Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik: Elektromagnetismus

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Author: Ludwig Bergmann

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(a)

(b)

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(a) Elektroskop A

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(b)

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(a)

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SWX

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

UPXPU g55(*81* 81' h(/'67>5.( (,1(6 h(5520$*1(7(1 w0 '$6 y(6(17/,&+( %(, '(5 d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 h(5520$*1(7,6086 ./$5 +(5$86=8$5O %(,7(1N %(75$&+7(1 :,5 :,('(5 '(1 (,1)$&+(1 h$// (,1(6 =5.( 5 J_K ,67 ,1 '(5 o,77( '(6 u7$%0$*1(7(1 Ju2/(12,'6K $0 67>5.67(1N =8 '(1 g1'(1 +,1 :,5' 6,( 6&+:>&+(5P f(5 t@&.9866 '(6 48(//(1)5(,(1 dOh(/'(6 (5675(&.7 6,&+ @%(5 '(1 *(6$07(1 t$80P g6 *,/7 $//*(0(,1 ',( x(5.1@3)81*6*/(,&+81* 5 3 ,R J;1@K P

JUP[XK

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P (a) M

P (b)

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c%%P UPVR o$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* J$KN o$*O 1(7,6,(581* J%K 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( J&K )@5 (,1(1 $;,$/ +202*(1 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 u7$%0$*1(7(1P f,( x(5.1@3)81* '(5 '5(, x(.725)(/'(5 ,67 )@5 '(1 r81.7 r *5$3+,6&+ '$5*(67(//7 J1$&+ tP u.206., $1' lPoPfP e2(< NNr(50$1(17 o$*1(7,60DDN k167,787( 2) r+<6,&6 r8%/,6+,1*N n7'N S[[[KP

UPX o$*1(7(

SWY

1(5+$/% '(6 o$*1(7(1N */(,&+ 18// $8M(5+$/%KP f$6 h(/' '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g55(*81* (5*,%7 6,&+ 1$&+ Ji/P JUP[XKK $/6 ; 3 5B,R 2@ P

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pg

RPR RPS RPT RPU RPV RPW RPY SPR TPR WPR SRPR TRPR WRPR SRR SRRR

SPRRR RPZXS RPYWR RPXXS RPWZZ RPWTY RPVUT RPUUU RPSYV RPRWX RPRTR RPRRXY RPRRSV RPRRRVU RPRRRRRY

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SWZ

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

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JUP[ZK

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Sättigung, Ì 0Ms Remanenz, Ì 0Mr

H Koerzitiv-Feldstärke, Hc

c%%P UPVS

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SXX

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

@%(5 '(0 n8)763$/7 $//( $1'(5(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 y,'(567>1'( 9(51$&+/>66,*7N '$11 /,(*7 ',( 920 v5(,%(5 (5=(8*7( 0$*1(7,6&+( u3$1181* $0 n8)763$/7N '(11 :(*(1 *,/7

g ; 6 '` 3 R J.(,1( u38/(1675?0(KN jv sv 32jn snP

JUPSSYK

f(5 h/866 ,67 ,0 m5(,6 .2167$17\ Iv 3 dv cv 3 dn cn

0,7 dn 3 ,R jnP

JUPSSZK

c86 ',(6(1 %(,'(1 i/(,&+81*(1 /$66(1 6,&+ =:(, :,&+7,*( g5*(%1,66( +(5/(,7(1\ SP n$*( '(6 v5(,%(5Oc5%(,76381.7(6 $8) '(5 j<67(5(6(6&+/(,)(\ dv 3 IBcv 3 dn cnBcv dv 3 ,R jn cnBcv dv 32,R JsvBcvK JcnBsnK jvP

JUPSS[K

SP f,( u&+(581*6*(5$'(N ',( 920 p8//381.7 '(5 j<67(5(6( =80 c5%(,76381.7 r )@+57 Jc%%P UPVXKN +$7 (,1(1 920 v5(,%(5Oy(5.6725 81$%+>1*,*(1 1(*$7,9(1 c167,(*P f85&+ *((,*1(7( f,0(16,21,(581*N 'P +P y$+/ '(5 n>1*(1 81' s8(56&+1,77(N .$11 '(5 c5%(,76381.7 r ,0 TP s8$'5$17(1 '(5 j<67(5(6( Jc%%P UPVXK $86*(:>+/7 :(5O '(1P TP g5)25'(5/,&+( 0$*1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( '(6 v5(,%(56P f,( ,0 v5(,%(5 *(63(,&+(57( g1(5O *,( 0866 ',( h(/'(1(5*,( )@5 '(1 n8)763$/7 /,()(51P y(*(1 ; &' 5 ,0 v5(,%(5N -('2&+ ; '' 5 ,0 n8)763$/7N .$11 0$1 )@5 *(63(,&+(57( 81' $8)=8%5,1*(1'( 0$*O 1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( 817(56&+,('/,&+( x25=(,&+(1 $16(7=(1] :,5 %(75$&+7(1 -('2&+ +,(5 185 ',( d(75>*(P f,( o8/7,3/,.$7,21 921 jv sv $86 i/P JUPSSYK 0,7 dv cv $86 i/P JUPSSZK (5*,%7 cv sv dvjv 3 cn sn dnT B,RP

JUPSTRK

TP y(,/ '(5 h$.725 SBT 921 i/P JUPSRSK 1,&+7 0,7 +,1*(6&+5,(%(1 :85'(N *,%7 i/PJUPSTRK '$6 f233(/7( '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,(N ',( ,0 n8)763$/7 %(1?7,*7 :,5' 81' ,0 v5(,%(5 *(63(,&+(57 6(,1 0866] /(7=7(5( ,67 '$6 r52'8.7 $86 v5(,%(592/80(1 81' dv 6 jvP f(6+$/% ,67 (6 *@167,*N :(11 '(5 c5%(,76381.7 r 0?*/,&+67 '257 /,(*7N :2 ',( j<67(5(6( '(6 v5(,%(5Oy(5.67256 '(1 0$;,0$/(1 8d 6 j8Oy(57 %(6,7=7 J6&+5$5,(57( h/>&+( ,1 c%%P UPVXKP f$ ,1 i/P JUPSS[K '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 sv 81' cv (,1*(+7N ,1 i/P JUPSTRK $%(5 '(5(1 r52'8.7N .$11 '$6 u<67(0 62 $86*(/(*7 :(5O '(1N '$66 '(5 c5%(,76381.7 1$+( %(,0 r81.7 0,7 0$;,0$/(0 8d 6 j 8Oy(57 /,(*7P Br P

