FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00438-0 1. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on follicle-stimulating hormone. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE........................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ...................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE .............................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding Nutrition Studies on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ..................................................... 63 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 68 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE ....................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 71 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 74 General References ....................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE ......................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Dissertations on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone.......................................................................... 77 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE .................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patents on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ................................................................................... 79 Patent Applications on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ............................................................... 82 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 87 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 89 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 93 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 95 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 97 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 97 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 97 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 103 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 103 FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE DICTIONARY..................................................... 105 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 141
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with follicle-stimulating hormone is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about follicle-stimulating hormone, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to follicle-stimulating hormone, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on follicle-stimulating hormone. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-ofcharge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to follicle-stimulating hormone, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on follicle-stimulating hormone. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER
1.
STUDIES ON HORMONE
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING
Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on follicle-stimulating hormone.
Federally Funded Research on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to follicle-stimulating hormone. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to follicle-stimulating hormone. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore follicle-stimulating hormone. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for folliclestimulating hormone: •
Project Title: ACTIVIN SIGNALING MECHANISMS IN PITUITARY CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bernard, Daniel J.; Population Council 1 Dag Hammarskjold Plaza New York, Ny 10017 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2005
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Summary: (provided by applicant): Naturally occurring mutations in humans as well as genetic mouse models clearly indicate the necessity of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in female reproductive cyclicity and fertility. Disruption or deletion of the FSH receptor gene or the beta subunit of the FSH (FSH beta) protein arrest ovarian follicle maturation at the pre-antral stage, thereby preventing ovulation. The activins and inhibins are potent regulators of pituitary FSH. The activin B isoform is produced within pituitary gonadotropes and acts in an autocrine or paracrine manner to stimulate FSHbeta subunit gene transcription. The mechanisms through which the activins mediate this effect are not understood. In other cell systems, activins bind to a heteromeric receptor complex consisting of one of the two activin type II receptors and the activin type IB receptor (ALK4). Upon ligand binding, the type II receptor phosphorylates ALK4, which phosphorylates the intracellular signaling molecules, SMAD2 and SMAD3. The mouse gonadotrope cell line, LbetaT2, produces FSHbeta mRNA and secretes FSH in response to activins. Over-expression of SMAD3, but not SMAD2, similarly stimulates FSHbeta gene expression in this cell line. These data suggest that activins may signal through SMAD3 to stimulate the FSHbeta gene. The first project in this proposal is designed to test this hypothesis by blocking SMAD3dependent processes. First, SMAD2 or SMAD3 protein production will be inhibited in LbetaT2 cells using RNA interference (RNAi). It is predicted that the attenuation of SMAD3, but not SMAD2, production in these cells will block activin-stimulated FSHbeta expression. Second, cells will be transfected with dominant-negative (dn) forms of SMAD2 or SMAD3 that cannot be activated by ALK4 and thereby disrupt downstream signaling, dn-SMAD3, but not dn-SMAD2, is predicted to disrupt activinstimulated FSHbeta gene expression. Once in the nucleus, activated SMADs affect gene transcription through interaction with cell-specific DNA binding partners. It is hypothesized that SMAD3 interacts with gonadotrope-restricted transcription factors to stimulate FSHbeta subunit gene expression. The second project in this proposal is designed to test this hypothesis by using a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify SMAD3interacting proteins in gonadotrope cells. Candidate proteins will then be investigated for their gonadotrope specific expression and their ability to interact with SMAD3 in mammalian cells. The results of the proposed studies will increase our understanding of mechanisms of FSH regulation by activins, may highlight novel targets for contraceptive design, and may provide insights into causes of some forms of infertility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HORMONAL CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE GONADOTROPE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mellon, Pamela L.; Professor; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Normal reproductive function requires the precise orchestration of hormonal regulation at the hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal levels. Within the anterior pituitary, the gonadotrope serves as the control center for integration of hormonal signals, producing luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone to regulate reproduction. This cell responds to pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus through the GnRH receptor, to endocrine and autocrine activin and follistatin through activin receptors, and to steroid hormone feedback from the gonads. In Research Project I,. Our focus will be the cellular and molecular mechanisms of GnRH and activin regulation of LH and GnRH receptor gene expression in the gonadotrope. Our model system is the mouse, due to the facile manipulation s of
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the genome attainable by transgenic technology and the ability to exploit our immortal mouse pituitary gonadotrope cell lines that express both LH subunits, activin B, follistatin, and activin, GnRH, and steroid receptors. In the first two aims, these cell lines will be used to investigate the molecular basis of hormonal regulation in the gonadotrope. We have demonstrated that constant GnRH or its second messengers will down regulate, and short-term or pulsatile GnRH will induce, the LHBeta subunit gene in the LbetaT cells. In Specific Aim 1, we will determine the signaling pathways and their transcriptional targets for long-term repression, and short-term and pulsatile induction of the LHBeta gene, and the mechanism for induction of the Alpha-subunit gene by GnRH. Activin sensitizes the gonadotrope to GnRH by inducing the GnRH receptor mRNA, while follistatin counteracts this response. We have mapped the sequences responsive to activin/follistatin regulation in the mouse GnRH receptor gene and demonstrated that activin treatment induces, and follistatin represses, the activity of a nuclear DNA-binding protein. In Specific Aim 2 we will investigate the induction of the GnRH receptor gene and the repression of the alpha-subunit gene by activin. The mouse alpha-subunit gene is regulated by GnRH in alpha T3 cells through an Ets binding site. In Specific Aim 3, we will address the role of MAPKinase signaling through Ets proteins in GnRH action in transgenic mice. In addition, we will investigate the physiological role of activin signaling exclusively in the gonadotrope in transgenic mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HORMONAL CONTROL OF HUMAN TESTICULAR FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Bremner, William J.; Chief; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The general objective of this work is to define carefully the endocrine milieu that is required to maintain normal testicular function in men. In particular, we are concerned with the gonadotropin and steroid environment necessary to stimulate human spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. We will be experimentally manipulating the hormonal environment of the testis in normal men and determining the resultant effects on spermatogenesis and steroid production. More specifically, the objectives of this work are to anser questions in four areas: 1. What are the physiological roles of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in men? Is FSH required to maintain spermatogenesis in man? 2. What are the physiological roles of luteinizing hormone (LH) in men? Is LH required to maintain human pituitary stimulatory effect on testicular steroid secretion? 3. Is the conversion of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) i.e. 5alpha reduction, important in the stimulation of human spermatogenesis? What are the concentrations of T and DHT in the human testis in various experimental paradigms, and doses this information advance our understanding of the control of spermatogenesis. 4. Can the new gene array technology be applied successfully to studies of the human testis; if so, will this new technology yield additional insights into the genes controlling human spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis? This work will make use of new compounds, including recombinant human FSH and LH, a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist and a 5alpha reductase inhibitor, for exploring the normal physiologic control systems of human testicular function. Our studies are directly relevant to the development of safe, effective, reversible methods of male contraception and to the treatment of men disorders of spermatogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Project Title: HUMAN OVARIAN STEROIDOGENESIS-INDUCING PROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Khan, Shafiq A.; Associate Professor; Cell Biology and Biochemistry; Texas Tech University Health Scis Center Health Sciences Center Lubbock, Tx 79430 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pituitary hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are required for follicle development, oocyte maturation and steroidogenesis in the ovary. However, locally produced growth factors, cytokines and other proteins and peptides modulate the actions of LH and FSH on ovarian cells. We have identified a novel protein in the human ovarian follicular fluid, which was named steroidogenesis-inducing protein (SIP) due to its major stimulatory effects on steroid production in testicular, ovarian and adrenal cells. Later studies revealed that SIP is also a potent growth factor and stimulates DNA synthesis in rat granulosa cells, immature rat Leydig cells and human ovarian epithelial cancer cells. The effects of SIP on target cells are mediated via a tyrosine-kinase coupled signaling pathway. We have recently purified SIP from human follicular fluid to homogeneity and analysis of its N-terminal amino acid sequence demonstrated that SIP is a novel protein that belongs to immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins. We hypothesize that SIP is secreted by ovarian granulosa cells in response to gonadotropins and, in turn, mediates the effects of tropic hormones on proliferation, differentiation and steroidogenic function of granulosa and luteal cells. In addition, an unregulated secretion of SIP in the human ovaries may play a role in development and/or maintenance of ovarian epithelial cancers. The studies proposed in the current application have been designed to enhance our current knowledge on SIP and will be focused on the following specific aims: a) to further characterize SIP protein after obtaining additional amino acid sequence and cloning of human SIP gene, development of recombinant SIP protein and reagents for analysis of SIP in biological materials, and b) to further characterize SIP produced by granulosa cells in the rat and human ovary. We will also study the regulation of SIP expression by tropic hormones (FSH, LH) and steroid hormones in the rat ovary and will determine the precise cellular source of SIP in the ovary. The results of these studies should provide valuable information on the biochemical structure and regulation of SIP and will provide valuable tools for future studies on the role of SIP in the development and function of ovarian follicle and corpus luteum during female reproductive cycle. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INSULIN AND IGF-1 SIGNALING IN OVARIAN CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schomberg, David W.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's description): Our preliminary studies of ovaries from transgenic mice with a knockout of the insulin receptor substrate-1 gene (IRS-1 KO) showed entrapment of the oocyte in luteal tissue and that the number of animals ovulating was about one-third that of the wild- type (WT) control group. The IRS-1 KO ovaries also exhibited a rare phenotype, polyovular (bi-oocyte) follicles. These findings imply a relationship between compromised insulin signaling and phenotypic change in ovarian function which have not been previously recognized. Accordingly, the overall study objective is to validate and extend these findings to establish the role of insulin signaling pathway components at the ovarian level in vivo. With this background,
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detailed studies of how these effectors help execute the insulin- and Follicle-stimulating hormone-FSH) regulated end point alternatives of cell survival, apoptosis, or mitosis will proceed in an expanded application. The ovaries of WT and IRS-1 KO mice will be compared in various aspects in the following specific aims: 1) to evaluate oocyte numbers and biochemical markers in neonatal animals and the ovulatory response to exogenous gonadotropins in prepubertal animals, and 2) to assess levels and/or activity of early effectors in the insulin signaling pathway (IRS-1, IRS-2, P13-K, Akt) during gonadotropin-regulated follicular cell mitosis and apoptosis. Specific Aim 3 will extend the in vivo studies to in vitro analysis in cultured porcine granulosa cells (pGCs) to: a) examine possible connections between the FSH receptor and insulin/IGF-1 receptor signaling pathways, and b) develop improved methods to detect BAD (Bcl-2-associated death promoter), a critical regulator of cell fate which can be phosphorylated by Akt. The results obtained may also contribute information basic to a more complete understanding of an important clinical entity, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which is characterized in part by accelerated follicle atresia (apoptosis), insulin resistance, and virilism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PILOT--ESTROGEN AND LUTEAL FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Oliver, Rush; Benedict College 1600 Harden St Columbia, Sc 29204 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2007 Summary: Luteal dysfunction with insufficient luteal progesterone production is one cause of human infertility and is associated with spontaneous recurrent miscarriage. Such dysfunction has been attributed to reduced lifespan of the corpus luteum or suboptimal luteal function. Alterations in the endocrine or paracrine milieu of the corpus luteum can alter its function or lifespan. The long term goal of the proposed studies is to understand the influence of estrogen on luteal cell function and regression. Preliminary data implicate estrogen receptor alpha induction coincident with periovulatory follicular differentiation. The proposed studies are designed to test the effect of estrogen (and other relevant hormones) on induction of estrogen receptor alpha, steroidogenic capacity of luteal cells, and luteal cell regression in the porcine model. Specific aims include: 1) To test the hypothesis that estradiol, folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), and/or luteinizing hormone (LH) upregulate the mRNA and protein levels of estrogen receptor alpha but not estrogen receptor beta in differentiating granulosa cells, 2) To determine the effect of estradiol on the expression of critical genes mediating progesterone production by early, midphase, and late phase luteal cells. The expression of the low density lipoprotein receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, p450 cholesterol side-chaincleavage enzyme, and 3betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase genes will be evaluated, 3) To determine the effect of estradiol on PGF2alpha induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in luteal cells isolated from corpora lutea prior to, during, and after functional regression. The expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta mRNA and/or protein will be also be evaluated to correlate their presence with estradiol function. These studies will provide evidence that reduction in estradiol at specific stages in the luteal phase may adversely affect steroidogenic genes and facilitate regression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Project Title: PROGESTERONE/ANDROGEN FEEDBACK CONTROL OF GNRH NEURONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Moenter, Suzanne M.; Associate Professor; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons form the final common pathway regulating reproduction. Pulsatile release of GnRH stimulates secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from pituitary gonadotropes and is absolutely required for fertility. In female mammals, shifts in GnRH pulse frequencies help drive the preferential release of LH or FSH at specific times of the cycle to create appropriate hormone milieux for ovarian follicle maturation. GnRH pulse patterns are largely regulated by negative feedback from the ovarian steroids progesterone and estradiol. Although this feedback is well characterized in vivo, the underlying cellular mechanisms and neural pathways have yet to be elucidated. This has precluded understanding the neural components of common forms of hypothalamic infertility, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), in which elevated circulating androgen levels are accompanied by a persistent high frequency of LH (and presumably GnRH) release. The latter appears to be due in part to androgens interfering with the efficacy of progesterone feedback. Considerable evidence suggests one mechanism of steroid feedback regulation of GnRH release is transsynaptic. In particular, anatomical and physiological data support a role for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- and opiate peptide-producing neurons in this communication. Four Specific Aims are proposed to investigate the cellular mechanisms of progesterone feedback, and how androgens might alter the efficacy of progesterone feedback. The primary methodology will be electrophysiological recordings of green-fluorescent protein-identified GnRH neurons in acute brain slices. Aim 1 will investigate the effects of steroid and neurotransmitter milieux on the firing properties and firing patterns of GnRH neurons. Aim 2 will examine how steroids and neurotransmitters alter GABAergic drive to GnRH neurons. Aims 3 and 4 will study the effects of steroids and neurotransmitters on potassium and calcium currents, respectively, as these play major roles in setting firing properties of neurons as well as their ability to respond to synaptic input. These studies will help us understand GnRH neuron physiology in both healthy and diseased states, knowledge paramount for improving treatments for hypothalamic fertility disorders, developing novel contraceptive methods, ensuring effective reproduction in endangered and food-producing species, and understanding other similar neuronal systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF GONADOTROPIN EXPRESSION BY GNRH PULSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Coss, Djurdjica; Reproductive Medicine; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the key regulator of reproduction. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are differently regulated by different pulse frequencies of GnRH. The goal of this proposal is to determine the mechanism of regulation of LH and FSH gene expression by pulsatile GnRH. Specific Aim 1: Determine Pulse Frequencies Determine the GnRH pulse frequencies that lead to
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maximal expression of LH beta and FSHbeta genes utilizing transient transfection for short-term pulsatile treatment and stable transfection for longer pulsatile treatment in the L beta T2 gonadotrope cell line. Specific Aim 2: Determine Signaling Cascades Determine the signal transduction pathways necessary for the induction of LHbeta versus FSHbeta genes by pulsatile GnRH. Determine which signaling molecules are activated by specific pulse frequencies and compare their activation to tonic GnRH. Specific Aim 3: Determine the Transcriptional Mechanisms Determine the promoter regions and transcription factors that play roles in pulsatile GnRH induction of the LHbeta and FSHbeta genes. Identify new target genes for pulsatile GnRH using DNA microarray approaches. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF GRANULOSA CELL FSH RECEPTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: La Barbera, Andrew R.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: It is important that we understand how follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates its receptor in ovarian granulosa cells become hormone analogs and drugs that affect follicular development via the FSH receptor (FSHR) are being developed to provide health care professionals with better tools to control ovarian function and fertility. The overall objective of this project is to determine how the plasma membrane levels of FSHR are regulated by FSH in granulosa cells in vitro. The direct effects of FSH on the synthesis and turnover of the FSHR protein or mRNA have not been determined for any species so we do not have a precise knowledge of how FSH affects FSHR. The pig is an excellent model for studying the FSHR because it is possible to easily obtain large quantities of immature granulosa cells without having to resort to estrogen priming. Based on our findings and those of other investigators we hypothesize that FSH, via cAMP-dependent mechanisms, promotes the synthesis of FSHR via an increase in FSHR mRNA. We hypothesize further that his up-regulation is modulated simultaneously by a long-term, FSH- induced decrease in FSH-binding capacity that occurs both transient, reversible inactivation and by sequestration and/or internalization. Using cultured porcine granulosa cells we propose to determine, first, how FSH regulates FSHR mRNA levels, second, if exposure of FSHR results, either directly or indirectly, in alteration FSHR, third, how FSH affects the rates of sequestration and internalization of FSHR, fourth, if mutation of consensus internalization sequences alters the rate of internalization of FSHR, and fifth, what roles beta-arrestin and dynamin play in sequestration and internalization of FSHR. The results of these studies will facilitate development of methods to increase fertility and other species by elucidating how the FSH receptor is regulated by FSH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF GONADOTROPIN REGULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaiser, Ursula B.; Director, Neuroendocrine Program; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: The gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) play an integral role in the reproductive axis. translating neural and hormonal input into precisely regulated output to achieve normal sexual development and regulation of gonadal function. The long-term objective of this project is to elucidate
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of gonadotropin gene expression, information that will provide insight into both normal and abnormal reproductive function. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue- specific and GnRH-stimulated expression of LHbeta gene. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of the FSHbeta gene. The goal of this proposal is to explore mechanisms of tissue-specific and hormonally-regulated expression of the rat FSHbeta gene in vitro and in vivo, using the recently developed LbetaT2 cell line and transgenic mice as models. In the first aim, we will test our hypothesis that the homeodomain protein Pitx1 binds directly to specific elements in the FSHbeta promoter and interacts with other transcription factors to synergistically activate gonadotrope-specific and hormonally regulated FSHbeta gene transcription. Secondly, we will characterize the roles of the two interacting orphan nuclear receptors, SF-1 and DAX-1, in the regulation of FSHbeta gene expression, based on our hypothesis that SF-1 and DAX-1 have distinct effects on the FSHbeta and LHbeta genes, which may underlie some of the differential regulatory responses of FSH and LH that occur in vivo. In the third aim, we plan to identify and characterize cis-elements, and their cognate trans-factors, which mediate GnRH-regulated expression of the FSHbeta gene. Finally, we propose to characterize the mechanisms of transcriptional stimulation of the FSHbeta gene by activin, an important physiologic regulator of FSH production. By characterizing the factors that mediate tissue-specific and hormonally-regulated FSHbeta gene expression, we will be better able to elucidate the mechanisms underlying disorders of reproductive function, and may identify new targets for therapeutic intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TESTOSTERONE REGULATION OF GNRH NEURONAL ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Pouliot, Wendy A.; Anatomy and Neurobiology; Colorado State University-Fort Collins Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002 Summary: The coordinated activity and secretions of the hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal axis are vital to male reproduction. Activation of a small, diffuse population of neurons in the preoptic/hypothalamic area result in the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the hypophysial-portal vasculature which stimulates luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary, driving testosterone secretion and spermatogenesis, respectively. Testosterone exerts feedback inhibition at both the levels of the pituitary and hypothalamus. The precise preoptic/hypothalamic target site and underlying mechanisms that govern the negative feedback actions of testosterone are unknown. The possibility exists that testosterone may act directly on the GnRH neuron, itself or through a pre-synaptic GABAergic mechanism. The general hypothesis is that in males, testosterone exerts its negative feedback action on luteinizing hormone secretion by reducing GnRH neuronal activity either directly and/or through a GABA-mediated pre-synaptic mechanism. This proposal utilizes the GnRH-green fluorescent protein transgenic mouse model in combination with visualized cell-attached and whole-cell patch clamp recordings and single-cell RT PCR techniques to test this hypothesis. Specific Aim 1 will determine whether testosterone directly alters the active membrane properties and firing pattern of GnRH neurons. Specific Aim 2 will determine if testosterone alters GABAergic synaptic transmission on GnRH neurons. Specific Aim 3 will determine if testosterone alters androgen receptor, GnRH and GABAA receptor subunit mRNA levels in identified GnRH neurons
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPRESSION
TRANSCRIPTIONAL
REGULATION
OF
LH
BETA
GENE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Halvorson, Lisa M.; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 13-SEP-2002 Summary: The pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), are critical modulators of gamete maturation and gonadal steroidogenesis. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the transcription factors, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) and early growth response gene 1 (Egr-1), regulate expression of the LHbeta-subunit gene. The long-term objective of our work is to understand fully the transcription factors and cis-elements which modulate LHbeta gene expression, information which will provide insight into both normal and abnormal reproductive function. The Specific Aims of this proposal are: 1) to characterize the role of the bicoid-related transcription factor, Ptx1, in mediating tissue-specific LHbeta gene expression, 2) to define the physiologic importance of the LHbeta-Ptx1 cis-element(s) in primary gonadotropes in culture and in vivo, and 3) to identify the molecular mechanisms which mediate cAMP/PKA-induced stimulation of LHbeta gene promoter activity. In Aim 1, based on a report by Drouin and co-workers, we hypothesize that Ptx1 acts alone and in synergy with SF-1 to increase LHbeta promoter activity, as will be tested by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, transient transfection of immortalized cell lines, and generation of Ptx1 "knockdown" cell lines. In Aim 2A, primary pituitary cell cultures will be infected using a highly efficient, recombinant adenovirus approach in order to define the 5'flanking region which confers gonadotrope-specific expression. The defined gonadotrope-specific region will then be used in reporter constructs as either the wild-type sequence or with a mutation in the Ptx1-site(s) identified in Aim 1. We predict that the presence of a mutation in the Ptx1 site(s) will markedly blunt reporter expression in both cultured primary pituitary cells (Aim 2B) and transgenic mouse lines (Aim 2C), verifying the physiologic importance of Ptx1 to LHbeta gene expression. In Aim 3, we propose to test the hypothesis that cAMP/PKA-induced increases in LHbeta promoter activity are due to: A) PKA-regulated changes in SF-1 and/or Egr-1 gene expression or post-translational modifications, and/or B) putative AP-2 cis-element(s) in the LHbeta gene promoter sequence. By further characterizing factors which mediate tissue-specific and hormonally-regulated LHbeta gene expression, these studies will contribute to our understanding of normal reproductive physiology, as well as the pathophysiology of disorders including infertility, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypothalamic hypogonadism, and premature and delayed puberty. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “follicle-stimulating hormone” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for folliclestimulating hormone in the PubMed Central database: •
Blockade of recruitment of ovarian follicles by suppression of the secondary surge of follicle-stimulating hormone with porcine follicular field. by Hoak DC, Schwartz NB.; 1980 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=349967
