt=Abstract

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A review of uterine cancer screening. Author(s): Yokoyama Y, Iwata R, Hongo J, Murakami S, Tateishi R. Source: Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn. 1969 October; 16(4): 269-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5394732&dopt=Abstract

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A splice variant of Skp2 is retained in the cytoplasm and fails to direct cyclin D1 ubiquitination in the uterine cancer cell line SK-UT. Author(s): Ganiatsas S, Dow R, Thompson A, Schulman B, Germain D. Source: Oncogene. 2001 June 21; 20(28): 3641-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11439327&dopt=Abstract

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A study of the self smear method as a screening device for uterine cancer. Author(s): Park KH, Chung SO, Kwak HM, Kato K. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1977; 18(2): 140-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=617247&dopt=Abstract

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in uterine cancer (corpus uteri). Author(s): Einhorn N, Trope C, Ridderheim M, Boman K, Sorbe B, Cavallin-Stahl E. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(5-6): 557-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14596513&dopt=Abstract

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Activity satellite association and polymorphism of Ag stained nucleolus organizer regions (Ag+ NORs) in lymphocytes from women with cervical uterine cancer. Author(s): Cortes-Gutierrez EI, Reyna-Hinojosa R, Silva-Cudish J, Rojas-Alvarado MA, Leal-Garza CH. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1997 Spring; 28(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9078582&dopt=Abstract

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Adequate staging for uterine cancer can be performed through Pfannenstiel incisions. Author(s): Horowitz NS, Powell MA, Drescher CW, Smith MR, Atwood M, Mate TA, Peters WA. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 March; 88(3): 404-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648594&dopt=Abstract

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Age at menarche and menopause of uterine cancer patients. Author(s): de Graaff J, Stolte LA. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1978 August; 8(4): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=264163&dopt=Abstract

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Allelotype of uterine cancer by analysis of RFLP and microsatellite polymorphisms: frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arms 3p, 9q, 10q, and 17p. Author(s): Jones MH, Koi S, Fujimoto I, Hasumi K, Kato K, Nakamura Y. Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 1994 February; 9(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7513541&dopt=Abstract

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An appraisal of the irrigation cytology method for uterine cancer detection. Author(s): Coleman SA, Rube IF, Kashgarian M, Erickson CC. Source: Acta Cytol. 1970 September-October; 14(8): 502-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5278279&dopt=Abstract

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An evaluation of the vaginal irrigation technique in the detection of uterine cancer. Author(s): Reagan JW, Lin F. Source: Acta Cytol. 1967 September-October; 11(5): 374-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5234108&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of Bcl-2, Bax and Survivin genes in uterine cancer. Author(s): Saitoh Y, Yaginuma Y, Ishikawa M. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 1999 July; 15(1): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10375606&dopt=Abstract

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Appraisal of self-collected cervical specimens in cytologic screening of uterine cancer. Author(s): Arata T, Sekiba K, Kato K. Source: Acta Cytol. 1978 May-June; 22(3): 150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=277040&dopt=Abstract

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Arterial chemoembolization for multiple liver metastases of uterine cancer. Two case reports. Author(s): Hayashi S, Kohlita Y, Fujii I. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1990; 11(6): 439-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1964903&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the risks from menopausal estrogen use: what can we learn from trends in mortality from uterine cancer? Author(s): Weiss NS. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1978; 31(12): 705-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=748366&dopt=Abstract

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Association of family history of cervical, ovarian, and uterine cancer with histological categories of lung cancer: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Author(s): Anderson KE, Woo C, Olson JE, Sellers TA, Zheng W, Kushi LH, Folsom AR. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1997 June; 6(6): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9184772&dopt=Abstract

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Automated cytologic screening for uterine cancer. A feasibility study. Author(s): Gusberg SB, Cohen CJ, Yannopoulis K, Grand S, Kardon P. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1969 August; 34(2): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5798275&dopt=Abstract

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Barriers to early detection of cervical-uterine cancer in Mexico. Author(s): Lazcano-Ponce EC, Castro R, Allen B, Najera P, Alonso de Ruiz PA, Hernandez-Avila M. Source: Journal of Women's Health / the Official Publication of the Society for the Advancement of Women's Health Research. 1999 April; 8(3): 399-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326994&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine Cancer

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Bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation and uterine cancer. A case report. Author(s): Ritland JS, Eide N, Tausjo J. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2000 June; 78(3): 366-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893075&dopt=Abstract

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Blood group and uterine cancer. Author(s): Janus ZL, Bailar JC 3rd, Eisenberg H. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1967 November; 86(3): 569-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5599933&dopt=Abstract

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By the way doctor. I'm puzzled about the difference between colon polyps and endometrial polyps. A polyp found during a colonoscopy is always removed. Is the same true for an endometrial polyp? Do endometrial polyps put you at risk for uterine cancer the same way colon polyps do for colon cancer? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 2002 May; 9(9): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021027&dopt=Abstract

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By the way, doctor. I am 47 and have been taking Loestrin 1/20 for the past seven months. After the first month, I ceased having periods, which my gynecologist says is typical. Could you comment on why this happens and whether I am putting myself at increased risk for uterine cancer? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 2000 January; 7(5): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10594984&dopt=Abstract

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CA 125 levels in the preoperative assessment of advanced-stage uterine cancer. Author(s): Jhang H, Chuang L, Visintainer P, Ramaswamy G. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 May; 188(5): 1195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12748476&dopt=Abstract

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Cell volume distribution pattern analysis: a means of uterine cancer detection. Author(s): Ladinsky JL, Gruchow HW, Inhorn SL. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1970 August; 54(2): 254-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5453217&dopt=Abstract

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Cell volume profiles of irrigation smears for automated uterine cancer screening. Author(s): Davis HJ, Stafl A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1968 August; 32(2): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5754578&dopt=Abstract

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Cellular pathology and uterine cancer. Ward Burdick Award address. Author(s): Reagan JW. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1974 August; 62(2): 150-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4367271&dopt=Abstract

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Chromatin appearance in intermediate cells from patients with uterine cancer. Author(s): Bibbo M, Bartels PH, Sychra JJ, Wied GL. Source: Acta Cytol. 1981 January-February; 25(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6162305&dopt=Abstract

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Chromosome instability in cultured lymphocytes of patients with ovarian or uterine cancer. Author(s): Scappaticci S, Pasquali F, Capra E, Olivieri C, Tateo S. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1999 April 15; 110(2): 140-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10214365&dopt=Abstract

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Chylothorax and chylous ascites in a patient with uterine cancer. Author(s): Tani K, Ogushi F, Sone S, Kagawa N, Ogura T. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1988 June; 18(2): 175-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3288782&dopt=Abstract

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Clinicoepidemiologic study of uterine cancer. Comparative aspects of the endometrial and cervical sites. Author(s): Sharon Z, Shani M, Modan B. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 November; 50(5): 536-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=909657&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative evaluation of single and combination chemotherapy in uterine cancer cell lines. Author(s): Nguyen HN, Sevin BU, Averette HE, Perras J, Donato D, Penalver M. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1991 September; 42(3): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1955184&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of chromosome aberrations induced with aphidicolin in women affected by breast cancer and cervix uterine cancer. Author(s): Paz-y-Mino C, Penaherrera MS, Sanchez ME, Cordova A, Gutierrez S, Ocampo L, Leone PE. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1997 April; 94(2): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9109940&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine Cancer

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Comparison of two methods based on cross-sectional data for correcting corpus uterine cancer incidence and probabilities. Author(s): Merrill RM, Lyon JL, Wiggins C. Source: Bmc Cancer [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 13. Epub 2001 September 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686855&dopt=Abstract

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Computerized data collection in the management of uterine cancer. Author(s): Peckham BM, Slack WV, Carr WF, Van Cura LJ, Schultz AE. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967 December; 10(4): 1003-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4871715&dopt=Abstract

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Concurrent discoveries of the value of vaginal smears for diagnosis of uterine cancer. Author(s): Koprowska I. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1985 July-September; 1(3): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3915249&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous metastasis of papillary serous uterine cancer. Author(s): Elit L, Lukka H, Friedman E. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2001 July; 82(1): 208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426989&dopt=Abstract

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CYBEST model 3 automated cytologic screening system for uterine cancer utilizing image analysis processing. Author(s): Tanaka N, Ueno T, Ikeda H, Ishikawa A, Konoike K, Shimaoka Y, Yamauchi K, Hosoi S, Okamoto Y, Tsunekawa S. Source: Anal Quant Cytol. 1982 December; 4(4): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6897700&dopt=Abstract

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CYBEST Model 4. Automated cytologic screening system for uterine cancer utilizing image analysis processing. Author(s): Tanaka N, Ueno T, Ikeda H, Ishikawa A, Yamauchi K, Okamoto Y, Hosoi S. Source: Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1987 October; 9(5): 449-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3314894&dopt=Abstract

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Cytologic diagnosis of uterine cancer: an eight year appraisal. Author(s): Dougherty CM, McCormick M. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1967 February; 119(2): 46-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6045170&dopt=Abstract

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Cytomorphometric markers for uterine cancer in intermediate cells. Author(s): Wied GL, Bartels PH, Bibbo M, Sychra JJ. Source: Anal Quant Cytol. 1980 December; 2(4): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7469201&dopt=Abstract

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Delaware physicians' practice in uterine cancer detection. Author(s): Slate WG. Source: Del Med J. 1979 July; 51(7): 385-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=478038&dopt=Abstract

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Detection and prevention of uterine cancer. Author(s): Gusberg SB. Source: Cancer. 1988 October 15; 62(8 Suppl): 1784-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3167793&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of uterine cancer. High and low risk groups. Author(s): Hammond EC, Burns EL, Seidman H, Percy C. Source: Cancer. 1968 December; 22(6): 1096-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5705771&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of uterine cancer. Results of a community program of 17 years. Author(s): Burns EL, Hammond EC, Percy C, Seidman H, Gorski TW. Source: Cancer. 1968 December; 22(6): 1108-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5705772&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of hormonal response in uterine cancer cell lines by the ATP bioluminescence assay and flow cytometry. Author(s): Nguyen HN, Sevin BU, Averette HE, Voigt W, Perras J, Angioli R, Ramos R, Donato D, Penalver M. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1992 July; 46(1): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1386055&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of trace elements in tissue of human uterine cancer by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Author(s): Zhong H, Tan M, Fu Y, Huang J, Tang Z. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1999 Winter; 71-72: 569-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10676533&dopt=Abstract

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Developing and using preparatory information for women undergoing radiation therapy for cervical or uterine cancer. Author(s): Christman NJ, Oakley MG, Cronin SN. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2001 January-February; 28(1): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11198902&dopt=Abstract

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Early detection of uterine cancer. Author(s): Cavanagh D, Roberts WS. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1985 January; 72(1): 36-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4056711&dopt=Abstract

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Effect control of HDR afterloading radiation in uterine cancer by NMR imaging with and without GD-DTPA. Author(s): Roth G. Source: Sonderb Strahlenther Onkol. 1988; 82: 48-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3394002&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of radiotherapy upon enzymes of the glycolytic and related pathways in human uterine cancer. Author(s): Marshall MJ, Neal FE, Goldberg DM. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1979 January; 39(1): 90-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=758932&dopt=Abstract

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Endometrial adenocarcinoma: genetic analysis suggesting heritable site-specific uterine cancer. Author(s): Sandles LG, Shulman LP, Elias S, Photopulos GJ, Smiley LM, Posten WM, Simpson JL. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1992 November; 47(2): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1468694&dopt=Abstract

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Endometrial carcinoma with trophoblastic differentiation. An aggressive form of uterine cancer. Author(s): Pesce C, Merino MJ, Chambers JT, Nogales F. Source: Cancer. 1991 October 15; 68(8): 1799-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1717127&dopt=Abstract

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Enteric morbidity of postoperative pelvic external beam and brachytherapy for uterine cancer. Author(s): Potish RA, Dusenbery KE. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1990 May; 18(5): 1005-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2347710&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiologic studies on uterine cancer at Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Author(s): Masubuchi K, Nemoto H. Source: Cancer. 1972 July; 30(1): 268-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5064807&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating the accuracy of uterine cancer screening with the regional cancer registration system. Author(s): Yoshida Y, Sato S, Okamura C, Nishino Y, Yajima A. Source: Acta Cytol. 2001 March-April; 45(2): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284299&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the effectiveness of mass screening for uterine cancer in Japan: the potential years of life lost. Author(s): Kuroishi T, Hirose K, Tominaga S. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990 July; 87: 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2269240&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the efficacy of mass screening for uterine cancer in Japan. Author(s): Kuroishi T, Hirose K, Tominaga S. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1986 April; 77(4): 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3084430&dopt=Abstract

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Exfoliating cytology for uterine cancer. A need for re-evaluation. Author(s): Schade FF. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1969 May; 69(3): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5789926&dopt=Abstract

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Experience with the EndoPap device for the cytologic detection of uterine cancer and its precursors: a comparison of the EndoPap with fractional curettage or hysterectomy. Author(s): LaPolla JP, Nicosia S, McCurdy C, Songster C, Ruffolo E, Roberts WS, Hoffman MS, Fiorica JV, Cavanagh D. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 September; 163(3): 1055-9; Discussion 1059-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2403131&dopt=Abstract

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Factors influencing the detection of uterine cancer by suction curettage and endometrial brushing. Author(s): Yang GC, Wan LS, Del Priore G. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 December; 47(12): 1005-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12516318&dopt=Abstract

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Familial and hormonal risk factors for papillary serous uterine cancer. Author(s): Elit L, Pal T, Goshen R, Jernstrom H, Ackerman I, Fyles A, Carey M, Mitchell M, Aube J, Narod SA. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002; 23(3): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094951&dopt=Abstract

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Fundamental study of automatic cyto-screening for uterine cancer. I. Feature evaluation for the pattern recognition system. Author(s): Tanaka N, Ikeda H, Ueno T, Takahashi M, Imasato Y. Source: Acta Cytol. 1977 January-February; 21(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=65093&dopt=Abstract

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Fundamental study of automatic cyto-screening for uterine cancer. II. Segmentation of cells and computer simulation. Author(s): Tanaka N, Ikeda H, Ueno T, Watanabe S, Imasato Y. Source: Acta Cytol. 1977 January-February; 21(1): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=65094&dopt=Abstract

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Fundamental study of automatic cytoscreening for uterine cancer. IV. Sample requirements for CYBEST and simulation test of cell dispersion. Author(s): Tanaka N, Ikeda H, Ueno T, Watanabe S, Imasato Y, Tsunekawa S. Source: Acta Cytol. 1977 July-August; 21(4): 531-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=333840&dopt=Abstract

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Generalized lymph node metastasis of early uterine cancer in an HTLV-I carrier. Author(s): Taguchi H, Daibata M, Kitagawa T, Kubonishi I, Asai M, Sagara Y, Enzan H, Hara H, Miyoshi I. Source: Cancer. 1988 December 15; 62(12): 2614-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3191462&dopt=Abstract

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Grading and radiosensitivity of uterine cancer. Author(s): Gusberg SB. Source: Proc Natl Cancer Conf. 1970; 6: 343-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5458102&dopt=Abstract

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Granulopoietic inhibitors excreted in the urine of a patient with uterine cancer and marked leukocytosis. Author(s): Ishii Y, Shinoda M, Nara N, Hirashima K, Shikita M. Source: Experimental Hematology. 1982 April; 10(4): 315-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6980133&dopt=Abstract

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Heat-stable alkaline phosphatase in uterine cancer, with special reference to its histochemical heat-stability and the L-phenylalanine inhibition test. Author(s): Nozawa S, Ohta H, Izumi S, Hayashi S, Tsutsui F, Kurihara S, Watanabe K. Source: The Histochemical Journal. 1981 November; 13(6): 941-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7338483&dopt=Abstract

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Hormone therapy following breast and uterine cancer. Author(s): Wren BG. Source: Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 January; 7(1): 225-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8435054&dopt=Abstract

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Human need fulfillment alteration in the client with uterine cancer. The registered nurses' perception versus the clients' perception. Author(s): Lilley LL. Source: Cancer Nursing. 1987 December; 10(6): 327-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3427556&dopt=Abstract

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Human uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma: characteristic acquirement of synthetic potentials for II3SO3-LacCer and ganglio series sulfoglycosphingolipids after transfer of the cancer cells to culture. Author(s): Kubushiro K, Tsukazaki K, Tanaka J, Takamatsu K, Kiguchi K, Mikami M, Nozawa S, Nagai Y, Iwamori M. Source: Cancer Research. 1992 February 15; 52(4): 803-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1737340&dopt=Abstract

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Hysterectomy prevalence and adjusted cervical and uterine cancer rates in England and Wales. Author(s): Redburn JC, Murphy MF. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 April; 108(4): 388-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305546&dopt=Abstract

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Hysterography in patients with suspected uterine cancer: radiographic and histologic correlations and clinical implications. Author(s): Stock RJ, Gallup DG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 June; 69(6): 872-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3554062&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistochemical approach for detection of the proliferating cells in uterine cancer. Author(s): Yoshinouchi M, Hayase R, Fujiwara K, Kohno I, Sekiba K. Source: Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1988 February; 40(2): 221-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3361179&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro lymphocyte response of patients with uterine cancer as related to clinical stage and radiotherapy. Author(s): Jenkins VK, Olson MH, Ellis HN, Dillard EA Jr. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1975 September; 3(3): 191-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1193430&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of uterine cancer and precursor lesions in Alabama women in 1983. Author(s): Lehman HF, Dowling EA, Barnes JR, Lockwood SA, Govindaswami B. Source: Ala J Med Sci. 1988 October; 25(4): 383-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3265288&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal injuries incidental to irradiation of uterine cancer. Author(s): Schmitz RL, Chao J, Bartolome J. Source: Proc Inst Med Chic. 1969 July; 27(10): 279. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5355081&dopt=Abstract

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Is there a place for the colposcope in an established cytologic screening program for uterine cancer? Author(s): Navratil E. Source: Acta Cytol. 1965 September-October; 9(5): 391-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5214060&dopt=Abstract

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Isoenzymes of hexokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and lactate dehydrogenase in uterine cancer. Author(s): Marshall MJ, Neal FE, Goldberg DM. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1979 September; 40(3): 380-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=508567&dopt=Abstract

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Lag time in uterine cancer diagnosis. Potential versus performance. Author(s): Loeb RA. Source: Pa Med. 1971 April; 74(4): 44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5147643&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopy, clip occlusion, and uterine cancer. Author(s): Craft I, Senanayake F, Yovich J. Source: Lancet. 1978 October 14; 2(8094): 835. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=81380&dopt=Abstract

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Late silent complications after treatment of uterine cancer. Author(s): Suramo I, Kauppila A, Lanning P. Source: Int Surg. 1981 July-September; 66(3): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7319740&dopt=Abstract

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Localization of fibrinolytic activity in uterine cancer. Author(s): Weiss G, Beller FK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1969 April 1; 103(7): 1023-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5774669&dopt=Abstract

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Micronuclei (MN) frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes and exfoliated cervical smears of patients with cervical uterine cancer. Author(s): Nersesyan A. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 August 26; 519(1-2): 211-2; Author Reply 213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160907&dopt=Abstract

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Micronuclei in cervical smears and peripheral blood lymphocytes from women with and without cervical uterine cancer. Author(s): Leal-Garza CH, Cerda-Flores RM, Leal-Elizondo E, Cortes-Gutierrez EI. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 March 25; 515(1-2): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11909754&dopt=Abstract

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Morphometric analysis of peritumoral lymph nodes in patients operated on for uterine cancer, locally treated with a thymic extract. Author(s): Corradi G, Cappellari A, Pomari R, Cappello F. Source: Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother. 1989; 6(4): 271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2615531&dopt=Abstract

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Mucosal de novo cancer of the rectum following radiation therapy for uterine cancer. Author(s): Matsuo T, Ito M, Sekine I, Kishikawa M, Taketomi K. Source: Intern Med. 1993 May; 32(5): 427-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8400509&dopt=Abstract

