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3
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VUX
X n,&+7
d(,0 h$5$'$
M
Polarisator (a)
Objekt
Analysator
Bild (b) Wall
Wall
c%%P XPWW h$5$'$
XPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7
VUY
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VUZ
X n,&+7 Sternenlicht Sternenlicht Fernrohr
scheinbare Winkeländerung der Sternposition
Sonne (a)
(b)
Erdbahn
Beobachter auf der Erde
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R o nei egen ptima gun sch ler gsw irm ink el
(a)
Geschwindigkeit des Tropfens
(b)
(c) Geschwindigkeit der Person
c%%P XPWY c1$/2*,(%(,63,(/ =85 c%(55$7,21\ J$K +25,=217$/( d(:(*81* 81' 6(1.5(&+7 )$//(1'(5 t(*(1N J%K 237,0$/( p(,*81* '(6 u&+,50(6N J&K t(*(1Oc%(55$7,21 J1$&+ gPoP t2*(56N NNr+<6,&6 )25 7+( ,148,5,1* 0,1'DDKP
XPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7
stillstehende Person
Wind
VU[
Regenschirmneigung Fallgeschwindigkeit der Tropfen in der Luft
Windgeschwindigkeit
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VVR
X n,&+7
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JYPTRK
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JYPTSK
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JYPTTK
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JYPTUK
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JYPTVK
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JYPTWK
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VYU
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JYPTXK
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JYPTYK
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JYPTZK
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JYPT[K
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VYV
c%%P YPW
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g/(.7521(1%(8*81* $0 32/<.5,67$//,1(1 c/80,1,802;,'P
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JYPURK
YPT y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086
VYW
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YPTPU w1%(67,007+(,765(/$7,21 f,(6( t(/$7,21N $8&+ NNw16&+>5)(%(=,(+81*DD J81&(57$,17< 35,1&,3/(K *(1$117N :85'( S[TY 921 y(51(5 j(,6(1%(5* ,0 t$+0(1 '(5 02'(51(1 s8$17(10(&+$1,. )2508O /,(57] 6,( 0$&+7 '(1 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 =:$5 1,&+7 9(567>1'/,&+N $%(5 %()5(,7 ,+1 921 y,'(5635@&+(1P f(5 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 ,67 0,7 816(5(0 x2567(//81*69(50?*(1N '$6 6,&+ $86 c//7$*6(5)$+581*(1 81' '(5 '$)@5 *@/7,*(1 ./$66,6&+(1 r+<6,. (17:,&.(/7 +$7N 1,&+7 =8 %(*5(,)(1P f(5 v(,/&+(1&+$5$.7(5 '(6 n,&+7(6 ,67 *(1$862 819(567>1'/,&+ :,( '(5 y(//(1&+$5$.7(5 '(5 g/(.7521(1P f$%(, ,67 '(5 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 1,&+7 62 =8 9(567(+(1N '$66 ',( :(6(17/,&+(1 w17(56&+,('( =:,6&+(1 n,&+7 Jy(//(K 81' g/(.7521(1 Jv(,/&+(1K 9(56&+:,1'(1 :@5'(1P f,( r+2721(1 6,1' .(,1( NN5,&+7,O *(1DD ./$66,6&+(1 v(,/&+(1N :(,/ 6,( 6,&+ ,00(5 0,7 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 %(:(*(1 81' ,1 %(/,(%,*(1 o(1*(1 (5=(8*7 2'(5 9(51,&+7(7 J$%625%,(57K :(5'(1 .?11(1P w1' ',( o$7(5,(:(//(1 6,1' .(,1( NN5,&+7,*(1DD ./$66,6&+(1 y(//(1N :(,/ '(5(1 c03/,78'( .(,1( 3+<6,.$/,6&+ 0(66%$5( i5?M( ,67] $8M(5'(0 +$%(1 o$7(5,(:(//(1 ',( 81*(O :?+1/,&+( g,*(16&+$)7N $8&+ ,0 x$.880 f,63(56,21 =8 =(,*(1P f$6 x(567>1'1,6352%/(0 '(6 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 :,5' =P dP '(87/,&+ %(, '(5 d(8*81* $0 f233(/63$/7\ f,( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* ,0 d(8*81*6%,/' kJ)K ,67 81$%O +>1*,* 921 '(5 k17(16,7>7 '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 y(//(P o,7 $..808/,(5(1'(1 f(7(.725(1 J=P dP r+2723/$77(1K ,67 (6 0?*/,&+N d(8*81*6%,/'(5 0,7 62 6&+:$&+(1 k17(16,7>7(1 =8 (5+$/7(1N '$66 35$.7,6&+ 1,( 0(+5 $/6 (,1 r+2721 2'(5 g/(.7521 817(5:(*6 ,67P h@5 (,1 (,1=(/1(6 v(,/&+(1 %(6&+5(,%7 kJ)K ',( x(57(,/81* '(5 p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1O /,&+.(,7 ,1 '(5 d(8*81*6(%(1(P c1'(5(56(,76 .$11 '$6 v(,/&+(1 185 '85&+ '(1 (,1(1 2'(5 '(1 $1'(5(1 '(5 %(,'(1 u3$/7( +,1'85&+*(+(1P k0 d(8*81*6%,/' '(6 g,1=(/O 63$/7(6 )(+/(1 ',( k17(5)(5(1=0,1,0$P y,( .$11 '(5 =:(,7( u3$/7N '85&+ '(1 '$6 r+2721 Jg/(.7521K 1,&+7 +,1'85&+*(+7N 0,7%(67,00(1N :2 '$6 r+2721 Jg/(.7521K ,1 '(5 d(8*81*6(%(1( $8)75(5(1 %=:P 1,&+7 $8)75(5(1 '$5)a f(5 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 )@+57 =8 %(/,(%,* 9,(/(1 f(1.352%/(0(1 ',(6(5 c57P g,1( j,/)692567(//81*N ',( =8 5,&+7,*(1 g5*(%1,66(1 )@+57N ,67 ',( c11$+0(N '$66 '$6 r+2721 2'(5 g/(.7521 (,1( NNh@+581*6:(//(DD %(6,7=7N ',( 6,&+ 1$&+ '(1 i(6(7=(1 '(5 y(//(1237,. $86%5(,7(7 81' **)P $8&+N $8)*(63$/7(1 ,1 .2+>5(17(1 v(,/:(//(1N
VYX
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JYPUSK
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JYPUTK
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JYPUUK
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JYPUVK
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JYPUWK
YPT y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086
VYY
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0
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0.2
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0.8
1.0 1.2 Wellenlänge Ï/Ìm
1.4
1.6
1.8
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S 0( VBJV@7R@KTN T
JYPVTK
',( (,1(1 |$+/(1:(57 /,()(57N '(5 0,7 '(0 %(2%$&+7(7(1 y(57 921 SUPX (x 6(+5 *87 @%(5(,167,007P d(5@&.6,&+7,*7 0$1 ',( d(:(*81* '(6 jOc720.(516 80 '(1 *(0(,1O 6$0(1 u&+:(5381.7 921 m(51 81' g/(.7521N '$11 (5+>/7 ',( i/P JYPVTK 12&+ '(1 m255(.785)$.725 0m(51BJ0m(51 1 0KP
Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+<6,. Kontinuum
H· H‚
∞ 5 4 3 2
BalmerSerie
Ionisierungsgrenze
Quotenzahl n
LymanSerie
PaschenSerie
0 --0.54 Pfund-Serie --0.85 Brackett-Serie --1.51
1
--3.39
Energie E (n)JeV
VZR
--13.60
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28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 110 Ds
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spontane Emission
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höchste Sprungtemperatur
°C
K 150 HBCCO TBCCO
--150.0
BSCCO keramische Supraleiter
YBCO
100 77 Siedetemperatur flüssiger Stickstoff
--200.0
50 Nb-Legierungen --250.0
Hg Pb
--273.2 1910
LBCO
Nb 1930
1950 1970 Jahr der Entdeckung
1990
4.2 Siedetemperatur 0 flüssiges Helium 2000
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WYY
I/A 2000 1500 1000 Sperrspannung 1000 U/V 2000
500 0 0.5
(a)
(b)
1 2 U/V Durchlassspannung
1.0 I/mA
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E
E
LB Metall
LB Barriere für LB-Elektronen
Metall EF
Barriere für VB-Löcher VB
VB
(a)
n-Halbleiter x
(b)
p-Halbleiter x
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[PU j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17( IJmA 5
B Kennlinie
Esaki-Strom 0.3
WZS
C Rekombinationsstrom
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.1
0.3 0.4
0.5 UJV
Zener-Strom
Generationsstrom A (a)
-5
(b)
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ID
U GS
G
R
Aluminium S
SiO 2 Inversionskanal
n – Si
D
Abschnürpunkt n
Verarmungszone p – Si Aluminium B Elektronen im Inversionskanal
unkompensierte Akzeptor-Störstellen
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Anreicherung (Enhancement) D
D G
B S
G S
(a)
n p
B
n
IDmax
U GS >U P
ID
UP U GS
U DS
U GS ≈U P
Verarmung (Depletion)
G
B S
(b)
IDmax
D
D
G S
p n
U GS = 0
S
U GS < 0
ID UP
U GS
U DS
U GS ≈U P
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1
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Elektronen Anode
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XTZ
SR i$6(17/$'81*(1
u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Og0,66,21 0,7+,/)( '(5 .,1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,( '(5 $8)75(5(1'(1 k2O 1(1 ,67 ,0 r5,1=,3 0?*/,&+N :,5' $%(5 (567 %(, +2+(1 k21(1(1(5*,(1 0(5./,&+N :(11 ',( k21(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9(5*/(,&+%$5 :,5' 0,7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7N ',( ',( g/(.7O 521(1 =80 x(5/$66(1 '(6 o(7$//6 %(1?7,*(1P v2:16(1'Og17/$'81*P g,1( '85&+ 9,(/( 921(,1$1'(5 81$%+>1*,*( v2:16(1'On$:,O 1(1 =867$1'( .200(1'( 816(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81* :,5' $8&+ NN67,//( g17/$'81*DD J'$5. ',6&+$5*(K *(1$117N :(,/ 6,( 6,&+ 1,&+7 :,( h81.(1 2'(5 d/,7=( $.867,6&+ 81' 237,6&+ %(0(5.%$5 0$&+7P
SRPTPT k21,6$7,216.$00(51 0,7 i$69(567>5.81* f$6 u>77,*81*6*(%,(7 (,1(5 k21,6$7,216.$00(5 2+1( i$69(567>5.81* /,(*7 %(, u3$1O 181*(1 921 7<3,6&+(5:(,6( (,1,*(1 SRR xP g5+?+7 0$1 ',( $1*(/(*7( u3$1181* 62 :(,7 J$8) (,1,*( .(xKN '$66 ,1 '(5 m$00(5 6(.81'>5( u72M,21,6$7,21 (,16(7=(1 .$11N '$11 67(,*7 '(5 m$00(567520 '85&+ ',( i$69(567>5.81* (;321(17,(// $1P d(, m$00(51 0,7 i$69(567>5.81* ,67 ',( y$+/ '(6 i$6(6 9,(/ :,&+7,*(5 $/6 %(, m$00(51 2+1( i$69(567>5.81*P n8)7 ,67 81*@167,* :(*(1 '(5 d,/'81* 1(*$7,9(5 u$8(56725,21(1N :2'85&+ ',( |$+/ '(5 )5(,(1 g/(.7521(1 9(55,1*(57 :,5'P i(51 :,5' c5*21 %(187=7N :(,/ (6 (,1(1 *52M(1 u72M,21,6,(581*6.2(5,=,(17(1 +$7 81' %,//,* ,67P o,7 5(,1(0 c5*21 /$66(1 6,&+ $%(5 +?&+67(16 oOy(57( 921 SRU %,6 SRV (55(,&+(1] %(, +?+(5(1 y(57(1 75,77 |@1'81* Jf85&+6&+/$*N %5($.'2:1K $8)N :(,/ ',( SP c1O 5(*81*6(1(5*,( '(6 c5 JSSPX (xK 81' ',( k21,6,(581*6(1(5*,( JSWPZ (xK 5(/$7,9 *52M 6,1' 81' '$'85&+ $Or52=(66( %(*@167,*7 :(5'(1\ f,( 921 '(1 $1*(5(*7(1 c5Oc720(1 (0,77,(57(1 h/825(6=(1=3+2721(1 6,1' 62 (1(5*,(5(,&+N '$66 6,( $1 '(5 m$7+2'( /(,&+7 r+272(/(.7521(1 $86/?6(1 .?11(1N 81' ',( %(, '(5 p(875$/,6,(581* '(6 c51 $1 '(5 m$7+2'( )5(,:(5'(1'( k21,6,(581*6(1(5*,( ,67 *5?M(5 $/6 ',( '233(/7( c8675,776$5%(,7 81' .$11 '(6+$/% =85 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1(0,66,21 )@+5(1P d(,'( $Or52=(66( 0@66(1 '85&+ i$6=86>7=( 817(5'5@&.7 :(5'(1P f$6 h@//*$6 NNrSRDD %(67(+7 $86 [R@ c5*21 81' SR@ o(7+$1P f$0,7 :(5'(1 oOy(57( %,6 SRX (55(,&+7P f@11:$1',*( m$00(51 635(&+(1 $8) t?17*(1O 81' 5Or+2721(1 0,7 g1(5*,(1 $% (7:$ Z .(x 81' $8) 4Ou75$+/(1 $% SXR .(x $1P k67 %(, (,1(5 7<3,6&+(1 k21,6$O 7,216.$00(5 2+1( i$69(567>5.81* Jc%6&+1P SRPSPUK '(5 (0371'/,&+67( o(66%(5(,&+ =P dP SRR 0u9B+ Jx2//$866&+/$*KN 62 :,5' (5 S =u9B+ Jx2//$866&+/$*KN :(11 '(5 x(5O 67>5.81*6)$.725 o 3 SRW %(75>*7P f$6 ,67 +,15(,&+(1' (0371'/,&+N 80 '(1 1$7@5O /,&+(1 u75$+/81*6817(5*581' J. RPS =u9B+K =8 (5)$66(1P
SRPTPU r523257,21$/=>+/(5N f5$+7.$00(51 f(5 r523257,21$/=>+/(5 J3523257,21$/ &2817(5K ,67 (,1( k21,6$7,216.$00(5 0,7 i$6O 9(567>5.81* ,0 r8/6%(75,(% =80 p$&+:(,6 (,1=(/1(5 ,21,6,(5(1'(5 v(,/&+(1N ',( 921 $8M(1 ,1 ',( m$00(5 J'$6 |>+/52+5K *(/$1*(1P f,( r523257,21$/,7>7 921 r8/6+?+( 81' r5,0>5,21,6$7,21 :,5' $86*(187=7N 80 ',( r5,0>57(,/&+(1 1$&+ ,+5(0 k21,6,(O 581*69(50?*(1 =8 817(56&+(,'(1 81' ,16%(621'(5( 3O 81' 4Ov(,/&+(1 *(75(117 1$&+O =8:(,6(1P
SRPT n$'81*675$163257 0,7 i$69(567>5.81*
XT[
+U Endfenster Puls
Anodendraht
c%%P SRPZ
Kathode
r5,1=,3,(//(5 c8)%$8 (,1(6 (,1)$&+(1 r523257,21$/=>+/(56P
d(, =5.( $0 *5?M7(1 ,1 '(5 p>+( '(6 o,77(/'5$+7(6P f$6 +(,M7N ',( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 )@5 u72M,21,6$7,21 1,007 =85 o,77( +,1 67$5. =8P f(5 f5$+7 ,67 $/6 c12'( *(6&+$/7(7N '$0,7 $//( ,0 m$00(592O /80(1 920 (,1)$//(1'(1 v(,/&+(1 (5=(8*7(1 g/(.7521(1 ,1 '(1 d(5(,&+ +2+(5 h(/'O 67>5.( +,1(,1*(=2*(1 :(5'(1P f,( c12'( ,67 0,7 '(5 326,7,9(1 j2&+63$1181* 81' @%(5 (,1(1 m233(/.21'(1O 6$725 0,7 '(5 r8/6(/(.7521,. 9(5%81'(1P g,1 '@11(6 g1')(167(5 $86 p+/(5 $5%(,7(7 0,7 (,1(5 u3$1181* ,0 i$69(567>5.81*6%(5(,&+ Jc%%P SRP[KP d(,63,(/+$)7 6,1' ',( r5,0>5,21(1O|$+/(1 p3 81' p4 )@5 -( (,1 7<3,6&+(6
Gasverstärkungsbereich 10 6
Zahl der Ionenpaare
Schwelle N·
10 4
·
10 2 N‚
1
‚ nur ·
0 Spannung
U1
· und ‚ U2
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XUR
SR i$6(17/$'81*(1
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SRPU u(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81*(1
XUS 0.4
Einfallsrichtung der Teilchen
0.8 0.9 z
0.8
y
Kathodenplatten
Anodendrähte
0.6
x
(a)
relative Potentialwerte
0.6
(b)
0.4
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JSRPSRK
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20 ms
70 Ìs 60 Ìs 1 ms 60 Ìs 40 ms 2 ms 30 ms
3 km Entwicklung des Blitzkanals (a)
(b)
Rückentladung Zeit
c%%P SRPSX J$K u.,==( (,1(6 d/,7=(6] J%K u.,==( 1$&+ c8)1$+0(1 0,7 (,1(5 NNu75($. e$0(5$DDN '(5(1 h,/0 %(, *(?51(7(0 x(56&+/866 +25,=217$/ %(:(*7 :,5'N 0,7 1,&+7/,1($5(5 |(,76.$/$ J1$&+ oPcP w0$1KP
XVT
SR i$6(17/$'81*(1
