Genital Herpes - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GENITAL HERPES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AME...

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GENITAL HERPES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Genital Herpes: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83955-7 1. Genital Herpes-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on genital herpes. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GENITAL HERPES ...................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Genital Herpes .............................................................................. 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 26 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GENITAL HERPES ............................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Finding Nutrition Studies on Genital Herpes ............................................................................. 73 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 78 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GENITAL HERPES ...................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 81 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 87 General References ....................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GENITAL HERPES ........................................................................ 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Dissertations on Genital Herpes .................................................................................................. 91 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GENITAL HERPES .................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Recent Trials on Genital Herpes .................................................................................................. 93 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 95 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON GENITAL HERPES ...................................................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 97 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 99 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 100 Chapters on Genital Herpes ....................................................................................................... 101 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON GENITAL HERPES ......................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 103 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 103 Bibliography: Multimedia on Genital Herpes............................................................................ 104 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GENITAL HERPES ...................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 107 Academic Periodicals covering Genital Herpes.......................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 113 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 114 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 117 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 119 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 124 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125

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Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 125 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 131 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 133 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 133 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 133 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 139 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 139 GENITAL HERPES DICTIONARY............................................................................................ 141 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 179

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with genital herpes is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about genital herpes, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to genital herpes, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on genital herpes. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to genital herpes, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on genital herpes. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GENITAL HERPES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on genital herpes.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and genital herpes, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

What Everyone Should Know About STD's Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 17(1): 30, 32-34, 36. January-February 2000. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article provides people who have diabetes with information on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). People who have diabetes are not believed to be at a higher risk for STDs than the general population. The infectious agents that cause STDs are typically passed from one person to another during sexual contact. Although STDs are most prevalent among adolescents and young adults, they can affect people of all backgrounds and economic levels. Many STDs initially cause no symptoms, so a person who is infected may be able to pass the disease on to a sex partner without realizing he

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or she is doing so. Therefore, safe sex practices must be used at all times. Some of the most common STDs in North America are gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, genital herpes, viral hepatitis, genital warts, and molluscum contagiosum. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is perhaps the most feared STD. Although many people live for some time with the virus, it is ultimately fatal. HIV is carried in body fluid, and the primary mode of transmission is through unprotected sexual contact with someone who has the virus. The article discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, genital herpes, viral hepatitis, genital warts, and molluscum contagiosum. In addition, the article outlines ways people can reduce the risk of developing an STD and identifies sources of information about STDs. •

Office Management of Chronic Infections Source: Patient Care. 31(9): 78-82, 87-88, 91-94. May 15, 1997. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. Five Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 076451742. (800) 432-4570 or (201) 358-7200. Summary: This article reviews the significant advances that have occurred in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of common chronic infections in recent years. The author focuses on the office management of patients with peptic ulcer disease, prostatitis, genital herpes, and diabetic foot ulcers. The section on peptic ulcers focuses on diagnostic tests (particularly those used to identify Helicobacter pylori infection) including the 13C urea breath test, serologic testing, and endoscopy. Treatment options are also outlined, with the author reporting on the results obtained with three different combination-drug regimens recently approved by the FDA. The author encourages the use of either a dual RBC and C regimen (rantidine bismuth citrate and clarithromycin) or a dual OC regimen (omeprazole and clarithromycin). It remains unclear whether follow up testing is necessary after peptic ulcer therapy, except when the patient has required blood transfusions for a large, bleeding ulcer. Documenting the eradication of H. pylori is essential in these cases due to the high risk of subsequent bleeding requiring further transfusions. The author concludes this section with a brief discussion on the role of surgery for patients with hemorrhaging peptic ulcers. One sidebar details the pathogenesis of helicobacter pylori-induced peptic ulcer disease. 3 figures. 3 tables. 23 references. (AA-M).

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2002 Source: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports May 10 2002;51(RR-6):1-84. Contact: US Government Printing Office, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954, (202) 512-1800, http://www.access.gpo.gov. CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://www.cdcnpin.org. Summary: This report for health professionals provides guidelines and recommendations for the most effective treatment regimens, screening procedures, and prevention strategies for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), which infect an estimated 15 million people each year in the United States. Some of the significant new recommendations and guidelines include (1) an expanded recommendation for chlamydia screening among women; (2) recommendations for alternative treatments for gonorrhea due to increasing drug resistance in California; (3) recommendations for health care providers to focus on risk assessment and counseling in addition to the

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clinical aspects of STD control, screening, and treatment; (4) findings from recent studies regarding the use of the spermicide Nonoxynol-9 (N-9); (5) expanded risk assessment and screening among gay and bisexual men; (6) new recommendations for treatment of recurrent genital herpes among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); and (7) a revised approach to the management of victims of sexual assault. The report also includes recommendations for screening and/or treatment of the following infections: epididymitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), syphilis, trichomoniasis, human papillomavirus infection (HPV), hepatitis C, bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and scabies.

Federally Funded Research on Genital Herpes The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to genital herpes. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to genital herpes. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore genital herpes. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for genital herpes: •

Project Title: A FEMALE MOUSE MODEL TO STUDY RECURRENT GENITAL HERPES Principal Investigator & Institution: Parr, Margaret B.; Professor; Anatomy; Southern Illinois University Carbondale 900 S. Normal Carbondale, Il 629014709 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The purpose of this research is to further our understanding of immunity to sexually transmitted herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). In women, HSV-2 infects the mucosa in the genital tract and spreads to the nervous system where it persists in sensory ganglia as latent virus. Under conditions of stress, latent virus is activated and causes recurrent disease. Development of a vaccine to prevent HSV-2 infections in the genital tract and subsequent latency is problematic because it requires sterile immunity, but factors that suppress reactivation of latent irus deserve thorough investigation. The only animal model for studies of recurrent herpetic disease in the genital tract uses the guinea pig, but this species is less suitable for immunologic studies than mice. We propose experiments to establish a mouse model for studies of genital recurrent herpetic disease. The aims of this proposal are: Specific Aim 1: Tod etermine whether treatment with acyclovir and/or passive transfer of polyclonal HSV-2 antibody or monoclonal antibody to HSV- 2 glycoprotein D to naive mice after intravaginal infection with HSV-2

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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will prevent or attenuate neurological disease; Specific Aim 2: To demonstrate latent virus in lumbosacral ganglia in mice that survive infection. Specific Aim 3: To determine whether latently infected mice show spontaneous and induce recurrent infection. Specific Aim 4: To test the hypothesis that therapeutic immunization of latently infected mice will reduce or eliminate recurrent infection and to compare the effectiveness of vaccines that stimulate humoral immunity alone or both humoral and T cell mediated immunity. If therapeutic immunization reduced recurrent infections in women, it would reduce severe herpes infections in newborns, decrease the sexually transmitted spread of this virus throughout the population, and improve women's reproductive health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANTIBODY FORMULATIONS FOR VAGINAL MICROBICIDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Radomsky, Michael L.; Epicyte Pharmaceutical, Inc. 5810 Nancy Ridge Dr, Ste 150 San Diego, Ca 921212840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Verbatim from Applicant's Abstract): Local delivery of antibodies to the reproductive tract can block sperm and sexually transmitted pathogens to prevent pregnancy or infection. Recent advances in monoclonal antibody technology make it possible to produce large quantities of inexpensive antibodies. This design directed proposal will develop and test formulations for topical antibody delivery to the vagina. We will examine unique vaginal formulations that provide a range of the duration of protection; an immediate acting formulation, a slower acting solid dosage form, and a controlled release vaginal ring that lasts for up to one month will be investigated. Product concepts will be evaluated for efficacy in an animal model of HSV vaginal transmission. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: There is a significant market in the U.S. (>$600 million) and the world (>$1.5 billion) for a safe and effective microbicide that prevent STDs. Successful commercialization of vaginal microbicides could save the U.S. a significant amount of the $17 billion spent annually on medical costs for the treatment of STDs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CLINICAL ASYMPTOMATIC HSV

EPIDEMIOLOGY

&

PATHOGENESIS

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: Corey, Lawrence; Professor; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This program project is focused on the major medical complications of genital HSV infection. The first Project evaluates the interaction between HSV and HIV-1. Studies to evaluate if abrogation of HSV shedding by acyclovir reduces HIV 1 replication on mucosal surfaces and lymphoid tissue are described. HIV-1 quasispecies evolution and measurement of reservoirs of HIV-1 in cells and lymphoid tissue will be performed. Studies to determine if HSV-2 infection increases HIV-1 transmission among HIV-1 discordant couples and whether acyclovir reduces HIV-1 acquisition among HSV-2 seropositive persons are also proposed. The second Project, Maternal Morbidity and Complications of Genital Herpes is directed at determining if serological screening and counseling will reduce high-risk sexual behavior among pregnant women at risk of acquiring genital herpes. Clinical trials are proposed to develop a short course chemoprophylaxis regimen with oral and IV acyclovir analogous to Group B strep prevention. Specific Aim 3 describes the

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development of a rapid assay to detect HSV DNA by PCR at labor and delivery. A cost utility analysis on strategies to improve the management of the HSV-2 seropositive pregnant women is also proposed. The third Project Lymphocyte Trafficking of Genital HSV-2 Infections. HSV specific CD8 T -cells of chronically infected persons with HSV-2 express the homing molecule CLA and this molecule is acquired during the course of infection. Studies to determine the role of CLA and other surface homing molecules on HSV specific T cells or effectors function are described. The four cores associated with the PO-1 are a Clinical Core directed at enrolling patients into the proposed trials, a Laboratory Core which performs all the HSV and HIV serological assays, HSV PCR and HIV molecular assays utilized in these studies. A Statistical Core is devoted to studydesign, data management and analyses and a small Administrative Core. Collaborations with investigators in Peru, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cameroon and Canada are proposed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--LABORATORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Morrow, Rhoda A.; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Virology Laboratory Core provides virologic, immunologic, and molecular diagnostic testing for HSV and HIV-1 in 3 laboratories: 1) The UW Virology Laboratory at Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center ("UWCHRMC"; Section Director: R. Ashley). This laboratory will provide HSV and HIV-1 serology, HSV isolation, HSV and HIV-1 antiviral sensitivity testing, and specimen banking, for the HSV Serology and Isolation Section -; 2) The UW-Molecular Virology Laboratory in the SCCA Building at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center's (FHCRC) South Lake Union (SLU) campus (Section Director: L. Corey) will perform HSV PCR testing for all 3 projects and will develop rapid HSV PCR tests. This is the HSV PCR Section of Laboratory Core; 3) The UW Retrovirus Pathogenesis Laboratory in the Rosen building of the UW SLU campus will provide HIV-1 testing to detect and quantify HIV-1 in tissues, cells and mucosal secretions (Section Director: S. Brodie). These laboratories are well established, accredited diagnostic laboratories; licensed by the State of Washington and certified by the College of American Pathologists and ACTG. The HSV Laboratories will provide centralized support for defining sub clinical and incident HSV infection using state-of-the-art antibody and HSV PCR testing. The Retrovirus Laboratory will provide analyses for HIV-1 infection and replication in blood and mucosal lymphoid tissues and mucosal secretions using newly developed assays that quantitate the frequency and amount of HIV-1 expressed in HIV-1 infected cells. Dr. Koelle and Dr. Brodie's laboratories will collaborate to co-Iocalize HIV-1 and HSV in mucosal and HSV skin lesions in parallel with measurements of cytokines, chemokines and hormone receptor proteins. All Core laboratories share basic protocols for specimen transport, accessioning, tracking, and resulting. Computerized database entry is standardized and coordinated with Statistical Core for data analyses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--STATISTICAL AND DATA MANAGEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Zeh, Judith; Research Professor; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008

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Summary: (provided by applicant): A Statistical and Data Management Core (hereafter referred to as the Statistical Core) is proposed to: (1) coordinate the collection, entry, and verification of data from new and ongoing studies and to create, update, and maintain the databases containing these data; (2) assist in the design and development of proposed new clinical and laboratory based studies; and (3) perform statistical analyses of data resulting from these studies, refining available statistical tools and writing computer programs to implement the refinements as needed for these analyses. The lead biostatistician and data manager from the ongoing program project are joined by another biostatistician, all providing statistical and database management support that is essential to the success of the Program Project. They will continue to collect, validate, and manage data from diverse laboratory and clinical sources, and maintain them in centralized Statistical Core databases. Analysis data sets will be prepared and statistical analyses designed and conducted in fulfillment of project aims. To facilitate the accomplishment of (1) and (2), several database utilities will be developed to reduce the need for manual key-entry, automate data transfer between existing databases, and enhance database security. A file server will be deployed to facilitate multi-user access to Statistical Core databases. Important components of (2) include conducting power calculations to determine required sample sizes, advising investigators regarding appropriate study designs, and assisting in the development of protocols and forms for data collection. To accomplish (3), the Statistical Core will continue to use existing statistical tools, augmenting them with refinements and extensions as needed for particular applications of the Program Project. Mixed-Effects Models for longitudinal data, approaches to the analysis of interval-censored data, and cost-effectiveness analysis strategies are proposed to address the statistical challenges inherent in Program Project analyses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF A LIVE ATTENUATED HSV-2 VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Prichard, Mark N.; Medimmune Vaccines, Inc. 297 N Bernardo Ave Mountain View, Ca 94043 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-1998; Project End 30-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) Genital herpes is a major health problem in the U.S. The prevalence of these infections is dramatically increasing despite effective antiviral drugs. This increase puts young adults and infants at risk of genital and neonatal herpes, respectively. Neonatal herpes infections are associated with neurologic impairment and high mortality. In addition, active genital herpes lesions facilitate the transmission of HIV. Much of the transmission is due to asymptomatic shedding which highlights the need for an efficacious prophylactic vaccine to reduce the spread of genital herpes and thereby reduce the incidence of neonatal herpes. A recent Institute of Medicine report on vaccine priorities for 21st century highlights the need for a safe and effective vaccine for genital herpes. Aviron proposes to develop a live attenuated vaccine to prevent HSV-2 disease. A live, attenuated, recombinant HSV-2 virus lacking both copies of gamma1 34.5 gene in addition to UL55, UL56, and US10US12 was constructed. This recombinant was highly neuroattenuated and genetically stable. During this proposal this virus will be evaluated in the guinea pig model of genital herpes for safety and efficacy. In addition further in vitro characterization will enable high quality clinical trial material to be produced for IND enabling primate studies and early Phase I human trials. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Not Available Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF DENDRIMERS AS VAGINAL MICROBICIDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Sacks, Stephen L.; Professor; Viridae Clinical Sciences (Usa), Inc. 3130 Highland Ave, 3Rd Fl Cincinnati, Oh 45219 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): The goal of this proposal is to develop a safe, effective, acceptable, and affordable, dendrimer-based vaginal microbicide to reduce the risk of transmission of viral sexually transmitted infections. Dendrimers are monodisperse macromolecules with highly-branched, tree-like, single molecule, polymeric structures with a broad spectrum of antiviral actions. Fifty dendrimers will be screened, five characterized in more detail, and two formulated and evaluated for preclinical efficacy and safety in animal models genital herpes. HIV and HBV anti-viral activities will be evaluated outside of the SBIR. The ultimate goal is to select and develop a single dendrimer formulated for commercial use. Antimicrobial activities, toxicity, mechanisms of action, spermicidal activity, and in vitro antiviral activity will be systematically evaluated in anticipation of an IND submission for phase I clinical trials in humans. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DOCOSANOL AND ACYCLOVIR FOR TREATING GENITAL HERPES Principal Investigator & Institution: Pope, Laura E.; Avanir Pharmaceuticals 11388 Sorrento Valley Rd, Ste 200 San Diego, Ca 921211345 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1999; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (Provided by applicant): There is a substantial need for a safe, effective topical treatment for genital herpes simplex (HSV) disease. The proposed research aims to evaluate feasibility of continued development of docosanol as a topical treatment for recurrent genital herpes simplex infections. In order to achieve this objective, we have developed the following specific aims: Aim 1: Develop a new formulation optimized for application to genital areas. Aim 2: Establish efficacy of the new formulation in an animal model of genital herpes. Aim 3: Test selected formulation for safety and tolerability in toxicology studies that meet FDA requirements. Phase II will expand on the Phase I outcome which showed that formulations containing both docosanol and acyclovir provided maximal inhibition of HSV disease in a cutaneous guinea pig model when compared to formulations containing either docosanol or acyclovir alone. Upon successful completion of the aims and establishment of safety and efficacy in the nonclinical models, the applicant intends to initiate Phase 2 and 3 clinical studies of the efficacy of topical docosanol formulations in the treatment of recurrent episodes of genital herpes. If proven safe and effective, it would provide a new single agent treatment as well as allow concurrent use with acyclovir. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Topical treatment for recurrent genital herpes infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ECTOPY, HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION AND STD'S IN ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Peralta, Ligia; Director of Adolescent Medicine; Pediatrics; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005

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Summary: Adolescents are at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), which can have serious consequences for their future health and fertility, and which can increase their vulnerability to HIV infection. Cervical ectopy and use of oral contraceptives (OC), both common in adolescence, are risk factors for chlamydia, the most common inflammatory STD. Standardized, reliable measurements of ectopy have not been employed across studies. The independent risk of OC use stratified by ectopy has not been well studied. The association among Depot Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (DMPA), a contraceptive widely used among adolescents, ectopy and STD acquisition has not been reported. The aims of this proposal are to study prospectively: 1) the natural history of cervical ectopy and the transformation zone (T zone) in sexually active adolescents, 2) the impact of DMPA and a combined estrogen-progestins (OC) over time on cervical ectopy/T zone; 3) the relation between the size of the area of ectopy/T zone and STD acquisition, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomonas and HPV; and 4) the risk of STDs in OC users compared to DMPA users stratified by the extent of cervical ectopy/T zone. Design: This is a 5 year prospective study on 500 inner-city sexually active nonparous females aged 12-18, some of whom will initiate DMPA or OC. They will be recruited consecutively from the Adolescent, Pediatric and community-based OB/Gyn Clinics of the University of Maryland, Baltimore, where the study will be conducted. Participants will be seen every 6 months for medical/sexual history, complete physical and pelvic examinations, and specimen collection of STDs. Cervicography will be used to determine the areas of ectopy and T zone, measured by computerized planimetry. This is an innovative reliable, sensitive and standardized method of measurement. Behavioral data will be collected anonymously by audio assisted computer interview (A-CASI). Interim follow up visits (every 3 months) will include behavioral risk by ACASI, medical history and incidence of STDs by urine screening and from the City STD registry. Summary. This proposal will 1) use a standardized measure of ectopy in young nonparous adolescents before and during hormonal contraceptive use; 2) address the relation between STDs and OCs, especially those OCs containing new progestins; 3) be one of the few studies to examine the association among DMPA, STDs and ectopy in adolescents; 4) recruit a difficult cohort with one of the highest rates of STDs, especially chlamydia infection. The team of researchers has expertise on STDs, adolescent health, and cervical anatomy. They have collaborated on the preliminary study and have experience in planning, implementing and managing successful longitudinal studies on high-risk youth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENTRY OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INTO CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Spear, Patricia G.; Professor & Chair; Microbiology and Immunology; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: The ultimate objective of this project is to define the mechanisms by which herpes simplex viruses (HSV) invade human cells to establish infection. One or both of the two serotypes of HSV infect a majority of people in all human populations and are the cause of a spectrum of diseases (recurrent oral and genital lesions, severe disseminated disease in newborn infants, encephalitis, and blindness resulting from corneal infection). Understanding the different pathways by which HSV infects different types of human cells can lead to new types of antiviral drugs that block virus entry into cells and to the design of HSV live vaccines that might induce immunity without infecting critical cells such as those of the nervous system. Studies supported by this

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grant have led to the identification of several cell surface proteins that serve as coreceptors with cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAG) to mediate the entry of HSV-1, HSV-2 and two animal alphaherpesviruses [pseudorabies virus (PRV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1)] into human cells. Different human cell types express different subsets of the co- receptors, any one of which appears to be sufficient with GAGs to mediate entry. An HSV ligand for the co-receptors was shown to be gD in at least two cases. Specific aims and approaches for the next period include: (1) use of engineered hybrid proteins for identification of the structural domains of three related co-receptors (HveB, HveC and Pvr- HveD) responsible for their different spectra of entry activity with the viruses listed above; (2) use of HSV mutants for identification of the HSV glycoproteins required for viral entry mediated by each protein co- receptor, given preliminary indications that viral requirements for entry depend on the protein coreceptor expressed by the cell; (3) use of molecular methods to detect mRNA and protein for assessment of the expression levels of human co-receptors for HSV entry in various human cells and tissues and identification of the coreceptors used for entry in selected cultured human cell types. The results obtained should define the determinants for entry of HSV-1 or HSV-2 into various human cell types and the extent to which virus strain and cell susceptibility to entry govern spread of infections in human beings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HERPES AND STIGMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Fischhoff, Baruch; Carnegie-Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This proposed research will characterize the processes creating and sustaining beliefs about herpes and the stigma associated with it, as a basis for an intervention designed to produce more rational herpes-related decision-making. Stigma can interfere with the sort of instrumental cost- benefit and risk-benefit thinking that many informational interventions attempt to augment. An intervention that decreased the stigma associated with genital herpes may result in better communication with sexual partners, more rational decision-making, and better quality of life for the 200,000 to 500,000 persons who contract genital herpes each year. This project will examine young adults' mental models of genital herpes infections, including transmission, treatment, symptoms, peer detection, medical diagnosis, and prevention. Particular attention will be given to perceptions of stigma. Such beliefs and emotions will be explored among individuals with three different personal relationships to the disease: (a) recently diagnosed with genital herpes, (b) long-established infections, and (c) no known genital herpes. We will develop two standardized instruments related to genital herpes, based on interview results. The first will provide a measure of the stigma associated with herpes infections. It is expected that the key elements of this instrument will include personal feelings of self-worth, perceptions of outside opinion about people with herpes, both psychologically and sexually, as well as far of transmitting (or contracting) herpes. The second instrument will cover knowledge of genital herpes. It will concentrate on those issues that are most critical to making herpes-related decisions (as revealed in a formal analysis), and those misconceptions or knowledge gaps revealed in the interviews. We will develop and evaluate an intervention designed to decrease the stigma associated with a herpes diagnosis. It will use interactive video technology, in order to provide the intensity and personalization that such topics require. Its evaluation will test whether the intervention succeeds in (a) decreasing stigma in newly diagnosed individuals, (b) decreasing the stigma associated with herpes in uninfected

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individuals, and (c) increasing social functioning in infected individuals, including increased communication with their sexual partners about potential STD infections. The decrease in stigma and increase in communication are expected to result in more condom use when engaging in sexual behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HPTN - CENTRAL LABORATORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Jackson, Jay B.; Baxley Professor and Director of Patholo; Pathology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: Johns Hopkins University (JHU) requests funding for the establishment of a Central Laboratory (CL) for the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN). The JHU CL will be affiliating with the Coordinating and Operations Center (CORE) at Family Health International in Durham, NC and the Statistical and Data Management Center SDMC) at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, WA. Specific aims are the following: 1. Provide laboratory based scientific leadership and consultation to the HPTN collaborating organization and protocol teams. 2. Participate in the HPTN protocol development and review process. 3. Participate in the network management and establishment of the HPTN scientific agenda. 4. Provide processing, storage, and retrieval of domestic and international HPTN trial specimens. 5. Provide quality assurance for specimen processing, assay performance, and specimen related data transmission performed at the HIV Prevention Trial Unit (HPTU) sites. 6. Provide training and infrastructure support in laboratory QA, assay performance, and specimen shipping procedures at the HPTU clinical site laboratories. 7. Perform immunologic, pharmacologic, and virologic/bacteriologic testing for the HPTN protocols. 8. Develop and evaluate new assays for use in HPTN trials. 9. Coordinate procedures and timely transmission of accurate lab data to the HPTN SDMC. 10. Publish findings of new assay development/evaluation and pathogenesis based studies. To optimize the amount of scientific expertise and lab capabilities needed, the HPTN CL will be based on a hub and spoke concept involving JHU, University of Pittsburgh, and the California Public Health Dept (VRDL). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HSV 007--SKBS HSV VACCINE TO PREVENT GENITAL HERPES IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Friedman, Harvey; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HSV PLANTIBODIES: A MICROBICIDAL LUBRICANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Whaley, Kevin J.; Director; Epicyte Pharmaceutical, Inc. 5810 Nancy Ridge Dr, Ste 150 San Diego, Ca 921212840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The overall-goal is to develop plantibody-based microbicides that can be used in consumer products for the prevention of sexual transmission of diseases (STDs), as well as gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. 'The potency and specificity of