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Natural history of patients with pulmonary metastases from uterine cancer. Author(s): Bouros D, Papadakis K, Siafakas N, Fuller AF Jr. Source: Cancer. 1996 August 1; 78(3): 441-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8697389&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of an anti-peplomycin IgE antibody cross-reacting with bleomycin in a patient with cervical uterine cancer. Author(s): Sakura H, Fujii T, Ohashi T, Tsuruta S. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1989; 23(5): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2468427&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of pulmonary metastasis from uterine cancer. Author(s): Bouros D, Papadakis K, Siafakas N, Fuller AF Jr. Source: Oncology. 1996 September-October; 53(5): 360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8784468&dopt=Abstract

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Physical side effects and quality of life during postoperative radiotherapy for uterine cancer. Prospective evaluation by a diary card. Author(s): Caffo O, Amichetti M, Mussari S, Romano M, Maluta S, Tomio L, Galligioni E. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 March; 88(3): 270-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648574&dopt=Abstract

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Platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin in pregnancy and uterine cancer. Author(s): Briel RC, Lippert TH. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1981 June; 12(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7018952&dopt=Abstract

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Present role of cytology in cancer detection and diagnosis (exclusive of uterine cancer). Author(s): Christopherson WM. Source: Ca: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 1968 January-February; 18(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4966478&dopt=Abstract

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Problems and results of remote controlled afterloading therapy with high dose rate 252Cf in uterine cancer. Author(s): Yamashita H. Source: Sonderb Strahlenther Onkol. 1988; 82: 180-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3393983&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective analysis of DNA ploidy, proliferative index and epidermal growth factor receptor as prognostic factors for pretreated uterine cancer. Author(s): Nagai N, Oshita T, Fujii T, Kioka H, Katsube Y, Ohama K. Source: Oncol Rep. 2000 May-June; 7(3): 551-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10767367&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative fluorescence spectrophotometry of acridine orange-stained unfixed cells. Potential for automated detection of human uterine cancer. Author(s): Golden JF, West SS, Echols CK, Shingleton HM. Source: The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry : Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 1976 January; 24(1): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=56389&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative lymphoscintigraphy using 99Tcm human serum albumin in patients with previously treated uterine cancer. Author(s): Kataoka M, Kawamura M, Hamada K, Itoh H, Nishiyama Y, Hamamoto K. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1991 December; 64(768): 1119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1773271&dopt=Abstract

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Radiation dosimetry and its application to therapy of uterine cancer. Author(s): Van Cura LJ, Kenney GN. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967 December; 10(4): 974-1002. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4869851&dopt=Abstract

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Radiation enteritis: a rare complication of the transverse colon in uterine cancer. Author(s): Yoshimura K, Hirata I, Maemura K, Sugi K, Tahara T. Source: Intern Med. 2000 December; 39(12): 1060-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197790&dopt=Abstract

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Radiosensitization of uterine cancer cell lines by cytotoxic agents. Author(s): Nguyen HN, Sevin BU, Averette HE, Gottlieb C, Perras J, Donato D, Penalver M. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1993 January; 48(1): 16-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8423017&dopt=Abstract

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Recent time trends in uterine cancer. Author(s): Persky V, Davis F, Barrett R, Ruby E, Sailer C, Levy P. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1990 August; 80(8): 935-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2368853&dopt=Abstract

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Recent trends in recorded incidence and mortality from uterine cancer. Author(s): Gallagher RP, Elwood JM. Source: Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1982; 62: 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7167199&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrence of unclassifiable uterine cancer after modified laparoscopic hysterectomy with morcellation. Author(s): Schneider A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 August; 177(2): 478-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9290479&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between fluoride concentration in drinking water and mortality rate from uterine cancer in Okinawa prefecture, Japan. Author(s): Tohyama E. Source: J Epidemiol. 1996 December; 6(4): 184-91. Erratum In: J Epidemiol 1997 September; 7(3): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9002384&dopt=Abstract

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Routine retroperitoneal drainage is not required for uncomplicated pelvic lymphadenectomy for uterine cancer. Author(s): Patsner B. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1999; 20(2): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10376419&dopt=Abstract

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Safeguard against uterine cancer. Responding to the vaginal smear report. Author(s): Loeb RA. Source: Pa Med. 1970 August; 73(8): 64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5525153&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for uterine cancer in Iceland. Author(s): Thorarinsson A, Jensson O, Bjarnason O. Source: Acta Cytol. 1969 May; 13(5): 304-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5256946&dopt=Abstract

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Screening of uterine cancer in Hungary. Author(s): Zoltan I. Source: Minerva Ginecol. 1971 January 15; 23(1): 12-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5553173&dopt=Abstract

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Self collecting smear (a mass screening study of uterine cancer). Author(s): Yokoyama Y, Iwata R, Majima T, Hongo J, Murakami S. Source: J Jpn Obstet Gynecol Soc. 1968 October; 15(4): 215-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5708332&dopt=Abstract

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Serological investigations in human uterine cancer. Author(s): Nastac E, Predescu E, Stoian M, Arnaudova V, Simeonov S. Source: Virologie. 1979 January-March; 30(1): 25-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=218339&dopt=Abstract

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Serum enzyme activity in malignant conditions of the uterus (uterine cancer) and the effect of uterine trauma as well as of radiotherapy on the enzyme activity. I. Author(s): Widholm O, Tarjanne H. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn Suppl. 1967; 161: 7-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5243868&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of metastatic pulmonary tumors by bronchial arterial infusion chemotherapy in two patients with locally well controlled uterine cancer. Author(s): Yonezawa M, Seki A, Numoto A, Kawada K, Eguchi K, Kudo T. Source: Acta Medica Okayama. 1994 April; 48(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042534&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression of growth-promoting activity in extract from human uterine cancer by cyclic AMP-mediated mechanism. Author(s): Matsunami K, Imai A, Ohno T, Tamaya T. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1991 September; 73(3): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1658889&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical staging of uterine cancer: an analysis of perioperative morbidity. Author(s): Orr JW Jr, Holloway RW, Orr PF, Holimon JL. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1991 September; 42(3): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1955182&dopt=Abstract

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Survival rates for uterine cancer of corpus and cervix treated in Denmark 1943-1952. Author(s): Lockwood K, Stancke B. Source: Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol. 1967 February; 6(1): 1-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6021086&dopt=Abstract

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T gamma cell levels in mammary and cervical uterine cancer patients before and after local irradiation treatment. Author(s): Folch H, Armando S, Cardemil B, Eller G, Ojeda F. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1984 September-October; 12(5): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6335357&dopt=Abstract

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The alleged usefulness of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase determinations in screening for uterine cancer. Author(s): Sanner T, Bentzen H, Kolstad P, Nordbye K, Pihl A. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1970; 49(4): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5519624&dopt=Abstract

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The changing trends of uterine cancer and cytology: a study of morbidity and mortality trends over a twenty year period. Author(s): Kim K, Rigal RD, Patrick JR, Walters JK, Bennett A, Nordin W, Claybrook JR, Parekh RR. Source: Cancer. 1978 November; 42(5): 2439-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=719621&dopt=Abstract

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The current status of screening for uterine cancer. Author(s): Boyes DA. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1983; 132E: 483-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6647487&dopt=Abstract

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The effect on dosimetry of changing from the lithotomy to the supine position in treating uterine cancer with the Cathetron and external radiotherapy. Author(s): Bjornsson M, Frankendal B. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1979 June; 52(618): 468-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=465924&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of Provera on chemotherapy of uterine cancer cell lines. Author(s): Nguyen HN, Sevin BU, Averette HE, Perras J, Ramos R, Penalver M, Donato D. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1991 August; 42(2): 165-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1832652&dopt=Abstract

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The Heidelberg flow analyzer and sorter (HEIFAS) approach on the prescreening of uterine cancer. Author(s): Stohr M, Goerttler K. Source: The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry : Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 1979 January; 27(1): 564-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=86578&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of positive peritoneal washings and serosal and adnexal involvement on survival in patients with stage IIIA uterine cancer. Author(s): Preyer O, Obermair A, Formann E, Schmid W, Perrin LC, Ward BG, Crandon AJ, Nicklin JL. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2002 September; 86(3): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217747&dopt=Abstract

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The present status of cytology in uterine cancer. Author(s): Koss LG. Source: Ca: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 1966 September-October; 16(5): 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4962614&dopt=Abstract

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The rising frequency of hysterectomy: its effect on uterine cancer rates. Author(s): Lyon JL, Gardner JW. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1977 May; 105(5): 439-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=860706&dopt=Abstract

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The risk of development of uterine cancer in patients with breast cancer after longterm treatment with oestrogen in massive doses. Author(s): Koller O. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1966; 45(1): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5937290&dopt=Abstract

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The use of ATP bioluminescence assay and flow cytometry in predicting radiosensitivity of uterine cancer cell lines: correlation of radiotoxicity and cell cycle kinetics. Author(s): Nguyen HN, Sevin BU, Averette HE, Gottlieb CF, Perras J, Ramos R, Donato D, Penalver M. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1992 July; 46(1): 88-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1634145&dopt=Abstract

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The use of ATP bioluminescence assays in selecting a drug screen panel for chemosensitivity testing of uterine cancer cell lines. Author(s): Nguyen HN, Sevin BU, Averette HE, Perras J, Donato D, Penalver M. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1992 May; 45(2): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1592285&dopt=Abstract

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The value and pitfalls of vaginal and cervical smears in the detection of endometrial and extra-uterine cancer: a reminder. Author(s): Faulconer RJ. Source: Ca: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 1968 March-April; 18(2): 96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4967703&dopt=Abstract

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Thymostimuline and uterine cancer satellite lymph nodes. Morphometric comparison between an 8-day-before-surgery and a 14-day-before-surgery single treatment. Author(s): Cappello F, Pomari R, Tripodi S, Notario G, Corradi G. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 17(1): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2364551&dopt=Abstract

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Transvaginal Doppler ultrasound assessment of intratumoral hemodynamic change before and during hypertensive intra-arterial chemotherapy for uterine cancer. Author(s): Hata K, Hata T, Manabe A, Kitao M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 November; 80(5): 801-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1407919&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of high-risk uterine cancer with whole abdominopelvic radiation therapy. Author(s): Smith RS, Kapp DS, Chen Q, Teng NN. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2000 October 1; 48(3): 767-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11020574&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of uterine cancer at small institutions. Author(s): Jock DE. Source: Conn Med. 1979 October; 43(10): 633-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=498789&dopt=Abstract

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Trend of cervical cancer mortality in Belgium (1954-1994): tentative solution for the certification problem of unspecified uterine cancer. Author(s): Arbyn M, Geys H. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 December 20; 102(6): 649-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448009&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in mortality from uterine cancer in relation to mass screening. Author(s): Christopherson WM, Scott MA. Source: Acta Cytol. 1977 January-February; 21(1): 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=264759&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in uterine cancer mortality in the Americas, 1955-1988. Author(s): Bocciolone L, La Vecchia C, Levi F, Lucchini F, Franceschi S. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1993 December; 51(3): 335-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8112642&dopt=Abstract

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Unstable chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with cervical uterine cancer following radiotherapy. Author(s): Magnata SP, Serafim I, Netto J, Gomes P, Netto AM, Amaral A. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 November; 48(7): 809-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619980&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary selenium excretion in patients with cervical uterine cancer. Author(s): Navarrete M, Gaudry A, Revel G, Martinez T, Cabrera L. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 February; 79(2): 97-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11330526&dopt=Abstract

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Use of the MAGISCAN image analyser in automated uterine cancer cytology. Author(s): Pycock D, Taylor CJ. Source: Anal Quant Cytol. 1980 September; 2(3): 195-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7425440&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer (corpus uteri). Author(s): Einhorn N. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 1996; 35 Suppl 7: 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9154099&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer (prevention). Author(s): Barber HR. Source: Cancer. 1981 March 1; 47(5 Suppl): 1126-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7237368&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer and estrogen therapy. Author(s): Mack TM. Source: Frontiers of Hormone Research. 1977; 5: 104-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=614940&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer control--a project for all physicians. Author(s): DeVocht LJ, Hudson GM. Source: Va Med Mon (1918). 1974 October; 101(10): 859-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4456869&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer in the circumcised and uncircumcised populations of Fiji. Author(s): Lyster WR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1967 November 25; 2(22): 993. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6081094&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer incidence in the world. Author(s): Yamamoto S. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2002 January; 32(1): 37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936077&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer mortality rates by prefectures in Japan. Author(s): Yamamoto S. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2000 September; 30(9): 420. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095143&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer presenting with generalised dysaesthesia--a possible new paraneoplastic syndrome? Author(s): Sturm JW, Macdonell R, Newton M. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1999 February; 29(1): 86-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10200820&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer screening by the family physician. Author(s): Boone MI, Calvert JC, Gates HS Jr. Source: American Family Physician. 1984 November; 30(5): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6437199&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer task force. Author(s): Steinkamp RC. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1973 November; 70(6): 220-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4271183&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer with choriocarcinoma-mimicry and urinary gonadotropic activities. Author(s): Sasano N, Kunii H, Honma S, Fukushima N. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1973 January; 109(1): 29-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4736837&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer: a comparative study of black and white women. Author(s): Christopherson WM, Nealon NA. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1981; 53: 185-95. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7465586&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer--the KK Hospital experience. Author(s): Tan YY, Ho TH. Source: Singapore Med J. 1996 December; 37(6): 600-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9104059&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cancer--unexpected high mortality. Author(s): Maguire C, Murphy H. Source: Ir Med J. 1990 March; 83(1): 39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2400444&dopt=Abstract

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Value of preoperative CA 125 level in the management of uterine cancer and prediction of clinical outcome. Author(s): Sood AK, Buller RE, Burger RA, Dawson JD, Sorosky JI, Berman M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 September; 90(3): 441-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9277659&dopt=Abstract

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Vesicourethral function after surgery for uterine cancer: predictive value of postoperative maximum urethral closure pressure on residual urine. Author(s): Shiina H, Ehara S, Ishibe T. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1993; 51(3): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8249221&dopt=Abstract

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Virginia uterine cancer detection campaign. Author(s): Shanholtz MI. Source: Va Med Mon (1918). 1974 November; 101(11): 977-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4428890&dopt=Abstract

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What's new in prognosis of uterine cancer? Author(s): Baltzer J, Lohe KJ. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1984 July; 178(6): 635-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6091075&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND UTERINE CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and uterine cancer.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Uterine Cancer The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on uterine cancer: •

By the way, doctor. I noticed that you listed Crinone, a vaginal progesterone, in one of your articles on products for hormone replacement therapy. Does it really offer as much protection against endometrial cancer as oral progestogens do? Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1999 December; 7(4): 8 1070910X

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “uterine cancer” (or a synonym): •

Arterial chemoembolization for multiple liver metastases of uterine cancer. Two case reports. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Japan. Source: Hayashi, S Kohlita, Y Fujii, I Eur-J-Gynaecol-Oncol. 1990; 11(6): 439-45 0392-2936

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Chylothorax and chylous ascites in a patient with uterine cancer. Author(s): Third Department of Internal Medicine, Tokushima University. Source: Tani, K Ogushi, F Sone, S Kagawa, N Ogura, T Jpn-J-Clin-Oncol. 1988 June; 18(2): 175-82 0368-2811

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Comparative study of chromosome aberrations induced with aphidicolin in women affected by breast cancer and cervix uterine cancer. Author(s): Departamento del Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. Source: Paz y Mino, C Penaherrera, M S Sanchez, M E Cordova, A Gutierrez, S Ocampo, L Leone, P E Cancer-Genet-Cytogenet. 1997 April; 94(2): 120-4 0165-4608

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Complete remission of uterine endometrial cancer with multiple lung metastases treated by paclitaxel and carboplatin. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, Banbuntane Houtokukai Hospital, Nagoya, Japan. [email protected] Source: Niwa, K Kometani, K Sekiya, T Nakazawa, K Kanakura, Y Int-J-Clin-Oncol. 2002 June; 7(3): 197-200 1341-9625

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Dietary lignin, an insoluble fiber, enhanced uterine cancer but did not influence mammary cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in rats. Source: Birt, D.F. Markin, R.S. Blackwood, D. Harvell, D.M.E. Shull, J.D. Pennington, K.L. Nutr-cancer. Mahwah, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 1998. volume 31 (1) page 24-30. 0163-5581

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Dietary lignin, and insoluble fiber, enhance uterine cancer but did not influence mammary cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in rats. Author(s): Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Disease, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 69198, USA. Source: Birt, D F Markin, R S Blackwood, D Harvell, D M Shull, J D Pennington, K L Nutr-Cancer. 1998; 31(1): 24-30 0163-5581

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Endometrial cancer. Prevention, detection, management, and follow up. Author(s): Hamilton Regional Cancer Centre, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, ON. [email protected] Source: Elit, L Can-Fam-Physician. 2000 April; 46(4): 887-92 0008-350X

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Epidemiology of endometrial cancer. Source: Voigt, L F Weiss, N S Cancer-Treat-Res. 1989; 491-21 0927-3042

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Fatty acid control of growth of human cervical and endometrial cancer cells. Author(s): Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. Source: Gleeson, R P Ayub, M Wright, J T Wood, C B Habib, N A Soutter, W P Sullivan, M H White, J O Br-J-Cancer. 1990 April; 61(4): 500-3 0007-0920

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Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside-Rb2 on invasiveness of uterine endometrial cancer cells to the basement membrane. Author(s): Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Gifu University, School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan. Source: Fujimoto, J Sakaguchi, H Aoki, I Toyoki, H Khatun, S Tamaya, T Eur-JGynaecol-Oncol. 2001; 22(5): 339-41 0392-2936

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Oestrogen and progestin receptors as prognostic indicators in endometrial cancer. A review of the literature. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Finland. Source: Kauppila, A Acta-Oncol. 1989; 28(4): 561-6 0284-186X

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Problems and results of remote controlled afterloading therapy with high dose rate 252Cf in uterine cancer. Source: Yamashita, H Sonderb-Strahlenther-Onkol. 1988; 82180-6 0931-2447

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Risk factors for breast and endometrial cancer in a cohort of women treated with menopausal oestrogens. Author(s): Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Source: Bergkvist, L Persson, I Adami, H O Schairer, C Int-J-Epidemiol. 1988 December; 17(4): 732-7 0300-5771

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The dose-effect relationship between 'unopposed' oestrogens and endometrial mitotic rate: its central role in explaining and predicting endometrial cancer risk. Author(s): Imperial Cancer Research Fund's Epidemiology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK. Source: Key, T J Pike, M C Br-J-Cancer. 1988 February; 57(2): 205-12 0007-0920

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Therapeutic procedure for minimal endometrial cancer. Author(s): I. Universitatsfrauenklinik Munchen, FRG. Source: Baltzer, J Recent-Results-Cancer-Res. 1988; 10639-46 0080-0015

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to uterine cancer; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Boron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Food and Diet Soy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND UTERINE CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to uterine cancer. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to uterine cancer and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to uterine cancer: •

An appraisal of 18F-FDG PET imaging in post-therapy surveillance of uterine cancers: clinical evidence and a research proposal. Author(s): Belhocine T. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Cancer : Official Journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society. 2003 March-April; 13(2): 228-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657129&dopt=Abstract

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Association of soy and fiber consumption with the risk of endometrial cancer. Author(s): Goodman MT, Wilkens LR, Hankin JH, Lyu LC, Wu AH, Kolonel LN. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 August 15; 146(4): 294-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270408&dopt=Abstract

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Complete remission of uterine endometrial cancer with multiple lung metastases treated by paclitaxel and carboplatin. Author(s): Niwa K, Kometani K, Sekiya T, Nakazawa K, Kanakura Y. Source: International Journal of Clinical Oncology / Japan Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 June; 7(3): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109523&dopt=Abstract

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Concomitant radiotherapy and paclitaxel for high-risk endometrial cancer: first feasibility study. Author(s): Frigerio L, Mangili G, Aletti G, Carnelli M, Garavaglia E, Beatrice S, Ferrari A. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2001 April; 81(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11277649&dopt=Abstract

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Diet in the epidemiology of endometrial cancer in western New York (United States). Author(s): McCann SE, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Brasure JR, Swanson MK, Graham S. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2000 December; 11(10): 965-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142531&dopt=Abstract

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Docetaxel and carboplatin combination chemotherapy for recurrent endometrial cancer. Author(s): Obata H, Aoki Y, Watanabe M, Matsushita H, Yahata T, Fujita K, Kurata H, Tanaka K. Source: International Journal of Clinical Oncology / Japan Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 February; 8(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601544&dopt=Abstract

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Docetaxel is effective in the treatment of metastatic endometrial cancer. Author(s): Gunthert AR, Pilz S, Kuhn W, Emons G, Meden H. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 July-August; 19(4C): 3459-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10629635&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of gelonin immunoconjugate with monoclonal antibody MSN-1 to endometrial adenocarcinoma on antigen-producing tumor cells in vivo. Author(s): Kaneta Y, Tsukazaki K, Kubushiro K, Aoki R, Sakayori M, Ueda M, Nozawa S. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1998 May; 89(5): 583-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9685864&dopt=Abstract

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Endometrial adenocarcinoma arising during estrogenic treatment 17 years after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: a case report. Author(s): Debus G, Schuhmacher I.