+25,=217$/ 81' $8&+ =:,6&+(1 =:(, y2/.(1 67$7771'(7P q5(16,&+7/,&+ *,%7 (6 +2+( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5 =:,6&+(1 '(0 2%(5(1 v(,/ (,1(5 y2/.( 81' '(0 817(5(1 v(,/ (,1(5 %(1$&+%$57(1 2'(5 '(5 */(,&+(1 y2/.(P o,7+,/)( 8/75$6&+1(//(5 h,/0$8)1$+0(1 +$7 0$1 *()81'(1N '$66 (7:$ ',( j>/)7( $//(5 d/,7=( $86 =:(, 2'(5 0(+5 J%,6 =8 TRK 5$6&+ $8)(,1$1'(5 )2/*(1'(1 v(,/%/,7=(1 %(67(+7P f(5 )2/*(1'( d/,7= %(187=7 '(1 '$11 12&+ 925+$1'(1(1 /(,7)>+,*(1 m$1$/P f,( g17:,&./81* '(5 g17/$'81* +$7 (,1( *(:,66( }+1/,&+.(,7 0,7 '(0 h81.(1'85&+O 6&+/$* =:,6&+(1 (,1(5 u3,7=(1.$7+2'( 81' (,1(5 r/$77(1$12'(P f,( NNn(,7(51DDN ',( 921 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 y2/.( $86*(+(1 81' ',( g17/$'81*6.$1>/( 678)(1:(,6( 925%(O 5(,7(1N >+1(/1 '(1 NNh('(51DD '(6 1(*$7,9(1 d@6&+(//,&+7(6P y(11 (,1( n(,7(5 '(0 g5'%2'(1 1$+(.2007N 6(7=7 ',( j$837(17/$'81* 921 '(5 g5'( =85 y2/.( J5(7851 6752.(N 5(7851 675($0(5K (,1N 62 :,( '(5 j$837(17/$'81*6.$1$/ %(,0 h81.(1'85&+O 6&+/$* ,00(5 921 '(5 326,7,9(1 g/(.752'( $86*(+7 Jc%%P SRPSXKP f,( j$837(17/$'81* +$7 ',( t,&+781* NN920 d2'(1 =85 y2/.(DDN :(,/ ',( n80,O 126,7>7 62 925$16&+5(,7(7P g6 +$1'(/7 6,&+ $%(5 $8&+ '$%(, 80 (,1(1 u7520N '(5 A *(1$862 :,( ',( 925$1*(*$1*(1(1 g17/$'81*(1 NN921 '(5 y2/.( =85 g5'(DD A 1(*$7,9( n$'81*(1 =85 g5'( 75$163257,(57P k1 %(,'(1 h>//(1 6,1' +2+( /2.$/( h(/'67>5.(1 ',( x25$866(7=81* )@5 /$:,1(1)?50,*( g/(.7521(1Ou72M,21,6$7,21P x21 '(5 y2/.( =85 g5'( :(5'(1 ',( g/(.7521(1N ',( ',( k21,6$7,21 )@5 '(1 g17/$'81*66&+/$8&+ (5=(8*(1N 921 '(5 '$+,17(567(+(1'(1 1(*$7,9(1 t$80/$'81* NN=85 g5'( *(6&+2%(1DD] 921 '(5 g5'( =85 y2/.( 6,1' (6 $8):>576675(%(1'( 326,7,9( n$'81*(1N ',( ',( )5,6&+ (5=(8*7(1 )5(,(1 g/(.7521(1 ,1 6,&+ +,1(,1=,(+(1 81' 0,7 ,+5(5 t$80/$'81* ',( u72MO ,21,6$7,216=21( :(,7(5 ,1 t,&+781* y2/.( 9(56&+,(%(1P d/,7=6&+87= )@5 h5(,/(,781*(1P f,( (/(.75,6&+(1 h5(,/(,781*(1 +$%(1 @%(5 '(1 67520O )@+5(1'(1 o(7$//6(,/(1 (,1( *((5'(7( n(,781* Jg5'6(,/KP f,(6( ,67 1,&+7 185 '(5 p8//O /(,7(5N 621'(51 6,( ',(17 =8*/(,&+ $/6 d/,7=6&+87=P y(11 6,&+ (,1( i(:,77(5:2/.( @%(5 '(1 h5(,/(,781*(1 %(71'(7N '$11 ,67 ',( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 817(5+$/% '(5 *((5O '(7(1 n(,781* :(6(17/,&+ +(5$%*(6(7=7N :(,/ ',( h(/'/,1,(1 921 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81* '(5 y2/.( @%(5:,(*(1' =80 +?+(5 *(/(*(1(1 g5'6(,/ 9(5/$8)(1P y(11 ,1 (,1(5 67520)@+5(1'(1 n(,781* J$8&+ v(/(3+21/(,781*K '85&+ (,1(1 d/,7= 2'(5 (,1(1 u7$5.67520Ou&+$/7925*$1* .85==(,7,* (,1( *()>+5/,&+( %(563$1181* J29(592/7$*(K (1767$1'(1 ,67N ',( 6,&+ ,1 h250 (,1(5 y$1'(5:(//( J75$9(//,1* :$9(N 92/7$*( 685*(K ,0 n(,781*61(7= )25739$1=(1 .$11N '$11 0866 ',(6( u3$1181*663,7=( 0?*/,&+67 62)257 9(51,&+7(7 :(5'(1P c1'(5(1)$//6 .?11(1 v5$16)250$725(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( i(5>7(N 925 $//(0 6(+5 (0371'/,&+( (/(.7521,6&+( i(5>7(N *52M(1 u&+$O '(1 (5/(,'(1P u&+21 y(51(5 u,(0(16 %$87( 80 SZWR =85 x(5+@781* *5?M(5(5 u&+>'(1 h81.(1675(&.(1 =:,6&+(1 63$1181*6)@+5(1'(1 81' *((5'(7(1 n(,781*(1 $/6 %(5O 63$1181*6$%/(,7(5 (,1P d(, u7$5.67520$1/$*(1 75,77 ',( u&+:,(5,*.(,7 $8)N '$66 '(5 ,0 %(563$1181*6$%O /(,7(5 *(=@1'(7( h81.(1 ,1 (,1(1 n,&+7%2*(1 @%(5*(+7N '85&+ '(1 1,&+7 185 9,(/ (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( =85 g5'( $%9,(M7N 621'(51 '(5 :(*(1 '(5 y>50((17:,&./81* $8&+ (,1( d5$1'*()$+5 '$567(//7P f85&+ d(187=81* (,1(6 j?51(5%/,7=$%/(,7(56 Jc%%P SRPSYN +251 /,*+71,1* $55(67(5K />667 6,&+ ',( d,/'81* (,1(6 '$8(51' %5(11(1'(1 n,&+7%2*(16 9(50(,'(1P f,(6(5 d/,7=$%/(,7(5 %(67(+7 $86 =:(, +?51(5$57,* *()2507(1 m83)(5%@*(/1N 921 '(1(1 '(5 (,1( 0,7 '(5 u7$5.67520/(,781*N '(5 $1'(5( 0,7 '(5 g5'( 9(5%81'(1 ,67P y(11 181 $1 '(0 817(5(1 g1'( '(5 d@*(/ $8) '(5 *(5,1*67(1
SRPU u(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81*(1
(a)
c%%P SRPSY
XVU
(b)
j?51(5%/,7=$%/(,7(5\ J$K u&+$/781*N J%K y,5.81*6:(,6(P
g17)(5181* (,1 n,&+7%2*(1 ,1)2/*( %(56&+/$*(16 =@1'(7N 62 :,5' (5 '85&+ ',( 921 ,+0 (5+,7=7( n8)7 ,1 ',( j?+( *(75,(%(1] '$'85&+ :,5' (5 ,00(5 />1*(5 81' 5(,M7 6&+/,(M/,&+ $%P d/,7=6&+87= )@5 i(%>8'(P |85 u&+$'(169(5+@781* %(, i(:,77(51 :(5'(1 $8) i(%>8O '(1 d/,7=$%/(,7(5 J/,*+71,1* 3527(&7256 25 52'6K $1*(%5$&+7N :,( 6&+21 d(1-$0,1 h5$1./,1 80 SYWR 925*(6&+/$*(1 +$77(P f,( y,5.81* '(5 u3,7=(1 %(67(+7 =80 v(,/ '$5,1N '$66 6,( ,0 *(:,77(5O7<3,6&+(1 67$5.(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' '85&+ $%675?0(1'( n$'81*(1 ',( 80*(%(1'(1 }48,327(17,$/9>&+(1 J9*/P c%%P SRPSW%K (,1(%1(1 81' 62 ',( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 (,1(6 d/,7=(,16&+/$*(6 9(55,1*(51P y(11 $%(5 (,1 d/,7= '$6 i(%>8'( 75,57N 62// (5 ,1 '(1 d/,7=$%/(,7(5 6&+/$*(1P f,( d/,7=6&+87=$1/$*( 0866 ,1 '(5 n$*( 6(,1N '(1 d/,7=67520 *()$+5/26 $%=8/(,7(1 81' u&+>'(1 920 i(%>8'( 81' '(1 '$5,1 %(71'/,&+(1 r(5621(1 81' (/(.7521,6&+(1 c1/$*(1 $%=8+$/7(1 J6,(+( c%%P SRPSZKP k1 f(876&+/$1' :,5' ',( k167$//$7,21 (,1(5 d/,7=6&+87=$1/$*( 9(5/$1*7N :(11 '$6 i(%>8'( 6(,1( w0*(%81* '(87/,&+ @%(55$*7 2'(5 /(,&+7 (179$00%$5( o$7(5,$/,(1 ,0 f$&+%(5(,&+ (,1*(%$87 6,1' Jj2/=O 2'(5 t((7'>&+(5K 2'(5 (;3/26,9( u725( *(O /$*(57 :(5'(1P o,7 0(7$//(1(1 h$1*/(,781*(1 :,5' ',( >8M(5( u758.785 '(6 i(%>8'(6 6(+5 *52%0$6&+,* 1$&+*(%,/'(7P c//( 0(7$//(1(1 g,15,&+781*(1 $8) '(0 i(%>8'( Jf$&+5,11(1N c17(11(152+5(K :(5'(1 $8) .@5=(67(0 y(*( 0,7 '(5 c1/$*( 9(5%81O '(1P %(5 6(1.5(&+7( c%/(,781*(1 :,5' '(5 d/,7=67520 0?*/,&+67 *52M9>&+,* ,1 '(1 g5'%2'(1 @%(575$*(1P f(5 >8M(5( d/,7=6&+87=N '(5 )@5 '$6 c85$1*(1 '(6 d/,7=(6 81' 6(,1( c%/(,781* =85 g5'81*6$1/$*( 625*7N ',(17 9255$1*,* '(5 d5$1'9(50(,'81*P f(5 ,11(5( d/,7=6&+87= 62// ',( c86:,5.81*(1 '(6 d/,7=67520(6 81' 6(,1(5 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(5 $8) r(5621(1N g/(.75,. 81' g/(.7521,. ,0 i(%>8'( %(*5(1=(1P f$=8 *(+?57 925 $//(0 (,1 1,('(52+0,*(5 r27(17,$/$86*/(,&+ =:,6&+(1 $//(1 (/(.75,6&+ /(,7(1'(1 x(57(,/81*66<67(0(1 Ju7520N i$6N y$66(5N j(,=81*K 81' '(5 g,1%$8 921 *(67$5(/7(1 %(563$1181*6Ou&+87=*(5>7(1P |:,6&+(1 '(1 $.7,9(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 n(,7(51 81' '(0 g5'6&+87=/(,7(5 Jrg 3 3527(&7,9( ($57+K :(5'(1 x(1O 7,/$%/(,7(5 J121O/,1($5O5(6,67$1&( $55(67(56K *(6&+$/7(7N ',( 62:2+/ %(, %(563$1181O
XVV
SR i$6(17/$'81*(1 Fangeinrichtung
Ableitung Ableitung
Verbraucher PE
Feinschutz
Trennstelle
Grobschutz
Trennstelle Zähler
PE
Hausanschlusskasten
Verteiler Potentialausgleichsschiene Gas Wasser Heizung
Erdungsanlage, Fundamenterder
c%%P SRPSZ f(5 c8)%$8 '(5 d/,7=6&+87=$1/$*( (,1(6 y2+1+$86(6 J1$&+ xfgN c866&+866 d/,7=6&+87= 81' d/,7=)256&+81*KP
*(1 $86 '(0 g1(5*,(1(7= $/6 $8&+ %(, r27(17,$/$1+(%81* ,1)2/*( (,1(6 1$+(1 d/,7=O 6&+/$*(6 $1635(&+(1P f,( ./$66,6&+(1 x(17,/$%/(,7(5 %(67(+(1 $86 t(,+(16&+$/781*(1 921 h81.(1675(O &.(1N ',( 817(5+$/% '(5 |@1'63$1181* *87( k62/$725(1 6,1'N 81' 63$1181*6$%+>1O *,*(1 y,'(567>1'(1 Jx$5,6725(1K $86 o(7$//2;,'(1N 925=8*6:(,6( |1qP f$6 q;,' :,5' 0,7 (,1(0 .(5$0,6&+(1 d,1'(5 =8 u&+(,%(1 2'(5 u7>%(1 *(35(667N %(, +2+(5 v(03(5$785 *(6,17(57 81' '$11 0,7 0(7$//,6&+(1 m217$.79>&+(1 9(56(+(1P f,( u3$1O 181*6$%+>1*,*.(,7 %(58+7 $8) (,1(0 9(5>1'(5/,&+(1 m217$.7:,'(567$1' =:,6&+(1 '(1 (,1=(/1(1 m5,67$//(1 '(6 o$7(5,$/6P d(, p250$/63$1181* ,67 '(5 y,'(567$1' 6(+5 +2&+P %(567(,*7 $%(5 ',( u3$1181* (,1(1 0,7 '(0 x$5,6725Ov<3 :>+/%$5(1 y(57N '$11 6,1.7 '(5 y,'(567$1' 67$5. $%P k0 ,11(5(1 d/,7=6&+87= .200(1 $8&+ x(17,/( 0,7 r$5$//(/6&+$/781* 921 h81.(1O 675(&.( 81' x$5,6725 =80 g,16$7=\ f(5 x$5,6725 %(*5(1=7 ',( 5(/$7,9 +>87* $8)75(O 7(1'(1 %(563$1181*(1 ,1)2/*( )(51(5 d/,7=(,16&+/>*(N ',( '85&+ '$6 g1(5*,(1(7= @%(575$*(1 :(5'(1] ',( h81.(1675(&.( 635,&+7 %(, ',5(.7(0 d/,7=(,16&+/$* $1 81' @%(5%5@&.7 '(1 x$5,6725N '$ $1'(5(1)$//6 '(5 $%9,(M(1'( *52M( u7520 (,1(1 =8 +2+(1 u3$1181*6$%)$// $0 x$5,6725 +(592558)(1 :@5'(P f85&+ 1$&+*(6&+$/7(7(N @%(5 n(,O 781*6,1'8.7,9,7>7(1 (17.233(/7( x$5,6725(1 .?11(1 ',( %(563$1181*(1 12&+ :(,O 7(5 5('8=,(57 :(5'(1P
SRPU u(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81*(1
XVW
d/,7=6&+87= )@5 r(5621(1P p,&+7 -('(5 ',5(.7( d/,7=6&+/$* ,67 7?'/,&+N :(,/ (,1 v(,/ '(6 d/,7=67520(6 $/6 i/(,7@%(56&+/$* (17/$1* '(5 m?53(52%(59>&+( 9,(M(1 .$11P p(%(1 x(5%5(1181*(1 (567(1 %,6 '5,77(1 i5$'(6 $1 '(1 g,1O 81' c8675,77667(//(1 '(6 d/,7=O 67520(6 .?11(1 d(:8667/26,*.(,7N c7(067,//67$1'N j(5=%(6&+:(5'(1 81' $1'(5( u&+>',*81*(1 $8)75(7(1P g6 ,67 *()$+5/26N (,1(5 '85&+ d/,7=6&+/$* 9(581*/@&.7(1 r(5621 62)257 =8 +(/)(1N '(11 (6 ,67 >8M(567 81:$+56&+(,1/,&+N '$66 $0 6(/%(1 q57 (,1 =:(,7(5 d/,7= (,1O 6&+/>*7N 810,7(/%$5 1$&+'(0 '(5 (567( d/,7= (,1(1 r27(17,$/$86*/(,&+ +(5%(,*()@+57 +$7P |85 g567(1 j,/)( Jc%6&+1P SXPVK *(+?5(1 ,16%(621'(5( ',( c7(063(1'( %(, c7(067,//67$1' 81' ',( >8M(5( j(5=0$66$*( %(, j(5=Om5(,6/$8)Ou7,//67$1'P r(5621(1*()>+5'81* %(67(+7 $8&+ '85&+ ',( ,1',5(.7( y,5.81* (,1(6 1$+(1 d/,7=O 6&+/$*(6P f(5 d/,7=67520 %5(,7(7 6,&+ $1 '(5 g,16&+/$*67(//( 1$&+ $//(1 t,&+781*(1 ,0 d2'(1 $86P c1 '(5 g5'2%(59>&+( .$11 '$11 8PwP (,1( +2+( u&+5,7763$1181* $8)75(7(1 Jc%%P SRPS[$KP y,5' 0$1 ,0 h5(,(1 920 i(:,77(5 @%(55$6&+7N '$11 62//7( 0$1 %(621'(56 %/,7=*()>+5'(7( u758.785(1 J(,1=(/1( d>80( 2'(5 d$80*5833(1N n(,O 781*60$67(1N c17(11(1N o(7$//=>81( 81' $1'(5( o(7$//.216758.7,21(1K 0(,'(1P |80 u&+87= 925 +2+(1 u&+5,7763$1181*(1 :,5' ',( ,1 c%%P SRPS[% *(=(,*7( j2&.O 67(//81* (03)2+/(1N :2%(, $8) U 0 o,1'(67$%67$1' 921 d$8067>00(1 81' @%(5O +>1*(1'(1 }67(1 =8 $&+7(1 ,67P u&+:,00(1 81' t$')$+5(1 %(, i(:,77(5 ,67 /(%(16*()>+5/,&+C g,1 c872 0,7 i$1=O 0(7$//Om$5266(5,( Jh$5$'$
3m
3m
(a)
Schrittspannung
3m
(b)
c%%P SRPS[ J$K g1767(+81* '(5 u&+5,7763$1181*] J%K g03)2+/(1 %(, i(:,77(5 ,0 h5(,(1\ j2&.67(//81* 0,7 h@M(1 (1* 1(%(1(,1$1'(5N c%67$1' 921 d>80(1 J1$&+ xfgN c866&+866 d/,7=6&+87= 81' d/,7=)256&+81*KP
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SRPU u(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81*(1
(a)
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Öl Siedezone Dampf Gasblase Lichtbogen (a)
c%%P SRPTV
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Druckluft (b)
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SRPV r/$60(1
XWW
(,1 (17,21,6,(5(1' :,5.(1'(6 i$6 $%*,%7P k1 f58&./8)76&+$/7(51 Jc%%P SRPTV%K :,5' '(5 n,&+7%2*(1 (,1(5 67$5.(1 u75?081* $86*(6(7=7N :(11 '(5 u&+$/767,)7 ',( f@6( )5(,*,%7] %(1?7,*7 :,5' (,1( /(,6781*667$5.( f58&./8)7$1/$*( J=P dP )@5 URR %$5 u3(,O &+(5'58&.N UR %$5 ,0 n8)767520KP k1 uhXOu&+$/7(51 ,67 '$6 n?6&+6<67(0 >+1/,&+ :,( %(, '(1 f58&./8)76&+$/7(51 $8)*(%$87N :(*(1 '(5 *@167,*(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(6 uhX :(5'(1 $%(5 185 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5( f5@&.( 81' u75?081*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 %(O 1?7,*7P c/6 ,62/,(5(1'(6 i$6N '$6 :(6(17/,&+ %(66(5 $/6 n8)7 ,67N :,5' +(87( u&+:()(/+(O ;$9825,' JuhXK 9(5:(1'(7P f$6 (/(.7521(*$7,9( u&+:(5*$6 :(,67 +(59255$*(1'( k62O /,(5O 81' n?6&+(,*(16&+$)7(1 $8)P g6 %,1'(7 )5(,( g/(.7521(1 '85&+ ',662=,$7,9( c1O /$*(581* J',662&,$7,9( $77$&+0(17KP f,( f,662=,$7,216352'8.7( 81' ',( ,0 n,&+7%2O *(1 (1767(+(1'(1 |(56(7=81*6352'8.7( 5(.20%,1,(5(1 =80 *5?M7(1 v(,/ =8 uhX 2'(5 9(5%,1'(1 6,&+ =8 816&+>'/,&+(1 o(7$//9825,'(1 $1 '(1 m217$.7(1P uhX ,67 81*,)7,* 81' 1,&+7 %5(11%$5P f,( f85&+6&+/$*63$1181* ,67 )@5 uhX (7:$ '5(,0$/ +?+(5 $/6 )@5 pT J2'(5 n8)7KP f,( f85&+6&+/$*63$1181* ,67 1,&+7 185 921 '(5 g/(.752'(1O m217*85$7,21 81' '(0 f58&.N 621'(51 $8&+ 921 '(5 i$67(03(5$785 $%+>1*,*P x,(/( i$6(N ,16%(621'(5( h/825.2+/(1:$66(56725(N 6,1' $8) ,+5( g,*181* $/6 k62O /,(5*$6 ,1 '(5 j2&+63$1181*67(&+1,. 817(568&+7 :25'(1P g6 *,%7 .(,1 i$6N '$6 @%(5 '(1 *(6$07(1N 7(&+1,6&+ 5(/(9$17(1 v(03(5$785%(5(,&+ 921 2UR@e %,6 SRR@e 817(5 '(1 d(75,(%6%(',1*81*(1 '(5 j2&+63$1181*67(&+1,. $/6 k62/,(5*$6 %(66(5 *((,*1(7 ,67 $/6 uhXP j2&+63$1181*6$1/$*(1 :(5'(1 ,1 o(7$//%(+>/7(51 (,1*(.$36(/7N ',( uhX %(, (,1(0 ./(,1(1 %(5'58&. J(7:$6 0(+5 $/6 S %$5K (17+$/7(1P f,( n(&.5$7( .$11 62 1,('5,* *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1N '$66 ',( r5@)63$1181*6:(57( $8&+ 1$&+ 0(+5 $/6 =(+1 l$+5(1 d(75,(%6=(,7 12&+ *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P y(*(1 '(5 %(66(5(1 k62/,(5)>+,*.(,7 '(6 uhX .?11(1 ',( c%67>1'( =:,6&+(1 '(1 63$1181*6)@+5(1'(1 v(,/(1 ./(,1(5 *(0$&+7 :(5'(1] 'P +P ',( u&+$/7$1/$*( ,67 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5 $/6 (,1( (17635(&+(1'( c1/$*( 0,7 n8)7,62/$7,21P
SRPV r/$60(1 g,1 67$5. ,21,6,(57(6 i$6N '$6 :(*(1 '(5 */(,&+(1 c1=$+/ 326,7,9(5 81' 1(*$7,9(5 n$'81*(1 1$&+ $8M(1 1(875$/ ,67N $%(5 (,1( +2+( (/(.75,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 %(6,7=7N :,5' r/$60$ *(1$117P y(,/ 6,&+ r/$60(1 *581'/(*(1' 921 h(67.?53(51N h/@66,*.(,7(1 81' i$6(1 817(56&+(,'(1N :,5' '(5 r/$60$=867$1' $8&+ $/6 NN9,(57(5 c**5(*$7=8O 67$1'DD %(=(,&+1(7P f$ $//( h,;67(51( +(,M(N 67$5. ,21,6,(57( i$6%>//( 6,1'N .$11 0$1 6$*(1N '$66 6,&+ ',( 816 %(.$117( o$7(5,( '(6 w1,9(56806 *5?M7(17(,/6 ,0 r/$60$O =867$1' %(71'(7P k1 '(1 925$1*(*$1*(1(1 c%6&+1,77(1 @%(5 i$6(17/$'81*(1 75$7(1 9(56&+,('(17O /,&+ 6&+21 r/$60(1 $8)N $%(5 '$6 j$837,17(5(66( *$/7 %,6+(5 '(0 n$'81*675$163257 ,1 *(*(%(1(1 i$6Bg/(.752'(1Ou<67(0(1P j,(5 62// .85= '$6 r/$60$ ,0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 $/6 |867$1' '(5 o$7(5,( 0,7 %(621'(5(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1N :(,7*(+(1' 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 g5=(8*81*60(7+2'( %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1P h@5 (,1( 9,(/ $86)@+5O /,&+(5( d(+$1'/81* :,5' $8) d'P WN m$3P T 9(5:,(6(1P
XWX
SR i$6(17/$'81*(1
h@5 ',( 48$17,7$7,9( d(6&+5(,%81* (,1(6 r/$60$6 ,0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 6,1' 925 $//(0 )2/*(1'( i5?M(1 :,&+7,*\ A A A A
g/(.7521(1',&+7( 1(N v(03(5$785 vN f(%<(On>1*( +fN Jg/(.7521(1OKr/$60$J.5(,6K)5(48(1= 63P
y(*(1 '(5 p(875$/,7>76%(',1*81* ,67 ',( g/(.7521(1',&+7( */(,&+ '(5 i(6$07,21(1O ',&+7( 1,21N ',( 6,&+ $86 '(5 *(:,&+7(7(1 u800( '(5 f,&+7(1 $//(5 k21(1$57(1 (5*,%7\ 1( 3 1,21 3 s -. 1.P .