B

--Hc

--H

0

c%%P UPVX f(5 |867$1' (,1(6 67$%)?50,*(1 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 J2+1( >8M(5(6 h(/'K (17O 635,&+7 '(0 r81.7 r '(5 j<67(5(6(Ou&+/(,)(P f$6 (170$*1(7,6,(5(1'( jOh(/' ,67 1(*$7,9P f(5 y(57 8d 6 j 8 0$; :,5' $/6 0$;,0$/(6 g1(5O *,(352'8.7 %(=(,&+1(7P

UPX o$*1(7(

SXY

f,( $1*()@+57(1 i/(,&+81*(1 *(%(1 185 ',( i581'/$*(1 )@5 (,1(1 g17:85) '(6 f$8(50$*1(7Ou<67(06P |85 d(67,0081* '(6 2%(1 (5:>+17(1 u75(89866)$.7256 6,1' $1$/<7,6&+( d(5(&+181*(1 (5)25'(5/,&+P f$%(, .?11(1 185 ',( :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+(1 v(,/( '(6 m5(,6(6 $/6 9866/(,7(1' $1*(1200(1 :(5'(1P f$6 3(50$1(170$*1(7,6&+( v5(,%(50$7(5,$/ ,67 35$.7,6&+ ,1 u>77,*81*60$*1(7,6,(581* 81' .$11 .(,1(1 =86>7=O /,&+(1 h/866 $8)1(+0(1] (6 0866 %(, h/866%(5(&+181*(1 :,( n8)7 J,5 3 SK %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1P o$*1(7,6&+( u&+$/7(5P g/(.7520$*1(7( +$%(1 '(1 *52M(1 x257(,/N '$66 '(5 0$*1(O 7,6&+( h/866 *(67(8(57 :(5'(1 .$11P f85&+ g,1O 2'(5 c866&+$/7(1 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 u75206 .$11 0$1 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' (,1O 2'(5 $866&+$/7(1P f$6 (5*,%7 (,1 %5(,7(6 u3(.7O 580 921 x(5:(1'81*60?*/,&+.(,7(1N A 921 '(5 v@5./,1*(/ %,6 =85 o$*1(7.833/81*P d(925 6,186)?50,*( y(&+6(/675?0( (5=(8*7 :(5'(1 .2117(1N *$% (6 6&+21 NN=(5O +$&.7( i/(,&+675?0(DDP f(5 j$00(5Ow17(5%5(&+(5 JcP y$*1(5 SZU[K )@5 (,1(1 u7520.5(,6 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 0,7 %(:(*/,&+(0 c1.(5N '(5 $1 (,1(5 d/$77)('(5 %()(67,*7 ,67 81' ,1 '(5 t8+(67(//81* Jg/(.7520$*1(7 $86*(6&+$/7(7K '85&+ (,1(1 n8)763$/7 920 o$*1(7(1 *(75(117 ,67N ,1 '(5 c5%(,7667(//81* Jg/(.7520$*1(7 (,1*(6&+$/7(7K $%(5 921 '(1 u&+(1.(/1 '(6 o$*1(7(1 $1*(=2*(1 :,5'P f(5 %(:(*O /,&+( c1.(5 %(7>7,*7 $8M(5'(0 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+$/7(5N '(5 ,1 '(5 t8+(67(//81* *(6&+/266(1N ,1 '(5 c5%(,7667(//81* *(?51(7 ,67P h@*7 0$1 181 ',( u38/(1 '(6 g/(.7O 520$*1(7(1 81' '(1 920 c1.(5 %(7>7,*7(1 u&+$/7(5 +,17(5(,1$1'(5 ,1 (,1(1 u7520O .5(,6N '$11 :,5' %(,0 (567(1 u75209866 '(5 g/(.7520$*1(7 %(7>7,*7 81' '$'85&+ @%(5 '(1 u&+$/7(5 '(5 u7520.5(,6 817(5%52&+(1] '(5 $86*(6&+$/7(7( o$*1(7 *,%7 '(1 c1.(5 )5(,N '(5 '(1 u&+$/7(5 :,('(5 6&+/,(M7 81' '$0,7 '(1 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 :,('(5 (,16&+$/7(7] 86:P g,1( 12&+ +(87( :(,79(5%5(,7(7( c1:(1'81* '(6 j$00(5Ow17(5O %5(&+(56 ,67 ',( (/(.75,6&+( m/,1*(/P t(/$,6 6,1' )(51*(67(8(57( u&+$/7(5N ',( 0,7 (,1(0 ./(,1(1 u7520 J0,7 ./(,1(5 u&+$/7O /(,6781*K ,0 o$*1(7.5(,6 9,(/ *5?M(5( u75?0( Jn(,6781*(1K ,0 u&+$/7.5(,6 6&+$/7(1 .?11(1P t(/$,6Ou7$7,21(1 ',(17(1 %(, '(5 925,1'8675,(//(1 r267 =80 r)(5'(:(&+6(/P k1 '(5 v(/(*5$7( :85'(1 '$11 ',( u7$7,21(1 =85 u,*1$/Ox(567>5.81* 921 o256(O |(,&+(1 62 %(1$117\ g,1 $86 '(5 h(51( $1.200(1'(6 6&+:$&+(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 u,*1$/ %(7>7,*7 (,1 NNt(/$,6DDN '$6 (,1(1 921 (,1(5 /2.$/(1 u752048(//( *(63(,67(1 u7520.5(,6 6&+$/7(7N '(5 '$6 u,*1$/ %,6 =85 1>&+67(1 u7$7,21 75$163257,(57P g7:$ =85 6(/%(1 |(,7N ,1 '(5 '$6 v(/()21 (17:,&.(/7 :85'(N (1767$1' $8&+ ',( 0$7+(0$7,6&+( n2*,. Ji(25*( d22/(N SZSWASZXV] c8*86786 f( o25*$1N SZRXA SZYSKP u,( :85'( $/6 NNm217$.7Oc/*(%5$DD =8(567 $8) ',( u&+$/781* '(5 v(/()21Ot(/$,6 $1*(:(1'(7] +(87( ,67 ',( u&+$/7$/*(%5$ Jc%6&+1P SWPZK ',( 7+(25(7,6&+( i581'/$*( )@5 (/(.7521,6&+( u7(8(5O 81' t(&+(1$1/$*(1P f,( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 t(/$,6 *(67$77(7(1 (5670$/6 (,1( (/(.75,6&+( w06(7=81* /2*,6&+(5 x(5.1@3)81*(1P i581'9(5.1@3)81*(1

w06(7=81* =P dP '85&+

p(*$7,21 JpkejvK m21-81.7,21 JwpfK f,6-81.7,21 JqfgtK

~51(5 t(,+(16&+$/781* =:(,(5 u&+/,(M(5 r$5$//(/6&+$/781* =:(,(5 u&+/,(M(5

SXZ

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7( +U

+U A B

A Input (a)