Alternative Medicine 49

Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 June; 80(6): 589-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380300&dopt=Abstract •

Endometrial cancer: hormonal factors, the perimenopausal “window of risk,” and isoflavones. Author(s): Hale GE, Hughes CL, Cline JM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 January; 87(1): 3-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11788613&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of cyclooxygenase 2 by prostaglandin E(2) in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line HEC-1B. Author(s): Munir I, Fukunaga K, Kanasaki H, Miyazaki K, Ohba T, Okamura H, Miyamoto E. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2000 September; 63(3): 933-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10952941&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty fish consumption lowers the risk of endometrial cancer: a nationwide casecontrol study in Sweden. Author(s): Terry P, Wolk A, Vainio H, Weiderpass E. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 January; 11(1): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815413&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro sensitivity of human endometrial cancer cell lines to paclitaxel or irinotecan (CPT-11) in combination with other aniticancer drugs. Author(s): Hiramatsu HP, Kikuchi Y, Seto H, Nagata I. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2000 August; 11(7): 573-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11036961&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of apoptosis and growth inhibition of cultured human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells (Sawano) by an antitumor lipoprotein fraction of rice bran. Author(s): Fan H, Morioka T, Ito E. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2000 February; 76(2): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10637066&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of attachment and chemotactic invasion of uterine endometrial cancer cells by a new vinca alkaloid, conophylline. Author(s): Irie T, Kubushiro K, Suzuki K, Tsukazaki K, Umezawa K, Nozawa S. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 July-August; 19(4B): 3061-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10652593&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside-Rb2 on invasiveness of uterine endometrial cancer cells to the basement membrane. Author(s): Fujimoto J, Sakaguchi H, Aoki I, Toyoki H, Khatun S, Tamaya T. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2001; 22(5): 339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11766734&dopt=Abstract

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 expression by platelet-activating factor and hCG in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line HEC-1B. Author(s): Munir I, Fukunaga K, Miyazaki K, Okamura H, Miyamoto E. Source: Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1999 September; 117(1): 49-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645245&dopt=Abstract

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Paclitaxel and carboplatin, alone or with irradiation, in advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer: a phase II study. Author(s): Hoskins PJ, Swenerton KD, Pike JA, Wong F, Lim P, Acquino-Parsons C, Lee N. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2001 October 15; 19(20): 4048-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600606&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent chemosensitivity to platinum and/or paclitaxel in metastatic endometrial cancer. Author(s): Markman M, Kennedy A, Webster K, Kulp B, Peterson G, Belinson J. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1999 June; 73(3): 422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10366471&dopt=Abstract

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Phase I trial of escalating doses of paclitaxel combined with fixed doses of cisplatin and doxorubicin in advanced endometrial cancer and other gynecologic malignancies: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Author(s): Fleming GF, Fowler JM, Waggoner SE, Copeland LJ, Greer BE, Horowitz I, Sutton G, Schilder RJ, Fracasso PM, Ball HG, McGuire WP 3rd. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2001 February 15; 19(4): 1021-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11181665&dopt=Abstract

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Phase II trial of oral etoposide in recurrent or refractory endometrial adenocarcinoma: a southwest oncology group study. Author(s): Poplin EA, Liu PY, Delmore JE, Wilczynski S, Moore DF Jr, Potkul RK, Fine BA, Hannigan EV, Alberts DS. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1999 September; 74(3): 432-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479505&dopt=Abstract

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•

Phytochemicals for the prevention of breast and endometrial cancer. Author(s): Cline JM, Hughes CL Jr. Source: Cancer Treat Res. 1998; 94: 107-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9587685&dopt=Abstract

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Phytoestrogen intake and endometrial cancer risk. Author(s): Horn-Ross PL, John EM, Canchola AJ, Stewart SL, Lee MM. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 August 6; 95(15): 1158-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902445&dopt=Abstract

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Phytoestrogen supplementation and endometrial cancer. Author(s): Johnson EB, Muto MG, Yanushpolsky EH, Mutter GL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 November; 98(5 Pt 2): 947-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704216&dopt=Abstract

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Prolonged remission of endometrial cancer with paclitaxel and carboplatin. Author(s): Vasuratna A, Kudelka AP, Edwards CL, Wootipoom V, Verschraegen CF, Charnsangavej C, Kavanagh JJ. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1998 March; 9(3): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9625439&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol exhibits cytostatic and antiestrogenic properties with human endometrial adenocarcinoma (Ishikawa) cells. Author(s): Bhat KP, Pezzuto JM. Source: Cancer Research. 2001 August 15; 61(16): 6137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11507064&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of two patients with recurrent endometrial cancer by weekly paclitaxel. Author(s): Ota S, Sugiyama T, Ushijima K, Komai K, Fujiyoshi K, Hirai N, Nishida T, Kamura T. Source: Cancer Letters. 2000 November 10; 160(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11098078&dopt=Abstract

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Weekly 1-h paclitaxel infusion in patients with recurrent endometrial cancer: a preliminary study. Author(s): Nishio S, Ota S, Sugiyama T, Matsuo G, Kawagoe H, Kumagai S, Ushijima K, Nishida T, Kamura T. Source: International Journal of Clinical Oncology / Japan Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 February; 8(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601542&dopt=Abstract

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Whole grain intake and incident endometrial cancer: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Author(s): Kasum CM, Nicodemus K, Harnack LJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Folsom AR; Iowa Women's Health Study. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 39(2): 180-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759278&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to uterine cancer; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopausal Symptoms (Other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Herbs and Supplements Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Estrogen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipriflavone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Isoflavones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Medroxyprogesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melatonin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Natural Progesterone Cream Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10099,00.html

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Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Progesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Soy Isoflavones Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10057,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND UTERINE CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning uterine cancer.

Recent Trials on Uterine Cancer The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to uterine cancer.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Stage III, Stage IV, or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): recurrent endometrial cancer; stage III endometrial cancer; stage IV endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, paclitaxel, and carboplatin use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. It is not yet known which combination chemotherapy regimen is more effective in treating endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of two combination chemotherapy regimens in treating patients who have stage III, stage IV, or recurrent endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063999

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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•

Combination Chemotherapy Plus Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage III endometrial cancer; stage IV endometrial cancer; endometrial papillary carcinoma; endometrial clear cell carcinoma; endometrial adenocarcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. Combining chemotherapy with radiation therapy may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy plus radiation therapy in treating women who have stage III or stage IV endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005830

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Comparison of Radiation Therapy With or Without Combination Chemotherapy Following Surgery in Treating Patients with Stage I or Stage II Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): Endometrial Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Radiation Therapy Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI); Gynecologic Oncology Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor tissue. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. It is not yet known if radiation therapy is more effective with or without combination chemotherapy for endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of radiation therapy with or without combination chemotherapy following surgery in treating patients who have stage I or stage II endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006027

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Comparison of Two Combination Chemotherapy Regimens Plus Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage III endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma; endometrial adenosquamous cell carcinoma; endometrial adenoacanthoma; endometrial papillary carcinoma; endometrial clear cell carcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI); Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

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Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one chemotherapy drug with radiation therapy may kill more tumor cells. It is not yet known which combination chemotherapy regimen plus radiation therapy is more effective for endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of two combination chemotherapy regimens plus radiation therapy in treating patients who have stage III or stage IV endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006011 •

Docetaxel Plus Carboplatin in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer Condition(s): Endometrial Cancer; Fallopian Tube Cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; peritoneal cavity cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combining docetaxel and carboplatin in treating patients who have stage III or stage IV ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003560

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Doxorubicin and Cisplatin With or Without Paclitaxel in Treating Patients With Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): recurrent endometrial cancer; stage III endometrial cancer; stage IV endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): EORTC Gynecological Cancer Cooperative Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. It is not yet known whether doxorubicin and cisplatin are more effective with or without paclitaxel in treating endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of doxorubicin and cisplatin combined with paclitaxel to that of doxorubicin and cisplatin alone in treating patients who have locally advanced, metastatic, and/or relapsed endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional

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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00052312 •

Erlotinib in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced and/or Metastatic Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage IV endometrial cancer; recurrent endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma; endometrial adenosquamous cell carcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute of Canada Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Biological therapies such as erlotinib may interfere with the growth of tumor cells and slow the growth of the tumor. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to determine the effectiveness of erlotinib in treating patients who have locally advanced and/or metastatic endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00030485

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Gefitinib in Treating Patients With Persistent or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): recurrent endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Biological therapies such as gefitinib may interfere with the growth of tumor cells and slow the growth of endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of gefitinib in treating patients who have persistent or recurrent endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00027690

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Hormone Therapy in Preventing Cancer in Women With a Genetic Risk For Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): Endometrial Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Hormone therapy may prevent the development of endometrial cancer. It is not yet known which hormone therapy regimen is more effective in preventing endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase II trial to compare different hormone therapy regimens in preventing endometrial cancer in women who have a genetic risk for endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional

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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00033358 •

Interleukin-12, Paclitaxel, and Trastuzumab in Treating Patients With Solid Tumors Condition(s): recurrent breast cancer; recurrent gastric cancer; recurrent non-small cell lung cancer; recurrent ovarian epithelial cancer; Recurrent Small Cell Lung Cancer; recurrent endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital & Richard J. Solove Research Institute; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Interleukin-12 may kill tumor cells by stopping blood flow to the tumor and by stimulating a person's white blood cells to kill cancer cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab can locate tumor cells and either kill them or deliver tumor-killing substances to them without harming normal cells. Combining interleukin-12, chemotherapy, and monoclonal antibody therapy may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of interleukin-12, paclitaxel, and trastuzumab in treating patients who have solid tumors. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00028535

•

Laparoscopic Surgery or Standard Surgery in Treating Patients With Endometrial Cancer or Cancer of the Uterus Condition(s): stage I endometrial cancer; stage II endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma; stage I uterine sarcoma; stage II uterine sarcoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Laparoscopic surgery is a less invasive type of surgery for cancer of the uterus and may have fewer side effects and improve recovery. It is not known whether laparoscopic surgery is more effective than standard surgery in treating endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery with standard surgery in treating patients with endometrial cancer or cancer of the uterus. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002706

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Macrobiotic Diet and Flax Seed: Effects on Estrogens, Phytoestrogens, & Fibrinolytic Factors Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Osteoporosis; Breast Cancer; Endometrial Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.

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Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will assess whether alternative, high phytoestrogen dietary interventions result in favorable effects on biological parameters that have been associated with hormone-dependent cancers, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00010829 •

Medroxyprogesterone in Treating Patients With Endometrioid Cancer Condition(s): Endometrial Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Hormone therapy using medroxyprogesterone may be effective in treating endometrioid cancer. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of medroxyprogesterone in treating patients who have endometrioid cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064025

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Medroxyprogesterone in Treating Women With Breast Cancer Condition(s): Endometrial Cancer; stage I breast cancer; stage II breast cancer; intraductal breast carcinoma; lobular breast carcinoma in situ; Paget's disease of the breast Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Southwest Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI); Cancer and Leukemia Group B Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: It is not yet known whether medroxyprogesterone is effective in preventing endometrial disorder in patients with breast cancer who are taking tamoxifen. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to study the effectiveness of medroxyprogesterone in preventing endometrial disorder in postmenopausal women who have ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ, Paget's disease of the nipple, stage I breast cancer, or stage II breast cancer and who are taking tamoxifen. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002920

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Oxaliplatin in Treating Patients With Persistent or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): recurrent endometrial cancer

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Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of oxaliplatin in treating patients who have persistent or recurrent endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00071929 •

Radiation Therapy or No Further Treatment Following Surgery in Treating Patients With Stage I Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage I endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma; endometrial adenosquamous cell carcinoma; endometrial papillary carcinoma; endometrial clear cell carcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute of Canada Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage cancer cells. It is not yet known whether receiving radiation therapy after surgery is more effective than receiving no further therapy after surgery for endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of radiation therapy with that of no further therapy following surgery in treating patients who have stage I endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002807

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Radiation Therapy With or Without Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With HighRisk Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage I endometrial cancer; stage II endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma; endometrial papillary carcinoma; endometrial clear cell carcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Nordic Society for Gynaecologic Oncology; EORTC Gynecological Cancer Cooperative Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. It is not yet known whether radiation therapy with chemotherapy is more effective than radiation therapy alone in treating high-risk endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy in treating patients who have highrisk endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005583 •

Surgery With or Without Lymphadenectomy and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage I Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage I endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Medical Research Council Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Lymphadenectomy may remove cancer cells that have spread to nearby lymph nodes. Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. It is not yet known whether conventional surgery is more effective with or without lymphadenectomy and/or radiation therapy in treating stage I endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of conventional surgery with or without lymphadenectomy and/or radiation therapy in treating patients who have stage I endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003749

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Whole Body Hyperthermia Combined With Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Metastatic Breast, Ovarian, Endometrial, or Cervical Cancer Condition(s): Breast Cancer; Cervical Cancer; Endometrial Cancer; Male Breast Cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; ovarian germ cell tumor Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Texas Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Hyperthermia therapy kills tumor cells by heating them to several degrees above body temperature. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining chemotherapy with hyperthermia may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of fluorouracil and liposomal doxorubicin combined with systemic hyperthermia in treating patients with metastatic breast, ovarian, endometrial, or cervical cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003135

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CCI-779 in Treating Patients With Metastatic or Locally Advanced Recurrent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): Endometrial Cancer Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment.

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Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute of Canada; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as CCI-779, use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of CCI-779 in treating patients who have metastatic or locally advanced recurrent endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00072176 •

ICI 182780 in Treating Patients With Recurrent, Persistent, or Metastatic Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage IV endometrial cancer; recurrent endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Estrogen can stimulate the growth of cancer cells. Hormone therapy using ICI 182780 may fight cancer by blocking the uptake of estrogen by the tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of ICI 182780 in treating patients who have recurrent, persistent, or metastatic endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006903

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “uterine cancer” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON UTERINE CANCER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “uterine cancer” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on uterine cancer, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Uterine Cancer By performing a patent search focusing on uterine cancer, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on uterine cancer: •

CHO cells that express human LH-RH receptor Inventor(s): Hinuma; Shuji (Ibaraki, JP), Ohkubo; Shoichi (Ibaraki, JP), Onda; Haruo (Ibaraki, JP), Sawada; Hidekazu (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,677,184 Date filed: April 18, 1995 Abstract: Disclosed are CHO cells which are capable of continued production of human LH-RH receptor proteins, or cell membrane fractions thereof; recombinant human LHRH receptor proteins or partial peptides thereof; methods for screening compounds which have affinity for an LH-RH receptor by contacting the compound with the CHO cells or the cell membrane fractions thereof, or the recombinant human LH-RH receptor proteins or the partial peptides thereof; kits for screening them; the compounds which have affinity for the LH-RH receptor obtained by methods for the screening or kits for the screening; and pharmaceutical compositions containing the compound, thereby being able to early provide prophylactic or therapeutic compositions, for example, for prostate cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, a pituitary tumor, endometriosis, hysteromyoma or precocious puberty. They are also useful as a pregnancy controlling composition such as contraceptive or a menstrual cycle controlling composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells having ability to continue producing human LH-RH (luteinizing hormone-releasing) receptor proteins, or cell membrane fractions thereof; recombinant human LH-RH receptor proteins or peptide fragments thereof; methods for screening a compound or a salt thereof which has affinity for an LH-RH receptor by using the CHO cells or the cell membrane fractions thereof, or the recombinant human LH-RH receptor proteins or the peptide fragments thereof; kits for screening a compound or a salt thereof which has affinity for an LH-RH receptor; the compound or the salt thereof, which has affinity for an LH-RH receptor, obtained by the screening methods or the kits for screening; and pharmaceutical compositions containing the compound or the salt thereof. On the other hand, LH-RH receptors exist in LH secretory cells and FSH secretory cells of the anterior lobes of pituitaries, the stimulation of LH-RH is transmitted to these cells through LHRH receptors. Further, the LH-RH receptors are also known to be expressed in the placenta (A. J. Currie et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 99, 332-338 (1981), Nature, 282, 90-92 (1979), and R. N. Clayton et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (1980)), the adrenal medulla (D. R. Pieper et al., Endocrinology, 108, 1148-1155 (1981)), the brain (L. Jennes et al., Brain Res., 452, 156-164 (1988)) and some kinds of tumors ›M. A. Millan et al., Methods Enzymol., 124, 590-606 (1986)! as well as in the pituitaries, and the development of drugs for enhancing or blocking the activity of LH-RH is considered to be effective against various diseases. For example, leuprorelin acetate which is a highly active derivative of LH-RH (hereinafter referred to as an LH-RH receptor superagonistic compound) (Fujino et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 60, 406-413 (1974); R. T. D. Oliver et al., Br. J. Cancer, 59, 823 (1989); Toguchi et al., J. Int. Med. Res., 18, 35-41 (1990)) reduces release and production of gonadotropic hormones in the pituitaries, induces a decrease in reactivity on gonadotropic hormones to the testes and the ovaries, and inhibits secretion of testosterone and estrogen by repeated administrations. As a result, leuprorelin acetate is known to exhibit antitumor activity

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on such hormone-dependent cancers such as prostate cancer, and thus has been clinically applied. Further, leuprorelin acetate is also widely clinically used as a therapeutic agent for endometriosis, precocious puberty, etc. The high anticancer activity of leuprorelin acetate is presumed to result from its resistance against proteases, compared with that of natural LH-RH, and high affinity for the LH-RH receptors, which causes desensitization. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05677184__ •

Combination therapy for selected sex steroid dependent cancers Inventor(s): Labrie; Fernand (2735 boul. Liegeois, Ste-Foy, Quebec, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,760,053 Date filed: July 31, 1986 Abstract: A combination therapy for treatment of selected sex steroid dependent cancers in susceptible warm-blooded animals comprising administering to such animals whose hormone output of their testes or ovaries, respectively, is blocked a therapeutically effective amount of an antiandrogen and/or an antiestrogen and/or at least one inhibitor of sex steroid biosynthesis or pharmaceutical compositions thereof wherein the selected sex steroid dependent cancer are, for example, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, renal cancer or uterine cancer is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This Application is related to the following copending U.S. patent applications: Ser. Nos. 636,883, filed Aug. 2, 1984; 699,702, filed Feb. 8, 1985, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,885; 699,710, filed Feb. 8, 1985; and 699,711, filed Feb. 8, 1985, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,695. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 638,883 relates to the treatment of female breast cancer by use of a combination therapy comprising administering an antiandrogen and an antiestrogen to female after the hormone output of her ovaries has blocked by chemical or surgical means. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 699,702 relates to the treatment of female breast cancer by use of a therapy comprising administering to a female after the hormone output of her ovaries has been blocked by chemical or surgical means an antiandrogen and optionally an inhibitor of sex steroid biosynthesis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04760053__