JSRPSYK
j,(5 ,67 -. ',( k21,6,(581*6678)( J3 |$+/ '(5 326,7,9(1 n$'81*(1K '(5 .O7(1 k21(1$57 0,7 '(5 f,&+7( 1.P h@5 +2&+,21,6,(57( r/$60(1 ,67 ',( f,&+7( '(5 1,&+7O,21,6,(57(1 c720( 1$720 9(5O 6&+:,1'(1' ./(,1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 1(P f,( v(03(5$785 ,67 0,7 '(1 v(,/&+(1',&+7(1 @%(5 '$6 f$/721I6&+( r$57,$/'58&.Oi(6(7= 9(5.1@3)7P f(5 f58&. 3 '(6 r/$60$6 ,67 3 3 J1( 11,21 11$720K .v 3 3 . T1( .v )@5 1$720 * 1,21P
JSRPSZK
f,( f(%<(On>1*( ,67 1$&+ '(5 r/$60$7+(25,( *(*(%(1 '85&+ +f 3 LJ&R .vKBJ(T 1(KbSBTP
JSRPS[K
|85 x(5$16&+$8/,&+81* .$11 *(6$*7 :(5'(1N '$66 r/$60(1 :,( ,'($/( i$6( %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1 .?11(1N :(11 '(5 0,77/(5( c%67$1' '(5 g/(.7521(1N $3352;,0,(57 '85&+ N +( 3 12SBU (
JSRPTRK
*5?M(5 $/6 ',( f(%<(On>1*( +f ,67P y(11 ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 r/$60$6 ,5*(1':2 (,1( t$80/$'81* s (;,67,(57N '$11 :(5O '(1 ',( n$'81*675>*(5 '(6 r/$60$6 ,0 h(/' ',(6(5 t$80/$'81* 62 9(56&+2%(1N '$66 (,1( c%6&+,5081* 5(68/7,(57P y>+5(1' '$6 e28/20%Or27(17,$/ (,1(5 r81.7/$'81* ,0 x$.880 1$&+ 3eJ5K 3 sBJV@ &R 5K
JSRPTSK
$%)>//7N /,()(57 ',( r/$60$Ov+(25,( '$6 6&+1(//(5 $%)$//(1'( f(%<(Or27(17,$/\ 3f 3 3e (;3L25BJ+fB|TKbP
JSRPTTK
j,(5 ,67 +f ',( f(%<(On>1*(N 81' '(5 h$.725 |T 75,77 $8)N :(,/ %(, '(5 j(5/(,781* $1*(1200(1 :85'(N '$66 326,7,9( 81' 1(*$7,9( n$'81*675>*(5 */(,&+ 67$5. =85 c%O 6&+,5081* %(,75$*(1] 0$1&+0$/ :,5' $8&+ ',( '85&+ |T *(7(,/7( n>1*( $/6 f(%<(O n>1*( %(=(,&+1(7P f,( t(,&+:(,7( '(5 h(/'(5 (,1=(/1(5 n$'81*675>*(5 ,67 ,0 :(6(17O /,&+(1 $8) '(1 t$',$/%(5(,&+ 5 " +f %(6&+5>1.7P d(75$&+7(7 0$1 6&+1(// 9(5>1'(5/,&+( x25*>1*( ,1 (,1(0 r/$60$N '$11 6,1' (6 +$8376>&+/,&+ ',( /(,&+7(1 g/(.7521(1N ',( c%6&+,5081* 81' n$'81*6$86*/(,&+ +(5O 67(//(1P d(75$&+7(7 0$1N :,( 6&+1(// (,1 g/(.7521 817(5 '(0 g,19866 '(6 t$80/$O
SRPV r/$60(1
XWY
'81*6)(/'(6 920 t$',86 t ,1 '$6 |(17580 *(/$1*7N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1( |(,7N ',( *5?M(125'181*60>M,* '(5 m(+5:(57 '(5 g/(.7521(1Or/$60$OJm5(,6OKh5(48(1= 63 3 LJ(T 1(KBJ&R 0(KbSBT
JSRPTUK
,67P o,7 ',(6(5 g,*(1J.5(,6K)5(48(1= .?11(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 *(0(,16$0 %(=@*/,&+ '(5 6&+:(5(1N 1$+(=8 2576)(67(1 k21(1 26=,//,(5(1P f,( v+(25,( /,()(57 (,1(1 (,1)$&+(1 |86$00(1+$1* 921 f(%<(On>1*( 81' r/$6O 0$)5(48(1=\ +f 63 3 J.vB0(KSBTP
JSRPTVK
f$6 ,67 ',( '85&+ |T *(7(,/7( 7+(50,6&+( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1P f$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 v(,/&+(1',&+7(1 =8(,1$1'(5 :,5' '85&+ ',( u$+$O g**(57Oi/(,&+81* %(67,007N ',( (,1( c1:(1'81* '(6 &+(0,6&+(1 o$66(1:,5.81*6O *(6(7=(6 $8) '$6 k21,6$7,216*/(,&+*(:,&+7 '$567(//7P h@5 '(1 (,1)$&+(1 h$// 921 185 (,1)$&+(5 k21,6$7,21 Jc720 ) k211(2K ,67 ',( v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 %(67,007 '85&+ ',( g;3217(17,$/)81.7,21 1( 1,21B1$720 3 hJvK (;3L2Jg,21 2(g,21KB.vbP
JSRPTWK
f,( 6&+:>&+(5 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*( h81.7,21 hJvK (17+>/7 '(1 h$.725 v UBT 81' ',( 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*(1 NN|867$1'66800(1DD Jd'P WN m$3P TK )@5 ',( c720( 81' k21(1P k1 '(1 g;321(17,$/7(50 *(+7 1(%(1 '(5 k21,6$7,216(1(5*,( g,21 12&+ '(5 m25O 5(.7857(50 (g,21 (,1N '(5 ',( g51,('5,*81* '(5 k21,6,(581*6(1(5*,( ,0 r/$60$ %(O 6&+5(,%7 81' 1>+(581*6:(,6( '85&+ ',( e28/20%Og1(5*,( =:(,(5 g/(0(17$5/$'81*(1 ,0 c%67$1' +fB|T *(*(%(1 ,67\ (g,21 . (TBJV@ 7R +fB|TKP
JSRPTXK
h@5 (,1(1 %(5%/,&. @%(5 ',( 9,(/)>/7,*(1 c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 r/$60$7(&+1,. ,67 (6 $0 %(67(1N '$6 r/$60$ $/6 (,1 o(',80 )@5 g1(5*,(80:$1'/81*(1 =8 9(567(+(1 Jc%%P SRPTWKP d(,63,(/(\ k1 m(51)86,2163/$60(1 :,5' m(51(1(5*,( ,1 7+(50,6&+( g1(5*,(N ,1 i$6(17/$'81*6/$03(1 (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( ,1 n,&+7 80*(:$1'(/7P f(5 d(*5,5 NNr/$60$3+<6,.DD :,5' ,0 |86$00(1+$1* 0,7 '(1 :(,79(5%5(,7(7(1 n(8&+75?+5(1 Jc%6&+1P SRPUPWK .$80 9(5:(1'(7P c%(5 (,1 $8) '(06(/%(1 r5,1=,3 %(58+(1'(5 h/$&+%,/'6&+,50 :,5' r/$60$%,/'6&+,50 J3/$60$ ',63/$< 3$1(/N rfrK *(O 1$117P l('(6 u8%3,;(/ ',(6(6 d,/'6&+,506 ,67 (,1( ./(,1(N 0,7 (,1(5 g'(/*$60,6&+81* *()@//7( m$00(5N ,1 '(5 (,1( i$6(17/$'81* 8/75$9,2/(7(6 n,&+7 (5=(8*7N '$6 921 '(0
thermische Energie
mechanische Energie
Plasma
elektrische Energie
Licht, elektromagnetische Strahlung
chemische Energie
Kernenergie
c%%P SRPTW u&+(0$ =8 0?*/,&+(1 g1(5*,(O 80:$1'/81*(1 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 r/$60$6P
XWZ
SR i$6(17/$'81*(1
$8) '(1 k11(1:>1'(1 $8)*(75$*(1(1 n(8&+76725 ,1 n,&+7 (,1(5 '(5 i581')$5%(1 80*(:$1'(/7 :,5'P w0 ',( %(, n(8&+75?+5(1 25(16,&+7/,&+(1 u7$57352%/(0( =8 80O *(+(1N :,5' ,1 $//(1 m$00(51 67>1',* (,1( 6&+:$&+( i$6(17/$'81* $8)5(&+7 (5+$/O 7(1P f,( u7(8(581* '(5 j(//,*.(,7 (5)2/*7 @%(5 ',( n>1*( '(5 |@1'38/6(P f$ '(5 r/$60$%,/'6&+,50 6(/%67/(8&+7(1' ,67N .$11 6(,1 d,/' $8&+ 817(5 *52M(1 u,&+7:,1.(/1 *87 :$+5*(1200(1 :(5'(1P g,1 p$&+7(,/ ,67 J1(%(1 +2+(1 j(567(//81*6.267(1 81' %(*5(1=7(5 n(%(16'$8(5 '(5 n(8&+76725(K ',( o,1,0$/*5?M( '(5 m$00(51N ',( %(, (7:$ RPU 00 /,(*7P f(6+$/% /,(*7 '(5 j$837(,16$7=%(5(,&+ %(, '(1 5(35(6(17$7,9(1N $86 *5?M(5(0 c%67$1' %(75$&+7(7(1 i52M%,/'6&+,50(1N :2)@5 ',( c89?681* $865(,&+7 81' '(5 r5(,6 $.=(37,(57 :,5'P f(5 .200(5=,(//( f85&+%58&+ '(5 r/$60$%,/'6&+,50( .$0 %(, '(1 2/<03,6&+(1 y,17(563,(/(1 ,1 p$*$12 S[[ZN $/6 (,1 -$3$1,6&+(5 h(516(+O 6(1'(5 '$6 (,*(1( jfvxOr52*5$00 0,7 *52M(1 d,/'6&+,50(1 35>6(17,(57(P
SRPW k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SR SRPWPS u75$+/81*N f(7(.725(1N u75$+/81*66&+87= k21,6,(5(1'( u75$+/81*P d81'(6$07 )@5 u75$+/(16&+87=\ +773\BB:::P%)6P'( 0 k1+$/76O @%(56,&+7 NNk21,6,(5(1'( u75$+/81*DD 3 n,1. SRAS y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 0 1$7@5/,&+( t$',2$.7,9,7>7 2'(5 0 u75$+/(1:,5.81*(1P p@7=/,&+ ,67 $8&+ 0 d)u j20( 0 i/266$5 f26,0(75,( 81' u75$+/(16&+87=P x(7(5,1>50(',=,1,6&+(1 w1,9(56,7>7 y,(1\ +773\BB :::P98O:,(1P$&P$7B 0 q5*$1,6$7,21 0 f(3$570(17 )@5 p$785:,66(16&+$)7(1 0 f(3$570(176 NNk167,787 )@5 o(',=,1,6&+( r+<6,. 81' d,267$7,67,.DD J+773\BB:::O0('O 3+<6,.P98O:,(1P$&P$7K 0 n(+5( 0 r+<6,.0$1$*(5 0 k1+$/769(5=(,&+1,6 0 d,2/2O *,6&+( y,5.81* ,21,6,(5(1'(5 u75$+/81* 0 f26,0(75,( 81' u75$+/(16&+87= 3 n,1. SRAT g5*>1=81*\ d$<(5,6&+(6 u7$$760,1,67(5,80 )@5 w0:(/7N i(681'+(,7 81' x(5%5$8O &+(56&+87=\ +773\BB:::P6708*9P%$<(51P'(B 0 t($.7256,&+(5+(,7 3 n,1. SRAU k0 c%6&+1,77 NNi581'/$*(1 =8 m(513+<6,. 81' u75$+/(16&+87=DD =P dP :(,7(5 0,7 0 y,5.81* ,21,6,(5(1'(5 u75$+/(1N 0 u75$+/81*60(6681*N 0 o$M(,1O +(,7(1 ,0 u75$+/(16&+87=N 0 %(5:$&+81* '(5 w0:(/75$',2$.7,9,7>7 i(,*(5Oo@//(5O|>+/(5P q$. t,'*( c662&,$7(' w1,9(56,7,(6\ +773\BB:::P25$8P25* 0 q$. t,'*( k167,787( )25 u&,(1&( $1' g'8&$7,21 0 u,7( o$3 0 g;3(57,=( $1' e$O 3$%,/,7,(6 NNr52)(66,21$/ v5$,1,1* r52*5$06DD 0 j,6725,&$/ e2//(&7,216 0 i(,*(5 o8O (//(5 '(7(&7256 3 n,1. SRAV y(,7(5 0,7 0 k1)2 d87721N '$11 m/,&. $8) (,1,*( '(5 |>+/(5Oc%%,/'81*(1 p$&+:(,6 921 u385(1 +2&+(1(5*(7,6&+(5 v(,/&+(1P c86 p2%(/35(,6( J6P c%6&+1P SPVK 0 r+<6,&6 0 g'8&$7,21$/ 0 q%6(59,1* 7+( y25/' 2) r$57,&/(6 3 n,1. SRAW y(,7(5 0,7 0 v+( e/28' e+$0%(5 2'(5 0 v+( d8%%/( e+$0%(5 2'(5 0 v+( o8/7,:,5( e+$0%(5
SRPW k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SR
XW[
g5*>1=81*\ d522.+$9(1 p$7,21$/ n$%25$725<\ +773\BB:::P%1/P*29B 0 t(6($5&+ h$O &,/,7,(6 0 t(/$7,9,67,& j($9< k21 e2//,'(5 0 g;3(5,0(17 j20( r$*(6 NNr+(1,;DD 0 k1752 0 f(7(&7256 0 f5,)7 e+$0%(5 NNn($51 ,7 c//DD 0 fe i(1(5$/ k1)2\ NNfe )25 f800,(6DD Ju+2: q1/< v+,6 h5$0(K 3 n,1. SRAX
XPWPT i(:,77(5 i(:,77(5P pcuc\ +773\BB:::P1$6$P*29B 0 u.,3 72 pcuc +20( 3$*( 0 c%287 pcuc 0 pcuc u,7(6 0 o$56+$// u3$&( h/,*+7 e(17(5 0 h,1' ,7 $7 pcuc NNijeeDD 0 n,*+71,1* H c70263+(5,& g/(&75,&,7< t(6($5&+ $7 7+( ijee 0 c n,*+71,1* r5,0(5 3 n,1. SRAY g5*>1=81*\ x(5(,1,*81* '(5 u7(51)5(81'( (PxP\ 0 +773\BB:::P9'6O$6752P'(B 0 h$&+O *5833(1 0 o(7(25( 0 k17(51(76(,7( '(5 h$&+*5833( o(7(25( 0 y(,7(5( $70263+>O 5,6&+( g56&+(,181*(1 0 u(/%67/(8&+7(1'( g56&+(,181*(1 NNd/,7=(DD 3 n,1. SRAZ m8*(/%/,7=P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. SRA[ g5*>1=81*\ 0 c1'(5( u35$&+(1 NNg1*/,6+DDN '257 ,16%(621'(5( u(( $/62 81' g;7(51$/ n,1.6 d/,7=6&+87=P c86 xfg J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ c866&+@66( NNd/,7=6&+87= 1 d/,7=)256&+81*DD 3 n,1. SRASR y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 c.78(//(6\ hcs6 2'(5 0 r8%/,.$7,21(1N '257 =P dP 0 d/,7=O 81' %(563$1181*66&+87= '(6 v(/(.20081,.$7,216$16&+/866(6P j?51(5%/,7=$%/(,7(5P w1,9(56,7>7 i5$=\ +773\BB:::P81,O*5$=P$7B 0 h$.8/7>7(1 H k16O 7,787(\ p$785:,66(16&+$)7(1 NNk167,787(DD 0 g;3(5,0(17$/3+<6,. 0 J817(1K r+<6,.O d2; A h$&+','$.7,. '(5 r+<6,. 0 w17(5,&+760$7(5,$/ 0 f(021675$7,216(;3(5,0(1O 7( 0 j?51(5%/,7=$%/(,7(5 3 n,1. SRASS
XPWPU r/$60(1 i$6(17/$'81*6/$03(1P y(67)>/,6&+( y,/+(/06 w1,9(56,7>7 o@167(5\ +773\BB:::P81,O 08(167(5P'(B 0 q5*$1,6$7,21 0 h$&+%(5(,&+(Bh$.8/7>7(1 0 r+<6,. 0 k167,787( NNk167,787 )@5 v(&+1,. 81' ,+5( f,'$.7,.DD 0 h256&+81* 81' r52-(.7( 0 n(;,.21 '(5 v(&+1,. 0 g1(5*,(Ow0:$1'/81*66<67(0( 0 i$6(17/$'81*6/$03(1 3 n,1. SRAST g5*>1=81*\ y(%6(,7( 921 u7()$1 rP p(8'(&.N f OWXWYW y(,M(17+850\ +773\BB:::P7/07(&+1,.O21/,1(P'( 0 f$7(1%/$776$00/81* h,/0Bh(516(+(1Bx,'(2 0 n,&+77(&+1,. Jn,1.( u3$/7(\ u+2: q1/< v+,6 h5$0(K 3 n,1. SRASU y(,7(5 0,7 =P dP 0 i/@+OBj$/2*(1/$03(1N 0 jokOn$03(1 Jj )@5 j*N s8&.6,/%(5 A o )@5 0,77/(5( d2*(1/>1*( A k )@5 l2'O|86$7=KN 0 n(8&+76725O
XXR
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Bh1454M-PressProofs.QX5
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XYV
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Fokussierungselektrode
Plasma
Elektronen von Glühkathode
Plasmagrenze
Fe
Magnetfeld
Fe
Beschleunigungselektrode
Polschuhe
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Anode
Solenoid
Elektronenkollektor
Kathode
Elektronenstrahl
Ionenstrahl
Driftröhre
c%%P SSPX c125'181*N *(1$117 gdku 2'(5 gdkvN =85 r52'8.7,21 921 6(+5 +2&+*(/$'(1(1 k21(1 J6&+(0$7,6&+KP
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XYW
f$ 1(875$/( c720( 9,(/ 6&+:,(5,*(5 1$&+=8:(,6(1 6,1' $/6 '(5(1 k21(1N :(5'(1 6,( 925 '(0 p$&+:(,6 ,21,6,(57P h@5 ',( c/.$/,0(7$//$720( e6N t% 81' mN '(5(1 k21,6,(581*6(1(5*,(1 817(5+$/% '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7 921 y2/)5$0 JVPWV (xK /,(*7N (03O 7(+/7 6,&+ ',( q%(59>&+(1Ok21,6$7,21 $8) y2/)5$0 %(, (,1(5 v(03(5$785 921 &$P SVRR mP f,( 9(5'$03)(1'(1 k21(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' $%*(6$8*7 81' '(5 k21(167520 *(0(66(1 Jn$1*08,5Ov$+/(1P h@5 ',( q%(59>&+(1Ok21,6$7,21 921 p$ 81' n, 0866 '$6 y2/)5$0 =85 g5+?+81* '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7 $8) XPTV (x $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( 2;,',(57 81' $8) &$P SZRR m *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1P f,( 62 *(1$117(1 w1,9(56$/Of(7(.725(1N 0,7 '(1(1 $//( c720(N $//(5',1*6 0,7 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+(5 g5,=,(1=N 1$&+*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1N $5%(,7(1 0,7 g/(.7521(1O 672MOk21,6,(581*P f(5 6752067$5.( g/(.7521(1675$+/ :,5' 0$*1(7,6&+ *()@+57P
SSPSPX g/(.7521(1O 81' k21(11$&+:(,6 y,5 %(75$&+7(1 ,1 ',(6(0 c%6&+1,77 ,1 (567(5 n,1,( '(1 p$&+:(,6 921 g/(.7521(1] $8) w17(56&+,('( %(,0 p$&+:(,6 921 k21(1 :,5' +,1*(:,(6(1P n(8&+76&+,50Od,/'P y(11 g1(5*,( 81' u7520',&+7( '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 +,15(,O &+(1' *52M 6,1' J7<3,6&+(5:(,6(\ (,1,*( =c 81' (,1,*( SR .xKN .$11 ',( u7520',&+7(O x(57(,/81* $8) '(5 %(675$+/7(1 h/>&+( $/6 d,/' $8) '(0 n(8&+76&+,50 J6&5((1 ,0$*(K %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1P g,1 )@5 m$7+2'2/80,1(6=(1= 9,(/ 9(5:(1'(7(5 n(8&+76725 ,67 |1uN $.7,9,(57 0,7 c* 2'(5 e8P f$6 32/<.5,67$//,1( n(8&+76725Or8/9(5 :,5' $/6 '@11(5N +$)7(1'(5 d(/$* $8) ',( n(8&+76&+,50Ow17(5/$*( $8)*(%5$&+7P n(8&+76&+,50( $8) o(7$// 0@66(1 6&+5>* 921 '(5 u(,7( '85&+ (,1 h(167(5 %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1] n(8&+7O 6&+,50( $8) i/$6 (5/$8%(1 ',( d(75$&+781* ,1 f85&+6,&+7N :(11 '(5 n(8&+76725%(/$* *(1@*(1' '@11 ,67P w0 c89$'81*(1 '(6 n(8&+76&+,506 81' '$'85&+ %(',1*7( d,/'O 67?581*(1 =8 9(50(,'(1 81' */(,&+=(,7,* ',( n,&+7$86%(87( =8 (5+?+(1N .$11 0$1 $8) '(1 n(8&+76725%(/$* (,1( )@5 ',( u75$+/(/(.7521(1 '85&+/>66,*(N $%(5 '$6 n,&+7 63,(*(/1'( c/80,1,806&+,&+7 Jf,&.( ] RPS =0K $8)'$03)(1P y,// 0$1 185 ',( c8)O /$'81*(1 9(50(,'(1N (037(+/7 6,&+ ',( x(5:(1'81* 921 NN/(,7(1'(0 i/$6DD] '$6 ,67 i/$6N @%(5=2*(1 0,7 (,1(5 75$163$5(17(1 j$/%/(,7(56&+,&+7N ',( )@5 ',( c%/(,781* ./(,1(5 u75$+/675?0( J. SR =cK '85&+$86 +2&+2+0,* J. SRR ./K 6(,1 .$11P c8&+ k21(1675$+/(1 .?11(1 $8) n(8&+76&+,50(1 6,&+7%$5 *(0$&+7 :(5'(1N )@+5(1 $%(5 :(*(1 '(5 +?+(5(1 v(,/&+(1,038/6( (+(5 $/6 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 =85 |(567?581* '(6 n(8&+767256P u75200(6681* 0,7 '(0 h$5$'$
XYX
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(a) Isolator Koaxialkabel auf Hochspannung (b)
(c)
c%%P SSPY h$5$'$
SSPS v(&+1,.(1
XYY
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+2-3 kV R2 R1 (a)
(b)
Pulselektronik
C
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XYZ
SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880
'(5 t?+5( )2576&+5(,7(1'( g/(.7521(1/$:,1( $86 Jc%%P SSPZ$KP c1 '(1 c1)$1* '(5 t?+5( :,5' (,1 v5,&+7(5 *(6(7=7N '(66(1 ,11(5( q%(59>&+( (%(1)$//6 (,1( *87( u(O .81'>5(/(.7521(1Oc86%(87( %(6,7=7N '$0,7 '(5 f(7(.725 (,1( *5?M(5( c85$1*9>&+( )@5 ',( 1$&+=8:(,6(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 (5+>/7P j,17(5 '(0 g1'( '(5 t?+5( :,5' (,1 c12'(1%/(&+ $1*(%5$&+7N '$6 ',( $86 '(5 t?+5( 75(7(1'( g/(.7521(1/$:,1( $85>1*7P c8M(5'(0 :,5' ',( t?+5( *(.5@007 2'(5 =8 (,1(5 u3,5$/( $8)*(:,&.(/7 J6,(+( c%%P SSPZ%KP f(5 y,'(567$1' '(6 ,11(5(1 t?+5(1%(/$*6 /,(*7 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 SRZ ASR[ /] ',( $1*(/(*7( d(75,(%663$1181* 921 TAU .x 9(5856$&+7 $/62 (,1(1 n(,781*667520 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SR =c 81' (5=(8*7 '(1 u3$1181*6$%)$// ,1 '(5 t?+5(N '(5 ',( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 %(6&+/(81,*7P f$6 v5,&+7(5327(17,$/ *(*(1 g5'( ,67 ,1 '(5 u&+$/O 781* 921 c%%P SSPZ% 0,7 1TRR x $1*(*(%(1] g/(.7521(1N ',( 921 (,1(5 (5'1$+(1 s8(//( $8675(7(1N :(5'(1 '$'85&+ =80 v5,&+7(5 +,1 $8) (,1( )@5 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1O c86/?681* *@167,*( g1(5*,( %(6&+/(81,*7P f(5 y,'(567$1' tTN '85&+ '(1 '(5 n(,O 781*667520 J&$P SR =cK 9,(M7N :,5' 62 *(:>+/7 J(7:$ SR o/KN '$66 '$6 t?+5(1(1'( 81*()>+5 SRR x 1(*$7,9(5 $/6 '(5 326,7,9( r2/ '(5 d(75,(%663$1181* ,67N 62'$66 ',( $8675(7(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 =85 c12'( +,1 %(6&+/(81,*7 :(5'(1P f85&+ '(1 y,'(567$1' tSN '(5 =:,6&+(1 S ./ 81' S o/ /,(*7N 9,(M7 185 '(5 u7520 '(5 g/(.7521(1/$:,1(1N '(5 6(/%67 %(, +2+(5 r5,0>5(/(.7521(1Ot$7( 81' +2+(5 x(567>5.81* ,0 o,77(/ 12&+ ./(,1(5 $/6 '(5 n(,781*667520 '85&+ tT ,67P y(11 ',( n$:,1( $8) '(5 c12'( $1O .2007N (1767(+7 .85==(,7,* $0 y,'(567$1' tS (,1 u3$1181*6$%)$//N '(5 $/6 r8/6 @%(5 '(1 m21'(16$725 e J7<3,6&+(5:(,6( X 1hK $1 ',( g/(.7521,. :(,7(5*(*(%(1 :,5'P f,( m5@0081* '(5 t?+5( 62// 1,&+7 185 r/$7= 63$5(1N 621'(51 62// ',( k21(1O t@&..233/81* 817(5'5@&.(1\ u(/%67 %(, *87(0 j2&+9$.880 %(67(+7 ',( o?*/,&+O .(,7N '$66 (,1 t(67*$6$720 $0 +,17(5(1 g1'( '(5 t?+5(N :2 '(5 u(.81'>5(/(.752O 1(167520 6(+5 *52M ,67N ,21,6,(57 :,5'P k1 (,1(5 *(5$'(1 t?+5( .$11 62 (,1 326,7,9(6 k21 %,6 $1 '(1 c1)$1* '(5 t?+5( %(6&+/(81,*7 :(5'(1 81' '257 (,1 u(.81'>5(/(.7521 $86/?6(1N :$6 '$11 A 9(5=?*(57 80 ',( n$8)=(,7 '(6 k216 A (,1( 1$&+)2/*(1'( n$:,1( $86/?67N ',( (,1(1 p$&+38/6 +(592558)7N '(5 921 '(0 (,1(6 r5,0>5(/(.75216 1,&+7 =8 817(56&+(,'(1 ,67P f85&+ ',( m5@0081* :,5' 6,&+(5*(67(//7N '$66 62/&+( k21(1 185 ,0 +,17(5(1 v(,/ '(5 t?+5( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 $86/?6(1N ',( @%(5 ',( ./(,1(5( u75(&.( %,6 =80 t?+5(1(1'( (,1( (17635(&+(1' *(5,1*(5( x(567>5.81* (5)$+5(1N 62O '$66 ',(6( g5(,*1,66( '85&+ (/(.7521,6&+( r8/6+?+(1Of,6.5,0,1,(581* 817(5'5@&.7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f,( x(567>5.81* J(7:$ SRX %,6 SRZK 67(,*7 0,7 '(5 d(75,(%663$1181*P d(, 6(+5 +2+(1 r8/65$7(1 J^ SRW 62SK 6,1.7 ',( x(567>5.81*N :(,/ '85&+ '(1 +2+(1 u(.81'>5(/(.7O 521(167520 ,0 +,17(5(1 v(,/ '(5 t?+5( ',( u3$1181* $%*(6(1.7 81' '$'85&+ '257 ',( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Oc86%(87( 5('8=,(57 :,5'P f,( p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 +>1*7 '$*(*(1 1,&+7 921 '(5 x(567>5.81* $%N 621'(51 185 921 '(5 y$+56&+(,1/,&+O .(,7N '$66 (,1 $8)75(5(1'(6 r5,0>57(,/&+(1 0,1'(67(16 (,1 g/(.7521 $86/?67P h@5 g/(.7521(1 /,(*7 '$6 o$;,080 '(5 p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 921 [W@ %(, (,1,*(1 SRR (x g1(5*,(P f(5 g,1=(/1$&+:(,6 (037(+/7 6,&+ %,6 =8 |>+/5$7(1 921 (7:$ SRW 62S] %(, 12&+ +?+(5(1 |>+/5$7(1 J%,6 =8 SRY 62S 0,7 6&+1(//(5 |>+/(/(.7521,. 0?*/,&+K :(5'(1 v27=(,7Om255(.785(1 127:(1',*N 81' ',( x(567>5.81* 6,1.7 67$5. $%P d(, +2+(1 r5,0>5(/(.7521(1Ot$7(1 .$11 '$6 ego 0,7 ./(,1(5(5 d(75,(%663$1O 181* 81' (17635(&+(1' *(5,1*(5(5 x(567>5.81* $/6 u75209(567>5.(5 9(5:(1'(7 :(5O '(1P i(0(66(1 :,5' '(5 @%(5 tS 9,(M(1'( c12'(167520P