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antibodies make them ideal agents for incorporation into a sexual lubricant. We have previously established (under SBIR Phase I support) that anti-HSV antibodies can be assembled in transgenic crops (rice and corn). This antibody was produced as a secretory IgA (sIgA) in order to provide enhanced structural stability. The demonstration of in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the plant-derived HSV8 sIgA establishes the feasibility of large scale production of topical antibodies in plants. The design directed specific aims of this Phase II proposal are to determine the safety, efficacy and acceptability of the HSV plantibody lubricant. specifically, the proposed studies will be to: (a) produce a HSV plantibody lubricant at GMP (b) evaluate toxicology in animals (c) evaluate safety in Phase I clinical trials (d) evaluate safety and surrogate efficacy in Phase I/II clinical trials. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Antibody-based technology is now coming to fruition for systemic therapeutics, but an untapped commercial applications for antibodies are in mucosal prevention. Vaginal rnicrobicides is one important application for mucosal antibodies but the technology is so flexible that it is readily extended to the prevention of diseases by pathogens at other mucosal sites. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HUMAN EXPLANT CULTURES AND A MOUSE TO EVALUATE SAMMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cara, Andrea; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Description (provided by applicant): Approximately 90% of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are acquired through sexual contact. The development of safe, effective, and affordable topical microbicides for vaginal or rectal use could play a critical role in reducing HIV transmission rates worldwide. Clinical, epidemiological and molecular studies strongly support the role of herpes simplex virus (HSV) as a major cofactor for the transmission of HIV. Genital ulcers lead to breaks in the epithelial barrier and HSV induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are known to enhance HIV replication. The goal of the proposed studies is to characterize the effects of sodium dimandelic acid ether (SAMMA) and its leading derivatives on HIV and HSV infection utilizing relevant biologic culture systems. SAMMA has excellent anti-mV and anti-HSV activity, while exhibiting no cytotoxicity in cell culture. While cell cultures may provide important information for the evaluation of microbicides, they may not adequately simulate events that occur in vivo. Human explant cultures (endocervical, ectocerivcal, vaginal and rectal), biologic fluids (cervicovaginal secretions and semen) and a mouse genital herpes model will be used in this Project to assess anatomic, physiologic, and immunologic factors that might impact on the activity of this novel class of compounds. Building on the in vitro cell culture data of Projects I, II and IV, the applicant will study the most active derivatives/isomers of SAMMA using biologic culture systems. In Aim 1, the most active derivatives will be evaluated for efficacy against HIV-1 infection of primary macrophages using human genital tract fluids and mucosal explant cultures. In Aim 2, mucosal explant cultures and a mouse model will be used to determine the efficacy of SAMMA to block HSV infection of epithelial cells. Inflammatory cells and cytokines will be measured to study the effects of SAMMA on the innate immune system (Aims 1,2 and 3). The interrelationship between HIV and HSV and the efficacy of SAMMA to inhibit dual infection will be studied in Aim 3. Efficacy and safety data in relevant biologic culture systems may

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provide compelling support for advancing SAMMA or one of its derivatives to clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HUMAN RESISTANCE TO HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Posavad, Christine M.; Associate Professor; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the major cause of genital herpes, one of the most frequent sexually transmitted diseases. The worldwide prevalence of genital HSV-2 continues to increase and the limited success of HSV-2 glycoprotein subunit vaccines underscores the urgency of defining innate resistance and protective immune responses to HSV-2 in humans. Because of the high seropositivity rate of HSV throughout the world, evidence of innate or acquired resistance to HSV was not previously suspected, We have, however, in the last year identified a group of individuals who are seronegative to HSV by repeated analyses using the most sensitive serologic assays but who possess CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to HSV at multiple time points over the course of prospective follow-up. Preliminary study revealed no evidence of HSV infection in these subjects. The goal of this proposal is to determine whether HSV-seronegative subjects who are chronically exposed to HSV-2 from infected partners exhibit acquired and innate mechanisms of resistance to HSV infection. These subjects are classified as immune seronegative, IS, if they possess HSV-specific T cell responses or as exposed-seronegative, ES, if they do not possess HSV-specific T cell responses. Specific Aim #I will identify IS subjects from HSV-2 discordant couples and evaluate if HSV-specific T cell responses differ qualitatively or quantitatively from those observed in HSV-infected persons with frequently reactivating genital herpes. We will characterize systemic and local T cell responses to HSV using standard chromium release assays, Elispot, intracellular cytokine staining and tetramer analysis. We will also determine if local antibody responses develop in ES and IS subjects. Specific Aim #2 will determine if polymorphisms exist in 3 HSV entry receptor genes, HVEM, nectin-1, and nectin-2 to evaluate whether one mechanism of resistance to HSV-2 infection could be analogous to the receptor mutations detected in some HIV-1-resistant persons. All 3 genes will be sequenced from ES and IS subjects and relevant HSV-2 infected subjects. If coding polymorphisms are present, we will determine whether these changes alter the efficiency of viral entry. Specific Aim #3 will explore a role for CD8-derived chemokines, MIP-lalpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES, in resistance to HSV infection. Preliminary data suggest that these chemokines are secreted at higher levels in IS subjects compared to non-IS subjects and further, that MIP-la inhibits HSV infection. We will determine if Beta-chemokines inhibit the binding of HSV to cell surface glycosaminoglycans, which binding is know to facilitate HSV entry. The results of these studies will improve our understanding of effective immune defense against HSV-2 infection and may identify a mechanism of genetic resistance to HSV. The data generated will be relevant to designing and evaluating strategies for HSV-2 preventative vaccines and immunotherapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMMUNE CORRELATES OF HSV-2 DISEASE SEVERITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Koelle, David M.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: A vaccine will be required to control the ongoing epidemic of genital herpes. Most severe, recurrent genital herpes is due to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Current vaccines for HSV-2 have failed or had partial activity in selected patient populations. Cellular immune responses to (HSV-2) are important in controlling infection. The induction of cellular immunity, both CD8 CTL capable of killing virally infected cells and/or halting replication,- and CD4 helper cells capable of supporting CD8 and antibody effectors, is likely to be a characteristic of a successful vaccine. The goal of this proposal is to identify targets of the cellular immune system to assist in the rational design of a vaccine. The first Aim is to identify the HSV-2 antigens-and epitopes recognized by CD8 CTL, and to place these responses in a hierarchy of immunodominance with regards to population prevalence and effector cell number. A novel expression cloning method is used for antigen discovery. To study immune responses associated with effective immunity, subjects will be carefully selected to have extremely mild HSV-2 infection as measured objectively by genital shedding rates as well as by clinical history. To reduce analytical complexity, some assays will focus on the commonest human HLA type. The second Aim is to determine if quantitative or qualitative difference in HSV-specific CD8 responses can be detected between groups of carefully characterized subjects with mild or severe chronic HSV-2 infection. Antigenand epitope-specific assays will be applied to blood samples. The third Aim is to determine the prevalence and magnitude of CD4 helper responses to the HSV-2 antigens that are identified in Aims 1 and 2 as potentially immunodominant and/or associated with mild infection. Overall CD4 responses to HSV-2 will also be compared between the subject groups with defined HSV-2 disease severity. The results may assist in rational design of a HSV-2 vaccine or the monitoring of HSV-2 vaccine trials or immune responses modifiers that are active for recurrent HSV-2. The data will also reveal the in vivo effects of HSVencoded immune evasion genes on the CD8 CTL response within the natural host. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNE INDUCTION TO GENITAL HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Iwasaki, Akiko; Epidemiology and Public Health; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 is a common sexually transmitted viral agent which is the leading cause of genital ulcers. In the United States, the prevalence of this disease exceeds 45 million, affecting more women than men. Genital HSV-2 infection often results in the establishment of latency in the sacral root ganglia, with frequent reactivation and productive infection in the mucosal epithelium. Although HSV-2 is treated symptomatically with anti-viral agents such as acyclovir, currently no cure exists for this debilitating disease. The goal of the studies proposed is to define and understand the cellular and molecular mechanism of how protective immunity is generated to HSV-2 infection at the genital mucosal surfaces. Prior studies demonstrated that protective immunity is mediated by CD4+ T lymphocytes secreting IFNg. Data from our own studies revealed the critical importance of dendritic cells in generating Thl responses following intravaginal HSV-2 infection. Further, we demonstrate that the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and induction of Thl responses during HSV-2 infection require toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. With the use of a mouse model for genital herpes infection, this proposal will systematically define the intercellular and intracellular signals that govern the recruitment and activation of

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dendritic cells leading to priming of CD4+ T lymphocytes to secrete IFNg. The first aim will assess the mechanism by which the dendritic cells are recruited to the sites of primary infection, and to evaluate the functional roles of distinct subsets of DCs in the generation of anti-HSV-2 immunity. The second aim will systematically identify the TLRs that recognize HSV-2 and to determine the viral ligands that bind to the respective TLRs. A final aim will examine the in vivo role of TLR-mediated recognition of HSV-2 by different host cell types. The proposed experiments will provide novel and critical information on the mechanism of generation of protective immunity within the female genital tract to HSV-2. Since productive Thl-based immunity is important in defense to most intracellular pathogens, the insights provided by the proposed studies should eventually aid in the designing of rational approaches to prevention of the spread of HSV-2 and other sexually transmitted diseases Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNIZATION TO REDUCE GENITAL AND NEONATAL HERPES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bourne, Nigel; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The control of genital herpes will require widespread use of effective vaccines. However, if herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccines do not achieve sterilizing immunity (prevent virus replication at the entry site) the virus will establish latency, rendering the host potentially contagious during reactivation, and allowing continued transmission. While animal studies with a variety of vaccines show that immunization does not prevent virus replication in the genital mucosa following high titer challenge, a HSV type 2 glycoprotein D vaccine protected 39-46% of seronegative women against infection in a recent clinical trial. Since much of the spread of genital herpes occurs during periods of asymptomatic shedding when relatively little virus is present, we believe that the protection resulted because immunization increased the virus inoculum required to infect the genital mucosa. In Aim 1 we will explore this hypothesis by determining the effect of immunization with the clincal study vaccine on the virus inoculum required to infect the genital mucosa in a mouse model. In Aim 2 we will again use the threshold of infection to measure efficacy and determine whether DNA prime glycoprotein boost improves protection compared to DNA or glycoprotein only immunization. These studies are relevant because an effective vaccine will need to induce T helper type 1 (Th1) responses in addition to antibody and DNA vaccine priming with protein boosting has been shown to increase Th1 responses compared to protein only immunization. While a vaccine that increases the threshold of infection will reduce the incidence of transmission, it will not provide universal protection. In Aim 3 we will use conditions that overcome protection from infection to examine the impact of immunization on the magnitude of latent infection and recurrent disease (both clinical recurrences and virus shedding into the genital trac). These studies will provide new information about the risks of transmission from immunized hosts who become infected. In Aim 4 we will evaluate the ability of maternal immunization to raise the threshold of infection for neonatal herpes and so reduce the incidence of the most devastating consequence of genital herpes infection. These studies will yield new information about the capacity of HSV vaccines to reduce the spread of genital herpes and incidence of neonatal disease. These study designs may become standard for preclinical evaluation of HSV vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MATURATION OF HERPESVIRAL NUCLEAR PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Knipe, David M.; Higgins Professor; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1983; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The long-term goals of this research are to define the mechanisms by which the herpes simplex virus immediate early proteins move into the infected cell nucleus and regulate viral gene expression. In this application we propose to continue our studies of HSV-1 IE proteins and to initiate studies on the mechanisms of gene regulation in HSV type 2. Our first specific aim is to define the mechanism(s) by which HSV-1 ICP27 increases the levels of expression of viral early DNA replication proteins by measuring rates of transcription of the DNA replication genes by in vivo pulse labelling, by analyzing viral RNA transport, processing and stability if the effect is posttranscriptional, by mutational analysis of the gene to find the essential sequences, if the effect is post-transcriptional, and by mutational analysis of the promoter of one or more of these genes to determine the sequences needed for stimulation by ICP27, if the effect is transcriptional. Our second specific aim is to define the mechanism(s) by which HSV1 ICP27 increases the level of transcription of the viral late glycoprotein (gC) gene by determining if the increase in transcription is due to an increase in transcriptional elongation, by determining if ICP27 and ICP4 are associated with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme at late times of infection, and by examining the intranuclear localization of viral and cellular proteins in the presence or absence of ICP27. Our third specific aim is to determine the mechanisms of interaction of ICP4 with late transcriptional sites in replication compartments by definition of the ICP4 sequences needed for its association with replication compartments and by identifying cellular proteins interacting with ICP4 at late transcriptional sites in replication compartments by coimmunoprecipitation. Our fourth aim is to define mechanisms of gene regulation in HSV type 2 by examining the role of HSV-2 ICP6, or the ribonucleotide reductase 1 subunit in E gene expression, by examining the role of the HSV-2 ICP27 in regulation of viral gene expression, by examining the role of the HSV-2 ICP4 serine-rich region in ICP4 function and determining if HSV-2 ICP4 has an associated kinase activity, and by comparing gene regulatory mechanisms in strains 186 and HG-52 to define the cause of the differences in gene expression and pathogenicity. These studies should provide information that is important for designing antiviral strategies for HSV and for engineering HSV-2 strains for genital herpes vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISM OF SAMMA AGAINST HSV: KEY COFACTOR FOR HIV Principal Investigator & Institution: Herold, Betsy Clement.; Chief, Division of Pediatric Infectious; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Description (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this Program is to develop safe and effective topical microbicides for intravaginal or rectal use that will block sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases. The program focuses on a novel family of candidate microbicides based on the parent compound, sodium dimandelic acid ether (SAMMA). The applicant has found that SAMMA has excellent anti-HIV and anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity, while

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exhibiting no cytotoxicity in tissue culture. Preliminary studies suggest that SAMMA inhibits viral entry, but it is unique among other inhibitors of entry because it contains no sulfur. Project II focuses on defining the mechanism of activity of SAMMA and structural derivatives against HSV. There are several reasons to focus on HSV in the development of topical microbicides. HSV is a major co-factor in HIV transmission and recent epidemiological studies highlight the urgent need for HSV control if HIV is to be successfully combated. HSV ulcerative lesions enhance acquisition of HIV-1. At a molecular level, HSV infection may induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are known to induce HIV-1 replication and may activate cellular pathways, which may enhance HIV-1 replication. In addition, mouse studies of genital herpes are an excellent surrogate small animal model for evaluating the anti-viral and local immunological effects of candidate agents. Also, recent studies from our laboratories clearly demonstrate parallels in the pathways of invasion of HSV and HIV and in the anti-viral activity of candidate agents. Thus, understanding the mechanism of anti-HSV activity of this family of drugs may shed light on mechanism of anti- HIV activity.The first aim of Project II is to evaluate the efficacy, cytotoxicity and mechanisms of activity of SAMMA and chemical derivatives against HSV using primary and permanent human cell culture systems. In Aim 2, the applicant will isolate viruses resistant to SAMMA or lead derivatives. Resistant variants will provide insight into the mechanism of anti-viral activity of the compound and the potential for generating resistant virus in humans. The third aim will focus on identifying the viral and cellular factors important in HSV-induced enhancement of HIV replication and the effects of SAMMA on this phenomenon. The knowledge gained from these studies will provide important data for advancing SAMMA or one of its lead derivatives to clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PARENTAL ATTITUDES ABOUT STI IMMUNIZATION FOR THEIR ADOLESCENT CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Zimet, Gregory D.; Associate Professor; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: POST HERPETIC NEURALGIA/AMITRYPTILINE VS MORPHINE IN PATIENT MANAGEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Raja, Srinivasa N.; Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of two medications, tricyclic antitidepressants (TCA) and opioids, compared to a placebo in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. The specific aims are to compare the effects of opioids and TCA against placebo on pain, altered skin sensitivity, and affective and cognitive function. In addition, the study will determine if the presence of psychiatric co- morbidity, particularly depression, predicts the outcome of treatment with opioids, TCA, and placebo. We have studied the relationships between ongoing pain, alterations in thermal sensibility, and allodynia to mechanical and thermal stimuli of patients with, PHN to determine the role of peripheral and/or central mechanisms, in PHN. Ongoing

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pain ratings were obtained using a verbal score (0-10). Sensory tests were performed within the affected site, and the corresponding, contralateral, normal site. The area of mechanical allodynia was mapped with a cotton swab and pain, evoked by mechanical stimuli (soft hair brush, brass probe, von Frey hairs) was rated on a verbal scale of 1-10. Thermal thresholds to warm, cold, heat pain, and cold pain were determined using a Peltier device and a modified Marstock technique. To date, fifty-nine patients (33 F, 26 M) with PHN of 3-216 months duration (median = 19 months) have been studied. The average rating of ongoing pain was 7.3 + 2 (M + SD). The majority of patients (80%) had allodynia to dynamic (hair brush), static (brass probe) or punctate (von Frey) mechanical stimuli (Z > 5.01, p<.0001). No significant correlation was observed between the intensity of ongoing pain and mechanical allodynia. As a group, the patients demonstrated hypoesthesia to cold and warm detection, and hypoalgesia to heat pain and cold pain. There were no significant correlations between ongoing pain intensity and the degree of sensory alterations (between the unaffected and affected sites) in warm, cold, heat pain, and cold pain detection thresholds. Hence, the role of primary afferent input in tlie mechanism of PHN is uncertain. The presence of allodynia/hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli, but the relative absence of hyperalgesia to thermal stimuli in most patients in this group suggests that central sensitization in PHN is not generalized for all modalities of sensation. It has been observed that patients with chronic pain have high rates of psychiatric conditions. Controversy has existed as to whether these conditions are uniquely related to chronic pain or simply the result of ongoing suffering from a chronic physical symptom. Patients completed a structured interview (DIS-III-A) for Major Depression, Dysthymic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Somatization Disorder and completed the Somatization and Anxiety subscales of the SCL-90-R. Our results in PHN patients are consistent with the existing literature. PHN patients compared to patients with chronic and distressing but nonpain physical symptoms also reported higher numbers of depression symptoms as well as other medically unexplained physical symptoms. These findings suggest that depression and higher levels of somatic focus are more than secondary complications of experiencing chronic symptoms and are uniquely related to chronic pain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF HSV MORBIDITY IN PREGANCY & NEWBORN Principal Investigator & Institution: Wald, Anna; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: New data indicate HSV seronegative women have the high estrisk of HSV transmission to the neonate and viral shedding at delivery has a (R.R. >300) for HSV transmission suggesting that interventions should be directed at: 1) the pregnant woman who acquires genital HSV near term and 2) the HSV-2 sero positive woman who reactivates HSV at the time of delivery,who while less likely to transmit, may have morbidity associated with abdominal delivery. SpecificAim 1 evaluates the acceptance of type specific HSV serologic testing in pregnancy and its effect on sexual behavior at the end of pregnancy. Two clinical trials are proposed: a randomized clinical trial of antenatal versus post-partum testing for HSV type-specific antibodies and a trial to evaluate the effect of HSV serologic testing of pregnant women alone vs. pregnant women and their partnerson sexual behavior in 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Hypothesis: women identified as susceptible Ito HSV-1 or HSV-2 will have reduced unprotected coital and unprotected oral-genital activity; knowledge of partners status will lead to further decrease in risky sexual activity. Specific Aim 2 will define the efficacy of short

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course acyclovir therapy in prevention of viral shedding at delivery among HSV-2 seropositive women. Specific Aim 3 is aimed at development, testing and field implementation of a rapid PCR assay to detect Igenital HSV shedding in women at delivery. Hypothesis:Testing for HSV DNA in genital secretions in labor is an accurate method for identifying women at risk for transmission of herpes to the neonate. Specific Aim 4 will use the results of the proposed studies to perform a decision, cost effectiveness, and utility analyses of various approaches to prevention of neonatal herpes. The strategies for evaluation will include serologici testing, cesarean deliveries, acyclovir treatment and rapid HSV DNA PCR; outcomes will include neonatal herpes, maternal morbidity from cesarean section, and women's preferences. The results from these studies will allow for development of recommendations to decrease the incidence of neonatal herpes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF HSV MORBIDITY IN PREGNANCY AND NEWBORN Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Zane A.; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The rising seroprevalence of HSV-2 infection in the United States combined with the shift in the age of acquisition of HSV-1 from childhood to early adulthood has resulted in a continuing increase in neonatal HSV infections. Despite a remarkable increase in the rate of cesarean sections among mothers with recurrent genital herpes, neonatal herpes occurs in 1 in early 2,000 live births at our institution. Much of this dichotomy appears due to the fact that the vast majority of cases of neonatal herpes are associated with the acquisition of HSV at or near the time of delivery. HSV seroconversion which is completed by the time of labor does not appear to be associated with an increase in adverse pregnancy outcome nor does exposure of the infants to HSV-2 from an HSV-2 seropositive mother. This delineation of the morbidity of HSV to the late pairs of pregnancy allows one to develop strategies to 1) reduce the acquisition of HSV among susceptible women, and 2) reduce the morbidity of excess cesarean sections among women who are HSV-2 seropositive. The specific aims of this project are to 1) define the virological and obstetrical factors associated with perinatal maternalfetal transmission of HSV, 2) to initiate phase I/II studies among serologically discordant couples to reduce the frequency of acquiring HSV during the third trimester of pregnancy. 3) to define strategies to reduce the frequency of caesarean section among women with symptomatic recurrent genital herpes at the time of labor. Studies to further define the association between viral load is measured by quantitative PCR and role of type specific (HSV-2) versus heterologous (HSV-1) antibodies in decreasing the transmission of HSV-2 to the neonate will be conducted. To reduce seroconversion in the late third trimester, a randomized controlled trial to compare counseling, versus counseling plus treatment of the male HSV-2 seropositive acyclovir administered from 36 weeks to the onset of labor among women with a history of symptomatic recurrent genital herpes to reduce the frequency of cesarean section and to assess the role suppressive acyclovir has on reducing subclinical reactivation of HSV as detected by PCR. These studies are directed at initiating attempts to reduce the transmission of neonatal herpes and reduce the morbidity of standard medical obstetrical care worldwide. The program involves a collaboration between the University of Washington, the University of British Columbia and Madigan Army Hospital. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROTECTION OF GENITAL MUCOSA AND GANGLIA AGAINST HSV-2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Milligan, Gregg N.; Associate Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2001 Summary: Greater than Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) now infects the genital tracts of approximately one in five Americans. Strategies to prevent new HSV-2 infections are complicated by its ability to initiate a latent infection in the sensory ganglia, periodically reactivate, and cause recurrent lesions or asymptomatic virus shedding in genital tissues thus increasing its chances of infecting new hosts. Effective vaccines are needed to prevent the establishment of latency within the sensory ganglia. Unfortunately, little is known about the immune mechanisms which protect the sensory ganglia. In animal models, previous genital inoculation with HSV-2 elicits immunity which protects the sensory ganglia from reinfection, thus serving as a paradigm for an effective HSV-2 vaccine. The long term aims of this proposal are to use a murine model of genital HSV-2 inoculation to understand the types of immune mechanisms responsible for protection, how these mechanisms work at the molecular level, and how to elicit these responses to provide long term protection. The results of these studies will provide important information for the rational design of vaccines to protect against HSV-2. In the first aim, a recombinant HSV-2 strain expressing green fluorescent protein (HSV-2 gfp) will be used as a marker to determine if HSV-specific T lymphocytes prevent HSV-2 from reaching the sensory ganglia, thus preventing the establishment of latency. Quantification of HSV-2 gfp infected ganglionic neurons by UV microscopy and HSV-2 gfp genomes in the ganglia by quantitative PCR will be used to demonstrate the role of specific T cell subsets in preventing acute and latent HSV-2 infection of the ganglia. In the second aim, an antibody deficient strain of mice (muMT) will be used to determine the role of HSV-specific antibody in protection of the sensory ganglia. Purified IgG and IgA fractions of HSV-specific sera will be administered to HSVimmune muMT mice to determine the efficacy of specific antibody isotypes in completing the protection of HSV-immune muMT mice against the establishment of latent HSV-2 infection. In the third aim, the ability of immune responses elicited by inoculation of distal mucosal or systemic sites to protect the sensory ganglia will be tested. The ability of inoculation at these sites to elicit long term memory immune responses within the vaginal mucosa and associated genital lymphoid tissue which can be rapidly recalled for protection of the vaginal mucosa and sensory ganglia will be assessed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN B DURING VIR Principal Investigator & Institution: Heineman, Thomas C.; Internal Medicine; St. Louis University St. Louis, Mo 63110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Herpesviruses are responsible for several human diseases including chickenpox, shingles, oral and genital herpes, and life-threatening infections in persons with weakened immune systems. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), like all herpesviruses, has an outer membrane that is essential for infectivity. It acquires its initial membrane upon the passage of viral capsids from the nucleus of infected cells through the inner nuclear membrane. After that, the precise mechanism by which VZV acquires its final

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infection-competent envelope, and the route it follows during egress from infected cells is unclear. It is known, however, that herpesvirus egress requires the golgi- dependent maturation of several virus-encoded glycoproteins. This emphasizes the critical importance of viral glycoprotein transport for herpesvirus assembly and egress. Glycoprotein B (gB), a protein represented in all herpesviruses, is thought to be vital for the normal egress of virus from infected cells. Unlike most herpesvirus membrane proteins, gB possesses a long cytoplasmic domain that has been implicated in its own intracellular transport as well as in viral egress. However, specific intracellular targeting sequences within the cytoplasmic domain gB have not been identified for any of the herpesviruses, nor is it known what impact mutations in these sequences may have on viral assembly and growth. We propose to (i) identify the specific signal sequences within the cytoplasmic domain VZV gB that are required for its intracellular transport; (ii) determine whether disruption of gB intracellular transport affects virus assembly and egress; and (iii) determine how mutations that alter the transport of gB affect VZV growth in cultured cells and in human tissue. This research may identify critical viral metabolic pathways and may ultimately lead to the development of new antiviral therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SEROPREVALLENCE /INCIDENCE OF GENITAL HERPES IN UGANDA Principal Investigator & Institution: Nakku-Joloba, Edith; New Mulago Hospital Po Box 5346, Std Clinicward 12 Kampala, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prevalence of herpes simplex type 1 and 2 virus (HSV-1 and 2) infection is high worldwide and is highest in developing countries like Uganda. International and local health organizations have called for studies to characterize genital herpes epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa. Population estimates are needed for policy, for planning interventions, for valid measures of the effect of interventions and for research on new therapies and potential vaccines. The overall goal of this study is to determine the burden of infection and assess the modifiable risk factors associated with Herpes simplex types 1 and 2 infection in Kampala, Uganda with an aim of prevention of spread and relief of those who suffer with genital herpes. The proposed study will aim i) To estimate the age and sex specific prevalence of Herpes simplex type 1 and 2. ii). To estimate the incidence of Herpes simplex type 1 and 2 in an inception cohort of HSV-2 negative persons in an urban population in Uganda and iii) to identify modifiable risk factors associated with Herpes simplex types 1 and 2 prevalence and incidence in this population. The proposed study will be a two-stage stratified random population sample survey of female and male participants 15 to 65 years old in Kawempe division of Kampala District. To estimate prevalence of HSV-1 and 2, a crosssectional serological survey at baseline will be done using type specific ELISA tests for herpes simplex type 1 and 2. Incidence will be assessed in an inception cohort of HSV-2 negative persons by 6 monthly testing for HSV-2. Risk factors for genital herpes will be assessed using a standardized questionnaire to collect information on age, sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behavior, sexual partner characteristics such as age differentials, and HIV infection status. Incidence densities and relative risks will be calculated from new HSV-2 infection and risk factors that predispose to HSV-2 incidence such as age, sex, (gender), sexual behavior, and HIV infection analyzed in a Cox proportional hazards model. By conducting a population study in an urban area in a country where rural studies show high prevalence we will describe the epidemiology