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Crystalline form of 6-hydroxy-3-(4-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenoxy)-2-(4methoxyphenyl)benzo [b]thiophene hydrochloride Inventor(s): Bush; Julie Kay (Fishers, IN), Conrad; Preston Charles (Indianapolis, IN), Flom; Merlyn Gerard (Noblesville, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 6,610,706 Date filed: January 10, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a novel crystalline hydrate of 6-hydroxy-3(4-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]-phenoxy)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benz o[b]thiophene hydrochloride and uses for same, including inhibition of disease states associated with estrogen deprivation including cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and osteoporosis; and inhibition of other pathological conditions such as endometriosis,

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uterine fibrosis, estrogen-dependent cancer (including breast and uterine cancer), prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, CNS disorders including Alzheimer's disease, prevention of breast cancer, and up-regulating ChAT. Excerpt(s): 6-Hydroxy-3-(4-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenoxy)-2-(4methoxyphenyl)benzo[ b]thiophene hydrochloride (arzoxifene) was first described generically in U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,357 and was specifically disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,474 ('474) and European Patent Application 0729956. Arzoxifene is a nonsteroidal mixed estrogen antagonist/agonist, useful for, inter alia, lowering serum cholesterol and for inhibiting hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, estrogen dependent cancers including breast and uterine cancer, endometriosis, CNS disorders including Alzheimer's disease, aortal smooth muscle cell proliferation, and restenosis. Specifically, arzoxifene is useful for, and is being clinically evaluated for the treatment of receptor positive metastatic breast cancer; the adjuvent treatment of receptor positive patients following appropriate systemic or local therapy; the reduction of recurrence of invasive and noninvasive breast cancer; and the reduction of the incidence of invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Arzoxifene is also useful in combination with radiotherapy, aromatase inhibitors, LHRH analogues, and acetyl choline esterase (AChE) inhibitors. Xray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TGA), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (.sup.1 H NMR) and Karl Fischer (KF) analyses of bulk arzoxifene isolated by the procedures taught in '474 later indicated that said material was hydrated, poorly crystalline, and contained variable amounts of an organic volatile (ethyl acetate) in its lattice. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610706__ •

Dihydronaphthalene compounds Inventor(s): Hartmann; Rolf Wolfgang (Saarbrucken, DE), Ikeda; Yoshikazu (Ishibashimachi, JP), Nakakoshi; Masamichi (Utsunomiya, JP), Nomoto; Shin (MinamiKawachimachi, JP), Wachall; Bertil (St. Ingbert, DE), Yoshihama; Makoto (Utsunomiya, JP) Assignee(s): Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,559,157 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: Dihydronaphthalene compounds have excellent 17.alpha.hydroxylase/C.sub.17-20 -lyase inhibiting activity, thromboxan A.sub.2 synthesis inhibiting activity, and aromatase inhibiting activity and are thereby are useful as preventive and/or therapeutic agents for various male sex hormone- and female sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, uterine cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer, as well as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and bronchial asthma. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel dihydronaphthalene compounds and processes for their preparation. The compounds of the present invention have excellent 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20 -lyase inhibiting activity, thromboxane A.sub.2 synthesis inhibiting activity, and aromatase inhibiting activity, and are thereby useful as preventive and/or therapeutic agents for various male sex hormone- and female sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer, as well as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and bronchial asthma. As to the biosyntheses of sex steroids, which express various actions in the body, it is

Patents 69

known that C.sub.21 steroids, such as progesterone, are synthesized from cholesterol; further, male sex hormones such as androstenedione and testosterone, which are C.sub.19 steroids, are synthesized by 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20 -lyase, and using these steroids as substrates, female sex hormones such as estrone and estradiol, which are C.sub.18 steroids, are synthesized. Therefore, syntheses of male sex hormones and/or female sex hormones in the body can be suppressed by inhibiting these sex steroid synthesizing enzymes, i.e., 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20 lyase or aromatases, which enables the prevention or treatment of diseases in which male sex hormones or female sex hormones act as exacerbating factors, such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer. Various findings have already shown that male sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer and prostatomegaly can be treated by reducing male sex hormone levels in the blood. The therapeutic efficacy of reducing the level of male sex hormones by orchiectomy or adrenalectomy has been known for some times, and more recently, the efficacy of reducing the level of male sex hormones derived from gonads by the administration of an LH-RH (a pituitary hormone) agonist, has been recognized. However, the abovementioned surgical removal of organs is psychologically difficult to accept, and as well causes side effects and other disorders due to the reduction of mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids derived from the adrenal gland. Meanwhile, administration of the LH-RH agonist will inhibit syntheses of hormones derived from gonads only, but not from other organs such as adreahal gland, and even causes a temporary hormone increase known as a flare up phenomenon which is unique to agonists. On the other hand, an anti-male hormone agent to antagonize the male hormone receptor has been developed, but recently, its efficacy has been found to be diminished because of changes in the male sex hormone receptor. Against this background, a more effective male sex hormone reducing agent is desirable. In this connection, inhibition of 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20 lyase is known to reduce the levels of male sex hormones to a high degree and can be expected to be highly effective in treating male sex hormone-related diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, and masculinization. Furthermore, inhibition of 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20 -lyase also results in the suppression of female sex hormone syntheses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06559157__ •

Immunochemical detection of human uterine endometrial cancer cell Inventor(s): Kawamoto; Motoko (Tokyo, JP), Nozawa; Shiro (2-7-21-101, Motoazabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo, JP), Tsukazaki; Katsumi (Yamato, JP) Assignee(s): Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP), Nozawa; Shiro (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,328,826 Date filed: March 23, 1992 Abstract: A method of screening for the endometrial cancer cells in a endometrial cell specimen is disclosed. The method involves determining the amount of an endometrial cancer associated antigen relative to the sample amount by immunologically detecting and comparing the levels of the endometrial cancer associated antigen and a substance present in human cells in a substantially constant amount. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a process for immunochemically detecting uterine endometrial cancer cells in a uterine endometrial cell or endometrial tissue specimen. Uterine endometrial cancer is increasing in Japan with westernization of

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eating habits and prolongation of people's lives. Today, endometrial cancer accounts for 10 to 20% of all uterine cancers. In consideration of such conditions, an item directed to a medical examination of the uterine endometrial cancer was included in the Law of Health and Medical Service System for the Aged in Jun. 1987 to spread the medical examination of the uterine endometrial cancer by law so that the cancer may be detected at an early stage. Today, the medical examination of the uterine endometrial cancer is mainly carried out by means of cytodiagnosis, which has proved to be quite useful. The cytodiagnosis, however, requires a high skill. In addition, since most of the uterine endometrial cancer is an adenocarcinoma, discrimination between benign and malignant cell specimens on the bases of conventional morphological criteria has often been quite difficult. Therefore, there is a strong demand for a convenient, accurate process which is capable of handling a large number of specimens in a short period so that the process may be used for group examinations and mass screenings. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05328826__ •

LH-RH receptor antagonists Inventor(s): Furuya; Shuichi (Ibaraki, JP), Kato; Koichi (Ibaraki, JP), Kitada; Chieko (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,136,781 Date filed: June 6, 1996 Abstract: The LH-RH receptor antagonists containing cyclic pentapeptides or salts thereof and novel cyclic pentapeptide or salts thereof are provided.The LH-RH receptor antagonists of the present invention are effective as medicines for preventing and curing sex hormone-dependent cancers (e.g., prostatic cancer, uterine cancer, mammary cancer, pituitary tumor, etc.), prostatomegaly, endometriosis, hysteromyoma, puberty precox, amenorrheal syndromes, multilocular ovarian syndromes, comedo, etc. and are also effective as pregnancy controlling agents (e.g., contraceptives, etc.) and menstrual cycle controlling agents. Moreover, these are also useful in the livestock industry for the control of the estrus of animals and also for the improvement in the quality of meat and for the control of the growth of animals, as well as in the marine products industry as spawning promoters for fishes. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides LH-RH receptor antagonists containing cyclic pentapeptides or salts thereof having an LH-RH receptor antagonistic effect and novel cyclic pentapeptides or salts thereof having an excellent LH-RH receptor antagonistic effect. The secretion of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by peripheral hormones to be secreted by the organs, which are targeted by the individual anterior pituitary hormones, and also by secretion-promoting or secretion-retarding hormones to be secreted by the hypothalamus which is the upper center of the anterior lobe of hypophysis (these hormones are hereinafter referred to as hypothalamus hormones). At present, the presence of nine hypothalamus hormones has been confirmed, which include, for example, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) [this is also referred to as luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH)] (Irie, M. & Toyama, K., Physiology 2, Bunkodo Publishing, pp. 610-618, 1986). It is presumed that these hypothalamus hormones exhibit their hormone effects, etc. via the receptors which are considered to exist in the anterior lobe of hypophysis (ibid.), and the analysis of receptor genes specific to these, including those of human beings, is being promoted (Imura, H. et al.; Bases and Clinics of

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Receptors, Asakura Shoten Publishing, pp. 297-304, 1993). Therefore, antagonists and agonists which are specific and selective to these receptors shall control the action of hypothalamus hormones and control the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. As a result, such antagonists and agonists are expected to be useful for prevention and curing of disorders dependent on such anterior pituitary hormones. The repeated administration of leuprorelin acetate, a highly-active derivative of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (hereinafter referred to as LH-RH) which is one of hypothalamus hormones (Fujino et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, Vol. 60, pp. 406-413, 1975; Oliver, R. T. D., et al., Br. J. Cancer, Vol. 59, p. 823, 1989; and Toguchi, et al., J. Int. Med. Res., Vol. 18, pp. 35-41, 1990) lowers the release and production of luteinizing hormone at hypophysis, lowers the reactivity of testis and ovarium on luteinizing hormone and retards the secretion of testosterone and estrogen. Accordingly, it is known that leuprorelin acetate exhibits anti-tumoral activity against cancers dependent on such hormones, such as prostatic cancer, and it has been applied to clinical use. In addition, leuprorelin acetate has been widely applied to clinical use as a medicine for curing endometriosis, puberty precox, etc. It is presumed that the high carcinostatic activity of leuprorelin acetate will result from the fact that it is more resistant to proteases than natural LH-RH and the fact that it has high affinity with LHRH receptors thereby causing the desensitization of the reactivity of LH-RH due to the decrease in the number of its receptors. However, since leuprorelin acetate is an superagonist for LH-RH receptors, it is reported that the acetate causes transient exacerbation that is accompanied by the increase in the serum testosterone concentration, due to its pituitary-gonadotropic effect (acute effect), immediately after the first administration thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06136781__ •

Matrix metalloproteinase levels as indicators of endometrial cancer Inventor(s): Lopata; Alexander (11 Clifton Street, Richmont, Victoria 3121, AU), Quinn; Michael A. (13 Wrixon Street, Kew, Victoria 3101, AU), Salamonsen; Lois A. (11 McEvoy Street, Kew, Victoria 3101, AU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,607,894 Date filed: January 10, 2000 Abstract: This invention relates to methods for assaying the presence and/or risk of endometrial cancer by measurement of levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and/or matrix metalloproteinase-9 in uterine washings. The method may be qualitative or quantitative, and is adaptable to large-scale screening and to clinical trials. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to international patent application Ser. No. PCT/AU98/000189, filed Mar. 20, 1998, and to Australian patent application PO 5736, filed Mar. 20, 1997. This invention relates to methods for detection of cancer, and in particular to the detection of endometrial cancer. The method of the invention is amenable to large-scale screening, for example in women at increased risk of endometrial cancer. It is now clear that in many malignancies there is a high correlation between tumour aggressiveness and protease expression by the tumour cells. In the last seven years, for example, convincing evidence has accumulated that directly implicates members of the matrix metalloproteinase family in tumour invasion and metastasis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06607894__

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•

Method of detecting and monitoring endometrial and uterine cancers Inventor(s): Burczak; John D. (Santa Clara, CA), Macina; Roberto A. (Santa Jose, CA) Assignee(s): diaDexus, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA) Patent Number: 6,228,596 Date filed: September 1, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a new method for diagnosing cancers, particulary endometrial and uterine cancer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates, in part, to a newly developed assay for diagnosing cancers, particularly endometrial and uterine cancer. Endometrial cancer occurs at a rate of approximately 44,500 new cases per year with approximately 10,000 deaths per year. If diagnosed and treated early, when the cancer is still confined to the endometrium, cure can be achieved in approximately 95% of the cases by hysterectomy. Pap smears can show endometrial cancers but are effective in only 50% of the cases. For the remainder, abnormal vaginal bleeding is typically the first clinical sign of endometrial cancer. There is a great need for sensitive methods for the detection of organ-confined endometrial cancer. Sarcoma of the uterus, a very rare kind of cancer in women, is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells start growing in the muscles or other supporting tissues of the uterus. Sarcoma of the uterus is different from cancer of the endometrium, a disease in which cancer cells start growing in the lining of the uterus. Women who have received therapy with high-dose x-rays (external beam radiation therapy) to their pelvis are at a higher risk to develop sarcoma of the uterus. These xrays are sometimes given to women to stop bleeding from the uterus. Like most cancers, sarcoma of the uterus is best treated when it is found (diagnosed) early. Sarcoma of the uterus usually begins after menopause. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06228596__

•

Method of diagnosing ovarian and endometrial cancer with monoclonal antibodies OXA and OXB Inventor(s): Bast, Jr.; Robert C. (Chapel Hill, NC), Xu; Fengi J. (Durham, NC), Yu; Yinhua (Durham, NC) Assignee(s): Duke University (Durham, NC) Patent Number: 5,366,866 Date filed: May 6, 1992 Abstract: A method for detecting the presence of cancer employs monoclonal antibody OXA or OXB, antibodies which bind to the antigen bound by monoclonal antibody OXA or OXB, or fragments of the foregoing which bind to the antigen bound by monoclonal antibody OXA or OXB. The method comprises contacting a sample of a biological fluid from a subject with the antibody under conditions permitting the antibody to form a reaction product, and then detecting the presence or absence of the reaction product. The method is particularly useful for monitoring the progression of treatment in a patient previously diagnosed as having ovarian cancer. The method is also useful for detecting and monitoring endometrial cancer.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the diagnosis of ovarian cancer with monoclonal antibodies in general, and particularly relates to a method of monitoring the response to treatment in an ovarian cancer patient. The present invention also relates to the diagnosis and monitoring of endometrial cancer. Ovarian cancer is the fourth most frequent cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Of all females born in the United States, one of every 70 will develop ovarian cancer and one of every 100 will die from ovarian cancer. See, e.g., R. Young et al., in 1 Cancer: Principles & Practices of Oncology, at 1162 (3d ed. 1989)(V. DeVita, S. Hellman, and S. Rosenberg eds.). Similar statistics are reported for many European countries. Ovarian cancer is much more amenable to treatment if detected in its early stages, but is notoriously difficult to detect in its early stages. The antigenic determinant designated CA125 is the current serum marker of choice for monitoring epithelial ovarian cancer at second look surgical surveillance procedures. CA125 is elevated in serum from 80-90% of ovarian cancer patients, but not in the remaining 10-20% even in the presence of bulky disease. See, e.g., R. Bast et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 309, 883-87 (1983). At second look surgical surveillance procedures, CA125 is elevated in 20% of patients (associated with a 96% positive predictive value for the presence persistent disease), while as many as 50-60% of patients with normal CA125 levels have persistent ovarian cancer. See J. Berek et al., Obstet. Gynecol. 67, 685-89 (1986). Hence, there has long been a need for a means of monitoring epithelial ovarian cancer supplemental to CA125. Previous studies with potential new markers have, however, identified only 10-20% of patients with persistent disease who have normal CA125 levels. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05366866__ •

Method of treating dehydropiandrosterone

or

preventing

osteoporosis

by

adminstering

Inventor(s): Labrie; Fernand (Quebec, CA) Assignee(s): Endorecherche, Inc. (Quebec, CA) Patent Number: 5,776,923 Date filed: January 18, 1994 Abstract: Sex steroid precursors such as dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, and compounds converted in vivo to ether of the foregoing, are utilized for the treatment and/or prevention of vaginal atrophy, hyprogonadism, diminished libido, osteoporosis, urinary incontinence, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, skin atrophy, for contraception, and, in combination with an estrogen and/or progestin, for the treatment of menopause. The precursors may be formulated for percutaneous or transmucosal administration. Gels, solutions, lotions, creams, ointments and transdermal patches for the administration of these precursors are provided, as are certain pharmaceutical compositions and kits which can be used for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of conditions related to decreased secretion of sex steroid precursors by the adrenals. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for preventing and/or treating vaginal atrophy, hypogonadism, diminished libido, osteoporosis, urinary incontinence, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, and menopause or contraception in susceptible warm-blooded animals including humans involving administration of dehydroespiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) or compounds converted in vivo to either and to pharmaceutical products, including kits and pharmaceutical compositions for delivery of active ingredient(s) useful to the invention. Primates are unique in having

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adrenals that secrete large amounts of the precursor steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and especially DHEA-sulfate (DHEA-S), which are converted into androstenedione (.DELTA.4-dione) or androstene-diol (.DELTA.5-diol) and then into potent androgens and estrogens in peripheral tissues (Adams, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 41: 1-17, 1985; Labrie et al., in Important Advances in Oncology (de Vita S, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds), J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, Pa., pp 193-200, 1985). DHEA-S, the major steroid present in blood of both men and women is converted into DHEA and.DELTA.5-diol in peripheral tissues, thus maintaining a close correlation between the concentration of these three steroids in the blood (Adams, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 41: 1-17, 1985). Depending upon the relative activities of 17.beta.-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17.beta.-HSD), aromatase and 5.alpha.-reductase, DHEA or its derivatives will be preferentially converted into androgens and/or estrogens. The low serum values of DHEA and DHEA-S found at birth persist up to six years of age. Usually, during the 7th year of age, serum levels of these two steroids increase and continue to rise until age 16 in both boys and girls (Orentreich et al., J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 59: 551-555, 1984). A further increase is then seen in males, who typically reach maximal levels between 20 and 24 years of age. In women, there is usually no further increase after 16 years. DHEA and DHEA-S decrease with aging in both men and women (Vermeulen and Verdoreck, J. Steroid Biochem. 7: 1-10, 1976; Vermeulen et al., J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 54: 187-191, 1982). In fact, at 70 years of age, serum DHEA-S levels are at approximately 20% of their peak values while they decrease by up to 95% by the age of 85 to 90 years (Migeon et al., J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 17: 1051-1062, 1957). The 70% to 95% reduction in the formation of DHEA-S by the adrenals during aging results in a dramatic reduction in the formation of androgens and estrogens in peripheral target tissues, thus resulting in a marked decrease in the biochemical and cellular functions induced by sex steroids. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05776923__ •

Methods of treating or preventing breast or endometrial cancer with low dose nonmasculinizing androgenic compounds Inventor(s): Labrie; Fernand (Quebec, CA) Assignee(s): Endorecherche, Inc. (CA) Patent Number: 5,362,720 Date filed: February 8, 1993 Abstract: A method of treatment or prevention of breast and endometrial cancer, osteoporosis and endometriosis in susceptible warm-blooded animals comprising administering a low dose of a progestin or other steroid derivative having androgenic activity and low masculinizing activity. Pharmaceutical compositions useful for such treatment and pharmaceutical kits containing such compositions are disclosed. An in vitro assay permitting specific measurements of androgenic activity of potentially useful compounds is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for treating or preventing breast and endometrial cancer, bone loss, and for treating endometriosis in susceptible warmblooded animals including humans involving administration of a compound possessing androgenic activity, and to kits containing active ingredients to be used in the therapy. Various investigators have been studying hormonal therapy for breast and endometrial cancer as well as for the prevention and treatment of bone loss and for treatment of endometriosis. The main approaches for the treatment of already developed breast

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cancer are related to the inhibition of estrogen action and/or formation. The role of estrogens in promoting the growth of estrogensensitive breast cancer is well recognized (Lippman, Semin. Oncol. 10 (suppl. 4): 11-19, 1983; Sledge and McGuire, Cancer Res. 38: 61-75, 1984; Wittliff, Cancer 53: 630-643, 1984; Poulin and Labrie, Cancer Res. 46: 49334937, 1986). Estrogens are also known to promote the proliferation of normal endometrium. Chronic exposure to estrogens unopposed by progesterone can lead to the development of endometrial hyperplasia which predisposes to endometrial carcinoma (Lucas, Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 29: 507-528, 1974). The incidence of endometrial cancer increases after menopause, especially in women receiving estrogen therapy without simultaneous treatment with progestins (Smith et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 293: 1164-1167, 1975; Mack et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 294: 1262-1267, 1976). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05362720__ •