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Evidence for a Specific Seminiferous Tubular Factor Affecting Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion in Man. by Van Thiel DH, Sherins RJ, Myers GH Jr, De Vita VT Jr.; 1972 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302213
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Expression of biologically active heterodimeric bovine follicle-stimulating hormone in milk of transgenic mice. by Greenberg NM, Anderson JW, Hsueh AJ, Nishimori K, Reeves JJ, deAvila DM, Ward DN, Rosen JM.; 1991 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=52501
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Highly purified human-derived follicle-stimulating hormone (Bravelle[reg]) has equivalent efficacy to follitropin-beta (Follistim [reg]) in infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization. by Dickey RP, Nichols JE, Steinkampf MP, Gocial B, Thornton M, Webster BW, Bello SM, Crain J, Marshall DC.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=270000
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Impairing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) signaling in vivo: Targeted disruption of the FSH receptor leads to aberrant gametogenesis and hormonal imbalance. by Dierich A, Sairam MR, Monaco L, Fimia GM, Gansmuller A, LeMeur M, Sassone-Corsi P.; 1998 Nov 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24867
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Pituitary Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Induces CREM Gene Expression in Sertoli Cells: Involvement in Long-Term Desensitization of the FSH Receptor. by Monaco L, Foulkes NS, Sassone-Corsi P.; 1995 Nov 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40674
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Pituitary self-priming actions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Kinetics of estradiol's potentiating effects on gonadotropin-releasing hormone-facilitated luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release in healthy postmenopausal women. by Veldhuis JD, Evans WS, Rogol AD, Kolp L, Thorner MO, Stumpf P.; 1986 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=370543
5
The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Progestogen-induced luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone surge in postmenopausal women: a simulated ovulatory peak. by Odell WD, Swerdloff RS.; 1968 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=225191
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Relative roles of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the control of inhibin secretion in normal men. by McLachlan RI, Matsumoto AM, Burger HG, de Kretser DM, Bremner WJ.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303597
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Reliability of follicle-stimulating hormone measurements in serum. by Arslan AA, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Lukanova A, Rinaldi S, Kaaks R, Toniolo P.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165593
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Secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and production of inhibin are reciprocally related. by Ying SY, Czvik J, Becker A, Ling N, Ueno N, Guillemin R.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=305144
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Selective inhibition of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion by estradiol. Mechanism for modulation of gonadotropin responses to low dose pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. by Marshall JC, Case GD, Valk TW, Corley KP, Sauder SE, Kelch RP.; 1983 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=436863
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Sex steroid hormone regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone subunit messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in the rat. by Gharib SD, Wierman ME, Badger TM, Chin WW.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=442237
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Structural changes inducted by follicle-stimulating hormone or dibutyryl cyclic AMP on presumptive Sertoli cells in culture. by Tung PS, Dorrington JH, Fritz IB.; 1975 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=432642
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Suppression of Urinary and Plasma Follicle-Stimulating Hormone by Exogenous Estrogens in Prepubertal and Pubertal Children. by Kelch RP, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM.; 1973 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302367
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Synthetic human seminal alpha-inhibin-92 selectively suppresses follicle-stimulating hormone release in vivo. by Yu WH, McCann SM, Li CH.; 1988 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=279530
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Synthetic peptides based upon a three-dimensional model for the receptor recognition site of follicle-stimulating hormone exhibit antagonistic or agonistic activity at low concentrations. by Hage-van Noort M, Puijk WC, Plasman HH, Kuperus D, Schaaper WM, Beekman NJ, Grootegoed JA, Meloen RH.; 1992 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=48984
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with follicle-stimulating hormone, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “folliclestimulating hormone” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for follicle-stimulating hormone (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A chorionic gonadotropin-sensitive mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor as a cause of familial gestational spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Author(s): Vasseur C, Rodien P, Beau I, Desroches A, Gerard C, de Poncheville L, Chaplot S, Savagner F, Croue A, Mathieu E, Lahlou N, Descamps P, Misrahi M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 August 21; 349(8): 753-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12930927
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A comparison of 3-day and daily follicle-stimulating hormone injections on stimulation days 1-6 in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Author(s): Scholtes MC, Schnittert B, van Hoogstraten D, Verhoeven HC, Zrener A, Warne DW. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2004 April; 81(4): 996-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15066454
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A less acidic human follicle-stimulating hormone preparation induces tissue-type plasminogen activator enzyme activity earlier than a predominantly acidic analogue in phenobarbital-blocked pro-oestrous rats. Author(s): Timossi C, Damian-Matsumura P, Dominguez-Gonzalez A, Ulloa-Aguirre A. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1998 November; 4(11): 1032-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9835354
6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor as a cause of familial spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Author(s): Montanelli L, Delbaere A, Di Carlo C, Nappi C, Smits G, Vassart G, Costagliola S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 April; 89(4): 1255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15080154
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A mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor as a cause of familial spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Author(s): Montanelli L, Delbaere A, Di Carlo C, Nappi C, Smits G, Vassart G, Costagliola S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 March; 89(3): 12558. Corrected and Republished In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15001619
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A novel AP-1 site is critical for maximal induction of the follicle-stimulating hormone beta gene by gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Author(s): Coss D, Jacobs SB, Bender CE, Mellon PL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004 January 2; 279(1): 152-62. Epub 2003 October 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14570911
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A novel protocol of ovulation induction with delayed gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist administration combined with high-dose recombinant folliclestimulating hormone and clomiphene citrate for poor responders and women over 35 years. Author(s): D'Amato G, Caroppo E, Pasquadibisceglie A, Carone D, Vitti A, Vizziello GM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2004 June; 81(6): 1572-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15193479
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A pharmacokinetic and endocrine comparison of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and human menopausal gonadotrophin in polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Balasch J, Fabregues F, Casamitjana R, Penarrubia J, Vanrell JA. Source: Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2003 April-May; 6(3): 296-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735863
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A prospective randomized clinical trial comparing 150 IU and 225 IU of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (Gonal-F*) in a fixed-dose regimen for controlled ovarian stimulation in in vitro fertilization treatment. Author(s): Yong PY, Brett S, Baird DT, Thong KJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 February; 79(2): 308-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12568839
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A randomized comparison of two ovarian stimulation protocols with gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist cotreatment for in vitro fertilization commencing recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone on cycle day 2 or 5 with the standard long GnRH agonist protocol. Author(s): Hohmann FP, Macklon NS, Fauser BC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 January; 88(1): 16673. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519847
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A randomized comparison of two ovarian stimulation protocols with gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist cotreatment for in vitro fertilization commencing recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone on cycle day 2 or 5 with the standard long GnRH agonist protocol. Author(s): Broekmans FJ, Weima SM, te Velde ER. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 September; 88(9): 4510; Author Reply 4510-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970337
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Abnormal endometrial development occurs during the luteal phase of nonsupplemented donor cycles treated with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists. Author(s): Kolibianakis EM, Bourgain C, Platteau P, Albano C, Van Steirteghem AC, Devroey P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 August; 80(2): 464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12909519
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Activin and follicle-stimulating hormone signaling are required for long-term culture of functionally differentiated primary granulosa cells from the chicken ovary. Author(s): Schmierer B, Schuster MK, Shkumatava A, Kuchler K. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2003 February; 68(2): 620-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12533427
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Age at natural menopause is not linked with the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor region: a sib-pair study. Author(s): Kok HS, van Asselt KM, Peeters PH, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Pearson PL, Wijmenga C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2004 March; 81(3): 611-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037410
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Age is a better predictor of pregnancy potential than basal follicle-stimulating hormone levels in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Chuang CC, Chen CD, Chao KH, Chen SU, Ho HN, Yang YS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 January; 79(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12524065
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Age-related analysis of inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin a relative to the intercycle monotropic follicle-stimulating hormone rise in normal ovulatory women. Author(s): Klein NA, Houmard BS, Hansen KR, Woodruff TK, Sluss PM, Bremner WJ, Soules MR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 June; 89(6): 2977-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15181087
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An activated human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor stimulates FSH-like activity in gonadotropin-deficient transgenic mice. Author(s): Haywood M, Tymchenko N, Spaliviero J, Koch A, Jimenez M, Gromoll J, Simoni M, Nordhoff V, Handelsman DJ, Allan CM. Source: Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 2002 November; 16(11): 2582-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403847
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Analysis of the Cys82Arg mutation in follicle-stimulating hormone beta (FSHbeta) using a novel FSH expression vector. Author(s): Clark AD, Layman LC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 February; 79(2): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12568849
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Apparent primary follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency is a rare cause of treatable male infertility. Author(s): Giltay JC, Deege M, Blankenstein RA, Kastrop PM, Wijmenga C, Lock TT. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2004 March; 81(3): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037424
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Attempt to map the receptor binding sites of human follicle-stimulating hormone using disulfide peptides of its beta-subunit indicates major involvement of the regions around disulfide bonds Cys28-Cys82 and Cys32-Cys84 in receptor binding of the hormone. Author(s): Jetly NM, Iyer KS, Hosur MV, Mahale SD. Source: The Journal of Peptide Research : Official Journal of the American Peptide Society. 2003 December; 62(6): 269-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14632930
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Basal estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone predict fecundity in women of advanced reproductive age undergoing ovulation induction therapy. Author(s): Buyalos RP, Daneshmand S, Brzechffa PR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1997 August; 68(2): 272-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9240255
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Basal follicle-stimulating hormone level and age affect the chance for and outcome of pre-embryo cryopreservation. Author(s): Toner JP, Veeck LL, Muasher SJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1993 March; 59(3): 664-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8458473
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Basal follicle-stimulating hormone level is a better predictor of in vitro fertilization performance than age. Author(s): Toner JP, Philput CB, Jones GS, Muasher SJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1991 April; 55(4): 784-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1901282
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Basal follicle-stimulating hormone levels are of limited value in predicting ongoing pregnancy rates after in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Bancsi LF, Huijs AM, den Ouden CT, Broekmans FJ, Looman CW, Blankenstein MA, te Velde ER. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 March; 73(3): 552-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10689012
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Basal serum pituitary hormone levels and outcome of in vitro fertilization utilizing a flare nasal gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist and fixed low-dose folliclestimulating hormone/human menopausal gonadotropin regimen. Author(s): Chan YF, Ho PC, So WW, Yeung WS. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1993 May; 10(4): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8130428
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Bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone responses to intravenous gonadotropinreleasing hormone in boys with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Author(s): Padmanabhan V, Kelch RP, Sonstein J, Foster CM, Beitins IZ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1988 October; 67(4): 793800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3138278
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Biochemical properties of the agonist-induced desensitization of the folliclestimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin-responsive adenylyl cyclase in cells expressing the recombinant gonadotropin receptors. Author(s): Sanchez-Yague J, Hipkin RW, Ascoli M. Source: Endocrinology. 1993 March; 132(3): 1007-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8440169
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Biological and immunological properties of different molecular species of human follicle-stimulating hormone: electrofocusing profiles of eight highly purified preparations. Author(s): Zaidi AA, Froysa B, Diczfalusy E. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1982 February; 92(2): 195-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6801169
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Biological characterization of the naturally occurring analogues of intrapituitary human follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Ulloa-Aguirre A, Cravioto A, Damian-Matsumura P, Jimenez M, Zambrano E, Diaz-Sanchez V. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1992 January; 7(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1551953
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Biological evidence for the subunit structure of human follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Reichert LE Jr. Source: Endocrinology. 1971 September; 89(3): 925-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5105802
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Biosynthesis and secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Chappel SC, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Coutifaris C. Source: Endocrine Reviews. 1983 Spring; 4(2): 179-211. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6407825
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Blood spot follicle-stimulating hormone during early postnatal life in normal girls and Turner's syndrome. Author(s): Heinrichs C, Bourdoux P, Saussez C, Vis HL, Bourguignon JP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994 April; 78(4): 978-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8157730
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Blue dextran: influence on chromatographic profile and immunoreactivity of human follicle-stimulating hormone (HFSH). Author(s): Bell J, Rosenkovich E, Rabinowitz D. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1975 June; 149(2): 565-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1080281
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Both inhibin A and B respond to exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone in the follicular phase of the human menstrual cycle. Author(s): Burger HG, Groome NP, Robertson DM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 November; 83(11): 4167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9814508
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Both of the beta-subunit carbohydrate residues of follicle-stimulating hormone determine the metabolic clearance rate and in vivo potency. Author(s): Bishop LA, Nguyen TV, Schofield PR. Source: Endocrinology. 1995 June; 136(6): 2635-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7750487
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Cell-specific transcriptional regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone-beta by activin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the LbetaT2 pituitary gonadotrope cell model. Author(s): Pernasetti F, Vasilyev VV, Rosenberg SB, Bailey JS, Huang HJ, Miller WL, Mellon PL. Source: Endocrinology. 2001 June; 142(6): 2284-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11356674
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Change in estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone across the early menopausal transition: effects of ethnicity and age. Author(s): Randolph JF Jr, Sowers M, Bondarenko IV, Harlow SD, Luborsky JL, Little RJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 April; 89(4): 155561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15070912
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Clinical experience with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and urinary FSH: a retrospective case- controlled analysis. Author(s): Ravhon A, Lavery S, Aurell R, Trew G, Margara R, Winston R. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 May; 75(5): 920-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11334903
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Clinical review 126: Roles and novel regimens of luteinizing hormone and folliclestimulating hormone in ovulation induction. Author(s): Filicori M, Cognigni GE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 April; 86(4): 143741. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11297565
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Cloned transgenic offspring resulting from somatic cell nuclear transfer in the goat: oocytes derived from both follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated and nonstimulated abattoir-derived ovaries. Author(s): Reggio BC, James AN, Green HL, Gavin WG, Behboodi E, Echelard Y, Godke RA. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2001 November; 65(5): 1528-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11673271
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Cloning and expression of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone and identification of two polymorphic sites in the luteinizing hormone beta subunit. Author(s): Schmidt A, Gromoll J, Weinbauer GF, Galla HJ, Chappel S, Simoni M. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1999 October 25; 156(1-2): 73-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10612425
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Comment on analysis of mutations in genes of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Author(s): Hussein S, Chu S, Fuller PJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 October; 84(10): 3852. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10523041
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Comparison of controlled ovarian stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin or recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Filicori M, Cognigni GE, Pocognoli P, Tabarelli C, Ferlini F, Perri T, Parmegiani L. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 August; 80(2): 390-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12909504
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Comparison of metaphase II oocytes after stimulation with recombinant folliclestimulating hormone and urinary follicle-stimulating hormone in a pituitary downregulation regimen. Author(s): Lan KC, Lin YC, Huang FJ, Kung FT, Hsieh CH, Chang SY. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 September; 78(3): 639-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215349
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Comparison of recombinant and urinary follicle-stimulating hormone preparations in short-term gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist protocol for in vitro fertilizationembryo transfer. Author(s): Hugues JN, Bry-Gauillard H, Bstandig B, Uzan M, Cedrin-Durnerin I. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2001 April; 18(4): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11432109
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Comparison of stimulation with clomiphene citrate in combination with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and recombinant luteinizing hormone to stimulation with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist protocol: a prospective, randomized study. Author(s): Weigert M, Krischker U, Pohl M, Poschalko G, Kindermann C, Feichtinger W. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 July; 78(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12095487
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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone (Bravelle) and recombinant follitropin-beta for in vitro fertilization: a prospective, randomized study. Author(s): Dickey RP, Thornton M, Nichols J, Marshall DC, Fein SH, Nardi RV; Bravelle IVF Study Group. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 June; 77(6): 1202-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12057729
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Comparison of two dosages of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in Chinese women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation: prospective randomised double-blind study. Author(s): Ng EY, Yeung WS, Ho PC. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2000 December; 6(4): 368-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177158
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Comparison of two recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone preparations in in-vitro fertilization: a randomized clinical study. Author(s): Tulppala M, Aho M, Tuuri T, Vilska S, Foudila T, Hakala-Ala-Pietila T, Moilanen J, Butzow T, Kaukoranta S, Soderstrom-Anttila V, Siegberg R, Suikkari AM, Hovatta O. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 November; 14(11): 2709-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548606
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Complete Sertoli cell proliferation induced by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) independently of luteinizing hormone activity: evidence from genetic models of isolated FSH action. Author(s): Allan CM, Garcia A, Spaliviero J, Zhang FP, Jimenez M, Huhtaniemi I, Handelsman DJ. Source: Endocrinology. 2004 April; 145(4): 1587-93. Epub 2004 January 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14726449
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Concentrations of inhibins and activin in women undergoing stimulation with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone for in vitro fertilization treatment. Author(s): Casper FW, Seufert RJ, Schaffrath M, Pollow K. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 January; 75(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11163813
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Constitutively active mutations of G protein-coupled receptors: the case of the human luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors. Author(s): Nordhoff V, Gromoll J, Simoni M. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1999 November-December; 30(6): 501-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10714364
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Control of gonadotropin secretion by follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing factor, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and leptin. Author(s): McCann SM, Karanth S, Mastronardi CA, Dees WL, Childs G, Miller B, Sower S, Yu WH. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2001 November-December; 32(6): 476-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11750723
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Correlation between the amount of follicle-stimulating hormone administered and plasma and follicular fluid vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Artini PG, Monti M, Fasciani A, Tartaglia ML, D'Ambrogio G, Genazzani AR. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1998 August; 12(4): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798133
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Cost-effectiveness of recombinant versus urinary follicle-stimulating hormone in assisted reproduction techniques in the Spanish public health care system. Author(s): Romeu A, Balasch J, Ruiz Balda JA, Barri PN, Daya S, Auray JP, Duru G, Beresniak A, Peinado JA. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2003 August; 20(8): 294-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948090
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Decrease in melatonin precedes follicle-stimulating hormone increase during perimenopause. Author(s): Vakkuri O, Kivela A, Leppaluoto J, Valtonen M, Kauppila A. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1996 August; 135(2): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8810731
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Delayed puberty and hypogonadism caused by mutations in the follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene. Author(s): Layman LC, Lee EJ, Peak DB, Namnoum AB, Vu KV, van Lingen BL, Gray MR, McDonough PG, Reindollar RH, Jameson JL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 August 28; 337(9): 607-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9271483
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Delayed puberty and primary amenorrhea associated with a novel mutation of the human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: clinical, histological, and molecular studies. Author(s): Meduri G, Touraine P, Beau I, Lahuna O, Desroches A, Vacher-Lavenu MC, Kuttenn F, Misrahi M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 August; 88(8): 3491-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12915623
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Deletion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor residues encoded by exon one decreases FSH binding and signaling in the rat. Author(s): Mann KI, Liu X, Dias JA. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2000 May; 62(5): 1240-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10775172
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Detection of epitopes on follicle-stimulating hormone and FSH-antiserum-induced suppression of bioactivity of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Author(s): Westhoff WE, Slootstra JW, Puijk WC, Kuperus D, Flinterman JF, Schaaper WM, Oonk HB, Meloen RH. Source: Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 1996 May; 30(2-3): 133-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8816329
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Determinants of basal follicle-stimulating hormone levels in premenopausal women. Author(s): Cramer DW, Barbieri RL, Xu H, Reichardt JK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994 October; 79(4): 1105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7962282
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Development of time-resolved immunofluorometric assays for rat follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and application on sera of cycling rats. Author(s): van Casteren JI, Schoonen WG, Kloosterboer HJ. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2000 April; 62(4): 886-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10727257
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Differences in serum follicle-stimulating hormone uptake after intramuscular and subcutaneous human menopausal gonadotropin injection. Author(s): Dobbs KE, Dumesic DA, Dumesic JA, Shapiro SS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1994 November; 62(5): 978-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7926145