A

A

B

Output (b)

c%%P UPVY n2*,6&+( u&+$/781*(1\ J$K pqv J3 pkejvK 0,7 (,1(0 y(&+6(/Om217$.7 J%K pqt J3 pkejv qfgtK 0,7 =:(, ~51(5Om217$.7(1 ,1 t(,+(16&+$/781* 81' (,1(0 y(&+6(/.21O 7$.7P f,( y,1'81*(1 6<0%2/,6,(5(1 ',( t(/$,6638/(1P

g,1 t(/$,6 0,7 ~51(5Om217$.7(1 +$7 .(,1(1 u75209866 ,0 m217$.7.5(,6N :(11 ,0 o$*1(7.5(,6 u7520 9,(M7P d(, (,1(5 t(,+(16&+$/781* 921 u&+/,(M(5Om217$.7(1 '(5 t(/$,6 c 81' d .$11 '85&+ '(1 m5(,6 185 u7520 9,(M(1N :(11 t(/$,6 c 81' t(/$,6 d $5%(,7(1N %(, r$5$//(/6&+$/781* '$*(*(1 '$11N :(11 t(/$,6 c 2'(5 t(/$,6 d $5%(,7(7P |:(, (,1)$&+( /2*,6&+( x(5.1@3)81*(1 '85&+ u&+$/7(5 =(,*7 c%%P UPVYP t(/$,6N )@5 '(5(1 y,5.81*6:(,6( ',( u75205,&+781* .(,1( t2//( 63,(/7N +(,M(1 81O *(32/7( t(/$,6P i(32/7( J2'(5 NN32/$5,6,(57(DDK t(/$,6 +$%(1 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1( t8+(67(//81*(1 JSK 81' JTKN ',( '85&+ (,1(1 326,7,9(1 u7520 =P dP 921 JSK 1$&+ JTK %()?5'(57 :(5'(1 81' '257 1$&+ c%6&+$/7(1 '(6 u75206 NN6(/%67+$/7(1'DD 9(5%/(,%(1 %,6 (,1 1(*$7,9(5 u7520 6,( 1$&+ JSK =85@&.%()?5'(57N :2 6,( 9(5%/(,%(1 %,6 :,('(5 (,1 326,7,9(5 u7520 9,(M7P g,1 *(32/7(6 t(/$,6 .$11 $8&+ $/6 k1)250$7,21663(,&+(5 921 S d,7 J3 S l$B p(,1Oc866$*(K $8)*()$667 :(5'(1P g/(.7520(&+$1,6&+( t(/$,6 Jc%%P UPVZKN 0(,67 %(67@&.7 0,7 0(+5(5(1N $8&+ 9(5O 6&+,('(1$57,*(1 m217$.7(1N :85'(1 ,1 5,(6,*(1 u7@&.=$+/(1 ,1 '(5 v(/()217(&+1,. 9(5:(1'(7N %,6 6,( '85&+ (/(.7521,6&+( t(/$,6 9(5'5>1*7 :85'(1P k1 '(5 u7$5.675207(&+1,. :,5' '$6 t(/$,6 $/6 u&+@7= %(=(,&+1(7P f$ =85 c.7,9,(O 581* (,1 0,1,0$/(5 c1635(&+67520 (55(,&+7 :(5'(1 0866N .$11 0$1 '$6 u&+@7= 62 $86/(*(1N '$66 (6 $8) %(567520 2'(5 )(+/(5+$)7(1 m85=6&+/866 =85 g5'( Jg5'6&+/866K $1635,&+7 81' '(1 %(7525(1(1 p(7=7(,/ $%6&+$/7(7P NNu(/%67+$/7(1'(DD t(/$,6 %/(,%(1 ,1 c5%(,7667(//81*N $8&+ :(11 '(5 0,1,0$/( c1635(&+67520 1,&+7 0(+5 =8*()@+57 Stützplatten 1 Kontakte 2 3

Kontaktfedern Isolierplatte Achse

Joch

Achsenanker

Lötstifte Relaisspule

Trennstift Rundeisenkern

c%%P UPVZ u.,==( (,1(6 t(/$,6N :,( (6 )5@+(5 ,1 9,(/(1 x$5,$17(1 =85 u&+$/781* 921 v(/()21O 9(5%,1'81*(1 (,1*(6(7=7 :85'(P