Pharmaceutical composition and method of treatment Inventor(s): Simon; Hector C. (Orizaba, Veracruz, MX) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,727,087 Date filed: June 13, 1985 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition and method of treatment is provided for aiding the regression and palliation of cancers selected from the group consisting of leukemia, Ewing's sarcoma, stomach diffuse carcinoma, vesical adeno-carcinoma, lymphosarcoma, uterine cancer and lung cancer in humans which comprises the administration of a therepeutically effective amount of the said composition comprising friendelan-3-one contained in a physiologically acceptable solution. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of various forms of cancer and to a method of treatment which aids in the regression and palliation of cancerous growth in humans. Cancer is generally defined as an abnormal and unrestrained new growth in cells and tissues that produces adverse effects in man and which is often fatal. Thus, when for no understandable reason, cells and tissues grow more rapidly than normal and develop abnormal shapes and sizes and cease functioning in a normal manner, they are said to be malignant or cancerous. Cancers can be divided into three broad groups: carcinomas, sarcomas and leukemias or lymphomas. Carcinomas arise in the epithelia, the sheets of cells covering the surface of the body and the lining of various glands. Sarcomas generally arise in the supporting tissues such as fibrous tissues and blood vessels and leukemias or lymphomas arise in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow and the lymph nodes. Carcinomas are the most prevalent, while sarcomas and leukemia are less so. These cancers can be further classified by the organs in which they originate or by the types of cell involved. Considered in this way, there are 100 or so distinct varieties of the disease. Roughly half of all cancer deaths are caused by cancer of three organs: the lung, the large intestine and the breast. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04727087__

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•

Treatment of gynecological malignancies with biologically active peptides Inventor(s): Baker; Margaret A. (Philadelphia, PA), Jacob; Leonard S. (Penn Valley, PA), Maloy; W. Lee (Lansdale, PA) Assignee(s): Magainin Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Plymouth Meeting, PA) Patent Number: 5,635,479 Date filed: May 2, 1995 Abstract: A process for treating a gynecological malignancy in a host which comprises administering to the host at least one biologically active amphiphilic peptide or protein. The peptide or protein may be administered intralesionally, intravenously, or intraperitoneally, whereby the peptide or protein may inhibit, prevent, or destroy the growth of the gynecological malignancy, such as an ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, or cervical cancer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of gynecological malignancies. More particularly, this invention relates to the treatment of gynecological malignancies by administering a biologically active peptide or protein. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for treating a gynecological malignancy in a host comprising administering to a host at least one biologically active amphiphilic peptide or protein. The peptide or protein is an ion channel-forming peptide or protein. The peptide or protein is administered in an amount effective to treat a gynecological malignancy in a host. The term "treating a gynecological malignancy" as used herein means that the peptide or protein prevents, inhibits, or destroys the growth of cancerous or malignant cells of a cancerous or malignant growth found in the female reproductive organs, such as, but not limited to, the ovaries, uterus, and cervix, and/or reduces the size of or eliminates the cancerous growth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05635479__

Patent Applications on Uterine Cancer As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to uterine cancer: •

Compositions and methods for the therapy and diagnosis of ovarian and endometrial cancer Inventor(s): Pyle, Ruth A.; (Seattle, WA), Stolk, John A.; (Bothell, WA), Xu, Jiangchun; (Bellevue, WA) Correspondence: Seed Intellectual Property Law Group Pllc; 701 Fifth Ave; Suite 6300; Seattle; WA; 98104-7092; US Patent Application Number: 20020048759 Date filed: March 21, 2001 Abstract: Compositions and methods for the therapy and diagnosis of cancer, such as ovarian or endometrial cancer, are disclosed. Compositions may comprise one or more

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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ovarian carcinoma proteins, immunogenic portions thereof, or polynucleotides that encode such portions. Alternatively, a therapeutic composition may comprise an antigen presenting cell that expresses such an antigen, or a T cell that is specific for cells expressing such an antigen. Such compositions may be used, for example, for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as ovarian and endometrial cancer. Diagnostic methods based on detecting an ovarian carcinoma protein, or mRNA encoding such an antigen, in a sample are also provided. Excerpt(s): This application is related to U.S. Provisional Applications 60/190,710, filed Mar. 21, 2000; 60/213,748, filed Jun. 22, 2000; and 60/257,276, filed Dec. 19, 2000, all incorporated in their entirety herein by reference. The present invention relates generally to therapy and diagnosis of cancer, such as ovarian or endometrial cancer. The invention is more specifically related to polypeptides comprising at least a portion of an ovarian carcinoma protein, and to polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides. Such polypeptides and polynucleotides may be used in vaccines and pharmaceutical compositions for prevention and treatment of cancers such as ovarian and endometrial cancer, and for the diagnosis and monitoring of such cancers. Ovarian cancer is a significant health problem for women in the United States and throughout the world. Although advances have been made in detection and therapy of this cancer, no vaccine or other universally successful method for prevention or treatment is currently available. Management of the disease currently relies on a combination of early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, which may include one or more of a variety of treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. The course of treatment for a particular cancer is often selected based on a variety of prognostic parameters, including an analysis of specific tumor markers. However, the use of established markers often leads to a result that is difficult to interpret, and high mortality continues to be observed in many cancer patients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and apparatus for delivery of genes, enzymes and biological agents to tissue cells Inventor(s): Desai, Ashvin H.; (San Jose, CA) Correspondence: Pillsbury Winthrop Llp; 2550 Hanover Street; Palo Alto; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20030073908 Date filed: October 4, 2002 Abstract: A method and apparatus for delivery of genes, enzymes and biological agents to tissue cells, including a method and apparatus wherein treatment fluids, including genes, enzymes and biological agents, are injected into a target area of a body providing selective attachment to the specific target cells without affecting normal tissue cells. The method is used to treat prostate cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, bladder cancer, stomach, lung, colon, and brain cancer, etc. A hollow core needle is inserted into a body, the needle being visually guided by a selected imaging technique. A first embodiment utilizes an endoscopic instrument, wherein a probe is inserted into the body, guided by the endoscope to the vicinity of the target area. The hollow core needle is guided to the vicinity by a channel through the probe. A needle adjustment apparatus is used to extend or retract the needle and adjust needle tip orientation toward a target area. The endoscope provides a view to an operator for adjustment of the apparatus to extend the tip of the needle into and through tissue, interstitially, to a target area for deposit of the specific treatment fluid. A non-invasive imaging technique is used either alone, or in

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addition to the endoscope, to give an operator a view of the needle for guiding the needle tip to the precise target area. Typical non-invasive techniques include CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, etc. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-in-Part of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/105,896 filed Jun. 26, 1998. The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for injecting treatment fluid into a body, and more particularly to a method for interstitially injecting treatment fluid including genes, enzymes, biological agents, etc., using a needle, guided to a target tissue of any body organ through use of minimally invasive endoscopic instruments or non-invasive imaging techniques. A variety of treatment fluids are currently known to be of benefit in treating illness in particular body parts. For example, there are a number of tumor suppressor genes, viral vectors, markers, vaccines, enzymes, proteins and biological agents that can be used for gene therapy and cancer treatment. The current method of delivery of these substances is to inject them into the blood stream through use of a conventional needle and syringe. The result is that the substance is carried by the blood to every part of the body. In many cases, it would be advantageous to be able to treat only a particular organ, or part of an organ. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods of treatment of uterine pathological conditions Inventor(s): Jabbour, Henry Nicolas; (Edinburgh, GB) Correspondence: Michael L. Goldman; Nixon Peabody Llp; Clinton Square; P.O. Box 31051; Rochester; NY; 14603-1051; US Patent Application Number: 20030100591 Date filed: October 8, 2002 Abstract: A method of treating or preventing a pathological condition of the uterus in an individual the method comprising administering to the individual any one or more of an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inhibitor of prostaglandin E synthase (PGES), or an EP2 or EP4 receptor antagonist. Typically, the pathological condition is uterine cancer, fibroids or endometriosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of treatment, and in particular methods of treating uterine pathological conditions. Pathological conditions of the uterus represent a serious health problem in women, particularly women of the Western world. Such pathological conditions include uterine carcinoma, and endometrial or myometrial pathological conditions such as endometriosis (endometrial) and fibroids (myometrial). Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, also called prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, (PGHS), catalyse the rate limiting step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H.sub.2 (PGH.sub.2). In turn PGH.sub.2 serves as a substrate for specific prostaglandin synthase enzymes that synthesise the natural prostaglandins. These are named according to the prostaglandin they produce such that prostaglandin D.sub.2 is synthesised by prostaglandin-D-synthase, prostaglandin E.sub.2 (PGE.sub.2) by prostaglandin-E-synthase (PGES) and prostaglandin F.sub.2.alpha. by prostaglandin-Fsynthase. To-date, there are two identified isoforms of the COX enzyme, COX-1 and COX-2 (DeWitt, 1991). COX-1 is constitutively expressed in many tissues and cell types and generates prostaglandins for normal physiological function (Herschman, 1996). By contrast, the expression of COX-2 is rapidly induced following stimulation of quiescent cells by growth factors, oncogenes, carcinogens and tumour-promoting phorbol esters

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(Herschman, 1996; Subbaramaiah et al., 1996). In addition, two isoforms of PGES have been isolated; a microsomal glutathione-dependent inducible PGES (mPGES) and a constitutive cytosolic glutathione dependent PGES (Jakobsson et al., 1999; Tanioka et al., 2000). In vitro studies support the idea that COX-2 and possibly PGE.sub.2 are involved in neoplastic transformation of certain epithelial cells and subsequently carcinogenesis. Over-expression of COX-2 and PGE.sub.2 synthesis in rat intestinal epithelial cells increases their proliferation rate, resistance to apoptosis, and their invasiveness by suppressing the transcription of target genes that may be involved in cellular growth/transformation and adhesion (Tsujii & DuBois, 1995), In addition, it has been proposed recently that COX-2 and PGE.sub.2 promote cancer development and invasiveness by mediating the transcription of angiogenic factors that induce both migration of endothelial cells and their arrangement into tubular structures (Tsujii et al., 1998; Jones et al., 1999b). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Modulators of antiestrogen pharmacology Inventor(s): Montano, Monica; (Shaker Heights, OH), Sutton, Amelia; (Cleveland Heights, OH) Correspondence: Calfee Halter & Griswold, Llp; 800 Superior Avenue; Suite 1400; Cleveland; OH; 44114; US Patent Application Number: 20020086361 Date filed: October 5, 2001 Abstract: A protein, designated ERCoA3 is provided. The ERCoA3 protein interacts with the estrogen receptor and the progesterone receptor and causes activation of these receptors is provided. Also provided are polynucleotides which encode ERCoA3 or block translation of the mRNA which encodes ERCoA3. Antibiodies that bind to one or more epitopes in the human ERCoA3 protein are provided. The present invention also relates to methods of inhibiting or reducing tamoxifen or estrogen induced proliferation of cancer cells, particularly breast cancer cells, endometrial cancer cells and uterine cancer cells. The method comprises reducing the activity or levels of ERCoA3 in such. Excerpt(s): This invention claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No.: 60/238,190, filed Oct. 5, 2000. Estrogens are steroid hormones that are essential for normal sexual development and functioning of female reproductive organs. Estrogens are also important for growth, differentiation, and functioning of the testis, epididymis and prostate in males. Estrogens also have important non-reproductive effects on bones and the heart. Estrogens comprise a group of natural and synthetic substances. Natural estrogens include estradiol (i.e., 17-.beta.-estradiol or E2), estrone and estriol. Estrogens are sometimes given therapeutically in the form of a conjugate, such as for example, ethinyl estradiol, conjugated estrogens or diethylstilbestrol. Tissues in the body that are responsive to estrogens are called "estrogen-sensitive" or "estrogen-responsive" tissues and include cells of the urogenital tract, cardiovascular system and skeletal system. The cells that comprise estrogen-sensitive tissues contain estrogen receptors (ER). ER can be of the.alpha. type or.beta. type. Estrogens enter cells and bind to ER in the cytoplasm of such cells and an estrogen-ER complex is formed. Herein, a molecule such as estrogen that binds to a receptor is generally called a "ligand." Herein, a receptor such as ER that has formed a complex with a ligand is called a "liganded" receptor. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Novel dihydronaphthalene compounds and processes of producing the same Inventor(s): Hartmann, Rolf Wolfgang; (Saarbrucken, DE), Ikeda, Yoshikazu; (Tochigiken, JP), Nakakoshi, Masamichi; (Utsunomiya-shi, JP), Nomoto, Shin; (Tochigi-ken, JP), Wachall, Bertil; (Ingbert, DE), Yoshihama, Makoto; (Utsunomiya-shi, JP) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 620 Newport Center Drive; Sixteenth Floor; Newport Beach; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020032211 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: Dihydronaphthalene compounds have excellent 17.alpha.hydroxylase/C.sub.17- -20-lyase inhibiting activity, thromboxan A.sub.2 synthesis inhibiting activity, and aromatase inhibiting activity and are thereby are useful as preventive and/or therapeutic agents for various male sex hormone- and female sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, uterine cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer, as well as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and bronchial asthma. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel dihydronaphthalene compounds and processes for their preparation. The compounds of the present invention have excellent 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20-lyase inhibiting activity, thromboxane A.sub.2 synthesis inhibiting activity, and aromatase inhibiting activity, and are thereby useful as preventive and/or therapeutic agents for various male sex hormone- and female sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer, as well as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and bronchial asthma. As to the biosyntheses of sex steroids, which express various actions in the body, it is known that C.sub.21 steroids, such as progesterone, are synthesized from cholesterol; further, male sex hormones such as androstenedione and testosterone, which are C.sub.19 steroids, are synthesized by 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20-lyase, and using these steroids as substrates, female sex hormones such as estrone and estradiol, which are C.sub.18 steroids, are synthesized. Therefore, syntheses of male sex hormones and/or female sex hormones in the body can be suppressed by inhibiting these sex steroid synthesizing enzymes, i.e., 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20lyase or aromatases, which enables the prevention or treatment of diseases in which male sex hormones or female sex hormones act as exacerbating factors, such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer. Various findings have already shown that male sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer and prostatomegaly can be treated by reducing male sex hormone levels in the blood. The therapeutic efficacy of reducing the level of male sex hormones by orchiectomy or adrenalectomy has been known for some times, and more recently, the efficacy of reducing the level of male sex hormones derived from gonads by the administration of an LH-RH (a pituitary hormone) agonist, has been recognized. However, the abovementioned surgical removal of organs is psychologically difficult to accept, and as well causes side effects and other disorders due to the reduction of mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids derived from the adrenal gland. Meanwhile, administration of the LH-RH agonist will inhibit syntheses of hormones derived from gonads only, but not from other organs such as adreahal gland, and even causes a temporary hormone increase known as a flare up phenomenon which is unique to agonists. On the other hand, an anti-male hormone

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agent to antagonize the male hormone receptor has been developed, but recently, its efficacy has been found to be diminished because of changes in the male sex hormone receptor. Against this background, a more effective male sex hormone reducing agent is desirable. In this connection, inhibition of 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20lyase is known to reduce the levels of male sex hormones to a high degree and can be expected to be highly effective in treating male sex hormone-related diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, and masculinization. Furthermore, inhibition of 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20-lyase also results in the suppression of female sex hormone syntheses. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Selective androgen receptor modulators and methods of use thereof Inventor(s): Dalton, James T.; (Columbus, OH), He, Yali; (Florence, SC), Miller, Duane D.; (Germantown, TN), Yin, Donghua; (St. Louis, MO) Correspondence: Eitan, Pearl, Latzer & Cohen Zedek Llp; 10 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 1001; New York; NY; 10020; US Patent Application Number: 20030225040 Date filed: October 16, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides a class of androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA). The agents define a new subclass of compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM). Several of the SARM compounds have been found to have an unexpected androgenic and anabolic activity of a nonsteroidal ligand for the androgen receptor. Other SARM compounds have been found to have an unexpected antiandrogenic activity of a nonsteroidal ligand for the androgen receptor. The SARM compounds, either alone or as a composition, are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM), such as fatigue, depression, decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, anemia, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, benign prostate hyperplasia, alterations in mood and cognition and prostate cancer; c) treatment of conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Female (ADIF), such as sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual libido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer; d) treatment and/or prevention of acute and/or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and/or treating dry eye conditions; f) oral androgen replacement therapy; and/or g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer. Excerpt(s): This Application is a Continuation-in-Part Application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/935,044, filed Aug. 23, 2001 and of U.S. Ser. No. 09/935,045, filed Aug. 23, 2001, which are Continuation-in-Part Applications of U.S. Ser. No. 09/644,970 filed Aug. 24, 2000; and claims priority of U.S. Ser. No. 60/300,083, filed Jun 25, 2001, which are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to a novel class of androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA), which demonstrate androgenic and anabolic activity of a nonsteroidal ligand for the androgen receptor. The agents define a new subclass of compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM); c) treatment of conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Female (ADIF); d) treatment and/or

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prevention of acute and/or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and/or treating dry eye conditions; f) oral androgen replacement therapy; and/or g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer. The androgen receptor ("AR") is a ligand-activated transcriptional regulatory protein that mediates induction of male sexual development and function through its activity with endogenous androgens. Androgens are generally known as the male sex hormones. The androgenic hormones are steroids which are produced in the body by the testes and the cortex of the adrenal gland or can be synthesized in the laboratory. Androgenic steroids play an important role in many physiologic processes, including the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics such as muscle and bone mass, prostate growth, spermatogenesis, and the male hair pattern (Matsumoto, Endocrinol. Met. Clin. N. Am. 23:857-75 (1994)). The endogenous steroidal androgens include testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ("DHT"). Testosterone is the principal steroid secreted by the testes and is the primary circulating androgen found in the plasma of males. Testosterone is converted to DHT by the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase in many peripheral tissues. DHT is thus thought to serve as the intracellular mediator for most androgen actions (Zhou, et al., Molec. Endocrinol. 9:208-18 (1995)). Other steroidal androgens include esters of testosterone, such as the cypionate, propionate, phenylpropionate, cyclopentylpropionate, isocarporate, enanthate, and decanoate esters, and other synthetic androgens such as 7-Methyl-Nortestosterone ("MENT`) and its acetate ester (Sundaram et al., "7 Alpha-Methyl-Nortestosterone(MENT): The Optimal Androgen For Male Contraception," Aim. Med., 25:199-205 (1993) ("Sundaram")). Because the AR is involved in male sexual development and function, the AR is a likely target for effecting male contraception or other forms of hormone replacement therapy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Thienopyridine compounds, their production and use Inventor(s): Choh, Nobuo; (Ibaraki, JP), Furuya, Shuichi; (Ibaraki, JP), Imada, Takashi; (Ibaraki, JP), Suzuki, Nobuhiro; (Ibaraki, JP) Correspondence: Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc; Intellectual Property Department; 475 Half Day Road; Suite 500; Lincolnshire; IL; 60069; US Patent Application Number: 20010001104 Date filed: December 14, 2000 Abstract: The compound of the present invention possesses excellent gonadotropinreleasing hormone antagonizing activity, and is useful for preventing or treating sex hormone-dependent diseases, e.g., sex hormone-dependent cancers (e.g., prostatic cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, pituitary tumor), prostatic hypertrophy, hysteromyoma, endometriosis, precocious puberty, amenorrhea syndrome, multilocular ovary syndrome, pimples etc, or as a pregnancy regulator (e.g., contraceptive), infertility remedy or menstruation regulator. Excerpt(s): 1. The present invention relates to thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives exhibiting gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonizing activity, their production and use. 2. The secretion of hypophysial anterior lobe hormone is regulated by the peripheral hormone secreted by each target organ and the secretion-promoting or secretion-suppressing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus, which is the center superior to the hypophysial anterior lobe, and this group of hormones hereinafter generically referred to as hypothalamic hormone in this specification. To date, nine hypothalamic hormones have been identified, for example, thyroid-stimulating