SSPS v(&+1,.(1
XY[
h@5 /(,&+7( k21(1 /,(*7 ',( p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 YRA[R@N :(11 ',( r5,0>5(1(5*,( (7:$ V .x 2'(5 0(+5 %(75>*7P d(, */(,&+(5 g1(5*,( 6,1.7 ',( p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 o$66( 0N (7:$ 3523257,21$/ =8 02SBTP x,(/.$1$/3/$77(P c8) g1*/,6&+ +(,M7 ',(6(5 f(7(.725 08/7,O&+$11(/ 3/$7( JoerK 2'(5N 6(/7(1(5N &+$11(/ (/(&7521 08/7,3/,(5 $55$< JegocK] (6 ,67 (,1( y(,7(5(17:,&./81* '(6 egoP y,( (,1( *(1$8(5( d(75$&+781* '(6 ,1 c%%P SSPZ$ '$5*(67(//7(1 x(59,(/)>/7,*81*6O 352=(66(6 =(,*7N +>1*7 ',( x(567>5.81* '(6 ego 1,&+7 ,1 (567(5 n,1,( 921 '(5 n>1*( '(5 t?+5( $%N 621'(51 +$8376>&+/,&+ 920 x(5+>/71,6 921 n>1*( =8 f85&+0(66(5P f,(6( g5.(1171,6 (5/$8%7 o,1,$785,6,(581* 62:(,7 (6 ',( 9(5)@*%$5(1 j(567(//81*6O 0(7+2'(1 *(67$77(1P f$6 oer %(67(+7 $86 SRV %,6 SRX ',&+7 3$5$//(/ 1(%(1(,1$1'(5 $1*(25'1(7(1 6(+5 ./(,1(1 ego6 Jc%%P SSP[$K 0,7 m$1$/'85&+0(66(51 921 SRA SRR =0 81' n>1*(O=8Of85&+0(66(5Os827,(17(1 921 VR %,6 SRRP
Single MCP
(a)
Chevron
Z-Stack
(b)
c%%P SSP[ x,(/.$1$/3/$77( JoerK\ J$K d,/'N (5=(8*7 0,7 (,1(0 t$67(5(/(.7521(10,.526.23] J%K x(56&+,('(1( c125'181*(1 6&+5>*(5 oer6 0,7 ,+5(1 (1*/,6&+(1 d(=(,&+181*(1P
h@5 63(=,(//( c1:(1'81*(1 *,%7 (6 oer6 0,7 *(5$'(1 m$1>/(1N ',( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r/$77(1(%(1( 67(+(1P f,( $0 :(,7(67(1 9(5%5(,7(7( d$8)250 +$7 *(5$'( m$1>/(N ',( 6&+5>* =85 r/$77(1(%(1( 67(+(1N 81' '$921 :(5'(1 0(,67 =:(, +,17(5(,1$1'(5 *(6&+$/7(7 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 u&+5>*67(//81* J7<3,6&+(5:(,6( uZ@K =85 w17(5'5@O &.81* '(5 k21(1Ot@&..233/81* Jc%%P SSP[%KP f,(6( c125'181* +(,M7 ,0 g1*/,6&+(1 &+(9521N 1$&+ '(0 )5$1=?6,6&+(1 y257 )@5 ',( :,1.(/)?50,*(1 t$1*$%=(,&+(1 $8) '(1 }50(/1 921 w1,)250(1P f5(, +,17(5(,1$1'(5 *(6&+$/7(7( oer6 (5*(%(1 (,1(1 |Ou7$&.P f(5 x(5/$8) (,1(5 g/(.7521(1/$:,1( ,1 (,1(0 oer ,67 ,1 c%%P SSPSR$ 6.,==,(57P f,( d(75,(%663$1181* %(75>*7 YRRASRRR x 352 r/$77(] ',( x(567>5.81* '(5 e+(9521O c125'181* /,(*7 %(, SRW ASRYP y(,/ ',( u800( '(5 m$1$/48(56&+1,77( ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 ',( h/>&+( '(5 r/$77( ,67 ',( p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 ./(,1(5 $/6 )@5 '(1 ego] )@5 g/(.7521(1 921 (,1,*(1 SRR (x 81' /(,&+7(1 k21(1 Jj1 " c51K 921 (,1,*(1 .(x /,(*7 6,( -( 1$&+ d$8$57 =:,6&+(1 WR 81' ZW@P f,( x,(/.$1$/3/$77(1 +$%(1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =80 v5,&+7(5Om$1$/Ougx (,1( *5?M(5( p$&+:(,69>&+( 81' 6,1' :(*(1 '(5 ./(,1(1 n$8):(*( '(5 g/(.7521(1 6&+1(//(5P
XZR
SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880
q576$%+>1*,*(5 v(,/&+(11$&+:(,6P f,( x,(/.$1$/3/$77( (5/$8%7 '(1 2576$%+>1*,*(1 p$&+:(,6 '(5 r5,0>5(/(.7521(1P y,( ,1 c%%P SSPSR$ '(87/,&+ (5.(11%$5 ,67N 75(5(1 ',( $8675(7(1'(1 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 -( 1$&+ c8)75(5257 '(6 r5,0>5(/(.75216 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+( v(,/( '(5 c12'(P y(11 $8&+ ',( $8675(7(1'( g/(.7521(1/$:,1( (,1(1 *5?M(5(1 f85&+0(66(5 %(6,7=7 $/6 (,1 m$1$/N 62 .$11 '2&+ ',( n$*( '(6 o,77(/381.O 7(6 ',(6(5 n$:,1( 0,7 (,1(5 i(1$8,*.(,7 %(67,007 :(5'(1N ',( 35,1=,3,(// 185 '85&+ '(1 m$1$/'85&+0(66(5 %(*5(1=7 ,67P
Primärelektron
Q2 A2
Kanäle
Q1
MCP 1
Q3
MCP 2
y austretende Sekundärelektronen
(a)
Anode
Ausgangspuls A3 (b)
x
A1
c%%P SSPSR J$K u&+1,77 '85&+ (,1 e+(9521Of233(/Ooer 81' u.,==,(581* '(5 y,5.81*6:(,6(] J%K c12'(1817(57(,/81* )@5 ',( d(67,0081* 921 ;O 81'
g,1( 6,115(,&+( c12'(1817(57(,/81* )@5 =:(,',0(16,21$/( q576$89?681* =(,*7 c%%P SSPSR%P f,( c12'( ,67 '5(,)$&+ 817(57(,/7P |:(, v(,/$12'(1 JcS 81' cTK 6,1' 1,&+7O@%(5/$33(1'( o$6.(1N ',( (,1( 0,7 n>1*6675(,)(1N '(5(1 d5(,7( ,1 ;Ot,&+781* =81,007N ',( $1'(5( 0,7 63,7=:,1./,*(1 f5(,(&.(1N ',( ,1
SSPS v(&+1,.(1
XZS
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XZT
SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880
SSPSPY d(:(*81* *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1 ,1 h(/'(51 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1P y,5 %(6&+5>1.(1 816 $8) ',( 1,&+7O5(/$7,9,67,6&+( m,1(0$7,. 81' 1(+0(1 $1N '$66 ',( c8675,776(1(5*,(N ',( ',( v(,/&+(1 %(,0 x(5/$66(1 '(5 s8(//( %(6,7=(1N 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 ,67P p$&+ f85&+/$8)(1 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1O 181* w %(6,7=7 -('(6 v(,/&+(1 ',( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( 4w3
S 0 9T T
JSSPWK
J4 3 n$'81*N 0 3 o$66( 81' 9 3 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 v(,/&+(16KP f,( v(,/&+(1O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 y85=(/ $86 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181*P h@5 1O)$&+ *(/$'(1( k21(1 '(5 o$66( 0 *,/7 9,21 3 SUPZ[ .0B6 6 L1 JwBxKBJ0B8KbSBTP
JSSPXK
f,( v(,/&+(10$66( 0 ,1 $720$5(1 g,1+(,7(1 Ju<0%2/ 8N (1*/P $08 3 $720,& 0$66 81,7K ,67 */(,&+ '(5 5(/$7,9(1 c7200$66( c5 J)5@+(5 NNc720*(:,&+7DD *(1$117KP h@5 g/(.7521(1 ,67 )2/*(1'( h$867)250(/ 1@7=/,&+\ 9( 3 W[UPS .0B6 6 JwBxKSBT 9( . XRR .0B6 6 JwBxKSBTP
JSSPYK
f,( 5(/$7,9,67,6&+ .255(.7( g/(.7521(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,67 %(, SR .x (7:$ 80 W@ 81' %(, SRR .x (7:$ 80 SU@ ./(,1(5 $/6 i/P JSSPYK $1*,%7P h$'(1675$+/(1P g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 /$66(1 6,&+ 1$&+ gP d5@&+( JS[URK 0,77(/6 62 *(O 1$117(5 h$'(1675$+/(1 ,1 (,1(5 t?+5(N ',( (7:$6 i$6 (17+>/7N 6,&+7%$5 0$&+(1P u(7=7 0$1 925 (,1( 0?*/,&+67 381.7)?50,*( i/@+.$7+2'( (,1 .85=(6 |
c%%P SSPSS h$'(1675$+/(1\ J$K u75$+/ 2+1(B0,7 o$*1(7)(/' 6(1.5(&+7 =85 d,/'(%(1(] J%K u&+/(,)(1%$+1 ,0 ,1+202*(1(1 h(/' (,1(6 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1] J&K u&+5>*(5 g,16&+866 ,1 (,1 +202*(1(6 h(/' J1$&+ gP d5@&+(KP
SSPS v(&+1,.(1
XZU
326,7,9(1 t$80/$'81*(1 (5=,(/7P f(5 y(* '(6 u75$+/(6 :,5' '85&+ '$6 c89(8&+7(1 '(5 921 '(1 v(,/&+(1 *(7525(1(1 i$602/(.@/( '(87/,&+ 6,&+7%$5 Jc%%P SSPSSKP }+1/,&+.(,76*(6(7=(P f,( d$+1(1 Jv5$-(.725,(1K *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1 ,1 (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(51 (5)@//(1 (,1,*( }+1/,&+.(,76*(6(7=( J6&$/,1* /$:6KN ',( 81O 7(5 )2/*(1'(1 p>+(581*6$11$+0(1 *(/7(1\ y,( (,1*$1*6 (5:>+17N :(5'(1 1,&+7O 5(/$7,9,67,6&+( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 81' 9(56&+:,1'(1' ./(,1( c8675,776(1(5*,(1 $1*(O 1200(1] $8M(5'(0 0@66(1 t$80/$'81*6(,19@66( 81' n$8)=(,7(5(.7( =8 9(51$&+O />66,*(1 6(,1P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 ',( c%+>1*,*.(,7 921 '(5 v(,/&+(1/$'81* 4N '(5 v(,/&+(10$66( 0 81' '(1 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 i5?M(1 '(5 c125'181* sN w 81' dP c//( n>1*(10$M( A ',( '(5 g/(.752'(1.217*85$7,21 81' ',( '(5 v5$-(.725,(1 A 6,1' 3523257,21$/ =8 '(5 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 n>1*( s =8 6.$/,(5(1P f$6 */(,&+( u.$/,(581*635,1=,3 *,/7 )@5 ',( &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( u3$1181* wN 81' '$6 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( o$*1(7)(/' dP Jy(11 (6 .(,1( )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 j<67(5(6(O 81' u>77,*81*6(56&+(,181*(1 *>%(N .?117( 67$77 d $8&+ (,1 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(5 u38/(167520 (,1*()@+57 :(5'(1PK f,( }+1/,&+O .(,76*(6(7=( /$87(1\ SP h@5 5(,1 (/(.75,6&+( c125'181*(1 *,/7\ f,( v5$-(.725,(1 6,1' 81$%+>1*,* 921 wN sN 4 81' 0P f,( v5$-(.725,(1 :(5'(1 $/62 185 '85&+ ',( u3$1181*6O 81' n>1*(19(5+>/71,66( '(5 c125'181* %(67,007] n$'81* 81' o$66( *(+(1 1,&+7 (,1P y(11 %(, (,1(0 x25=(,&+(1:(&+6(/ '(5 n$'81* $8&+ $//( u3$1181*(1 80*(32/7 :(5'(1N >1'(51 6,&+ ',( v5$-(.725,(1 1,&+7P TP f,( h/8*=(,7 2N ',( '$6 v(,/&+(1 (17/$1* '(5 %(75$&+7(7(1 v5$-(.725,( %(1?7,*7N 9(5>1'(57 6,&+ %(, u.$/,(581*(1P g6 *,/7\ 2 6 s w2SBT J4B0K2SBTP
JSSPZK
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SSPTPT x(567>5.(55?+5(1 m/$66,6&+( g/(.7521(15?+5(P f,( 6&+1(//( g17:,&./81* '(5 p$&+5,&+7(17(&+1,. ,1 '(5 (567(1 j>/)7( ',(6(6 l$+5+81'(576 %(58+7( *$1= :(6(17/,&+ $8) '(5 g571'81* '(5 x(567>5.(55?+5(P j(87( ,67 ',( g/(.7521(15?+5( %(, ./(,1(1 n(,6781*(1 JS y$77K '85&+ '(1 v5$16,6725 9(5'5>1*7 :25'(1N :>+5(1' 6,( %(, *5?M(5(1 n(,6781*(1 J=P dP %(, $//(1 u(1'(51K '(5 :,&+7,*67( d(67$1'7(,/ '(5 c1/$*( *(%/,(%(1 ,67P d(, '(5 g,1)@+581* '(6 x(567>5.(5Or5,1=,36 ,1 c%6&+1P WPSPT :85'( ',( g/(.7521(15?+5( 6&+21 925*(O 67(//7P h@5 ',( x(567>5.81* 81' g5=(8*81* 921 u&+:,1*81*(1 2%(5+$/% SRR oj= 6,1' ',(6( c57 t?+5(1 1,&+7 *((,*1(7N :(,/ ',( n$8)=(,7(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1 1,&+7 0(+5 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 =85 u&+:,1*81*63(5,2'( 6,1'P f,( g/(.7521(1 .200(1 1,&+7 0(+5 NN3+$6(15,&+7,*DD $1 '(5 c12'( $1P c%6&+>7=81*\ f,( =85 h5(48(1= 921 SRR oj= *(+?5(1'( u&+:,1*81*63(5,2'( %(75>*7 SR 16] ',( n$8)=(,7 921 SRRO(xO g/(.7521(1 )@5 (,1( u75(&.( 921 S &0 %(75>*7 (7:$ T 16N ,67 $/62 1,&+7 0(+5 6(+5 9,(/ ./(,1(5P k1 6(+5 ./(,1(1 t?+5(1 6,1' ',( n$8)=(,7(1 (17635(&+(1' *(5,1*(5P o,7 '(5 o,1,$785,6,(581* '(5 t?+5(1 6,1.(1 $%(5 $8&+ ',( (55(,&+%$5(1 x(567>5.(5On(,6781O *(1N :(,/ ./(,1(5( i/@+.$7+2'(1 :(1,*(5 u7520 /,()(51 81' ./(,1(5( c12'(1 :(1,*(5 y>50( $%)@+5(1 .?11(1P c8M(5'(0 :(5'(1 ',( 81(5:@16&+7(1 u75(8.$3$=,7>7(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 g/(.7521(1 0,7 9(55,1*(57(1 c%67>1'(1 *5?M(5N 81' ',( 81(5:@16&+7(1 .$3$=,7,9(1 n(,7:(57( J6eK 67(,*(1 0,7 '(5 h5(48(1=P h@5 '(1 o,.52:(//(1Od(5(,&+ JRPU2URR ij=] y(//(1/>1*(1 =:,6&+(1 S 0 81' S 00K :85'(1 x(567>5.(55?+5(1 1$&+ 1(8(1 r5,1=,3,(1 (17:,&.(/7N %(, '(1(1 ',( n$8)=(,7 1,&+7 67?57N 621'(51 $86*(187=7 :,5'P n$8)=(,75?+5(1 J75$16,7O7,0( 78%(6KP f,( (567( x(567>5.(55?+5( )@5 '(1 o,.52:(//(1O d(5(,&+ :85'( S[UY 921 y,//,$0 j$16(1 81' '(1 d5@'(51 tPjP 81' uPhP x$5,$1 ,1 m$/,)251,(1 (17:,&.(/7P k1 ',(6(5 $/6 m/<67521 J./<67521K %(=(,&+1(7(1 t?+5( %(O 71'(7 6,&+ (,1 6752067$5.(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/ ,1 y(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7 '(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 y(&+6(/)(/'(51 =:(,(5 j2+/5$80Ot(621$725(1 J&$9,7,(6KN '(5(1 c8)%$8 ,1 c%%P SSPTU 6.,==,(57 ,67P y>+5(1' %(, (,1(5 /$8)(1'(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 y(//( ,1 (,1(0 j2+//(,7(5 Jc%6&+1P WPVPUK $1 -('(0 q57 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( y(&+6(/)(/' 3+$6(1O */(,&+ 6,1'N (;,67,(57 ,0 j2+/5$80Ot(621$725 (,1( 67(+(1'( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(/O /(N '(5(1 gO 81' dOh(/'(5 80 [R@ 3+$6(19(56&+2%(1 6,1'\ f$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' $0 u3$/7 ,1 '(5 o,77( ,67 $0 *5?M7(1N :(11 '(5 $1 '(5 k11(1:$1' 9,(M(1'( u7520 *(5$'( '85&+ 18// *(+7P u&+,&.7 0$1 (,1(1 i/(,&+67520Og/(.7521(1675$+/ $;,$/ '85&+ '(1 o,77(/.$1$/N '$11 :(5'(1 ',( u75$+/(/(.7521(1 '85&+ '$6 /21*,78',1$/( gOh(/' $8) '(5 c&+6( %((,198667N -( 1$&+ '(5 u&+:,1*81*63+$6( %(6&+/(81,*7 2'(5 9(5=?*(57P u2 (1767(+7 (,1( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7602'8/$7,21 '(5 925+(5 *(6&+:,1',*.(,76*/(,&+(1 J0212(1(5O *(7,6&+(1K g/(.7521(1P k1 (,1(5 f5,)7675(&.( +,17(5 '(0 t(621$725 %/(,%(1 ',( $%O *(%5(067(1 g/(.7521(1 +,17(5 '(1 81%((,198667(1 =85@&.N ',( %(6&+/(81,*7(1 (,/(1 ,+1(1 925$86P y(11 ',( 925$86(,/(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 0,7 '(1 =85@&.%/(,%(1'(1 921 '(5 925$1*(*$1*(1(1 c%%5(063+$6( =86$00(175(5(1N '$11 %,/'(1 6,( ,0 u75$+/ (,1 0,7 '(0 u75$+/ )2576&+5(,7(1'(6 o$;,080 '(5 n$'81*6',&+7(] =:,6&+(1 '(1 62 (1767(+(1'(1 o$;,0$ /,(*(1 f,&+7(0,1,0$N ,1 '(1(1 185 12&+ ',( g/(.7521(1 9(5O
SSPT g/(.7521(15?+5(1
X[Y
B-Feldlinien E-Feldlinien
Strom auf der Innenwand
Lücke (Gap)
Apertur
eingespeiste Welle
c%%P SSPTU u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* (,1(6 j2+/5$80Ot(621$7256N :,( (5 ,1 m/<675216 9(5:(1'(7 :,5'P f(5 5,1*)?50,*( t(621$725 ,67 $1 (,1(1 j2+//(,7(5 J,0 d,/' 817(1K $1*(O .233(/7 J1$&+ lPtP r,(5&(KP
:(,/(1N ',( %(,0 f85&+*$1* '85&+ '(1 t(621$725 .(,1( p(772%((,1986681* (5)$+5(1 +$%(1P c86 '(0 i/(,&+67520Og/(.7521(1675$+/ ,67 '85&+ i(6&+:,1',*.(,7602'8/$O 7,21 81' f5,)7675(&.( (,1 ',&+7(02'8/,(57(5 u75$+/ *(:25'(1 J%81&+,1* %< 9(/2&,7< 02'8/$7,21KP y,&+7,* ,67\ f,( ,0 u75$+/ 67(&.(1'( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( Jn(,6781*K .2007 $86 '(0 j2&+63$1181*6*(5>7N 0,7 '(66(1 j,/)( '(5 i/(,&+67520675$+/ %(O 6&+/(81,*7 :85'(P k1 '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81* '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 0,7 '(0 t(621$725 :,5' %(, '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81* 2'(5 c%%5(0681* '(5 u75$+/(/(.7521(1 6(+5 9,(/ :(1,*(5 g1(5*,( Jn(,6781*K 80*(6(7=7] *(0,77(/7 @%(5 (,1( u&+:,1*81*63(5,2'( ,67 ',( n(,6O 781*6@%(575$*81* J)$67K 18//P f$6 y(6(17/,&+( ,67 +,(5N '$66 '(0 g/(.7521(1675$+/ ',( o,.52:(//(1Oh5(48(1= '(6 j2+/5$80Ot(621$7256 $/6 f,&+7(02'8/$7,21 $8)*(O 35>*7 :,5'P k0 m/<67521 Jc%%P SSPTVK .233(/7 0$1 '(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/ 0,7 =:(, t(621$O 725(1P k1 '(0 @%(5 (,1(1 j2+//(,7(5 (55(*7(1 g,1*$1*65(621$725 :,5'N :,( 2%(1 (5O />87(57N '(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/ *(6&+:,1',*.(,7602'8/,(57P f(5 1$&+ f85&+/$8)(1 '(5 f5,)7675(&.( 181 ',&+7(02'8/,(57( g/(.7521(1675$+/ 5(*7 '(1 c86*$1*65(621$725 =8
Kathode Anode Input
InputResonator
Kollektor OutputResonator Output
c%%P SSPTV u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* (,1(6 m/<675216 J1$&+ lPtP r,(5&(KP |85 g/(.7521(1O 675$+/)@+581* :,5' 2)7 (,1 67$5.(6 /21*,78',1$/(6 o$*1(7)(/' 9(5:(1'(7P