UPX o$*1(7(

SX[

:,5'] '$6 ,67 =P dP 0?*/,&+ '85&+ (,1(1 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 ,0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5(,6N '(5 '$)@5 625*7N '$66 '(5 c5%(,76.217$.7 1$&+ u&+/,(M81* NN./(%(1 %/(,%7DDN $%(5 =8 6&+:$&+ ,67N 80 '$6 t(/$,6 $86 '(5 25(1(1 t8+(67(//81* =8 %5,1*(1P u,&+(581*6$8720$7(1 6,1' 6(/%67+$/7(1'( u&+@7=(N ',( %(, %(567520 (,1(1 u7520O .5(,6 817(5%5(&+(1 81' '85&+ 0$18(//( d(7>7,*81* (,1(6 u&+$/7(56 :,('(5 ,1 ',( c86*$1*667(//81* =85@&.*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P u&+5,7702725(1P k0 d$8 >+1(/1 9,(/( u&+5,7702725(1 J67(33,1* 027256K '(1 63>7(5 ,1 c%6&+1P VPVPU %(+$1'(/7(1 f5(+67520Ou<1&+52102725(1P f(5 w17(56&+,(' /,(*7 925 $//(0 ,1 '(5 d(6752081* '(5 u7$725Oo$*1(732/(\ d(,0 u<1&+52102725 :,5' '85&+ d(6752081* 0,7 UOr+$6(1Oy(&+6(/67520 JNNf5(+67520DDK ,0 u7$725 (,1 0$*O 1(7,6&+(6 f5(+)(/' (5=(8*7N '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( m5>)7( $8) '(1 t2725 $86@%7 81' ,+1 %(, '(5 f5(+81* NN0,71,007DDP d(,0 u&+5,7702725 (5)2/*7 ',( d(6752081* 921 (,1(0 r2/3$$5 J2'(5 =:(, r$$5(1K 0,7+,/)( *((,*1(7(5 (/(.7521,6&+(5 u7(8(581* ,1 h250 921 g,1=(/38/6(1N ',( '(1 t2725 80 (,1(1 NNu&+5,77:,1.(/DD '5(+(1 81' ,+1 62 921 (,1(5 j$/7(326,7,21 ,1 ',( 1>&+67( 326,7,21,(5(1P o,7 (,1(5 h2/*( 921 g,1*$%(Or8/6(1 81' (,1(5 (17635(&+(1'(1 (/(.7521,6&+(1 u&+$/781* .$11 '(5 u&+5,7702725 $8&+ $/6 80/$8)(1'(5 o2725 0,7 (/(.7521,6&+ 67(8(5%$5(5 f5(+=$+/ (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1P f(5 =8(567 (17:,&.(/7( t(/8.7$1=Ou&+5,7702725 ,67 6&+(0$7,6&+ ,1 c%%P UPV[$ '$5O *(67(//7P k1 ',(6(0 d(,63,(/ +$7 '(5 o2725 '5(, NNr+$6(1DDN :,( ',( %(67520%$5(1 r2/3$$5(N 0$5.,(57 SN T 81' UN *(1$117 :(5'(1N 81' '(5 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+( t2725 +$7 9,(5 NN|>+1(DDP d(, d(6752081* (,1(5 r+$6( =,(+(1 ',( 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 u7$72532/( ',( ,+1(1 $0 1>&+67(1 /,(*(1'(1 t2725=>+1( $1N :(,/ '$0,7 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( y,O '(567$1' '(6 m5(,6(6 J',( t(/8.7$1=K 0,1,0,(57 :,5'P f,( t,&+781* '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866(6 81' ',( u75205,&+781* ,1 '(5 u7$725:,&./81* 6,1' %(,0 t(/8.7$1=02725 %(/$1*/26P c%%P UPV[$ =(,*7 ',( t272567(//81* 1$&+ d(6752081* '(5 r+$6( S] :,5' $/6 1>&+67(6 ',( r+$6( T %(675207N (5)2/*7 (,1 u&+5,77 ,0 w+5=(,*(56,11P f,( |$+/ '(5 u&+5,77( 352 w0/$8) (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(0 r52'8.7 921 r+$6(1=$+/ J+,(5 UK 81' |>+1(=$+/ J+,(5 VKP f(5 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+( t2725 +$7 '(1 x257(,/N '$66 (5 0,7 9,(/(1 |>+1(1 *(%$87 :(5'(1 .$11N $%(5 '(1 p$&+7(,/N '$66 ,0 67520/26(1 |867$1' .(,1 u(/%67+$/7(020(17 (;,67,(57P f,(6(5 p$&+7(,/ :,5' %(, 3(50$1(17 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 t2O 725(1 9(50,('(1P f(5 r(50$1(170$*1(7Ou&+5,7702725 ,67 6&+(0$7,6&+ ,1 c%%P UPV[% *(=(,*7 0,7 =:(, r+$6(1 JS2SA 81' T2TAK 81' 6(&+6 t2725Oo$*1(732/(N ',( ',( t2//( '(5 |>+1( @%(51(+0(1] $8&+ ,1 ',(6(0 d(,63,(/ ,67 ',( u&+5,77=$+/ 352 w0/$8) */(,&+ STP h@5 u&+5,77( ,0 w+5=(,*(56,11 6,1' ',( u7$7253+$6(1 62 =8 %(67520(1N '$66 p25'Bu@'

1

1 2

3 2' 2

3 (a)

1

(b)

S N

N S

S N

2

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UPY f5(+638/Oo(66,167580(17( 1

SYW

Kriechfall Grenzfall

Amplitude

0,5 0 Zeit --0,5

Schwingfall

c%%P UPWU i$/9$120(7(5Oc866&+/$* $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 |(,7 1$&+ '(0 c866&+$/7(1 (,1(6 u75206 )@5 ./(,1(N .5,7,6&+( 81' *52M( f>03)81* Ju&+:,1*)$//N $3(5,2',6&+(5 i5(1=)$//N m5,(&+)$//KP

Jc%%P UPWUKP o$;,0$/( f>03)81* Jtm 3 tiKN (5:@16&+7 )@5 '(1 k167580(17(1O v5$163257N (5+>/7 0$1 0,7 '(0 m85=6&+/866 '(5 i$/9$120(7(5Om/(00(1P d$//,67,6&+(6 i$/9$120(7(5P k1 ',(6(5 h81.7,21 :85'( '$6 k167580(17 =85 o(6681* 921 ./(,1(1 n$'81*60(1*(1 Ju752067?M(1K 9(5:(1'(7P y(11 ',( |(,7 '(6 u7520O 9866(6 ./(,1 ,67 *(*(1 ',( c1635(&+=(,7 J|(,7.2167$17(K '(6 o(66,167580(17(6N '$11 ,67 ',( NNt($.7,21DD '(6 k167580(17(6 (,1 o$M )@5 '$6 |(,7,17(*5$/ @%(5 '(1 u7520N $/62 )@5 ',( ,16*(6$07 *(9266(1( n$'81*P |85 o(6681* 62/&+(5 u752067?M( %(187=7( 0$1 925=8*6:(,6( (,1 .5,7,6&+ *('>03)7(6 i$/9$120(7(5 81' %(2%$&+7(7 '(1 w0O .(+5381.7 '(5 $3(5,2',6&+(1 u&+:,1*81*P |85 g,&+81* %(187=7( 0$1 u752067?M( 921 m21'(16$725Og17/$'81*(1P m5,(&+*$/9$120(7(5P f$6 ,67 (,1 k167580(17 2+1( t@&.67(//Of5(+020(17 Jt,&+702O 0(17KP u7$77 v256,216)$'(1Oc8)+>1*81* '(5 f5(+638/( %(6,7=7 (,1 62/&+(6 k16758O 0(17 u3,7=(1/$*(581*] i2/'675(,)(1 ',(1(1 $/6 1,&+7O)('(51'( u7520=8)@+581*P q+O 1( t,&+7020(17 *,%7 (6 .(,1(1 '(71,(57(1 p8//381.7P %(575$*(1(5 f5(+,038/6 81' f>03)81* %(67,00(1N :,( :(,7 ',( k167580(17(1Oc1=(,*( $8) '(5 u.$/$ '85&+ '(1 u7520672M 925=(,&+(1*(5(&+7 1$&+ 5(&+76 2'(5 /,1.6 9(56(7=7 :,5'P f85&+ *(=,(/7( j,/)66752067?M( .$11 ',( c1=(,*( 925 '(5 1>&+67(1 u7520672MOo(6681* =8 (,1(0 %(/,(%,* :>+/%$5(1 c86*$1*6381.7 *(%5$&+7 :(5'(1P f$6 k167580(17 /,(M 6,&+ 1,&+7 185 =85 o(6681* 921 u752067?M(1 9(5:(1'(1N 621'(51 *(1$862*87 =85 o(6681* 921 u3$1181*667?M(1N :,( 6,( ,1)2/*( '(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 k1'8.7,21 %(, }1O '(581*(1 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h/@66( $8)75(7(1 Jm$3P VKP f(6+$/% :85'( '$6 m5,(&+*$/9$O 120(7(5 $8&+ h/8660(66(5 *(1$117P o(6681* 6&+1(// 9(5>1'(5/,&+(5 x25*>1*(P w0 =8 =(,*(1N :,( 925 '(5 g,1)@+581* '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/Oq6=,//2*5$3+(1 6&+1(// 9(5>1'(5/,&+( x25*>1*( 817(568&+7 :85'(1N :,5' .85= $8&+ '(5 u&+/(,)(126=,//2*5$3+ 925*(67(//7N (,1 k167580(17N '$6 )5@+(5 ,1 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. (,1( 6(+5 *52M( t2//( 63,(/7(P |:(, '@11( f5>+7( %(71'(1 6,&+ ,0 h(/' '(6 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 Jc%%P UPWVKP f(5 u7520 9,(M7 ,1 %(,'(1 f5>+7(1 ,1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 t,&+781*P f$'85&+ :,5' (,1 ./(,1(5 u3,(*(/N '(5 =:,6&+(1 %(,'(1 f5>+7(1 $1*(./(%7 ,67N (17635(&+(1' '(5 u752067>5.( *(.,337N :(,/ ',( d(:(*81*65,&+781* '(5 f5>+7( :(*(1 '(5 (17*(*(1O