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hormone-releasing hormone (TRH), and gonadotropin releasing hormone [GnRH, also known as luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH)], etc. It is conjectured that these hypothalamic hormones exhibit their hormone actions etc. via receptors assumed to be present in the hypophysial anterior lobe, and analyses of receptor genes specific to these hormones, including humans, are ongoing. Antagonists or agonists that act specifically and selectively on these receptors would therefore regulate the action of hypothalamic hormones and hence regulate the secretion of hypophysial anterior lobe hormone. As a result, such antagonists or agonists are expected to prevent or treat diseases depending on these hypophysial anterior lobe hormone. 3. Known compounds possessing GnRH-antagonizing activity include GnRH-derived linear peptides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,140,009 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,835), a cyclic hexapeptide derivative (JP-A-61191698), a bicyclic peptide derivative [Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 36, pp. 32653273 (1993)], and so forth. Non-peptide compounds possessing GnRH-antagonizing activity include compounds described in WO 95/28405, WO 97/14697, WO 97/14682, WO 97/41126 and so forth. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with uterine cancer, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on uterine cancer. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning uterine cancer. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON UTERINE CANCER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to uterine cancer. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on uterine cancer include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on uterine cancer: •

Evaluating women's health messages: A resource book Source: Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 1996. 445 pp. Contact: Available from Sage Publications, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 913202218. Telephone: (805) 499-9774 / fax: (805) 499-0871 / e- mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.sagepub.com. $90, hardcover; $46 paperback. Summary: This book examines medical, social scientific, and public messages about women's health care. Consistencies and inconsistencies are identified and gaps in the research and general understanding are highlighted. The book is divided into the following six sections in relation to agendas and women's reproductive health: political agendas, historical issues, fetal and maternal health approach, campaign perspectives, social support framework, and contemporary priorities. The section on political agendas examines abortion and illicit drug use by pregnant women. The section on historical issues reviews birth control and childbirth. The fetal and maternal health section

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examines women and smoking, and women and alcohol use. The section devoted to campaign perspectives looks at prenatal care, and cervical, ovarian and uterine cancers. The social support section considers research associated with breast cancer, menstruation and menopause. The final section evaluates reproductive health in terms of women and reproductive technologies, hysterectomy, and HIV/AIDS. Notes and references are included at the end of each chapter.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “uterine cancer” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “uterine cancer” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “uterine cancer” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

21st Century Complete Medical Guide to Uterine Cancer (Endometrial Cancer, Cancer of the Uterus) - Authoritative Government Documents and Clinical References for Patients and Physicians with Practical Information on Diagnosis and Treatment Options by PM Medical Health News; ISBN: 1592480039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592480039/icongroupinterna

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Color Atlas of Uterine Cancer Cytology (Swiss Cancer Society Series) by Shu (Editor), Ikle (Editor); ISBN: 9627140015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9627140015/icongroupinterna

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Color Atlas of Uterine Cancer Scytology by Shu (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0070572127; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070572127/icongroupinterna

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Endometrial Cancer (Cancer Treatment and Research) by Earl A. Surwit, David S. Alberts (Editor); ISBN: 0792302869; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792302869/icongroupinterna

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Oral, Breast, and Uterine Cancer (Soviet Medical Reviews Series, Section F) by N.N. Blokhin, N.N. Trapeznikov (1989); ISBN: 3718649128; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3718649128/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 11 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed

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Beneficial effects of acute concurrent infection, inflammation, fever, or immunotherapy (bacterial toxins) on ovarian and uterine cancer Author: Nauts, Helen C. (Helen Coley); Year: 1977; New York:

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Cancer sourcebook for women: basic consumer health information about gynecologic cancers and related concerns: including cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, gestational trophoblastic tumor, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, breast cancer, and common non-cancerous uterine conditions: with facts about cancer risk factors, screening and prevention, treatment options, and reports on current research initiatives: alone with a glossary of cancer terms and a directory of resources for additional help and information Author: Bellenir, Karen.; Year: 2002; Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, c2002; ISBN: 0780802268 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802268/icongroupinterna

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Diagnosis of uterine cancer by the vaginal smear [by] George N. Papanicolaou and Herbert F. Traut. Author: Papanicolaou, George N.,; Year: 1943; New York, Commonwealth Fund, 1943

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Health education in cancer control; proceedings of the Seminar on Health Education in Uterine Cancer Programs, May 7-12, 1967. [Editors: Robert A. Bowman and Patricia A Saunders]. Author: Seminar on Health Education in Uterine Cancer Programs, University of Michigan, 1967.; Year: 1967; Ann Arbor, Mich., Univ. of Michigan, School of Public Health [1967]

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Heredity in uterine cancer. Author: Murphy, Douglas Power,; Year: 1952; Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press, 1952

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Hormonal biology of endometrial cancer Author: Richardson, G. S. (George S.); Year: 1958; Geneva: International Union Against; ISBN: 9290180420 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9290180420/icongroupinterna

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Uterine and endometrial cancer Author: Fuller, Arlan J.; Year: 1971; Hamilton, Ont.: London: B C Decker, 2003; ISBN: 1550091638 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1550091638/icongroupinterna

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We can conquer uterine cancer. Author: Ogg, Elizabeth.; Year: 1958; New York, Public Affairs Committee, c1969]

Chapters on Uterine Cancer In order to find chapters that specifically relate to uterine cancer, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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to book chapters and uterine cancer using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON UTERINE CANCER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on uterine cancer. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Uterine Cancer The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in uterine cancer (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on uterine cancer: •

Early detection of uterine cancer [videorecording] Source: University of California San Francisco, Continuing Education in Health Sciences, with the co-producing medical institutions of northern California; Year: 1967; Format: Videorecording; [San Francisco: The University: for loan by Univ. of California, San Francisco, Educational TV Division, 1967]

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Endometrial cancer [videorecording] Source: [presented by] the Emory Medical Television Network and the Emory University School of Medicine; Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; [Atlanta, Ga.]: The Network, c1990

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Hysterectomy for uterine cancer [filmstrip] Source: Concept Media; Year: 1972; Format: Filmstrip; [Costa Mesa, Calif.]: Concept Media, c1972

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Surgical staging of cervical and endometrial cancer [videorecording] Source: American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists; produced by DG, Davis & Geck; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; Danbury, Conn.: American Cyanamid, 1983

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON UTERINE CANCER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover uterine cancer.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on uterine cancer is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to uterine cancer. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “uterine cancer” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for uterine cancer: •

Stomach and uterine cancer risk higher in diabetes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 04, 2003

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Excess risk of stomach, uterine cancer seen in type 1 diabetics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 04, 2003

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Fertility-sparing therapy acceptable for young women with low grade uterine cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 30, 2003

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CA 125 useful in predicting advanced-stage uterine cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 29, 2003

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Gene pattern predicts uterine cancer relapse risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 05, 2002

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Experimental test shows promise for detecting ovarian, endometrial cancers Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 07, 2002

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Test for ovarian, uterine cancers promising Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 06, 2002

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Mutation linked to uterine cancer is common Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 04, 2001

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Tamoxifen use tied to poor endometrial cancer prognosis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 08, 2000

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Tamoxifen Linked To Uterine Cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 27, 1998

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Soy, Fiber Diet Cuts Endometrial Cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 15, 1997

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Guidelines For Reducing Uterine Cancer Risk Associated With HRT Use Released Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 06, 1997

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Hormones Boost Uterine Cancer Risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 19, 1997

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Hormone Increases Endometrial Cancer Risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 21, 1996

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Pulmonary Metastases From Uterine Cancer: The Natural History Defined Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 05, 1996

Periodicals and News

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “uterine cancer” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to uterine cancer, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “uterine cancer” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Uterine Cancer Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to uterine cancer. In addition to

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these sources, you can search for articles covering uterine cancer that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 60533 314 970 8 1 61826

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

20 Adapted 21

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on uterine cancer can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to uterine cancer. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to uterine cancer. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “uterine cancer”:

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•

Guides on uterine cancer Uterine Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinecancer.html

•

Other guides Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html Cervical Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervicalcancer.html Ovarian Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ovariancancer.html Prostate Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatecancer.html Uterine Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinediseases.html Uterine Fibroids http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinefibroids.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to uterine cancer, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews JAMA Patient Page: Endometrial Cancer Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZM02GOQ6D &sub_cat=9 Uterine Cancer Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00306 What Is Endometrial Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_is_endometrial_ca ncer.asp?sitearea=&level= What Is Uterine Sarcoma? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_is_uterine_sarcoma _63.asp?sitearea=cri

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms How Is Endometrial Cancer Diagnosed? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_how_is_endometrial_can cer_diagnosed.asp

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How Is Endometrial Cancer Staged? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_how_is_endometrial_can cer_staged.asp?sitearea=cri How Is Uterine Sarcoma Diagnosed? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_how_is_uterine_sarcoma _diagnosed_63.asp?sitearea=cri How Is Uterine Sarcoma Staged? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_how_is_uterine_sarcoma _staged_63.asp?sitearea=&level= Menstrual Cycle Problems: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/538.xml Ultrasound-Pelvis Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/ultrasound-pelvis.htm •

Treatment Dilation and Curettage http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/dilationandcurettageloader.html Endometrial Cancer (PDQ): Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/endometrial/patient/ Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors (PDQ): Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/gestationaltrophoblastic/patie nt/ How Are Uterine Sarcomas Treated? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_how_is_uterine_sarcoma _treated_63.asp?sitearea=cri Radiation Therapy for Uterine Cancer Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_radiation_therapy_11.asp ?sitearea=cri Surgery for Endometrial Cancer Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_surgery_11.asp?sitearea= cri Treatment Options by Stage Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_treatment_options_by_st age_11.asp?sitearea=cri

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Uterine Sarcoma (PDQ): Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/uterinesarcoma/patient/ •

Coping Active Coping Helps Gynecologic Cancer Patients' Quality of Life: Lowers Anxiety, Depression, and Confusion Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_2_1x_Active_Coping_Helps _Gynecologic_Cancer_Patients_Quality_of_Life.asp Female Sexuality After Cancer: What You and Your Partner Need to Know Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00071 Where to Seek Professional Help: Sexuality and Cancer Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/mit/content/mit_7_2x_where_to_seek_professio nal_help_women.asp

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Tamoxifen and Endometrial Cancer Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZN785Z1IC& sub_cat=92 What Should You Ask Your Doctor about Endometrial Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_5x_what_should_you_ask_y our_doctor_about_endometrial_cancer.asp?sitearea=&level= What Should You Ask Your Doctor about Uterine Sarcoma? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_5x_what_should_you_ask_y our_physician_about_uterine_sarcoma_63.asp?sitearea=cri What Will Happen After Treatment for Endometrial Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_5x_what_happens_after_trea tment_11.asp?sitearea=&level=

•

From the National Institutes of Health What You Need to Know about Cancer of the Uterus Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/wyntk/uterus

•

Latest News Stomach and Uterine Cancer Risk Higher in Diabetes Source: 12/04/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14978 .html

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Organizations American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/ National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/ National Women's Health Information Center Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.4woman.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening Can Uterine Sarcoma Be Found Early? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_can_uterine_sarcoma_be _found_early_63.asp?sitearea=cri Endometrial Cancer (PDQ): Prevention Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/prevention/endometrial/patient/ Endometrial Cancer (PDQ): Screening Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/screening/endometrial/patient/ Uterine Cancer Questionnaire Source: Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention http://www.yourcancerrisk.harvard.edu/hccpquiz.pl?func=d_start&cancer_list=U terine What Are the Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_what_are_the_risk_factor s_for_endometrial_cancer.asp?sitearea=cri What Are the Risk Factors for Uterine Sarcoma? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_what_are_the_risk_factor s_for_uterine_sarcoma_63.asp?sitearea=ped

•

Research What's New in Endometrial Cancer Research and Treatment? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_6x_whats_new_in_endometr ial_cancer_research_and_treatment.asp

•

Statistics What Are the Key Statistics for Endometrial Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_are_the_key_statist ics_for_endometrial_cancer.asp?sitearea=cri

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What Are the Key Statistics for Uterine Sarcoma? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_are_the_key_statist ics_for_uterine_sarcoma_63.asp?sitearea=cri You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “uterine cancer” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

American Cancer Society guidelines on testing for early endometrial cancer detectionupdate 2001. In: American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer Source: American Cancer Society - Disease Specific Society; 2001; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2749&nbr=1975&a mp;string=uterine+AND+cancer Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

What You Need To Know About™ Cancer of the Uterus Summary: Patient information about uterine cancer, including detection/screening, staging, treatment options, treatment side effects and research. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4193 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to uterine cancer. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively

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rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to uterine cancer. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with uterine cancer. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about uterine cancer. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “uterine cancer” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “uterine cancer”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “uterine cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “uterine cancer” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

117

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on uterine cancer: •

Basic Guidelines for Uterine Cancer Endometrial cancer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000910.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Uterine Cancer Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Abnormal menstrual periods Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003263.htm Abnormal uterine bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm Obesity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003101.htm

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Spotting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm Vaginal bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Uterine Cancer Endometrial biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003917.htm Pap smear Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003911.htm

•

Surgery and Procedures for Uterine Cancer Abdominal hysterectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002915.htm Dand C Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002914.htm Hysterectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002915.htm Vaginal hysterectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002915.htm

•

Background Topics for Uterine Cancer Aspiration Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002216.htm Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Cancer - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002166.htm Cervix Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002317.htm Chemotherapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002324.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm

Online Glossaries 119

Epithelial Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002363.htm Radiation therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001918.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

121

UTERINE CANCER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acridine Orange: Cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association

122 Uterine Cancer

constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH]

Dictionary 123

Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Androstenedione: A steroid with androgenic properties that is produced in the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex. It is a precursor to testosterone and other androgenic hormones. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody therapy: Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the

124 Uterine Cancer

antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon nonmultiplying cells. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced

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by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH]

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Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

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Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboplatin: An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Carcinoma in Situ: A malignant tumor that has not yet invaded the basement membrane of the epithelial cell of origin and has not spread to other tissues. [NIH] Carcinostatic: Pertaining to slowing or stopping the growth of cancer. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU]

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Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoembolization: A procedure in which the blood supply to the tumor is blocked surgically or mechanically, and anticancer drugs are administered directly into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of drug to be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially

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the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Choriocarcinoma: A malignant tumor of trophoblastic epithelium characterized by secretion of large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin. It usually originates from chorionic products of conception (i.e., hydatidiform mole, normal pregnancy, or following abortion), but can originate in a teratoma of the testis, mediastinum, or pineal gland. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Aberrations: Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup

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characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon Polyps: Small, fleshy, mushroom-shaped growths in the colon. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colposcope: A lighted magnifying instrument used for examination of the vagina and cervix. [NIH] Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Comedo: A plug of keratin and sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle, frequently containing the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus albus, and Pityrosporon ovale; called also blackhead. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]

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Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a

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congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Croton Oil: Viscous, nauseating oil obtained from the shrub Croton tiglium (Euphorbaceae). It is a vesicant and skin irritant used as pharmacologic standard for skin inflammation and allergy and causes skin cancer. It was formerly used as an emetic and cathartic with frequent mortality. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]

Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which

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contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the

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enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Deoxyguanosine: A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. [NIH]

Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diethylstilbestrol: DES. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]

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Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Ductal carcinoma in situ: DCIS. Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called intraductal carcinoma. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Enanthate: An oily injectable contraceptive given every 8 weeks. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

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Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometrial disorder: Abnormal cell growth in the endometrium (the lining of the uterus). [NIH]

Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers:

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1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial ovarian cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Equilin: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)7-tetraen-17-one. A naturally occurring steroid with estrogenic activity obtained from the urine of pregnant mares. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estriol: (16 alpha,17 beta)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol. A metabolite of estradiol and usually the predominant estrogenic metabolite in urine. During pregnancy, large amounts of estriol are produced by the placenta. It has also been obtained from plant sources. The 16 beta-isomer has also been isolated from the urine of pregnant women. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Estrogen Receptor Modulators: Substances that possess antiestrogenic actions but can also produce estrogenic effects as well. They act as complete or partial agonist or as antagonist. They can be either steroidal or nonsteroidal in structure. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]

Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic estrogen with high oral estrogenic potency. It is often

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used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Fallopian Tubes: Two long muscular tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They extend from the horn of the uterus to the ovaries and consist of an ampulla, an infundibulum, an isthmus, two ostia, and a pars uterina. The walls of the tubes are composed of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serosal. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH]

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Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluoridation: The addition of fluorine usually as a fluoride to something, as the adding of a fluoride to drinking water or public water supplies for prevention of tooth decay in children. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Foetoplacental: Pertaining to the fetus and placenta. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicular Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fornix: A bundle of nerves connected to the hippocampus. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH]

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Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic disease: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic tumor, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic tumor, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic tumor: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucokinase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to

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ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2. [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropic: Stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the anterior pituitary which influence the gonads. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Gynecologic cancer: Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH]

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Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hexokinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and a D-hexose to ADP and a D-hexose 6-phosphate. D-Glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sorbitol, and D-glucosamine can act as acceptors; ITP and dATP can act as donors. The liver isoenzyme has sometimes been called glucokinase. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.1. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormonal therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called hormone therapy or endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydatidiform Mole: A trophoblastic disease characterized by hydrops of the mesenchymal portion of the villus. Its karyotype is paternal and usually homozygotic. The tumor is indistinguishable from chorioadenoma destruens or invasive mole ( = hydatidiform mole, invasive) except by karyotype. There is no apparent relation by karyotype to choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform refers to the presence of the hydropic state of some or all of the villi (Greek hydatis, a drop of water). [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH]

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Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypophysis: A remnant of the entodermal pouch of Rathke beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx, which shows pituitary tissue. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamic Hormones: Hormones isolated from the hypothalamus which exercise control over other organs, primarily the pituitary gland. Well-known members include certain pituitary hormone-releasing hormones and pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones. Vasopressin and oxytocin which are found in the posterior pituitary may also be secreted by the hypothalamus but are not grouped here (pituitary hormones, posterior). [NIH]

Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH]

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Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH]

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Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of interferon gamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper cells. It is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interphase: The interval between two successive cell divisions during which the chromosomes are not individually distinguishable and DNA replication occurs. [NIH]

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Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraductal carcinoma: Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called ductal carcinoma in situ. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irinotecan: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of anticancer drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue. Also called CPT 11. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU]

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Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together

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from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Lithotomy: A position in which the patient lies on his back with legs flexed and his thighs on his abdomen and abducted. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the liver. [NIH]

Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lobular carcinoma in situ: LCIS. Abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast. This condition seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having lobular carcinoma in situ increases one's risk of developing breast cancer in either breast. [NIH] Local therapy: Treatment that affects cells in the tumor and the area close to it. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lung metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the lung. [NIH]

Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

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Lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. Also called lymph node dissection. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphosarcoma: An obsolete term for a malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Lymphoscintigraphy: A method used to identify the sentinel node (the first draining lymph node near a tumor). A radioactive substance that can be taken up by lymph nodes is injected at the site of the tumor, and a doctor follows the movement of this substance on a computer screen. Once the lymph nodes that have taken up the substance are identified, they can be removed and examined to see if they contain tumor cells. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen

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with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH]

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Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitotic inhibitors: Drugs that kill cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitostis). [NIH]

Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molar pregnancy: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, gestational trophoblastic tumor, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or

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glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myometrium: The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by

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slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Non-small cell lung cancer: A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleolus Organizer Region: The chromosome region which is active in nucleolus formation and which functions in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]

Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Oophorectomy: Surgery to remove one or both ovaries. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each

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half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Ovarian epithelial cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxaliplatin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the

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former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paraneoplastic syndrome: A group of symptoms that may develop when substances released by some cancer cells disrupt the normal function of surrounding cells and tissue. [NIH]

Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] PDQ: Physician Data Query. PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the CancerNet Web site, and more specific information about PDQ can be found at http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/pdq.html. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from bleomycin. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of

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proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perimenopausal: The time of a woman's life when menstrual periods become irregular. Refers to the time near menopause. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH]