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genital herpes, gaining new knowledge about genital herpes in urban Uganda and highlighting the modifiable risk factors which can be targeted for effective interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SEXUAL NETWORKS, PARTNER NOTIFICATION AND STD PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Golden, Matthew R.; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): Epidemiologic research on communicable diseases has evolved from using static models suitable for noncommunicable diseases to using dynamic mathematical models more appropriate for studying the diffusion of infections through populations over time. With the application of deterministic and stochastic models, attention has shifted from analyzing only the risk factors of individuals, to also the interactions between individuals that drive transmission of infection. For sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the focus of research has thus shifted from an initial emphasis on individual sexual risk behaviors to a more comprehensive integration of data including sexual mixing matrices, partnership concurrency, other sex partnership characteristics and ecological factors that influence all of these levels of interaction. Surprisingly little empirical data have been collected on these higher order patterns of sexual interaction, particularly on potential differences in patterns associated with the various STIs that have very different natural histories. The integrated training activities and research proposed will provide Dr. Golden with skills to facilitate his goal of becoming an independent academic investigator as he collects and analyzes such data. The proposed studies include systematic, concurrent analyses of patterns of sexual mixing and sexual network characteristics for important STIs with very dissimilar natural histories: two bacterial STIs (gonorrhea and chlamydial infection) and two viral STIs (newly acquired genital herpes and HIV). Three federally funded studies at the UW already support recruitment of individuals with these infections, allowing the proposed studies to be added with only small additional cost. Mentoring by Dr. Geoff Garnett at Oxford University, and Drs. King Holmes and Martina Morris at the UW will help guide development of data on sexual networks and the use of such data to improve mathematical models designed to assess the potential impact of innovative preventive interventions. Specific aims will be to: 1) define sexual networks associated with gonorrhea and chlamydial infection and use empiric network data in mathematical models of transmission dynamics to evaluate the potential effect of partner notification, counseling and treatment on the prevalence of these two infections; and 2) To define the sexual networks associated with the acquisition of HIV and genital HSV infections, compare them to sexual networks of people with bacterial STI and without STIs, and use empiric network data in mathematical models of transmission dynamics to evaluate the potential effects of behavior and antiviral treatment interventions on the prevalence of these infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STUDIES WITH ANIMAL MODELS OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Stanberry, Lawrence R.; Chairman of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001

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Summary: The concept of the topical microbicide is attractive - a safe and effective, female-controlled product destined for intravaginal use and intended to protect women from acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). With an increasing number of compounds identified as potential microbicides it is important to develop strategies for identifying the most promising candidates. Studies in Projects 1 and 2 and Core B will identify compounds with excellent in vitro antimicrobial activity against important STD pathogens and outstanding safety profiles. In this project we will investigate the efficacy and safety of selected candidate microbicides using well-characterized animal model of genital tract infection. In specific aim 1 we will use mouse and guinea pig models of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and chlamydial genital tract infection to assess the ability of microbicides to limit cervico-vaginal infection and, in the case of the genital herpes models, prevent disease. Using these models we will also explore whether microbicides can prevent spread of the pathogen to important secondary sites: for HSV, to sensory ganglion neurons; and for chlamydia, to the upper genital tract. These models allow us explore the effectiveness of promising compounds for either pre- or post-coital use. In specific aim 2 we will use animal models to examine how microbicides efficacy can be affected by the presence of body fluids (e.g. blood or semen). We will explore whether microbicides might reduce STD transmission from infected women to susceptible male partners by determining whether microbicides can reduce the amount of organism present in cervico-vaginal secretions and by developing and using new murine models of STD transmission. In specific aim 3 we will explore the important safety issue of whether microbicides are immunotoxic. Using standard immunological methods to assess genital tract immunity, we will explore the potential of candidate microbicides to impact innate immune responses known to be important in protecting the female genital tract against infection by sexually transmitted pathogens. These studies will provide important information regarding the in vivo effectiveness of candidate microbicides in protecting female animals against two important STD pathogens. These experiments will also explore the issue of whether microbicides can impact female to male STD transmission and investigate the important question of whether microbicides are immunotoxic to the female genital tract. Collectively, theses studies will characterize the in vivo behavior of microbicides and identify compounds with outstanding efficacy and safety profiles. Overall, this research is expected to yield information that will allow for the rational prioritization of microbicides for further evaluation in clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STUDY OF ORAL LOBUCAVIR IN PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT GENITAL HERPES Principal Investigator & Institution: Tyring, Stephen K.; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: We will test the efficacy and safety of a new antiviral drug, lobucavir, from Bristol Myers Squibb, in immunocompetent subjects with recurrent genital herpes infections. Volunteers in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study will receive one of three doses of lobucavir or placebo twice daily for five days. Follow-up visits to the clinic will continue until the genital herpes lesions are completely healed. Lobucavir has proven a potent antiviral in tissue culture and animal model studies. Therefore, the findings from these studies may help in developing a genital herpes treatment that will hasten healing of lesions and reduce the severity or duration of the pain and discomfort associated with the infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOPICAL THERAPY FOR HSV-2 INFECTION OF THE GENITAL TRACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Howett, Mary K.; Professor; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Dr Hershey, Pa 17033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Genital herpes virus infection is caused by infection of male or female genital tissues by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) or less frequently by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). This proposal will focus on HSV-2. Infection in the female can target the labial surfaces, the vagina and the cervix. Adjacent areas of buttock skin also may be infected. Infection may occur as a primary event, usually as a result of sexual transmission. Following primary infection, virus most often enters latency in sacral ganglia and can serve as a source of recurrent infection. Primary infection is usually more severe, but recurrent infections may occur over a number of years and serve as a potent source of transmittable virus. Incidence of this virus infection is extremely high. Immunosuppressed patients are at grave risk for replication of this virus at all tissues and can suffer life-threatening sequelae. The current mainstay of therapy for HSV- 2 infection is Acyclovir, a potent nucleotide analogue specifically phosphorylated and incorporated into DNA in HSV-infected cells. Intravenous, oral and topical formulations of this compound have therapeutic benefit. In addition, certain detergent based spermicides have proven anti-virucidal activity for HSV. Studies in the previous three years of this Program Project have shown that C31G (C14/C16) and an alkyl sulfate microbicide can each inactivate HSV-2. Importantly, SDS has been shown to prevent HSV-2 infection in an in vivo model of infection in the mouse vaginal and SDS and C31G have been shown to inactivate HSV-2 and prevent infection in a human vaginal xenograft model. Our specific aims in the next phase of this grant will include: 1) continue to employ three model systems for HSV-2 growth to determine the toxicity and efficacy of non-formulated and formulated microbicidal compounds: a) in vitro assay of HSV-2 by plaque formation in monkey kidney epithelial cells and primary human vaginal keratinocytes; b) in vivo assay by vaginal inoculation of Swiss-Webster, outbred mice, c) in vivo assay by inoculation of human, vaginal xenografts growing in immunocompromised mice; 2) compare the kinetics and natural history of HSV-2 infection following inoculation of either normal, human, vaginal xenografts or human vaginal xenografts expressing the complete repertoire of viral genes from HPV-11; and 3) determine if acute of subclinical HSV-2 infection of human vaginal xenografts growing in nude mice, SCID mice or SCID mice that have been reconstituted with human lymphoreticular cells, alters the complexity of cells in the xenografts that serve as potential targets for HIV infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: USE TRANSMISSION

OF

MODIFIED

LACTOBACILLI

TO

BLOCK

HSV

Principal Investigator & Institution: Chang, Chia-Hwa; Osel, Inc. Suite 14 Santa Clara, Ca 95054 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Genital herpes infection is extremely common throughout the world and continues to increase in incidence, Genital herpes is caused by the sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), although a smaller, but increasing, percentage of cases are caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Genital herpes infection is associated with a range of clinical sequlae, including many

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that are serious in nature. The lack of effective measures to impede HSV transmission underlies the widespread escalation of the genital herpes epidemic. We are developing a novel approach to block HSV transmission in women. This approach, termed MucoCept HSV, involves genetic modification of human vaginal isolates of lactobacilli, the common bacterium found within the vaginal mucosal microflora of healthy women. These bacteria are being modified to produce a decoy HSV receptor that has the capacity to bind, trap, and inactivate HSV within the mucosal layer before it is transmitted to host cell and tissues. As such, this represents a novel and potentially powerful approach to prevent the transmission of HSV. As outlined in the present application, we propose to genetically modify vaginal-derived lactobacilli to express the HSV receptor, HveC, either covalently attached to the cell wall of the bacterium, or secreted into the surrounding biofilm matrix. This approach will use technology that has already been used by our group for the successful expression of other heterologous mammalian proteins in these same strains of lactobacilli. We propose to subsequently demonstrate the capacity of the expressed HveC protein to neutralize HSV infectivity of susceptible cultured cell lines. If achieved successfully, these studies will position us to undertake Phase II studies to assess the efficacy of these modified bacteria to reduce HSV transmission in vivo, as well as to optimize stable expression of the HveC protein as a major component of the clinical development plan for this product. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for genital herpes in the PubMed Central database: •

A Multicenter Phase I/II Dose Escalation Study of Single-Dose Cidofovir Gel for Treatment of Recurrent Genital Herpes. by Sacks SL, Shafran SD, Diaz-Mitoma F, Trottier S, Sibbald RG, Hughes A, Safrin S, Rudy J, McGuire B, Jaffe HS.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105979

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A Protective Role of Locally Administered Immunostimulatory CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide in a Mouse Model of Genital Herpes Infection. by Harandi AM, Eriksson K, Holmgren J.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140825

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Civamide (cis-Capsaicin) for Treatment of Primary or Recurrent Experimental Genital Herpes. by Bourne N, Bernstein DI, Stanberry LR.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89543

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Detection of viral DNA to evaluate outcome of antiviral treatment of patients with recurrent genital herpes. by Diaz-Mitoma F, Ruben M, Sacks S, MacPherson P, Caissie G.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228865

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Differentiation of primary from nonprimary genital herpes infections by a herpes simplex virus-specific immunoglobulin G avidity assay. by Hashido M, Inouye S, Kawana T.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229837

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Evaluation of a Novel, Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Compound, Acyclovir Elaidate (P4010), in the Female Guinea Pig Model of Genital Herpes. by Jennings R, Smith TL, Myhren F, Phillips J, Sandvold ML.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89020

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Genital herpes. by Oakeshott P, Hay P.; 2002 May 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104337

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Genital Herpes: Review of the Epidemic and Potential Use of Type-Specific Serology. by Ashley RL, Wald A.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88903

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High frequency of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors specific for herpes simplex viruses in persons with genital herpes. by Posavad CM, Koelle DM, Corey L.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190896

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Imiquimod 5-Percent Cream Does Not Alter the Natural History of Recurrent Herpes Genitalis: a Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. by Schacker TW, Conant M, Thoming C, Stanczak T, Wang Z, Smith M.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128805

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Immunization against genital herpes with a vaccine virus that has defects in productive and latent infection. by Da Costa XJ, Jones CA, Knipe DM.; 1999 Jun 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22033

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Immunization with recombinant varicella-zoster virus expressing herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein D reduces the severity of genital herpes in guinea pigs. by Heineman TC, Connelly BL, Bourne N, Stanberry LR, Cohen J.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189763

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Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 Are Important in Innate Defense against Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection in Mice but Are Not Required for the Development of Acquired Gamma Interferon-Mediated Protective Immunity. by Harandi AM, Svennerholm B, Holmgren J, Eriksson K.; 2001 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114395

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Mutations in the 5' end of the herpes simplex virus type 2 latency-associated transcript (LAT) promoter affect LAT expression in vivo but not the rate of spontaneous reactivation of genital herpes. by Wang K, Pesnicak L, Straus SE.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192147

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Progesterone Increases Susceptibility and Decreases Immune Responses to Genital Herpes Infection. by Kaushic C, Ashkar AA, Reid LA, Rosenthal KL.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152159

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Recognition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Tegument Proteins by CD4 T Cells Infiltrating Human Genital Herpes Lesions. by Koelle DM, Frank JM, Johnson ML, Kwok WW.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109983

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Severe genital herpes infections in HIV-infected individuals with impaired herpes simplex virus-specific CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. by Posavad CM, Koelle DM, Shaughnessy MF, Corey L.; 1997 Sep 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23355

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The estimated economic burden of genital herpes in the United States. An analysis using two costing approaches. by Szucs TD, Berger K, Fisman DN, Harbarth S.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35281

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The Quantity of Latent Viral DNA Correlates with the Relative Rates at Which Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 Cause Recurrent Genital Herpes Outbreaks. by Lekstrom-Himes JA, Pesnicak L, Straus SE.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109720

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Use of Immunostimulatory Sequence-Containing Oligonucleotides as Topical Therapy for Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection. by Pyles RB, Higgins D, Chalk C, Zalar A, Eiden J, Brown C, Van Nest G, Stanberry LR.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136753

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with genital herpes, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for genital herpes (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparative multi-centre study of the efficacy of propolis, acyclovir and placebo in the treatment of genital herpes (HSV). Author(s): Vynograd N, Vynograd I, Sosnowski Z. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2000 March; 7(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10782483&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of topical application of penciclovir 1% cream with acyclovir 3% cream for treatment of genital herpes: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre trial. Author(s): Chen XS, Han GZ, Guo ZP, Lu NZ, Chen J, Wang JB; Penciclovir Multicenter Genital Herpes Clinical Study Group. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 September; 11(9): 568-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10997497&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind, randomized study assessing the equivalence of valacyclovir 1000 mg once daily versus 500 mg twice daily in the episodic treatment of recurrent genital herpes. Genival Study Group. Author(s): Saiag P, Praindhui D, Chastang C. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 October; 44(4): 525-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588314&dopt=Abstract

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A model of the transmission and control of genital herpes. Author(s): Newton EA, Kuder JM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 August; 27(7): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10949427&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive women: correlations with CD4 cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA level. Author(s): Wright PW, Hoesley CJ, Squires KE, Croom-Rivers A, Weiss HL, Gnann JW Jr. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 January 15; 36(2): 207-11. Epub 2003 Jan 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522754&dopt=Abstract

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A psychoeducational program increased knowledge and decreased sexual risk behaviors in young adults with genital herpes. Author(s): Van Berkel C. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 April; 172(4): 246. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10778377&dopt=Abstract

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Aborted genital herpes simplex virus lesions: findings from a randomised controlled trial with valaciclovir. Author(s): Strand A, Patel R, Wulf HC, Coates KM; International Valaciclovir HSV Study Group. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 December; 78(6): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473805&dopt=Abstract

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Acute urinary retention preceding skin manifestations of genital herpes by 8 days. Author(s): Atia W, Sonnex C. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 August; 71(4): 270. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7590728&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir prophylaxis in late pregnancy prevents recurrent genital herpes and viral shedding. Author(s): Braig S, Luton D, Sibony O, Edlinger C, Boissinot C, Blot P, Oury JF. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 May; 96(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311761&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir suppression to prevent clinical recurrences at delivery after first episode genital herpes in pregnancy: an open-label trial. Author(s): Scott LL, Hollier LM, McIntire D, Sanchez PJ, Jackson GL, Wendel GD Jr. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001; 9(2): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495557&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir suppression to prevent recurrent genital herpes at delivery. Author(s): Scott LL, Hollier LM, McIntire D, Sanchez PJ, Jackson GL, Wendel GD Jr. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002; 10(2): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530483&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir-resistant genital herpes among persons attending sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus clinics. Author(s): Reyes M, Shaik NS, Graber JM, Nisenbaum R, Wetherall NT, Fukuda K, Reeves WC; Task Force on Herpes Simplex Virus Resistance. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 January 13; 163(1): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523920&dopt=Abstract

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An annular erythema secondary to primary genital herpes. Author(s): Mahto M, Mandal D, Beck MH, Wells S. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 February; 11(2): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678482&dopt=Abstract

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An interactive, computer-based program to educate patients about genital herpes. Author(s): Bensen C, Stern J, Skinner E, Beutner K, Conant M, Tyring S, Reitano M, Davis G, Wald A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1999 July; 26(6): 364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417026&dopt=Abstract

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Anaesthetic management of caesarean section in a patient with active recurrent genital herpes and AIDS-related dementia. Author(s): Birnbach DJ, Bourlier RA, Choi R, Thys DM. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1995 November; 75(5): 639-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7577296&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of the interferon status and cytokine profile in patients with genital herpes. Author(s): Mezentseva MV, Narovlyansky AN, Scherbenko VE, Polonsky VO, Anokhina EY, Ershov FI. Source: Russ J Immunol. 2002 July; 7(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12687260&dopt=Abstract

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Antigen-specific T cells localize to the uterine cervix in women with genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Author(s): Koelle DM, Schomogyi M, Corey L. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 September; 182(3): 662-70. Epub 2000 August 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950757&dopt=Abstract

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Antiviral chemotherapy in genital herpes simplex virus infections. Author(s): Patel R, Barton SE. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1995 September-October; 6(5): 320-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8547411&dopt=Abstract

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Antivirals in the prevention of genital herpes. Author(s): Au E, Sacks SL. Source: Herpes : the Journal of the Ihmf. 2002 December; 9(3): 74-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470605&dopt=Abstract

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Application of a topical immune response modifier, resiquimod gel, to modify the recurrence rate of recurrent genital herpes: a pilot study. Author(s): Spruance SL, Tyring SK, Smith MH, Meng TC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 July 15; 184(2): 196-200. Epub 2001 June 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11424018&dopt=Abstract

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Benign aseptic (Mollaret's) meningitis after genital herpes. Author(s): Berger JR. Source: Lancet. 1991 June 1; 337(8753): 1360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1674349&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: recurrent acyclovir-resistant genital herpes in an immunocompetent patient. Author(s): Kost RG, Hill EL, Tigges M, Straus SE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 December 9; 329(24): 1777-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8232486&dopt=Abstract

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British Co-operative Clinical Group national survey on diagnostic issues surrounding genital herpes. MSSVD Special Interest Group on Genital Herpes and the British Cooperative Clinical Group. Author(s): Scoular A, Kinghorn G. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 December; 75(6): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10754945&dopt=Abstract

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Case study: type-specific HSV serology and the correct diagnosis of first-episode genital herpes during pregnancy. Author(s): Brown ZA. Source: Herpes : the Journal of the Ihmf. 2002 April; 9(1): 24-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916497&dopt=Abstract

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CD8 CTL from genital herpes simplex lesions: recognition of viral tegument and immediate early proteins and lysis of infected cutaneous cells. Author(s): Koelle DM, Chen HB, Gavin MA, Wald A, Kwok WW, Corey L. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2001 March 15; 166(6): 4049-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238653&dopt=Abstract

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Challenges in genital herpes simplex virus management. Author(s): Corey L. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 October 15; 186 Suppl 1: S29-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353184&dopt=Abstract

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Chancroid, primary syphilis, genital herpes, and lymphogranuloma venereum in Antananarivo, Madagascar. Author(s): Behets FM, Andriamiadana J, Randrianasolo D, Randriamanga R, Rasamilalao D, Chen CY, Weiss JB, Morse SA, Dallabetta G, Cohen MS. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 October; 180(4): 1382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479178&dopt=Abstract

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Changing trends in genital herpes simplex virus infection in Bergen, Norway. Author(s): Nilsen A, Myrmel H. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2000 August; 79(8): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10949236&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics and management of pregnancy in women with genital herpes simplex virus infection. Author(s): Harger JH, Pazin GJ, Armstrong JA, Breinig MC, Ho M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 April 1; 145(7): 784-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6301280&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and subclinical reactivation of genital herpes virus. Author(s): Wolff MH, Schmitt J, Rahaus M, Dudda H, Hatzmann W. Source: Intervirology. 2002; 45(1): 20-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937767&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and virologic studies on female genital herpes. Author(s): Kawana T, Kawagoe K, Takizawa K, Chen JT, Kawaguchi T, Sakamoto S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 October; 60(4): 456-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6289208&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical course and diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus infection and evaluation of topical surfactant therapy. Author(s): Vontver LA, Reeves WC, Rattray M, Corey L, Remington MA, Tolentino E, Schweid A, Holmes KK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 March 1; 133(5): 548-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=375733&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical efficacy of ribavirin in the treatment of genital herpes simplex virus infection. Author(s): Bierman SM, Kirkpatrick W, Fernandez H. Source: Chemotherapy. 1981; 27(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7009087&dopt=Abstract

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College students' attitudes regarding vaccination to prevent genital herpes. Author(s): Rosenthal SL, Lewis LM, Succop PA, Bernstein DI, Stanberry LR. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1999 September; 26(8): 438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10494934&dopt=Abstract

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College students' knowledge and perceptions of genital herpes. Author(s): Lewis LM, Rosenthal SL, Succop PA, Stanberry LR, Bernstein DI. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1999 November; 10(11): 703-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563555&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative bioavailability of acyclovir from oral valacyclovir and acyclovir in patients treated for recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection. Author(s): Bras AP, Sitar DS, Aoki FY. Source: Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Winter; 8(4): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743593&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of viral isolation, direct immunofluorescence, and indirect immunoperoxidase techniques for detection of genital herpes simplex virus infection. Author(s): Moseley RC, Corey L, Benjamin D, Winter C, Remington ML. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1981 May; 13(5): 913-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6263945&dopt=Abstract

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Condom use and the prevention of genital herpes acquisition. Author(s): Casper C, Wald A. Source: Herpes : the Journal of the Ihmf. 2002 April; 9(1): 10-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916494&dopt=Abstract

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Critical involvement of CD40 in protection against herpes simplex virus infection in a murine model of genital herpes. Author(s): Inagaki-Ohara K, Kawabe T, Hasegawa Y, Hashimoto N, Nishiyama Y. Source: Archives of Virology. 2002; 147(1): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11855631&dopt=Abstract

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Current diagnostic techniques in genital herpes: their role in controlling the epidemic. Author(s): Slomka MJ. Source: Clin Lab. 2000; 46(11-12): 591-607. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11109508&dopt=Abstract

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Current recommendations for the treatment of genital herpes. Author(s): Leung DT, Sacks SL. Source: Drugs. 2000 December; 60(6): 1329-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152015&dopt=Abstract

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Current treatments and perceptions of genital herpes: a European-wide view. Author(s): Strand A, Barton S, Alomar A, Kohl P, Kroon S, Moyal-Barracco M, Munday P, Paavonen J, Volpi A. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 November; 16(6): 564-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482038&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous ulcer caused by Mycobacterium avium and recurrent genital herpes after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Pelgrom J, Bastian I, Van den Enden E, Portaels F, Colebunders R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 January; 136(1): 129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10632226&dopt=Abstract

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Daily stress and recurrence of genital herpes simplex. Author(s): Rand KH, Hoon EF, Massey JK, Johnson JH. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990 September; 150(9): 1889-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2393320&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of either endogenous recurrence or exogenous reinfection by restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis of herpes simplex virus from patients with recrudescent genital herpes. Author(s): Sakaoka H, Aomori T, Gouro T, Kumamoto Y. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1995 August; 46(4): 387-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7595418&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of genital herpes simplex infections by a tissue culture-fluorescentantibody technique with biotin-avidin. Author(s): Nerurkar LS, Jacob AJ, Madden DL, Sever JL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1983 January; 17(1): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6298272&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of disclosure of genital herpes to partners. Author(s): Green J, Ferrier S, Kocsis A, Shadrick J, Ukoumunne OC, Murphy S, Hetherton J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 February; 79(1): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576613&dopt=Abstract

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Developments in the antiviral treatment of genital herpes. Author(s): Cheong WK. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1995 July; 24(4): 593-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8849194&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by genital herpes infection. Author(s): Tesfaye S, Cullen DR, Wilson RM, Woolley PD. Source: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 1991 August; 13(1-2): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1773718&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by primary genital herpes. Author(s): Woolley PD, Talbot MD, Kinghorn GR, O'Mahony C, Coker DM. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1990 September; 1(5): 362-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2129110&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosing and treating genital herpes. Author(s): Chard S. Source: Nurs Times. 1998 November 18-24; 94(46): 58-62. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9923385&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of genital herpes infections. Author(s): Mertz GJ. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1987 June; 1(2): 341-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3332794&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of genital herpes by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Author(s): Goto T, Yamaguchi Y, Hashido M, Yoshikawa H, Kawana T. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1993; 37(12): 987-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8133806&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiation of primary from nonprimary genital herpes infections by a herpes simplex virus-specific immunoglobulin G avidity assay. Author(s): Hashido M, Inouye S, Kawana T. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 July; 35(7): 1766-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9196189&dopt=Abstract