SYX

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

L

Optik

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UPZ k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ U UPZPS n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5 i(:,77(5 B d/,7=6&+87= 6P c%6&+1P SRPWPS i$/9$1,6&+( g/(0(17( B g/(.752&+(0,( 6P c%6&+1P STPWPS d$6,6(,1+(,7 c03(5(P pkuv J6P c%6&+1P SPVK 0 r52'8&76 $1' u(59,&(6\ NNe2167$176N w1,76 H w1&(57$,17

UPZ k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ U

SYY

UPZPT o$*1(7( r(50$1(170$*1(7(P y(%6+23 NNu83(50$*1(7(DD\ +773\BB:::P683(50$*1(7(P'( 3 n,1. UAV y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 0 r52'8.7( NNm8*(/1DDN NNu&+(,%(1DDN NNu7>%(DD P P P N 0 k1)2 NNhcsDDN 0 k1)2 NNn,1.6DD 0 p(2'<0,80 u83(50$*1(76 A u20( f(021675$7,216 j<67(5(6(P c86 y,.,3(',$ J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN j<67(5(6,6\ n,1. UAW o$*1(7,6&+( c%6&+,5081*P v+( o8u+,(/' e203$1
UPZPU d,2*5$3+,(1 d(1-$0,1 h5$1./,1 JSYRXASY[RKP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. UAZ g5*>1=81*\ v+( h5$1./,1 k167,787(\ +773\BB:::P7P('8 0 g;3/25( 0 J:(,7(5 817(1K q1/,1( n($51,1* t(6285&(6\ NNr,(&(6 2) 6&,(1&(DD 0 k1'(; 0 v+( n,*+71,1* t2' u725< J%< v(55< j21*(//K 3 n,1. UA[ j(15< e$9(1',6+ JSYUSASZSRK\ 6P c6&+1P TPYPTN n,1. TASZ n8,*, i$/9$1, JSYUYASY[ZKP c86 e25526,21 f2&7256 d,2*5$3+,(6 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. UASR c/(66$1'52 x2/7$ JSYVWASZTYKP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. UASS c1'5(E o$5,( c03(F 5( JSYYWASZUXKP c86 e25526,21 f2&7256 d,2*5$3+,(6 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. UAST j$16 e+5,67,$1 q(567(' JSYYYASZWSKP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. UASU i(25* u,021 q+0 JSYZ[ASZWVKP i(25*Ou,021Oq+0Oh$&++2&+6&+8/( p@51%(5*\ +773\BB:::P)+O18(51%(5*P'(B6(,7(1%$80B+2&+6&+8/(B 0 i(25* u,021 q+0 d,2*5$O 7( 3 n,1. UASV

SYZ

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

l2+$11 e+5,67,$1 r2**(1'255 JSY[XASZYYKP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. UASW g5*>1=81*\ NNlPeP r2**(1'255 A d,2*5$3+,6&+O/,7(5$5,6&+(6 j$1':?57(5%8&+ '(5 (;O $.7(1 p$785:,66(16&+$)7(1DD 80)$667 %,2*5$3+,6&+( 81' %,%/,2*5$3+,6&+( c1*$%(1 =8 (7:$ T[PRRR p$785:,66(16&+$)7/(51 $8) '(5 d$6,6 '(6 TRRV $%*(6&+/266(1(1 i(O 6$07:(5.6 921 l2+$11 e+5,67,$1 r2**(1'255\ +773\BB:::P32**(1'255P&20 n,1. UASX y(,7(5 0,7 0 J:(,7(5( k1)250$7,21(1K u,5 e+$5/(6 y+($76721( JSZRTASZYWKP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. UASY y,/+(/0 g'8$5' y(%(5 JSZRVASZ[SKP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. UASZ t8'2/) j(50$11 c51'7 m2+/5$86&+ JSZR[ASZWZKP c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+\ n,1. UAS[ i867$9 t2%(57 m,5&++25 JSZTVASZZYKP c86 o$&v8725 d,2*5$3+,(6 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. UATR

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

v$%P VPS u<0%2/(N ',( ,1 ',(6(0 m$3,7(/ 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P o,7 '(5 t$1'0$5.,(581* 7 :,5' $8) i5?M(1 +,1*(:,(6(1N ',( +,(5 (,1( $1'(5( d('(8781* $/6 ,1 925$1*(*$1*(1(1 m$3,7(/1 +$%(1P o,7 '(5 t$1'0$5.,(581* 8 :,5' $8) 817(56&+,('/,&+( i5?M(1 +,1*(:,(6(1N '(1(1 */(,&+( 2'(5 6(+5 >+1/,&+( u<0%2/( =8*(25'1(7 6,1'P i5?M(16<0%2/ 4 c 3 848 cn 40 4y 5 d e f ' 8 9 ) ).255 i ; k k()) V , _G W m n T s @ p 1 r s 4 t _