X[Z
SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880
u&+:,1*81*(1 $1] @%(5 (,1(1 j2+//(,7(5 .$11 '(0 c86*$1*65(621$725 9,(/ 0(+5 o,.52:(//(1On(,6781* (171200(1 :(5'(1N $/6 ,0 g,1*$1*65(621$725 =85 o2'8/$O 7,21 '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 %(1?7,*7 :85'( Jn(,6781*69(567>5.81*KP d(66(5( o2'8O /$7,21 81' $/6 h2/*( '$921 +?+(5( x(567>5.81*(1 81' y,5.81*6*5$'( :(5'(1 0,7 0(+5 $/6 =:(, t(621$725(1 (55(,&+7 J08/7,&$9,7< ./<675216KP o,7 t@&..233/81* .$11 ',(6( c125'181* $8&+ $/6 q6=,//$725 =85 g5=(8*81* 81*('>03)7(5 u&+:,1*81*(1 Jo,.52:(//(1Oi(1(5$725K 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P u7$77 (,1(5 t@&..233/81* '(6 o,.52:(//(1Ou,*1$/6 :,5' ,0 t(9(;./<67521N '$6 185 (,1(1 t(621$725 %(6,7=7N '(5 02'8/,(57( g/(.7521(1675$+/ $8) +$/%(0 y(* (/(.75267$7,6&+ 5(9(.7,(57 81' ,1 '(1 t(621$725 =85@&.*(6&+,&.7 81' 62 (,1( 81*('>03)7( u&+:,1O *81* (5=(8*7P f(5 j$8379257(,/ '(6 m/<675216 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 (,1(5 )@5 ',( */(,&+( h5(48(1= 0,1,$785,6,(57(1 x(567>5.(55?+5( Jv5,2'(K /,(*7 '$5,1N '$66 '$6 m/<67521 6(+5 9,(/ *5?M(5 ,67 81' '(6+$/% 9,(/ 0(+5 n(,6781* 806(7=(1 .$11P k1 '(5 v5,2'( :(5'(1 g/(.7521(1 6(+5 ./(,1(5 g1(5*,( J. S (xK $0 u7(8(5*,77(5 '85&+*(/$66(1 2'(5 5(9(.O 7,(57P f,( '85&+*(/$66(1(1 :(5'(1 $8) (7:$ SRR (x %(6&+/(81,*7] ,+5( i(6&+:,1',*O .(,7 %(75>*7 '$11 81*()>+5 T@ '(5 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7P f,( c12'( 0866 1$+( %(,0 i,77(5 /,(*(1N '$0,7 ',( g/(.7521(1 ,1 (,1(0 d58&+7(,/ '(5 u&+:,1*81*63(5,2'( ',( t?+5( '85&+/$8)(1P k0 m/<67521 0866 185 ',( h/8*=(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1 ,0 h(/'O 63$/7 '(6 t(621$7256 ./(,1 *(*(1 ',( u&+:,1*81*6'$8(5 6(,1P f,( i(6&+:,1',*.(,76O 02'8/$7,21 ,0 m/<67521 ,67 $8&+ %(, g/(.7521(1 +2+(5 g1(5*,( 0?*/,&+P o,7 (,1(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181* 921 SRASRR .x +$%(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 S[AWW@ '(5 n,&+7O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7P f(6+$/% .$11 '(5 u3$/7 ,0 t(621$725N $1 '(0 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' )@5 ',( u75$+/Ot(621$725Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* /,(*7N 9,(/ *5?M(5 6(,1 $/6 '(5 m$7+2'(1O i,77(5Oc%67$1' ,1 (,1(5 v5,2'(P m/<675216 6,1' ',( $0 0(,67(1 9(5:(1'(7(1 o,.52:(//(1Oi(1(5$725(1 )@5 j2&+O (1(5*,(Ov(,/&+(1%(6&+/(81,*(5P g,1 p$&+7(,/ '(6 m/<675216 ,67 6(,1 ./(,1(5 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+N 925*(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( 6&+0$/%$1',*( t(621$1=.859( '(5 t(621$725(1N ',( '85&+ c%67,0081* 185 :(1,* 9(56&+2%(1 :(5'(1 .$11P g,1 o,.52:(//(1Od5(,7%$1'9(567>5.(5 :85'( S[VX 921 tP m203)1(5 ,1 q;)25' (5)81'(1] '$6 ,67 ',( ,1 c%%P SSPTW 6.,==,(57( y$1'(5O )(/'5?+5( J75$9(//,1*O:$9( 78%(KP u7$77 (,1(5 67(+(1'(1 o,.52:(//( ,1 (,1(0 6&+0$/%$1',*(1 t(621$725 :,5' ,1 '(5 y$1'(5)(/'5?+5( (,1( /$8)(1'( o,.52:(//( ,1 (,1(0 %5(,7%$1',*(1 y(//(1/(,7(5 $86*(187=7P f,( i581','(( '(5 y$1'(5)(/'5?+5( %(67(+7 '$5,1N ',( (/(.7520$*1(O 7,6&+( y(//(N ',( 6,&+ 0,7 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 (17/$1* (,1(6 f5$+7(6 $86%5(,7(7N ,1
Anode
Heizung
Kathode
Input
Helix
Kollektor
Output
c%%P SSPTW u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* (,1(5 y$1'(5)(/'5?+5( J1$&+ lPtP r,(5&(KP f$6 $;,$/( 0$*1(7,6&+( h@+581*6)(/' )@5 '(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/ ,67 1,&+7 *(=(,*7P
SSPT g/(.7521(15?+5(1
X[[
(,1(1 u3,5$/'5$+7Oy(//(1/(,7(5 =8 )@+5(1N 62'$66 6,&+ (17/$1* '(5 u3,5$/$&+6( (,1( y(//(1Oh2576&+5(,7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 (5*,%7N ',( ,0 x(5+>/71,6 u3,5$//>1*( =8 u3,5$/O '5$+7/>1*( ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,67 81' 620,7 /(,&+7 $1 ',( i(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 (,1(6 $;,$/(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 $1*(3$667 :(5'(1 .$11P d(,63,(/\ 9 3 &BSU (17635,&+7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 921 SWRROx2/7Og/(.7521(1P y,( 7+(25(7,6&+ *(=(,*7 :(5'(1 .$11 81' ,1 y$1'(5)(/'5?+5(1 (5)2/*5(,&+ $86*(187=7 :,5'N (;,67,(57 (,1 $;,$/(6 y(&+6(/:,5.81*6)(/'N '85&+ '$6 '(5 (,1*(6&+/266(1( i/(,&+67520Og/(.752O 1(1675$+/ *(6&+:,1',*.(,7602'8/,(57 :,5'P c/6 h2/*( '$921 75,77 f,&+7(02'8/$7,21 $8)N ',( $8) ',( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//( =85@&.:,5.7 81' '(5(1 c03/,78'( 9(5O 67>5.7P y$1'(5)(/'5?+5(1 .?11(1 @%(5 *52M( h5(48(1=%(5(,&+( 921 0(+5 $/6 =:(, q.7$9(1 (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1 81' /,()(51 +2+( n(,6781*69(567>5.81*P f$6 o$*1(7521 ,67 (,1( $1'(5( c57 y$1'(5:(//(15?+5(N ,1 '(5 '85&+ (,1 67$5.(6 75$169(56$/(6 o$*1(7)(/' .5(,6)?50,*( g/(.7521(1%$+1(1 (5=(8*7 :(5'(1P c/6 (567(5 /(,6781*667$5.(5 o,.52:(//(1Oi(1(5$725 :$5 '$6 c1)$1* S[VR ,1 g1*/$1' (5)81'(1( o$*1(7521 (,1 :,&+7,*(5 d(,75$* =85 %(5/(*(1+(,7 '(5 $//,,(57(1 t$'$56<67(0( ,0 TP y(/7.5,(*P o,7 o$*1(75216 :(5'(1 6(+5 +2+( y,5.81*6*5$'( )@5 ',( g1(5*,(80O :$1'/81* 921 WRAZR@ (55(,&+7P o,77/(5( n(,6781*(1 921 (,1,*(1 m,/2:$77 81' r8/6O /(,6781*(1 @%(5 (,1 o(*$:$77 6,1' 0?*/,&+P o$*1(75216 :(5'(1 %(,0 t$'$5N )@5 ,1'8675,(//( r52=(66( 81' ,1 o,.52:(//(1O~)(1 (,1*(6(7=7P
SSPTPU g/(.7521(1675$+/5?+5(1 e+$5$.7(5,67,6&+ )@5 g/(.7521(1675$+/5?+5(1 J&$7+2'( 5$< 78%(6N etvKN :,( q6=,/O /26.23O 81' d,/'5?+5(1 *(0(,16$0 %(=(,&+1(7 :(5'(1N ,67 ',( (/(.7521(1237,6&+( c%%,/'81* '(6 e5266O29(5 $8) (,1(1 n(8&+76&+,50N '(5 6,&+ $8) '(5 /(,7(1'(1 9$&+(1 i/$6Ok11(1:$1' '(5 t?+5( %(71'(7 81' 921 $8M(1 %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1 .$11N 62:,( ',( 6(,7/,&+( c%/(1.81* '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6P hP d5$81 +$7 6&+21 ,0 l$+5( SZ[Y ',( 1$&+ ,+0 *(1$117( d5$81I6&+( t?+5( 2+1( m(1171,6 '(5 g/(.7521(1237,. *(%$87P j,(5%(, +$/) ,+0 '(5 */@&./,&+( w067$1'N '$66 (,1 g/(.7521(1675$+/ $8&+ '85&+ (,1 i$6 .21=(175,(57 :(5'(1 .$11N ,1'(0 ',( 920 g/(.7521(1675$+/ *(%,/'(7(1 326,7,9(1 k21(1 ',( 1(*$7,9( t$80/$'81* '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 1(875$/,6,(5(1 81' 62 ',( x(5%5(,7(581* '(6 u75$+/6 9(5+,1'(51P f,( *$6)2.866,(57(1 (567(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/5?+5(1 +$77(1 '(1 p$&+7(,/N '$66 ',( k21(1 (,1(5 $//=8 6&+1(//(1 u(,7:>576%(:(*81* 1,&+7 )2/*(1 .2117(1P f,( 02'(51( g/(.7521(1675$+/Ox$.8805?+5( (5/$8%7 6(+5 6&+1(//( u75$+/$%/(1O .81*(1 '85&+ (/(.75,6&+( 2'(5 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5P f85&+ (/(.7521(1237,6&+( h2O .866,(581* />667 6,&+ (,1 ./(,1(5 g/(.7521(1O %=:P n,&+7381.7 $8) '(0 n(8&+76&+,50 (55(,&+(1P g5'$/.$/,Oq;,'.$7+2'(N u7(8(5Og/(.752'( Jy(+1(/7O|765(*(/81* '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6N $/62 ',( j(//Of81.(/67(8(581*P d(, '(5 q6=,//26.235?+5( .?11(1 5(*(/0>M,*( 1(*$7,9( u3$1181*6,038/6( $1 '(5 u7(8(5(/(.752'( '(1 u75$+/ .85= 81O 7(5'5@&.(1N :2'85&+ 0$1 =P dP |(,70$5.(1 $8) '(0 n(8&+76&+,50 $/6 '81./( r81.7(
YRR
SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880
(5+$/7(1 .$11P j(87( :(5'(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/5?+5(1 925 $//(0 ,1 q6=,//26.23(1 (,1*(6(7=7P c%(5 +,6725,6&+ %(75$&+7(7 +$77( ',( g/(.7521(1675$+/5?+5( ,+5( *5?M7( d('(8781* )@5 ',( g17:,&./81* '(6 h(516(+(16 0,7 d,/'5?+5(1 =85 c8)1$+0( 81' y,('(5*$%(P
He izu Ka ng th W ode eh n Ro elthr Ele lin k An se trod e od x- e Ab y - lenk Ab u len ng ku ng
q6=,//26.23P g/(.7521(1675$+/5?+5( 81' $8):(1',*( g/(.7521,. (5*(%(1 =86$00(1 (,1 81,9(56(// (,16(7=%$5(6 r5>=,6,2160(66*(5>7 )@5 6&+1(// 9(5>1'(5/,&+( i5?M(1P f,( u75$+/$%/(1.81* (5)2/*7 (/(.75267$7,6&+ ,11(5+$/% '(5 x$.8805?+5( Jc%%P SSPTXKP x25 '(1 c%/(1.(/(.752'(1 '$5) ',( d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181* 1,&+7 =8 +2&+ 6(,1N '$0,7 0$1 0,7 1,('5,*(1 c%/(1.63$1181*(1 $86.2007P w0 $1'(O 5(56(,76 (,1( $865(,&+(1'( d,/'+(//,*.(,7 =8 (55(,&+(1N :(5'(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 =:,O 6&+(1 '(1 c%/(1.3/$77(1 81' '(0 d,/'6&+,50 1$&+%(6&+/(81,*7P o(,67(16 (5)2/*7 ',( +25,=217$/( ;Oc%/(1.81* '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 0,7 (,1(5 u>O *(=$+1Ou3$1181*\ f(5 u75$+/ %(:(*7 6,&+ 0,7 .2167$17(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 @%(5 '(1 u&+,50 921 /,1.6 1$&+ 5(&+76] :>+5(1' '(6 6&+1(//(1 t@&.*$1*6 =85 /,1.(1 c86O *$1*6326,7,21 :,5' '(5 u75$+/ .85= 817(5'5@&.7P f,( h5(48(1= '(5 u>*(=$+1Oc%O /(1.63$1181* ,67 678)(1:(,6(N 81' =:,6&+(1 '(1 u78)(1 $8&+ .217,18,(5/,&+ 9(567(//O %$5P c1 ',( 9(57,.$/(1
ahl nenstr Elektro
Licht
Leuchtschirm
c%%P SSPTX
c8)%$8 (,1(5 q6=,//26.235?+5( J6&+(0$7,6&+KP
SSPT g/(.7521(15?+5(1
YRS
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YRT
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SSPT g/(.7521(15?+5(1 Kristall
Fenster D1
D3
D2 einfallendes Teilchen
c%%P SSPTY
YRU
Photon
D5
D4
Photokathode D1-D 5 : Dynoden
c8)%$8 (,1(6 u=,17,//$7,216=>+/(56 J6&+(0$7,6&+KP
g,1( r+272.$7+2'(N ',( J$1'(56 $/6 ,1 c%%P SSPTY *(=(,*7K $8) '(5 k11(16(,7( (,1(6 3/$1$5(1 n,&+7(,175,776)(167(56 /,(*7N (5/$8%7 810,77(/%$5(1 237,6&+(1 m217$.7 0,7 '(0 u=,17,//$725N '(5 0,7 (,1(5 *(6&+/,5(1(1 h/>&+( $8M(1 $8) '$6 h(167(5 *(6(7=7 2'(5 *(./(%7 :(5'(1 .$11P d,/'9(567>5.(5 81' d,/':$1'/(5 J,0$*( ,17(16,7(56 $1' &219(57(56KP f,(6( u<67(0( $5O %(,7(1 1$&+ '(0 */(,&+(1 r5,1=,3\ g/(.7521(1 :(5'(1 $1 '(5 r+272.$7+2'( $86*(/?67 81' ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' $8) +,15(,&+(1' +2+( g1(5*,( *(%5$&+7N 62'$66 6,( $0 n(8&+76&+,50 (,1 +(//(6 d,/' (5=(8*(1 .?11(1P d(,0 d,/'9(567>5.(5 :,5' (,1 6,&+7O %$5(6 d,/' $8) ',( r+272.$7+2'( $%*(%,/'(7 81' $8) '(0 n(8&+76&+,50 (,1 >+1/,&+(6N $%(5 :(6(17/,&+ +(//(5(6 d,/' (5=(8*7P d(,0 d,/':$1'/(5 :,5' (,1( )@5 k1)5$527675$+O /81* (0371'/,&+( r+272.$7+2'( (,1*(6(7=7 81' 62 (,1 816,&+7%$5(6 ,1 (,1 +(//(6 6,&+7%$5(6 d,/' 80*(:$1'(/7P Jh@5 u75$+/81*N '(5(1 r+2721(1 (1(5*,(5(,&+(5 6,1' $/6 ',( '(6 6,&+7%$5(1 n,&+7(6N .$11 ',( w0:$1'/81* ',5(.7 ,0 n(8&+76725 (5)2/*(1] 0$1 %(1?7,*7 '$)@5 .(,1( d,/':$1'/(55?+5(1PK d,/'9(567>5.(55?+5(1N %(67(+(1' $86 r+272.$7+2'(N g/(.7521(1237,. 81' n(8&+7O 6&+,50N (17635(&+(1 ,0 c8)%$8 '(1 d,/':$1'/(51P f85&+ ',( (/(.7521(1237,6&+( c%%,/'81*N (1767(+7 d,/'80.(+5P g6 *,%7 $8&+ d,/'9(567>5.(55?+5(1 2+1( g/(.752O 1(1237,.] ,1 '(1(1 6,1' r+272.$7+2'( 81' n(8&+76&+,50 ',&+7 +,17(5(,1$1'(5N 3$O 5$//(/ $1*(25'1(7P f,( ,1 '(5 J'85&+6,&+7,*(1K r+272.$7+2'( 920 n,&+7 $86*(/?67(1 g/(.7521(1 :(5'(1 $8) (,1(0 .85=(1 y(* =80 n(8&+76&+,50 %(6&+/(81,*7P f$6 d,/' ,67 $8)5(&+7 81' )5(, 921 c%%,/'81*6)(+/(51P g6 .$11 $8&+ =:,6&+(1 r+272.$7+2'( 81' n(8&+76&+,50 (,1( x,(/.$1$/3/$77( $1*(25'1(7 :(5'(1N ,1 :(/&+(5 ',( |$+/ '(5 g/(.7521(1 %(75>&+7/,&+ (5+?+7 :,5'P |:,6&+(1 '(0 g,175,776)(167(5 81' '(5 r+2O 72.$7+2'(N 62:,( =:,6&+(1 '(0 n(8&+76&+,50 81' '(0 c8675,776)(167(5 :,5' h$O 6(5237,. 9(5:(1'(7N $/62 '@11( i/$6)$6(51N ',( '$6 n,&+7 3$5$//(/ 81' 35$.7,6&+ 9(5/867)5(, /(,7(1P f,( n,&+79(567>5.81* .$11 @%(5 SRV %(75$*(1P d(, x(5:(1'81* (,1(5 ,1)5$527(0371'/,&+(1 r+272.$7+2'( :,5' ',(6( d,/'9(567>5.(55?+5( =8 (,1(0 +?&+67(0371'/,&+(1 d,/':$1'/(5P d,/'9(567>5.(5 :(5'(1 $8&+ =85 x(567>5.81* '(6 n,&+7(6 '(5 t?17*(1/(8&+76&+,5O 0( 9(5:(1'(7N 80 ',( k17(16,7>7 '(5 t?17*(1675$+/81* 81' '$0,7 ',( u75$+/(1%(O /$6781* '(5 r$7,(17(1 (17635(&+(1' 5('8=,(5(1 =8 .?11(1P k1 ',(6(0 h$// /,(*7 '(5 t?17*(1/(8&+76&+,50 810,77(/%$5 $1 '(5 r+272.$7+2'( '(6 d,/'9(567>5.(56P
YRV
SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880
SSPU i(5>7(N i52M*(5>7( SSPUPS u75$+/6<67(0( =85 o$7(5,$/%($5%(,781* g/(.7521(1O 81' k21(1675$+/(1 0,7 */(,&+(0 u75$+/67520 81' */(,&+(5 d(6&+/(81,O *81*663$1181* @%(575$*(1 %(,0 c8)35$// $8) '$6 v$5*(7 ',( */(,&+( g1(5*,(N $%(5 ',( k21(1 +$%(1 (,1(1 80 '(1 o$66(1Oh$.725 J0,21B0(KSBT *5?M(5(1 k038/6P h@5 c1:(1'81*(1N %(, '(1(1 185 ',( g1(5*,(=8)8+5 :,&+7,* ,67N :(5'(1 ',( 9,(/ /(,&+7(5 9(5)@*O 81' +$17,(5%$5(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 9(5:(1'(7P |(567>8%81* 921 h(67.?53(51 '85&+ k21(1%(6&+866 J63877(5,1*KP f(5 k038/6@%(575$* ,67 :,&+7,*N :(11 ',( c720( '(6 v$5*(76 1,&+7 9(5'$03)7N 621'(51 NN.$/7DD +(5$86O *(6&+/$*(1 :(5'(1 62//(1P k1 p,('(5'58&.Oi$6(17/$'81*(1 J. RPS r$K 75,77 %(,0 c8)75(5(1 '(5 326,7,9(1 k21(1 m$7+2'(1=(567>8%81* $8)P f,(6(6 x(5)$+5(1 :85'( =85 }7=81* 921 o(7$//O 81' j$/%/(,7(52%(59>&+(1 81' =85 j(567(//81* '@11(5 u&+,&+7(1 $86 6&+:(5 9(5'$03)%$5(0 o$7(5,$/ *(187=7P j(87( %(925=8*7 0$1 ',( :2+/'(71,(57(1 81' 6$8%(5(1 d(',1*81*(1N ',( 6,&+ 0,7 k21(1675$+/Od(6&+866 ,0 j2&+9$.880 (55(,&+(1 /$66(1P f$=8 :(5'(1 925=8*6:(,6( c51Ok21(1 0,7 g1(5*,(1 921 S %,6 SR .(x (,1*(6(7=7P v<3,6&+( c%/?6(5$7(1 )@5 c5*21Ok21(1Od(6&+866 921 e8 %(, 6(1.5(&+7(0 g,1)$// 6,1' SR2X %,6 SR2W .* c2S62SP u3877(51 :,5' =85 u>8O %(581* 921 m5,67$//2%(59>&+(1 9(5:(1'(7 J0,7 1$&+)2/*(1'(0 v(03(51 =85 c86O +(,/81* '(5 (1767$1'(1(1 m5,67$//6&+>'(1K 81' =85 g5=(8*81* 921 c720ON k21(1O 81' e/867(5675$+/(1 $86 6&+:(5 9(5'$03)%$5(0 o$7(5,$/P k21(1,03/$17$7,21 J,21 ,03/$17$7,21KP h@5 ',( f27,(581* 921 u,/,&,80 '85&+ k21(1O %(6&+866 .200(1 925:,(*(1' g/(0(17( '(5 UP 2'(5 WP u3$/7( '(6 r(5,2'(16<67(06 ,1 d(75$&+7 J(,1 d(,63,(/ 6,1' ',( j$/%/(,7(5Ov(,/&+(1'(7(.725(1N c%6&+1P SSPSPXKP h@5 '$6 u78',80 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(5 ,0 k11(5(1 921 h(67O .?53(51 :(5'(1 9(56&+,('(1( 5$',2$.7,9( k21(1 $/6 NNu21'(1DD ,03/$17,(57 81' ',( %(, '(5(1 |(5)$// (0,77,(57( 5O 2'(5 4Ou75$+/81* =(,7O 81' :,1.(/$8)*(/?67 *(0(66(1P g/(.7521(1675$+/Ou&+:(,M(1 J(/(&7521O%($0 :(/',1*KP o,7+,/)( (,1(6 6752067$5.(1 +2&+(1(5*(7,6&+(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 />667 6,&+ 9,(/ n(,6781* $8) (,1( ./(,1( h/>&+( @%(575$*(1P v<3,6&+( r$5$0(7(5 )@5 ,1'8675,(//( c1/$*(1 6,1' n(,6781*(1 921 S %,6 SRR .y ,1 d5(119(&.(1 0,7 f85&+0(66(51 921 RPS %,6 =8 (,1,*(1 o,//,0(7(51] ',( 7<3,6&+(1 n(,6781*6',&+7(1 /,(*(1 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 SR[ %,6 SRSS yB0TP f$0,7 />667 6,&+ 35$.7,6&+ -('(6 o$7(5,$/ 6&+0(/=(1 81' $8&+ 9(5'$03)(1 81' (,1( *52M( x,(/)$/7 921 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 y(5.6725(1 '85&+ u&+:(,M(1 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5%,1'(1P l( 1$&+ *()25'(57(0 t(,1+(,76*5$' (5)2/*7 '$6 u&+:(,M(1 ,0 h(,19$.880 J. S r$K 2'(5 j2&+9$.880 J. SR2T r$KP o,7 =81(+0(1'(5 n(,6781*6',&+7( '5,1*7 '(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/ 7,()(5 ,1 '$6 y(5.O 67@&. (,1N :(,/ 6,&+ ,1 '(5 u&+0(/=( (,1( f$03).$3,//$5( %,/'(7 Jc%%P SSPTZKP x(5O */,&+(1 0,7 $1'(5(1 u&+0(/=6&+:(,M9(5)$+5(1 %,(7(7 '$6 g/(.7521(1675$+/Ou&+:(,O M(1 %(621'(56 )2/*(1'( x257(,/(\ g6 (50?*/,&+7 u&+:(,M9(5%,1'81*(1N '(5(1 v,()( 9,(/ *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 ',( d5(,7( '(5 u&+:(,M1$+7P f,( g5:>5081* '(5 $1 ',( u&+0(/=( $1*5(1=(1'(1 p$&+%$5*(%,(7( ,67 *(5,1*P f,( u&+:(,M*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,67 6(+5 *52MP j2&+6&+0(/=(1'( y(5.6725( /$66(1 6,&+ 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(56&+:(,M(1N $8&+ ,1 y(5.O
SSPU i(5>7(N i52M*(5>7(
YRW
Erhöhung der Leistungsdichte durch Fokussierung
Elektronenstrahl Werkstückoberfläche
T~1900 K
T~ 2200 K
T~ 2900 K
T~ 3800 K
c%%P SSPTZ x(5>1'(581*(1 ,1 (,1(0 u7$+/Oy(5.67@&. '85&+ g/(.7521(1%(6&+866\ J$K u&+0(/=6803)N J%K f()250$7,21 '85&+ f$03)'58&.N J&K f$03).$3,//$5( 0,7 u&+0(/=0$17(/N J'K d2+581* 1$&+ c86:85) '(6 u&+0(/=0$17(/6P