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Do we need antivirals for genital herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus infection? Author(s): Gross G. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1999 June; 12(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10389641&dopt=Abstract

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Does first episode genital herpes have an incubation period? A clinical study. Author(s): Thin RN. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1991 July-August; 2(4): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1911962&dopt=Abstract

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Does maternal genital herpes infection influence fetal gender? Author(s): McGregor JA, Leff M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 May; 162(5): 1346-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2339741&dopt=Abstract

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Does the extract of the plant Echinacea purpurea influence the clinical course of recurrent genital herpes? Author(s): Vonau B, Chard S, Mandalia S, Wilkinson D, Barton SE. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 March; 12(3): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231867&dopt=Abstract

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Dosage and safety of long-term suppressive acyclovir therapy for recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Mindel A, Faherty A, Carney O, Patou G, Freris M, Williams P. Source: Lancet. 1988 April 23; 1(8591): 926-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2895840&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind comparison of weekend and daily regimens of oral acyclovir for suppression of recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Straus SE, Seidlin M, Takiff HE, Rooney JF, Lehrman SN, Bachrach S, Felser JM, Di Giovanna JJ, Grimes GJ Jr, Krakauer H, et al. Source: Antiviral Research. 1986 May; 6(3): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3015019&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing long-term suppressive with shortterm oral acyclovir therapy for management of recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Mattison HR, Reichman RC, Benedetti J, Bolgiano D, Davis LG, BaileyFarchione A, Remington M, Winter C, Corey L. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 August 29; 85(2A): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3044086&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein vaccine in persons at high risk for genital herpes infection. Author(s): Mertz GJ, Ashley R, Burke RL, Benedetti J, Critchlow C, Jones CC, Corey L. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1990 April; 161(4): 653-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2181031&dopt=Abstract

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Dysregulated expression of IFN-gamma and IL-10 and impaired IFN-gammamediated responses at different disease stages in patients with genital herpes simplex virus-2 infection. Author(s): Singh R, Kumar A, Creery WD, Ruben M, Giulivi A, Diaz-Mitoma F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003 July; 133(1): 97-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823283&dopt=Abstract

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Education and counselling for genital herpes: perspectives from patients. Author(s): Gilbert LK, Schulz SL, Ebel C. Source: Herpes : the Journal of the Ihmf. 2002 December; 9(3): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470606&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of condoms on reducing genital herpes transmission. Author(s): Mann JR, Stine CC, McIlhaney JS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 November 7; 286(17): 2096. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694146&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of condoms on reducing genital herpes transmission. Author(s): Myer L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 November 7; 286(17): 2095; Author Reply 2096. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694145&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of condoms on reducing genital herpes transmission. Author(s): Adam MB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 November 7; 286(17): 2095; Author Reply 2096. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694144&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of topical interferon-beta on recurrence rates in genital herpes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Author(s): Ophir J, Brenner S, Bali R, Kriss-Leventon S, Smetana Z, Revel M. Source: Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 1995 July; 15(7): 625-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7553233&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of psycho-educational interventions on sexual health risks and psycho-social adaptation in young adults with genital herpes. Author(s): Swanson JM, Dibble SL, Chapman L. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1999 April; 29(4): 840-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215975&dopt=Abstract

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Elsberg syndrome: radiculomyelopathy and acute urinary retention in patient with genital herpes. Author(s): Lepori P, Marcacci G, Gaglianone S. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1992 May; 13(4): 373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1601638&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of genital herpes - recent advances. Author(s): Halioua B, Malkin JE. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 1999 April-May; 9(3): 177-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10210781&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of genital herpes in Pittsburgh: serologic, sexual, and racial correlates of apparent and inapparent herpes simplex infections. Author(s): Breinig MK, Kingsley LA, Armstrong JA, Freeman DJ, Ho M. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1990 August; 162(2): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2165102&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of genital herpes infections in Sweden. Author(s): Lowhagen GB, Jansen E, Nordenfelt E, Lycke E. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1990; 70(4): 330-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1977259&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of genital herpes infections. Author(s): Mertz GJ. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1993 December; 7(4): 825-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8106731&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of genital herpes. Author(s): Kinghorn GR. Source: J Int Med Res. 1994; 22 Suppl 1: 14A-23A. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8063020&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section in patients with active recurrent genital herpes simplex infections: a retrospective review. Author(s): Crosby ET, Halpern SH, Rolbin SH. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1989 November; 36(6): 701-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2582568&dopt=Abstract

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Episodic acyclovir therapy to abort recurrent attacks of genital herpes simplex infection. Author(s): Whatley JD, Thin RN. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1991 May; 27(5): 677-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1885426&dopt=Abstract

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Ethnic variation in type of genital herpes simplex virus infection in a South London genitourinary medicine clinic. Author(s): Strutt M, Bailey J, Tenant-Flowers M, Graham D, Zuckerman M. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2003 January; 69(1): 108-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12436485&dopt=Abstract

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European guideline for the management of genital herpes. Author(s): Patel R, Barton SE, Brown D, Cowan FM, Kinghorn GR, Munday PE, Scoular A, Timmins D, Whittaker M, Woolley P; Herpes Simplex Virus Special Interest Group of the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases, United Kingdom; European Branch of the International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infection and the European Office of the World Health Organization. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 October; 12 Suppl 3: 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589795&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of 2LHERP in preventing recurrences of genital herpes. Institut International 3IDI. Author(s): Jenaer M, Henry MF, Garcia A, Marichal B. Source: Br Homeopath J. 2000 October; 89(4): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055774&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a novel, anti-herpes simplex virus compound, acyclovir elaidate (P4010), in the female guinea pig model of genital herpes. Author(s): Jennings R, Smith TL, Myhren F, Phillips J, Sandvold ML. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1999 January; 43(1): 53-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9869565&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of antioxidant healing formulations in topical therapy of experimental cutaneous and genital herpes simplex virus infections. Author(s): Sheridan J, Kern E, Martin A, Booth A. Source: Antiviral Research. 1997 December; 36(3): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9477116&dopt=Abstract

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Expectant management of preterm premature rupture of membranes complicated by active recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Major CA, Towers CV, Lewis DF, Garite TJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 June; 188(6): 1551-4; Discussion 1554-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824992&dopt=Abstract

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False positive FTA-ABS results in patients with genital herpes. Author(s): Wright JT, Cremer AW, Ridgway GL. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1975 October; 51(5): 329-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1104075&dopt=Abstract

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False-positive amniotic fluid cytology in a parturient with active genital herpes infection at term. Author(s): Block BS, Goodner DM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 November; 54(5): 658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=228221&dopt=Abstract

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Famciclovir for genital herpes. Author(s): Goldman BD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 January 15; 277(3): 210-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9005266&dopt=Abstract

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Famciclovir vs. aciclovir in immunocompetent patients with recurrent genital herpes infections: a parallel-groups, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Chosidow O, Drouault Y, Leconte-Veyriac F, Aymard M, Ortonne JP, Pouget F, Revuz J, Decazes JM, Malkin JE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 April; 144(4): 818-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298543&dopt=Abstract

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First episodes of genital herpes in a Swedish STD population: a study of epidemiology and transmission by the use of herpes simplex virus (HSV) typing and specific serology. Author(s): Lowhagen GB, Tunback P, Andersson K, Bergstrom T, Johannisson G. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76(3): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10961194&dopt=Abstract

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Foscarnet (phosphonoformate sodium) in the treatment of recurrent male genital herpes. Author(s): Lim KB, Doraisingham S, Thirumoorthy T, Lee CT, Ling AE, Tan T. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1986 October; 15(4): 617-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2952046&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency and duration of patient-observed recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection: characterization of the nonlesional prodrome. Author(s): Sacks SL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1984 December; 150(6): 873-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6501930&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency and reactivation of nongenital lesions among patients with genital herpes simplex virus. Author(s): Benedetti JK, Zeh J, Selke S, Corey L. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1995 March; 98(3): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7872339&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of asymptomatic genital herpes in pregnant women at term. Author(s): Nerurkar LS, Jensen LP, McCallum P, Sever JL. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1988 March; 43(3): 132-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3285258&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of asymptomatic shedding of herpes simplex virus in women with genital herpes. Author(s): Brock BV, Selke S, Benedetti J, Douglas JM Jr, Corey L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990 January 19; 263(3): 418-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2152951&dopt=Abstract

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Frequent detection of genital herpes simplex virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction among pregnant women. Author(s): Cone RW, Hobson AC, Brown Z, Ashley R, Berry S, Winter C, Corey L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 September 14; 272(10): 792-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8078144&dopt=Abstract

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Frequent genital herpes simplex virus 2 shedding in immunocompetent women. Effect of acyclovir treatment. Author(s): Wald A, Corey L, Cone R, Hobson A, Davis G, Zeh J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1997 March 1; 99(5): 1092-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062368&dopt=Abstract

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Frequent recovery of HIV-1 from genital herpes simplex virus lesions in HIV-1infected men. Author(s): Schacker T, Ryncarz AJ, Goddard J, Diem K, Shaughnessy M, Corey L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 July 1; 280(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9660365&dopt=Abstract

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Fulminant hepatic failure caused by genital herpes in a healthy person. Author(s): Rubin MH, Ward DM, Painter CJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985 March 1; 253(9): 1299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2982048&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences for the predictors of depression in young adults with genital herpes. Author(s): Dibble SL, Swanson JM. Source: Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.). 2000 May-June; 17(3): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10840288&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes and diabetic ketoacidosis: a patient report. Author(s): DeOcampo A, Bradford BJ. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1999 November; 38(11): 661-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587785&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes and public health: addressing a global problem. Author(s): Corey L, Handsfield HH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 February 9; 283(6): 791-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10683059&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes in adolescents. Author(s): Budd B. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2000 March; 8(3): 30-4; Quiz 35-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11107346&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes in pregnancy: is screening cost-effective? Author(s): Qutub M, Klapper P, Vallely P, Cleator G. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 January; 12(1): 14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177476&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Author(s): Sandhaus S. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 2001 April; 26(4): 15-6, 21-2, 25-7, Passim; Quiz 33-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11330020&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes may mask underlying neoplasia. Author(s): Green T, Rogstad KE, Paterson ME. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 April; 77(2): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287706&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes serotesting: a study of the epidemiology and patients' knowledge and attitude among STD clinic attenders in Coventry, UK. Author(s): Narouz N, Allan PS, Wade AH, Wagstaffe S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 February; 79(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576612&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes simplex infections: some therapeutic dilemmas. Author(s): Mills J, Mindel A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 March; 30(3): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616142&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes simplex typing in genitourinary medicine: 1995-1999. Author(s): Thompson C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 August; 11(8): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10990333&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes simplex virus infection in the adolescent: special considerations for management. Author(s): Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2002; 4(5): 291-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994034&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection: new fields for an old acquaintance? Author(s): Lippelt L, Braun RW, Kuhn JE. Source: Intervirology. 2002; 45(1): 2-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937764&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes vaccine shows limited promise. Author(s): Stephenson J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 October 18; 284(15): 1913-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11035871&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes. Author(s): Wald A. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1416-25. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230757&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes. Author(s): Oakeshott P, Hay P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 May 4; 324(7345): 1076. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991914&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes. An approach for general practitioners in Australia. Author(s): Ooi C, Dayan L. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2002 September; 31(9): 825-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12402701&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes. Evolving epidemiology and current management. Author(s): Roberts CM. Source: Jaapa. 2003 February; 16(2): 36-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666338&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes: a hidden epidemic. Author(s): Bren L. Source: Fda Consumer. 2002 March-April; 36(2): 10-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989464&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes: general practitioners' knowledge and opinions. Author(s): Narouz N, Allan PS, Wade AH. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 June; 78(3): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238653&dopt=Abstract

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Glycoprotein-D-adjuvant vaccine to prevent genital herpes. Author(s): Stanberry LR, Spruance SL, Cunningham AL, Bernstein DI, Mindel A, Sacks S, Tyring S, Aoki FY, Slaoui M, Denis M, Vandepapeliere P, Dubin G; GlaxoSmithKline Herpes Vaccine Efficacy Study Group. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 November 21; 347(21): 1652-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444179&dopt=Abstract

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Harm minimisation as technologies of the self: some experiences of interviewing people with genital herpes. Author(s): Oster C. Source: Nursing Inquiry. 2003 September; 10(3): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12940975&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes simplex type 1 and genital herpes in Northern Ireland. Author(s): Christie SN, McCaughey C, McBride M, Coyle PV. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1997 January; 8(1): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043990&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes simplex vegetans: atypical genital herpes infection in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency. Author(s): Beasley KL, Cooley GE, Kao GF, Lowitt MH, Burnett JW, Aurelian L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 November; 37(5 Pt 2): 860-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9366853&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes: impact on surveillance and prevention. Author(s): Lafferty WE, Downey L, Celum C, Wald A. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 April; 181(4): 1454-7. Epub 2000 April 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10762576&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes simplex virus type-specific antibodies detected by indirect and competition ELISA. Comparison of sera from patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix, age matched controls and patients with recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Najem SN, Vestergaard BF, Potter CW. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [b]. 1983 June; 91(3): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6308950&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes simplex virus-specific IgM, IgA and IgG subclass antibody responses in primary and nonprimary genital herpes patients. Author(s): Hashido M, Kawana T. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1997; 41(5): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9194040&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes simplex virus-type 2 seropositivity in a Danish adult population denying previous episodes of genital herpes. Author(s): Petersen CS, Larsen FG, Zachariae C, Heidenheim M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 March-April; 80(2): 158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10877149&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes virus-specific immune responses in individuals experiencing recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Boswell CM, Duncan IA, Uttridge J, Sonnex C, Hickling JK. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997 May; 25(2): 278S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9191322&dopt=Abstract

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Herpetic pharyngitis with mammary and genital herpes due to sexual contact. Author(s): Yoshida M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 May; 79(3): 250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10384941&dopt=Abstract

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High cumulative incidence of genital herpes amongst HIV-1 seropositive heterosexuals in south London. Author(s): O'Farrell N, Tovey SJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1994 November-December; 5(6): 415-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7849119&dopt=Abstract

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High frequency of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors specific for herpes simplex viruses in persons with genital herpes. Author(s): Posavad CM, Koelle DM, Corey L. Source: Journal of Virology. 1996 November; 70(11): 8165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8892947&dopt=Abstract

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HIV, sexually transmitted diseases and gynaecologic disorders in women: increased risk for genital herpes and warts among HIV-infected prostitutes in Amsterdam. Author(s): Fennema JS, van Ameijden EJ, Coutinho RA, van den Hoek AA. Source: Aids (London, England). 1995 September; 9(9): 1071-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8527081&dopt=Abstract

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Human leukocyte interferon-alpha in a hydrophilic cream versus in a gel for the treatment of genital herpes in males: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, comparative study. Author(s): Syed TA, Ahmadpour OA, Ahmad SA, Ahmad SH. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 September; 24(9): 564-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9350101&dopt=Abstract

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Human leukocyte interferon-alpha in cream for the management of genital herpes in Asian women: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Author(s): Syed TA, Lundin S, Cheema KM, Kahlon RC, Khayyami M, Ahmad SA, Ahmad SH, Kahlon BM, Kahlon AM. Source: Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany). 1995 March; 73(3): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7633951&dopt=Abstract

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Human leukocyte interferon-alpha in cream for the treatment of genital herpes in Asian males. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Author(s): Syed TA, Cheema KM, Kahlon BM, Kahlon RC, Khayyami M, Kahlon AM, Kahlon MM. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 191(1): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8589479&dopt=Abstract

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Humoral immune response to HSV-1 and HSV-2 viral proteins in patients with primary genital herpes. Author(s): Ashley R, Benedetti J, Corey L. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1985 October; 17(2): 153-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2997384&dopt=Abstract

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Illicit drug use among young adults with genital herpes. Author(s): Swanson JM, Remy L, Chenitz WC, Chastain RL, Trocki KF. Source: Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.). 1993 September; 10(3): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8234158&dopt=Abstract

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Imiquimod and genital herpes. Author(s): Slade HB, Schacker T, Conant M, Thoming C. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 April; 138(4): 534; Author Reply 534-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939822&dopt=Abstract

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Immunization with recombinant varicella-zoster virus expressing herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein D reduces the severity of genital herpes in guinea pigs. Author(s): Heineman TC, Connelly BL, Bourne N, Stanberry LR, Cohen J. Source: Journal of Virology. 1995 December; 69(12): 8109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7494331&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological markers of frequently recurrent genital herpes simplex virus and their response to hypnotherapy: a pilot study. Author(s): Fox PA, Henderson DC, Barton SE, Champion AJ, Rollin MS, Catalan J, McCormack SM, Gruzelier J. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1999 November; 10(11): 730-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563560&dopt=Abstract

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Immunomodulation as a treatment strategy for genital herpes: review of the evidence. Author(s): Miller RL, Tomai MA, Harrison CJ, Bernstein DI. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 March; 2(4): 443-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962724&dopt=Abstract

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Immunotherapy of recurrent genital herpes with recombinant herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoproteins D and B: results of a placebo-controlled vaccine trial. Author(s): Straus SE, Wald A, Kost RG, McKenzie R, Langenberg AG, Hohman P, Lekstrom J, Cox E, Nakamura M, Sekulovich R, Izu A, Dekker C, Corey L. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997 November; 176(5): 1129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9359709&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of suppressive antiviral therapy on the health related quality of life of patients with recurrent genital herpes infection. Author(s): Patel R, Tyring S, Strand A, Price MJ, Grant DM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 December; 75(6): 398-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10754944&dopt=Abstract

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Improving the care of patients with genital herpes. Author(s): Drake S, Taylor S, Brown D, Pillay D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 September 9; 321(7261): 619-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10977846&dopt=Abstract

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Improving the management of genital herpes. Author(s): Sacks SL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1999 February 15; 34(2): 41-9; Quiz 139. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10047759&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro acyclovir sensitivity of herpes simplex viruses isolated from female genital herpes in Japan. Author(s): Hashido M, Kawana T. Source: Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1988 February; 62(2): 141-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2842414&dopt=Abstract

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Inapparent genital herpes simplex infection in women attending a venereal disease clinic. Author(s): Ferrer RM, Kraiselburd EN, Kouri YH. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1984 April-June; 11(2): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6087481&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of genital herpes simplex virus at the time of delivery in women with known risk factors. Author(s): Catalano PM, Merritt AO, Mead PB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 May; 164(5 Pt 1): 1303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2035573&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of herpes simplex virus type-1 and type-2 from patients with primary (firstattack) genital herpes in Sheffield. Author(s): Woolley PD, Kudesia G. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1990 May; 1(3): 184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1964600&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing prevalence of genital herpes in developing countries: implications for heterosexual HIV transmission and STI control programmes. Author(s): O'Farrell N. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 December; 75(6): 377-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10754939&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection by ultraviolet light. Author(s): Klein KL, Linnemann CC Jr. Source: Lancet. 1986 April 5; 1(8484): 796-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2870285&dopt=Abstract

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Ineffectiveness and toxicity of BCG vaccine for the prevention of recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Douglas JM, Vontver LA, Stamm WE, Reeves WC, Critchlow C, Remington ML, Holmes KK, Corey L. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1985 February; 27(2): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3885848&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon in the prevention of genital herpes recurrence. Author(s): Eron LJ, Harvey L, Toy C, Santomauro D. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1986 October; 30(4): 608-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3789694&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal obstruction associated with genital herpes. Author(s): Dhar J, Carey PB. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1992 May-June; 3(3): 210-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1616969&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous immunoglobulins suppress the recurrences of genital herpes simplex virus: a clinical and immunological study. Author(s): Masci S, De Simone C, Famularo G, Gravante M, Ciancarelli M, Andreassi M, Amerio P, Santini G. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1995 February; 17(1): 33-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7759773&dopt=Abstract

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Is HSV serology useful for the management of first episode genital herpes? Author(s): Page J, Taylor J, Tideman RL, Seifert C, Marks C, Cunningham A, Mindel A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 August; 79(4): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902573&dopt=Abstract

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Kinetics of human antibody responses to primary genital herpes simplex virus infection. Author(s): Kohl S, Adam E, Matson DO, Kaufman RH, Dreesman GR. Source: Intervirology. 1982; 18(3): 164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6292130&dopt=Abstract

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Knowledge and attitudes of university health service clients about genital herpes: implications for patient education and counseling. Author(s): Hillard JR, Kitchell CL, Turner UG 3rd, Keeling RP, Shank RF. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 1984 December; 33(3): 112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6530500&dopt=Abstract

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Labial adhesions after genital herpes infection. Author(s): Lacey CJ. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1989 December; 65(6): 401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2613224&dopt=Abstract

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Labial adhesions after genital herpes infection. Author(s): Bowman CA, De Silva PA, Monteiro EF. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1989 December; 65(6): 401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2613223&dopt=Abstract

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Labial adhesions after genital herpes infection. Author(s): Haran MV, Crawshaw S, Natin D. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1989 October; 65(5): 349. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2639673&dopt=Abstract

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Labial adhesions after genital herpes infection. Author(s): Walzman M, Wade AA. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1989 June; 65(3): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2759606&dopt=Abstract

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Labial adhesions after genital herpes infection--authors reply. Author(s): Walzman M, Wade AA. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1990 February; 66(1): 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2312121&dopt=Abstract

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Labial adhesions following severe primary genital herpes. Author(s): Herieka E, Dhar J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 February; 77(1): 75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158700&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Treatment of genital herpes. Author(s): Gosling PH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 August 17; 3(5928): 473. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4414450&dopt=Abstract

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Leukocyte interferon for treating first episodes of genital herpes in women. Author(s): Pazin GJ, Harger JH, Armstrong JA, Breinig MK, Caplan RJ, Cantell K, Ho M. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987 December; 156(6): 891-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2824623&dopt=Abstract

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Liability in tort for the sexual transmission of disease: genital herpes and the law. Author(s): Alexander LA. Source: Cornell Law Rev. 1984 November; 70(1): 101-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10273598&dopt=Abstract

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Lichen planus after genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Author(s): Kurkcuoglu N, Oz G. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 191(1): 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uid s=8589493&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium ointment for genital herpes. Author(s): Skinner GR. Source: Lancet. 1983 July 30; 2(8344): 288. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6135115&dopt=Abstract

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Long term persistence of herpes simplex virus-specific CD8+ CTL in persons with frequently recurring genital herpes. Author(s): Posavad CM, Huang ML, Barcy S, Koelle DM, Corey L. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2000 July 15; 165(2): 1146-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10878394&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term acyclovir suppression of frequently recurring genital herpes simplex virus infection. A multicenter double-blind trial. Author(s): Mertz GJ, Jones CC, Mills J, Fife KH, Lemon SM, Stapleton JT, Hill EL, Davis LG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988 July 8; 260(2): 2016. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3290517&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term clinical and psychological management of genital herpes. Author(s): Mindel A. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1993; Suppl 1: 39-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8245891&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term suppression of genital herpes. Author(s): Engel JP. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 September 9; 280(10): 928-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9739979&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term suppression of recurrent genital herpes with acyclovir. A 5-year benchmark. Acyclovir Study Group. Author(s): Goldberg LH, Kaufman R, Kurtz TO, Conant MA, Eron LJ, Batenhorst RL, Boone GS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 May; 129(5): 582-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8481018&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term suppression of severe recurrent genital herpes simplex infections with oral acyclovir: a dose-titration study. Author(s): Kroon S, Petersen CS, Andersen LP, Rasmussen JR, Vestergaard BF. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1990 April; 66(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2160423&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term suppressive therapy with acyclovir for recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Baker DA. Source: J Int Med Res. 1994; 22 Suppl 1: 24A-31A; Discussion 31A-32A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8063021&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term twice-daily oral acyclovir therapy suppresses frequently recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Molin L, Back O, Frodin T, Svennerholm B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987; 19(2): 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3616492&dopt=Abstract

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Low risk of herpes simplex virus infections in neonates exposed to the virus at the time of vaginal delivery to mothers with recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infections. Author(s): Prober CG, Sullender WM, Yasukawa LL, Au DS, Yeager AS, Arvin AM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1987 January 29; 316(5): 240-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3025727&dopt=Abstract

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Male genital herpes complicated with urethral infection. Author(s): Yoshida M, Hondo R, Tezuka T, Hiruma M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 August; 21(8): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7962959&dopt=Abstract

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Management and treatment of genital herpes. A practical approach to patient care. Author(s): Freedman JM, Gacicia K. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 April; 10(4): 71-4, 80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418353&dopt=Abstract

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Management of genital herpes by genitourinary physicians: does experience or doctor's gender influence clinical management? Author(s): Russell JM, Cracknell M, Barton SE, Catalan J. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1993 April; 69(2): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8509090&dopt=Abstract

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Management of genital herpes in HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Aoki FY. Source: Herpes : the Journal of the Ihmf. 2001 July; 8(2): 41-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867017&dopt=Abstract

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Management of genital herpes infection in pregnancy. Author(s): Frame LE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 January; 73(1): 140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2909036&dopt=Abstract

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Management of genital herpes infection. Author(s): Lavoie SR, Kaplowitz LG. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1994 December; 13(4): 248-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7848818&dopt=Abstract

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Management of genital herpes simplex infection. Author(s): Thin RN. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1991 September-October; 2(5): 313-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1958714&dopt=Abstract

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Management of genital herpes simplex infections. Author(s): Thin RN. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 August 29; 85(2A): 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3407675&dopt=Abstract

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Management of genital herpes simplex virus infection during pregnancy. Author(s): Grossman JH 3rd, Wallen WC, Sever JL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981 July; 58(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7195529&dopt=Abstract

