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3
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VUX
X n,&+7
d(,0 h$5$'$
M
Polarisator (a)
Objekt
Analysator
Bild (b) Wall
Wall
c%%P XPWW h$5$'$
XPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7
VUY
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VUZ
X n,&+7 Sternenlicht Sternenlicht Fernrohr
scheinbare Winkeländerung der Sternposition
Sonne (a)
(b)
Erdbahn
Beobachter auf der Erde
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R o nei egen ptima gun sch ler gsw irm ink el
(a)
Geschwindigkeit des Tropfens
(b)
(c) Geschwindigkeit der Person
c%%P XPWY c1$/2*,(%(,63,(/ =85 c%(55$7,21\ J$K +25,=217$/( d(:(*81* 81' 6(1.5(&+7 )$//(1'(5 t(*(1N J%K 237,0$/( p(,*81* '(6 u&+,50(6N J&K t(*(1Oc%(55$7,21 J1$&+ gPoP t2*(56N NNr+<6,&6 )25 7+( ,148,5,1* 0,1'DDKP
XPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7
stillstehende Person
Wind
VU[
Regenschirmneigung Fallgeschwindigkeit der Tropfen in der Luft
Windgeschwindigkeit
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VVR
X n,&+7
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YPTPT y(//(1&+$5$.7(5 '(5 g/(.7521(1 nP xP '( d52*/,( 9(5)2/*7( ,1 6(,1(5 f2.725$5%(,7 Jr$5,6 S[TVK '(1 .@+1(1 i('$1.(1N ,1 80*(.(+57(5 c1$/2*,( =85 g,167(,1I6&+(1 k'(( 920 v(,/&+(1&+$5$.7(5 '(5 n,&+7O :(//(1N '(1 g/(.7521(1 y(//(1&+$5$.7(5 =8=825'1(1P |81>&+67 :$5 ',( )250$/( h5$O *( =8 ./>5(1N :,( ',( )@5 r+2721(1 25(1%$5 *@/7,*( d(=,(+81* g 3 +> $8) v(,/&+(1 0,7 o$66( 0 $86=8'(+1(1 ,67P g5 .$0 =8 '(0 u&+/866N '$66 ',( t(/$7,9,7>767+(25,( '$=8 =:,1*7N '(0 v(,/&+(1 1,&+7 185 (,1( '(5 i(6$07(1(5*,( 3523257,21$/( h5(48(1= -N 621'(51 $8&+ (,1( '(5 t8+((1(5*,( 3523257,21$/( NNt8+()5(48(1=DD -R =8=825'1(1\ 0,7
g 3 $ 0&T 3 +- 3 @6 $ 3 LS2J9B&KTb2SBT 81' gR 3 0&T 3 +-R 3 @6RP
JYPS[K
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JYPTRK
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JYPTSK
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JYPTTK
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JYPTUK
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JYPTVK
(,1( i/(,&+81*N ',( '(0 5(/$7,9,67,6&+(1 g1(5*,(6$7= g T 3 3T & T 1gRT
JYPTWK
YPT y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086
VYU
(17635,&+7P f,( d(=,(+81* 2'(5
3T & T 3 @T .T & TN 3 3 @ . 3 +B+
JYPTXK
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9*& + 3 +BJ09KP
JYPTYK
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JYPTZK
f,( '(Od52*/,(Oh5(48(1= 6BT@N ',( )@5 ./(,1( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,(1 6(+5 ',&+7 %(, '(5 t8+()5(48(1= 6RBT@ /,(*7N 81' ',( 81$16&+$8/,&+( f,5(5(1=)5(48(1= J6 2 6RKBT@ :(5'(1 6(/7(1 (5:>+17P h@5 g/(.7521(1 0,7 (,1(5 .,1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,( gN ',( :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 ',( t8+((1(5*,( 921 WSS .(xN 6,1' i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 81' '(Od52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*( + *(O *(%(1 '85&+ ',( 1,&+7O5(/$7,9,67,6&+(1 d(=,(+81*(1 81'