6725O 2'(5 y(5.67@&.Om20%,1$7,21(1N ',( 0,7 $1'(5(1 x(5)$+5(1 1,&+7 9(5%81'(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1N :,( 9(56&+,('(1( o(7$//Om(5$0,.Om20%,1$7,21(1N 62*$5 o2/<%O '>1 81' i5$3+,7P p$&+7(,/,* 6,1' ',( 5(/$7,9 +2+(1 c1/$*(.267(1P y(*(1 '(5 +2+(1 t(,1+(,7 81' i@7( '(5 u&+:(,M9(5%,1'81* :,5' g/(.7521(1O 675$+/6&+:(,M(1 ,0 *52M(1 w0)$1* ,1 '(5 n8)7O 81' t$80)$+57,1'8675,(N ,1 '(5 m(517(&+1,. 81' %(,0 x(5/(*(1 921 r,3(/,1(6 (,1*(6(7=7P g,1( .21.855,(5(1'( v(&+O 1,. ,67 '$6 u&+:(,M(1 0,7 j2&+/(,6781*6/$6(51P g/(.7521(1675$+/On,7+2*5$3+,(P n,7+2*5$3+,( %('(87(7 ,0 i5,(&+,6&+(1 NNu&+5(,%(1 ,1 u7(,1DDP f,( g/(.7521(1675$+/On,7+2*5$3+,( %(187=7 $/6 y(5.=(8* J722/K (,1(1 6(+5 )(,1(1 67(8(5%$5(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/P f$6 o(',80 J5(6,67K 0866 $8) '(1 6&+5(,%(1'(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/ 62 5($*,(5(1N '$66 (17:('(5 '(5 920 g/(.7521(1675$+/ *(7525(1( v(,/ ,1 '(5 g17:,&./81* J'(9(/230(17K (17)(517 :(5'(1 .$11N :>+5(1' '(5 $1'(5( 9(5%/(,%7 J326,7,9( 5(6,67KN 2'(5 80*(.(+57 J1(*$7,9( 5(6,67KP c8M(5'(0 %(1?7,*7 0$1 12&+ (,1 %(575$*81*69(5)$+5(1 J75$16)(5 352&(66KN 0,7 '(0 '$6 i(6&+5,(%(1( $8) ',( w17(5/$*( J68%675$7(K @%(575$*(1 :(5'(1 .$11P k0 h2/*(1'(1 :,5' '$6 ./$66,6&+( x(5)$+5(1 %(6&+5,(%(1N 0,7 '(0 ',( g/(.752O 1(1675$+/On,7+2*5$3+,( ,1 '(1 S[XR(5 l$+5(1 ,+5(1 c1)$1* 1$+0\ n(,&+7 67(8(5%$5( g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 0,7 f85&+0(66(51 ./(,1(5 $/6 SR 10 :$5(1 )@5 '$6 t$67(5Og/(.7O 521(10,.526.23 Jugo 3 6&$11,1* (/(&7521 0,&526&23(K (17:,&.(/7 :25'(1P c/6 (,1 )@5 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 *((,*1(7(6 u&+5(,%0(',80 0,7 +2+(5 c89?681* :85'( r2O /<0(7+1'( '(6 o(',806 (,1(1 %(5+$1* J81'(5&87K +$%(1P c0 q57 '(5 u75$+/6385 ,67 ,0 rooc (,1( u&+1(,6( 0,7 NNu&+:$/%(16&+:$1=Or527/DD (1767$1'(1 Jc%%P SSPT[KP
YRX
SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880 Verdampfer
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·
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g1(5*(7,6&+ 9,(/ 9257(,/+$)7(5 ,67 (6N :(11 0$1 =:(, j2&+(1(5*,(Ov(,/&+(1 J1$+(=8K )5217$/ .2//,',(5(1 />667P k0 *@167,*67(1 h$//N :(11 '(5 u&+:(5381.7 %(,'(5 v(,/&+(1 ,0 n$%256<67(0 58+7N 67(+7 $/6 t($.7,216(1(5*,( y ',( u800( '(5 %(,'(1 v(,/&+(1O (1(5*,(1 =85 x(5)@*81*P |:(, ,1 (,1(0 u3(,&+(55,1* (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 80/$8)(1'( v(,/&+(1675$+/(1 .?11(1 ,1 %(5.5(8=81*6381.7(1 =85 m2//,6,21 *(%5$&+7 :(5'(1P o,7 62/&+(1 .2//,',(5(1O '(1 u75$+/(1 :(5'(1 ',( +?&+67(1 ,0 u72M 9(5)@*%$5(1 g1(5*,(1 (55(,&+7P v(,/&+(1 */(,&+(5 o$66( 81' (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 n$'81* .?11(1 ,0 6(/%(1 u<1&+527521 (17O *(*(1*(6(7=7 80/$8)(1P h@5 .2//,',(5(1'( u75$+/(1 0,7 v(,/&+(1 81*/(,&+(5 o$66( :(5'(1 =:(, ,1(,1$1'(5 2'(5 @%(5(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1'( u3(,&+(55,1*( 9(5:(1'(7P u3(,&+(55,1*( 0,7 .2//,',(5(1'(1 u75$+/(1 J&,5&8/$5 &2//,'(56K /,()(51 +(87( ',( +?&+67(1 187=%$5(1 g1(5*,(1P c//(5',1*6 6,1' ',( %(, 62/&+(1 g;3(5,0(17(1 $8)75(7(1'(1 g5O (,*1,65$7(1 80 9,(/( i5?M(125'181*(1 ./(,1(5 $/6 0$1 (6 921 g;3(5,0(17(1 0,7 )(67(1 v$5*(76 *(:?+17 ,67N 2%:2+/ 6,&+ ',( u75$+/(1%@1'(/ J%81&+(6K 1,&+7 185 (,10$/ '85&+6(7=(1N 621'(51 67>1',* 5(=,5.8/,(5(1N %(, (,1(0 d$+180)$1* 921 U .0 %(,O 63,(/6:(,6( SRR RRRO0$/ 352 u(.81'(P h@5 0$;,0$/( g5(,*1,65$7(1 0@66(1 ',( u75$+O /(1 ,1 '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81*6=21( 6(+5 ./(,1( s8(56&+1,77( +$%(1] 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1 NN9$&+( u75$+/(1DD 0,7 d5(,7(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 S 00 81' j?+(1 921 RPS 00 2'(5 :(1,*(5P f,( s8(56&+1,77( .?11(1 1,&+7 %(/,(%,* 9(5./(,1(57 :(5'(1N :(,/ '$%(, ',( *(*(16(,7,*( u7?581* '(5 u75$+/(1 67>5.(5 :,5'P g,1 o$M )@5 ',( 0,7 .2//,',(5(1'(1 u75$+/(1 (55(,&+%$5(1 g5(,*1,65$7(1 ,67 '$6 r52'8.7 921 '(0 t($.7,21648(56&+1,77 1 81' '(5 n80,126,7>7 n 3 1 pS pT )BcSTN
JSSPUVK
0,7 1 3 |$+/ '(5 ,0 t,1* 80/$8)(1'(1 d@1'(/ J%81&+(6KN pS 3 |$+/ '(5 v(,/&+(1 352 d@1'(/ ,0 u75$+/ SN pT 3 |$+/ '(5 v(,/&+(1 352 d@1'(/ ,0 u75$+/ TN ) 3 w0O /$8)6)5(48(1=N cST 3 h/>&+( '(5 @%(5/$33(1'(1 u75$+/48(56&+1,77(P f,( n80,126,7>7 :,5' ,1 &02T62S $1*(*(%(1 81' /,(*7 %(, '(1 +(87,*(1 c1/$*(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'O 181* 921 SRUR %,6 SRUUP j2&+(1(5*,(Oh256&+81*6=(175(1P f,( (5)2/*5(,&+67(1 h256&+81*6$1/$*(1 '(5 j2&+O (1(5*,(3+<6,. +$%(1 ,0 n$8) '(5 |(,7 1(8( *5?M(5( d(6&+/(81,*(5 $1 $/7( ./(,1(5( $1*(6&+/266(1N ',( 6,( 181 $/6 x25%(6&+/(81,*(5 %(187=(1 )@5 ',( u<1&+5275216 81' u3(,&+(55,1*( 0,7 .2//,',(5(1'(1 u75$+/(1P g,1 *87(6 d(,63,(/ ,67 '$6 S[W[ *(*5@1'(7( fgu{ ,1 j$0%85*N (,1( h256&+81*6$1/$*(N ',( 85635@1*/,&+ 185 $86 '(0 1$0(1O *(%(1'(1 f(876&+(1 g/(.7521(1Ou<1&+527521 %(67$1'N 0,7 '(0 Y i(x (55(,&+7 :85O '(1P f,( -@1*67( g5*>1=81* 921 fgu{ ,67 jgtc J3 j$'521Og/(.7521Ot,1*Oc1O /$*(K 0,7 (,1(0 w0)$1* 921 XPU .0P f,( g1'(1(5*,(1 921 jgtc 6,1' UR i(x )@5 g/(.7521(1Br26,7521(1N %(*5(1=7 '85&+ ',( u75$+/81*69(5/867(N 81' ZTR i(x )@5 r52O 721(1N %(*5(1=7 '85&+ ',( (5=(8*%$5(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.(1P f(5 u3(,&+(55,1* ngr J3 n$5*( g/(&7521 r26,7521 e2//,'(5K $0 egtp ,67 (,1 t,1* 0,7 TY .0 w0)$1*P f85&+ x(5:(1'81* 6835$/(,7(1'(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*66<67(O 0( 6,1' [R i(x (55(,&+%$5P h@5 [R i(x (5*,%7 i/P JSSPUTK (,1(1 u75$+/81*69(5/867 921 SPUW i(x 352 w0/$8)P y(,/ ',( u75$+/81*69(5/867( 352 w0/$8) 1$&+ i/P JSSPUTK 0,7 '(5 VP r27(1= '(5 g1(5*,( =81(+0(1N $%(5 185 0,7 '(5 SP r27(1= '(6 t$',86 $%1(+0(1N :,5' ngr 9(5087/,&+ '(5 *5?M7( (2B(1Ot,1* %/(,%(1P
SSPV k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SS
YTS
h@5 12&+ +?+(5( g1(5*,(1 ,1 ((Ou7?M(1 :,5' 0$1 ,1 |8.81)7 /,1($5( .2//,',(5(1'( u75$+/(1 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 n,1($5%(6&+/(81,*(51 J/,1($5 &2//,'(56K (5=(8*(1 0@6O 6(1P f,(6( 1(8( v(&+1,. :,5' 6&+21 6(,7 (,1,*(1 l$+5(1 $0 unce Ju7$1)25'N m$O /,)251,(1K (17:,&.(/7P y(,/ )@5 u75$+/(1N ',( 185 (,10$/ =86$00(175(5(1N ',( n8O 0,126,7>7 $8M(525'(17/,&+ ./(,1 ,67N 0866 0$1 0,7 12&+ 9,(/ ./(,1(5(1 u75$+/48(5O 6&+1,77(1 $5%(,7(1P f,( '$'85&+ 9(567>5.7( *(*(16(,7,*( u7?581* '(5 u75$+/(1 $8)O *581' ,+5(5 t$80/$'81*(1 ,67 %(, 1,&+7O5(=,5.8/,(5(1'(1 u75$+/(1 :(1,*(5 .5,7,6&+P f$ ',( u75$+/81*69(5/867( )@5 r52721(1 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 6,1'N .2007 0$1 ,1 u3(,&+(55,1*(1 0,7 .2//,',(5(1'(1 r52721(1Bc17,352721(1Ou75$+/(1 =8 6(+5 +2+(1 g1(5*,(1P f$ egtp %(,0 d$8 920 ngr ,0 v811(/ 6&+21 '(1 r/$7= )@5 (,1(1 =:(,7(1 t,1* 925*(6(+(1 +$77(N .$11 '257 181 5(/$7,9 35(,6:(57 '(5 nje J3 n$5*( j$'521 e2//,'(5K *(%$87 :(5'(1N '(5 $% TRRY .2//,',(5(1'( u75$+/(1 921 YOv(xO r52721(1 /,()(51 62//P j2&+(1(5*,((;3(5,0(17( 0,7 u&+:(5,21(1 6,1' 921 *52M(0 $.78(//(1 k17(5(66( )@5 ',( g5)256&+81* 921 |867>1'(1 %(621'(56 ',&+7(5 81' +(,M(5 o$7(5,(N '(0 62 *(1$117(1 s8$5.Oi/821Or/$60$P c0 egtpOuru :85'(1 6&+21 92//67>1',* ,21,O 6,(57( d/(,.(51( JZTr%ZT1K %(6&+/(81,*7P h@5 '(1 nje 6,1' r%Br%Og;3(5,0(17( 0,7 .2//,',(5(1'(1 d/(,Ok21(1675$+/(1 ,1 '(5 f,6.866,21] %(, u75$+/(1(5*,(1 921 -( JY v(xK 6 ZT 3 WYV v(x (17)$//(1 TPYX v(x $8) -('(6 '(5 TRZ p8./(21(1 ,0 TRZr%Om(51P
SSPV k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SS SSPVPS g/(.7521(15?+5(1 t?17*(1675$+/(5P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. SSAS c8&+ 0 t?17*(1675$+/(1 0 J,0 v(;7 NNc1:(1'81*(1DDK 0 t?17*(1 m/<67521P c86 y,.,3(',$ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. SSAT y(,7(5 0,7 0 u(( $/62\ NNv5$9(//,1* :$9( 78%(DDN 62:,( 0 o$*1(7521 J'257 :(,7(5 0,7 0 c33/,&$7,216 A j($7,1* NN0,&52:$9( 29(16DDK o2'(51( q6=,//26.23(P g/(.7521,. TWBTRRU\ +773\BB:::P(/(.7521,.1(7P'(B 0 723,&6 0 0(66(1H7(67(1 0 h$&+:,66(1 J:(,7 817(1K 0 v,336 =85 q6=,//26.23$86:$+/ 3 n,1. SSAU h/$&+%,/'6&+,50(N ',( ',( g/(.7521(1675$+/Od,/'5?+5(1 $%/?6(1\ J$K nefOd,/'6&+,50(P vw d(5/,1\ +773\BB:::P78O%(5/,1P'(B 0 h$.8/7>7(1 0 o$7+(O 0$7,. 81' p$785:,66(16&+$)7(1 0 r+<6,.$/,6&+(6 k167,787 0 c5%(,76*5833(1 NNq3O 7,6&+(6 k167,787DD 0 h/@66,*.5,67$//( 0 ne f,63/$<6 Ju+2: v+,6 h5$0( q1/
YTT
SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880
SSPVPT g/(.7521(1O 81' k21(1675$+/(1 k21(1O 81' g/(.7521(148(//(1P egtp n,1$& T\ +773\BB/,1$&TP+20(P&(51P&+B 0 ,21 6285&(6 0 c/62N 7+(5( ,6 $ 3$3(5 21 ,21 6285&(6 ,1 *(1(5$/ (,7+(5 $6 ,1 NNjvonDD P P P 3 n,1. SSAW g/(.7521(1675$+/Ou&+:(,M(1P k167,787 )@5 u&+:(,M7(&+1,. 81' h@*(7(&+1,. '(5 tyvj c$&+(1\ +773\BB:::P,6)O$$&+(1P'(B 0 c5%(,76*(%,(7( 0 h256&+81*6%(5(,O &+( NNu75$+/6&+:(,M(1DD 3 n,1. SSAX g5*>1=81*\ g//,1*(5 i0%jN u&+:(,M7(&+1,. 81' o$6&+,1(1%$8N YSWWV y(,66$&+ ,0 v$/\ +773\BB:::P(//,1*(5O6&+:(,667(&+1,.P'(B 0 g/(.7521(1675$+/6&+:(,M(1 3 n,1. SSAY g/(.7521(1675$+/On,7+2*5$3+,(P q1( 2) 7+( :25/'I6 0267 &2035,+(16,9( 21/,1( 5()(O 5(1&(6 21 6(0,&21'8&725 0$18)$&785,1*\ +773\BB:::P6(0,&21)$5($67P&20B 0 y$)(5 h$%5,&$7,21 NNn,7+2*53+
SSPVPU u3(,&+(581* *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1 o$*1(7,6&+( h/$6&+(P n(,h,Or+<6,.\ w17(55,&+760,77(/ 921 g5167 n(,71(5 81' w/, h,1&.+N u78',(1',5(.725(1 $0 t8335(&+7 i<01$6,80 o@1&+(1] r5>6(17$7,21 $1O *(*/,('(57 $1 ',( y(%6(,7(1 '(5 r+<6,. '(5 w1, o@1&+(1\ +773\BB:::P3+<6,.P81,O 08(1&+(1P'(B/(,73+<6,.B 0 l$+5*$1*6678)( ST 0 o$*1(7,6&+(6 h(/' 0 o$*1(7,O 6&+( h/$6&+( 3
SSPV k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SS
YTU
n,1. SSASV y(,7(5 0,7 d(:(*81* '(5 o$86 @%(5 '$6 d,/'N '$11 =P dP 0 d$+1(1 ,0 dOh(/'N 0 |85 r2/$5/,&+76(,7( v(,/&+(1Oh$//(1P o$66 u3(&7520(75< $1' d,27(&+12/2*< t(6285&(N &5($7(' $1' (',7(' %< c1'5(: i8==(77$\ +773\BB,216285&(P&20B 0 J5(&+76 817(1K k21 v5$3 n,1.6 0 v+( y+<6 $1' y+(5()25(6 2) s8$'5832/( k21 v5$3 o$66 u3(&7520(75< 3 n,1. SSASW g5*>1=81*\ c86 p2%(/35(,6( J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN p2%(/ n(&785(6 S[Z[\ f(+0(/7\ NNg;3(5,0(176 :,7+ $1 k62/$7(' u8%$720,& r$57,&/( $7 t(67DD 0 v+( n(&785( ,1 3')O)250$7 3 n,1. SSASX 62:,( r$8/\ NNg/(&7520$*1(7,& v5$36 )25 e+$5*(' $1' p(875$/ r$57,&/(6DD 0 v+( n(&785( ,1 3')O)250$7 3 n,1. SSASY
SSPVPV o,.526.23( v5$160,66,216O 81' t$67(5Og/(.7521(10,.526.23,(P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK g/(.7521(10,.526.23\ n,1. SSASZ y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 0 v5$160,66,216(/(.7521(10,.526.23N 0 t$67(5(/(.7O 521(10,.526.23 g5*>1=81*\ r+<6,.N w1,9(56,7>7 o@167(5\ +773\BB:::P81,O08(167(5P'(Br+<6,. 0 h256&+81*6*5833(1 NNr52)P f5P jP m2+/DD 0 h256&+81* 0 g,1( $//*(0(,19(567>1'O /,&+( g,1)@+581* Ju+2: q1/< v+,6 h5$0(K 3 n,1. SSAS[ t$67(57811(/0,.526.23P c86 f(876&+(6 o86(80 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK 0 c8667(//81*(1 0 o(,67(5:(5.( 0 t$67(57811(/0,.526.23 3 n,1. SSATR t$67(5.5$)70,.526.23P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+\ n,1. SSATS g5*>1=81*\ w1,9(56,7< 2) j$1129(5N k167,787( )25 u2/,' u7$7( r+<6,&6N p$126758&O 785(6 i5283\ +773\BB:::P1$12P81,O+$1129(5P'(B 0 7(/'6 2) :25. 0 1$12/,7+2*5$O 3+< 86,1* $ 6&$11,1* )25&( 0,&526&23( 3 n,1. SSATT p$12/,7+2*5$3+,( 0,7 '(0 t$67(5.5$)70,.526.23 h(/'(0,66,210,.526.23,(P f(3$570(17 2) r+<6,&6N w1,9(56,7< 2) r81(N k1',$\ +773\BB 3+<6,&6P81,381(P(51(7P,1B 0 i52836 0 h,(/' g0,66,21 B k21 o,&526&23< 3 n,1. SSATU
SSPVPW d(6&+/(81,*(5 r+<6,. '(5 v(,/&+(1%(6&+/(81,*(5P f,'$.7,. '(5 r+<6,.N w1,9(56,7>7 g5/$1*(1\ +773\BB :::P','$.7,.P3+<6,.P81,O(5/$1*(1P'( 0 f2:1/2$'\ i581'/$*(1 '(5 v(,/&+(13+
YTV
SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880
6,. Jf$6 08/7,0(',$/( n(51352*5$00K 0 J817(1K |80 r52*5$00 0 g;3(5,0(17( 0 d(6&+/(81,*(5 81' u3(,&+(55,1*( 3 n,1. SSATV y(,7(5 0,7 0 f,( =:(, 35,1=,3,(//(1 d(6&+/(81,*(56758.785(1\ NNn,1(O $5%(6&+/(81,*(5DD 81' NNm5(,6%(6&+/(81,*(5DDN 62:,( 0 f,( (,1=(/1(1 d$8*5833(1 921 d(6&+/(81,*(51\ NNv(,/&+(148(//(1DDN NNd(6&+/(81,*81*DD 81' NNc%/(1.81* 81' h2O .86DDP u85)(5N ',( '$6 +(59255$*(1' *(67$/7(7( n(51352*5$00 *(187=7 +$%(1N 62//7(1 '(5 d,77( '(6 c1%,(7(56 1$&+.200(1 81' (,1(1 h5$*(%2*(1 $86)@//(1\ 0 J/,1.6 2%(1K v,7(/6(,7( 0 J817(1K h(('%$&. 3 n,1. SSATW f,( v(,/&+(1%(6&+/(81,*(5 $//(5 m217,1(17(P r+<6,.N w1, d211\ +773\BB:::P3+
SSPVPX d,2*5$3+,(1 y,/+(/0 e215$' t?17*(1 JSZVWAS[TUKP f(876&+(6 j,6725,6&+(6 o86(80\ +773\BB :::P'+0P'( 0 n(oq 0 n(oq\ n(%(1',*(6 9,578(//(6 o86(80 q1/,1( 0 m$,O 6(55(,&+ 0 y,66(16&+$)7 H h256&+81* 0 t?17*(1N y,/+(/0 3 n,1. SSATY h(5',1$1' d5$81 JSZWRAS[SZKP 6P c%6&+1P [PXPVN n,1. [AT[ l26(3+ l2+1 v+20621 JSZWXAS[VRKP 6P c%6&+1P YPWPTN n,1.6 YAS[N YATR h5$1&,6 y,//,$0 c6721 JSZYYAS[VWKP c86 p2%(/35(,6( J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN d,2*5$3+<\ n,1. SSATZ g51(67 qP n$:5(1&( JS[RSAS[WZKP c86 ckr j,6725< 2) r+<6,&6 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. SSAT[ t2/) y,'(5?( JS[RTAS[[XKP u&+:(,=(5,6&+( i(6(//6&+$)7 )@5 u75$+/(1%,2/2*,( 81' o(O ',=,1,6&+( r+<6,.\ +773\BB:::P6*603P&+B 0 f(876&+ 0 J:(,7(5 817(1K i(6&+,&+7( 0 J*$1= 817(1K g+5(10,7*/,('(5 '(5 uiuor\ S[ZU r52)P t2/) y,'(5?( SSP RYP S[RT A SSP SRP S[[X 3 n,1. SSAUR d2'2 921 d255,(6 JS[RWAS[WXKP u,(0(16Oc5&+,9\ +773\BB:VP6,(0(16P'(B$5&+,9B'(B 0 r(56?1/,&+.(,7(1 0 y,66(16&+$)7/(5 0 d255,(6N d2'2 921 3 n,1. SSAUS
SSPV k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SS
YTW
g5167 t86.$ JS[RXAS[ZZKP c86 p2%(/35(,6( J6P c%6&+1P SPVK c872%,2*5$3+<\ n,1. SSAUT o$1)5(' d$521 921 c5'(11( JS[RYAS[[YKP f(876&+(6 j,6725,6&+(6 o86(80\ +773\BB :::P'+0P'(B 0 n(oq 0 n(oq\ n(%(1',*(6 9,578(//(6 o86(80 q1/,1( 0 u8&+( 0 d,2*5$3+,(1 0 o$1)5(' d$521 921 c5'(11(N S[RYAS[[Y 3 n,1. SSAUU y,//,$0 y(%67(5 j$16(1 JS[R[AS[V[KP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. SSAUV l2+1 tP r,(5&( JS[SRATRRTKP u287+:(67 o86(80 2) g1*,1((5,1*N e20081,&$7,216 $1' e20387$7,21\ +773\BB:::P60(&&P25* 0 d(// n$%6 B n8&(17 0 l2+1 tP r,(5&( 0 o< y25. y,7+ x$&880 v8%(6 c7 d(// n$%25$725,(6 3 n,1. SSAUW g5:,1 yP o@//(5 JS[SSAS[YYKP r(11 u7$7( w1,9(56,7<\ +773\BB:::P368P('8B 0 h,1' NNg5:,1 o8(//(5DD r(11 u7$7( y(% A u($5&+ 0 g5:,1 o8(//(5 y r(11 u7$7( r+<6,&6 3 n,1. SSAUX g5*>1=81*\ j$+1Oo(,71(5Ok167,787\ +773\BB:::P+0,P'(B 0 c.78(// A r5(66(O 81' ~5(17/,&+.(,76$5%(,7 A c5&+,9\ r5(66(0,77(,/81*(1 0 TRRS NNWR l$+5( h(/',21(10,O .526.23,(DD n,1. SSAUY f21$/' y,//,$0 m(567 JS[SSAS[[UKP p$7,21$/ c&$'(0,& r5(66 J+773\BB:::P1$3P('8BKN c/3+$%(7,&$/ /,67,1* 2) VTS $9$,/$%/( d,2*5$3+,&$/ o(02,56\ +773\BB:::P1$3P('8B 5($',1*5220B%22.6B%,20(06B 0 f21$/' y,//,$0 m(567 NNjvonDD 3 n,1. SSAUZ y2/)*$1* r$8/ JS[SU A S[[UKP r+<6,. '(5 w1,9(56,7>7 d211\ +773\BB:::P3+<6,.P81,O %211P'(B 0 r+<6,.$/,6&+(6 k167,787 0 c//*(0(,1(6 NNy2/)*$1*Or$8/Ox25/(681*(1DD 0 y2/)*$1* r$8/ 3 n,1. SSAU[ g5*>1=81*\ c86 p2%(/35(,6( J6P c%6&+1P SPVK c872%,2*5$3+<\ n,1. SSAVR l2+1 dP h(11 J*(%P S[SYKP c86 p2%(/35(,6( J6P c%6&+1P SPVK e+(0,675< TRRTN c872O %,2*5$3+<\ n,1. SSAVS j$16 iP f(+0(/7 J*(%P S[TTKP c86 p2%(/35(,6( J6P c%6&+1P SPVK c872%,2*5$3+<\ n,1. SSAVT j(,15,&+ t2+5(5 J*(%P S[UUKP c86 p2%(/35(,6( J6P c%6&+1P SPVK c872%,2*5$3+<\ n,1. SSAVU i(5' d,11,* J*(%P S[VYKP c86 p2%(/35(,6( J6P c%6&+1P SPVK c872%,2*5$3+<\ n,1. SSAVV
Bh1454M-PressProofs.QX5
17/1/08
1:51 PM
Page 275
Bookhouse
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(5.1--3.7) eV
Na+gasf. + Cl --gasf.