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Differential regulation of gonadotropin secretion by testosterone in the human male: absence of a negative feedback effect of testosterone on follicle-stimulating hormone secretion. Author(s): Hayes FJ, DeCruz S, Seminara SB, Boepple PA, Crowley WF Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 January; 86(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11231978
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Differential regulation of inhibin A and inhibin B by luteinizing hormone, folliclestimulating hormone, and stage of follicle development. Author(s): Welt CK, Smith ZA, Pauler DK, Hall JE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 June; 86(6): 2531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11397851
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Differential regulation of inhibin B and inhibin a by follicle-stimulating hormone and local growth factors in human granulosa cells from small antral follicles. Author(s): Welt CK, Schneyer AL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 January; 86(1): 3306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11232020
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Differential roles of exoloop 1 of the human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in hormone binding and receptor activation. Author(s): Ji I, Ji TH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1995 July 7; 270(27): 15970-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7608154
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Differential sex steroid negative feedback regulation of pulsatile follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in healthy older men: deconvolution analysis and steady-state sexsteroid hormone infusions in frequently sampled healthy older individuals. Author(s): Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Samojlik E, Urban RJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 April; 82(4): 124854. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9100603
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Direct intraovarian effects of leptin: impairment of the synergistic action of insulinlike growth factor-I on follicle-stimulating hormone-dependent estradiol-17 beta production by rat ovarian granulosa cells. Author(s): Zachow RJ, Magoffin DA. Source: Endocrinology. 1997 February; 138(2): 847-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9003026
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Discrepancy between molecular structure and ligand selectivity of a testicular follicle-stimulating hormone receptor of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Author(s): Bogerd J, Blomenrohr M, Andersson E, van der Putten HH, Tensen CP, Vischer HF, Granneman JC, Janssen-Dommerholt C, Goos HJ, Schulz RW. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2001 June; 64(6): 1633-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11369589
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Disruption of the young-adult synchrony between luteinizing hormone release and oscillations in follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) in healthy older men. Author(s): Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Mulligan T, Pincus SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 October; 84(10): 3498-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10522986
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Diurnal rhythms of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone secretion before the onset of male puberty. Author(s): Mitamura R, Yano K, Suzuki N, Ito Y, Makita Y, Okuno A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 January; 84(1): 2937. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9920058
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Diurnal rhythms of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, and estradiol secretion before the onset of female puberty in short children. Author(s): Mitamura R, Yano K, Suzuki N, Ito Y, Makita Y, Okuno A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 March; 85(3): 107480. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10720042
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Dynamics of bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: effects of estradiol and progesterone. Author(s): Padmanabhan V, Christman GM, Randolph JF, Kelch RP, Marshall JC, Beitins IZ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 May; 75(5): 881-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11334898
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Dynamics of the development of multiple follicles during ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization using recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (Puregon) and various doses of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist ganirelix (Orgalutran/Antagon). Author(s): de Jong D, Macklon NS, Eijkemans MJ, Mannaerts BM, Coelingh Bennink HJ, Fauser BC; Ganirelix Dose-Finding Study Group. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 April; 75(4): 688-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11287020
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E-box and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response elements are both required for follicle-stimulating hormone-induced transferrin promoter activation in Sertoli cells. Author(s): Chaudhary J, Skinner MK. Source: Endocrinology. 1999 March; 140(3): 1262-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10067852
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Economic evaluation of highly purified menotropin compared with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone in assisted reproduction. Author(s): Lloyd A, Kennedy R, Hutchinson J, Sawyer W. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 November; 80(5): 1108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607557
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Effect of age on pregnancy outcome without assisted reproductive technology in women with elevated early follicular phase serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Author(s): Check JH, Peymer M, Lurie D. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1998; 45(4): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9623783
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Effect of highly purified urinary follicle-stimulating hormone on oocyte and embryo quality. Author(s): Selman HA, De Santo M, Sterzik K, Coccia E, El-Danasouri I. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 November; 78(5): 1061-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12413994
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Effect of obesity on recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone absorption: subcutaneous versus intramuscular administration. Author(s): Steinkampf MP, Hammond KR, Nichols JE, Slayden SH. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 July; 80(1): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12849809
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Effect of ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists, and human chorionic gonadotropin on endometrial maturation on the day of oocyte pick-up. Author(s): Kolibianakis E, Bourgain C, Albano C, Osmanagaoglu K, Smitz J, Van Steirteghem A, Devroey P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 November; 78(5): 1025-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12413988
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Effectiveness of human menopausal gonadotropin versus recombinant folliclestimulating hormone for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in assisted reproductive cycles: a meta-analysis. Author(s): van Wely M, Westergaard LG, Bossuyt PM, van der Veen F. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 November; 80(5): 1086-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607553
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Effects of cabergoline in a pituitary adenoma secreting follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Leese G, Jeffreys R, Vora J. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 August; 73(862): 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9307745
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Effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin in individuals with an inactivating mutation of the FSH receptor. Author(s): Vaskivuo TE, Aittomaki K, Anttonen M, Ruokonen A, Herva R, Osawa Y, Heikinheimo M, Huhtaniemi I, Tapanainen JS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 July; 78(1): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12095499
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Effects of follicle-stimulating hormone and serum substitution on the in-vitro growth of human ovarian follicles. Author(s): Wright CS, Hovatta O, Margara R, Trew G, Winston RM, Franks S, Hardy K. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 June; 14(6): 1555-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10357975
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Efficacy and safety of highly purified menotropin versus recombinant folliclestimulating hormone in in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles: a randomized, comparative trial. Author(s): European and Israeli Study Group on Highly Purified Menotropin versus Recombinant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 September; 78(3): 520-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215327
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Efficacy and safety of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Author(s): Bouloux P, Warne DW, Loumaye E; FSH Study Group in Men's Infertility. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 February; 77(2): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11821082
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Endometrial HOXA10 expression after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Taylor HS, Daftary GS, Selam B. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 September; 80 Suppl 2: 839-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14505762
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Enhanced granulosa cell responsiveness to follicle-stimulating hormone during insulin infusion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with pioglitazone. Author(s): Coffler MS, Patel K, Dahan MH, Yoo RY, Malcom PJ, Chang RJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 December; 88(12): 5624-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14671144
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Enzyme immunoassay method for total urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) beta subunit and its application for measurement of total urinary FSH. Author(s): Qiu Q, Kuo A, Todd H, Dias JA, Gould JE, Overstreet JW, Lasley BL. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 February; 69(2): 278-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9496342
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Estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in oophorectomized women applying percutaneous 17 beta-estradiol over the medial surface of the left arm. Author(s): Taechakraichana N, Udomponglukkana S, Panyakhamlerd K, Leepipatpaibul S, Limpaphayom K. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 February; 82(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10087717
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Evaluation of the ovarian reserve in young low responders with normal basal levels of follicle-stimulating hormone using three-dimensional ultrasonography. Author(s): Pellicer A, Ardiles G, Neuspiller F, Remohi J, Simon C, Bonilla-Musoles F. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 October; 70(4): 671-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9797096
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Evidence for a stimulatory role of follicle-stimulating hormone on the spermatogonial population in adult males. Author(s): Foresta C, Bettella A, Ferlin A, Garolla A, Rossato M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 April; 69(4): 636-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9548151
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Evidence for abnormal granulosa cell responsiveness to follicle-stimulating hormone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Coffler MS, Patel K, Dahan MH, Malcom PJ, Kawashima T, Deutsch R, Chang RJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 April; 88(4): 1742-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679467
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Expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in human ovary. Author(s): Minegishi T, Tano M, Igarashi M, Rokukawa S, Abe Y, Ibuki Y, Miyamoto K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1997 June; 27(6): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9229226
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First live birth after ovarian stimulation using a chimeric long-acting human recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) agonist (recFSH-CTP) for in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Beckers NG, Macklon NS, Devroey P, Platteau P, Boerrigter PJ, Fauser BC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 March; 79(3): 621-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620451
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Follicle-stimulating hormone amplifies insulin-like growth factor I-mediated activation of AKT/protein kinase B signaling in immature rat Sertoli cells. Author(s): Khan SA, Ndjountche L, Pratchard L, Spicer LJ, Davis JS. Source: Endocrinology. 2002 June; 143(6): 2259-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12021190
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Follicle-stimulating hormone and advanced follicle development in the human. Author(s): Macklon NS, Fauser BC. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2001 November-December; 32(6): 595-600. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11750735
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Follicle-stimulating hormone and human menopausal gonadotropin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction cycles. Author(s): Daya S. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000061. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10796481
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Follicle-stimulating hormone interacts with exoloop 3 of the receptor. Author(s): Sohn J, Ryu K, Sievert G, Jeoung M, Ji I, Ji TH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 December 20; 277(51): 50165-75. Epub 2002 October 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12374801
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Follicle-stimulating hormone is secreted more irregularly than luteinizing hormone in both humans and sheep. Author(s): Pincus SM, Padmanabhan V, Lemon W, Randolph J, Rees Midgley A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1998 March 15; 101(6): 1318-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9502773
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Follicle-stimulating hormone levels on cycle day 3 to predict ovarian response in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization using a flare-up protocol. Author(s): Gurgan T, Urman B, Yarali H, Duran HE. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1997 September; 68(3): 483-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9314919
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Follicle-stimulating hormone ligand and receptor mutations, and gonadal dysfunction. Author(s): Levallet J, Pakarinen P, Huhtaniemi IT. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1999 November-December; 30(6): 486-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10714362
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Follicle-stimulating hormone measured in unextracted urine: a reliable tool for easy assessment of ovarian capacity. Author(s): Oosterhuis GJ, Lambalk CB, Michgelsen HW, De Koning CH, Vermes I, Schoemaker J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 September; 70(3): 544-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9757888
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Follicle-stimulating hormone mediated calcium signaling by the alternatively spliced growth factor type I receptor. Author(s): Touyz RM, Jiang L, Sairam MR. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2000 April; 62(4): 1067-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10727279
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Follicle-stimulating hormone or human menopausal gonadotropin for ovarian stimulation in in vitro fertilization cycles: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Agrawal R, Holmes J, Jacobs HS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 February; 73(2): 338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685540
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Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes the growth of human epithelial ovarian cancer cells through the protein kinase C-mediated system. Author(s): Ohtani K, Sakamoto H, Kikuchi A, Nakayama Y, Idei T, Igarashi N, Matukawa T, Satoh K. Source: Cancer Letters. 2001 May 26; 166(2): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11311494
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Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene mutations are rare in Japanese women with premature ovarian failure and polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Takakura K, Takebayashi K, Wang HQ, Kimura F, Kasahara K, Noda Y. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 January; 75(1): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11163840
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Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor polymorphisms in women with normogonadotropic anovulatory infertility. Author(s): Laven JS, Mulders AG, Suryandari DA, Gromoll J, Nieschlag E, Fauser BC, Simoni M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 October; 80(4): 986-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14556822
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Follicle-stimulating hormone receptors in oocytes? Author(s): Meduri G, Charnaux N, Driancourt MA, Combettes L, Granet P, Vannier B, Loosfelt H, Milgrom E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 May; 87(5): 2266-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11994374
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Follicle-stimulating hormone regulates steroidogenic enzymes in cultured cells of the chick embryo ovary. Author(s): Gomez Y, Velazquez PN, Peralta-Delgado I, Mendez MC, Vilchis F, JuarezOropeza MA, Pedernera E. Source: General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2001 March; 121(3): 305-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11254372
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Follicle-stimulating hormone treatment for men with idiopathic oligoteratoasthenozoospermia before in vitro fertilization: the impact on sperm microstructure and fertilization potential. Author(s): Ben-Rafael Z, Farhi J, Feldberg D, Bartoov B, Kovo M, Eltes F, Ashkenazi J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 January; 73(1): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10632407
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Follicular development and hormonal levels following highly purified or recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone administration in ovulatory women and WHO group II anovulatory infertile patients. Author(s): Balasch J, Fabregues F, Penarrubia J, Creus M, Vidal R, Casamitjana R, Manau D, Vanrell JA. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1998 October; 15(9): 552-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9822984
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Follicular development and hormonal levels following highly purified or recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone administration in ovulatory women undergoing ovarian stimulation after pituitary suppression for in vitro fertilization: implications for implantation potential. Author(s): Balasch J, Fabregues F, Creus M, Penarrubia J, Vidal E, Carmona F, Puerto B, Vanrell JA. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2000 January; 17(1): 20-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10754779
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Galactose consumption, metabolism, and follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations in women of late reproductive age. Author(s): Cooper GS, Hulka BS, Baird DD, Savitz DA, Hughes CL Jr, Weinberg CR, Coleman RA, Shields JM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1994 December; 62(6): 1168-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7957979
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Generic human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) in place of more costly folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) for routine ovulation induction. Author(s): Gleicher N, Karande V. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2000 October; 17(9): 489-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11155320
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Genetic fusion of an alpha-subunit gene to the follicle-stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotropin-beta subunit genes: production of a bifunctional protein. Author(s): Kanda M, Jablonka-Shariff A, Sato A, Pixley MR, Bos E, Hiro'oka T, BenMenahem D, Boime I. Source: Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 1999 November; 13(11): 1873-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10551781
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Genetic rescue of follicle-stimulating hormone beta-deficient mice. Author(s): Kumar TR, Low MJ, Matzuk MM. Source: Endocrinology. 1998 July; 139(7): 3289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9645705
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Germinal cell aplasia: response of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone to LH/FSH-releasing hormone with histopathologic correlation. Author(s): Guay AT, Tuthill RJ, Woolf PD. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1977 June; 28(6): 642-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=324822
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Glycerol prevents loss of immunoreactive follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from frozen urine. Author(s): Livesey JH, Roud HK, Metcalf MG, Donald RA. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1983 September; 98(3): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6413635
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Gonadal control of pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in prepubertal boys evaluated by ultrasensitive time-resolved immunofluorometric assays. Author(s): Dunkel L, Alfthan H, Stenman UH, Perheentupa J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990 January; 70(1): 10714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2104623
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Gonadal dysfunction after testicular torsion: luteinizing hormone and folliclestimulating hormone response to gonadotropin releasing hormone. Author(s): Fisch H, Laor E, Reid RE, Tolia BM, Freed SZ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1988 May; 139(5): 961-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3129583
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Gonadotroph adenoma in a premenopausal woman secreting follicle-stimulating hormone and causing ovarian hyperstimulation. Author(s): Djerassi A, Coutifaris C, West VA, Asa SL, Kapoor SC, Pavlou SN, Snyder PJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 February; 80(2): 591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7852525
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Gonadotroph adenomas in men produce biologically active follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Galway AB, Hsueh AJ, Daneshdoost L, Zhou MH, Pavlou SN, Snyder PJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990 October; 71(4): 90712. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2119391
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Gonadotropin pulsatility in a stimulated cycle: clomiphene citrate increases pulse amplitudes of both luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Martikainen H, Ronnberg L, Ruokonen A, Kauppila A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1991 October; 56(4): 641-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1915937
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Gonadotropin receptors in rat testes. Interaction of an ethanol-soluble testicular factor with human follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Author(s): Bhalla VK, Reichert LE Jr. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1974 December 25; 249(24): 7996-8004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4372229
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone beta, luteinizing hormone beta gene structure in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Author(s): Layman LC, Wilson JT, Huey LO, Lanclos KD, Plouffe L Jr, McDonough PG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1992 January; 57(1): 42-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1730329
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Gonadotropins in women with amenorrhea. The use of plasma follicle-stimulating hormone to differentiate women with and without ovarian follicles. Author(s): Goldenberg RL, Grodin JM, Rodbard D, Ross GT. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 August 1; 116(7): 1003-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4736951
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Gonads in trouble: follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene mutation as a cause of inherited streak ovaries. Author(s): Heufelder AE. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1996 March; 134(3): 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8616525
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Granulosa cell aromatase bioassay for follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Dahl KD, Jia XC, Hsueh AJ. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1989; 168: 414-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2498616
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Granulosa cell modulation of luteinizing hormone-dependent androgen production by ovarian theca-interstitial cells: a temporal switch from suppression to augmentation stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone in vitro. Author(s): Zachow RJ, Magoffin DA. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1995 October; 53(4): 758-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8547467
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Granulosa cells as hormone targets: the role of biologically active follicle-stimulating hormone in reproduction. Author(s): Hsueh AJ, Bicsak TA, Jia XC, Dahl KD, Fauser BC, Galway AB, Czekala N, Pavlou SN, Papkoff H, Keene J, et al. Source: Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 1989; 45: 209-73; Discussion 273-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2510224
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Growth hormone (GH) substitution in hypogonadotropic, GH-deficient women decreases the follicle-stimulating hormone threshold for monofollicular growth. Author(s): de Boer JA, van der Meer M, van der Veen EA, Schoemaker J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 February; 84(2): 590-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022421
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Growth hormone enhances estradiol production follicle-stimulating hormoneinduced in the early stage of the follicular maturation. Author(s): Lanzone A, Fortini A, Fulghesu AM, Soranna L, Caruso A, Mancuso S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 December; 66(6): 948-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8941060
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High affinity hormone binding to the extracellular N-terminal exodomain of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor is critically modulated by exoloop 3. Author(s): Ryu K, Gilchrist RL, Tung CS, Ji I, Ji TH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1998 October 30; 273(44): 28953-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9786899
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High follicle-stimulating hormone levels should not necessarily lead to the exclusion of subfertile patients from treatment. Author(s): van Rooij IA, de Jong E, Broekmans FJ, Looman CW, Habbema JD, te Velde ER. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2004 June; 81(6): 1478-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15193462
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High frequency of IgG antagonizing follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis in infertile women with a good response to exogenous gonadotropins. Author(s): Reznik Y, Benhaim A, Morello R, Herlicoviez M, Ballet JJ, Mahoudeau J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 January; 69(1): 46-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9457931
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High frequency of luteal phase deficiency and anovulation in recreational women runners: blunted elevation in follicle-stimulating hormone observed during lutealfollicular transition. Author(s): De Souza MJ, Miller BE, Loucks AB, Luciano AA, Pescatello LS, Campbell CG, Lasley BL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 December; 83(12): 4220-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9851755
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High loading and low maintenance doses of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist effectively suppress serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone in normal men. Author(s): Behre HM, Kliesch S, Puhse G, Reissmann T, Nieschlag E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 May; 82(5): 1403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9141524
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Homologous in vitro bioassay for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) reveals increased FSH biological signal during the mid- to late luteal phase of the human menstrual cycle. Author(s): Christin-Maitre S, Taylor AE, Khoury RH, Hall JE, Martin KA, Smith PC, Albanese C, Jameson JL, Crowley WF Jr, Sluss PM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 June; 81(6): 2080-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8964832
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Hormonal regulation of apoptosis in early antral follicles: follicle-stimulating hormone as a major survival factor. Author(s): Chun SY, Eisenhauer KM, Minami S, Billig H, Perlas E, Hsueh AJ. Source: Endocrinology. 1996 April; 137(4): 1447-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8625923
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Hormonal regulation of human follicle-stimulating hormone-beta subunit gene expression: GnRH stimulation and GnRH-independent androgen inhibition. Author(s): Kumar TR, Low MJ. Source: Neuroendocrinology. 1995 June; 61(6): 628-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7544877
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Hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells express functional follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). Author(s): Ben-Josef E, Yang SY, Ji TH, Bidart JM, Garde SV, Chopra DP, Porter AT, Tang DG. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 March; 161(3): 970-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022736
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Hormone-specific inhibitory influence of alpha-subunit Asn56 oligosaccharide on in vitro subunit association and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor binding of equine gonadotropins. Author(s): Butney VY, Gotschall RR, Butnev VY, Baker VL, Moore WT, Bousfield GR. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1998 February; 58(2): 458-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9475402