9B& . TPR 6 SR2UJgB(xKSBT + . SPT 10 JgB(xK2SBTP
JYPT[K
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VYV
c%%P YPW
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g/(.7521(1%(8*81* $0 32/<.5,67$//,1(1 c/80,1,802;,'P
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*(6$07(5 t$80
55" '; '< '= 3 SN
JYPURK
YPT y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086
VYW
:$6 )@5 '(1 ,'($/(1 i5(1=)$// (,1(5 81(1'/,&+ $86*('(+17(1 (%(1(1 y(//( $//(5',1*6 1,&+7 0?*/,&+ ,67N '$11 %(6&+5(,%7 55" ',( c8)(17+$/76:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,76',&+7( '(6 v(,/&+(16 JukOg,1+(,7\ 02UKP o8/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(10$66( 0 (5*,%7 55" '(1 g5:$5781*6:(57 )@5 ',( o$66(1',&+7( |oN 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1/$'81* 2( (5*,%7 55" '(1 g5:$5781*6:(57 )@5 ',( n$'81*6',&+7( |sP g6 ,67 925 $//(0 ',(6( 67$7,67,6&+( f(8781*N '85&+ ',( 6,&+ ',( 02'(51( s8$17(1O 7+(25,( 921 '(5 '(7(50,1,67,6&+(1 ./$66,6&+(1 r+<6,. 817(56&+(,'(7P f$6 +$7 =8 +()O 7,*(1 3+<6,.$/,6&+(1 81' 1$7853+,/2623+,6&+(1 f(%$77(1 *()@+57] $/6 d(,63,(/ 6(, ',( k1)5$*(67(//81* '(6 m$86$/,7>7635,1=,36 $1*()@+57P h@5 ',( 62 *(1$117(1 NN0$.O 526.23,6&+(1DD r+>120(1( >1'(57 6,&+ 1,&+76\ d(, '(5 d(2%$&+781* 9,(/(5 g/(0(1O 7$5352=(66(N )@5 ',( ',( v+(25,( '(1 */(,&+(1 g5:$5781*6:(57 /,()(57N :,5' ',(6(5 =80 0(66%$5(1 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(1 o,77(/:(57N )@5 '(1 ',( g5+$/781*66>7=( '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 r+<6,. *(/7(1P
YPTPU w1%(67,007+(,765(/$7,21 f,(6( t(/$7,21N $8&+ NNw16&+>5)(%(=,(+81*DD J81&(57$,17< 35,1&,3/(K *(1$117N :85'( S[TY 921 y(51(5 j(,6(1%(5* ,0 t$+0(1 '(5 02'(51(1 s8$17(10(&+$1,. )2508O /,(57] 6,( 0$&+7 '(1 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 =:$5 1,&+7 9(567>1'/,&+N $%(5 %()5(,7 ,+1 921 y,'(5635@&+(1P f(5 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 ,67 0,7 816(5(0 x2567(//81*69(50?*(1N '$6 6,&+ $86 c//7$*6(5)$+581*(1 81' '(5 '$)@5 *@/7,*(1 ./$66,6&+(1 r+<6,. (17:,&.(/7 +$7N 1,&+7 =8 %(*5(,)(1P f(5 v(,/&+(1&+$5$.7(5 '(6 n,&+7(6 ,67 *(1$862 819(567>1'/,&+ :,( '(5 y(//(1&+$5$.7(5 '(5 g/(.7521(1P f$%(, ,67 '(5 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 1,&+7 62 =8 9(567(+(1N '$66 ',( :(6(17/,&+(1 w17(56&+,('( =:,6&+(1 n,&+7 Jy(//(K 81' g/(.7521(1 Jv(,/&+(1K 9(56&+:,1'(1 :@5'(1P f,( r+2721(1 6,1' .(,1( NN5,&+7,O *(1DD ./$66,6&+(1 v(,/&+(1N :(,/ 6,( 6,&+ ,00(5 0,7 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 %(:(*(1 81' ,1 %(/,(%,*(1 o(1*(1 (5=(8*7 2'(5 9(51,&+7(7 J$%625%,(57K :(5'(1 .?11(1P w1' ',( o$7(5,(:(//(1 6,1' .(,1( NN5,&+7,*(1DD ./$66,6&+(1 y(//(1N :(,/ '(5(1 c03/,78'( .(,1( 3+<6,.$/,6&+ 0(66%$5( i5?M( ,67] $8M(5'(0 +$%(1 o$7(5,(:(//(1 ',( 81*(O :?