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Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Phorbol Esters: Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from croton oil (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C. [NIH] Phosphoglucomutase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2. [NIH] Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction 6-phospho-D-gluconate and NADP+ to yield D-ribulose 5-phosphate, carbon dioxide, and NADPH. The reaction is a step in the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.1.1.43. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormones: Polypeptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus which inhibit the release of pituitary hormones. Used for PHRIH in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH] Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones: Hormones released by one structure (e.g., the hypothalamus or the thyroid gland) that effect the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Pituitary Hormones: Hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and the pars intermedia, an ill-defined region between the two. Their secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH]

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Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Platinum Compounds: Inorganic compounds which contain platinum as the central atom. [NIH]

Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Ploidy: The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. For example, haploid means one set and diploid means two sets. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH]

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Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is

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PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins F: (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other

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aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the

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waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Raloxifene: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regional cancer: Refers to cancer that has grown beyond the original (primary) tumor to nearby lymph nodes or organs and tissues. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a

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straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions. [NIH]

Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salpingo-oophorectomy: Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH]

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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects

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many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Sciences: Disciplines concerned with the interrelationships of individuals in a social environment including social organizations and institutions. Includes Sociology and Anthropology. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH]

166 Uterine Cancer

Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions

Dictionary 167

of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfoglycosphingolipids: Glycosphingolipids with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups. [NIH] Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators

168 Uterine Cancer

of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell

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to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transverse Colon: The part of the colon that goes across the abdomen from right to left. [NIH]

Trastuzumab: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. Trastuzumab blocks the effects of the growth factor protein HER2, which transmits growth signals to breast cancer cells. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]

Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Smears: Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic

170 Uterine Cancer

examination. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation

Dictionary 171

therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

173

INDEX A Abdomen, 121, 126, 146, 148, 155, 156, 163, 166, 169 Abdominal, 48, 117, 118, 121, 155, 156, 163 Acceptor, 121, 148, 154 Acetylcholine, 121, 129 Acetylcysteine, 7, 121 Acridine Orange, 33, 121 Adenocarcinoma, 14, 18, 26, 29, 48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 59, 61, 70, 121, 153 Adjustment, 4, 77, 121 Adjuvant, 6, 121 Adjuvant Therapy, 6, 121 Adrenal Cortex, 121, 123, 137, 153, 159 Adrenal Medulla, 66, 121 Adverse Effect, 16, 75, 121, 124, 164 Affinity, 11, 12, 66, 71, 121, 122 Age of Onset, 122, 169 Aggressiveness, 71, 122 Agonist, 10, 68, 69, 71, 80, 122, 135, 137, 162, 167 Algorithms, 122, 126 Alkaline, 29, 122, 127 Alkaline Phosphatase, 29, 122 Alkaloid, 49, 122, 127 Alleles, 122, 148 Allergen, 122, 134 Alpha Particles, 122, 162 Alpha-helix, 122, 146 Alternative medicine, 93, 122 Amenorrhea, 82, 122 Amino Acid Sequence, 122, 123 Amino Acids, 122, 155, 158, 160, 163, 168 Ampulla, 122, 136, 138 Amyloid, 12, 122 Anabolic, 81, 123, 134 Anaesthesia, 123, 144 Anal, 24, 25, 39, 123, 136 Analog, 123, 139 Androgenic, 74, 81, 123 Androgens, 74, 82, 121, 123, 124 Androstenedione, 69, 74, 80, 123 Anemia, 81, 123 Angina, 68, 80, 123 Angina Pectoris, 68, 80, 123 Angiogenesis, 16, 123, 149 Animal model, 123, 169 Anions, 123, 146, 164

Antibiotic, 123, 124, 133, 135, 165 Antibodies, 72, 123, 137, 141, 142, 149, 151, 157, 162 Antibody, 32, 48, 59, 72, 122, 123, 130, 141, 144, 146, 150, 151, 162, 165, 169, 171 Antibody therapy, 59, 123 Antigen, 48, 69, 72, 77, 121, 123, 130, 137, 143, 144, 149 Anti-inflammatory, 124, 140 Antimetabolite, 124, 139 Antineoplastic, 124, 126, 127, 135, 139, 155, 158 Antioxidant, 124, 154 Antiviral, 121, 124 Aphidicolin, 23, 44, 124 Apolipoproteins, 124, 148 Apoptosis, 14, 49, 79, 124 Aqueous, 124, 125, 133 Arachidonic Acid, 78, 124, 147, 159 Aromatase, 68, 74, 80, 124 Aromatic, 124, 156 Arterial, 21, 35, 38, 44, 124, 129, 131, 140, 143, 160 Arteries, 10, 124, 126, 132, 148, 150, 152, 167 Arterioles, 124, 126, 152 Artifacts, 4, 124 Ascites, 12, 23, 44, 125 Assay, 25, 37, 72, 74, 125 Atrophy, 73, 125 B Bacteria, 123, 125, 130, 134, 150, 165, 169 Bacterial toxin, 87, 125 Base, 125, 133, 134, 146, 167 Basement Membrane, 45, 50, 125, 127, 138, 147 Basophils, 125, 141, 147 Benign, 68, 70, 81, 118, 125, 152, 162 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 68, 125 Benzene, 125, 146 Beta-pleated, 122, 125 Bilateral, 22, 48, 125 Bile, 125, 139, 148, 166 Biochemical, 14, 17, 66, 71, 74, 122, 124, 125, 139 Biological therapy, 125, 141 Bioluminescence, 25, 37, 125 Biomarkers, 3, 5, 15, 21, 49, 126

174 Uterine Cancer

Biopsy, 118, 126, 156 Biosynthesis, 67, 124, 126 Biotechnology, 18, 86, 93, 99, 126 Bladder, 77, 125, 126, 144, 160, 169 Blastocyst, 126, 131, 157 Bleomycin, 32, 126, 155 Blood Coagulation, 126, 127 Blood pressure, 126, 127, 140, 143, 151 Blood vessel, 16, 75, 123, 126, 127, 128, 131, 136, 146, 149, 150, 165, 166, 167, 170 Body Burden, 6, 126 Body Fluids, 126, 135, 169 Bone Marrow, 75, 125, 126, 143, 149, 151, 165, 166 Bowel, 123, 126, 134, 136, 146, 156, 166 Bowel Movement, 126, 134, 166 Brachytherapy, 26, 126, 145, 146, 162, 171 Branch, 115, 126, 133, 135, 149, 155, 161, 165, 167 Breakdown, 16, 127, 134, 140 Bronchi, 127, 149, 168 Bronchial, 35, 68, 80, 127, 160 C Calcium, 12, 127, 130, 149 Camptothecin, 127, 146 Carbohydrate, 127, 140, 141, 158 Carbon Dioxide, 127, 157 Carboplatin, 44, 48, 50, 51, 55, 57, 127 Carcinogen, 127, 137 Carcinogenesis, 7, 79, 127, 128 Carcinogenic, 125, 127, 145, 159, 166, 169 Carcinoma, 26, 56, 58, 60, 61, 75, 77, 78, 127, 148, 153 Carcinoma in Situ, 60, 127, 148 Carcinostatic, 71, 127 Cardiac, 127, 132, 152, 166 Cardiovascular, 10, 11, 59, 60, 67, 79, 127, 147 Cardiovascular disease, 10, 11, 60, 67, 127 Cardiovascular System, 79, 127 Case report, 21, 22, 44, 48, 127 Catalyse, 78, 127 Catecholamines, 121, 127, 135 Caudal, 127, 134, 143, 158 Causal, 128, 136 Cause of Death, 9, 128 Cecum, 128, 147 Cell Cycle, 37, 128, 129, 132, 138, 161 Cell Death, 124, 128, 138, 152 Cell Division, 125, 128, 133, 138, 141, 145, 151, 157 Cell membrane, 66, 128, 157

Cell proliferation, 14, 17, 68, 124, 128, 153 Cell Size, 128, 139 Cell Survival, 128, 141 Central Nervous System, 121, 125, 128, 140, 147 Centrifugation, 12, 128, 151 Cerebrovascular, 127, 128 Cervical, 5, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 39, 45, 62, 76, 86, 87, 89, 104, 128 Cervix, 23, 35, 44, 76, 118, 128, 130, 141 Character, 123, 128 Chemoembolization, 21, 44, 128 Chemopreventive, 6, 128 Chemotherapy, 32, 35, 36, 38, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 77, 118, 121, 128 Cholesterol, 3, 4, 68, 69, 80, 125, 128, 129, 132, 148, 162, 166, 167 Cholesterol Esters, 129, 148 Choline, 68, 129 Choriocarcinoma, 40, 129, 140, 142, 151 Chromatin, 23, 124, 129, 136, 153, 166 Chromosomal, 129, 163 Chromosome, 20, 23, 38, 44, 129, 141, 147, 148, 153, 163 Chromosome Aberrations, 23, 38, 44, 129 Chronic, 6, 7, 21, 75, 81, 82, 118, 129, 144, 161, 166 Chylomicrons, 129, 148 Cisplatin, 50, 55, 57, 129 Clear cell carcinoma, 56, 61, 129, 134 Clinical Medicine, 129, 159 Clinical trial, 5, 8, 55, 63, 71, 99, 129, 155, 160, 162 Cloning, 126, 129 Coenzyme, 129, 147 Cofactor, 129, 160 Cognition, 11, 81, 129 Cohort Studies, 129, 136 Collagen, 125, 130, 138, 139, 149 Collapse, 127, 130 Colloidal, 130, 164 Colon Polyps, 22, 130 Colonoscopy, 22, 130 Colorectal, 4, 10, 13, 130 Colorectal Cancer, 4, 130 Colposcope, 30, 130 Combination chemotherapy, 23, 48, 55, 56, 57, 130 Combination Therapy, 67, 130, 137 Comedo, 70, 130 Complement, 130, 131, 158

Index 175

Complementary and alternative medicine, 47, 54, 131 Complementary medicine, 47, 131 Complete remission, 44, 48, 131, 163 Computational Biology, 99, 131 Computer Simulation, 28, 131 Conception, 129, 131, 138, 140, 151, 166 Confounding, 6, 131 Conjugated, 11, 79, 131, 133 Connective Tissue, 126, 130, 131, 139, 140, 148, 150, 163 Consciousness, 131, 133, 134 Constriction, 131, 146, 163 Consumption, 47, 49, 131 Contraception, 73, 81, 131 Contraceptive, 66, 82, 131, 135 Contraindications, ii, 4, 131 Cor, 131, 140 Coronary, 10, 123, 127, 132, 150, 152 Coronary Circulation, 123, 132 Coronary heart disease, 127, 132 Coronary Thrombosis, 132, 150, 152 Corpus, 18, 20, 24, 35, 39, 132, 159, 167 Corpus Luteum, 132, 159 Cortex, 82, 132 Cortical, 12, 132 Corticosteroids, 132, 140 Cross-Sectional Studies, 132, 136 Croton Oil, 132, 157 Curative, 132, 167 Curettage, 27, 105, 132 Curette, 132 Cyclic, 35, 70, 83, 132, 160 Cyclin, 19, 132 Cysteine, 121, 132 Cytochrome, 6, 124, 132 Cytogenetics, 23, 133, 163 Cytokine, 15, 133, 145 Cytoplasm, 19, 79, 124, 125, 128, 133, 136, 141, 151, 153, 163 Cytostatic, 51, 133 Cytotoxic, 33, 133, 162 Cytotoxicity, 129, 133 D Data Collection, 24, 133 Databases, Bibliographic, 99, 133 Daunorubicin, 133, 135 De novo, 31, 133 Decidua, 133, 157 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 73, 133 Deletion, 17, 124, 133, 148 Dementia, 11, 133

Dendrites, 133, 152 Density, 128, 133, 139, 148 Dental Caries, 6, 133, 139 Deoxyguanosine, 7, 134 Deprivation, 67, 134 Dermatitis, 124, 134 Desensitization, 67, 71, 134 Diagnostic procedure, 65, 93, 134 Diencephalon, 134, 143, 167 Diethylstilbestrol, 15, 79, 134 Digestion, 125, 126, 134, 146, 148, 166 Digestive system, 64, 134 Digestive tract, 134, 165, 166 Dihydrotestosterone, 82, 134, 162 Dilatation, 134, 159 Diploid, 134, 157, 158 Direct, iii, 12, 19, 129, 134, 135, 162 Discrimination, 70, 134 Dissection, 134, 149 Dissociation, 121, 134 Docetaxel, 48, 53, 57, 134 Dopamine, 135, 156 Dosimetry, 33, 36, 135 Doxorubicin, 50, 55, 57, 62, 135 Drive, ii, vi, 13, 43, 135, 147 Drug Interactions, 135 Duct, 122, 135, 146, 163 Ductal carcinoma in situ, 60, 68, 135, 146 Duodenum, 125, 135, 136, 166 Dyes, 122, 125, 135, 139, 153 Dyspareunia, 135, 137 E Efficacy, 7, 27, 69, 80, 135 Electrons, 124, 125, 135, 146, 154, 162 Electrophysiological, 12, 135 Embryo, 126, 135, 144, 153 Emollient, 135, 153 Enamel, 134, 135, 146 Enanthate, 82, 135 Encapsulated, 135, 148 Endocrine System, 136 Endocrinology, 14, 49, 66, 136 Endometrial disorder, 60, 136 Endometriosis, 17, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 74, 78, 80, 81, 82, 136 Endometrium, 6, 14, 16, 72, 75, 133, 136, 141, 150 Endoscope, 77, 136 Endoscopic, 77, 78, 130, 136 Endothelial cell, 79, 136 Enhancer, 136, 163 Enteritis, 33, 136

176 Uterine Cancer

Enterocolitis, 136 Environmental Health, 15, 27, 98, 100, 136 Enzymatic, 127, 130, 134, 136, 139 Eosinophils, 136, 141, 147 Epidemic, 8, 136 Epidemiologic Studies, 13, 136 Epidemiological, 8, 9, 136 Epidermal, 32, 136 Epidermal Growth Factor, 32, 136 Epidermis, 136, 146 Epidermoid carcinoma, 137, 166 Epithelial, 12, 14, 73, 79, 119, 121, 127, 133, 136, 137, 147 Epithelial Cells, 12, 79, 136, 137, 147 Epithelial ovarian cancer, 73, 137 Epithelium, 5, 125, 129, 137, 155 Epitopes, 79, 137 Equilin, 11, 137 Erectile, 81, 137 Erection, 137 Erythrocytes, 123, 126, 137 Esophagus, 134, 137, 149, 156, 166 Estradiol, 6, 11, 13, 17, 69, 79, 80, 137 Estriol, 79, 137 Estrogen receptor, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 79, 137 Estrogen Receptor Modulators, 11, 137 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 6, 7, 11, 137 Estrone, 69, 79, 80, 137 Ether, 73, 137 Ethinyl Estradiol, 79, 137 Etoposide, 50, 138 Eukaryotic Cells, 124, 138, 153, 154 Excitation, 138, 139 Exogenous, 138, 169 External-beam radiation, 138, 146, 162, 170 Extracellular, 122, 131, 138, 139, 149 Extracellular Matrix, 131, 138, 139, 149 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 138, 149 F Fallopian Tubes, 138, 141, 163 Family Planning, 99, 138 Fat, 9, 124, 126, 131, 132, 138, 140, 148, 164, 165 Fatigue, 81, 138 Fatty acids, 138, 159, 168 Fetus, 138, 139, 157, 159, 169 Fibrin, 126, 138, 139, 158 Fibrinogen, 138, 158 Fibrinolytic, 31, 59, 139

Fibroblasts, 139, 145 Fibrosis, 68, 139 Flow Cytometry, 25, 37, 139 Fluorescence, 33, 121, 139 Fluorescent Dyes, 139 Fluoridation, 6, 139 Fluorine, 139 Fluorouracil, 53, 62, 139 Foetoplacental, 139, 153 Fold, 15, 139 Follicular Phase, 11, 139 Foramen, 139, 156 Fornix, 139, 169 Fructose, 139, 142 Fungi, 124, 125, 139, 150, 171 G Gallbladder, 121, 134, 139 Gamma Rays, 140, 162 Gas, 127, 139, 140, 142, 153, 167 Gastric, 59, 136, 140 Gastrin, 140, 142 Gastrointestinal, 140, 147, 167, 169 Gastrointestinal tract, 140, 147, 169 Gene, 12, 13, 16, 18, 78, 86, 92, 122, 124, 126, 140, 153, 163 Gene Expression, 12, 14, 140 Genetics, 14, 23, 133, 140, 155 Genital, 129, 140, 169 Genitourinary, 140, 169 Genotype, 10, 140, 156 Germ Cells, 140, 154, 166, 167 Gestation, 140, 156, 157 Gestational, 87, 105, 140, 151 Gestational trophoblastic disease, 140, 151 Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, 140, 151 Gestational trophoblastic tumor, 87, 140, 151 Gland, 16, 69, 80, 82, 121, 140, 148, 155, 157, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168 Glucocorticoids, 69, 80, 121, 140 Glucokinase, 140, 142 Gluconeogenesis, 140, 141 Glucose, 13, 140, 141, 142, 145, 157, 163, 165 Glutathione Peroxidase, 141, 164 Glycogen, 140, 141 Gonadal, 141, 166 Gonadotropic, 40, 66, 71, 141 Gonadotropin, 70, 82, 129, 141 Gonads, 69, 80, 141, 143 Governing Board, 141, 159

Index 177

Grade, 92, 141 Graft, 141, 142, 144 Graft Rejection, 141, 144 Granulocytes, 141, 170 Growth factors, 78, 141, 153 Gynecologic cancer, 9, 87, 141 H Haploid, 141, 157, 158 Haptens, 121, 141 Heart attack, 127, 141 Heme, 132, 141 Hemoglobin, 123, 137, 141, 142 Hemorrhage, 142, 166 Hereditary, 142, 156 Heredity, 87, 140, 142 Heterogeneity, 122, 142 Hexokinase, 30, 142 Hormonal, 5, 16, 25, 28, 49, 74, 87, 125, 137, 142 Hormonal therapy, 74, 142 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 4, 44, 82, 142 Hormone therapy, 29, 58, 60, 63, 77, 121, 142 Host, 76, 142, 143, 144, 147 Hybridomas, 142, 145 Hydatidiform Mole, 129, 142 Hydrogen, 121, 125, 127, 138, 141, 142, 148, 151, 152, 154, 161 Hydrolysis, 129, 143, 156, 158 Hydrophobic, 143, 148 Hyperlipidemia, 67, 68, 143 Hyperplasia, 75, 81, 143 Hypersensitivity, 122, 134, 143, 147 Hypertension, 127, 132, 143 Hyperthermia, 62, 143 Hypertrophy, 82, 125, 132, 143 Hypoglycemia, 4, 143 Hypogonadism, 73, 81, 143 Hypophysis, 70, 143 Hypothalamic, 82, 143 Hypothalamic Hormones, 82, 143 Hypothalamus, 70, 82, 134, 143, 157, 167 Hysterectomy, 14, 27, 29, 34, 37, 48, 72, 86, 89, 118, 143 I Id, 46, 52, 104, 106, 108, 109, 114, 116, 143 Immune response, 121, 123, 141, 143, 144, 167, 170 Immune system, 123, 125, 143, 144, 147, 149, 156, 169, 170 Immunity, 143, 144, 145