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Management of genital herpes. Author(s): Murray D. Source: Lancet. 1980 February 9; 1(8163): 314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6101769&dopt=Abstract

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Management of genital herpes. Author(s): Clark JL, Tatum NO, Noble SL. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 January; 51(1): 175-82, 187-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7810470&dopt=Abstract

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Management of genital herpes. Author(s): Woolley P. Source: The Practitioner. 1994 May; 238(1538): 406-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8183830&dopt=Abstract

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Management of non-genital herpes simplex virus infections in immunocompetent patients. Author(s): Leigh IM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 August 29; 85(2A): 34-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3044090&dopt=Abstract

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Management of women with recurrent genital herpes in pregnancy in Australia. Author(s): Marks C, Fethers K, Mindel A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 February; 75(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448344&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal genital herpes and gender of offspring. Author(s): Brown Z, Corey L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 September; 165(3): 784-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1892214&dopt=Abstract

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Medical care expenditures for genital herpes in the United States. Author(s): Tao G, Kassler WJ, Rein DB. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 January; 27(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10654866&dopt=Abstract

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Microbicides for preventing transmission of genital herpes. Author(s): Zeitlin L, Whaley KJ. Source: Herpes : the Journal of the Ihmf. 2002 April; 9(1): 4-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916493&dopt=Abstract

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Midwifery forum. 1. Genital herpes. Author(s): Gray A. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1983 January 12; 156(2): 58-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6549875&dopt=Abstract

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Modification of primary and recurrent genital herpes in guinea pigs by passive immunization. Author(s): Bourne N, Pyles RB, Bernstein DI, Stanberry LR. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 2002 November; 83(Pt 11): 2797-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388816&dopt=Abstract

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Most Americans are not concerned with contracting genital herpes: survey. Author(s): Franz R. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2001 August; 13(4): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917791&dopt=Abstract

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Natural history of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Author(s): Engelberg R, Carrell D, Krantz E, Corey L, Wald A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 February; 30(2): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567178&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection: relapse after initial therapy and transmission from a mother with an asymptomatic genital herpes infection and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Brown ZA, Ashley R, Douglas J, Keilly M, Corey L. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 November; 6(11): 1057-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2827097&dopt=Abstract

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New developments in the epidemiology, natural history and management of genital herpes. Author(s): Stanberry L, Cunningham A, Mertz G, Mindel A, Peters B, Reitano M, Sacks S, Wald A, Wassilew S, Woolley P. Source: Antiviral Research. 1999 May; 42(1): 1-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333138&dopt=Abstract

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New hope for genital herpes treatment. Author(s): McConnell J. Source: Lancet. 2001 April 14; 357(9263): 1185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323056&dopt=Abstract

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New therapies and prevention strategies for genital herpes. Author(s): Wald A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 January; 28 Suppl 1: S4-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10028105&dopt=Abstract

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New therapy promising for genital herpes. Author(s): Stephenson J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 May 2; 285(17): 2182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11325304&dopt=Abstract

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New treatments for genital herpes. Author(s): Snoeck R, De Clercq E. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2002 February; 15(1): 49-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964906&dopt=Abstract

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Nonoxynol 9 cream for genital herpes simplex. Author(s): Donsky HJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 February 15; 300(7): 371. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=759906&dopt=Abstract

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Nonoxynol-9 protects mice against vaginal transmission of genital herpes infections. Author(s): Whaley KJ, Barratt RA, Zeitlin L, Hoen TE, Cone RA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 October; 168(4): 1009-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8397261&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetric management of women with a history of recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Sperling RS, Berkowitz RL. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1989 July; 6(3): 275-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2543424&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of genital herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus infections in pregnancy. Author(s): Vesterinen E, Savolainen ER, Purola E, Saksela E, Leinikki P. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1977; 56(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=67744&dopt=Abstract

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On the occurrence of genital herpes simplex virus infection. Clinical and virological findings and relation to gonorrhoea. Author(s): Jeansson S, Molin L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1974; 54(6): 479-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4140665&dopt=Abstract

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Once-daily valacyclovir hydrochloride for suppression of recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Baker DA, Blythe JG, Miller JM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 July; 94(1): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10389727&dopt=Abstract

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One year acyclovir suppression of frequently recurring genital herpes: a study of efficacy, safety, virus sensitivity and antibody response. Author(s): Molin L, Ruhnek-Forsbeck M, Svennerholm B. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1991; 80: 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1666444&dopt=Abstract

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One-year suppression of frequent recurrences of genital herpes with oral acyclovir. Author(s): Baker DA, Blythe JG, Kaufman R, Hale R, Portnoy J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 January; 73(1): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2642329&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir and recurrent genital herpes during late pregnancy. Author(s): Haddad J, Langer B, Astruc D, Messer J, Lokiec F. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 July; 82(1): 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8390630&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir for episodic treatment of recurrent genital herpes. Efficacy and safety. Author(s): Goldberg LH, Kaufman R, Conant MA, Sperber J, Allen ML, Illeman M, Chapman S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 August; 15(2 Pt 1): 25664. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3745529&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir for genital herpes: not a cure, but close. Author(s): Portnoy J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1987 April 1; 136(7): 697. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3828924&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir for genital herpes--cautious optimism. Author(s): Raab B. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 August; 13(2 Pt 1): 2936. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4044952&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir for treatment and suppression of genital herpes simplex virus infection. A review. Author(s): Guinan ME. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1986 April 4; 255(13): 1747-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3512870&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir in the suppression of recurrent non-genital herpes simplex virus infection. Author(s): Meyrick Thomas RH, Dodd HJ, Yeo JM, Kirby JD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 December; 113(6): 731-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3913459&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir in the treatment of genital herpes. Preliminary report of a multicenter trial. Author(s): Fiddian AP, Halsos AM, Kinge BR, Nilsen AE, Wikstrom K. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1982 July 20; 73(1A): 335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7048920&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir suppression of recurrent genital herpes: a double-blind, placebocontrolled, crossover study. Author(s): Halsos AM, Salo OP, Lassus A, Tjotta EA, Hovi T, Gabrielsen BO, Fiddian AP. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1985; 65(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2578707&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir suppressive therapy in severe recurrent genital herpes. A double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Author(s): Kroon S, Petersen CS, Andersen LP, Rasmussen LP, Vestergaard BF. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1989 June; 36(3): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2666040&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir, palliative therapy for genital herpes: will it change the epidemiology? Author(s): Guinan ME. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1985 January-March; 12(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2408345&dopt=Abstract

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Oral famciclovir for recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Brown D. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1996 October; 43(4): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8926485&dopt=Abstract

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Oral famciclovir for suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection in women. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Collaborative Famciclovir Genital Herpes Research Group. Author(s): Mertz GJ, Loveless MO, Levin MJ, Kraus SJ, Fowler SL, Goade D, Tyring SK. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1997 February 10; 157(3): 343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9040303&dopt=Abstract

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Oral famciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes: a randomized controlled trial. Collaborative Famciclovir Genital Herpes Research Group. Author(s): Diaz-Mitoma F, Sibbald RG, Shafran SD, Boon R, Saltzman RL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 September 9; 280(10): 887-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9739972&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenesis of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex type 2 isolates in animal models of genital herpes: models for antiviral evaluations. Author(s): Bernstein DI, Ireland J, Bourne N. Source: Antiviral Research. 2000 September; 47(3): 159-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10974368&dopt=Abstract

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Patient and physician partnerships in managing genital herpes. Author(s): Alexander L, Naisbett B. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 October 15; 186 Suppl 1: S57-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353188&dopt=Abstract

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Patient attitudes to type specific serological tests in the diagnosis of genital herpes. Author(s): Fairley I, Monteiro EF. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 August; 73(4): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9389945&dopt=Abstract

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Patient education. What you should know about genital herpes. Author(s): McNamee K. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1999 November; 28(11): 1168. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10615759&dopt=Abstract

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Patient-initiated, twice-daily oral famciclovir for early recurrent genital herpes. A randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. Canadian Famciclovir Study Group. Author(s): Sacks SL, Aoki FY, Diaz-Mitoma F, Sellors J, Shafran SD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 July 3; 276(1): 44-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8667538&dopt=Abstract

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Patients' perspectives on the burden of recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Patel R, Boselli F, Cairo I, Barnett G, Price M, Wulf HC. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 October; 12(10): 640-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564330&dopt=Abstract

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Patients' preference of valacyclovir once-daily suppressive therapy versus twice-daily episodic therapy for recurrent genital herpes: a randomized study. Author(s): Romanowski B, Marina RB, Roberts JN; Valtrex HS230017 Study Group. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 March; 30(3): 226-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616141&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent stress as a predictor of genital herpes recurrence. Author(s): Cohen F, Kemeny ME, Kearney KA, Zegans LS, Neuhaus JM, Conant MA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 November 8; 159(20): 2430-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665891&dopt=Abstract

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Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of genital herpes in a genitourinary medicine clinic. Author(s): Scoular A, Gillespie G, Carman WF. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 February; 78(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872854&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of herpes simplex virus infection in patients suspected of genital herpes; and virus typing by type specific fluorescent monoclonal antibodies. Author(s): Puthavathana P, Kanyok R, Horthongkham N, Roongpisuthipong A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1998 April; 81(4): 260-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9623019&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1- and 2- specific antibodies among the acute, recurrent, and provoked types of female genital herpes. Author(s): Hashido M, Lee FK, Nahmias AJ, Kawana T. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1997; 41(10): 823-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9403510&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of type specific Epstein-Barr virus in the genital tract of genital herpes suspected patients. Author(s): Kantakamalakul W, Naksawat P, Kanyok R, Puthavathana P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 March; 82(3): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10410481&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention agenda for genital herpes. Author(s): Handsfield HH, Stone KM, Wasserheit JN. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1999 April; 26(4): 228-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10225592&dopt=Abstract

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Progress in meeting today's demands in genital herpes: an overview of current management. Author(s): Patel R. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 October 15; 186 Suppl 1: S47-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353187&dopt=Abstract

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Projection of the future dimensions and costs of the genital herpes simplex type 2 epidemic in the United States. Author(s): Fisman DN, Lipsitch M, Hook EW 3rd, Goldie SJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 October; 29(10): 608-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370529&dopt=Abstract

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Protective vaccination against genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in mice is associated with a rapid induction of local IFN-gamma-dependent RANTES production following a vaginal viral challenge. Author(s): Harandi AM, Svennerholm B, Holmgren J, Eriksson K. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2001 December; 46(6): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775012&dopt=Abstract

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Psychoeducational groups for young adults with genital herpes: training group facilitators. Author(s): Madrid E, Swanson J. Source: Journal of Community Health Nursing. 1995; 12(4): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8558177&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological factors in recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Green J, Kocsis A. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 August; 73(4): 253-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9389944&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial outcomes in individuals living with genital herpes. Author(s): Fraley SS. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 2002 September-October; 31(5): 508-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353728&dopt=Abstract

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Public and personal health implications of asymptomatic viral shedding in genital herpes. Author(s): Mindel A, Estcourt C. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 December; 74(6): 387-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10195042&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life and use of health care among people with genital herpes in France. Author(s): Taboulet F, Halioua B, Malkin JE. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 September; 79(5): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10494718&dopt=Abstract

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Quantity of latency-associated transcript produced by herpes simplex virus is not predictive of the frequency of experimental recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Bourne N, Stanberry LR, Connelly BL, Kurawadwala J, Straus SE, Krause PR. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 May; 169(5): 1084-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8169396&dopt=Abstract

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Question and answer: genital herpes. Author(s): Holland R. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1985 March 15; 132(6): 615. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4038907&dopt=Abstract

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Radiculomyelopathy due to genital herpes. Author(s): Handler CE, Perkin GD. Source: Lancet. 1982 October 30; 2(8305): 987-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6127485&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid detection of glycoprotein G gene for the diagnosis and typing of herpes simplex virus infection in genital herpes. Author(s): Fang XF, Song B, Tu YY, Tong JZ, Faul JL, Bai H. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 December; 75(6): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10754943&dopt=Abstract

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Reactivation of genital herpes simplex virus 2 infection in asymptomatic seropositive persons is frequent. Author(s): Liu V, Bigby M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 September; 136(9): 1141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10987870&dopt=Abstract

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Reactivation of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in asymptomatic seropositive persons. Author(s): Wald A, Zeh J, Selke S, Warren T, Ryncarz AJ, Ashley R, Krieger JN, Corey L. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 March 23; 342(12): 844-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10727588&dopt=Abstract

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Recent advances in genital herpes. Author(s): Mindel A. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1995 July; 24(4): 584-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8849193&dopt=Abstract

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Recent advances in management of genital herpes. Author(s): Tetrault I, Boivin G. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2000 August; 46: 1622-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10955181&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrence rates of genital herpes. Author(s): Marshall L, Purnell P. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1995 June 1; 122(11): 883. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7741383&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent genital herpes and quality of life in France. Author(s): Spencer B, Leplege A, Ecosse E. Source: Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. 1999 June; 8(4): 365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10472169&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent genital herpes in a population attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Author(s): Lowhagen GB, Tunback P, Andersson K, Johannisson G. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 January-February; 81(1): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411912&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent genital herpes treatments and their impact on quality of life. Author(s): Brentjens MH, Yeung-Yue KA, Lee PC, Tyring SK. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2003; 21(12): 853-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908841&dopt=Abstract

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Rising incidence of genital herpes over two decades in a sexually transmitted disease clinic in north India. Author(s): Kumar B, Sahoo B, Gupta S, Jain R. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 29(2): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890299&dopt=Abstract

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Role of type specific herpes simplex virus serology in the diagnosis and management of genital herpes. Author(s): Munday PE, Vuddamalay J, Slomka MJ, Brown DW. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 June; 74(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9849551&dopt=Abstract

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Screening and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases Part 2: trichomonas, human papillomavirus infection, and genital herpes simplex virus. Author(s): Parks DK, Yetman R, McClain N, Cheung K, Girardet R, Lahoti S, McNeese M; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2000 May-June; 14(3): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10823973&dopt=Abstract

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Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in selected German populations-relevance for the incidence of genital herpes. Author(s): Wutzler P, Doerr HW, Farber I, Eichhorn U, Helbig B, Sauerbrei A, Brandstadt A, Rabenau HF. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2000 June; 61(2): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10797375&dopt=Abstract

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Should acyclovir prophylaxis be used in late pregnancy in women with recurrent genital herpes infection? How to use a clinical decision analysis. Author(s): Brocklehurst P, Roberts T. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 August; 73(4): 314-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9389959&dopt=Abstract

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Strategies to control the genital herpes epidemic. Author(s): Schinazi RB. Source: Mathematical Biosciences. 1999 July; 159(2): 113-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10414029&dopt=Abstract

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Stress and genital herpes recurrences in women. Author(s): Rein M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 March 15; 283(11): 1394. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10732915&dopt=Abstract

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Stress as a predictor of symptomatic genital herpes virus recurrence in women with human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Pereira DB, Antoni MH, Danielson A, Simon T, Efantis-Potter J, Carver CS, Duran RE, Ironson G, Klimas N, Fletcher MA, O'Sullivan MJ. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2003 March; 54(3): 237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614833&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of human genital herpes infections with 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Author(s): Blough HA, Giuntoli RL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1979 June 29; 241(26): 2798-2801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=221691&dopt=Abstract

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Successful use of valciclovir in a case of recurrent urticaria associated with genital herpes. Author(s): Khunda A, Kawsar M, Parkin JM, Forster GE. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 December; 78(6): 468. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473820&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection by Rhus javanica in guinea pigs. Author(s): Nakano M, Kurokawa M, Hozumi T, Saito A, Ida M, Morohashi M, Namba T, Kawana T, Shiraki K. Source: Antiviral Research. 1998 July; 39(1): 25-33. Erratum In: Antiviral Res 1999 April; 41(3): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9754947&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression of recurrent genital herpes with oral acyclovir. Author(s): Straus SE, Seidlin M, Takiff HE, Bachrach S, DiGiovanna JJ, Western KA, Creagh-Kirk T, Lininger L, Alling DW. Source: Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1983; 96: 278-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6388102&dopt=Abstract

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Testing for genital herpes: how, who, and why. Author(s): Wald A. Source: Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 2002; 22: 166-80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520653&dopt=Abstract

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The biopsychosocial burden of genital herpes: evidence-based and other approaches to care. Author(s): Swanson JM. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1999 August; 11(4): 257-68; Quiz 269-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10670356&dopt=Abstract

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The burden of infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 in England and Wales: implications for the changing epidemiology of genital herpes. Author(s): Vyse AJ, Gay NJ, Slomka MJ, Gopal R, Gibbs T, Morgan-Capner P, Brown DW. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76(3): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10961195&dopt=Abstract

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The estimated economic burden of genital herpes in the United States. An analysis using two costing approaches. Author(s): Szucs TD, Berger K, Fisman DN, Harbarth S. Source: Bmc Infectious Diseases [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 5. Epub 2001 June 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11472635&dopt=Abstract

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The heterogeneous clinical spectrum of genital herpes. Author(s): Lautenschlager S, Eichmann A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 202(3): 211-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11385226&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of diagnosing genital herpes. Author(s): Cusini M, Ghislanzoni M. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 February; 47 Suppl T1: 9-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11160031&dopt=Abstract

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The management of recurrent genital herpes infection in pregnancy: a postal survey of obstetric practice. Author(s): Jolly J. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1996 July; 103(7): 722-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8688410&dopt=Abstract

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The ratio of cytokine levels in genital herpes during various phases of infection. Author(s): Shurshalina AV, Veryasov VN, Sukhikh GT. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2001 July; 132(1): 660-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687847&dopt=Abstract

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Time course of seroconversion by HerpeSelect ELISA after acquisition of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or HSV-2. Author(s): Ashley-Morrow R, Krantz E, Wald A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 April; 30(4): 310-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671550&dopt=Abstract

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Two-day regimen of acyclovir for treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Author(s): Wald A, Carrell D, Remington M, Kexel E, Zeh J, Corey L. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 April 1; 34(7): 944-8. Epub 2002 February 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880960&dopt=Abstract

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Underdiagnosis of genital herpes by current clinical and viral-isolation procedures. Author(s): Koutsky LA, Stevens CE, Holmes KK, Ashley RL, Kiviat NB, Critchlow CW, Corey L. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 June 4; 326(23): 1533-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1315930&dopt=Abstract

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Underdiagnosis of genital herpes. Author(s): Kaplan J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 October 8; 327(15): 1098-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1326079&dopt=Abstract

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Undocumented history of maternal genital herpes followed by neonatal herpes meningitis. Author(s): Hensleigh PA. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1994 May-June; 14(3): 216-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8064427&dopt=Abstract

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Update on antiviral therapy for genital herpes infection. Author(s): Geers TA, Isada CM. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2000 August; 67(8): 567-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10946451&dopt=Abstract

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Urethritis: an underestimated clinical variant of genital herpes in men? Author(s): Lautenschlager S, Eichmann A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 February; 46(2): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807447&dopt=Abstract

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Use of 5% povidone-iodine aerosol for recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Tummon I. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1981 May 15; 124(10): 1257. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7237308&dopt=Abstract

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Use of immunostimulatory sequence-containing oligonucleotides as topical therapy for genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Author(s): Pyles RB, Higgins D, Chalk C, Zalar A, Eiden J, Brown C, Van Nest G, Stanberry LR. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 November; 76(22): 11387-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388699&dopt=Abstract

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Use of penciclovir and famciclovir in the management of genital herpes. Author(s): Sacks SL. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1996; 24: 219-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8743273&dopt=Abstract

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Use of type-specific HSV serology in the management of a 37-year-old woman diagnosed with primary genital herpes. Author(s): Wilkinson D, Barton S. Source: Herpes : the Journal of the Ihmf. 2001 March; 8(1): 4-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867009&dopt=Abstract

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Using the evidence base on genital herpes: optimising the use of diagnostic tests and information provision. Author(s): Scoular A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 June; 78(3): 160-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238644&dopt=Abstract

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Vaccines against genital herpes: progress and limitations. Author(s): Morrison LA. Source: Drugs. 2002; 62(8): 1119-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010075&dopt=Abstract

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Valaciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection: a large-scale dose range-finding study. International Valaciclovir HSV Study Group. Author(s): Reitano M, Tyring S, Lang W, Thoming C, Worm AM, Borelli S, Chambers LO, Robinson JM, Corey L. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 September; 178(3): 603-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9728526&dopt=Abstract

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Valaciclovir versus aciclovir in patient initiated treatment of recurrent genital herpes: a randomised, double blind clinical trial. International Valaciclovir HSV Study Group. Author(s): Bodsworth NJ, Crooks RJ, Borelli S, Vejlsgaard G, Paavonen J, Worm AM, Uexkull N, Esmann J, Strand A, Ingamells AJ, Gibb A. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 April; 73(2): 110-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9215092&dopt=Abstract

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Valaciclovir versus acyclovir in the treatment of first-episode genital herpes infection. Results of an international, multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. The Valaciclovir International Herpes Simplex Virus Study Group. Author(s): Fife KH, Barbarash RA, Rudolph T, Degregorio B, Roth R. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1997 September; 24(8): 481-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9293612&dopt=Abstract

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Valaciclovir: a review of its long term utility in the management of genital herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus infections. Author(s): Ormrod D, Scott LJ, Perry CM. Source: Drugs. 2000 April; 59(4): 839-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10804039&dopt=Abstract

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Valacyclovir for episodic treatment of genital herpes: a shorter 3-day treatment course compared with 5-day treatment. Author(s): Leone PA, Trottier S, Miller JM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 April 1; 34(7): 958-62. Epub 2002 February 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880962&dopt=Abstract

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Valacyclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Author(s): DeJesus E, Wald A, Warren T, Schacker TW, Trottier S, Shahmanesh M, Hill JL, Brennan CA; Valacyclovir International HSV Study Group. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 October 1; 188(7): 1009-16. Epub 2003 September 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14513421&dopt=Abstract

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Valacyclovir in the treatment of genital herpes and herpes zoster. Author(s): Baker DA. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2002 January; 3(1): 51-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772333&dopt=Abstract

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Virologic characteristics of subclinical and symptomatic genital herpes infections. Author(s): Wald A, Zeh J, Selke S, Ashley RL, Corey L. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 September 21; 333(12): 770-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7643884&dopt=Abstract

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Vulval Crohn's disease mimicking genital herpes. Author(s): Shen RN, Cybulska BA, Thin RN, McKee PH. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1993 January-February; 4(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8427905&dopt=Abstract

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When patients with genital herpes turn to you for answers. Author(s): Nettina SM. Source: Nursing. 1989 August; 19(8): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2771240&dopt=Abstract

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When recurrent genital sores are not genital herpes. Author(s): Maiti H, Al-Izzi M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 February; 75(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448345&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GENITAL HERPES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and genital herpes.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Genital Herpes The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “genital herpes” (or a synonym): •

A comparative multi-centre study of the efficacy of propolis, acyclovir and placebo in the treatment of genital herpes (HSV). Author(s): Institute of Epidemiology, Lvov State Medical University, Ukraine. Source: Vynograd, N Vynograd, I Sosnowski, Z Phytomedicine. 2000 March; 7(1): 1-6 0944-7113

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A double-blind, randomized study assessing the equivalence of valacyclovir 1000 mg once daily versus 500 mg twice daily in the episodic treatment of recurrent genital herpes. Genival Study Group. Author(s): Service de Dermatologie, Hopital Ambroise Pare, Universite Paris V, Boulogne, France. [email protected] Source: Saiag, P Praindhui, D Chastang, C J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1999 October; 44(4): 525-31 0305-7453

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A randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of oval valacyclovir and acyclovir in immunocompetent patients with recurrent genital herpes infections. The Valaciclovir International Study Group. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA. [email protected] Source: Tyring, S K Douglas, J M Corey, L Spruance, S L Esmann, J Arch-Dermatol. 1998 February; 134(2): 185-91 0003-987X

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Aborted genital herpes simplex virus lesions: findings from a randomised controlled trial with valaciclovir. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Strand, A Patel, R Wulf, H C Coates, K M Sex-Transm-Infect. 2002 December; 78(6): 435-9 1368-4973

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Acceptability of genital herpes immunization. The role of health beliefs and health behaviors. Author(s): Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA. Source: Zimet, G D Fortenberry, J D Fife, K H Tyring, S K Herne, K Douglas, J M SexTransm-Dis. 1997 November; 24(10): 555-60 0148-5717

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Antiviral therapy for genital herpes in nonpregnant and pregnant women. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11794-8091, USA. Source: Baker, D A Int-J-Fertil-Womens-Med. 1998 Sep-October; 43(5): 243-8

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Assessment of a selective inhibitor of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (L653,180) as therapy for experimental recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45229. Source: Bourne, N Bravo, F J Ashton, W T Meurer, L C Tolman, R L Karkas, J D Stanberry, L R Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1992 September; 36(9): 2020-4 0066-4804

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Capsaicin interferes with the centrifugal spread of virus in primary and recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infections. Author(s): Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229. Source: Stanberry, L R J-Infect-Dis. 1990 July; 162(1): 29-34 0022-1899

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Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP): an 'inactive' pharmaceutical excipient with antiviral activity in the mouse model of genital herpesvirus infection. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA. Source: Gyotoku, T Aurelian, L Neurath, A R Antivir-Chem-Chemother. 1999 November; 10(6): 327-32 0956-3202

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Challenges in genital herpes simplex virus management. Author(s): Department of Laboratory Medicine, Virology Division, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. [email protected] Source: Corey, L J-Infect-Dis. 2002 October 15; 186 Suppl 1: S29-33 0022-1899