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NaCl-Kristallbildung
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Bildung des Na+Cl--Ionengitters aus freien Ionen
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[Na+Cl-- ] fest
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m21=(175$7,21 '(6 *(/?67(1 u725(6 ,1 '(5 */(,&+(1 i5?M(125'181* :,( ',( '(6 n?O 681*60,77(/6N %(67(+7 ',( w0*(%81* -('(6 *(/?67(1 o2/(.@/6 -$ 185 12&+ =85 j>/)7( $86 n?681*60,77(/02/(.@/(1P f,662=,$7,216*5$' 6&+:$&+(5 g/(.752/<7(P f(5 f,662=,$7,216*5$' " ] S ,67 '(5 d58&+O 7(,/N '(5 $1*,%7N :,(9,(/( '(5 ,16*(6$07 *(/?67(1 o2/(.@/( ,1 k21(1 ',662=,,(57 6,1'P g,1( n?681* :,5' $/6 6&+:$&+(5 g/(.752/<7 %(=(,&+1(7N :(11 6,( ,PcP (,1(1 ./(,1(1 f,662=,$7,216*5$' %(6,7=7N '(5 (567 %(, 6(+5 *52M(5 x(5'@1181* 1$&+ (,16 *(+7P y(,/ (,1 u725 80 62 %(66(5 /(,7(7N -( 0(+5 %(:(*/,&+( n$'81*675>*(5 ,1 ,+0 925+$1'(1 6,1'N +>1*7 ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 (,1(6 6&+:$&+(1 g/(.752/<7(1 $8M(5 921 '(5 d(:(*O /,&+.(,7 '(5 k21(1N $8) ',( :,5 63>7(5 (,1*(+(1 :(5'(1N 921 '(5 m21=(175$7,21 '(6 *(/?67(1 u725(6 81' '(66(1 f,662=,$7,216*5$' $%P f,( 921 uPcP c55+(1,86 JSZW[AS[TYK (17:,&.(/7( f,662=,$7,2167+(25,( (5./>57 ',( x25*>1*( '(5 g/(.752/<6( (,1:$1')5(,N 62/$1*( (6 6,&+ 80 6&+:$&+( g/(.752/<7( +$1O '(/7N %(, '(1(1 ',( /$1*5(,&+:(,7,*( (/(.75267$7,6&+( y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 k21(1 9(51$&+/>66,*7 :(5'(1 .$11P f$6 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 81',662=,,(57(1 o2/(.@/(1 81' '(1 k21(1 *(+25&+7 '(0 &+(0,6&+(1 o$66(1:,5.81*6*(6(7= JoyiKP h@5 '$6 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 (,1(6 %,1>5(1 g/(.752/<7(1N cd ) c1 1d2N (5*,%7 6,&+ 1$&+ '(0 oyi &c1 6 &d2B&cd 3 m& P
JSTPUK
j,(5 ,67 &cd ',( m21=(175$7,21 '(6 81',6662=,(57(1 c17(,/6 '(6 *(/?67(1 u725(6N 1,&+7 =8 9(5:(&+6(/1 0,7 '(5 m21=(175$7,21 &N ',( 6,&+ $8) ',( *(6$07( *(/?67( u7250(1*( %(=,(+7P f,( oyiOi/(,&+*(:,&+76.2167$17( m& 921 i/P JSTPUK +(,M7 f,662=,$7,216O .2167$17(P p$&+ g,1)@+581* '(6 f,662=,$7,216*5$'(6 " 3 &c1B& 3 &d2B&
JSTPVK
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JSTPWK
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JSTPXK
n(,7)>+,*.(,7 81' }48,9$/(17/(,7)>+,*.(,7P f(5 (/(.75,6&+( y,'(567$1' t =:,6&+(1 =:(, g/(.752'(1N ',( ,1 (,1(1 g/(.752/<7(1 (,17$8&+(1N +>1*7 920 g/(.752/<7(1 81' '(5 g/(.752'(1Om217*85$7,21 $%P f,( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 J&21'8&7,9,7
ST g/(.752&+(0,( 0.8
HCI
Leitfähigkeit Û J ( ø --1cm--1 )
0.6
(a)
350
KOH
0.4
NaOH K2CO3
0.2
0
400
H2SO
AgNO3 CuCl2 CH3COOH
0
2
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 cA J (mol/L)
(b)
Äquivalentleitfähigkeit §J (cm 2 mol --1ø--1)
YVR
HCI H2SO4
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 20100 200 500 [cA J(mol/L)] --1
KOH (COOH) 2 KCI CuSO4 CH3COOH
1000
c%%P STPX h@5 9(56&+,('(1( :>665,*( n?681*(1 J$K n(,7)>+,*.(,7 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 }48,9$/(17O .21=(175$7,21N J%K }48,9$/(17/(,7)>+,*.(,7 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 ,19(56(1 }48,9$/(17.21=(175$7,21P
k1 c%%P STPX$ ,67 )@5 (,1( t(,+( :>665,*(5 n?681*(1 ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 ,1 c%+>1O *,*.(,7 921 '(5 }48,9$/(17.21=(175$7,21 &>4N '(0 r52'8.7 921 m21=(175$7,21 & 81' y(57,*.(,7 =N :,('(5*(*(%(1P o$1 (5.(117 $1)$1*6 (,1 c167(,*(1 '(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 0,7 :$&+6(1'(5 m21=(175$7,21N ',( %(, '(1 u8%67$1=(1N ',( 6,&+ ,1 *(1@*(1'(5 o(1O *( /?6(1 /$66(1N '85&+ (,1 o$;,080 *(+7N 80 6&+/,(M/,&+ :,('(5 $8) ./(,1(5( y(57( $%=8)$//(1P k0 g;75(0)$// %(67(+7 '(5 g/(.752/<7 =8 SRR @ $86 '(0 NN*(/?67(1DD u725\ |80 d(,63,(/ ,67 +81'(57352=(17,*( u&+:()(/6>85( (,1 p,&+7/(,7(5N '$ 6,( 1,&+7 ',6O 62=,,(57 ,67P k0 j,1%/,&. $8) ',( (1*( x(5.1@3)81* 921 g/(.75,=,7>76O 81' o$66(175$163257 %(, '(5 (/(.752/<7,6&+(1 n(,781* ,67 (6 @%/,&+N 1$&+ (,1(0 x256&+/$* 921 hP m2+/O 5$86&+ JSZYXK (,1( $8) ',( (/(.752&+(0,6&+ :,5.6$0( *(/?67( u7250(1*( %(=2*(1( i5?M( =8 '(71,(5(1P f,( }48,9$/(17/(,7)>+,*.(,7 J(48,9$/(17 &21'8&7,9,7
STPS g/(.752/<6(
YVS
STPSPV n$'81*675$163257 k21(1:$1'(581*P f(5 u752075$163257 ,0 g/(.752/<7(1 *(+7 62 925 6,&+N '$66 ',( k21(1 817(5 '(0 g,19866 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 $8) ',( g/(.752'(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 r2/$5,7>7 =8:$1'(51P f$6 />667 6,&+ 0,7 )$5%,*(1 k21(1 :,( '(1(1 '(6 m$/,803(5O 0$1*$1$76 Jo1qV2K *87 '(021675,(5(1P y(*(1 '(5 t(,%81*N ',( ',( h/@66,*.(,7 $8) 6,( $86@%7N %(:(*(1 6,&+ ',( k21(1 0,7 */(,&+)?50,*(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7P p$&+ '(0 u72.(6I6&+(1 i(6(7= Jd'P SK ,67 ',( t(,%81*6.5$)7 921 '(0 t$',86 '(6 k216N %=:P '(6 $86 k21 81' $662=,,(57(1 y$6O 6(502/(.@/(1 *(%,/'(7(1 e/867(56 $%+>1*,*P
K A
Nordpol
c%%P STPY p$&+:(,6 '(5 t(,%81* =:,6&+(1 k21(1 81' h/@66,*.(,7P c 3 c12'(N m 3 m$7+2O '(P f(5 x(568&+ ,67 (,1( c%:$1'/81* '(6 d$5/2:I6&+(1 t$'(6P
o$1 .$11 ',( t(,%81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 k21(1 81' '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 ,1 )2/*(1'(0 x(568&+ =(,*(1 Jc%%P STPYK\ c8) '(0 r2/ (,1(6 .5>)7,*(1 o$*1(7(1 %(71'(7 6,&+ (,1 5,1*)?50,*(5 v52* 0,7 ,62/,(5(1'(0 d2'(1] ',( %(,'(1 0(7$//,6&+(1 =*7 6,&+ ',(6( 6(,7/,&+( d(:(*81* $8) ',( h/@66,*.(,7N ',( ,1)2/*('(66(1 /(%+$)7 ,1 '(5 t,11( =8 .5(,6(1 %(*,117] '85&+ ./(,1( m25.6&+:,00(5 0,7 h>+1&+(1 />667 6,&+ ',(6 :(,7+,1 6,&+7%$5 0$&+(1P d(, w032/81* '(5 u75205,&+781* .(+57 6,&+ '(5 d(:(*81*66,11 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 80P m21=(175$7,216>1'(581*(1 %(, u75209866P lPyP j,7725) +$7 SZWU ',(6( x25*>1*( =8(567 (,1*(+(1' 817(568&+7P k0 c//*(0(,1(1 6,1' k21(1 %(,'(5/(, x25=(,&+(16 $0 g/(.75,=,7>7675$163257 %(7(,/,*7N $//(5',1*6 0(,67 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 y$1'(581*6O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1P f,( *(6$07( u752067>5.( ,67 ',( u800( %(,'(5 k21(1675?0(P k21(1%(:(*/,&+.(,7 J,21 02%,/,7
0,7 = & 3 &>4P
JSTP[K
YVT
ST g/(.752&+(0,(
j,(5 :(5'(1 )@5 c1,21(1 81' m$7,21(1 ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 ,c 81' ,m (,1*()@+57P f,( n$'81*6',&+7( " h = & ,67 )@5 %(,'( */(,&+N :,( 6,&+ $86 '(5 f,662=,$7,21 (/(.75,6&+ 1(875$/(5 o2/(.@/( 81' '(5 n$'81*61(875$/,7>7 '(5 g/(.752/<7( (5*,%7P o,7 '(5 f(O 71,7,21 '(5 }48,9$/(17/(,7)>+,*.(,7 M Ji/P JSTPYKK (5+$/7(1 :,5 81'
M 3 " h J,c 1,mK MZ 3 h J,c 1,mK
JSTPSRK )@5 " S SP
JSTPSSK
o$1 .$11 6,&+ $/62 ',( }48,9$/(17/(,7)>+,*.(,7 (,1(6 g/(.752/<7(1 %(, 81(1'/,&+(5 x(5'@1181* $'',7,9 =86$00(1*(6(7=7 '(1.(1 $86 '(1 %(,'(1 k21(1Oi5(1=/(,7)>+,*O .(,7(1 McZ 3 h ,c 81' MmZ 3 h ,m N
JSTPSTK
',( ',( c17(,/( '(5 %(75(5(1'(1 k21(1 '$567(//(1P f$6 ,67N :,( hP m2+/5$86&+ (6 )25O 08/,(57(N '$6 NNi(6(7= 921 '(5 81$%+>1*,*(1 y$1'(581* '(5 k21(1DDP f,( u800( 921 c1,21(1O 81' m$7,21(1%(:(*/,&+.(,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 (;3(O 5,0(17(// %(67,00%$5(1 i5(1=/(,7)>+,*.(,7 Ji/P JSTPSTKKP f,( f,5(5(1= =:(,(5 c1O ,21(1O 2'(5 m$7,21(1Od(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 .$11 $86 '(5 f,5(5(1= '(5 i5(1=/(,7)>+,*.(,7 =:(,(5 *((,*1(7(5 u$/=( %(67,007 :(5'(1N =P dP )2/*(1'(50$M(1\ ,Jm1K2,Jp$1K 3 LMZJme/K2MZJp$e/KbBh ,Je/2K2,Jpq2 U K 3 LMZJme/K2MZJmpqUKbBhP
JSTPSUK
k1 '(5 v$%P STPT 6,1' )@5 +>87* 925.200(1'( k21(1 ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 $1*(O *(%(1P c86 '(5 d(75$*6*/(,&++(,7 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 m5$)7 =(g Jg 3 d(75$* '(5 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.(K 81' u72.(6I6&+(5 t(,%81*6.5$)7 X@5(9 J5 3 t$',86N ( 3 x,6.2O 6,7>7K )2/*7 , 3 9Bg 3 = (BJX@ 5 (KP
JSTPSVK
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STPS g/(.752/<6(
YVU
v$%P STPT d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 (,1,*(5 +>87* 925.200(1'(5 k21(1 ,1 :>665,*(1 n?681*(1N (;75$32/,(57 $8) 81(1'/,&+( x(5'@1181*N )@5 TW@e ,1 &0TBx6 3 J&0B6KBJxB&0KP k21
S T S U S T S U S T S T S T S T S T S T S T
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c*1
RPRRRXV
T1
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RPRRRXU
e$T1
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e2T1
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RPRRRXY RPRRRWY RPRRRVX RPRRRVT
2
c86 7$%(//,(57(1 y(57(1 '(5 k21(1Oi5(1=/(,7)>+,*.(,7(1 J(48,9$/(17 ,21,& &21'8&7,9,7,(6K (5*(%(1 6,&+ ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1N :(11 0$1 '85&+ ',( h$5$'$
p27$7,21 j1N /,(*7 '$6 y$66(56725Ok21 ,1 y,5./,&+.(,7 ,0 y$66(5 1,&+7 $/6 (,1=(/1(6 r52721 925P f,( k21(1',662=,$7,21 '(6 y$66(56 ,67 9,(/0(+5 1$&+ T jTq S jUq1 1qj2
JSTPSWK
$/6 (,1( c8)63$/781* 921 =:(, y$66(502/(.@/(1 ,1 '$6 326,7,9( j<'521,80,21 81' '$6 1(*$7,9( j<'2;
YVV
ST g/(.752&+(0,(
721(1$.=(3725 81' (,10$/ $/6 r52721(1'21$725 :,5.7P p$&+ ',(6(5 c85$6681* *(%(1 u>85(02/(.@/( %(, '(5 f,662=,$7,21 r52721(1 $1 y$66(502/(.@/( $%N =P dP 81'
je/2j1 S e/2 j1 1jTq S jUq1N
JSTPSXK
81' n$8*(1 1(+0(1 r52721(1 921 y$66(502/(.@/(1 $8)N =P dP 81'
jTq2j1 S qj2 p$qj1j1 S p$1 1jTqP
JSTPSYK
f85&+ e/867(5%,/'81* (1767(+(1 12&+ *5?M(5( m203/(;(P o,7 '5(, =86>7=/,&+(1 jTqOo2/(.@/(1N %(,63,(/6:(,6(N :,5' $86 '(0 j<'521,80,21 (,1 j[q1 V Ok21P y$1O '(57 (,1 j1Ok21 6&+(,1%$5 ,1 t,&+781* m$7+2'(N 62 :(5'(1 ,11(5+$/% '(6 j[q1 V Ok216 ',( y$66(56725%5@&.(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 (,1=(/1(1 jTqOo2/(.@/(1 *(7$86&+7N :,( (6 ,1 c%%P STPZ '$5*(67(//7 ,67P c16&+$8/,&+ .$11 0$1 6,&+ '$6 62 92567(//(1N '$66 '$6 j[q1 V $8) '(5 c12'(16(,7( (,1 r52721 $8)1,007N ',( 326,7,9( n$'81* '85&+ 6(,1( ,11(5( u758.785 75$163257,(57 81' (,1 $1'(5(6 r52721 $8) '(5 '(5 m$7+2'( =8*(O :$1'7(1 u(,7( :,('(5 $%*,%7P f,( j1Ok21(1 0@66(1 $/62 1,&+7 :,( ',( $1'(5(1 k21(1 (,1( u2/9$7+@//( $86 y$66(502/(.@/(1 '85&+ '(1 g/(.752/<7(1 0,76&+/(33(1 81' .?11(1 6,&+ '(6+$/% :(6(17/,&+ 6&+1(//(5 %(:(*(1P c1$/2*(6 *,/7 )@5 ',( qj2Ok21(1N :,( c%%P STPZ =(,*7P 3jOy(57 '(6 y$66(56P g,1*$1*6 :$5 (5:>+17 :25'(1N '$66 5(,167(6 y$66(5 '(1 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 u7520 1,&+7 /(,7(7P f,(6 ,67 -('2&+ 1,&+7 675(1* 5,&+7,*P u25*)>/7,*( o(6681*(1 H
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STPS g/(.752/<6(
YVW
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JSTPSZK
'(71,(57 81' +$7 ',( g,1+(,7 02/ Bn P m& JjTqK ,67 ',( f,662=,$7,216.2167$17( '(6 y$66(56 81' &JjTqK ',( |$+/ '(5 y$6O 6(5Oo2/( 352 n,7(5P o,7 &j1 3 &qj2 3 " &JjTqK :,5' T
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YXT
ST g/(.752&+(0,(
2.5
UJV
Ladung 2.0
Entladung
0
1
2 tJh
3
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STPV v(&+1,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1
YXU
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JSTPTWK
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YXV
ST g/(.752&+(0,( äußerer Stromkreis
Elektronen
Elektronen Wasserstoffionen (H+) H2
O2 /Luft H2 H2 O
O2 Luft
Sauerstoffionen (O 2--) Kathode La1--x Srx MnO2 porös 2e-- + 12 O 2 O 2+
Elektrolyt
Anode
Zr O 2 fest, leitend für O2--
Ni O porös H2 2 H+ + 2e--
Grenzfläche
O2--
H 2O
2 H+ H 2O
Diffusion
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STPV v(&+1,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1
YXW
h@5 ',( d|Ov(&+1,. '(5 1>+(5(1 |8.81)7 *,%7 (6 o$5.7&+$1&(1 925 $//(0 )@5 62/&+( |(//(1N ',( %,//,*(5( d5(116725( 187=(1 .?11(1P k1 h5$*( .200(1 :$66(5O 6725+$/7,*( x(5%,1'81*(1N $86 '(1(1 '(5 )@5 ',( (/(.752&+(0,6&+( t($.7,21 9(5O :(1'(7( y$66(56725 $%*(75(117 :,5'P d(, p,('(57(03(5$785Od|6 *(6&+,(+7 '$6 817(5 |8)8+5 921 y>50( ,1 925*(6&+$/7(7(1 c8)%(5(,781*6$1/$*(1N '(1 62 *(1$117(1 NNt(O )250(51DD] %(, j2&+7(03(5$785Od|6 71'(7 ',( |(56(7=81* '(5 m2+/(1:$66(56725O d5(116725( =8 jT 81' eqT ,0 k11(5(1 67$77 JNN,17(51( t()250,(581*DDKP f,( g17:,&./81* '(5 d|6 ,67 $8) '5(, j$837=,(/( $86*(5,&+7(7\ SP u7$7,21>5( d|6 $/6 m5$)7:(5.(P j,(5)@5 6,1' 925 $//(0 j2&+7(03(5$785Od|6 *(O (,*1(7N '(5(1 c%*$6( +2+( v(03(5$785 %(6,7=(1 81' ,1 1$&+*(6&+$/7(7(1 i$6O 2'(5 f$03)785%,1(1Oi(1(5$725(1 =85 =86>7=/,&+(1 u7520(5=(8*81* 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f,( 819(50(,'/,&+ $1)$//(1'( c%:>50( .$11 $8&+ 12&+ =8 j(,=O =:(&.(1 *(187=7 :(5'(1 Lj(,=Om5$)7:(5.(] &20%,1(' +($7 $1' 32:(5 JejrK 3/$176bP f$66 ',( j2&+7(03(5$785Od|6 (,1,*( u781'(1 %(1?7,*(1N 80 d(75,(%6)>O +,*.(,7 =8 (55(,&+(1N ,67 %(, .217,18,(5/,&+(0 m5$)7:(5.%(75,(% .(,1 p$&+7(,/P c/6 d5(116725( :(5'(1 g5'*$6 2'(5 m2+/(*$6 9(5:(1'(7N '(5 u$8(56725 .2007 $86 '(5 n8)7P g5'*$6 81' 9(5*$67( m2+/( 6,1' =:$5 80:(/732/7,6&+ 352%/(0$7,6&+( )266,/( g1(5*,(75>*(5N $%(5 ',( d|6 +$%(1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 .219(17,21(//(1 m5$)7O :(5.(1 +?+(5( y,5.81*6*5$'(N ',( =8 *(5,1*(5(0 eqTOc86672M 352 .y+ )@+5(1P f$5$8) %(58+7 ',( (83+25,6&+( d(=(,&+181* ',(6(5 d|6 $/6 NN~.2Om5$)7:(5.(DDP TP o2%,/( d|6 )@5 h$+5=(8*(P f$6 1250$/( g/(.752)$+5=(8* 75$163257,(57 (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( ,1 6&+:(5(1 c..808/$725(1 81' %(6,7=7 '(6+$/% (,1(1 ./(,1(1 c.7,216O 5$',86P f,( k1)5$6758.785 )@5 NN(/(.75,6&+( v$1.67(//(1DD ,67 12&+ :(1,* (17:,&.(/7P o,7 *(7$1.7(0 d5(116725 81' (,1(5 d| )@5 ',( u7520(5=(8*81* 62//7( '$6 d|O c872 *(5,1*(5(6 i(:,&+7 81'B2'(5 *5?M(5(1 c.7,2165$',86 +$%(1P h@5 ',(6( c1O :(1'81* .200(1 ./(,1( p,('(57(03(5$785Od|6 ,1 d(75$&+7N ',( 6&+1(// %(75,(%6O %(5(,7 6,1'P d(925=8*7 :(5'(1 9@66,*( d5(116725( :,( o(7+$12/ 81' g7+$12/P h@5 ',( c1)$1*6=(,7 '(5 d|Oc8726 :>5( d(1=,1 (,1 ,17(5(66$17(5 d5(116725N :(,/ '$)@5 ',( v$1.67(//(1Ok1)5$6758.785 (;,67,(57P UP v5$*%$5( d|6 $/6 g56$7= )@5 d$77(5,(1P p@7=/,&+ :>5(1 ',(6( =P dP )@5 $//( 75$*%$5(1 (/(.7521,6&+(1 i(5>7(N =P dP o,1,Oe20387(5 J3(5621$/ ',*,7$/ $66,67$176N rfc6KP y>+5(1' %(, d$77(5,(1 ',( g1(5*,(',&+7( .$80 12&+ =8 67(,*(51 ,67N (56&+(,1(1 %(, '(1 d|6 7527= $//(5 81*(/?67(5 r52%/(0( :(6(17/,&+ +?+(5( g1(5*,(',&+7(1 (55(,&+%$5P f$6 p$&+/$'(1 '(6 d5(1167256N =P dP o(7+$12/N %(1?7,*7 9,(/ :(1,*(5 |(,7 $/6 '$6 c89$'(1 (,1(6 c..86P
STPVPU g/(.752/<7,6&+( x(5)$+5(1 i(:,1181* 921 o(7$//(1P f85&+ u&+0(/=(/(.752/<6( 921 1$7@5/,&+ 925.200(1'(1 o(7$//9(5%,1'81*(1 :,5' c/80,1,80N o$*1(6,80N p$75,80N m$/,80 81' e$/&,80 *(:211(1P d(, c/80,1,80 ',(1(1 v21(5'( Jc/TqUK 81' m5<2/,7+ Jc/hU 6 Up$hK $/6 t2+6725(N '$6 g/(.752'(10$7(5,$/ ,67 m2+/(P |85 i(:,1181* 921 S .* c/80,1,80 6,1' (7:$ URRR c+ %(, &$P W x J. SW .y+K (5)25'(5/,&+P i(:,1181* 921 i$6(1P f85&+ g/(.752/<6( 921 p$e/ :,5' *52M7(&+1,6&+ e+/25 *(O :211(1N '$6 $/6 r52=(66*$6 )@5 ',( &+(0,6&+( k1'8675,( %(,63,(/6:(,6( )@5 ',( j(5O
YXX
ST g/(.752&+(0,(