d('(8781* J*(5,&+7(7(K h/>&+(N f,5(5(17,$/ '4 h/>&+( Jd(75$*K k1'8.7,216)$.725 921 u38/(1 0$*1(7,6&+(6 x(.725327(17,$/ J,1 n,7(5$785 4N +,(5 40K y,1'81*69>&+( (,1(5 u38/( J',( y,&./81*6=$+/ p ,67 $/6 h$.725 (17+$/7(1K 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( d/,1'/(,7:(57 m$3$=,7>7 J*52M(5K f85&+0(66(5 J./(,1(5K f85&+0(66(5N f,67$1=N c%67$1' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( m5$)7 h5(48(1= m255(.785)81.7,21 y,5./(,7:(57 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* u7520J67>5.(KN $//*(0(,1] u7520Og5(.7,9:(57N :(11 .(,1( x(5:(&+6/81* 0,7 i/(,&+67520 =8 %()@5&+7(1 ,67P u7520Og5(.7,9:(57 u7520O|(,*(5 ,1 '(5 .203/(;(1 g%(1( y(&+6(/67520Oc8*(1%/,&.6:(57 y(&+6(/67520Ou&+(,7(/:(57 u7520',&+7( r523257,21$/,7>76)$.725 k1'8.7,9,7>7 J*(5,&+7(7(K n>1*(N f,5(5(17,$/ 'T n>1*( o$*1(7,6,(581* c1=$+/N y,1'81*6=$+/ f5(+=$+/ J352 o,187(K n(,6781* n$'81* J./(,1(K n$'81*N v(,/&+(1/$'81*N r52%(/$'81* Jy,5.OKy,'(567$1' q5769(.725N t$',869(.725

SZR

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

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(a)

Fe-Stab schwebt (b)

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TVS

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Spannung

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TVY

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VPVPT i/(,&+675200$6&+,1(1 f<1$020$6&+,1( J'<1$02O(/(&75,&$/ 0$&+,1(KP k0 c%6&+1P VPU :85'( %(6352&+(1N :,( '85&+ f5(+81* (,1(5 u38/( ,0 .2167$17(1 o$*1(7)(/' (,1( u3$1181* ,1'8=,(57 :,5'P f$%(, +$%(1 :,5 67,//6&+:(,*(1' 925$86*(6(7=7N '$66 '$6 67$7,6&+( o$*1(7)(/' ,0 i(1(5$725 NN,5*(1':,(DD (5=(8*7 :,5'P c%%P VPXS =(,*7 6&+(0$7,6&+ 9(56&+,('(1( o?*/,&+.(,7(1 =85 h(/'(5=(8*81*N =P dP 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 Jc%%P VPXS$K 2'(5 (,1(6 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 Jc%%P VPXT%KP i$1= $0 c1)$1* '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. *$% (6 -('2&+ :('(5 r(50$1(170$*1(7( +,15(,&+(1'(5 i5?M(N u7>5.( 81' r(50$1(1= 12&+ *((,*1(7( i/(,&+6752048(//(1 =85 u3(,681* (17635(&+(1'(5 g/(.7520$*1(7(P f(5 7(&+1,6&+( f85&+%58&+N '(5 $//O *(0(,1 $/6 d(*,11 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. *(:(57(7 :,5'N .$0 SZXX 0,7 '(5 g571'81* '(5 f<1$020$6&+,1( '85&+ y(51(5 u,(0(16 JSZSXASZ[TN *($'(/7 SZZZKP c1 (,1(0 UROy$77Oi/(,&+67520*(1(5$725 '(021675,(57( (5 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( u(/%67(55(*81*\ f(5 i(1(5$725 :,5' 0,7 '(0 925+$1'(1(1 t(670$*1(7,6086 $1*()$+5(1] 0,7 '(5 $1)$1*6

G (a)

G (b)

G (c)

G (d)

G (e)

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TVZ

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

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JVPSTWK

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bremsend

Drehzahl

treibend I

II U = konst.

Drehmoment

U=0

III treibend

IV bremsend

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VPV i(1(5$725(1 81' o2725(1

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(a)

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TXR

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21 L N

Anlaufkondensator U

V

W

Z

X

Y

M

Drehstrommotor ∆ /

c%%P VPX[ f5(+67520Oc6<1&+52102725 J+,(5 ,1 f5(,(&.6&+$/781*K $/6 g,13+$6(102O 725 0,7 j,/)63+$6( %(75,(%(1P

'(6 6,&+ '5(+(1'(1 n>8)(56 =86$00(1 0,7 '(0 26=,//,(5(1'(1 u7>1'(5)(/' (,1 f5(+O )(/'N '$6 ',( o2725'5(+81* $8)5(&+7 (5+>/7P f85&+ j,1=86&+$/7(1 (,1(6 m21'(16$7256 Jc%%P VPX[K .$11 0$1 ',( u75?0( ,1 '(1 =:(, u75>1*(1 *(*(1(,1$1'(5 ,1 '(5 r+$6( 9(56&+,(%(1 81' 62 (,1 f5(+)(/' (5=(8*(1P w0 ,1 ',(6(5 u&+$/781* (7:$ ZR@ '(5 f5(+67520/(,6781* =8 (5+$/7(1N ,67 (,1 +,15(,&+(1' *52M(5 m21'(16$725 0,7 &$P YR =h -( .y (5)25'(5/,&+P u2 *(6&+$/7(7 />8)7 '(5 o2725 921 6(/%67 $1P f85&+ x(5%,1'(1 '(6 m21'(16$7256 0,7 '(5 (,1(1 2'(5 '(5 $1'(5(1 |8/(,781* .$11 ',( n$8)5,&+781* *(:>+/7 :(5'(1P f,( 0(,67(1 m/(,102725(1 :(5'(1 */(,&+ )@5 g,13+$6(1%(75,(% 0,7 j,/)63+$6(1O y,&./81* ,0 u7>1'(5 *(%$87P |85 r+$6(16&+,(%81* ',(17 (,1 67>1',* $1*(6&+/266(1(5 d(75,(%6.21'(16$725N '(5 ,1 0$1&+(1 h>//(1 12&+ '85&+ (,1(1 $%6&+$/7%$5(1 c1O /$8).21'(16$725 817(567@7=7 :,5'P

VPW u75209(5625*81* j(87( :,5' (,1( $865(,&+(1'( u75209(5625*81* $/6 u(/%679(567>1'/,&+.(,7 $1*(6(+(1P y,( 67$5. $%(5 $//( n(%(16%(5(,&+( '$921 $%+>1*,* 6,1'N ,67 '(1 :(1,*67(1 o(16&+(1 %(:8667P g,1 |86$00(1%58&+ '(5 u75209(5625*81* )@5 0(+5(5( u781'(1 A (,1 d/$&.287 A :,5' 921 '(1 d(7525(1(1 )$67 $/6 m$7$67523+( (03)81'(1P

VPWPS v(&+1,6&+( i581'/$*(1 m(,1( u3(,&+(581* (/(.75,6&+(5 g1(5*,(P h@5 (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( A 80*$1*6635$&+/,&+ NNu7520DD *(1$117 A *,%7 (6 $8) '(0 n(,6781*61,9($8 '(5 g1(5*,(7(&+1,. .(,1( 1(1O 1(16:(57(1 u3(,&+(50?*/,&+.(,7(1P f(6+$/% 0866 '(5 u7520 */(,&+=(,7,* (5=(8*7N 9(57(,/7 81' 9(5%5$8&+7 :(5'(1C f$6 n(,6781*6$1*(%27 0866 $/62 6&+1(// '(5 c%O