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Human endometrial cancers contain follicle-stimulating hormone receptors: a preliminary study. Author(s): Noci I, Borri P, Taddei GL, Moncini D, Barni T, Vannelli GB. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1997 October; 11(5): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9385527
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Human follicle-stimulating hormone structure-activity relationships. Author(s): Dias JA, Lindau-Shepard B, Hauer C, Auger I. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1998 June; 58(6): 1331-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9623589
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Human follicular fluid contains a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor binding inhibitor which has FSH agonist activity, is immunologically similar to FSH, but can be distinguished from FSH. Author(s): Lee DW, Butler WJ, Horvath PM, Shelden RM, Reichert LE Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1991 May; 72(5): 1102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1902485
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Human menopausal gonadotropin and recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in assisted reproductive cycles. Author(s): van Wely M, Westergaard LG, Bossuyt PM, van der Veen F. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 November; 80(5): 1121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607560
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Human menopausal gonadotropin versus recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone in normogonadotropic women down-regulated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist who were undergoing in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a prospective randomized study. Author(s): Westergaard LG, Erb K, Laursen SB, Rex S, Rasmussen PE. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 September; 76(3): 543-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11532479
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Human recombinant activin-A alters pituitary luteinizing hormone and folliclestimulating hormone secretion, follicular development, and steroidogenesis, during the menstrual cycle in rhesus monkeys. Author(s): Stouffer RL, Woodruff TK, Dahl KD, Hess DL, Mather JP, Molskness TA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 July; 77(1): 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8325947
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Human recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone induces growth of preovulatory follicles without concomitant increase in androgen and estrogen biosynthesis in a woman with isolated gonadotropin deficiency. Author(s): Schoot DC, Coelingh Bennink HJ, Mannaerts BM, Lamberts SW, Bouchard P, Fauser BC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 June; 74(6): 1471-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1592896
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Human recombinant follistatin-288 suppresses plasma concentrations of folliclestimulating hormone but is not a significant regulator of luteinizing hormone in castrated rams. Author(s): Tilbrook AJ, Clarke IJ, de Kretser DM. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1995 December; 53(6): 1353-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8562691
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Human spermatogenesis in vitro: respective effects of follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone on meiosis, spermiogenesis, and Sertoli cell apoptosis. Author(s): Tesarik J, Guido M, Mendoza C, Greco E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 December; 83(12): 4467-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9851795
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Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion and follicle-stimulating hormone dynamics during the luteal-follicular transition. Author(s): Hall JE, Schoenfeld DA, Martin KA, Crowley WF Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 March; 74(3): 600-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1740493
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Identification and characterization of a selective, nonpeptide follicle-stimulating hormone receptor antagonist. Author(s): Arey BJ, Deecher DC, Shen ES, Stevis PE, Meade EH Jr, Wrobel J, Frail DE, Lopez FJ. Source: Endocrinology. 2002 October; 143(10): 3822-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12239093
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Impact of carbohydrate heterogeneity in function of follicle-stimulating hormone: studies derived from in vitro and in vivo models. Author(s): Ulloa-Aguirre A, Timossi C, Barrios-de-Tomasi J, Maldonado A, Nayudu P. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2003 August; 69(2): 379-89. Epub 2003 April 16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700183
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Impact of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and human menopausal gonadotropins on in vitro fertilization outcome. Author(s): Strehler E, Abt M, El-Danasouri I, De Santo M, Sterzik K. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 February; 75(2): 332-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172835
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Impairing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) signaling in vivo: targeted disruption of the FSH receptor leads to aberrant gametogenesis and hormonal imbalance. Author(s): Dierich A, Sairam MR, Monaco L, Fimia GM, Gansmuller A, LeMeur M, Sassone-Corsi P. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998 November 10; 95(23): 13612-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9811848
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In vitro fertilization outcome according to age and follicle-stimulating hormone levels on cycle day 3. Author(s): Bassil S, Godin PA, Gillerot S, Verougstraete JC, Donnez J. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1999 May; 16(5): 236-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10335469
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Increased concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone in mothers of children with Down's syndrome. Author(s): van Montfrans JM, Dorland M, Oosterhuis GJ, van Vugt JM, RekersMombarg LT, Lambalk CB. Source: Lancet. 1999 May 29; 353(9167): 1853-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10359418
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Induction of multiple follicular development by a single dose of long-acting recombinant follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH-CTP, corifollitropin alfa) for controlled ovarian stimulation before in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Devroey P, Fauser BC, Platteau P, Beckers NG, Dhont M, Mannaerts BM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 May; 89(5): 2062-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15126522
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Induction of ovulation in World Health Organization group II anovulatory women undergoing follicular stimulation with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone: a comparison of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (rhCG) and urinary hCG. Author(s): International Recombinant Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Study Group. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 June; 75(6): 1111-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11384635
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Induction of ovulation with the use of a starting dose of 50 units of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (Puregon). Author(s): Hayden CJ, Rutherford AJ, Balen AH. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 January; 71(1): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9935125
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Induction of puberty with human chorionic gonadotropin and follicle-stimulating hormone in adolescent males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Author(s): Barrio R, de Luis D, Alonso M, Lamas A, Moreno JC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 February; 71(2): 244-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9988392
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Induction of spermatogenesis by recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (puregon) in hypogonadotropic azoospermic men who failed to respond to human chorionic gonadotropin alone. Author(s): Bouloux PM, Nieschlag E, Burger HG, Skakkebaek NE, Wu FC, Handelsman DJ, Baker GH, Ochsenkuehn R, Syska A, McLachlan RI, Giwercman A, Conway AJ, Turner L, van Kuijk JH, Voortman G. Source: Journal of Andrology. 2003 July-August; 24(4): 604-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826700
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Infertility despite surgery for cryptorchidism in childhood can be classified by patients with normal or elevated follicle-stimulating hormone and identified at orchidopexy. Author(s): Cortes D, Thorup J, Lindenberg S, Visfeldt J. Source: Bju International. 2003 May; 91(7): 670-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699482
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Inhibin A, inhibin B, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin levels in 473 healthy infant girls. Author(s): Chellakooty M, Schmidt IM, Haavisto AM, Boisen KA, Damgaard IN, Mau C, Petersen JH, Juul A, Skakkebaek NE, Main KM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 August; 88(8): 3515-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12915629
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Insulin-lowering treatment reduces aromatase activity in response to folliclestimulating hormone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): la Marca A, Morgante G, Palumbo M, Cianci A, Petraglia F, De Leo V. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 December; 78(6): 1234-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477517
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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection after follicle stimulation with highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone compared with human menopausal gonadotropin. Author(s): Weissman A, Meriano J, Ward S, Gotlieb L, Casper RF. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1999 February; 16(2): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10079407
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Is an elevation in basal follicle-stimulating hormone levels in unexplained infertility predictive of fecundity regardless of age? Author(s): Kugu K, Momoeda M, Sharma SS, Osuga Y, Fujiwara T, Okagaki R, Fukushima H, Yano T, Tsutsumi O, Taketani Y. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 December; 48(6): 711-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11873871
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Is recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone more effective in IVF poor responders than human menopausal gonadotrophins? Author(s): Eskandar M, Jaroudi K, Jambi A, Archibong EI, Coskun S, Sobande AA. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2004 January; 10(1): Pi6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704644
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Isoforms of human recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone: comparison of effects on murine follicle development in vitro. Author(s): Vitt UA, Kloosterboer HJ, Rose UM, Mulders JW, Kiesel PS, Bete S, Nayudu PL. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1998 October; 59(4): 854-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9746735
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Isolated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) deficiency in a young man with normal virilization who did not have mutations in the FSHbeta gene. Author(s): Mantovani G, Borgato S, Beck-Peccoz P, Romoli R, Borretta G, Persani L. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 February; 79(2): 434-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12568861
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Isolated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) deficiency syndrome (IFDS). Author(s): Singh SK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 November; 50: 1458. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12583493
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Joint action of human follicle-stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotrophin in women with failure of ovulation. Author(s): Crooke AC, Bertrand PV, Butt WR, Morris R. Source: Lancet. 1968 July 27; 2(7561): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4173402
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Joint basal and pulsatile hypersecretory mechanisms drive the monotropic folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) elevation in healthy older men: concurrent preservation of the orderliness of the FSH release process: a general clinical research center study. Author(s): Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Demers LM, Mulligan T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 October; 84(10): 3506-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10522987
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Kinase-inactive G-protein-coupled receptor kinases are able to attenuate folliclestimulating hormone-induced signaling. Author(s): Reiter E, Marion S, Robert F, Troispoux C, Boulay F, Guillou F, Crepieux P. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 March 23; 282(1): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11263973
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Lack of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 variation after folliclestimulating hormone stimulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Amato G, Izzo A, Tucker AT, Bellastella A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 September; 72(3): 454-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10519616
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Leptin impairs the synergistic stimulation by transforming growth factor-beta of follicle-stimulating hormone-dependent aromatase activity and messenger ribonucleic acid expression in rat ovarian granulosa cells. Author(s): Zachow RJ, Weitsman SR, Magoffin DA. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1999 October; 61(4): 1104-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10491650
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Limited success using the "flare" protocol in poor responders in cycles with low basal follicle-stimulating hormone levels during in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Karande V, Morris R, Rinehart J, Miller C, Rao R, Gleicher N. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1997 May; 67(5): 900-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9130896
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Localization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) immunoreactivity and hormone receptor mRNA in testicular tissue of infertile men. Author(s): Bockers TM, Nieschlag E, Kreutz MR, Bergmann M. Source: Cell and Tissue Research. 1994 December; 278(3): 595-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7850869
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Localization of human follicle-stimulating hormone in the testis. Author(s): Baccetti B, Collodel G, Costantino-Ceccarini E, Eshkol A, Gambera L, Moretti E, Strazza M, Piomboni P. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1998 August; 12(11): 1045-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9707177
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Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Author(s): Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Perry HM 3rd, Patrick P, Morley PM, Stauber PM, Vellas B, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1997 April; 46(4): 410-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9109845
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Long-term suppression of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone by daily administration of leuprolide. Author(s): Glode LM, Smith JA Jr. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1987 January; 137(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3098990
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Loss of alternately spliced messenger RNA of the luteinizing hormone receptor and stability of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor messenger RNA in granulosa cell tumors of the human ovary. Author(s): Reinholz MM, Zschunke MA, Roche PC. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2000 November; 79(2): 264-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11063655
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Low dose follicle-stimulating hormone therapy for polycystic ovarian disease. Author(s): Meldrum DR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1991 June; 55(6): 1039-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1903724
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Low levels of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor-activation inhibitors in serum and follicular fluid from normal controls and anovulatory patients with or without polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Schipper I, Rommerts FF, Ten Hacken PM, Fauser BC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 May; 82(5): 1325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9141511
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Low molecular weight follicle-stimulating hormone receptor binding inhibitor in sera from premature ovarian failure patients. Author(s): Sluss PM, Schneyer AL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 June; 74(6): 1242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1592865
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Low-dose follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a comparison of pulsatile subcutaneous with daily intramuscular therapy. Author(s): Polson DW, Mason HD, Kiddy DS, Winston RM, Margara R, Franks S. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1989 June; 96(6): 746-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2508743
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Low-dose follicle-stimulating hormone treatment for polycystic ovarian disease. Author(s): Grigoriou O, Antoniou G, Antonaki V, Patsouras C, Zioris C, Karakitsos P. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1996 January; 52(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8620990
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Low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin therapy can improve sensitivity to exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone in patients with secondary amenorrhea. Author(s): Filicori M, Cognigni GE, Taraborrelli S, Spettoli D, Ciampaglia W, de Fatis CT. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 December; 72(6): 1118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10593393
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Luteal estradiol administration strengthens the relationship between day 3 folliclestimulating hormone and inhibin B levels and ovarian follicular status. Author(s): Fanchin R, Cunha-Filho JS, Schonauer LM, Righini C, de Ziegler D, Frydman R. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 March; 79(3): 585-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620444
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Luteinizing hormone activity supplementation enhances follicle-stimulating hormone efficacy and improves ovulation induction outcome. Author(s): Filicori M, Cognigni GE, Taraborrelli S, Spettoli D, Ciampaglia W, de Fatis CT, Pocognoli P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 August; 84(8): 2659-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10443656
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Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone responses to intransal gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Author(s): Rajfer J, Handelsman DJ, Swerdloff RS, Farrer JH, Sikka SC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1986 June; 45(6): 794-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3086129
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Luteinizing hormone increases estradiol secretion but has no effect on progesterone concentrations in the late follicular phase of in vitro fertilization cycles in women treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Adonakis G, Deshpande N, Yates RW, Fleming R. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 March; 69(3): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9531875
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Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone during testicular descent in the pig fetus. Author(s): Visser JH, Heyns CF. Source: Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. 1996; 8(7): 1115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8916288
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Male hypogonadism due to a mutation in the gene for the beta-subunit of folliclestimulating hormone. Author(s): Phillip M, Arbelle JE, Segev Y, Parvari R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998 June 11; 338(24): 1729-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9624193
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Mammalian follicle-stimulating hormone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) upregulate IGF-I gene expression in organ culture of newt testis. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Nakayama Y, Abe SI. Source: Molecular Reproduction and Development. 2001 September; 60(1): 56-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11550268
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Mammalian follicle-stimulating hormone receptors and their ligands. Author(s): Combarnous Y, Richard F, Martinat N. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 April; 77(2): 125-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9578267
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Mechanisms of desensitization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action in a murine granulosa cell line stably transfected with the human FSH receptor complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. Author(s): Manna PR, Pakarainen P, Rannikko AS, Huhtaniemi IT. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1998 November 25; 146(1-2): 163-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022774
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Mechanisms of insulin-like growth factor I augmentation of follicle-stimulating hormone-induced porcine steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene promoter activity in granulosa cells. Author(s): LaVoie HA, Garmey JC, Veldhuis JD. Source: Endocrinology. 1999 January; 140(1): 146-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9886819
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Men homozygous for an inactivating mutation of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor gene present variable suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility. Author(s): Tapanainen JS, Aittomaki K, Min J, Vaskivuo T, Huhtaniemi IT. Source: Nature Genetics. 1997 February; 15(2): 205-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9020851
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Messenger RNA expression for the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and luteinizing hormone receptor in human oocytes and preimplantation-stage embryos. Author(s): Patsoula E, Loutradis D, Drakakis P, Michalas L, Bletsa R, Michalas S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 May; 79(5): 1187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12738515
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Methodologic pitfalls in assessing the efficacy of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone versus human menopausal gonadotropin in assisted reproduction. Author(s): Daya S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 November; 80(5): 1100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607555
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Minidose gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist is the treatment of choice in poor responders with high follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Author(s): Feldberg D, Farhi J, Ashkenazi J, Dicker D, Shalev J, Ben-Rafael Z. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1994 August; 62(2): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8034083
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Minimal stimulation using recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in women of advanced age. Author(s): Weghofer A, Margreiter M, Bassim S, Sevelda U, Beilhack E, Feichtinger W. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2004 April; 81(4): 1002-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15066455
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Mode of pulsatile follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in gonadal hormonesufficient and -deficient women--a clinical research center study. Author(s): Booth RA Jr, Weltman JY, Yankov VI, Murray J, Davison TS, Rogol AD, Asplin CM, Johnson ML, Veldhuis JD, Evans WS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 September; 81(9): 3208-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8784071
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Modest follicle-stimulating hormone elevations in younger women: warn but don't disqualify. Author(s): Toner JP. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2004 June; 81(6): 1493-5; Discussion 496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15193465
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Modulation by insulin of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone actions in human granulosa cells of normal and polycystic ovaries. Author(s): Willis D, Mason H, Gilling-Smith C, Franks S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 January; 81(1): 3029. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8550768
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Molecular cloning of the mouse follicle-stimulating hormone receptor complementary deoxyribonucleic acid: functional expression of alternatively spliced variants and receptor inactivation by a C566T transition in exon 7 of the coding sequence. Author(s): Tena-Sempere M, Manna PR, Huhtaniemi I. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1999 June; 60(6): 1515-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10330114
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Monitoring the transfection efficiency of the human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor cDNA in COS-7 cells: evaluation of the growth hormone transient gene expression assay system. Author(s): Simoni M, Gromoll J. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1996 June; 19(6): 359-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8844455
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Mutation analysis of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene in girls with gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty resulting from autonomous cystic ovaries. Author(s): Batista MC, Kohek MB, Frazzatto ES, Fragoso MC, Mendonca BB, Latronico AC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 February; 73(2): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685529
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Mutational analysis of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor in normal and infertile men: identification and characterization of two discrete FSH receptor isoforms. Author(s): Simoni M, Gromoll J, Hoppner W, Kamischke A, Krafft T, Stahle D, Nieschlag E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 February; 84(2): 751-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022448
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Mutations in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and familial dizygotic twinning. Author(s): Montgomery GW, Duffy DL, Hall J, Kudo M, Martin NG, Hsueh AJ. Source: Lancet. 2001 March 10; 357(9258): 773-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11253976
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Mutations in the follicle-stimulating hormone-beta (FSH beta) and FSH receptor genes in mice and humans. Author(s): Layman LC. Source: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2000; 18(1): 5-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11299519
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Mutations of follicle-stimulating hormone and its receptor: effects on gonadal function. Author(s): Huhtaniemi IT, Aittomaki K. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1998 May; 138(5): 473-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9625356
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Net increase in stimulatory input resulting from a decrease in inhibin B and an increase in activin A may contribute in part to the rise in follicular phase folliclestimulating hormone of aging cycling women. Author(s): Reame NE, Wyman TL, Phillips DJ, de Kretser DM, Padmanabhan V. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 September; 83(9): 3302-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9745445
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New AccI polymorphism in the follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene and its prevalence in three Southeast Asian populations. Author(s): Liao WX, Tong Y, Roy AC, Ng SC. Source: Human Heredity. 1999 June; 49(3): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10364685
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New insights into the role of follicle-stimulating hormone in reproduction. Author(s): Tapanainen JS, Aittomaki K, Huhtaniemi IT. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1997 August; 29(4): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9375980
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New natural inactivating mutations of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: correlations between receptor function and phenotype. Author(s): Touraine P, Beau I, Gougeon A, Meduri G, Desroches A, Pichard C, Detoeuf M, Paniel B, Prieur M, Zorn JR, Milgrom E, Kuttenn F, Misrahi M. Source: Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 1999 November; 13(11): 1844-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10551778
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No evidence of a role for mutations or polymorphisms of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Author(s): Fuller PJ, Verity K, Shen Y, Mamers P, Jobling T, Burger HG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 January; 83(1): 2749. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9435455
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No evidence of mutations in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene in Mexican women with 46,XX pure gonadal dysgenesis. Author(s): de la Chesnaye E, Canto P, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Mendez JP. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 January 15; 98(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11223847
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No evidence of the inactivating mutation (C566T) in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene in Brazilian women with premature ovarian failure. Author(s): da Fonte Kohek MB, Batista MC, Russell AJ, Vass K, Giacaglia LR, Mendonca BB, Latronico AC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 September; 70(3): 565-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9757892