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Civamide (cis-capsaicin) for treatment of primary or recurrent experimental genital herpes. Author(s): Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. [email protected] Source: Bourne, N Bernstein, D I Stanberry, L R Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1999 November; 43(11): 2685-8 0066-4804

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Comparative bioavailability of acyclovir from oral valacyclovir and acyclovir in patients treated for recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Source: Bras, A P Sitar, D S Aoki, F Y Can-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 2001 Winter; 8(4): 207-11 1198-581X

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Developments in the antiviral treatment of genital herpes. Author(s): National Skin Centre, Singapore. Source: Cheong, W K Ann-Acad-Med-Singapore. 1995 July; 24(4): 593-7 0304-4602

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Does the extract of the plant Echinacea purpurea influence the clinical course of recurrent genital herpes? Author(s): Department of Genitourinary Medicine/HIV, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK. Source: Vonau, B Chard, S Mandalia, S Wilkinson, D Barton, S E Int-J-STD-AIDS. 2001 March; 12(3): 154-8 0956-4624

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Effect of herbal therapy on herpes labialis and herpes genitalis. Author(s): Toyodo Hijikata Clinic, Osaka, Japan. Source: Hijikata, Y Tsukamoto, Y Biotherapy. 1998; 11(4): 235-40 0921-299X

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Effect of undecylenic acid as a topical microbicide against genital herpes infection in mice and guinea pigs. Author(s): Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA. Source: Bourne, N Ireland, J Stanberry, L R Bernstein, D I Antiviral-Res. 1999 January; 40(3): 139-44 0166-3542

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Evaluation of a novel, anti-herpes simplex virus compound, acyclovir elaidate (P4010), in the female guinea pig model of genital herpes. Author(s): Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom. [email protected] Source: Jennings, R Smith, T L Myhren, F Phillips, J Sandvold, M L Antimicrob-AgentsChemother. 1999 January; 43(1): 53-61 0066-4804

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Evaluation of antioxidant healing formulations in topical therapy of experimental cutaneous and genital herpes simplex virus infections. Author(s): Ohio State University Health Sciences Center, Columbus 43210-1241, USA. [email protected] Source: Sheridan, J Kern, E Martin, A Booth, A Antiviral-Res. 1997 December; 36(3): 15766 0166-3542

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Evaluation of biotin-streptavidin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of genital herpes simplex virus infection. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Yoosook, C Rimdusit, P Chantratita, W Leechanachai, P Bhattarakosol, P AsianPac-J-Allergy-Immunol. 1987 December; 5(2): 143-8 0125-877X

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Genital herpes simplex virus infection in the adolescent: special considerations for management. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0351, USA. [email protected] Source: Stanberry, L R Rosenthal, S L Paediatr-Drugs. 2002; 4(5): 291-7 1174-5878

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Impact of suppressive antiviral therapy on the health related quality of life of patients with recurrent genital herpes infection. Author(s): Department of Genito-Urinary Medicine, Royal South Hants Hospital, Southampton. Source: Patel, R Tyring, S Strand, A Price, M J Grant, D M Sex-Transm-Infect. 1999 December; 75(6): 398-402 1368-4973

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Improving the care of patients with genital herpes. Author(s): Department of Sexual Medicine, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS. [email protected] Source: Drake, S Taylor, S Brown, D Pillay, D BMJ. 2000 September 9; 321(7261): 619-23 0959-8138

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National guideline for the management of genital herpes. Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association of Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). Source: Anonymous Sex-Transm-Infect. 1999 August; 75 Suppl 1S24-8 1368-4973

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Nickel allergy from a bed-wetting alarm confused with herpes genitalis and child abuse. Author(s): Dept of Pediatrics, Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, Aurora, CO. Source: Hanks, J W Venters, W J Pediatrics. 1992 September; 90(3): 458-60 0031-4005

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Once-daily valacyclovir hydrochloride for suppression of recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794, USA. [email protected] Source: Baker, D A Blythe, J G Miller, J M Obstet-Gynecol. 1999 July; 94(1): 103-6 00297844

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Progress in meeting today's demands in genital herpes: an overview of current management. Author(s): Department of Genito-Urinary Medicine, Royal South Hampshire Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom. [email protected] Source: Patel, R J-Infect-Dis. 2002 October 15; 186 Suppl 1: S47-56 0022-1899

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Recent advances in management of genital herpes. Author(s): Laval University, Quebec City.

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Source: Tetrault, I Boivin, G Can-Fam-Physician. 2000 August; 461622-9 0008-350X •

Reduced rate of recurrent genital herpes infections with lithium carbonate. Author(s): Depression Research Unit, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104. Source: Amsterdam, J D Maislin, G Potter, L Giuntoli, R Psychopharmacol-Bull. 1990; 26(3): 343-7 0048-5764

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Successful use of valciclovir in a case of recurrent urticaria associated with genital herpes. Author(s): Infection and Immunity Clinical Group, Barts and The London NHS Trust, UK. [email protected] Source: Khunda, A Kawsar, M Parkin, J M Forster, G E Sex-Transm-Infect. 2002 December; 78(6): 468 1368-4973

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Suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection by Rhus javanica in guinea pigs. Author(s): Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Source: Nakano, M Kurokawa, M Hozumi, T Saito, A Ida, M Morohashi, M Namba, T Kawana, T Shiraki, K Antiviral-Res. 1998 July; 39(1): 25-33 0166-3542

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Treatment of experimental genital herpes with liposomal interferon. Author(s): Biotekhnologiya Industrial Research Establishment, Moscow. Source: Kobrinskii, G D Mel'nikov, V R Kulakov, V N L'vov, N D Bolotin, I M Barinskii, I F Biomed-Sci. 1991; 2(1): 29-32 0955-9701

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Update on antiviral therapy for genital herpes infection. Author(s): Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Akron General Medical Center, USA. Source: Geers, T A Isada, C M Cleve-Clin-J-Med. 2000 August; 67(8): 567-73 0891-1150

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Update on drugs for herpes zoster and genital herpes. Source: Anonymous Drug-Ther-Bull. 1998 October; 36(10): 77-9 0012-6543

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Vagina dentata revisited: gender and asymptomatic shedding of genital herpes. Author(s): Medical Anthropology Program, University of California, San Francisco 94243, USA. Source: Pliskin, K L Cult-Med-Psychiatry. 1995 December; 19(4): 479-501 0165-005X

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Valaciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection: a large-scale dose range-finding study. International Valaciclovir HSV Study Group. Author(s): Reitano and Stern Research, New York, USA. Source: Reitano, M Tyring, S Lang, W Thoming, C Worm, A M Borelli, S Chambers, L O Robinson, J M Corey, L J-Infect-Dis. 1998 September; 178(3): 603-10 0022-1899

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Valaciclovir versus aciclovir in patient initiated treatment of recurrent genital herpes: a randomised, double blind clinical trial. International Valaciclovir HSV Study Group. Author(s): Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, New South Wales, Australia. Source: Bodsworth, N J Crooks, R J Borelli, S Vejlsgaard, G Paavonen, J Worm, A M Uexkull, N Esmann, J Strand, A Ingamells, A J Gibb, A Genitourin-Med. 1997 April; 73(2): 110-6 0266-4348

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Valacyclovir for episodic treatment of genital herpes: a shorter 3-day treatment course compared with 5-day treatment. Author(s): Department of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. [email protected]

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Source: Leone, Peter A Trottier, Sylvie Miller, J Mitchell Clin-Infect-Dis. 2002 April 1; 34(7): 958-62 1537-6591 •

Valacyclovir in the treatment of genital herpes and herpes zoster. Author(s): Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8091, USA. Source: Baker, David A Expert-Opin-Pharmacother. 2002 January; 3(1): 51-8 1465-6566

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Valacyclovir. New indication: for genital herpes, simpler administration. Source: Anonymous Can-Fam-Physician. 1999 July; 451698-700, 1703-5 0008-350X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to genital herpes; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GENITAL HERPES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to genital herpes. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to genital herpes and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to genital herpes: •

A comparative multi-centre study of the efficacy of propolis, acyclovir and placebo in the treatment of genital herpes (HSV). Author(s): Vynograd N, Vynograd I, Sosnowski Z. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2000 March; 7(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10782483&dopt=Abstract

•

A humanized monoclonal antibody produced in transgenic plants for immunoprotection of the vagina against genital herpes. Author(s): Zeitlin L, Olmsted SS, Moench TR, Co MS, Martinell BJ, Paradkar VM, Russell DR, Queen C, Cone RA, Whaley KJ. Source: Nature Biotechnology. 1998 December; 16(13): 1361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9853620&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture treatment for herpes simplex infections. A clinical case report. Author(s): Liao SJ, Liao TA. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1991; 16(3-4): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1685622&dopt=Abstract

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Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. Author(s): Vogler BK, Ernst E. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1999 October; 49(447): 823-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10885091&dopt=Abstract

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Anogenital lesions (viral diseases and ectoparasitic infestations): unapproved treatments. Author(s): Tuzun B, Saygin A, Wolf R, Ozdemir M, Tuzun Y. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 November-December; 20(6): 668-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490361&dopt=Abstract

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Applied relaxation training in the treatment of genital herpes. Author(s): Koehn KA, Burnette MM, Stark C. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1993 December; 24(4): 331-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8077452&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium phosphate nanoparticle adjuvant. Author(s): He Q, Mitchell AR, Johnson SL, Wagner-Bartak C, Morcol T, Bell SJ. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2000 November; 7(6): 899-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063495&dopt=Abstract

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Coping and adjustment to genital herpes. Author(s): Manne S, Sandler I. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1984 December; 7(4): 391-410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6542939&dopt=Abstract

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Coping and adjustment to genital herpes: the effects of time and social support. Author(s): Manne S, Sandler I, Zautra A. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1986 April; 9(2): 163-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3712427&dopt=Abstract

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Counseling the herpes genitalis patient. Author(s): Derman RJ.

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Source: J Reprod Med. 1986 May; 31(5 Suppl): 439-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3723484&dopt=Abstract •

Does the extract of the plant Echinacea purpurea influence the clinical course of recurrent genital herpes? Author(s): Vonau B, Chard S, Mandalia S, Wilkinson D, Barton SE. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 March; 12(3): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231867&dopt=Abstract

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Douching and sexually transmitted diseases in pregnant women in Surabaya, Indonesia. Author(s): Joesoef MR, Sumampouw H, Linnan M, Schmid S, Idajadi A, St Louis ME. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 January; 174(1 Pt 1): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8571993&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of herbal therapy on herpes labialis and herpes genitalis. Author(s): Hijikata Y, Tsukamoto Y. Source: Biotherapy (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1998; 11(4): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9950099&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating change in quality of life from the perspective of the person: advanced practice nursing and Parse's goal of nursing. Author(s): Kelley LS. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 1999 July; 13(4): 61-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10661119&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of 2LHERP in preventing recurrences of genital herpes. Institut International 3IDI. Author(s): Jenaer M, Henry MF, Garcia A, Marichal B. Source: Br Homeopath J. 2000 October; 89(4): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055774&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes simplex virus infection in the adolescent: special considerations for management. Author(s): Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2002; 4(5): 291-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994034&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpes simplex. Author(s): Breslin E.

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Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1988 December; 23(4): 907-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3057471&dopt=Abstract •

Genital Herpes: the need for counseling. Author(s): Himell K. Source: Jogn Nurs. 1981 November-December; 10(6): 446-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6913617&dopt=Abstract

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HELP for herpes. Author(s): Weinberg JM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2002 October; 70(4): 205-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403309&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes genitalis. The benefits of self-help groups for sufferers. Author(s): Woddis C. Source: The Practitioner. 1983 May; 227(1379): 865-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6889253&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes simplex infections: current concepts and therapy. Author(s): Conte ET. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1983 July; 82(11): 861-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6885537&dopt=Abstract

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Herpesviruses. Author(s): Bowers M. Source: Beta. 1995 December; : 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11363008&dopt=Abstract

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Illicit drug use among young adults with genital herpes. Author(s): Swanson JM, Remy L, Chenitz WC, Chastain RL, Trocki KF. Source: Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.). 1993 September; 10(3): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8234158&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological markers of frequently recurrent genital herpes simplex virus and their response to hypnotherapy: a pilot study. Author(s): Fox PA, Henderson DC, Barton SE, Champion AJ, Rollin MS, Catalan J, McCormack SM, Gruzelier J. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1999 November; 10(11): 730-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563560&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of T-actemodulin on herpes simplex virus infection. Author(s): Varadinova T, Trashlieva M, Kemileva Z.

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Source: Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1992; 18(2): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1339076&dopt=Abstract •

Letter: Relief of pain in women with genital herpes. Author(s): Chang TW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 August 5; 229(6): 641. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4368863&dopt=Abstract

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Limiting the spread of genital herpes. Author(s): Kinghorn GR. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1996; 100: 20-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9163019&dopt=Abstract

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Management of genital herpes by genitourinary physicians: does experience or doctor's gender influence clinical management? Author(s): Russell JM, Cracknell M, Barton SE, Catalan J. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1993 April; 69(2): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8509090&dopt=Abstract

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NP-1, a rabbit alpha-defensin, prevents the entry and intercellular spread of herpes simplex virus type 2. Author(s): Sinha S, Cheshenko N, Lehrer RI, Herold BC. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 47(2): 494-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543649&dopt=Abstract

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Parse's theory in practice with a group in the community. Author(s): Kelley LS. Source: Nursing Science Quarterly. 1995 Fall; 8(3): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7651630&dopt=Abstract

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Patient and physician partnerships in managing genital herpes. Author(s): Alexander L, Naisbett B. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 October 15; 186 Suppl 1: S57-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353188&dopt=Abstract

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Psychoeducational groups for young adults with genital herpes: training group facilitators. Author(s): Madrid E, Swanson J. Source: Journal of Community Health Nursing. 1995; 12(4): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8558177&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial treatment for recurrent genital herpes. Author(s): Longo DJ, Clum GA, Yaeger NJ. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1988 February; 56(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3279091&dopt=Abstract

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Reductions in herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody titers after cognitive behavioral stress management and relationships with neuroendocrine function, relaxation skills, and social support in HIV-positive men. Author(s): Cruess S, Antoni M, Cruess D, Fletcher MA, Ironson G, Kumar M, Lutgendorf S, Hayes A, Klimas N, Schneiderman N. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2000 November-December; 62(6): 828-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11139003&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among female commercial sex workers in Mexico City. Author(s): Uribe-Salas F, Hernandez-Avila M, Juarez-Figueroa L, Conde-Glez CJ, UribeZuniga P. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1999 February; 10(2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215115&dopt=Abstract

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Stress reduction treatment of severe recurrent genital herpes virus. Author(s): VanderPlate C, Kerrick G. Source: Biofeedback Self Regul. 1985 June; 10(2): 181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3914316&dopt=Abstract

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Stress, emotion, and human immune function. Author(s): O'Leary A. Source: Psychological Bulletin. 1990 November; 108(3): 363-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2270233&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection by Rhus javanica in guinea pigs. Author(s): Nakano M, Kurokawa M, Hozumi T, Saito A, Ida M, Morohashi M, Namba T, Kawana T, Shiraki K. Source: Antiviral Research. 1998 July; 39(1): 25-33. Erratum In: Antiviral Res 1999 April; 41(3): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9754947&dopt=Abstract

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Surveys of HIV-1, HTLV-I, and other sexually transmitted diseases in female sex workers in Taipei City, Taiwan, from 1993 to 1996. Author(s): Chen YM, Yu PS, Lin CC, Jen I.

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Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology : Official Publication of the International Retrovirology Association. 1998 July 1; 18(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9665510&dopt=Abstract •

The 'other' sexually transmitted diseases: a case for public health education. Author(s): Osujih M. Source: J R Soc Health. 1997 December; 117(6): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9519671&dopt=Abstract

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The prevention and management of genital herpes: a community health approach. Author(s): Swanson JM, Chenitz WC. Source: Journal of Community Health Nursing. 1989; 6(4): 209-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2600608&dopt=Abstract

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The saga of BHT and BHA in life extension myths. Author(s): Llaurado JG. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1985; 4(4): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4045049&dopt=Abstract

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The use of hypnosis in the treatment of herpes simplex II. Author(s): Gould SS, Tissler DM. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1984 January; 26(3): 171-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6541430&dopt=Abstract

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Vagina dentata revisited: gender and asymptomatic shedding of genital herpes. Author(s): Pliskin KL. Source: Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 1995 December; 19(4): 479-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8838296&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to genital herpes; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Cervical Dysplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cold Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cold Sores Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Genital Herpes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Herpes Alternative names: Genital Herpes, Cold Sores Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Herpes Simplex Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Herbs and Supplements Acyclovir Oral Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acyclovir Topical Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amino Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10003,00.html Antiviral Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arginine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arginine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10005,00.html Astragalus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Echinacea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,775,00.html Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Goldenseal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,791,00.html Lemon Balm Alternative names: Melissa officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lysine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Lysine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lysine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,862,00.html Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melissa Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Valacyclovir Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GENITAL HERPES Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to genital herpes. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “genital herpes” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on genital herpes, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Genital Herpes ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to genital herpes. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Attributional Self-presentation: the Disclosure of Genital Herpes by Larson, Joyce A., PhD from University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center, 1986, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8627810

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Health Locus of Control and Level of Anger Response to a Clinical Diagnosis of Genital Herpes in a Selected Sample of Women by Knowlton, Kathryn Calhoun, PhD from the University of Alabama, 1984, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8423492

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The Relationship of Genital Herpes and Life Stress As Moderated by Locus of Control and Social Support by Watson, David Bowman, PhD from University of Southern California, 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2688901

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GENITAL HERPES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning genital herpes.

Recent Trials on Genital Herpes The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to genital herpes.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

A Study of Valacyclovir as Treatment for Genital Herpes Simplex Virus in HIVInfected Patients Condition(s): Herpes Simplex; HIV Infections; Herpes Genitalis Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Glaxo WellcoMen Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if valacyclovir (Valtrex) is a safe and effective treatment for ano-genital HSV infections (herpes simplex virus infections of the anus and external genitals) in HIV-infected patients. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005663

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HIV and Genital Herpes Among High-Risk Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) in Lima, Peru Condition(s): HIV Infections; Herpes Genitalis; HIV Seronegativity; Syphilis Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to provide biomedical and behavioral information that is necessary for planning and starting HIV prevention trials in Lima, Peru. The occurrence of HIV is high among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Lima, Peru, and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HSV-2 (genital herpes) are very prevalent in HIV-positive and -negative MSM there. Methods to reduce both HIV and STDs are urgently needed among MSM in Peru. The information gained from this study is very important for future HIV prevention and vaccine trials that will take place in Peru. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00023582 •

A Comparative Trial of Valacyclovir Hydrochloride ( 256U87 ) and Acyclovir for the Suppression of Anogenital Herpes Infections in HIV-Infected Patients Condition(s): Herpes Simplex; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Glaxo WellcoMen Purpose - Excerpt: To determine the safety and efficacy of oral valacyclovir hydrochloride ( 256U87 ) compared to acyclovir in the treatment of recurrent anogenital herpes in HIV-infected patients with CD4 counts = or > 100 cells/mm3. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002084

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A Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Valacyclovir Hydrochloride ( 256U87 ) Versus Acyclovir in the Treatment of Recurrent Anogenital Herpes Infections in HIV Infected Patients Condition(s): Herpes Simplex; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Glaxo WellcoMen Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral valacyclovir hydrochloride (256U87) vs. acyclovir in the treatment of recurrent anogenital herpes in HIV-infected patients (CD4 greater than or equal to 100). Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002000

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The Effect of Valacyclovir on the Detection of HIV from Genital Herpes Lesions in HIV-Infected Patients Condition(s): Herpes Simplex; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Glaxo WellcoMen

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Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if valacyclovir affects the detection of HIV in genital herpes lesions in HIV-infected patients. Valacyclovir is used to treat recurrent genital herpes. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002404 •

Treating Genital Herpes to Decrease Risk of HIV Transmission Condition(s): HIV Infections; Herpes Genitalis Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will test whether treating genital herpes decreases the chances of a person getting HIV. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00068965

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “genital herpes” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON GENITAL HERPES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to genital herpes. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on genital herpes include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on genital herpes: •

New Pathways to Health: Lessons for Teaching About AIDS and Other STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) - Senior High School Contact: Los Angeles Unified School District, Office of Health Education Programs, 1320 W Third St Rm 34, Los Angeles, CA, 90012, (213) 625-6411. Summary: This AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) instructional guide for teachers of senior high schools provides a framework for AIDS and STD instruction. It is structured to provide students with the facts and critical-thinking skills that will enable them to make informed decisions that will reduce their chances of

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contracting an STD. It is comprised of 8 lesson plans which constitute teaching objectives, materials, procedures, content, and activities. The lesson plans include information on STD's, the body's defenses against disease, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, genital herpes, reducing the risks of STD's, STD's and the law, and communicating about AIDS and other STD's. Worksheets, factsheets, and a resource list are included. •

Social Diseases Source: The Serious Sides of Sex. Contact: Nevbet Company, 2843 Brownsboro Rd, Louisville, KY, 40206, (502) 897-1664. Summary: This book chapter discusses a dozen Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), including Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chancroid, chlamydia, gonorrhea, nonspecific urethritis, syphilis, vaginitis, genital herpes, genital warts, Hepatitis B, pubic lice, and scabies. Symptoms, treatment, diagnosis, and consequences for sexual partners are covered for each. The chapter also looks at public health, education, and ethical, legal, medical and psychological issues involved in STD transmission.

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Reasonable Reasons to Wait: Family Life and Character Formation; Student Handbook Contact: An Educated Choice, Inc., Teen Choice, 6201 Leesburg Pike Ste 404, Falls Church, VA, 22044, (703) 532-9455. Summary: This guide is the student handbook of an eight unit sexual abstinence and human sexuality curriculum for high school students. The curriculum covers human development, peer pressure, premarital sex, chemical use and abuse, and the freedom associated with sexual self-control and regaining that self-control. The first unit contains exercises and information that support the decision to remain abstinence until marriage. Unit Two reviews the impact that peer pressure and the need for acceptance often has on the adolescent's sexual behavior. The third unit covers the purpose and responsibilities of dating and the benefits of establishing long lasting relationships. Unit four discusses the facts about common sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, chlamydia, syphilis, genital herpes, and gonorrhea. Unit five emphasizes the importance of building a solid foundation to marriage relationship. The sixth unit covers the elements and purpose of marriage. Unit seven presents the prerequisites for parenting, and the eighth unit contains the basics of human development.

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Abstinence: Making Responsible Decisions Contact: Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, Glencoe Division, 936 Eastwind Drive, Westerville, OH, 43081. Summary: This study guide covers teen sexuality and promotes sexual abstinence in the prevention of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It discusses making good decisions; various aspects of dating and relationship building; the physical, emotional, and social consequences of having sex as an adolescent; and the transmission, symptoms, possible long-term effects, and treatment of STDs including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, vaginitis, the human papillomavirus (HPV), parasitic infections, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Books

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On Postponing Sex Contact: Channing L. Bete Company Incorporated, 200 State Rd, South Deerfield, MA, 01373-0200, (800) 477-4776, http://www.channing-bete.com. Summary: This study guide, for adolescents and educators, promotes sexual abstinence to prevent adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It discusses sex and the consequence of practicing sex at an early age; how to deal with social and peer pressure and the media; and how to create strong, health relationships. The study guide describes the symptoms and treatment options for several STDs including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), genital herpes, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

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Sexually - Transmitted Diseases Contact: Daniel Memorial Institute, Incorporated, 3725 Belfort Rd, Jacksonville, FL, 32216, (904) 448-7612. Summary: This teaching guide enables trainers to teach foster parents about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) as they may affect the children that they will care for. The first section starts off by looking at long-term effects and general symptoms of STDs. It then provides specific symptoms, long-term effects, and treatment for a number of common STDs, including: chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, vaginitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, crab lice, Hepatitis, and gastrointestinal STDs. The second section teaches caregivers how to recognize those members of the foster-care population who are at risk for STDs; that group includes infants, abused children, and sexually active youth. The third section gives guidance on dealing with STD-infected children. This section presents detailed information on AIDS, including symptoms; routes of transmission; prevention, such as condom use; and talking with children about AIDS. Myths of casual contact transmission are dispelled.