VPW u75209(5625*81*

TXS

1$+0( $1*(3$667 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f$6 (/(.75,6&+( p(7= 9(5%,1'(7 '$=8 1,&+7 185 $//( x(5%5$8&+(5 0,7 '(1 1>&+67*(/(*(1(1 g/(.75,=,7>769(5625*81*6817(51(+0(1 JgxwKN 621'(51 $8&+ ',( gxw6 817(5(,1$1'(5N '$0,7 g1*3>66( 81' c86)>//( /(,&+7 $86*(*/,&+(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f5(+67520P o,7 '(0 v5$16)250$725N '(5 ,1 7(&+1,6&+ 187=%$5(5 h250 $% SZZW 9(5O )@*%$5 :$5N .$0 '(5 f85&+%58&+ )@5 y(&+6(/675201(7=(N 81' )$67 */(,&+=(,7,* :85O '(1 $8&+ ',( x257(,/( '(6 f5(+675206 (5.$117P f,( c//*(0(,1( g/(.75,=,7>76Oi(6(//O 6&+$)7 JcgiK 0,7 o,&+$,/ 921 f2/,92Of2%52:2/6.< $/6 e+(71*(1,(85 9(5+$/) '(5 f5(+675207(&+1,. =85 35$.7,6&+(1 c1:(1'81*\ g,1( @%(5=(8*(1'( f(021675$7,21 (5)2/*7( $8) '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,6&+(1 c8667(//81* ,1 h5$1.)857 ,0 c8*867 SZ[S\ x20 SYW .0 (17)(517(1 y$66(5.5$)7:(5. ,1 n$85(1 $0 p(&.$5 :85'( (5670$/,* f5(+O 67520N +2&+75$16)250,(57 $8) SX .x ,1 *52M(0 u7,/ @%(575$*(1P c8) '(5 c8667(//81* 63(,67( '(5 u7520 SRRR i/@+/$03(1 81' (,1(1 cgiOf5(+67520Oc6<1&+52102725 921 SRR ruN '(5 ',( r803( )@5 (,1(1 y$66(5)$// $175,(%P k1 '(1 wuc :85'( ',( o(+53+$6(1Oy(&+6(/675207(&+1,. J$1)$1*6 TOr+$6(1O u7520N 63>7(5 f5(+67520K 921 '(0 g571'(5 p,.2/$ v(6/$ 81' '(0 w17(51(+0(5 i(25*( y(67,1*+286( 925$1*(75,(%(1P f(5 g5)2/* .$0 SZ[U\ ',( e+,&$*2 y25/'I6 h$,5 :85'( 0,7 y(&+6(/67520 '(5 y(67,1*+286( e25325$7,21 %(/(8&+7(7] .85= '$O 1$&+ (176&+,(' 6,&+ ',( p,$*$5$ h$//6 r2:(5 e203$1< )@5 ',( r52'8.7,21 81' v5$16O 0,66,21 921 y(&+6(/67520 81' %($8)75$*7( y(67,1*+286( 0,7 '(5 c1/$*(1(567(//81*P j2&+63$1181*6/(,781*(1P f$66 ',( %(575$*81* (/(.75,6&+(5 n(,6781* @%(5 *52M( g17)(5181*(1 185 0,7 j2&+63$1181* :,576&+$)7/,&+ 6,1192// 6(,1 .$11N (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(1 i581'*/(,&+81*(1 )@5 ',( @%(575$*(1( n(,6781* r 81' ',( x(5/867/(,6781* rx\ )@+57 =8

r3w k

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rxBr 3 tn kBw rxBr 3 tn rBw TP

JVPSUVK

d(, *(*(%(1(0 n(,781*6:,'(567$1' tn 81' (,1(5 %(67,007(1 =8 @%(575$*(1'(1 n(,6O 781* rN ,67 '(5 c17(,/ '(5 x(5/867/(,6781* 3523257,21$/ =8 SBw TP f,( %(575$*81*663$1181*(1 :85'(1 ,0 n$8)( '(5 |(,7 ,00(5 +?+(5P f,( k1O %(75,(%1$+0(1 '(5 (567(1 n(,781*(1 0,7 '(5 1>&+67+?+(5(1 u3$1181* (5)2/*7( ,1 f(876&+/$1' S[RW )@5 WR .xN S[SR )@5 SSR .xN S[TT )@5 TTR .x 81' S[WY )@5 UZR .xP k1 '@11(5 %(6,('(/7(1 i52M9>&+(1/>1'(51 JwucN t866/$1'K *,%7 (6 6&+21 %(5O 75$*81*61(7=( 0,7 u3$1181*(1 921 0(+5 $/6 SRRR .xP o,7 '(5 %(575$*81*663$1181* 67(,*(1 $8&+ ',( u35@+9(5/867( Jm2521$N c%6&+1P SRPUPUK (17/$1* '(5 n(,781*(1P w0 '$6 u35@+(1 +(5$%=86(7=(1N 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 j2+/O 6(,/(N ',( (,1( *5?M(5( q%(59>&+( %(, */(,&+(0 i(:,&+7 +$%(1P f$ ',( u(,/( 9(;,%(/ %/(,%(1 62//(1N .$11 0$1 '(1 f85&+0(66(5 1,&+7 %(/,(%,* 67(,*(51P f(6+$/% (56(7=7 0$1 (,1 u(,/ '85&+ 0(+5(5( =(175$/6<00(75,6&+ $1*(25'1(7( u(,/(N '(5(1 *(*(16(,7,*( n$*( '85&+ /(,7(1'( m5(8=( 2'(5 t,1*( (5+$/7(1 %/(,%7P g,1( f5(+67520Oj2&+63$1O 181*6)5(,/(,781* %(67(+7 $86 '5(, 62/&+(5 n(,781*(1N @%(5 '(1(1 '(5 '@11( p8//(,7(5 /,(*7N '(5 */(,&+=(,7,* $/6 d/,7=6&+87= ',(17P