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Nonsupplemented luteal phase characteristics after the administration of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin, recombinant luteinizing hormone, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist to induce final oocyte maturation in in vitro fertilization patients after ovarian stimulation with recombinant folliclestimulating hormone and GnRH antagonist cotreatment. Author(s): Beckers NG, Macklon NS, Eijkemans MJ, Ludwig M, Felberbaum RE, Diedrich K, Bustion S, Loumaye E, Fauser BC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 September; 88(9): 4186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970285
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Normal or induced secretory patterns of luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in anoestrous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-immunised and cyclic control heifers. Author(s): Prendiville DJ, Enright WJ, Crowe MA, Finnerty M, Roche JF. Source: Animal Reproduction Science. 1996 December 16; 45(3): 177-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9227921
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Normogonadotropic primary amenorrhea in a growth hormone-deficient woman with ectopic posterior pituitary: gonadotropin pulsatility and follicle-stimulating hormone bioactivity. Author(s): Crottaz B, Uske A, Reymond MJ, Rey F, Temler E, Germond M, Gomez F. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1996 January; 19(1): 48-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8851692
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Ontogeny of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene expression in isolated human ovarian follicles. Author(s): Oktay K, Briggs D, Gosden RG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 November; 82(11): 3748-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9360535
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Orientation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) subunits complexed with the FSH receptor. Beta subunit toward the N terminus of exodomain and alpha subunit to exoloop 3. Author(s): Sohn J, Youn H, Jeoung M, Koo Y, Yi C, Ji I, Ji TH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 November 28; 278(48): 47868-76. Epub 2003 September 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12963710
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Outcome comparison of in vitro fertilization treatment with highly purified subcutaneous follicle-stimulating hormone (Fertinex, a urofollitropin) versus intramuscular menotropins. Author(s): Crain JL, Wiemer KE, Steuerwald N, Young ED. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 August; 179(2): 299-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9731830
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Ovarian epithelial tumor growth promotion by follicle-stimulating hormone and inhibition of the effect by luteinizing hormone. Author(s): Zheng W, Lu JJ, Luo F, Zheng Y, Feng Y, Felix JC, Lauchlan SC, Pike MC. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2000 January; 76(1): 80-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10620446
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Ovarian hyperstimulation caused by gonadotroph adenoma secreting folliclestimulating hormone in 28-year-old woman. Author(s): Valimaki MJ, Tiitinen A, Alfthan H, Paetau A, Poranen A, Sane T, Stenman UH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 November; 84(11): 4204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10566673
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Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome due to a mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. Author(s): Smits G, Olatunbosun O, Delbaere A, Pierson R, Vassart G, Costagliola S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 August 21; 349(8): 760-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12930928
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Ovarian hyperstimulation without elevated serum estradiol associated with pure follicle-stimulating hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. Author(s): Shimon I, Rubinek T, Bar-Hava I, Nass D, Hadani M, Amsterdam A, Harel G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 August; 86(8): 3635-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11502789
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Ovarian response and in vitro fertilization outcome in patients with reduced ovarian reserve who were stimulated with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone or human menopausal gonadotropin. Author(s): Meo F, Ranieri DM, Khadum I, Serhal P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 March; 77(3): 630-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11872226
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Ovarian response to recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in luteinizing hormone-depleted women: examination of the two cell, two gonadotropin theory. Author(s): Ben-Chetrit A, Gotlieb L, Wong PY, Casper RF. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 April; 65(4): 711-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8654626
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Ovarian responses in women to recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (LH): a role for LH in the final stages of follicular maturation. Author(s): Sullivan MW, Stewart-Akers A, Krasnow JS, Berga SL, Zeleznik AJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 January; 84(1): 22832. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9920089
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Ovarian stimulation with low-dose pure follicle-stimulating hormone in polycystic ovarian syndrome anovulatory patients: effect of long-term pretreatment with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue. Author(s): Vegetti W, Testa G, Ragni G, Parazzini F, Crosignani PG. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1998; 45(3): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9565144
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Performance of basal follicle-stimulating hormone in the prediction of poor ovarian response and failure to become pregnant after in vitro fertilization: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Bancsi LF, Broekmans FJ, Mol BW, Habbema JD, te Velde ER. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 May; 79(5): 1091-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12738501
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single-chain recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone containing the human chorionic gonadotropin carboxyterminal peptide in the rhesus monkey. Author(s): Klein J, Lobel L, Pollak S, Ferin M, Xiao E, Sauer M, Lustbader JW. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 June; 77(6): 1248-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12057736
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Pharmacological concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone improve the efficacy of in vitro germ cell differentiation in men with maturation arrest. Author(s): Tesarik J, Nagy P, Abdelmassih R, Greco E, Mendoza C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 February; 77(2): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11821079
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Postendocytotic trafficking of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-FSH receptor complex. Author(s): Krishnamurthy H, Kishi H, Shi M, Galet C, Bhaskaran RS, Hirakawa T, Ascoli M. Source: Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 2003 November; 17(11): 2162-76. Epub 2003 August 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12907758
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Prediction of the individual follicle-stimulating hormone threshold for gonadotropin induction of ovulation in normogonadotropic anovulatory infertility: an approach to increase safety and efficiency. Author(s): Imani B, Eijkemans MJ, Faessen GH, Bouchard P, Giudice LC, Fauser BC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 January; 77(1): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11779595
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Predictive usefulness of cycle day 10 follicle-stimulating hormone level in a clomiphene citrate challenge test for in vitro fertilization outcome in women younger than 40 years of age. Author(s): Yanushpolsky EH, Hurwitz S, Tikh E, Racowsky C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 July; 80(1): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12849811
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Predictive value of serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels in the differentiation between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and constitutional delay of puberty. Author(s): Odink RJ, Schoemaker J, Schoute E, Herdes E, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Source: Hormone Research. 1998; 49(6): 279-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9623519
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Proliferative and steroidogenic effects of follicle-stimulating hormone during chick embryo gonadal development. Author(s): Pedernera E, Solis L, Peralta I, Vel inverted question markazquez PN. Source: General and Comparative Endocrinology. 1999 November; 116(2): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10562451
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Prospectively measured levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and the dimeric inhibins during the menopausal transition in a population-based cohort of women. Author(s): Burger HG, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, Groome N, Guthrie JR, Green A, Dennerstein L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 November; 84(11): 4025-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10566644
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Protein kinase B is obligatory for follicle-stimulating hormone-induced granulosa cell differentiation. Author(s): Zeleznik AJ, Saxena D, Little-Ihrig L. Source: Endocrinology. 2003 September; 144(9): 3985-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933673
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Qualitative difference in follicle-stimulating hormone activity in the pituitaries of young women compared to that of men and elderly women. Author(s): Wide L, Hobson BM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1983 February; 56(2): 371-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6401752
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Quantification of androgen receptor and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor mRNA levels in human and monkey testes by a ribonuclease-protection assay. Author(s): Dankbar B, Sohn M, Nieschlag E, Gromoll J. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1995 April; 18(2): 88-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7665215
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Quantitative analysis of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in ovarian epithelial tumors: a novel approach to explain the field effect of ovarian cancer development in secondary mullerian systems. Author(s): Wang J, Lin L, Parkash V, Schwartz PE, Lauchlan SC, Zheng W. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 January 20; 103(3): 328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12471615
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Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates ovarian androgen synthesis in down-regulated ovulatory women. Author(s): Tanbo T, Dale PO, Abyholm T. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2001 December; 15(6): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11826763
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Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone versus human menopausal gonadotropin in the late follicular phase during ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Commenges-Ducos M, Piault S, Papaxanthos A, Ribes C, Dallay D, Commenges D. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 November; 78(5): 1049-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12413992
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Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone: new biotechnology for infertility. Author(s): Prevost RR. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1998 September-October; 18(5): 1001-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9758311
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Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone administration increases testosterone production in men, possibly by a Sertoli cell-secreted nonsteroid factor. Author(s): Levalle O, Zylbersztein C, Aszpis S, Aquilano D, Terradas C, Colombani M, Aranda C, Scaglia H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 November; 83(11): 3973-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9814477
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Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone as a pretreatment for idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermic patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Author(s): Caroppo E, Niederberger C, Vizziello GM, D'Amato G. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 December; 80(6): 1398-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14667875
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Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone versus urinary-derived human menopausal gonadotropin for controlled ovarian stimulation: the science and art of assisted reproductive technologies. Author(s): Kelly E. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 November; 80(5): 1105-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607556
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Recombinant vs. urinary follicle-stimulating hormone in couples undergoing intrauterine insemination. A randomized study. Author(s): Isaza V, Requena A, Garcia-Velasco JA, Remohi J, Pellicer A, Simon C. Source: J Reprod Med. 2003 February; 48(2): 112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12621795
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Regulation of the rat follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit promoter by activin. Author(s): Suszko MI, Lo DJ, Suh H, Camper SA, Woodruff TK. Source: Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 2003 March; 17(3): 318-32. Epub 2002 December 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12554780
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Relationship between gonadotrophin secretion, inhibin B and spermatogenesis in oligozoospermic men treated with highly purified urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (uFSH-HP): a preliminary report. Author(s): Fernandez-Arjona M, Diaz J, Cortes I, Gonzalez J, Rodriguez JM, Alvarez E. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2003 March 26; 107(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12593894
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Role of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor Ser680Asn polymorphism in the efficacy of follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): de Castro F, Ruiz R, Montoro L, Perez-Hernandez D, Sanchez-Casas Padilla E, Real LM, Ruiz A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 September; 80(3): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12969700
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Serum estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in Thai women post total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy using oral 17 beta-estradiol. Author(s): Bunyavejchevin S, Panthong C, Limpaphayom KK. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 January; 85(1): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075721
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Serum follicle-stimulating hormone and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Arslan AA, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Lundin E, Micheli A, Lukanova A, Afanasyeva Y, Lenner P, Krogh V, Muti P, Rinaldi S, Kaaks R, Berrino F, Hallmans G, Toniolo P. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 December; 12(12): 1531-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693749
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Serum follicle-stimulating hormone level is a predictor of bone mineral density in patients with hormone replacement therapy. Author(s): Kawai H, Furuhashi M, Suganuma N. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2004 March; 269(3): 192-5. Epub 2003 September 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680264
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Serum inhibin B and follicle-stimulating hormone levels as tools in the evaluation of infertile men: significance of adequate reference values from proven fertile men. Author(s): Andersson AM, Petersen JH, Jorgensen N, Jensen TK, Skakkebaek NE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 June; 89(6): 2873-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15181071
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Serum levels of inhibin B and follicle-stimulating hormone may predict successful sperm retrieval in men with azoospermia who are undergoing testicular sperm extraction. Author(s): Bohring C, Schroeder-Printzen I, Weidner W, Krause W. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 December; 78(6): 1195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477511
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Specificity of cognate ligand-receptor interactions: fusion proteins of human chorionic gonadotropin and the heptahelical receptors for human luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Schubert RL, Narayan P, Puett D. Source: Endocrinology. 2003 January; 144(1): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12488338
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Structural determinants in the second intracellular loop of the human folliclestimulating hormone receptor are involved in G(s) protein activation. Author(s): Timossi C, Maldonado D, Vizcaino A, Lindau-Shepard B, Conn PM, UlloaAguirre A. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2002 March 28; 189(1-2): 157-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12039074
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Structure and expression of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene in a marsupial, Macropus eugenii. Author(s): Mattiske D, Pask AJ, Shaw JM, Shaw G. Source: Molecular Reproduction and Development. 2002 September; 63(1): 24-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12211057
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Successful pregnancy after bromocriptine therapy in an anovulatory woman complicated with ovarian hyperstimulation caused by follicle-stimulating hormoneproducing plurihormonal pituitary microadenoma. Author(s): Murata Y, Ando H, Nagasaka T, Takahashi I, Saito K, Fukugaki H, Matsuzawa K, Mizutani S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 May; 88(5): 1988-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727942
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Synthesis of (bis)sulfonic acid, (bis)benzamides as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) antagonists. Author(s): Wrobel J, Green D, Jetter J, Kao W, Rogers J, Perez MC, Hardenburg J, Deecher DC, Lopez FJ, Arey BJ, Shen ES. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2002 March; 10(3): 639-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11814852
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The effect of exogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) on oocyte viability: evidence from a comparative study using recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) alone or in combination with recombinant LH for ovarian stimulation in pituitarysuppressed women undergoing assisted reproduction. Author(s): Balasch J, Creus M, Fabregues F, Civico S, Carmona F, Puerto B, Casamitjana R, Vanrell JA. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2001 May; 18(5): 250-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11464575
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The expression of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in spermatogenesis. Author(s): Heckert LL, Griswold MD. Source: Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 2002; 57: 129-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12017540
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The frequency of an inactivating point mutation (566C-->T) of the human folliclestimulating hormone receptor gene in four populations using allele-specific hybridization and time-resolved fluorometry. Author(s): Jiang M, Aittomaki K, Nilsson C, Pakarinen P, Iitia A, Torresani T, Simonsen H, Goh V, Pettersson K, de la Chapelle A, Huhtaniemi I. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 December; 83(12): 4338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9851774
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The promoter for the ovine follicle-stimulating hormone-beta gene (FSHbeta) confers FSHbeta-like expression on luciferase in transgenic mice: regulatory studies in vivo and in vitro. Author(s): Huang HJ, Sebastian J, Strahl BD, Wu JC, Miller WL. Source: Endocrinology. 2001 June; 142(6): 2260-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11356671
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The rise of estradiol and inhibin B after acute stimulation with follicle-stimulating hormone predict the follicle cohort size in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, regularly menstruating women with polycystic ovaries, and regularly menstruating women with normal ovaries. Author(s): Elting MW, Kwee J, Schats R, Rekers-Mombarg LT, Schoemaker J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 April; 86(4): 158995. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11297588
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The role of follicle-stimulating hormone in spermatogenesis: lessons from knockout animal models. Author(s): Sairam MR, Krishnamurthy H. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2001 November-December; 32(6): 601-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11750736
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The unique exon 10 of the human luteinizing hormone receptor is necessary for expression of the receptor protein at the plasma membrane in the human luteinizing hormone receptor, but deleterious when inserted into the human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. Author(s): Zhang FP, Kero J, Huhtaniemi I. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1998 July 25; 142(1-2): 165-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9783912
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The value of day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Author(s): Harrison RF. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 February; 73(2): 420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685556
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Three-dimensional structure of human follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Fox KM, Dias JA, Van Roey P. Source: Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 2001 March; 15(3): 378-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11222739
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Transcriptional activation of the ovine follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene by gonadotropin-releasing hormone: involvement of two activating protein-1binding sites and protein kinase C. Author(s): Strahl BD, Huang HJ, Sebastian J, Ghosh BR, Miller WL. Source: Endocrinology. 1998 November; 139(11): 4455-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9794452
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Unexpected pregnancy during hormone-replacement therapy in a woman with elevated follicle-stimulating hormone levels and amenorrhea. Author(s): Laml T, Huber JC, Albrecht AE, Sintenis WA, Hartmann BW. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1999 April; 13(2): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10399052
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Updated meta-analysis of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) versus urinary FSH for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction. Author(s): Daya S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 April; 77(4): 711-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11937121
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Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) versus recombinant FSH in clomiphene citrate-resistant, normogonadotropic,chronic anovulation: a prospective randomized study. Author(s): Yarali H, Bukulmez O, Gurgan T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 August; 72(2): 276-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10438995
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Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone for normogonadotropic clomiphene-resistant anovulatory infertility: prospective, randomized comparison between low dose stepup and step-down dose regimens. Author(s): van Santbrink EJ, Fauser BC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 November; 82(11): 3597-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9360513
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Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone peak as a biomarker for estimating the day of ovulation. Author(s): Li H, Chen J, Overstreet JW, Nakajima ST, Lasley BL. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 May; 77(5): 961-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12009351
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Use of follicle-stimulating hormone alone (urofollitropin) to stimulate the ovaries for assisted conception after pituitary desensitization. Author(s): Hull MG, Armatage RJ, McDermott A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1994 November; 62(5): 997-1003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7926148
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Use of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (Gonal F) and recombinant luteinizing hormone (Luveris) for multiple follicular stimulation in patients with a suboptimal response to in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Lisi F, Rinaldi L, Fishel S, Lisi R, Pepe G, Picconeri MG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 April; 79(4): 1037-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749452
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Use of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone for in vitro fertilizationembryo transfer after severe systemic immunoglobulin E-mediated reaction to urofollitropin. Author(s): Phipps WR, Holden D, Sheehan RK. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 July; 66(1): 148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8752627
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Use of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of male factor infertility. Author(s): Foresta C, Bettella A, Merico M, Garolla A, Ferlin A, Rossato M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 February; 77(2): 238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11821078
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Usefulness of sequential urinary follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone measurements in the diagnosis of adolescent hypogonadotropism in males. Author(s): Kulin H, Demers L, Chinchilli V, Martel J, Stevens L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994 May; 78(5): 1208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8175980
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Vaginal pH is similar to follicle-stimulating hormone for menopause diagnosis. Author(s): Roy S, Caillouette JC, Roy T, Faden JS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 May; 190(5): 1272-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15167829
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Value of elevated basal follicle-stimulating hormone levels and the differential diagnosis during the diagnostic subfertility work-up. Author(s): Lambalk CB. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 March; 79(3): 489-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620426
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Value of the day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone measurement. Author(s): Wolff EF, Taylor HS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2004 June; 81(6): 1486-8; Discussion 496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15193463
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Variability of day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone levels in eumenorrheic women. Author(s): Brown JR, Liu HC, Sewitch KF, Rosenwaks Z, Berkeley AS. Source: J Reprod Med. 1995 September; 40(9): 620-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8576876
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Variation in levels of serum inhibin B, testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex hormone-binding globulin in monthly samples from healthy men during a 17-month period: possible effects of seasons. Author(s): Andersson AM, Carlsen E, Petersen JH, Skakkebaek NE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 February; 88(2): 932-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12574235
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Variation of intratesticular blood flow in response to urinary follicle-stimulating hormone treatment in men with severe oligoteratoasthenozoospermia. Author(s): Causio F, Matteo M, Cicinelli E, Cardo G, Angelo G, Pagliarulo A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 November; 78(5): 1133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414008
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We are overinterpreting the predictive value of serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Author(s): Barnhart K, Osheroff J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 July; 72(1): 8-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10428140
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Women older than 40 years of age and those with elevated follicle-stimulating hormone levels differ in poor response rate and embryo quality in in vitro fertilization. Author(s): van Rooij IA, Bancsi LF, Broekmans FJ, Looman CW, Habbema JD, te Velde ER. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 March; 79(3): 482-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620425
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Women with declining ovarian reserve may demonstrate a decrease in day 3 serum inhibin B before a rise in day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Seifer DB, Scott RT Jr, Bergh PA, Abrogast LK, Friedman CI, Mack CK, Danforth DR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 July; 72(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10428149
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and follicle-stimulating hormone.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “follicle-stimulating hormone” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “follicle-stimulating hormone” (or a synonym): •
A competitive enzyme immunoassay for follicle-stimulating hormone in ovine plasma using biotin-streptavidin amplification. Author(s): Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan. Source: Watanabe, H Miyamoto, A Fukui, Y Reprod-Fertil-Devolume 1997; 9(6): 597-601 1031-3613
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Alcohol effects on naloxone-stimulated luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin plasma levels in female rhesus monkeys. Author(s): Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts. Source: Mello, N K Mendelson, J H Bree, M P Skupny, A J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1988 June; 245(3): 895-904 0022-3565
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Anandamide activity and degradation are regulated by early postnatal aging and follicle-stimulating hormone in mouse Sertoli cells. Author(s): Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, I-00133 Italy.