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Choices for Wellness: Abstinence A Positive Choice: Teacher's Guide Contact: Health Edco, Division of WRS Group, Inc., PO Box 21207, Waco, TX, 767021207, (254) 776-6461. Summary: This teaching guide, for educators, outlines a curriculum for sexual abstinence-based sex education. The guide discusses sexual abstinence and its advantages over sex. It identifies several sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including the human papillomavirus (HPV), genital herpes, hepatitis B, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and their symptoms. It describes the negative consequences of adolescent sexual activity including pregnancy and STD transmission, and discusses the challenges faced by teen parents, how to build true intimacy, how to know the difference between love and infatuation, and how to make decisions about relationships. The guide helps educators identify the social influences that affect adolescents' decisions regarding sexual activity.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical

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books. When searching for “genital herpes” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “genital herpes” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “genital herpes” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Clinician's Manual on Genital Herpes by A.H. Cunningham (Editor); ISBN: 1858731267; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1858731267/icongroupinterna

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Genital Herpes by H. Hunter Handsfield, et al; ISBN: 0071379711; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071379711/icongroupinterna

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Genital Herpes by Yehudi M. Felman, et al; ISBN: 089278153X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089278153X/icongroupinterna

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Genital herpes (SuDoc HE 20.3252:SE 9/3/992/GENITAL) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010CTTE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010CTTE/icongroupinterna

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Genital Herpes: What It Is and What to Do About It by Ros Asquith (Illustrator); ISBN: 1854484842; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854484842/icongroupinterna

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How to Protect Your Child from Genital Herpes by W. James Ellison; ISBN: 0317189131; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0317189131/icongroupinterna

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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Genital Herpes: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 059783296X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/059783296X/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Genital Herpes (Women's Health Care) by Gilles R. Monif, Gilles R. G. Monid; ISBN: 1880906384; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880906384/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:9

9

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

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Management of oral and genital herpes simplex virus infections: diagnosis and treatment Author: Pazin, George J.; Year: 1986; Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, c1986

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Optimizing the management of genital herpes Author: Whitley, Richard J.; Year: 2000; London; Lake Forest, IL: Royal Society of Medicine Press, c2000; ISBN: 1853154318

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Treatment of genital herpes and genital warts Author: Holmes, K.; Year: 1993; 1993

Chapters on Genital Herpes In order to find chapters that specifically relate to genital herpes, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and genital herpes using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON GENITAL HERPES Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on genital herpes. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on genital herpes is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “genital herpes” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on genital herpes: •

Genital Herpes: A Lifetime Foe Contact: NIMCO, PO Box 9, Calhoun, KY, 42327-0009, (502) 273-5050. Summary: This video provides information about the sexually transmitted disease (STD), genital herpes. The video discusses genital herpes and its transmission, possible long-term effects if left untreated, prevention, and treatment.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option

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“Sound Recordings.” Type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on genital herpes: •

Herpesvirus Infection in the Immunocompromised Host: 15th National Lesbian & Gay Health Conference & 11th Annual AIDS/HIV Forum; Houston, TX, July 20-25, 1993 Contact: Encore Cassettes, PO Box 231340, San Diego, CA, 92194, (619) 596-8402. Summary: This sound recording contains a presentation on the family of herpes viruses, their manifestations, and available treatments. It informs the listener that some of the herpes viruses may be cofactors in the progression of HIV disease. While the primary infection is the most severe, reactivations can occur; the mechanism of reactivation is not understood although stress is thought to be a factor. The family of viruses consists of: Herpes simplex I (oral herpes); herpes simplex II (genital herpes); varicella (chicken pox and shingles); Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis and hairy leukoplakia); herpes VI (believed to be cofactor of HIV); and herpes VII (recently discovered, role unknown). Each type of virus is briefly discussed, both singly and in combination, in both immunocompromised and control hosts. The presentation emphasizes the seriousness of disseminated herpes virus infection.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Genital Herpes The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in genital herpes (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on genital herpes: •

Clinical aspects of genital herpes [videorecording] Source: Department of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine; Year: 1979; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta: Emory Medical Television Network: [for loan or sale by A. W. Calhoun Medical Library], 1979

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Genital herpes [slide]. Year: 1989; Format: Slide; New York, N.Y.: Gower Medical Pub., c1989

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Genital herpes [videorecording]: are infections forever? Source: by Mary A. Guinan; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: Emory University, c1986

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Genital herpes and its treatment [videorecording]: science and art in medicine Source: UCLA, Office of Instructional Development; Year: 1981; Format: Videorecording; [Berkeley, Calif.]: Regents of the University of California, 1981

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Genital herpes simplex infection [slide]: current understanding, diagnosis, and treatment Source: W. Lawrence Drew; Year: 1985; Format: Slide; Garden Grove, Calif.: Medcom, c1985

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Jennifer, a revealing story about genital herpes [motion picture] Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Audiovisual Branch, Division of Public Information, Office of Communications, NIH, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Se; Year: 1982; Format: Motion picture; [Bethesda, Md.]: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, [1982]

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Jennifer, a revealing story about genital herpes [videorecording] Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Audiovisual Branch, Division of Public Information, Office of Communications, NIH, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Se; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; [Bethesda, Md.]: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, [1982]

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Rapid identification of genital herpesvirus [slide] Source: Centers for Disease Control, Laboratory Improvement Program Office, Laboratory Training and Consultation Division; Year: 1981; Format: Slide; [Atlanta, Ga.]: The Center, [1981]

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The simplex complex [videorecording]: managing patients with genital herpes. Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; New York: Network for Continuing Medical Education, 1983

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Women and herpes [videorecording]: genital herpes Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; U.S Public Health Service's Office on Women's Health; Information Television Network, Inc; Year: 1997; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1997

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GENITAL HERPES Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover genital herpes.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on genital herpes is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to genital herpes. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “genital herpes” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for genital herpes: •

HSV-1 may be dominant cause of genital herpes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 05, 2003

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Some types of genital herpes don't often recur Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 13, 2003

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Non-ulcerative genital herpes virus shedding may increase HIV-1 transmission Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 01, 2003

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Vaccine protects women against genital herpes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 20, 2002

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Glycoprotein D vaccine effective against genital herpes in some wome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 20, 2002

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Glaxo genital herpes vaccine effective in treating certain wome Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 20, 2002

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Genital herpes may increase cervical cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 05, 2002

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Genital herpes infection could skyrocket Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 01, 2002

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Genital herpes due to HSV-1 increasing in UK, risk tied to adolescent sex Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 07, 2002

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Many seem unconcerned about genital herpes: survey Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 27, 2002

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Avanir gets SBIR grant to develop genital herpes treatment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 20, 2002

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Automated PCR testing recommended for routine genital herpes detection, typing Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 15, 2002

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Xenova genital herpes therapy fails; Glaxo deal scrapped Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 10, 2001

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Condoms cut women's risk of genital herpes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 26, 2001

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Infection from genital herpes virus soars in US Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 23, 2001

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FDA approves human trials of Antigenics' genital herpes candidate Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 05, 2001

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First successful genital herpes vaccine candidate is gender-specific Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 19, 2000

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Zonagen to develop Viragen's Omniferon as topical gel for genital herpes Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 30, 2000

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Glaxo to drop Cantab's genital herpes vaccine program Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 21, 2000

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HSV-1 infection accounts for unexpectedly high proportion of genital herpes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 30, 2000

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Many adults are unaware of genital herpes risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 28, 2000

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Many high-risk individuals unaware of genital herpes risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 27, 2000

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Antiviral treatment improves quality of life of patients with recurring genital herpes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 22, 2000

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Lasting stress, anxiety linked to repeat episodes of genital herpes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 15, 1999

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Recurrent genital herpes linked to persistent stress Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 11, 1999

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"Cold sore" virus can also cause genital herpes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 04, 1999

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Genital herpes outbreaks may decrease over time Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 06, 1999

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Vaginal gel prevents genital herpes in mouse model Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 05, 1999

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Double-mutant HSV vaccine protects animals against genital herpes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 11, 1999

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Asymptomatic shedding explains rising incidence of genital herpes infection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 22, 1998

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Cidofovir gel hastens cessation of viral shedding in cases of early recurrent genital herpes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 16, 1998

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Once-daily valaciclovir effective against frequently recurring genital herpes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 27, 1998

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Shorter course of valacyclovir effective for recurrent genital herpes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 27, 1998

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Long-term famciclovir for recurrent genital herpes does not adversely affect sperm quality Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 25, 1998

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Clinical Trial Of Famciclovir For Genital Herpes Begins Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 16, 1998

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Quidel To Produce Genital Herpes Tests For Glaxo Wellcome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 07, 1997

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Glaxo Wellcome's Valtrex Cleared By FDA For Recurrent Genital Herpes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 01, 1997

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FDA Approves SmithKline's Famciclovir For Recurrent Genital Herpes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 18, 1997

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Valaciclovir As Effective As Acyclovir For Genital Herpes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 15, 1997

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SKB Testing Famciclovir For Prevention Of Genital Herpes Recurrence Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 09, 1997

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Glaxo Wellcome Licenses Cantab's Genital Herpes Vaccine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 19, 1997

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Oral Famciclovir Suppresses Recurrent Genital Herpes In Wome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 11, 1997

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Drug Prevents Genital Herpes Outbreaks Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 11, 1997

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Experimental Genital Herpes Vaccine Reduces Symptom Duration Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 18, 1996

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Oral Famciclovir Reduces Symptoms Of Genital Herpes Lesions Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 04, 1996

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New Therapy For Recurrent Genital Herpes Cleared By FDA Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 20, 1995

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Famciclovir Efficacious For Patients With Genital Herpes; Misoprostol Reduces NSAID-Induced GI Complications Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 21, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “genital herpes” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to genital herpes, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “genital herpes” (or synonyms).

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Academic Periodicals covering Genital Herpes Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to genital herpes. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering genital herpes that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for genital herpes. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with genital herpes. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to genital herpes: Acyclovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zovirax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202008.html

Famciclovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Famvir http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202723.html

Valacyclovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Valtrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202790.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “genital herpes” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

What You Need to Know About Sexually Transmitted Diseases, HIV Disease, and AIDS Contact: GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, (888) 8255249, http://corp.gsk.com/. Summary: This information packet contains booklets and fact sheets regarding sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) as well as hard copies of on-line fact sheets available on the world wide web. The materials explains the risk factors, health consequences, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of STDs. This is followed by an alphabetical listing of common STD, beginning with chlamydia and concluding with trichomoniasis. This listing provides brief explanations on how the disease is transmitted, who is at risk, what the symptoms look like, how to get tested, current treatment, and the consequences of leaving the disease untreated. This listing is followed by comprehensive fact sheets on chancroid, genital herpes (women), genital herpes (men), gonorrhea, pediculosis (lice/crabs), and an STD risk assessment instrument.

•

Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Including HIV/AIDS Contact: Victoria Health Department, Health & Community Services, AIDS/STD Unit, GPO Box 4057, Melbourne, (011) 616-7777. Summary: This manual discusses treatment guidelines for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including HIV/AIDS. It advises that clinical management of patients with STD begin with an accurate diagnosis based on proper history taking, examination, and investigation of possible STD. It stresses partner notification as essential to the managment of STDs. The booklet describes possible causes, basic investigations, and treatments for common clinical problems such as vaginal and urethral discharge, genital ulceration, pelvic inflammatory disease, and viral hepatitis. It identifies treatments for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and genital herpes, as well as for other specific infections, including HIV/AIDS.

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•

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A Curriculum for the Church: AIDS Contact: Episcopal Diocese of Southern Ohio, AIDS Task Force, 412 Sycamore, Cincinnati, OH, 45202, (513) 421-0311. Stephen R. Sroka, Incorporated, 1284 Manor Park, Lakewood, OH, 44107, (216) 521-1766. Summary: This manual for educators is based on the text of Educator's Guide to AIDS and other STD's. It includes sections on Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, hepatitis, non-gonococcal urethritis, public lice, syphilis, and vaginitis). It is a classroom-ready, activity-oriented, behavioral approach. Its objectives are to help teachers describe the communicable disease chain of infection concept, identify basic STD information and attitudes needed to break the chain of infection, plan actions for persons with STD's, and analyze and practice strategies to prevent STD's and drug use. Such strategies include abstinence and responsible sexual behavior. The guide includes activity worksheets to use as reproduction masters or with the overhead projector, provides pre- and post-tests, includes suggested organization plans, and provides student activities, such as visiting a STD clinic and practicing saying no skills. AIDS materials are included, such as a reprint of the Surgeon General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, an AIDS story and worksheet, and a true-false test on myths and facts about AIDS.

•

Testing Positive: Sexually Transmitted Disease and the Public Health Response Contact: Alan Guttmacher Institute, New York Office, 120 Wall St, New York, NY, 10005, (800) 765-7514, http://www.agi-usa.org. Summary: This report examines the dimensions of the problem of STD's in the United States, and discusses the Federal program charged with combating their spread. The report recommends that Congress and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reexamine and redirect national STD program strategies, priorities, and funding to make the programs more effective. It also urges policymakers and leaders to acknowledge sexual behaviors and encourage protective behaviors. A chart describing certain STD's is included. These STD's include chlamydia, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, human papillomavirus, genital herpes, hepatitis B, and HIV.

•

Boston Teen Health Report Contact: Boston Public Health Commission, Childrens AIDS Program, 253 River St, Mattapan, MA, 02126, (617) 534-2050, http://www.tiac.net/users/bdph/index.htm. Summary: This report is designed to present health information to the Boston adolescent community with the goal of ensuring that Boston teens have the information they need to remain healthy and safe. Topics include demographics, pregnancy, injury, violence, substance use, communicable diseases (e.g., hepatitis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, syphilis), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and HIV/AIDS prevention. The report provides contact information for Boston community resources.

•

AIDS - Related Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 31 Center Dr MSC 2520, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2520, (301) 496-5717, http://www.niaid.nih.gov.

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Summary: This report looks at herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection associated with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Longstanding HSV infection is considered one of the first symptoms of AIDS, but even on persons with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the sores remained localized. Herpes lesions or sores are caused by two types of viruses; Type 1 causes oral herpes, also known as fever blisters or cold sores, while Type 2 causes genital herpes. In Persons with AIDS (PWA's), strains of herpes that resist treatment are becoming more and more common. Traditionally, acyclovir by mouth or intravenously is used both as a treatment and as a preventive therapy. Even in persons with healthy immune systems, some strains of herpes resist treatment, but that can usually be overcome with higher doses of medicine. However, some HIV-infected persons have herpes lesions that resist even the highest dosage. Foscarnet has shown some success in treating herpes, and presently, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has one clinical trial ongoing which involves it.

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3175 98 390 129 0 3792

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

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AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “genital herpes” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

17 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 18 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 19

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on genital herpes can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to genital herpes. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to genital herpes. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “genital herpes”:

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•

Other guides Herpes Simplex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herpessimplex.html HPV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hpv.html Infections and Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectionsandpregnancy.html Male Genital Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malegenitaldisorders.html Reproductive Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/reproductivehealth.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html Shingles http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shinglesherpeszoster.html Viral Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to genital herpes, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Genital Herpes: A Hidden Epidemic Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/202_herp.html Herpes: Get the Facts Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/hrc/educate.html

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Tests to Diagnose Herpes Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/hrc/hrctest.html

•

Treatment Treatment and Therapy Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/hrc/hrctreatment.html

•

Coping When to Tell a Partner Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/hrc/hrcwhentell.html

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Why Tell a Partner? Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/hrc/hrcwhytell.html •

Specific Conditions/Aspects Cold Sore Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00358

•

Children Coping with Cold Sores Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/aches/cold_sores.html Herpes Simplex Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/herpes.html

•

Men Herpes during Pregnancy -- What It Means, What to Expect Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/760.html

•

Organizations American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/ National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/dstdp.html National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Especially AIDS Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/oashi/aids/condom.html Condoms: Protect Yourself Against STDs and Unwanted Pregnancy Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00463 FDA Updates Labeling of Valtrex Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANS01250.html

128 Genital Herpes

New CDC Treatment Guidelines Critical to Preventing Health Consequences of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/fs020509.htm Right Way to Use a Condom Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/condom_a.html •

Teenagers Genital Herpes (HSV-2) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/stds/std_herpes.html

•

Women Herpes during Pregnancy -- What It Means, What to Expect Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/760.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on genital herpes. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Genital Herpes : What You Need to Know Contact: Education Programs Associates, Health Education Resource Center, 1 W Campbell Ave Ste 45, Campbell, CA, 95008, (408) 374-3720, http://www.cfhc.org. Summary: This brochure provides information about the herpes simplex virus, a sexually transmitted disease, for individuals with herpes. The brochure discusses symptoms, methods of transmission, treatment, and prevention. The brochure informs women that herpes can be transmitted to their children during birth and that they should inform their physicians if they have herpes.

Patient Resources

•

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Genital Herpes Contact: Washington State Department of Health Office of STD Services, PO Box 47842, Olympia, WA, 98504-7842, http://www.doh.wa.gov/cfh/STD/default.htm. Summary: This brochure, written for the general public, presents information about genital herpes. Herpes is an infection caused by a virus that is generally spread through sexual contact to the mouth and genitals. Any skin-to-skin contact can spread herpes from an infected person to an uninfected person, particularly during sexual contact if blisters or sores are present. Symptoms usually appear between two and twenty-one days from initial infection and consist of flu-like symptoms and small fluid-filled sores that may itch, burn, or are very painful. A recurrence is when the virus flares up and becomes active again after its initial outbreak. This may happen up to six times a year. Pregnant women with herpes can pass the infection to their infants. There is no cure for herpes as of the time of this writing. Individuals can help to reduce the length of a recurrence of outbreaks by keeping the area clean and dry, not touching the sores, washing their hand immediately after touching the sores, and avoiding sex until all the sores are healed. Herpes can also be dangerous in that it makes it easier for infected individuals to contract the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Individuals can help to prevent herpes by abstaining from sex, avoiding substance abuse before having sex, avoiding injection drug use, learning more about STDs in general, limiting their sex partners, talking with their partners about safer sex with condoms, and engaging in safer sex with condoms.

•

Genital Herpes (HSV) Contact: Multicultural Health Communication Service, GPO Box 1614, Sydney, http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/health-public-affairs/mhcs. Summary: This pamphlet discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD), herpes simplex virus (HSV), its transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention. It describes the effect of HSV on the body and on pregnancies. The pamphlet also explains why recurrent episodes occur and how often, what to do during a herpes recurrence, and how to reduce the number of occurrences. It illustrates proper use of a condom and provides information on sexual health services in Australia.

•

What You Should Know About Genital Herpes Contact: Texas Department of Health Warehouse, Attn: Literature and Forms, 1100 W 49th St, Austin, TX, 78756, (512) 458-7761. Summary: This pamphlet presents information on genital herpes in response to questions. The pamphlet explains that herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and that there are two types: HSV-1 and HSV-2. The latter usually causes genital herpes. The pamphlet explains the transmission of genital herpes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, whether herpes increases the risk of getting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and its effect on pregnancy and on the infected individual's personal life.

•

Gynecologic Problems: Genital Herpes Contact: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, PO Box 96920, Washington, DC, 20090-6920, (202) 638-5577, http://www.acog.com. Summary: This pamphlet reviews the transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of genital herpes. The complications that may be associated with genital herpes include

130 Genital Herpes

increased risk of cervical cancer and autoinoculation. Special precautions for women with genital herpes may be needed during pregnancy and delivery. The pamphlet provides suggestions for avoiding the recurrence of herpes, prevention, and maintaining a positive outlook. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “genital herpes” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

2002 national guideline for the management of genital herpes Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3035&nbr=2261&a mp;string=genital+AND+herpes Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Genital Herpes Summary: Genital herpes is usually spread through sexual contact with someone who has herpes sores in the genital area, but it can also be transmitted by a person who is infected but has no noticeable symptoms Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=102

•

Genital Herpes: The Facts Source: International Herpes Alliance http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5941

•

Herpes Resources Summary: Materials written for people who have genital herpes that may also be of use to general practitioners and the public. Source: International Herpes Alliance http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5945

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to genital herpes. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to genital herpes. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with genital herpes. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about genital herpes. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

132 Genital Herpes

http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “genital herpes” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “genital herpes”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “genital herpes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “genital herpes” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

133

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

139

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GENITAL HERPES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the

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complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence,

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found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anogenital: Pertaining to the anus and external genitals. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are

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split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Avidin: A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with biotin to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency. [NIH] Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

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[NIH]

Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion.

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There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Caesarean section: A surgical incision through the abdominal and uterine walls in order to deliver a baby. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH]

Dictionary 147

Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic

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engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU]

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Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coreceptors: Invariant receptor of the helper T-cells. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cultured cell line: Cells of a single type that have been grown in the laboratory for several generations (cell divisions). [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources,

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including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis). [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH]

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Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Dross: Residue remaining in an opium pipe which has been smoked; contains 50 % of the morphine present in the original drug. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Ectoparasitic Infestations: Infestations by parasites which live on the outside of the body of the host. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH]

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Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH]

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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or

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plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flagellum: A whiplike appendage of a cell. It can function either as an organ of locomotion or as a device for moving the fluid surrounding the cell. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a

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aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in

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a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Helicobacter: A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. [NIH] Helicobacter pylori: A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gramnegative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from

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patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus Campylobacter, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the microorganism should be included in the genus Helicobacter. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhaging: A copious discharge of blood from the blood vessels. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Genitalis: Herpes simplex of the genitals. [NIH] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human Development: Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the individual's life. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1

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isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypnotherapy: Sleeping-cure. [NIH] Hypogammaglobulinemia: The most common primary immunodeficiency in which antibody production is deficient. [NIH] Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Factors: Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in

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the functioning of the immune system. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU]

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Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interferon-beta: One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoelectric Point: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide

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backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders.

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[NIH]

Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning,

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(2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbicide: Any substance (gels, creams, suppositories, etc.) that can reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mode of Transmission: Hepatitis A [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer

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detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]

Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to

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stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Office Management: Planning, organizing, and administering activities in an office. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palliative therapy: Treatment given to relieve symptoms caused by advanced cancer. Palliative therapy does not alter the course of a disease but improves the quality of life. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH]

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Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediculosis: Infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially infestation with Pediculus humanus. [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase

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"physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Povidone: A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander. [NIH] Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo

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transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propolis: Resinous substance obtained from beehives; contains many different substances which may have antimicrobial or antimycotic activity topically; its extracts are called propolis resin or balsam. Synonyms: bee bread; hive dross; bee glue. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudorabies: A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and

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treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH]

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Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribavirin: 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Safe Sex: Sex behavior that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH]

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Self-Help Groups: Organizations which provide an environment encouraging social interactions through group activities or individual relationships especially for the purpose of rehabilitating or supporting patients, individuals with common health problems, or the elderly. They include therapeutic social clubs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Education: Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction. [NIH] Sexual Abstinence: Refraining from sexual intercourse. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the

172 Genital Herpes

one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skin Manifestations: Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermicide: An agent that is destructive to spermatozoa. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH]

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Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptavidin: A 60kD extracellular protein of Streptomyces avidinii with four high-affinity biotin binding sites. Unlike AVIDIN, streptavidin has a near neutral isoelectric point and is free of carbohydrate side chains. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress

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activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]

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Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trichomonas: A genus of parasitic flagellate protozoans distinguished by the presence of four anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a trailing flagellum. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urea Breath Test: A test used to detect Helicobacter pylori infection. The test measures breath samples for urease, an enzyme H. pylori makes. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH]

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Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vaginosis: A condition caused by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e. g., Gardnerella vaginalis), resulting in vaginal irritation and discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the

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synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Virus Shedding: The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

179

INDEX A Abdominal, 19, 141, 146, 147, 165, 166 Abscess, 141, 156 Acceptor, 141, 165, 174 Acetylgalactosamine, 141, 156 Acetylglucosamine, 141, 156 Acidosis, 141, 150 Adaptation, 38, 141 Adhesions, 51, 141 Adjustment, 82, 141 Adjuvant, 82, 141 Adolescence, 10, 141 Adverse Effect, 141, 171 Aerosol, 69, 141, 167 Afferent, 19, 141 Affinity, 141, 172, 173 Agar, 142, 167 Albumin, 142, 144 Algorithms, 142, 145 Alimentary, 142, 160, 166 Alkaloid, 142, 146 Allergen, 142, 171 Alternative medicine, 111, 142 Amino Acid Sequence, 142, 143 Amino Acids, 89, 142, 145, 153, 166, 168, 171, 173, 175 Ammonia, 142, 175 Amnion, 142 Amniotic Fluid, 41, 142 Amplification, 36, 142 Anaerobic, 143, 176 Anaesthesia, 31, 39, 143, 159 Analog, 141, 143 Analogous, 6, 14, 143, 175 Anatomical, 143, 159 Animal model, 5, 6, 9, 18, 21, 24, 60, 143 Annealing, 143, 167 Anogenital, 82, 94, 143, 156 Antibacterial, 143, 172 Antibiotic, 143, 147, 153, 172 Antibodies, 6, 13, 19, 20, 46, 61, 143, 144, 158, 162, 163, 167, 171 Anticoagulant, 143, 168 Antigen, 15, 31, 142, 143, 144, 148, 150, 153, 157, 158, 159, 171 Antigen-presenting cell, 143, 150 Antimetabolite, 141, 143, 170

Antimicrobial, 9, 24, 29, 36, 39, 40, 50, 67, 85, 143, 168 Antimycotic, 143, 168 Antioxidant, 40, 76, 143 Antiproliferative, 144, 160 Antiseptic, 144, 167 Antiserum, 144 Anus, 93, 143, 144, 146, 160, 169 Anxiety, 19, 109, 144 Aponeurosis, 144, 155 Aqueous, 144 Arterial, 144, 168 Arteries, 144, 145, 149, 163 Aseptic, 32, 144, 165 Assay, 7, 12, 20, 25, 27, 36, 144, 158 Asymptomatic, 8, 16, 21, 42, 56, 63, 64, 77, 87, 109, 144, 156 Attenuated, 8, 144 Atypical, 46, 144, 159 Avidin, 35, 144 Avidity, 27, 36, 144 B Bacteria, 26, 143, 144, 147, 155, 156, 163, 171, 172, 176 Bacterial Infections, 144, 148 Bacterial Physiology, 141, 144 Bacteriophage, 144, 167 Bacterium, 26, 144, 156 Basal Ganglia, 144, 154 Base, 69, 99, 144, 160 Benign, 32, 144, 154, 177 Binding Sites, 145, 173 Bioavailability, 34, 75, 145 Biogenic Monoamines, 145, 162 Biological response modifier, 145, 160 Biological Transport, 145, 150 Biosynthesis, 145, 171 Biotechnology, 26, 28, 81, 100, 111, 119, 145 Biotin, 35, 76, 144, 145, 173 Bismuth, 4, 145 Bladder, 145, 165, 168, 175, 176 Blennorrhoea, 145, 156 Blood pressure, 145, 163, 172 Blood transfusion, 4, 145 Blood vessel, 145, 157, 173, 174, 176 Blood Volume, 145, 167 Body Fluids, 24, 145, 172