Immunization, 143, 144 Immunogenic, 77, 144 Immunoglobulin, 123, 144, 151 Immunologic, 143, 144, 162 Immunology, 121, 139, 144 Immunosuppressant, 139, 144 Immunosuppressive, 144 Immunosuppressive therapy, 144 Immunotherapy, 87, 125, 134, 144 Impairment, 144, 150 Implant radiation, 144, 145, 146, 162, 171 Implantation, 131, 144, 153 Impotence, 137, 144 In situ, 12, 144 In vitro, 10, 30, 49, 74, 79, 144 In vivo, 16, 48, 73, 144, 154, 167 Incision, 144, 146 Incontinence, 73, 144 Indicative, 86, 144, 155, 170 Induction, 15, 16, 49, 82, 123, 144 Infarction, 144 Infection, 5, 8, 87, 125, 144, 148, 149, 166, 170 Infertility, 17, 82, 144 Inflammation, 87, 124, 132, 134, 136, 139, 145, 147 Infusion, 35, 51, 145 Initiation, 11, 145, 159, 168 Initiator, 145 Inorganic, 129, 145, 158 Insight, 17, 145 Insulin, 4, 13, 145, 169 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 145 Insulin-like, 13, 145 Interferon, 145 Interleukin-1, 59, 145 Interleukin-12, 59, 145 Interleukin-2, 145 Interleukin-6, 19, 145 Internal Medicine, 44, 136, 145 Internal radiation, 145, 146, 162, 171 Interphase, 145, 153 Interstitial, 126, 145, 146, 171 Intestinal, 30, 79, 136, 146 Intestine, 126, 130, 136, 146, 147 Intracellular, 12, 82, 144, 146, 160, 164 Intraductal carcinoma, 135, 146 Intravenous, 145, 146 Intrinsic, 122, 125, 146 Invasive, 59, 68, 77, 78, 142, 143, 146, 148 Ionizing, 122, 146, 162 Ions, 125, 134, 142, 146, 151

178 Uterine Cancer

Irinotecan, 49, 146 Irradiation, 30, 35, 50, 146, 171 Irrigation, 20, 22, 146 Ischemia, 125, 146 Isoenzyme, 142, 146 Isoflavones, 49, 53, 54, 146 K Kb, 98, 146 Keratin, 5, 130, 146, 164 Keratolytic, 134, 146, 158 Kinetics, 37, 147 L Labyrinth, 147, 154 Lactate Dehydrogenase, 30, 147 Lactation, 147, 153, 155 Laminin, 125, 138, 147 Large Intestine, 75, 128, 130, 134, 146, 147, 162, 165 Least-Squares Analysis, 147, 163 Leukemia, 60, 75, 135, 147 Leukocytes, 12, 125, 126, 136, 141, 147, 151, 152, 156 Leukocytosis, 28, 147 Leukoplakia, 5, 147 Leukotrienes, 124, 147 Libido, 73, 81, 123, 147 Library Services, 114, 147 Ligament, 147, 160 Ligands, 17, 147 Likelihood Functions, 147, 163 Linear Models, 147, 162 Linkage, 9, 147 Lipid, 124, 129, 145, 148, 155 Lipid Peroxidation, 148, 155 Lipoprotein, 49, 148 Liposomal, 62, 148 Lithotomy, 36, 148 Liver, 4, 6, 21, 44, 121, 124, 125, 134, 139, 140, 141, 142, 148 Liver metastases, 21, 44, 148 Lobe, 70, 82, 148 Lobular carcinoma in situ, 60, 148 Local therapy, 68, 148 Localized, 133, 135, 144, 147, 148, 157 Logistic Models, 148, 163 Loss of Heterozygosity, 20, 148 Low-density lipoprotein, 148 Lung metastases, 44, 48, 148 Lymph, 28, 31, 37, 62, 75, 128, 136, 148, 149, 162, 166 Lymph node, 28, 31, 37, 62, 75, 128, 148, 149, 162

Lymphadenectomy, 34, 62, 149 Lymphatic, 144, 148, 149, 150, 165 Lymphatic system, 148, 149, 165 Lymphocyte, 30, 124, 149, 150 Lymphoid, 123, 132, 149 Lymphosarcoma, 75, 149 Lymphoscintigraphy, 33, 149 M Macrophage, 145, 149 Malignancy, 4, 14, 76, 149, 155 Malignant, 5, 35, 70, 72, 75, 76, 121, 124, 127, 129, 149, 152, 162, 163, 167 Malignant tumor, 127, 129, 149 Malnutrition, 125, 149 Mammary, 16, 35, 44, 70, 149, 162, 167 Mass Screening, 27, 34, 38, 70, 149 Matrix metalloproteinase, 71, 149 Meat, 70, 149 Mediastinum, 129, 149 Mediate, 16, 135, 149 Mediator, 82, 145, 149 Medical Records, 150, 163 MEDLINE, 99, 150 Medroxyprogesterone, 53, 60, 150 Melanin, 150, 156 Membrane, 12, 66, 128, 130, 136, 138, 143, 147, 150, 154, 157, 158, 168 Memory, 11, 133, 150 Menarche, 20, 150 Menopause, 4, 20, 53, 72, 73, 75, 86, 150, 153, 156, 158 Menstrual Cycle, 11, 66, 70, 105, 139, 150, 153, 159 Menstruation, 82, 86, 122, 133, 139, 150 Mental Disorders, 64, 150 Mental Health, iv, 4, 64, 98, 100, 150, 161 Mercury, 139, 150 Mesenchymal, 136, 142, 150 Metabolite, 6, 10, 137, 150 Metastasis, 16, 24, 28, 32, 71, 149, 150 Metastatic, 12, 35, 48, 50, 57, 58, 62, 63, 68, 150, 164 MI, 40, 41, 87, 119, 150 Microorganism, 129, 150, 170 Micro-organism, 134, 150 Microscopy, 125, 151, 153 Microsomal, 79, 151 Microtubules, 151, 155 Migration, 79, 151 Mitosis, 124, 151 Mitotic, 45, 134, 138, 151 Mitotic inhibitors, 134, 151

Index 179

Modeling, 8, 151 Modification, 7, 151, 161 Molar pregnancy, 140, 151 Molecular, 5, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 99, 101, 126, 131, 133, 138, 151, 158 Molecular Structure, 12, 151 Molecule, 79, 123, 125, 129, 130, 132, 134, 138, 143, 151, 154, 162, 170 Monitor, 151, 153 Monoclonal, 48, 59, 72, 73, 142, 146, 151, 162, 169, 171 Monoclonal antibodies, 59, 72, 73, 151, 169 Monocytes, 145, 147, 151 Morphological, 12, 70, 135, 151 Mucins, 151, 163 Mucolytic, 121, 151 Myocardial infarction, 68, 80, 132, 150, 152 Myocardial Ischemia, 123, 152 Myocardium, 123, 150, 152 Myometrium, 14, 152 N Natural killer cells, 145, 152 NCI, 1, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 97, 152, 155 Necrosis, 124, 144, 150, 152 Need, 3, 10, 27, 29, 72, 73, 85, 87, 106, 108, 110, 141, 149, 152 Neonatal, 15, 152 Neoplasia, 152 Neoplasm, 152, 163, 169 Neoplastic, 16, 79, 142, 148, 152, 153 Nerve, 133, 149, 152, 166, 168 Nervous System, 128, 149, 152, 156 Neuronal, 12, 152 Neurons, 11, 133, 152 Neutrons, 122, 146, 152, 162 Neutrophils, 141, 147, 152 Nitrogen, 122, 123, 138, 153 Non-small cell lung cancer, 59, 153 Nuclear, 11, 68, 127, 135, 138, 140, 152, 153 Nuclei, 121, 122, 135, 151, 152, 153, 161 Nucleolus, 20, 153, 163 Nucleolus Organizer Region, 20, 153 Nucleus, 124, 125, 129, 132, 133, 136, 138, 140, 151, 152, 153, 161 O Oestrogen, 37, 45, 153 Ointments, 73, 153 Oncogenes, 78, 153, 161 Oophorectomy, 153 Operon, 153, 159, 163 Optic Chiasm, 143, 153

Oral Health, 5, 154 Orchiectomy, 69, 80, 154 Organelles, 128, 133, 151, 154 Osmotic, 154, 164 Ossicles, 154 Osteoporosis, 4, 6, 11, 17, 53, 59, 60, 67, 68, 73, 74, 81, 137, 153, 154, 162 Otosclerosis, 6, 154 Ovarian epithelial cancer, 57, 59, 62, 154 Ovaries, 13, 66, 67, 76, 124, 137, 138, 141, 153, 154, 163, 164, 167 Ovary, 66, 82, 123, 132, 137, 141, 153, 154 Ovulation, 139, 154 Ovum, 132, 133, 140, 154, 159, 170 Oxaliplatin, 60, 61, 154 Oxidants, 15, 154 Oxidation, 6, 121, 124, 132, 141, 148, 154, 155 Oxidation-Reduction, 154 Oxidative Stress, 12, 154 Oxytocin, 143, 155 P Paclitaxel, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 57, 59, 155 Palliative, 153, 155, 167 Pancreas, 121, 126, 134, 145, 155, 169 Pancreatic, 4, 155 Pancreatic cancer, 4, 155 Papilla, 155 Papillary, 24, 28, 56, 61, 155 Papillomavirus, 5, 155 Paraneoplastic syndrome, 40, 155 Paroxysmal, 123, 155 Partial remission, 155, 163 Patch, 147, 155, 168 Pathogenesis, 5, 14, 155 Pathologic, 124, 126, 132, 143, 155, 161 Pathologic Processes, 124, 155 PDQ, 105, 106, 107, 155 Pelvic, 26, 34, 136, 155, 160 Peplomycin, 32, 155 Peptide, 12, 66, 76, 83, 146, 155, 156, 158, 160, 168 Peptide Fragments, 66, 156 Perception, 29, 156 Percutaneous, 73, 156 Perimenopausal, 49, 156 Perinatal, 15, 156 Perioperative, 35, 156 Peripheral blood, 31, 38, 156 Peripheral Nervous System, 156, 166 Peritoneal, 36, 57, 125, 156

180 Uterine Cancer

Peritoneal Cavity, 57, 125, 156 Peritoneum, 156, 163 Peroxidase, 6, 148, 156 Peroxide, 141, 148, 156 Phagocyte, 154, 156 Phagocytosis, 156 Pharmacologic, 132, 156, 168 Pharynx, 143, 156 Phenotype, 5, 156 Phenylalanine, 29, 156 Phorbol, 78, 157 Phorbol Esters, 78, 157 Phosphoglucomutase, 30, 157 Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase, 30, 36, 157 Phospholipids, 138, 148, 157 Phosphorus, 127, 157 Physiologic, 82, 122, 126, 150, 157, 159, 162 Physiology, 11, 17, 70, 135, 136, 157 Pineal gland, 129, 157 Pituitary Gland, 143, 157 Pituitary Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormones, 143, 157 Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones, 143, 157 Pituitary Hormones, 70, 143, 157 Placenta, 66, 124, 137, 139, 157, 159 Plants, 122, 127, 129, 141, 157, 163, 168 Plasma, 12, 82, 123, 128, 129, 138, 142, 157, 158, 164 Plasma cells, 123, 157 Plasma protein, 158, 164 Plasmin, 158 Plasminogen, 18, 158 Plasminogen Activators, 158 Platinum, 50, 129, 154, 158 Platinum Compounds, 154, 158 Pleated, 146, 158 Ploidy, 32, 158 Podophyllotoxin, 138, 158 Polymerase, 124, 158, 159, 163 Polymorphism, 18, 20, 158 Polyp, 22, 158 Polypeptide, 122, 130, 136, 138, 157, 158 Polyposis, 130, 158 Polysaccharide, 123, 158, 160 Posterior, 123, 143, 155, 157, 158, 169 Postmenopausal, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 60, 137, 154, 158, 162 Postoperative, 26, 32, 41, 159 Potentiates, 145, 159 Practice Guidelines, 100, 108, 159

Precancerous, 128, 159 Precursor, 30, 74, 123, 124, 129, 135, 136, 156, 158, 159 Premalignant, 5, 159 Prenatal, 86, 135, 159 Prenatal Care, 86, 159 Prevalence, 5, 18, 29, 159 Probe, 77, 159 Progesterone, 16, 17, 18, 44, 53, 54, 69, 75, 79, 80, 159, 166 Prognostic factor, 32, 159 Progression, 15, 72, 123, 159, 169 Progressive, 133, 137, 141, 152, 159, 169 Promoter, 5, 18, 159 Promotor, 159, 163 Prospective study, 13, 159 Prostaglandin, 49, 78, 159, 167 Prostaglandins A, 160 Prostaglandins F, 78, 160 Prostate, 4, 66, 67, 68, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 104, 125, 126, 153, 160, 169 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 160 Protease, 71, 130, 160 Protein C, 122, 124, 146, 148, 160 Protein Kinases, 12, 153, 160 Protein S, 86, 126, 160, 163 Proteoglycans, 125, 138, 160 Protocol, 12, 160 Protons, 122, 142, 146, 161, 162 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 155, 161 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 155, 161 Proto-Oncogenes, 153, 161 Protozoa, 125, 150, 161 Psoriasis, 124, 161 Psychic, 147, 161 Puberty, 5, 66, 67, 70, 71, 82, 161 Public Health, 10, 33, 87, 100, 161 Public Policy, 99, 161 Publishing, 18, 70, 161 Pulmonary, 31, 32, 35, 92, 126, 131, 132, 147, 161, 170 Pulse, 3, 4, 151, 161 Q Quality of Life, 9, 10, 32, 106, 161, 167 Quiescent, 78, 161 R Race, 151, 161 Radiation therapy, 20, 26, 31, 38, 56, 57, 61, 62, 72, 119, 121, 138, 145, 146, 162, 171 Radioactive, 126, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149, 151, 153, 162, 169, 171

Index 181

Radioimmunotherapy, 162 Radiolabeled, 146, 162, 171 Radiological, 105, 156, 162 Radiotherapy, 26, 30, 32, 35, 36, 38, 48, 68, 77, 126, 146, 162, 171 Raloxifene, 11, 17, 162, 164 Randomized, 7, 14, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 135, 162 Receptor, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 32, 66, 68, 69, 70, 78, 79, 81, 83, 124, 135, 162 Recombinant, 66, 162, 170 Rectum, 31, 126, 130, 134, 140, 144, 147, 160, 162 Recurrence, 34, 68, 162 Reductase, 74, 82, 124, 162 Refer, 1, 130, 139, 152, 162 Refractory, 50, 162 Regimen, 55, 57, 58, 135, 162 Regional cancer, 27, 162 Regression Analysis, 3, 162 Relapse, 92, 163 Remission, 51, 162, 163 Repressor, 10, 153, 163 Response Elements, 17, 163 Retroperitoneal, 34, 163 Retrospective, 18, 163 Retrospective study, 18, 163 Rheumatoid, 154, 163 Ribosome, 163, 168 Risk factor, 4, 9, 13, 28, 45, 87, 136, 148, 159, 163 S Saliva, 6, 163 Salivary, 134, 155, 163, 166 Salivary glands, 134, 163 Salpingo-oophorectomy, 48, 163 Saponins, 163, 166 Sarcoma, 59, 72, 75, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 163 Satellite, 20, 37, 163 Scleroproteins, 146, 163 Sebum, 130, 164 Secondary tumor, 150, 164 Secretion, 66, 70, 73, 82, 129, 136, 140, 145, 147, 151, 157, 164 Secretory, 66, 164 Sedentary, 13, 164 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 162, 164, 167 Selenium, 39, 164 Semen, 160, 164 Semisynthetic, 127, 137, 138, 164

Senile, 154, 164 Serous, 24, 28, 164 Serum, 13, 33, 35, 68, 71, 73, 74, 130, 141, 148, 164 Serum Albumin, 33, 164 Sex Characteristics, 123, 153, 161, 164, 167 Shock, 164, 169 Side effect, 7, 32, 59, 69, 80, 108, 121, 125, 164, 167, 168 Signs and Symptoms, 163, 164 Skeletal, 79, 123, 164 Skeleton, 160, 164, 165 Skull, 165, 167 Small cell lung cancer, 165 Small intestine, 128, 129, 135, 136, 142, 146, 165 Smooth muscle, 14, 68, 152, 160, 165, 167 Social Environment, 161, 165 Social Sciences, 8, 165 Social Support, 85, 165 Soft tissue, 126, 164, 165 Solid tumor, 12, 59, 123, 126, 135, 165 Sorbitol, 142, 165 Specialist, 109, 165 Species, 16, 151, 161, 165, 166, 169, 170 Specificity, 122, 165 Spectrophotometry, 33, 165 Spectrum, 165 Sperm, 123, 129, 165, 167 Spermatogenesis, 82, 165 Spermatozoa, 164, 165, 166 Spinal cord, 128, 129, 152, 156, 166 Squamous, 5, 137, 153, 166 Squamous cell carcinoma, 5, 137, 153, 166 Squamous cells, 166 Staging, 13, 20, 35, 89, 108, 166 Sterility, 144, 166 Steroid, 10, 12, 17, 67, 69, 73, 74, 79, 80, 82, 123, 124, 137, 153, 163, 166 Stimulus, 135, 138, 166 Stomach, 75, 77, 91, 92, 106, 121, 134, 137, 140, 142, 156, 165, 166 Stool, 144, 147, 166 Stroke, 64, 98, 127, 166 Stromal, 136, 166 Subacute, 144, 166 Subclinical, 4, 144, 166 Submaxillary, 136, 166 Subspecies, 165, 166 Substance P, 69, 126, 150, 164, 166 Substrate, 78, 167 Suction, 27, 167

182 Uterine Cancer

Sulfoglycosphingolipids, 29, 167 Supine, 36, 167 Supine Position, 36, 167 Supplementation, 51, 167 Support group, 118, 167 Supportive care, 155, 167 Suppression, 35, 69, 81, 167 Symphysis, 160, 167 Systemic, 62, 68, 126, 144, 146, 162, 167, 171 T Tamoxifen, 6, 7, 11, 17, 60, 79, 92, 106, 164, 167 Temporal, 17, 167 Teratoma, 129, 167 Testicles, 154, 167 Testicular, 67, 124, 167 Testis, 71, 79, 123, 129, 137, 141, 153, 167 Testosterone, 6, 66, 69, 71, 80, 82, 123, 162, 167 Therapeutics, 167 Third Ventricle, 143, 167 Thrombolytic, 158, 167 Thrombosis, 160, 166, 167 Thromboxanes, 124, 167 Thyroid, 82, 157, 168 Thyroid Gland, 157, 168 Thyroid Hormones, 168 Thyrotropin, 70, 168 Thyroxine, 156, 168 Tin, 158, 168 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 146, 168 Toxic, iv, 125, 133, 143, 158, 164, 168 Toxicity, 135, 150, 168 Toxicology, 100, 168 Toxins, 123, 144, 151, 162, 168 Trace element, 25, 139, 168 Trachea, 127, 149, 156, 168 Transcription Factors, 153, 163, 168 Transdermal, 73, 168 Transfection, 126, 168 Translation, 79, 168 Translational, 8, 9, 14, 168 Transmitter, 121, 135, 149, 168 Transverse Colon, 33, 169 Trastuzumab, 59, 169 Trauma, 35, 152, 169

Tuberculosis, 131, 169 Tumor marker, 77, 126, 169 Tumor model, 16, 169 Tumor suppressor gene, 78, 148, 169 Tumorigenic, 12, 169 Tumour, 71, 78, 169 Type 2 diabetes, 13, 169 U Unconscious, 143, 169 Urethra, 125, 160, 169 Urinary, 39, 40, 73, 140, 144, 169 Urine, 28, 41, 125, 126, 136, 137, 144, 169 Urogenital, 79, 140, 169 V Vaccine, 77, 121, 160, 169 Vagina, 128, 130, 134, 141, 150, 169 Vaginal, 20, 24, 34, 37, 44, 72, 73, 87, 118, 169 Vaginal Smears, 24, 169 Vascular, 10, 144, 157, 158, 168, 170 Vasomotor, 137, 170 Vector, 170 Vein, 146, 153, 163, 170 Venous, 160, 170 Ventricle, 131, 161, 167, 170 Venules, 126, 170 Vesicular, 151, 170 Veterinary Medicine, 99, 170 Viral, 5, 78, 121, 124, 153, 161, 169, 170 Viral vector, 78, 170 Virus, 136, 170 Viscosity, 121, 170 Vitro, 170 Vivo, 16, 18, 170 W White blood cell, 59, 123, 147, 149, 152, 157, 170 Windpipe, 156, 168, 170 Womb, 169, 170 Wound Healing, 149, 170 X Xenograft, 123, 169, 170 X-ray, 56, 57, 61, 62, 68, 72, 139, 140, 146, 153, 162, 170 X-ray therapy, 146, 170 Y Yeasts, 139, 156, 171

Index 183

184 Uterine Cancer