[email protected] Source: Maccarrone, M Cecconi, S Rossi, G Battista, N Pauselli, R Finazzi Agro, A Endocrinology. 2003 January; 144(1): 20-8 0013-7227
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Anovulatory infertility and the role of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (Recagon). Source: Out, H J J-Indian-Med-Assoc. 1999 February; 97(2): 37-40, 58 0019-5847
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Bovine blastocyst development after follicle-stimulating hormone and plateletderived growth factor treatment for oocyte maturation in vitro. Author(s): College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7389. Source: Harper, K M Brackett, B G Zygote. 1993 February; 1(1): 27-34 0967-1994
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Chronic nitric oxide deficiency is associated with altered leutinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release in ovariectomized rats. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. Source: Barnes, M J Lapanowski, K Rafols, J A Lawson, D M Dunbar, J C Exp-Biol-Med(Maywood). 2002 October; 227(9): 817-22 1535-3702
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Comparison of recombinant and urinary follicle-stimulating hormone preparations in short-term gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist protocol for in vitro fertilizationembryo transfer. Author(s): Reproductive Medecine Unit, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Paris XIII, France.
[email protected] Source: Hugues, J N Bry Gauillard, H Bstandig, B Uzan, M Cedrin Durnerin, I J-AssistReprod-Genet. 2001 April; 18(4): 191-6 1058-0468
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Comparison of stimulation with clomiphene citrate in combination with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and recombinant luteinizing hormone to stimulation with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist protocol: a prospective, randomized study. Author(s): Institut fur Sterilitatsbetreuung, Vienna, Austria Source: Weigert, Monika Krischker, Ursula Pohl, Michaela Poschalko, Gunda Kindermann, Christoph Feichtinger, Wilfried Fertil-Steril. 2002 July; 78(1): 34-9 00150282
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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone (Bravelle) and recombinant follitropin-beta for in vitro fertilization: a prospective, randomized study. Author(s): The Fertility Institute of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Source: Dickey, Richard P Thornton, Melvin Nichols, John Marshall, Dennis C Fein, Seymour H Nardi, Ronald V Fertil-Steril. 2002 June; 77(6): 1202-8 0015-0282
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Comparison of two dosages of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in Chinese women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation: prospective randomised double-blind study. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. Source: Ng, E Y Yeung, W S Ho, P C Hong-Kong-Med-J. 2000 December; 6(4): 368-74 1024-2708
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Concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone correlate with alkaline phosphatase and a marker for vitamin K status in the perimenopause. Author(s): School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0482, USA. Source: Lukacs, J L Reame, N E J-Womens-Health-Gend-Based-Med. 2000 September; 9(7): 731-9 1524-6094
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Differential regulation of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in male siberian hamsters by exposure to females and photoperiod. Author(s): Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA. Source: Anand, Sonali Losee Olson, Susan Turek, Fred W Horton, Teresa H Endocrinology. 2002 June; 143(6): 2178-88 0013-7227
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Effect of highly purified urinary follicle-stimulating hormone on oocyte and embryo quality. Author(s): Istituto Europeo Medicina della Riproduzione Abruzzese, Spatocco Hospital, Chieti, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Selman, H A De Santo, M Sterzik, K Coccia, E El Danasouri, I Fertil-Steril. 2002 November; 78(5): 1061-7 0015-0282
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Effects of long-term treatment with human pure follicle-stimulating hormone on semen parameters and sperm-cell ultrastructure in idiopathic oligoteratoasthenozoospermia. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Ancona, Italy. Source: Arnaldi, G Balercia, G Barbatelli, G Mantero, F Andrologia. 2000 May; 32(3): 15561 0303-4569
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Effects of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone on the reproductive performance of female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
[email protected] Source: Christians, Julian K Williams, Tony D Gen-Comp-Endocrinol. 2002 January; 125(1): 121-31 0016-6480
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Effects of progesterone administration on follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin release in estrogen treated eugonadal adult men. Author(s): Instituti di Endocrinologia, Universita Cattolica del S. Cuore, Roma, Italy. Source: Mancini, A De Marinis, L Fiumara, C Saporosi, A Fabrizi, M L Menini, E Turchi, P Menchini Fabris, G F Andrologia. 1991 Sep-October; 23(5): 373-9 0303-4569
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Efficacy and safety of highly purified menotropin versus recombinant folliclestimulating hormone in in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles: a randomized, comparative trial. Author(s): Kiel, Augsburg, Germany. Source: Fertil-Steril. 2002 September; 78(3): 520-8 0015-0282
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Estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in oophorectomized women applying percutaneous 17 beta-estradiol over the medial surface of the left arm. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Taechakraichana, N Udomponglukkana, S Panyakhamlerd, K Leepipatpaibul, S Limpaphayom, K J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 1999 February; 82(2): 115-20 0125-2208
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Expression of messenger ribonucleic acids of luteinizing hormone and folliclestimulating hormone receptors in the embryonic and posthatch gonads of the chicken. Author(s): Nagoya Univ. (Japan) Source: Mao, X. Zhang, C. Saito, N. Shimada, K. Japanese-Poultry-Science (Japan). (July 2000). volume 37(4) page 212-220. chickens animal embryos chicks genital system messenger rna hormone receptors lh fsh 0029-0254
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Follitropin-alpha. Follitropin-alpha, Gonal-F, recombinant human stimulating hormone (Ares-Serono), SJ 0021, rh-FSH, rhFSH (Ares-Serono). Source: Anonymous Drugs-R-D. 1999 December; 2(6): 423-4 1174-5886
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In vivo modulation of follicle-stimulating hormone release and beta subunit gene expression by activin A and the GnRH agonist buserelin in female rats. Author(s): The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Jablonna near, Warsaw, Poland. Source: Gajewska, A Siawrys, G Bogacka, I Przala, J Lerrant, Y Counis, R Kochman, K Brain-Res-Bull. 2002 September 15; 58(5): 475-80 0361-9230
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Induction of cellular follicle-stimulating hormone in the hamster adenohypophysis requires intermittent stimulation by luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Author(s): Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia 29208, USA. Source: Woller, M J Campbell, G T Blake, C A J-Neuroendocrinol. 1995 May; 7(5): 393400 0953-8194
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Inhibin, activin, and follistatin: regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone messenger ribonucleic acid levels. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. Source: Carroll, R S Corrigan, A Z Gharib, S D Vale, W Chin, W W Mol-Endocrinol. 1989 December; 3(12): 1969-76 0888-8809
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Lamprey GnRH-III acts on its putative receptor via nitric oxide to release folliclestimulating hormone specifically. Author(s): Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA. Source: Yu, W H Karanth, S Mastronardi, C A Sealfon, S Dean, C Dees, W L McCann, S M Exp-Biol-Med-(Maywood). 2002 October; 227(9): 786-93 1535-3702
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Neuroendocrine control of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. II. Is follistatin-induced suppression of FSH secretion mediated via changes in activin availability and does it involve changes in gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Source: Padmanabhan, V. Battaglia, D. Brown, M.B. Karsch, F.J. Lee, J.S. Pan, W.Q. Phillips, D.J. Van Cleeff, J. Biol-reprod. Madison, Wis. : Society for the Study of Reproduction. May 2002. volume 66 (5) page 1395-1402. 0006-3363
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New natural inactivating mutations of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: correlations between receptor function and phenotype. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Hopital Necker, Institut Federatif de Recherche (IFR-NEM), Paris, France. Source: Touraine, P Beau, I Gougeon, A Meduri, G Desroches, A Pichard, C Detoeuf, M Paniel, B Prieur, M Zorn, J R Milgrom, E Kuttenn, F Misrahi, M Mol-Endocrinol. 1999 November; 13(11): 1844-54 0888-8809
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Ovarian response and in vitro fertilization outcome in patients with reduced ovarian reserve who were stimulated with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone or human menopausal gonadotropin. Author(s): Assisted Conception Unit, University College London Hospitals, Rosenheim Building, London, United Kingdom.
[email protected] Source: Meo, Francesco Ranieri, Domenico Massimo Khadum, Iffat Serhal, Paul FertilSteril. 2002 March; 77(3): 630-2 0015-0282
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single-chain recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone containing the human chorionic gonadotropin carboxyterminal peptide in the rhesus monkey. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 10032, USA. Source: Klein, Jeffrey Lobel, Leslie Pollak, Susan Ferin, Michel Xiao, Ennian Sauer, Mark Lustbader, Joyce W Fertil-Steril. 2002 June; 77(6): 1248-55 0015-0282
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Pituitary effects of steroid hormones on secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Author(s): Animal Reproduction & Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
[email protected] Source: Nett, T M Turzillo, A M Baratta, M Rispoli, L A Domest-Anim-Endocrinol. 2002 July; 23(1-2): 33-42 0739-7240
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Plasma steroid profiles following follicle-stimulating hormone or equine chorionic gonadotropin injection in cows chronically treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Author(s): National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kukizaki, Ibaraki, Japan. Source: Takahashi, T Hirako, M Patel, O V Shimizu, M Hasegawa, Y Domeki, I Hashizume, K J-Vet-Med-Sci. 2002 August; 64(8): 731-4 0916-7250
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Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone versus human menopausal gonadotropin in the late follicular phase during ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
[email protected] Source: Commenges Ducos, M Piault, S Papaxanthos, A Ribes, C Dallay, D Commenges, D Fertil-Steril. 2002 November; 78(5): 1049-54 0015-0282
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Regulation by follicle-stimulating hormone of the synthesis of aromatase cytochrome P-450 in human granulosa cells. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center Dallas 752359051. Source: Steinkampf, M P Mendelson, C R Simpson, E R Mol-Endocrinol. 1987 July; 1(7): 465-71 0888-8809
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Retinoic acid mediates transcriptional repression of ovine follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene via a pleiotropic nuclear receptor response element. Author(s): Molecular Reproduction Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7. Source: Xing, W Sairam, M R Biol-Reprod. 2002 July; 67(1): 204-11 0006-3363
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Serum estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in Thai women post total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy using oral 17 beta-estradiol. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Bunyavejchevin, Suvit Panthong, Chareonchai Limpaphayom, Khunying Kobchitt J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 2002 January; 85(1): 58-62 0125-2208
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FOLLICLESTIMULATING HORMONE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to follicle-stimulating hormone. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to follicle-stimulating hormone and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “follicle-stimulating hormone” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to follicle-stimulating hormone: •
A DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor blocks the differentiation of rat granulosa cells induced by follicle-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Baranao JL, Bley MA, Batista FD, Glikin GC. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1991 July 15; 277 ( Pt 2): 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1650187
•
Acute inhibitory effect of follicle-stimulating hormone-suppressing protein (FSP) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated gonadotropin secretion in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Author(s): Wang QF, Farnworth PG, Burger HG, Findlay JK. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1990 July 30; 72(1): 33-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2125565
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•
Chronic inhibitory effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-suppressing protein (FSP) or follistatin on activin- and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated FSH synthesis and secretion in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Author(s): Wang QF, Farnworth PG, Findlay JK, Burger HG. Source: Endocrinology. 1990 September; 127(3): 1385-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2117527
•
Diverse effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on follicle-stimulating hormonestimulated estradiol and progesterone production from rat granulosa cells in serumcontaining medium and serum-free medium containing epidermal growth factor. Author(s): Haynes-Johnson D, Lai MT, Campen C, Palmer S. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1999 July; 61(1): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10377043
•
Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the hypothalamic-pituitary control of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in adult male rats. Author(s): Wenger T, Rettori V, Snyder GD, Dalterio S, McCann SM. Source: Neuroendocrinology. 1987 December; 46(6): 488-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2827048
•
Evidence for a specific seminiferous tubular factor affecting follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in man. Author(s): Van Thiel DH, Sherins RJ, Myers GH Jr, De Vita VT Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1972 April; 51(4): 1009-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4552337
•
Follicle-stimulating hormone activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in preneoplastic and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelial cells. Author(s): Choi KC, Kang SK, Tai CJ, Auersperg N, Leung PC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 May; 87(5): 2245-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11994371
•
Follistatin has a biphasic response but follicle-stimulating hormone is unchanged during an inflammatory episode in growing lambs. Author(s): Phillips DJ, de Kretser DM, Pfeffer A, Chie WN, Moore LG. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1998 January; 156(1): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9496236
•
Hyaluronan synthesis by mouse cumulus cells is regulated by interactions between follicle-stimulating hormone (or epidermal growth factor) and a soluble oocyte factor (or transforming growth factor beta1). Author(s): Tirone E, D'Alessandris C, Hascall VC, Siracusa G, Salustri A.
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Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997 February 21; 272(8): 4787-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9030534 •
Inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by follicle-stimulating hormone preparations in vitro. Author(s): Yen TT, Wacholtz MC, Greenberg MM. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1970 November; 2(6): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4398897
•
Involvement of MEK-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in folliclestimulating hormone-induced but not spontaneous meiotic resumption of mouse oocytes. Author(s): Su YQ, Rubinstein S, Luria A, Lax Y, Breitbart H. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2001 August; 65(2): 358-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11466201
•
Lack of effects of a lyposterolic extract of Serenoa repens on plasma levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Author(s): Casarosa C, Cosci di Coscio M, Fratta M. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1988; 10(5): 585-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2485240
•
Neural pathways mediating basal and stress-induced secretion of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone in the rat. Author(s): Siegel RA, Weidenfeld J, Feldman S, Conforti N, Chowers I. Source: Endocrinology. 1981 June; 108(6): 2302-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6785076
•
Regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone binding to receptors on bovine calf testis membranes by cholera toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding protein. Author(s): Zhang SB, Dattatreyamurty B, Reichert LE Jr. Source: Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 1988 February; 2(2): 148-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2840571
•
Requirement of Ca++ and Mg++ ions for the in vitro release of follicle-stimulating hormone from rat pituitary glands and in its subsequent biosynthesis. Author(s): Jutisz M, Paloma de la Llosa M. Source: Endocrinology. 1970 April; 86(4): 761-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4312981
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•
Sperm counts and serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels before and after radiotherapy and chemotherapy in men with testicular germ cell cancer. Author(s): Berthelsen JG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1984 February; 41(2): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6199233
•
The prolactin inhibition of follicle-stimulating hormone-induced aromatase activity in cultured rat granulosa cells is in part tyrosine kinase and protein kinase-C dependent. Author(s): Villanueva LA, Mendez I, Ampuero S, Larrea F. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1996 October; 2(10): 725-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9239689
•
Unique properties of the follicle-stimulating hormone- and cholera toxin-sensitive adenylyl cyclase of immature granulosa cells. Author(s): Hunzicker-Dunn M, LaBarbera AR. Source: Endocrinology. 1986 January; 118(1): 302-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3000740
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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The following is a specific Web list relating to follicle-stimulating hormone; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to folliclestimulating hormone. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “follicle-stimulating hormone” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on follicle-stimulating hormone, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to folliclestimulating hormone. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Actions of testosterone and/or follicle-stimulating hormone on gene expression in murine testis by Sadate-Ngatchou, Patricia Imele, PhD from Washington State University, 2003, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3096896
•
In vivo and in vitro regulation of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion by 3alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one (3HP) a highly sensitive and specific inhibitor by Wood, Patricia H; PhD from the University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL51714
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER
5.