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Bone Marrow, 145, 158, 162, 164 Bowel, 145, 146, 150 Bowel Movement, 146, 150 Branch, 40, 74, 76, 104, 105, 137, 146, 155, 169, 172, 174 Breakdown, 146, 150, 155 C Caesarean section, 20, 31, 39, 146 Candidiasis, 5, 146 Candidosis, 146 Capsaicin, 27, 74, 75, 146 Carbohydrate, 146, 167, 173 Carcinogenic, 146, 168 Carcinogens, 146, 147 Carcinoma, 46, 146 Case report, 82, 146, 147 Case series, 146, 147 Cell Count, 29, 146 Cell Division, 144, 146, 149, 167 Cellulose, 75, 146, 154, 167 Central Nervous System, 147, 154, 162, 168 Cervical, 10, 88, 108, 130, 147 Cervix, 25, 31, 46, 147 Cesarean Section, 20, 147 Chancroid, 32, 98, 120, 121, 147 Chemokines, 7, 14, 147 Chemotherapy, 29, 31, 33, 39, 40, 50, 67, 85, 147 Chickenpox, 21, 147 Chlamydia, 4, 10, 24, 98, 99, 120, 121, 147, 156, 162 Cholera, 147, 171 Chromium, 14, 147 Chromosomal, 142, 147 Chronic, 4, 15, 19, 147, 151, 159, 173 CIS, 27, 75, 147 Clarithromycin, 4, 147 Clinical study, 36, 147 Clinical trial, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 24, 41, 70, 77, 93, 95, 119, 122, 147, 149, 168, 169 Cloning, 15, 145, 147 Cofactor, 13, 104, 148, 168, 174 Cognitive restructuring, 148, 173 Common Variable Immunodeficiency, 46, 148 Communicable disease, 23, 121, 148 Complement, 148, 155, 171 Complementary and alternative medicine, 81, 90, 148 Complementary medicine, 81, 148

Computational Biology, 119, 148 Conception, 148, 149, 154, 167 Condoms, 38, 108, 127, 129, 149 Congestion, 149, 153 Connective Tissue, 145, 149, 154, 162 Consciousness, 149, 150 Consultation, 12, 105, 149 Consumption, 149, 150 Contraceptive, 10, 149 Contraindications, ii, 149 Contralateral, 19, 149 Controlled study, 24, 149 Coreceptors, 11, 149 Cornea, 149, 177 Coronary, 149, 163 Coronary Thrombosis, 149, 163 Cultured cell line, 26, 149 Cultured cells, 22, 149 Curative, 149, 174 Cutaneous, 9, 32, 35, 40, 76, 84, 146, 149, 156, 170 Cysteine, 147, 149, 173 Cytokine, 14, 31, 38, 67, 149, 160 Cytomegalovirus, 57, 70, 149 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 57, 70, 149 Cytotoxic, 27, 28, 47, 146, 149 Cytotoxicity, 13, 18, 149 D Data Collection, 8, 149 Databases, Bibliographic, 119, 150 Deamination, 150, 175 Degenerative, 150, 157 Dementia, 31, 150 Denaturation, 150, 167 Dendrites, 150, 165 Dendritic, 15, 150 Dendritic cell, 15, 150 Depressive Disorder, 150, 161 Developing Countries, 22, 50, 150, 162 Diabetic Foot, 4, 150 Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 43, 150 Diagnostic procedure, 111, 150 Diffusion, 23, 145, 150, 159 Digestion, 142, 145, 150, 162, 166, 173 Digestive system, 96, 150, 164 Dihydrotestosterone, 151, 170 Dilatation, 151, 168 Diploid, 151, 167 Direct, iii, 34, 113, 151, 170 Disease Progression, 151, 176 Disease Transmission, 151, 177 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 151, 177

Index 181

Distal, 21, 151, 168 Domesticated, 151, 156 Dorsal, 151, 153 Dorsum, 151, 155 Drive, ii, vi, 4, 18, 23, 73, 98, 151 Dross, 151, 168 Drug Interactions, 114, 151 Drug Resistance, 4, 151 Drug Tolerance, 151 Dura mater, 151, 163, 165 E Ectoparasitic Infestations, 82, 151 Effector, 15, 148, 151 Effector cell, 15, 151 Efficacy, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26, 29, 33, 45, 58, 74, 81, 94, 152 Ejaculation, 152, 171 Electrolyte, 152, 172 Electrons, 144, 152, 160, 165 Embryo, 142, 152, 159, 167, 173 Embryo Transfer, 152, 168 Empiric, 23, 152 Empirical, 23, 152 Encapsulated, 152, 161 Encephalitis, 10, 152 Encephalitis, Viral, 152 Endocarditis, 146, 152, 156 Endocrine System, 152, 164 Endoscopy, 4, 152 Environmental Health, 118, 120, 152 Enzymatic, 145, 148, 152, 167 Enzyme, 76, 151, 152, 153, 157, 166, 167, 170, 173, 174, 175, 177 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 76, 153 Epidemic, 15, 26, 27, 34, 45, 62, 65, 126, 153 Epidemiological, 13, 18, 153 Epidermal, 153, 161, 177 Epidermis, 153, 160, 161, 168 Epithelial, 13, 25, 145, 153, 157 Epithelial Cells, 13, 25, 153, 157 Epithelium, 15, 153, 155, 165, 177 Epitope, 15, 153 Erythema, 30, 56, 153, 176 Erythema Multiforme, 56, 153 Erythrocytes, 145, 153, 171 Erythromycin, 147, 153 Escalation, 26, 153 Esophagus, 150, 153, 173 Estrogen, 10, 153 Ether, 13, 17, 153

Excipient, 75, 153 Exogenous, 35, 153 Expander, 153, 167 Extracellular, 149, 154, 172, 173 F Family Planning, 119, 154 Fat, 145, 154, 161, 174 Fatty acids, 142, 150, 154 Fertilization in Vitro, 154, 168 Fetus, 147, 154, 173, 176 Fibroblasts, 154, 160 Fixation, 154, 171 Flagellum, 154, 175 Foot Ulcer, 150, 154 Fungus, 146, 154 G Gallbladder, 141, 150, 154 Ganglia, 5, 15, 21, 25, 154, 164 Ganglion, 24, 154, 177 Gangrenous, 155, 171 Gas, 142, 150, 155, 157 Gastric, 155, 156, 166 Gastric Juices, 155, 166 Gastric Mucosa, 155, 166 Gastrin, 155, 157 Gastritis, 155, 157 Gastrointestinal, 12, 99, 155 Gels, 155, 163 Gene, 8, 17, 63, 100, 145, 155 Gene Expression, 17, 155 General practitioner, 45, 130, 155 Genetic Engineering, 145, 148, 155 Genetic testing, 155, 167 Genitourinary, 30, 40, 44, 51, 53, 54, 60, 61, 62, 65, 70, 75, 76, 85, 130, 155, 176 Gestation, 155, 166, 173 Glucose, 66, 146, 147, 155, 160 Glycine, 155, 171 Glycogen, 147, 155 Glycoprotein, 5, 14, 16, 17, 22, 27, 37, 45, 48, 63, 108, 155, 174 Glycosaminoglycans, 11, 14, 155 Gonorrhea, 4, 10, 23, 98, 99, 120, 121, 156 Gonorrhoea, 58, 156 Governing Board, 156, 167 Graft, 156, 157, 159 Graft Rejection, 156, 159 Gram-negative, 147, 156 Granuloma, 156, 162 Granuloma Inguinale, 156, 162 Growth, 22, 25, 141, 143, 144, 145, 150, 156, 157, 160, 164, 165, 167, 175

182 Genital Herpes

Guinea Pigs, 27, 48, 56, 66, 75, 77, 86, 156 H Haploid, 156, 167 Health Behavior, 74, 156 Health Services, 129, 156 Health Status, 156 Helicobacter, 4, 156, 175 Helicobacter pylori, 4, 156, 175 Hemorrhage, 157, 173 Hemorrhaging, 4, 157 Hepatic, 42, 142, 157 Hepatitis, 4, 5, 98, 99, 121, 157, 159, 163, 176 Hepatocytes, 157 Heredity, 155, 157 Herpes Genitalis, 27, 75, 76, 82, 83, 93, 95, 157 Herpes virus, 25, 33, 46, 66, 86, 104, 108, 157 Herpes Zoster, 70, 77, 78, 157 Homologous, 157, 164, 171 Hormonal, 10, 157 Hormone, 7, 155, 157, 160, 162, 174 Horseradish Peroxidase, 153, 157 Host, 15, 16, 26, 104, 144, 146, 151, 157, 158, 159, 176 Human Development, 98, 118, 157 Human papillomavirus, 5, 36, 65, 98, 99, 121, 157 Humoral, 6, 48, 156, 157 Humour, 157 Hybrid, 11, 157 Hydrogen, 141, 144, 146, 150, 157, 163, 165 Hydrophilic, 47, 158 Hyperalgesia, 19, 158 Hypersensitivity, 142, 158, 171 Hypnotherapy, 48, 84, 158 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 148, 158 Hysterotomy, 147, 158 I Id, 78, 87, 127, 130, 131, 136, 138, 158 Imidazole, 145, 158 Immune function, 86, 158 Immune response, 14, 15, 21, 24, 31, 46, 48, 141, 143, 156, 158, 159, 171, 176 Immune Sera, 158 Immune system, 13, 15, 21, 122, 143, 151, 158, 159, 162, 164, 176, 177 Immunity, 5, 10, 15, 16, 21, 24, 27, 77, 158, 175 Immunization, 6, 16, 27, 48, 56, 74, 158, 159, 171

Immunoassay, 153, 158 Immunocompromised, 25, 104, 158 Immunodeficiency, 4, 5, 13, 17, 29, 30, 66, 70, 98, 99, 121, 122, 129, 148, 158 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 98, 122, 148, 158 Immunofluorescence, 34, 158 Immunoglobulin, 27, 36, 143, 158, 163 Immunologic, 5, 7, 12, 13, 158 Immunologic Factors, 13, 158 Immunology, 10, 32, 36, 37, 46, 52, 61, 62, 82, 141, 142, 157, 159 Immunosuppressive, 159 Immunosuppressive therapy, 159 Immunotherapy, 14, 48, 159 Impairment, 8, 159, 163 In vitro, 8, 9, 13, 24, 25, 49, 152, 159, 167, 171, 174 In vivo, 13, 15, 16, 17, 24, 25, 26, 28, 159 Incision, 146, 158, 159, 160 Incubation, 36, 159 Incubation period, 36, 159 Indicative, 100, 159, 176 Induction, 15, 50, 62, 159 Infarction, 149, 159, 163 Infectious Mononucleosis, 159, 164 Infestation, 159, 166 Infiltration, 159, 177 Inflammation, 142, 152, 154, 155, 157, 159, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 170, 175, 176 Inguinal, 159, 162 Inhalation, 141, 160 Inoculum, 16, 160 Insight, 18, 160 Insulin, 150, 160, 161 Interferon, 27, 31, 38, 47, 50, 52, 77, 160 Interferon-alpha, 47, 160 Interferon-beta, 38, 160 Intestinal, 50, 156, 160, 177 Intestines, 141, 155, 160 Intracellular, 14, 15, 22, 156, 159, 160, 162, 176 Intracellular Membranes, 160, 162 Invasive, 158, 160 Iodine, 160, 167 Ions, 144, 152, 157, 160, 163 Isoelectric, 160, 173 Isoelectric Point, 160, 173 K Kb, 118, 160 Keratin, 160, 161 Keratinocytes, 25, 161

Index 183

Ketone Bodies, 150, 161 Ketosis, 150, 161 Kinetics, 25, 51, 161 L Large Intestine, 150, 160, 161, 169, 172 Latency, 5, 15, 16, 21, 25, 28, 63, 161 Latent, 5, 16, 21, 27, 28, 161 Lectin, 161, 162 Lesion, 154, 156, 161, 162, 171, 175 Leukocytes, 145, 147, 160, 161, 164 Leukoplakia, 104, 161 Library Services, 136, 161 Lice, 98, 99, 120, 121, 161, 166 Ligands, 16, 161 Linkages, 156, 161, 166 Liposomal, 77, 161 Lithium, 52, 77, 161, 162 Lithium Carbonate, 77, 162 Liver, 141, 142, 145, 149, 150, 154, 155, 157, 162, 175 Localization, 17, 162 Localized, 122, 141, 147, 152, 154, 159, 162, 167, 175, 176 Locomotion, 154, 162, 167 Longitudinal Studies, 10, 162 Lymph, 147, 157, 159, 162 Lymph node, 147, 162 Lymphatic, 159, 162, 173, 174 Lymphocyte, 7, 27, 28, 47, 143, 162 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 32, 156, 162 Lymphoid, 6, 7, 21, 143, 162 Lytic, 162, 171 M Mammary, 46, 162 Manic, 161, 162 Mastitis, 162, 171 Mediate, 11, 162 MEDLINE, 119, 162 Membrane, 21, 142, 148, 153, 156, 162, 164, 167, 170, 175 Membrane Proteins, 22, 162 Memory, 21, 150, 162 Meninges, 147, 151, 163 Meningitis, 32, 68, 156, 163 Mental Disorders, 96, 163, 169 Mental Health, iv, 5, 96, 118, 123, 163, 169 Methionine, 163, 173 MI, 139, 163 Microbe, 163, 175 Microbicide, 6, 9, 24, 25, 75, 163

Microbiology, 10, 34, 35, 36, 46, 61, 76, 141, 144, 163 Microorganism, 148, 163, 166, 177 Micro-organism, 157, 163, 171 Microscopy, 21, 157, 163 Mode of Transmission, 4, 163 Modification, 26, 56, 155, 163, 169 Molecular, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 47, 75, 119, 123, 143, 145, 148, 153, 163, 167, 175 Molecular Structure, 163, 175 Molecule, 7, 9, 143, 144, 145, 148, 151, 153, 161, 163, 165, 169 Monitor, 163, 165 Monoclonal, 5, 6, 61, 81, 163 Monoclonal antibodies, 61, 163 Monocytes, 161, 164 Mononuclear, 156, 159, 164 Mononucleosis, 104, 164 Mucinous, 155, 164 Mucosa, 5, 16, 21, 155, 164 Mucositis, 164, 174 Multivalent, 144, 164 Myocardium, 163, 164 N Naive, 5, 164 NCI, 1, 95, 117, 147, 164 Necrosis, 159, 163, 164 Need, 3, 8, 9, 16, 18, 36, 84, 97, 98, 101, 103, 120, 121, 128, 132, 155, 164 Neonatal, 8, 16, 20, 56, 63, 68, 156, 164 Neoplasia, 43, 164 Nerve, 150, 154, 164, 165, 173, 177 Nervous System, 5, 10, 141, 147, 164, 165 Networks, 23, 164 Neural, 141, 157, 164 Neuralgia, 164, 167 Neuroendocrine, 86, 164 Neurogenic, 165, 175 Neurologic, 8, 165 Neurons, 21, 24, 150, 154, 165 Nuclear, 21, 144, 152, 154, 164, 165 Nucleic acid, 165, 169, 170, 177 Nucleus, 17, 21, 164, 165, 173 O Odds Ratio, 165, 170 Office Management, 4, 165 On-line, 120, 139, 165 Oophoritis, 156, 165 Organ Culture, 165, 174 Oxidation, 141, 144, 150, 165 P Pachymeningitis, 163, 165

184 Genital Herpes

Palliative, 59, 165, 174 Palliative therapy, 59, 165 Pancreas, 141, 145, 150, 160, 165 Papillomavirus, 165 Parasite, 166, 175 Parasitic, 98, 159, 161, 166, 175 Particle, 166, 177 Patch, 161, 166 Pathogen, 24, 156, 159, 160, 166 Pathogenesis, 4, 7, 12, 60, 166 Patient Education, 51, 128, 134, 136, 139, 166 Pediculosis, 120, 166 Pelvic, 5, 10, 120, 166, 168 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 5, 120, 166 Penis, 149, 152, 166 Pepsin, 166 Pepsin A, 166 Peptic, 4, 157, 166 Peptic Ulcer, 4, 157, 166 Peptide, 147, 160, 166, 168 Peptide Chain Elongation, 147, 166 Perinatal, 20, 68, 166 Peripheral blood, 160, 166 Peritonitis, 156, 166 Pharmacologic, 12, 166, 175 Pharyngitis, 46, 166 Phosphorylated, 25, 166 Physiologic, 13, 145, 166, 169 Pilot study, 31, 48, 84, 167 Plants, 13, 81, 142, 155, 161, 167, 173, 175 Plaque, 25, 167 Plasma, 29, 142, 143, 145, 154, 167, 171, 176 Plasma cells, 143, 167 Polymerase, 17, 36, 42, 61, 167 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 36, 42, 167 Polysaccharide, 143, 146, 167 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 18, 167 Povidone, 69, 167 Povidone-Iodine, 69, 167 Practice Guidelines, 122, 130, 167 Preclinical, 9, 16, 167 Precursor, 151, 152, 167 Pregnancy Outcome, 20, 167 Prevalence, 8, 14, 15, 22, 23, 50, 61, 62, 165, 168 Prickle, 161, 168 Probe, 19, 168 Progression, 104, 143, 168 Progressive, 150, 151, 153, 156, 164, 168, 175

Promoter, 17, 28, 168 Prophylaxis, 30, 65, 168, 176 Propolis, 29, 74, 81, 168 Proportional, 22, 153, 168 Prospective study, 10, 29, 168 Prostate, 168 Prostatitis, 4, 168 Protein C, 11, 142, 144, 160, 168, 175 Protein S, 100, 145, 147, 153, 168 Protocol, 12, 168 Proximal, 151, 168 Pruritic, 168, 170 Pseudorabies, 11, 168 Psychiatric, 18, 163, 168 Psychiatry, 77, 82, 87, 154, 168 Psychogenic, 169, 175 Public Health, 12, 15, 43, 48, 84, 87, 98, 105, 121, 123, 169 Public Policy, 119, 169 Publishing, 3, 26, 169 Pulmonary, 145, 149, 169, 174, 176 Pulse, 17, 163, 169 Purines, 169, 171 Purulent, 156, 169, 176 Q Quality of Life, 11, 49, 64, 65, 76, 83, 109, 165, 169 R Radioactive, 158, 164, 165, 169 Radiolabeled, 167, 169 Randomized, 19, 20, 24, 27, 29, 38, 41, 60, 61, 70, 74, 152, 169 Randomized clinical trial, 19, 70, 169 Reactivation, 5, 15, 16, 20, 28, 33, 42, 64, 104, 169 Receptor, 7, 11, 14, 15, 26, 141, 143, 149, 169 Recombinant, 8, 21, 27, 48, 169 Rectal, 13, 17, 169 Rectum, 144, 146, 150, 155, 161, 168, 169, 173 Recur, 108, 169 Recurrence, 31, 35, 38, 50, 61, 64, 66, 110, 129, 130, 169 Reductase, 17, 170 Refer, 1, 148, 154, 157, 162, 164, 170 Refraction, 170, 172 Regimen, 4, 6, 68, 152, 170 Relapse, 56, 170 Relative risk, 22, 170 Remission, 169, 170 Reproduction Techniques, 167, 170

Index 185

Restoration, 169, 170 Retrospective, 39, 170 Rhinitis, 170, 171 Ribavirin, 33, 170 Rigidity, 167, 170 Risk factor, 10, 22, 23, 49, 86, 120, 168, 170 Rod, 144, 170 S Safe Sex, 4, 170 Salivary, 149, 150, 170 Salivary glands, 149, 150, 170 Salpingitis, 156, 170 Scabies, 5, 98, 170 Screening, 4, 6, 10, 43, 65, 147, 170 Secretion, 157, 170, 171 Secretory, 13, 170 Self-Help Groups, 84, 171 Semen, 13, 24, 152, 168, 171 Semisynthetic, 147, 171 Sensibility, 18, 143, 158, 171 Sensitization, 19, 171 Septic, 144, 171 Septicaemia, 171 Sequencing, 157, 167, 171 Serine, 17, 171 Seroconversion, 20, 68, 171 Serologic, 4, 14, 19, 39, 158, 171 Serology, 7, 27, 32, 41, 50, 65, 69, 171 Serotypes, 10, 171 Serum, 142, 144, 148, 158, 166, 171 Sex Characteristics, 141, 171, 174 Sex Education, 99, 171 Sexual Abstinence, 98, 99, 171 Sexual Partners, 11, 98, 171 Shedding, 6, 8, 15, 16, 19, 30, 42, 63, 77, 87, 108, 109, 171, 177 Side effect, 113, 141, 171, 174 Signs and Symptoms, 170, 172 Skin Manifestations, 30, 172 Small intestine, 157, 160, 172 Sneezing, 171, 172 Social Environment, 169, 172 Social Support, 82, 86, 91, 172, 173 Sodium, 13, 17, 41, 172 Soma, 172 Somatic, 19, 141, 157, 172 Specialist, 131, 172 Species, 5, 146, 147, 151, 156, 157, 163, 166, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177 Specificity, 12, 142, 172 Spectrum, 9, 10, 67, 172 Sperm, 6, 25, 110, 172

Spermatozoa, 171, 172 Spermicide, 5, 172 Spinal cord, 147, 151, 154, 163, 164, 165, 172 Spinous, 153, 161, 172 Spirochete, 173, 174 Spleen, 149, 162, 173 Spontaneous Abortion, 167, 173 Spores, 160, 173 Sterile, 5, 144, 173 Stillbirth, 167, 173 Stimulus, 151, 161, 173, 174 Stomach, 141, 150, 153, 155, 157, 160, 161, 166, 172, 173 Strand, 30, 35, 49, 70, 74, 76, 77, 167, 173 Streptavidin, 76, 173 Stress, 5, 35, 61, 66, 86, 91, 104, 109, 173, 176 Stress management, 86, 173 Stroke, 96, 118, 173 Subacute, 159, 162, 173 Subclinical, 20, 25, 33, 71, 159, 173 Subspecies, 172, 173 Substrate, 153, 173 Sulfur, 18, 163, 173 Suppositories, 163, 173 Suppression, 30, 37, 52, 53, 58, 59, 60, 66, 69, 70, 76, 77, 86, 94, 173 Suppressive, 20, 37, 49, 53, 59, 61, 76, 173 Suppurative, 155, 156, 174 Surfactant, 33, 174 Symptomatic, 20, 66, 71, 174 Syphilis, 4, 5, 32, 93, 98, 99, 121, 174 Systemic, 13, 14, 21, 114, 145, 146, 159, 174, 175 T Testosterone, 170, 174 Therapeutics, 13, 82, 114, 174 Thermal, 18, 167, 174 Threonine, 171, 174 Threshold, 16, 174 Thrombin, 168, 174 Thrombomodulin, 168, 174 Thrombosis, 168, 173, 174 Thymidine, 74, 174 Thymidine Kinase, 74, 174 Thymus, 158, 162, 174 Time Management, 173, 174 Tissue Culture, 18, 24, 35, 174 Tooth Preparation, 141, 174 Topical, 6, 9, 13, 17, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 33, 38, 40, 69, 75, 76, 88, 109, 167, 174

186 Genital Herpes

Toxic, iv, 149, 158, 174, 175 Toxicity, 9, 25, 50, 151, 175 Toxicology, 9, 13, 120, 175 Toxins, 143, 152, 159, 164, 175 Trace element, 147, 175 Transfection, 145, 175 Transfer Factor, 158, 175 Transfusion, 154, 175 Translocation, 147, 153, 175 Transplantation, 152, 158, 175 Trichomonas, 10, 65, 175 Trichomoniasis, 5, 120, 121, 175 Tricyclic, 18, 175 Tumour, 154, 175 U Ulcer, 4, 35, 166, 175 Ulceration, 120, 175 Unconscious, 158, 175 Urban Population, 22, 175 Urea, 4, 175 Urea Breath Test, 4, 175 Urethra, 166, 168, 175, 176 Urethritis, 68, 98, 121, 156, 175 Urinary, 30, 38, 76, 155, 175, 176 Urinary Retention, 30, 38, 175 Urinate, 175, 176 Urine, 10, 145, 161, 175, 176 Urogenital, 155, 156, 176 Urticaria, 66, 77, 176 Uterus, 147, 158, 176 V Vaccination, 33, 62, 176 Vaccine, 5, 8, 15, 16, 21, 27, 37, 44, 45, 48, 50, 94, 108, 109, 110, 141, 168, 176 Vagina, 6, 25, 77, 81, 87, 146, 147, 158, 176 Vaginal, 6, 9, 13, 21, 24, 25, 26, 53, 57, 62, 109, 120, 176

Vaginitis, 98, 99, 121, 146, 176 Vaginosis, 5, 176 Varicella, 21, 27, 48, 104, 176 Vascular, 150, 159, 176 Vein, 165, 176 Venereal, 40, 49, 76, 174, 176 Venous, 168, 176 Ventricle, 169, 176 Vesicular, 157, 176 Veterinary Medicine, 119, 176 Viral Hepatitis, 4, 120, 176 Viral Load, 20, 176 Virulence, 144, 175, 176 Virus, 4, 5, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75, 76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 93, 98, 99, 101, 104, 109, 121, 122, 128, 129, 144, 147, 155, 157, 159, 160, 167, 176, 177 Virus Replication, 16, 176 Virus Shedding, 16, 21, 177 Viscera, 172, 177 Vitro, 177 Vivo, 24, 25, 177 W Warts, 4, 47, 98, 99, 101, 121, 157, 177 White blood cell, 143, 159, 161, 162, 167, 177 X Xenograft, 25, 143, 177 X-ray, 165, 177 Z Zoster, 21, 27, 48, 177 Zymogen, 168, 177

Index 187

188 Genital Herpes

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