TXT

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

g,1 *52M(5 p$&+7(,/ $//(5 y(&+6(/67520/(,781*(1 ,67 ',( .$3$=,7,9( d/,1'/(,6781*N ',( )@5 ',( 67>1',*( w0/$'81* '(5 n(,7(5 (5)25'(5/,&+ ,67 81' 0,7 '(5 m$3$=,7>7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 n(,7(51 J%=:P =:,6&+(1 '(1 n(,7(51 81' g5'(K 81' '(0 s8$'5$7 '(5 u3$1181* =81,007P d(, g5'O 81' u((.$%(/1 ,67 ',( d/,1'/(,6781* 9,(/ *5?M(5 $/6 )@5 h5(,/(,781*(1 */(,&+(5 n>1*(N 81' '$=8 .200(1 12&+ ',( ',(/(.75,6&+(1 x(5/867( ,0 k62/$7,2160$7(5,$/ =:,6&+(1 n(,7(5 81' *((5'(7(0 o$17(/P h@5 ',( %(575$*81* *52M(5 n(,6781*(1 @%(5 :(,7( u75(&.(1 :,5' '(6+$/% ',( j2&+63$1181*6Oi/(,&+67520O %(575$*81* JjiK ,17(5(66$17N 6(,7'(0 ',( w0:$1'/81* 921 f5(+67520 ,1 i/(,&+O 67520 81' =85@&. 0,7+,/)( '(5 u75205,&+7(5On(,6781*6(/(.7521,. 0?*/,&+ ,67P f,( ji :,5' %(925=8*7 )@5 ',( %(575$*81* *52M(5 n(,6781* @%(5 WRRASRRR .0 h5(,O /(,781*N )@5 j2&+63$1181*6Om$%(/9(5%,1'81*(1 @%(5 UR .0N )@5 ',( $6<1&+521( x(5O %,1'81* 921 p(7=(1 */(,&+(5 h5(48(1= 2'(5 ',( x(5%,1'81* 921 WRO 81' XROj=O p(7=(1N 62:,( )@5 ',( .85=6&+/86667520O%(*5(1=(1'( m233/81* 921 p(7=7(,/(1N '85&+ ',( .(,1( d/,1'/(,6781* @%(575$*(1 :,5'P h,1'(7 ',( '233(/7( u7520:$1'/81* $0 6(/%(1 q57 67$77N $/62 2+1( />1*(5( i/(,&+67520Oj2&+63$1181*6/(,781* =:,6&+(1 i/(,&+O 81' y(&+6(/5,&+7(51N '$11 635,&+7 0$1 921 (,1(5 i/(,&+67520Om85=.833/81*P y>+5(1' %(, '(5 f5(+67520@%(575$*81* '5(, n(,781*(1 127:(1',* 6,1' 81' k62/$7,21 81' c%67>1'( '(5 n(,781*(1 '85&+ '(1 u&+(,7(/:(57 '(5 u3$1181* J3 |T4g5(.7,9:(57K %(67,007 :(5'(1N .2007 0$1 %(, '(5 ji 0,7 =:(, n(,O 781*(1 $86P f(6+$/% 6,1' ',( n(,781*60$67( (,1)$&+(5 81' %,//,*(5 =8 (567(//(1 81' ',( %(1?7,*7(1 v5$66(1 6&+0$/(5 Jc%%P VPYRKP

41 m

(a)

(b)

c%%P VPYR n(,781*60$67( J$K (,1(5 ZRRO.xOf5(+67520@%(575$*81*N J%K uWRRO.xOi/(,&+O 67520@%(575$*81* */(,&+(5 n(,6781* J$86 NNg/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,(7(&+1,.DDN vx t+(,1/$1'N S[ZYKP

y$+/ '(5 p(7=)5(48(1=P f,( y$+/ '(5 p(7=)5(48(1= 921 WR j= J2'(5 XR j= :,( ,1 wucN d5$6,/,(1 81' l$3$1K :$5 (,1 7(&+1,6&+(5 m203520,66N '(5 6,&+ %(:>+57 +$7\ d(, (,1(5 ./(,1(5(1 p(7=)5(48(1= :>5(1N 80 ',( */(,&+(1 k1'8.7,21663$1181*(1 )@5 v5$16)250$725(1 81' i(1(5$725(1 =8 (5=,(/(1N 0(+5 y,1'81*(1 81'B2'(5 *5?M(5( h/86648(56&+1,77( (5)25'(5/,&+P d(, (,1(5 *5?M(5(1 p(7=)5(48(1= />*(1 ',( o$6&+,O 1(1Of5(+=$+/(1 (17635(&+(1' +?+(5 81' :>5(1 7(&+1,6&+ 6&+:(5(5 %(+(556&+%$5] $8M(5'(0 +>77(1 ',( n(,781*(1 +?+(5( ,1'8.7,9( y,'(567>1'(N 81' (6 9?66(1 *5?O M(5( .$3$=,7,9( n$'(675?0( =:,6&+(1 '(1 n(,7(51P

VPW u75209(5625*81*

TXU

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TXV

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Leistung / Spitzenleistung (%)

100

Spitzenlastausgleich

Mittellast

50

Grundlast

0

0

12 Uhrzeit

24

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VPW u75209(5625*81*

TXW

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TXX

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UXPV@ TTPW@ SUPY@ STPX@ SSPV@ UPV@

Primärenergie Umwandlungs- und Verteilungsverluste

Sekundärenergie

Eigenbedarf nichtenergetischer Verbrauch

Verluste beim Verbraucher

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Endenergie

Nutzenergie

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VPW u75209(5625*81*

TXY

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Bundesbahn

Öffentliche Versorgung KraftwerkEigenverbrauch

Industrie

Brutto - Erzeugung Netto - Erzeugung

Import Export Pumpstromverbrauch Netzverluste

Verkehr öffentliche Beleuchtung

Stromaufkommen

Abgabe an Verbraucher

Sondervertragskunden Haushalte Gewerbe + Sonstiges Bundesbahn

c%%P VPYU

Landwirtschaft

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Bergbau und verarbeitende Betriebe (Industrie)

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Welt-Energieverbrauch pro Jahr Mrd. t SKE /a

Kernenergie

Zusammenbruch des Ostblocks

10

TX[

Wasserkraft und Sonstige

Ölkrisen

Gas

8

6

Erdöl

2. Weltkrieg 4 1. Weltkrieg und Folgen

Weltwirtschaftskrise

Kohle

2

0

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

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E -Feld y Spule

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(b)

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VRY

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JXPUWK

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VUX

X n,&+7

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M

Polarisator (a)

Objekt

Analysator

Bild (b) Wall

Wall

c%%P XPWW h$5$'$
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VUY

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VUZ

X n,&+7 Sternenlicht Sternenlicht Fernrohr

scheinbare Winkeländerung der Sternposition

Sonne (a)

(b)

Erdbahn

Beobachter auf der Erde

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(a)

Geschwindigkeit des Tropfens

(b)

(c) Geschwindigkeit der Person

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XPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7

stillstehende Person

Wind

VU[

Regenschirmneigung Fallgeschwindigkeit der Tropfen in der Luft

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