PATENTS ON HORMONE
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING
Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “folliclestimulating hormone” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on follicle-stimulating hormone, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone By performing a patent search focusing on follicle-stimulating hormone, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on follicle-stimulating hormone: •
Method of producing follicle-stimulating hormone Inventor(s): Kryachkova; Aida Pavlovna (ULITSA Ustobaeva, 43, Tashkent, SU), Prokofiev; Mikhail Ivanovich (ULITSA Khodzhaeva, 2, Tashkent, SU), Volynsky; Alexandr Semenovich (ULITSA Gogolya, 75, Tashkent, SU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 3,973,004 Date filed: December 7, 1972 Abstract: A method of producing follicle-stimulating hormone (FHS) from sheep pituitary glands by disintegrating the pituitaries, extracting the latter with an approximately 0.2 molar solution of ammonium sulphate followed by bringing the pH of the solution to 5.5, separating the thusobtained extract into a supernatant and liquid and precipitate. Purification of FSH contained in the supernatant liquid is carried out by saturating the liquid with dry ammonium sulphate until a concentration of ammonium sulfate in the obtained solution of 40-50 percent of saturation is obtained the pH of the solution is adjusted to 7.4-7.5 and the resultant precipitate is separated from the supernatant liquid which is saturated with dry ammonium sulphate to a concentration in the obtained solution of 70-80 percent of saturation to obtain a precipitate which is treated with the ammonium sulphate solutions whose concentration is selected from the range of 56-58 percent of saturation, to form filtrates and subsequently precipitate FSH from the filtrates by saturating these with dry ammonium sulphate to a concentration thereof equal to 70-80 percent in the solutions obtained (of concentrated one), with subsequent bringing the pH of the solutions to 4.5 and isolation of the purified hormone from the supernatant liquid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of producing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The harmone can be used in the manufacture of endocrinous preparations. A method of producing FSH which makes use of a multistaged technique for purification of FSH on cellulose and sephadexes is known in the art. Purification by said method is accompanied by heavy losses of the hormone exceeding 90 percent of the initial amount so that the yield of the final product is too low being as little as 7.6 percent. The process takes much time and labour and involves the use of highly valuable reagents. Another method of producing FSH is known in the art, by which the hormone is obtained from sheep pituitary glands by homogenization of the latter and extraction with a solution of Ca(OH).sub.2 followed by separation of the resultant extract into a supernatant liquid and precipitate. According to said method purification of FSH from the supernatant liquid is carried out by way of successive precipitation and reprecipitation of FSH from the pituitaries with ammonium sulphate solutions of rising concentrations. The yield of FSH resulting from such a purification is rather low, viz., 0.5 unit in equivalents as per standard NiH--FSH--Si of the National Institute of Health (USA). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03973004__
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•
Process and reagent for the determination of the follicle-stimulating hormone and monoclonal antibodies suitable therefor Inventor(s): Erler; Klaus (Pocking, DE), Hubner-Parajsz; Christa (Tutzing, DE), Lenz; Helmut (Tutzing, DE), Schetters; Hartmut (Neufahrn, DE) Assignee(s): Boehringer Mannheim GmbH (Mannheim-Waldhof, DE) Patent Number: 4,762,783 Date filed: February 27, 1986 Abstract: The present invention provides an immunological process for the determination of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), wherein there is used at least one monoclonal antibody which is directed specifically against FSH and cross-reacts with other glycoprotein hormones to an extent of less than 3%.The present invention also provides a reagent for the determination of the follicle-stimulating hormone, wherein it contains at least one monoclonal antibody which is directed against FSH and cross-reacts with other glycoprotein hormones to an extent of less than 3%.Furthermore, the present invention provides a monoclonal antibody against the follicle-stimulating hormone and a process and a hybridoma cell line for producing it. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with a process and reagent for the determination of the follicle-stimulating hormone, as well as with monoclonal antibodies suitable therefor. The determination of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in body fluids, for example urine, serum and possibly also in plasma, is mainly used in order to be able to assess the endocrinological state of the hypothalamus, hypophysis and gonads. These investigations serve, in particular, for the differential diagnosis of hypogonadism, infertility and the like. In addition, the FSH determination is employed in order to determine the ovulation time point in the case of an induction of pregnancy. In all these cases, the serum values lie within the physiological range. Furthermore, the concentration of FSH in the serum is also measured merely for the purpose of obtaining evidence regarding the biological effectiveness of this hormone. Therefore, a knowledge of the serum level of the native hormone is of diagnostic importance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04762783__
•
Process for the production of human follicle-stimulating hormone Inventor(s): Sugimoto; Kaname (Okayama, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo (Okayama, JP) Patent Number: 4,383,034 Date filed: August 7, 1981 Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH).More precisely, the invention relates to a process for the mass production of hFSH, comprising in vivo multiplication of human cells capable of producing hFSH, and exposure of the multiplied human cells to a folliclestimulating hormone inducer.The hFSH production according to the invention is much higher than that attained by conventional processes using in vitro tissue culture; thus, hFSH can be used in a sufficient amount in the prevention and treatment of human diseases.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the production of human follicle-stimulating hormone (follitropin, abbreviated hFSH hereinafter). The hFSH is a hormone which stimulates the growth of spermatogenesis in the male, and the growth of ovarian follicles and the secretion of estrogen in the female. No process for the mass production of low-cost hFSH has been established so far. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04383034__
Patent Applications on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to follicle-stimulating hormone: •
Method for detecting or quantifying environmental hormones Inventor(s): Minegishi, Takashi; (Maebashi-shi, JP), Miyamoto, Kaoru; (Maebashi-shi, JP) Correspondence: Fitzpatrick Cella Harper & Scinto; 30 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10112; US Patent Application Number: 20030003491 Date filed: July 11, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the detection or determination of environmental hormones, in particular, dioxins in a sample using granulosa cells, etc. In the present invention, the change in the amount of an expressed luteinizing hormone receptor induced by follicle-stimulating hormone, etc. in granulosa cells is employed as an indicator for the detection or determination of dioxins.The present invention also relates to a method for contraception comprising inhibiting the expression of luteinizing hormone receptor induced by follicle-stimulating hormone in granulosa cells, and to a contraceptive agent comprising, as an active ingredient, a substance which inhibits the expression of luteinizing hormone receptor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the detection or determination of environmental hormones, in particular, dioxins in a sample using granulosa cells, etc. In the present invention, the change in the amount of an expressed luteinizing hormone (hereinafter referred to as LH) receptor induced by follicle-stimulating hormone (hereinafter referred to as FSH), etc. in granulosa cells is employed as an indicator for the detection or determination of dioxins. Recently, environmental hormones which disturb the endocrine system, or endocrine disrupting chemicals, have attracted attention for their effect on the human body [Birnbaum, L. S., Toxicol. Lett., 82-83, 743750 (1995)]. Among them, dioxins have particularly high toxicity [DeVito, M. J. and Birnbaum, L. S., Toxicology, 102, 115-123 (1995)]. "Dioxins" is the collective name for polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and its analogous substance, polychlorodibenzofuran (PCDF). Dioxins are chemical substances secondarily formed in the processes of production of agricultural chemicals, incineration of wastes, paper bleaching, etc. There are 210 kinds of homologues and isomers of dioxins varying in the position and the number of chlorine atoms. In a method generally employed for the detection of dioxins, dioxins are extracted with an organic solvent such as methanol,
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 83
purified by silica gel chromatography, followed by reconcentration, and then measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [Gendai Kagaku (Modern Chemistry), the January issue, 38-43 (1999)]. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with folliclestimulating hormone, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “follicle-stimulating hormone” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on follicle-stimulating hormone. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning folliclestimulating hormone. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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APPENDICES
87
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “follicle-stimulating hormone” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 31518 953 935 6 107 33519
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “follicle-stimulating hormone” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on follicle-stimulating hormone can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to follicle-stimulating hormone. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to follicle-stimulating hormone. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “follicle-stimulating hormone”:
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Infertility http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infertility.html Ovarian Cysts http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ovariancysts.html Pituitary Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pituitarydisorders.html Thyroid Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to follicle-stimulating hormone. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Patient Resources
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to follicle-stimulating hormone. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with follicle-stimulating hormone. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about follicle-stimulating hormone. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “follicle-stimulating hormone” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “follicle-stimulating hormone”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “follicle-stimulating hormone” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “folliclestimulating hormone” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the
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tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins. [NIH]
Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU]
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Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgen-Binding Protein: Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as sex hormone binding-globulin. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH]
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Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Arrestin: A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Azoospermia: Absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation of spermatozoa. [EU]
Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzamides: Benzoic acid amides. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific
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combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Buserelin: A potent and durable analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in
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many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Signaling: Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catfish: Common name to express the order Siluriformes. This order contains many families and over 2,000 species, including venomous species. Heteropneustes and Plotosus genera have dangerous stings and are aggressive. Most species are passive stingers. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Aggregation: The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage.
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Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH]
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Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomiphene: A stilbene derivative that functions both as a partial estrogen agonist and complete estrogen antagonist depending on the target tissue. It antagonizes the estrogen receptor thereby initiating or augmenting ovulation in anovulatory women. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as
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standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cryofixation: Fixation of a tissue by localized cooling at very low temperature. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens. [NIH]
Cryptorchidism: A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism may increase the risk for development of testicular cancer. Also called undescended testicles. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH]
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Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a
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molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or
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transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most
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species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial ovarian cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH]
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Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Follicular Fluid: A fluid consisting of sex steroid hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and electrolytes that is present in the vesicular ovarian follicle (Graafian follicle) surrounding the ovum. [NIH] Follicular Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] FSH: A gonadotropic hormone found in the pituitary tissues of mammals. It regulates the metabolic activity of ovarian granulosa cells and testicular Sertoli cells, induces maturation of Graafian follicles in the ovary, and promotes the development of the germinal cells in the testis. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gametogenesis: The first phase of sexual reproduction which involves the transforming of certain cells in the parent into specialized reproductive cells. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus,
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transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadal Dysgenesis: Any of several developmental anomalies involving the total or partial failure of the indifferent embryonic gonad to differentiate into ovary or testis. This concept includes gonadal agenesis. [NIH] Gonadorelin: A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Gonadotropic: Stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the anterior pituitary which influence the gonads. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulosa Cell Tumor: An ovarian tumor originating in the cells of the primordial membrana granulosa of the graafian follicle. It may be associated with excessive production of estrogen. [NIH] Granulosa Cells: Cells of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle which become luteal cells after ovulation. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH]
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Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins. [NIH]
Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Antagonists: Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperstimulation: Excessive stimulation. [EU]
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Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypophysis: A remnant of the entodermal pouch of Rathke beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx, which shows pituitary tissue. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immortal: Stage when the mother cell and its descendants will multiply indefinitely. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incineration: High temperature destruction of waste by burning with subsequent reduction to ashes or conversion to an inert mass. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhibin: Glyceroprotein hormone produced in the seminiferous tubules by the Sertoli cells in the male and by the granulosa cells in the female follicles. The hormone inhibits FSH and LH synthesis and secretion by the pituitary cells thereby affecting sexual maturation and
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fertility. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoelectric Point: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils,
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and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leuprolide: A potent and long acting analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gonadorelin). Its action is similar to gonadorelin, which regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins. [NIH] LH: A small glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. LH plays an important role in controlling ovulation and in controlling secretion of hormones by the ovaries and testes. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes
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characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menotropins: Extracts from human menopausal urine containing FSH and LH activity. They are used to treat infertility disorders. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Messenger RNA: The RNA molecule that conveys from the DNA the information that is to be translated into the structure of a particular polypeptide molecule. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic Clearance Rate: Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired
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from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morula: The early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum, form a compact mass. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU]
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Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. [NIH]
Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nidation: Implantation of the conceptus in the endometrium. [EU] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Noel: The highest dose level of a chemical that, in a given toxicity test, causes no observable adverse effect in the test animals. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oligomenorrhea: Abnormally infrequent menstruation. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division
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and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Oophorectomy: Surgery to remove one or both ovaries. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Ovarian epithelial cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries. [NIH] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH] Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome: Syndrome composed of a combination of ovarian enlargement and an acute fluid shift out of the intravascular space. The enlargement is caused by ovarian cyst formation and the fluid shift may result in ascites, hydrothorax, or generalized edema. The syndrome is most usually seen as a complication of ovulation induction, a treatment for infertility. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovulation Induction: Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH]
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Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH]
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Phosphorylates: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Photoperiod: The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation. [NIH] Phototransduction: The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment
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for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Clinical symptom complex characterized by oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, anovulation, and regularly associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo
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transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH]