+1/,&+( g,*(16&+$)7N $8&+ ,0 x$.880 f,63(56,21 =8 =(,*(1P f$6 x(567>1'1,6352%/(0 '(6 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 :,5' =P dP '(87/,&+ %(, '(5 d(8*81* $0 f233(/63$/7\ f,( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* ,0 d(8*81*6%,/' kJ)K ,67 81$%O +>1*,* 921 '(5 k17(16,7>7 '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 y(//(P o,7 $..808/,(5(1'(1 f(7(.725(1 J=P dP r+2723/$77(1K ,67 (6 0?*/,&+N d(8*81*6%,/'(5 0,7 62 6&+:$&+(1 k17(16,7>7(1 =8 (5+$/7(1N '$66 35$.7,6&+ 1,( 0(+5 $/6 (,1 r+2721 2'(5 g/(.7521 817(5:(*6 ,67P h@5 (,1 (,1=(/1(6 v(,/&+(1 %(6&+5(,%7 kJ)K ',( x(57(,/81* '(5 p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1O /,&+.(,7 ,1 '(5 d(8*81*6(%(1(P c1'(5(56(,76 .$11 '$6 v(,/&+(1 185 '85&+ '(1 (,1(1 2'(5 '(1 $1'(5(1 '(5 %(,'(1 u3$/7( +,1'85&+*(+(1P k0 d(8*81*6%,/' '(6 g,1=(/O 63$/7(6 )(+/(1 ',( k17(5)(5(1=0,1,0$P y,( .$11 '(5 =:(,7( u3$/7N '85&+ '(1 '$6 r+2721 Jg/(.7521K 1,&+7 +,1'85&+*(+7N 0,7%(67,00(1N :2 '$6 r+2721 Jg/(.7521K ,1 '(5 d(8*81*6(%(1( $8)75(5(1 %=:P 1,&+7 $8)75(5(1 '$5)a f(5 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 )@+57 =8 %(/,(%,* 9,(/(1 f(1.352%/(0(1 ',(6(5 c57P g,1( j,/)692567(//81*N ',( =8 5,&+7,*(1 g5*(%1,66(1 )@+57N ,67 ',( c11$+0(N '$66 '$6 r+2721 2'(5 g/(.7521 (,1( NNh@+581*6:(//(DD %(6,7=7N ',( 6,&+ 1$&+ '(1 i(6(7=(1 '(5 y(//(1237,. $86%5(,7(7 81' **)P $8&+N $8)*(63$/7(1 ,1 .2+>5(17(1 v(,/:(//(1N
VYX
Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+<6,.
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JYPUSK
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JYPUTK
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81' (< 6 (.< . T@P
JYPUUK
d(, d(187=81* 9(.725,(//(5 u&+5(,%:(,6( )@5 '(1 q5769(.725 _ 81' '(1 ,1 c86O %5(,781*65,&+781* =(,*(1'(1 Jm5(,6OKy(//(19(.725 X /$66(1 6,&+ i/P JYPUSK 81' i/P JYPUUK =86$00(1)$66(1\ (_ 6 (X . T@N
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JYPUVK
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JYPUWK
YPT y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086
VYY
c86 i/P JYPUVK 81' i/P JYPUWK (5*,%7 6,&+ 181 ',( NNw16&+>5)(DD )@5 ',( x$5,$%/(1O 3$$5( q57 81' k038/6 62:,( |(,7 81' g1(5*,(\ (5 6 (3 . +N
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1.4
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',( (,1(1 |$+/(1:(57 /,()(57N '(5 0,7 '(0 %(2%$&+7(7(1 y(57 921 SUPX (x 6(+5 *87 @%(5(,167,007P d(5@&.6,&+7,*7 0$1 ',( d(:(*81* '(6 jOc720.(516 80 '(1 *(0(,1O 6$0(1 u&+:(5381.7 921 m(51 81' g/(.7521N '$11 (5+>/7 ',( i/P JYPVTK 12&+ '(1 m255(.785)$.725 0m(51BJ0m(51 1 0KP
Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+<6,. Kontinuum
H· H‚
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BalmerSerie
Ionisierungsgrenze
Quotenzahl n
LymanSerie
PaschenSerie
0 --0.54 Pfund-Serie --0.85 Brackett-Serie --1.51
1
--3.39
Energie E (n)JeV
VZR
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