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Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and
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causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions. [NIH]
Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose.
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Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sella Turcica: A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the pituitary gland. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin: A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as androgen-binding protein. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the
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axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm retrieval: The doctor removes sperm from a man's reproductive tract (testis or epididymis) using a fine needle or another instrument. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptavidin: A 60kD extracellular protein of Streptomyces avidinii with four high-affinity biotin binding sites. Unlike AVIDIN, streptavidin has a near neutral isoelectric point and is free of carbohydrate side chains. [NIH]
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Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synchrony: The normal physiologic sequencing of atrial and ventricular activation and contraction. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of
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formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Thermoregulation: Heat regulation. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH]
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Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGFbeta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. [NIH]
Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH]
Dictionary 139
Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virilism: Development of masculine traits in the female. [NIH] Virilization: The induction or development of male secondary sec characters, especially the induction of such changes in the female, including enlargement of the clitoris, growth of facial and body hair, development of a hairline typical of the male forehead, stimulation of secretion and proliferation of the sebaceous glands (often with acne), and deepening of the voice. Called also masculinization) [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
140
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]
141
INDEX A Abdominal, 56, 68, 105, 127 Aberrant, 12, 39, 105 Abortion, 105, 130, 139 Acetylcholine, 105, 126 Acne, 105, 139 Adaptability, 105, 110 Adenine, 105 Adenoma, 27, 34, 51, 52, 105 Adenosine, 26, 105, 128 Adenosine Monophosphate, 26, 105 Adenovirus, 11, 105 Adenylate Cyclase, 105, 111 Adipocytes, 105, 122 Adrenal Cortex, 105, 117, 131 Adverse Effect, 105, 126 Afferent, 105, 122, 129 Affinity, 36, 105, 106, 135 Agenesis, 106, 119 Agonist, 16, 18, 21, 29, 38, 45, 47, 50, 64, 66, 67, 106, 109, 112, 115 Algorithms, 106, 109 Alkaline, 65, 106, 109 Alkaline Phosphatase, 65, 106 Alkaloid, 106, 109 Allergen, 106, 114 Alternative medicine, 106 Amenorrhea, 23, 34, 45, 50, 60, 75, 106, 109, 130 Amino acid, 6, 106, 107, 108, 117, 119, 128, 130, 131, 134, 136, 138 Amino Acid Sequence, 6, 106, 107, 117, 134 Ammonium Sulfate, 80, 106 Amplification, 64, 106 Anaesthesia, 106, 121 Analog, 107, 109, 123 Analogous, 82, 107, 138 Anatomical, 8, 107, 121 Androgen-Binding Protein, 107, 134 Androgens, 8, 105, 107, 108 Animal model, 59, 107 Anions, 107, 122 Anomalies, 107, 119, 136 Anovulation, 36, 60, 107, 130 Antibodies, 107, 117, 120, 125, 132 Antibody, 81, 106, 107, 112, 114, 120, 121, 125, 132, 135
Antigen, 106, 107, 112, 117, 120, 121 Antiserum, 24, 107 Anus, 107, 108 Aplasia, 33, 107 Apolipoproteins, 107, 123 Apoptosis, 7, 37, 39, 108, 110 Arginine, 108, 126 Aromatase, 35, 41, 43, 68, 74, 108 Arrestin, 9, 108 Arteries, 108, 109, 113, 123, 124 Artery, 108, 113, 132, 139 Ascites, 108, 127 Aseptic, 108, 127, 135 Assay, 11, 48, 54, 108, 121 Atresia, 7, 108 Atrial, 108, 136 Attenuation, 4, 108 Azoospermia, 57, 108 B Bacteria, 107, 108, 117, 123, 124, 138 Bactericidal, 108, 117 Bacteriophage, 108, 138 Benign, 105, 108, 125, 132 Benzamides, 58, 108 Bilateral, 56, 68, 108, 130 Bile, 108, 118, 123, 135 Binding Sites, 17, 59, 108, 135 Bioassay, 35, 36, 109 Biochemical, 6, 7, 18, 43, 64, 71, 109, 128, 134 Biological therapy, 109, 119 Biopsy, 109, 128 Biosynthesis, 19, 38, 73, 109, 120 Biotechnology, 11, 14, 55, 67, 89, 109 Biphasic, 72, 109 Bladder, 109, 131, 138 Blastocyst, 64, 109, 113, 115, 129, 138 Blood Coagulation, 109 Blood vessel, 109, 111, 116, 124, 138, 139 Body Fluids, 81, 109 Bradykinin, 109, 126, 129 Bromocriptine, 58, 109 Buserelin, 66, 109 C Calcium, 8, 31, 109, 110, 112 Calcium Signaling, 31, 110 Carbohydrate, 20, 39, 110, 130, 135 Carcinogenic, 110, 114, 122, 131, 135
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Cardiac, 110, 117, 125, 135 Case report, 110, 112 Case series, 110, 112 Caspase, 7, 110 Catfish, 25, 110 Cations, 110, 122 Caudal, 110, 114, 121, 130 Cell Aggregation, 110, 127 Cell Death, 108, 110, 125 Cell Differentiation, 53, 54, 110 Cell Division, 108, 110, 119, 123, 124, 131 Cell proliferation, 22, 110 Cell Survival, 7, 110, 119 Cellobiose, 110, 111 Cellulose, 80, 111 Central Nervous System, 105, 111, 119, 128, 134 Chemotherapy, 74, 111 Chlorine, 82, 111 Cholera, 73, 74, 111, 139 Cholera Toxin, 73, 74, 111 Cholesterol, 7, 108, 111, 123, 135 Cholesterol Esters, 111, 123 Chromaffin System, 111, 116 Chromatin, 108, 111, 135 Chromosomal, 106, 111 Chronic, 60, 64, 72, 111, 116, 130 Chronic renal, 111, 130 Chylomicrons, 111, 123 Circulatory system, 111, 116 CIS, 10, 11, 111, 133 Clamp, 10, 112 Clinical study, 22, 112 Clinical trial, 3, 89, 112, 113, 115, 131, 132 Clomiphene, 15, 21, 34, 53, 60, 64, 112 Cloning, 6, 21, 48, 109, 112 Collagen, 106, 112, 129 Complement, 112, 113, 118, 129 Complementary and alternative medicine, 71, 75, 112 Complementary medicine, 71, 112 Computational Biology, 89, 113 Conception, 60, 67, 105, 113, 117, 130, 135 Concomitant, 38, 113 Conjugated, 113, 114 Constitutional, 53, 113 Contraception, 5, 82, 113 Contraceptive, 4, 8, 82, 113 Contraindications, ii, 113 Control group, 6, 113 Coronary, 113, 124 Coronary Thrombosis, 113, 124
Corpus, 6, 7, 113, 123, 131 Corpus Luteum, 6, 7, 113, 123, 131 Cortex, 113 Cryofixation, 113 Cryopreservation, 18, 113 Cryptorchidism, 41, 113 Cultured cells, 32, 113 Cyclic, 13, 26, 50, 105, 113, 120, 126, 129 Cyst, 113, 127 Cytochrome, 68, 108, 114 Cytokines, 6, 114 Cytoplasm, 108, 110, 111, 114 Cytotoxic, 114, 132 D Dehydration, 111, 114 Deletion, 4, 24, 108, 114 Dendrites, 114, 126 Density, 7, 57, 114, 123, 127 Deoxyribonucleic, 46, 48, 114, 133 Deoxyribonucleotides, 114 Desensitization, 12, 18, 46, 60, 114 Diagnostic procedure, 79, 114 Diencephalon, 114, 121 Dihydrotestosterone, 5, 46, 114, 133, 134 Dioxins, 82, 114 Direct, iii, 9, 25, 114, 115, 133, 136 Discrete, 48, 114 Disinfectant, 114, 117 Dissociation, 106, 114 Dopamine, 109, 115, 126, 128 Dorsal, 115, 130 Double-blind, 22, 65, 115 Drive, ii, vi, 8, 42, 63, 115, 123 E Edema, 115, 127 Efficacy, 8, 12, 22, 28, 45, 47, 53, 56, 65, 66, 115 Ejaculation, 115, 134 Elective, 13, 115 Electrolyte, 115, 130 Electrons, 115, 122, 127, 132 Electrophysiological, 8, 115 Embryo, 18, 21, 27, 32, 54, 61, 62, 64, 65, 105, 109, 110, 115, 121, 125, 130, 135 Embryo Transfer, 21, 61, 64, 115, 131 Endemic, 111, 116 Endocrine Glands, 116, 120 Endocrine System, 82, 116 Endometrial, 16, 27, 28, 37, 116 Endometrium, 116, 126, 138 Endorphins, 116, 126 Endothelium, 116, 126, 129
143
Endothelium-derived, 116, 126 End-stage renal, 111, 116, 130 Energy balance, 116, 122, 129 Enhancer, 116, 133 Enkephalins, 116, 126 Environmental Health, 88, 90, 116 Enzymatic, 106, 110, 112, 116, 133 Enzyme, 7, 14, 29, 64, 105, 106, 108, 110, 116, 118, 120, 123, 129, 133, 136, 139 Epidermal, 72, 116 Epidermal Growth Factor, 72, 116 Epidermis, 116 Epinephrine, 115, 116, 126, 138 Epithelial, 6, 31, 51, 54, 56, 72, 105, 111, 116, 117 Epithelial Cells, 72, 111, 116, 117 Epithelial ovarian cancer, 31, 56, 117 Epitopes, 24, 117 Ergot, 109, 117 Esophagus, 108, 117, 128, 135 Estradiol, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 20, 25, 26, 29, 35, 41, 45, 52, 54, 56, 59, 62, 66, 68, 72, 117, 134 Estrogen, 7, 9, 38, 65, 82, 108, 112, 117, 119, 131 Estrogen receptor, 7, 112, 117 Ethanol, 34, 117 Excitation, 117, 126 Exogenous, 7, 13, 19, 36, 45, 58, 117 Exon, 24, 48, 59, 117 Extracellular, 36, 117, 135 Extraction, 57, 80, 117 Eye Infections, 105, 117 F Facial, 117, 139 Family Planning, 89, 117 Fat, 105, 117, 122, 123 Fertilization in Vitro, 117, 131 Fetus, 46, 105, 117, 129, 131, 135, 138 Fibrinogen, 117, 129 Flatus, 117, 118 Follicles, 6, 25, 26, 37, 38, 118, 121 Follicular Fluid, 6, 23, 38, 44, 118 Follicular Phase, 19, 27, 45, 49, 55, 67, 118 Fractionation, 106, 118 G Gallbladder, 105, 118 Gametogenesis, 12, 39, 118 Gamma Rays, 118, 132 Gap Junctions, 118, 136 Gas, 83, 111, 117, 118, 120, 126 Gastric, 116, 118
Gastrin, 118, 120 Gastrointestinal, 109, 117, 118, 134, 136, 139 Gastrointestinal tract, 117, 118, 134 Gene Expression, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 37, 46, 48, 51, 66, 77, 118 Gene Therapy, 105, 118 Genetic Engineering, 109, 112, 118 Genital, 66, 119 Genotype, 119, 128 Germ Cells, 119, 123, 126, 127, 134, 135, 137 Gestational, 14, 119 Gland, 105, 111, 119, 127, 129, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137 Glucose, 110, 111, 119, 122, 133 Glutamate, 119, 128 Glutamic Acid, 119, 126 Glycine, 106, 119, 126 Glycoprotein, 81, 117, 119, 123, 134 Gonad, 119 Gonadal, 4, 9, 10, 11, 30, 33, 34, 47, 49, 50, 54, 119, 135 Gonadal Dysgenesis, 50, 119 Gonadorelin, 119, 123 Gonadotropic, 118, 119 Governing Board, 119, 130 Grafting, 119, 121 Granulosa Cell Tumor, 21, 44, 50, 119 Granulosa Cells, 6, 7, 9, 16, 25, 43, 46, 48, 68, 71, 72, 74, 82, 118, 119, 121, 123 Growth factors, 6, 25, 119 Guanine, 73, 119 Guanylate Cyclase, 120, 126 H Haptens, 106, 120 Heme, 114, 120 Herbicides, 114, 120 Heredity, 49, 118, 120 Heterogeneity, 39, 106, 120 Homodimer, 120, 138 Homologous, 36, 118, 120, 136 Hormonal, 4, 5, 9, 12, 32, 37, 39, 120 Hormone Antagonists, 16, 27, 120 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 57, 120 Hormone therapy, 44, 120 Hybrid, 4, 120 Hybridoma, 81, 120 Hydrogen, 110, 120, 125, 127 Hydrophobic, 120, 123 Hydroxyproline, 106, 112, 120 Hypersensitivity, 106, 114, 120
144
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Hyperstimulation, 14, 27, 28, 30, 34, 38, 51, 52, 55, 58, 67, 120 Hypogonadism, 11, 18, 23, 28, 34, 40, 46, 53, 81, 121 Hypophysis, 81, 121 Hypothalamic, 4, 8, 10, 11, 39, 72, 121 Hypothalamus, 4, 10, 81, 114, 119, 121, 129 Hysterectomy, 56, 68, 121 I Idiopathic, 18, 32, 34, 55, 65, 121 Immortal, 5, 121 Immune function, 121, 138 Immunoassay, 29, 64, 121 Immunoglobulin, 6, 61, 107, 121, 125 Immunologic, 121, 132 Immunology, 24, 106, 121 Immunotherapy, 109, 114, 121 Impairment, 25, 117, 121 Implantation, 32, 113, 121, 126, 138 In vivo, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 39, 58, 66, 77, 81, 118, 121 Incineration, 82, 121 Induction, 5, 7, 9, 15, 40, 41, 53, 66, 81, 107, 121, 127, 131, 139 Infarction, 113, 121, 124 Infertility, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17, 28, 31, 41, 53, 55, 60, 61, 64, 81, 94, 109, 121, 124, 127 Infusion, 28, 121 Inhibin, 13, 17, 19, 24, 25, 41, 45, 49, 56, 57, 59, 62, 66, 121 Initiation, 122, 131, 138 Insight, 10, 11, 122 Insulin, 6, 25, 28, 30, 41, 43, 46, 48, 122 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 122 Insulin-like, 25, 30, 43, 46, 122 Intermittent, 66, 122 Interstitial, 35, 122 Intestinal, 111, 122 Intestine, 122, 124, 133, 134 Intracellular, 4, 57, 110, 122, 126, 130 Intramuscular, 24, 27, 44, 51, 122 Intravascular, 122, 127 Intravenous, 18, 121, 122 Intrinsic, 106, 122 Ion Channels, 122, 136 Ionizing, 122, 132 Ions, 73, 115, 120, 122, 125 Isoelectric, 122, 135 Isoelectric Point, 122, 135 K Kb, 88, 122
L Lactation, 122, 131 Leptin, 23, 25, 43, 122 Leukocytes, 114, 122 Leuprolide, 44, 123 LH, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 33, 52, 58, 66, 82, 119, 121, 123, 124 Libido, 107, 123 Life cycle, 109, 123 Ligament, 123, 131 Ligands, 46, 123 Lipid, 107, 122, 123 Lipoprotein, 7, 123 Liver, 105, 108, 118, 123, 124 Loop, 57, 123 Low-density lipoprotein, 123 Luciferase, 58, 123 Luteal Phase, 7, 16, 36, 50, 123 Lutein Cells, 123, 131 M Malignant, 123, 125, 132 Medial, 29, 66, 123, 127 Mediate, 4, 10, 11, 115, 123 MEDLINE, 89, 123 Meiosis, 39, 123, 136 Melanin, 124, 128, 138 Membrane, 9, 10, 59, 112, 121, 122, 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 138 Menopause, 16, 61, 124, 130, 131 Menotropins, 51, 124 Menstruation, 106, 118, 123, 124, 126 Mental, iv, 3, 88, 90, 115, 124, 132 Mental Health, iv, 3, 88, 90, 124, 132 Mesenchymal, 116, 124 Messenger RNA, 47, 66, 124 Meta-Analysis, 27, 31, 52, 60, 124 Metabolic Clearance Rate, 20, 124 Metaphase, 21, 124 Methanol, 82, 124 MI, 56, 103, 124 Microbe, 124, 137 Microorganism, 124, 139 Miscarriage, 7, 124 Mitosis, 7, 108, 124 Mobility, 11, 124 Mobilization, 110, 124 Modification, 106, 118, 124 Molecular Structure, 25, 125 Molecule, 107, 109, 112, 115, 116, 117, 124, 125, 127, 130, 132, 139 Monitor, 42, 125, 126 Monoclonal, 81, 125
145
Monoclonal antibodies, 81, 125 Morphological, 115, 125 Morula, 109, 125 Mucosa, 125, 131 Mutagenic, 114, 125 Myeloma, 120, 125 Myocardium, 124, 125 N NCI, 1, 87, 111, 125 Necrosis, 108, 121, 124, 125 Neonatal, 7, 125 Neoplasia, 125 Neoplasm, 125 Neoplastic, 72, 125 Nerve, 114, 125, 129, 130, 133, 135, 139 Nervous System, 105, 111, 125, 126, 128, 136 Neural, 8, 9, 73, 105, 125, 126 Neural Pathways, 8, 126 Neuronal, 8, 10, 126 Neurons, 8, 10, 114, 126, 136 Neurosecretory Systems, 116, 126 Neurotransmitter, 8, 105, 106, 109, 115, 119, 122, 126, 136 Nidation, 115, 126 Nitric Oxide, 64, 66, 126 Nitrogen, 106, 107, 126 Noel, 64, 126 Norepinephrine, 115, 126 Nuclear, 5, 10, 20, 68, 115, 118, 125, 126 Nuclei, 115, 118, 119, 124, 126 Nucleic acid, 126, 133 Nucleus, 4, 108, 111, 113, 114, 118, 123, 126, 131 O Oligomenorrhea, 126, 130 Oocytes, 20, 21, 32, 47, 73, 126 Oophorectomy, 56, 68, 127 Opacity, 114, 127 Opiate, 8, 127 Opium, 127 Optic Chiasm, 121, 127 Organ Culture, 46, 127, 137 Ovarian epithelial cancer, 6, 127 Ovarian Follicle, 4, 6, 8, 12, 28, 34, 51, 82, 113, 118, 119, 127 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, 14, 15, 127 Ovaries, 6, 20, 35, 48, 59, 60, 108, 117, 123, 127, 130, 134 Ovary, 6, 16, 29, 32, 44, 113, 117, 118, 119, 127
Ovulation, 4, 15, 17, 20, 33, 40, 42, 45, 53, 60, 81, 107, 112, 118, 119, 123, 127 Ovulation Induction, 15, 17, 20, 33, 45, 127 Ovum, 113, 118, 123, 125, 127, 131, 138, 140 Oxidation, 114, 127 P Pancreas, 105, 122, 127 Particle, 127, 138 Parturition, 127, 131 Patch, 10, 127 Pathologic, 108, 109, 113, 120, 128 Pathologic Processes, 108, 128 Pathophysiology, 11, 128 Pelvic, 128, 131 Pelvis, 127, 128, 138 Peptide, 8, 17, 53, 67, 106, 111, 122, 128, 129, 130, 131 Percutaneous, 29, 66, 128 Peripheral Nervous System, 116, 126, 128, 136 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 111, 117, 128 Pharmacodynamics, 53, 67, 128 Pharmacokinetic, 15, 128 Pharmacologic, 128, 137 Pharynx, 121, 128 Phenobarbital, 14, 128 Phenotype, 6, 49, 67, 128 Phenylalanine, 128, 138 Phospholipids, 117, 123, 128 Phosphorus, 109, 128 Phosphorylated, 7, 108, 128 Phosphorylates, 4, 129 Photoperiod, 65, 129 Phototransduction, 108, 129 Physiologic, 5, 10, 11, 106, 109, 124, 129, 133, 136 Physiology, 8, 11, 64, 65, 66, 115, 129 Pituitary Gland, 73, 80, 119, 129, 134 Placenta, 108, 117, 129, 131 Plasma, 9, 13, 23, 34, 38, 59, 64, 67, 73, 81, 107, 111, 117, 118, 125, 129, 134 Plasma protein, 118, 129 Plasmin, 129 Plasminogen, 14, 129 Plasminogen Activators, 129 Platelet Aggregation, 126, 129 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 64, 129 Platelets, 126, 129, 134 Platinum, 123, 129 Pneumonia, 113, 130
146
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Point Mutation, 58, 130 Polycystic, 7, 8, 11, 15, 26, 28, 29, 31, 41, 43, 44, 45, 48, 52, 59, 130 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 15, 26, 28, 29, 31, 41, 43, 44, 59, 130 Polymorphic, 21, 130 Polymorphism, 49, 56, 130 Polypeptide, 106, 112, 116, 117, 124, 129, 130, 131 Polysaccharide, 107, 111, 130 Posterior, 50, 115, 127, 130 Postmenopausal, 12, 13, 56, 130 Postnatal, 19, 64, 130 Postsynaptic, 130, 136 Post-translational, 11, 107, 130, 134 Potassium, 8, 130 Potentiating, 12, 130 Practice Guidelines, 90, 130 Precipitation, 80, 130 Precursor, 115, 116, 126, 128, 129, 130, 138 Pregnancy Outcome, 27, 130 Premenopausal, 24, 34, 131 Prenatal, 115, 131 Presumptive, 13, 131 Presynaptic, 126, 131, 136 Prevalence, 49, 131 Progesterone, 7, 8, 26, 45, 65, 72, 131, 135 Progression, 107, 131 Prolactin, 25, 64, 65, 74, 109, 131 Promoter, 7, 9, 10, 11, 26, 46, 56, 58, 131 Promotor, 131, 133 Prophase, 126, 131, 136 Prostate, 37, 131 Protein C, 106, 107, 108, 123, 131 Protein Conformation, 106, 131 Protein S, 109, 131 Protocol, 15, 16, 21, 30, 43, 64, 131 Psychoactive, 132, 137 Puberty, 11, 23, 26, 40, 48, 53, 132 Public Health, 23, 90, 132 Public Policy, 89, 132 Publishing, 12, 132 Pulmonary, 111, 132, 139 Pulmonary Edema, 111, 132 Pulse, 8, 34, 125, 132 R Radiation, 118, 122, 132, 139 Radioactive, 120, 121, 125, 126, 132 Radioimmunotherapy, 132 Radiological, 128, 132 Radiotherapy, 74, 132
Randomized, 15, 16, 21, 22, 28, 38, 56, 60, 64, 65, 66, 115, 132 Randomized clinical trial, 15, 132 Reagent, 81, 111, 123, 132 Rectum, 107, 117, 118, 131, 133 Reductase, 5, 108, 133 Refer, 1, 112, 116, 132, 133 Reference Values, 57, 133 Refractory, 37, 133 Regimen, 15, 18, 21, 115, 133 Reproduction Techniques, 23, 130, 133 Reproductive cells, 118, 119, 133 Response Elements, 26, 133 Response rate, 62, 133 Retinal, 108, 127, 129, 133 Retrospective, 20, 133 Rhodopsin, 108, 133 Ribonuclease, 54, 133 Ribonucleic acid, 13, 43, 66, 133 Ribose, 105, 133 Rod, 112, 133 S Saliva, 124, 133 Saponins, 133, 135 Screening, 112, 134 Scrotum, 113, 134, 137 Sebaceous, 134, 139 Sebaceous gland, 134, 139 Secretory, 50, 134, 136 Sella Turcica, 129, 134 Semen, 65, 108, 115, 131, 134 Seminiferous tubule, 107, 121, 134, 135 Semisynthetic, 109, 134 Sequencing, 134, 136 Serologic, 121, 134 Serotonin, 126, 134 Serum, 13, 18, 24, 27, 28, 36, 44, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 62, 68, 72, 74, 81, 107, 112, 119, 123, 134 Sex Characteristics, 107, 132, 134, 137 Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, 41, 62, 134 Skeletal, 107, 112, 134 Skull, 134, 136 Small intestine, 111, 120, 122, 134 Solvent, 82, 117, 124, 134 Soma, 134, 135 Somatic, 20, 124, 128, 135 Somatic cells, 124, 135 Specialist, 95, 135 Species, 8, 9, 19, 110, 117, 120, 124, 125, 135, 136, 138, 139
147
Specificity, 57, 106, 135 Sperm, 28, 32, 38, 41, 55, 57, 65, 66, 74, 107, 133, 134, 135, 137 Sperm retrieval, 57, 135 Spermatogenesis, 5, 10, 39, 41, 46, 56, 58, 59, 82, 135 Spermatozoa, 108, 134, 135 Spinal cord, 111, 125, 128, 135 Spleen, 120, 135 Spontaneous Abortion, 130, 135 Steel, 112, 135 Steroid, 4, 5, 6, 8, 13, 25, 67, 108, 118, 133, 135 Stillbirth, 130, 135 Stimulus, 115, 117, 122, 135, 137 Stomach, 105, 117, 118, 120, 128, 134, 135 Streptavidin, 64, 135 Stress, 73, 136 Structure-Activity Relationship, 37, 136 Subcutaneous, 24, 27, 44, 51, 105, 115, 136 Submaxillary, 116, 136 Subspecies, 135, 136 Substance P, 134, 136 Substrate, 6, 136 Supplementation, 45, 136 Suppression, 12, 13, 24, 32, 35, 44, 46, 67, 136 Sweat, 124, 136 Symphysis, 131, 136 Synapse, 131, 136 Synaptic, 8, 10, 126, 136 Synaptic Transmission, 10, 136 Synchrony, 25, 136 Synergistic, 25, 43, 131, 136 Systemic, 61, 117, 136 T Temporal, 35, 136 Teratogenic, 114, 136 Testicles, 113, 134, 137 Testicular, 5, 6, 25, 34, 43, 46, 57, 74, 108, 113, 118, 137 Testis, 5, 43, 46, 73, 77, 107, 117, 118, 119, 135, 137 Testosterone, 5, 10, 24, 26, 33, 36, 39, 44, 46, 53, 55, 62, 73, 77, 133, 134, 137 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 72, 137 Thermoregulation, 129, 137 Threshold, 35, 53, 137 Thrombolytic, 129, 137 Thyroid, 57, 94, 137, 138 Tissue Culture, 81, 137 Tone, 137
Tonic, 9, 137 Topical, 117, 137 Torsion, 34, 121, 137 Toxic, iv, 124, 137 Toxicity, 82, 126, 137 Toxicology, 82, 90, 137 Toxins, 107, 125, 132, 137 Trachea, 128, 137 Traction, 112, 138 Transcription Factors, 4, 9, 10, 11, 133, 138 Transduction, 9, 110, 138 Transfection, 9, 11, 48, 109, 118, 138 Transforming Growth Factor beta, 72, 138 Translating, 9, 138 Translation, 106, 138 Translational, 138 Transplantation, 111, 115, 138 Trophoblast, 109, 138 Tyrosine, 6, 72, 74, 115, 138 U Ultrasonography, 29, 138 Urethra, 131, 138 Urinary, 13, 20, 21, 23, 27, 29, 40, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 138 Urine, 31, 33, 81, 109, 116, 124, 138 Uterus, 105, 113, 116, 121, 124, 127, 131, 138 Uveitis, 108, 138 V Vascular, 23, 116, 121, 126, 127, 129, 138 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 23, 138 Vasodilators, 126, 139 Vector, 17, 138, 139 Vein, 122, 126, 139 Ventricle, 121, 132, 139 Ventricular, 136, 139 Vesicular, 118, 119, 139 Veterinary Medicine, 64, 89, 139 Vibrio, 111, 139 Viral, 138, 139 Virilism, 7, 139 Virilization, 42, 139 Virulence, 137, 139 Virus, 108, 116, 118, 138, 139 Viscera, 135, 139 Vitro, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 58, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 73, 77, 81, 110, 116, 118, 121, 137, 139 Vivo, 7, 10, 139
148
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
W White blood cell, 107, 122, 125, 139 Windpipe, 128, 137, 139 X Xenograft, 107, 139
X-ray, 118, 126, 132, 139 Y Yeasts, 128, 139 Z Zygote, 64, 113, 140