67(//81* 921 r2/<9,166,* ,67N )@5 i$6( $%(5 1,&+7P g,1 >+1/,&+(6 x(5)$+5(1 :85'( ,1 '(1 /(7=7(1 l$+5(1 $8&+ )@5 ',( y$66(5(/(.752/<6( =85 i(:,1181* 921 y$66(56725 (17:,&.(/7P g/(.752/<7,6&+( y$66(56725*(:,1181* /2+17 $%(5 185 ,1 i(*(1'(1N :2 6(+5 35(,6:(57( (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( =85 x(5)@*81* 67(+7P t(,1,*81* 921 o(7$//(1P d(, ',(6(0 ,0 *52M(1 o$M67$% ,1 '(5 o(7$//85*,( $1*(O :$1'7(1 x(5)$+5(1 %(187=7 0$1 ',( v$76$&+(N '$66 ',( r2/$5,6$7,21663$1181*(1 )@5 ',( k21(1 9(56&+,('(1(5 o(7$//( 9(56&+,('(1 *52M 6,1'P o$1 .$11 '$+(5 '85&+ *((,*1(7( y$+/ '(5 $1 (,1( (/(.752/<7,6&+( |(//( *(/(*7(1 >8M(5(1 u3$1181* (55(,O &+(1N '$66 185 '$6 *(:@16&+7( o(7$// $86 '(5 n?681* $86*(6&+,('(1 :,5'N $%(5 1,&+7 ',(-(1,*(1 x(5815(,1,*81*(1N '(5(1 c%6&+(,'81*6327(17,$/( +?+(5 6,1'P f,( :,&+7,*67( c1:(1'81* 71'(7 ',(6(6 x(5)$+5(1 %(, '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 m83)(5O 5$5,1$7,21P c/6 c12'( 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 r/$77(1N ',( $86 '(0 =8 5(,1,*(1'(1 m83)(5 *(*266(1 6,1'] $/6 m$7+2'( ',(1(1 '@11( m83)(5%/(&+( $86 5(,167(0 m83)(5P f,(6( g/(.752'(1 67(+(1 ,1 :>665,*(1 n?681*(1 921 m83)(568/)$7 81' u&+:()(/6>85(P c8) '(5 m$7+2'( 6&+(,'(7 6,&+ '$11 '$6 g/(.752/<7.83)(5 0,7 (,1(0 t(,1+(,76*5$' %,6 =8 [[P[[ @ m83)(5*(+$/7 $%P g,1 62/&+(5 t(,1+(,76*5$' '(6 m83)(56 ,67 )@5 6(,1( x(5:(1'81* ,1 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. (5)25'(5/,&+N '$ 6&+21 0,1,0$/( x(5815(,1,*81O *(1 ',( (/(.75,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 6(+5 67$5. +(5$%6(7=(1P d(, ',(6(0 t(,1,*81*69(5)$+5(1 *(+(1 (%(162 :,( m83)(5 $8&+ g,6(1N p,&.(/ 81' |,1. ,1 n?681*N :>+5(1' ',( ('/(5(1 o(7$//( $/6 c12'(16&+/$00 $86)$//(1N $86 '(0 6,( '85&+ :(,7(5( g/(.752/<6( *(:,11%5,1*(1' :,('(5*(:211(1 :(5'(1P c8M(5 m83)(5 :(5'(1 $8&+ u,/%(5N p,&.(/ 81' g,6(1 ,1 *5?M(5(0 o$M67$% $8) (/(.752/<7,6&+(0 y(*( *(5(,1,*7] '$6 62 *(:211(1( g/(.752/<7(,6(1 +$7 (,1( +2+( r(50($%,/,7>7 81' 6(+5 *(5,1*( j<67(5(6(9(5/867(P j(567(//81* 921 0(7$//,6&+(1 %(5=@*(1P f,(6( v(&+1,. :,5' $8&+ *$/9$1,6&+( q%(5O 9>&+(19(5('(/81* Ji$/9$1,.N i$/9$1,6,(581*N (/(&7523/$7,1*K *(1$117P f,( =8 @%(5O =,(+(1'(1 u725( :(5'(1 1$&+ *5@1'/,&+(5 g17)(7781* 81' t(,1,*81* $/6 m$7+2'(1 ,1 (,1(1 g/(.752/<7(1 63(=,(//(5 |86$00(16(7=81* (,1*(+>1*7N '(5 ',( k21(1 '(6 $%=86&+(,'(1'(1 o(7$//6 (17+>/7P c/6 c12'(10$7(5,$/ :,5' 0(,67 '$6 %(5=8*60(O 7$// 9(5:(1'(7P v(&+1,6&+ :,&+7,* 6,1' 925 $//(0 x(5=,1.81*N x(5.83)(581* 81' x(5O &+52081*P g6 /$66(1 6,&+ $8&+ %(5=@*( $86 $1'(5(1 o(7$//(1 81' o(7$//(*,(581*(1 Jg,6(1N d/(,N o(66,1* 86:PK (5=,(/(1P c8&+ 1,&+7/(,7(1'( o$7(5,$/,(1 /$66(1 6,&+ *$/O 9$1,6&+ 0,7 (,1(0 o(7$//@%(5=8* 9(56(+(1N :(11 6,( 925+(5 1,&+7O(/(.75,6&+ 0,7 (,1(5 '@11(1 p,&.(/O 2'(5 m83)(56&+,&+7 @%(5=2*(1 :(5'(1P c12',6&+( q;,'$7,21P u7$77 '(5 t('8.7,21 $1 '(5 m$7+2'( J:,( %(, '(5 o(7$//$%O 6&+(,'81*K .$11 $8&+ ',( q;,'$7,21 $1 '(5 c12'( 7(&+1,6&+ $86*(187=7 :(5'(1P g,1 :,&+7,*(6 x(5)$+5(1 %(67(+7 '$5,1N c/80,1,80 0,7 (,1(5 6(,1( q%(59>&+( 6&+@7=(1O '(1 q;,'6&+,&+7 =8 9(56(+(1 Jg/2;$/ 3 (/(.752/<7,6&+( q;,'$7,21 921 c/80,1,80KP
STPV v(&+1,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1
YXY
q;,'6&+,&+7(1 6&+@7=(1 ',( o(7$//( 1,&+7 185 0(&+$1,6&+N 621'(51 6,( ,62/,(5(1 $8&+ (/(.75,6&+P u7(//7 0$1 =P dP ,1 (,1(5 n?681* 921 p$75,80&$5%21$7 (,1( c/80,O 1,803/$77( (,1(5 d/(,O 2'(5 g,6(13/$77( *(*(1@%(5N 62 @%(5=,(+7 6,&+ ',( c/80,1,80O (/(.752'(N :(11 6,( $/6 c12'( *(6&+$/7(7 ,67N 0,7 (,1(5 816,&+7%$5(1 ,62/,(5(1'(1 u&+,&+7 $86 c/80,1,80+<'52;,'N ',( '(1 u7520'85&+*$1* %,6 =8 u3$1181*(1 921 VR x2/7 63(557P f$ ',( $8) (,1(5 )250,(57(1 c/80,1,803/$77( *(%,/'(7( k62/,(56&+,&+7 (,1 f,(/(.75,.80 921 6(+5 *(5,1*(5 f,&.( J81*()>+5 RPS =0K '$567(//7N %,/'(1 '$6 c/80,1,80 81' '(5 g/(.752/<7 (,1(1 m21'(16$725 921 *52M(5 m$3$=,7>7P o$1 (5=,(/7 0,7 ',(6(1 g/(.752/<7.21'(16$725(1 m$3$=,7>7(1 921 (,1,*(1 +81'(57 o,.52)$5$' 352 s8$'5$70(7(5 h/>&+( 81' .$11 62 5,(6,*( m$3$=,7>7(1 J#SRRR =hK $8) ./(,167(0 t$80 817(5%5,1*(1P u2/&+( m21'(16$725(1 6,1' 185 )@5 i/(,&+63$1181*(1 9(5O :(1'%$5N :2%(, '$6 )250,(57( c/80,1,80 '(1 326,7,9(1 r2/ %,/'(1 0866] 0,7 (,1(5 +,15(,&+(1' +2+(1 x2563$1181* '(5 5,&+7,*(1 r2/$5,7>7 .?11(1 6,( $8&+ ,1 y(&+O 6(/67520.5(,6(1 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P g/(.752)25081*P k1 ,1'8675,(//(0 w0)$1* :,5' ',( g/(.752)25081* J)5@+(5 NNi$/O 9$123/$67,.DD *(1$117K =85 j(567(//81* 921 r5(66O 81' i866)250(1 )@5 ',( m8167O 6725,1'8675,( Ju&+$//3/$77(1N ef6KN )@5 ',( n8)7O 81' t$80)$+57,1'8675,( Ju&+(,1O :(5)(5Ot(9(.725(1K 62:,( )@5 ',( (/(.7521,6&+( k1'8675,( Jm83)(5)2/,(1 )@5 *('58&.7( u&+$/781*(1K 9(5:(1'(7P f,( j(567(//81* '(5 (5)25'(5/,&+(1 h250(1 (5)2/*7 -( 1$&+ *()25'(57(5 o$M*(1$8,*.(,7 $86 o(7$// 2'(5 m81676725(1P m8167672502'(//( 0@6O 6(1 925+(5 =P dP '85&+ i5$3+,76&+,&+7(1 /(,7(1' *(0$&+7 :(5'(1P c/6 o$7(5,$/ =85 j(567(//81* '(5 g/(.752)25081* :,5' +(87( @%(5:,(*(1' p,&.(/ 9(5:(1'(7N '$ 6(,1( 3+<6,.$/,6&+O&+(0,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 '85&+ x(5>1'(581* '(5 r$5$0(7(5 %(, '(5 *$/9$1,6&+(1 c%6&+(,'81* ,1 :(,7(1 i5(1=(1 9$5,,(57 81' 620,7 *87 '(1 *()25'(57(1 d('@5)1,66(1 $1*(3$667 :(5'(1 .?11(1P
STPVPV m25526,2166&+87= i52M( 7(&+1,6&+( d('(8781* +$7 '$6 m25526,2169(5+$/7(1 921 0(7$//,6&+(1 y(5.O 6725(1N %(621'(56 %(,0 9,(/ 9(5:(1'(7(1 u7$+/P l('(6 l$+5 *(+(1 :(/7:(,7 (1250( y(57( '85&+ m25526,21 9(5/25(1N 0$1 '(1.( 185 (7:$ $1 NN9(55267(7(DD c8726 2'(5 u&+,5(P i581'6>7=/,&+ ,67 )@5 '$6 c%/$8)(1 921 m25526,2165($.7,21(1 )$67 ,00(5 ',( c1:(6(1+(,7 921 h(8&+7,*.(,7 127:(1',*N '$ (,1 g/(.752/<7 925+$1'(1 6(,1 0866N ,1 '(1 ',( o(7$//,21(1 ,1 n?681* *(+(1 .?11(1P n2.$/(/(0(17P f,(6(5 )@5 ',( m25526,21 :,&+7,*( d(*5,5 :85'( 6&+21 %(, '(1 o(O 7$//)>//81*(1 (5:>+17P f257 %(75$) (6 u7(//(1 ,0 o(7$// 0,7 /2.$/(1 m5,67$//%$8)(+/(51 2'(5 x(5815(,1,*81*(1N ',( '$=8 )@+57(1N '$66 $1 ',(6(1 u7(//(1 o(7$//,21(1 12&+ ,1 n?681* *(+(1 .?11(1N :(11 '(5 n?681*6'58&. 6&+21 62 *52M ,67N '$66 .(,1( 5(*(/0>M,* (,1*(%81'(1(1 c720( 0(+5 $86 '(0 i,77(5 +(5$86*(/?67 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f,(6( u7(//(1 :,5.(1 $/6 /2.$/( 0,.526.23,6&+( c12'(1N '(5 t(67 '(6 o(7$//6 $/6 m$7+2'( '(6 n2.$/(/(0(17(6P g6 *,%7 $%(5 $8&+ u,78$7,21(1N ,1 '(1(1 m21=(175$O 7,216817(56&+,('( ,0 g/(.752/<7(1 =85 d,/'81* 921 n2.$/(/(0(17(1 )@+5(1P d5,1*7 0$1 (,1(1 u$/=:$66(5Ov523)(1 $8) (,1 %/$1.(6 u7@&. u7$+/%/(&+ J6,(+( c%%P STPSVKN '$11 %,/'(7 6,&+ 6&+21 1$&+ :(1,*(1 u781'(1 (,1 %5$81(5 t2675,1*P
YXZ
ST g/(.752&+(0,( Luft-O 2 Wasser mit Fe3+
Wasser
Rostring Stahl
Wasser mit OH--
lokale Kathode: 2e--+ H2O + 12 O2
Rostbildung: -2OH-- 3OH + Fe3+
Fe(OH)3
FeO(OH) + H2O
lokale Anode: Fe Fe3++ 3e--
c%%P STPSV c86%,/'81* (,1(6 t2675,1*(6 ,0 u$/=:$66(5Ov523)(1 $8) (,1(5 %/$1.(1 u7$+/)/>&+( Jn2.$/(/(0(17 1$&+ wPtP g9$16KP
f$6 d/(&+ $0 5(/$7,9 67$5. 0,7 n8)76$8(56725 $1*(5(,&+(57(1 v523)(15$1' :,5.7 $/6 /2.$/( m$7+2'(] u$8(56725 81' y$66(5 :(5'(1 '257 =8 qj2Ok21(1 5('8=,(57P f$6 d/(&+ ,1 '(5 :(1,*(5 0,7 u$8(56725 $1*(5(,&+(57(1 v523)(10,77( :,5.7 $/6 /2.$/( c12'(] g,6(1 *(+7 '257 $/6 h(T1Ok21(1 ,1 n?681* 81' :,5' 0,7+,/)( '(6 u$8(567256 :(,7(5 =8 h(U1Ok21(1 2;,',(57P y2 6,&+ ',( g,6(1,21(1 $86 '(5 v523)(10,77( 81' ',( j<'52;//7P d(.$117/,&+ ,67 ',( $0 +>87*67(1 %(187=7( o(7+2'(N 80 u7$+/ 925 m25526,21 =8 6&+@7=(1N (,1 c1675,&+ 0,7 h$5%( 2'(5 n$&.P y(,67 ',( n$&.6&+,&+7 $%(5 (,1( r25( 2'(5 (,1(1 m5$7=(5 $8)N %,/'(7 6,&+ '257 (,1 n2.$/(/(0(17N '$6 =8 (,1(5 5$6&+(5(1 m25526,21 '(6 d/(&+(6 )@+57N $/6 :(11 @%(5+$837 .(,1( u&+87=6&+,&+7 925+$1'(1 :>5(P w17(5 h(8&+7,*.(,767/0(1 $86 6(+5 5(,1(0 y$66(5 /$8)(1 ',( m25526,2165($.O 7,21(1 6(+5 /$1*6$0 $%N '$ '$6 5(,1( jTq '(1 u7520 35$.7,6&+ 1,&+7 /(,7(7P g17+>/7 '(5 g/(.752/<7 '(6 n2.$/(/(0(17(6 $%(5 k21(1N '$11 .?11(1 ',( t($.7,21(1 6&+1(// $%/$8)(1P g17635(&+(1' %(6&+/(81,*7 =P dP ',( c1:(6(1+(,7 921 u75(86$/= $8) '(1 u75$M(1 ,0 y,17(5 ',( m25526,21 921 c872Om$5266(5,(1N 2'(5 '$6 ,0 o((5:$66(5 *(/?67( p$e/ '$6 NNx(55267(1DD 921 u&+,5(1P d(, u&+,5(1 0866 12&+ $8) (,1 :(,7(5(6 m25526,216352%/(0 *($&+7(7 :(5'(1\ d(O 67(+7 =P dP ',( u&+,566&+5$8%( $86 o(66,1* 81' '(5 t803) $86 u7$+/N (1767(+7 %(, x(5/(7=81* '(5 h$5%Ou&+87=6&+,&+7 (,1 *$/9$1,6&+(6 g/(0(17N '$6 ,0 r5,1=,3 $86 (,1(5 o(66,1*O 81' (,1(5 u7$+/(/(.752'( %(67(+7N ',( ,1 (,1(1 p$e/Og/(.752/<7(1 7$8O &+(1P d(, u&+,5(1 %(+,/)7 0$1 6,&+ +>87* 0,7 '(0 62 *(1$117(1 .$7+2',6&+(1 m25O 526,2166&+87=P j,(5%(, :(5'(1 $0 u&+,565803) 817(5 '(5 y$66(5/,1,( ,1 5(*(/0>M,*(1 c%67>1'(1 c12'(1 $1*(%5$&+7N $1 ',( (,1( j,/)663$1181* *(/(*7 :,5'P c//( d(5(,&+( '(5 n2.$/(/(0(17( 6,1' '$11 *(*(1@%(5 '(0 NNg/(.752/<7(1DD $8) (,1(0 1(*$7,9(1 r27(17,$/ 81' (6 71'(7 .(,1( m25526,21 67$77P f,( j,/)6$12'(1 $86 (,1(0 %,//,*(1 o(7$// J|,1.N o$*1(6,80K /?6(1 6,&+ /$1*6$0 $8)N :(6+$/% 0$1 $8&+ 921 q3)(5O
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Bh1454M-PressProofs.QX5
17/1/08
1:51 PM
Page 275
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k1 '(1 62 *(1$117(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5,67$//(1 75,77 63217$1( r2/$5,6$7,21 $8)P f(5 m5,67$// .$11 +202*(1 32/$5,6,(57 2'(5 ,1 f20>1(1 0,7 9(56&+,('(1 *(5,&+7(7(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 $8)*(7(,/7 6(,1P y(*(1 '(5 3+>120(12/2*,6&+(1 }+1/,&+.(,7(1 =80 h(5O 520$*1(7,6086 635,&+7 0$1 921 h(552(/(.75,=,7>7P m233/81*6(5(.7( 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 0,7 0(&+$1,6&+(5 x(5)25081* %=:P v(03(5$785>1'(581* )@+5(1 =8 '(1 r+>120(1(1 '(5 r,(=2O %=:P r<52(/(.75,=,7>7P g,1( x,(/=$+/ 921 k62/$725(1 .?11(1 '85&+ *((,*1(7( d(+$1'/81* (,1( 48$6,O3(5O 0$1(17( r2/$5,6$7,21 (5+$/7(1P f,(6( u725( :(5'(1 A ,1 635$&+/,&+(5 c1$/2*,( =8 '(1 3(50(1(17 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 NNo$*1(7(1DD A g/(.75(7( *(1$117P f,(6(5 p$0( :,5' $8&+ $/6 q%(5%(*5,5 )@5 $//( '$8(5+$)7 32/$5,6,(57( u725( 9(5:(1'(7N A 817(5 g,1O %(=,(+81* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5,67$//(P g/(.752675,.7,21P c//( k62/$725(1 (5)$+5(1 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' (,1( m2035(66,21N ',( 48$'5$7,6&+ 0,7 '(5 h(/'67>5.( =81,007N $/62 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 h(/'5,&+781* ,67N 81' 9(5856$&+7 :,5' '85&+ ',( *(*(16(,7,*( c1=,(+81* '(5 ,0 h(/' ,1'8=,(57(1 2'(5 $86*(5,&+7(7(1 f,32/(P f(5 d(*5,5 NNg/(.752675,.7,21DD 62//7( 1,&+7 )@5 '(1 ,1O 9(56(1 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1 g5(.7 J&219(56( 3,(=2(/(&75,&,7
SUPS q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ v5$16)(5 SUPSPS t(,%81*6(/(.75,=,7>7 f,( t(,%81*6(/(.75,=,7>7N ',( %(, '(5 ,11,*(1 d(5@+581* =:(,(5 9(56&+,('(1(5 )(67(5 m?53(5 $8)75,77N :85'( 6&+21 ,1 c%6&+1P TPSPS $/6 j,/)60,77(/ )@5 f(021675$7,216O (;3(5,0(17( =85 g/(.75267$7,. %(+$1'(/7P f,( t(,%81* (5)@//7 185 '(1 |:(&.N =:(, u725( ,1 (,1(1 (1*(1 m217$.7 0,7(,1$1'(5 =8 %5,1*(1P v5(5(1'(5( d(=(,&+181*(1 6,1' m217$.7(/(.75,=,7>7 J&217$&7 (/(&75,7&$7,21K 2'(5 v5,%2(/(.75,=,7>7 J75,%2(/(&75,&,O 7
SUPS q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ v5$16)(5
YY[
f$6 x(567>1'1,6 '(5 g5(.7( ,67 12&+ 6(+5 8192//67>1',*P f,( $86 o(7$//Oo(7$//O m217$.7(1 5(68/7,(5(1'(1 0,1,0$/(1 c89$'81*(1 6,1' 12&+ $0 /(,&+7(67(1 =8 9(5O 67(+(1 Jc%6&+1P ZPTPSK] )@5 o(7$//Ok62/$725Om217$.7( *,%7 (6 ,17(5(66$17( c16>7=( $%(5 $8&+ :,'(5635@&+/,&+( g5*(%1,66(P g;3(5,0(17( =8 k62/$725Ok62/$725Om217$.7(1 6,1' %(621'(56 6&+:(5 ,1 5(352'8=,(5%$5(5 h250 '85&+=8)@+5(1] 9(5087/,&+ *,%7 (6 0(+5(5( o(&+$1,60(1N ',( )@5 ',( n$'81*6@%(5*>1*( 9(5$17:257/,&+ 6(,1 .?11(1N 81' '(6+$/% ,67 1,&+7 =8 (5:$57(1N '$66 ,5*(1'(,1 7+(25(7,6&+(6 o2'(// $//( d(2%$&+O 781*(1 =8 (5./>5(1 9(50$*P o(7$//Ok62/$725Om217$.7(P p$&+ o(6681*(1N ',( ,0 x$.880 '85&+*()@+57 :85'(1N +$%(1 k62/$7252%(59>&+(1 1$&+ m217$.7 0,7 o(7$// (,1( 9(5%/(,%(1'( h/>&+(1On$O '81*6',&+7( 1N ',( ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 SR2W %,6 SR2U c6B0T /,(*7P f$6 ,67 9,(/N :(11 0$1 %('(1.7N '$66 ',( p250$/.20321(17( '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.(N *(*(%(1 '85&+ g1 3 BB&R J9*/P i/P JTPTZKKN '$11 (7:$ %(, SRX %,6 SRZ xB0 /,(*7 81' '$0,7 6&+21 $1 ',( u3$1181*6)(67,*.(,7 921 k62/$725(1 Jv$%P SUPTK +(5$1.2007P f,( 0(,67(1 %(5/(*81*(1 =80 o(7$//Ok62/$725Om217$.7 *(+(1 '$921 $86N '$66 (6 )@5 ',( q%(59>&+(1=867>1'( '(6 k62/$7256 (,1( g1(5*,( gR *,%7N ',( (,1( >+1/,&+( d('(8781* +$7 :,( ',( h(50,Og1(5*,( gh )@5 '$6 o(7$//\ f,( q%(59>&+(1=867>1'( 817(5+$/% gR 6,1' $//( %(6(7=7N ',( 2%(5+$/% gR 81%(6(7=7 Jc%%P SUPS$KP d(6,7=7 '(5 k62/$725 (,1( 6(+5 *(5,1*( f,&+7( 921 q%(59>&+(1=867>1'(1N '$11 6,1' 185 :(1,*( %(5*>1*( (5)25'(5/,&+N 80 ,0 h$// gR "gh ',( 81%(6(7=7(1 k62/$725=867>1'( ,0 g1(5*,(%(5(,&+ gR "g"gh '85&+ o(7$//(/(.7521(1 $8)=8)@//(1 Jc%%P SUPS%K 2'(5 ,0 h$// gR #gh ',( %(6(7=7(1 k62/$725=867>1'( ,0 g1(5*,(%5(,&+ gR #g#gh '85&+ g/(.7521(1$%*$%( $1 '$6 o(7$// =8 /((5(1P k1 %(,'(1 h>//(1 )@+57 ',( ./(,1( |$+/ '(5 %(5*>1*( =8 (,1(5 ./(,1(1 r27(17,$/',5(5(1= J,1 c%%P SUPS% 9(51$&+/>66,*7KP d(6,7=7 '(5 k62/$725 '$*(*(1 (,1( 6(+5 +2+( |867$1'6',&+7(N '$11 75(7(1 185 62 9,(/( g/(.7521(1 @%(5N %,6 (,1( r27(17,$/',5(5(1= $8)*(%$87 ,67N ',( gR $8) ',( j?+( 921 gh %5,1*7 J,1 c%%P SUPS&\ c1+(%81* '(6 k62/$725327(17,$/6 '85&+ g/(.7521(1$8)1$+O 0(K 81' :(,7(5( %(5*>1*( 9(5+,1'(57P
Metall EF E (a)
Isolator
E F -- E O
EF
EO
EO (b)
EF
EO
(c)
c%%P SUPS f,$*5$00( =80 o(7$//Ok62/$725Om217$.7\ J$K 2+1( m217$.7] J%N &K 0,7 m217$.7N J%K )@5 *(5,1*( 81' J&K )@5 +2+( |867$1'6',&+7( '(6 k62/$7256 J1$&+ lP n2:(// 81' cPeP t26(O k11(6KP
w17(568&+81*(1 $1 r2/<0(5(1 (5*$%(1 y(57( 921 gR ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 V %,6 W (x 817(5+$/% '(6 x$.8801,9($86P g6 0866 $%(5 %(7217 :(5'(1N '$66 '$6 u&+(0$ 921 c%%P SUPS 1,&+7 $865(,&+7N 80 $//( d(2%$&+781*(1 =8 (5./>5(1P g6 ,67 $8&+ =8 %(O '(1.(1N '$66 '85&+ ',( m217$.7(N ,16%(621'(5( %(,0 t(,%(1N ,55(9(56,%/( 0(&+$1,O 6&+( x(5>1'(581*(1 $0 k62/$725 (,175(7(1 .?11(1N ',( '$6 c89$'81*69(5+$/7(1 %(O (,19866(1P
YZR
SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1
k62/$725Ok62/$725Om217$.7(P d(,0 m217$.7 921 =:(, k62/$725(1 6,1' ',( x(5+>/71,66( 12&+ .203/,=,(57(5 $/6 :(11 (,1(5 '(5 u725( (,1 o(7$// ,67P k0 r5,1=,3 %(67,007 0$1 ',( i5?M( '(5 c89$'81*N ,1'(0 0$1 '(1 $8)*(/$'(1(1 m?53(5 ,1 (,1(1 h$O 5$'$
SUPS q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ v5$16)(5
YZS
g5'$/.$/,0(7$//(K +$%(1 6&+:$&+ *(%81'(1( x$/(1=(/(.7521(1] '(6+$/% />'7 6,&+ i/$6 0(,67 326,7,9 $8)P u725( 0,7 c720(1 $86 '(5 YP 2'(5 XP u3$/7( J0,7 S %=:P T x$.$1=(1 ,1 '(5 >8M(5(1 u&+$/(K +$%(1 (17635(&+(1' *52M( g/(.7521(1$5,1,7>7(1] '(6+$/% />'7 6,&+ u&+:()(/ 0(,67 1(*$7,9 $8)P d(, '(1 25*$1,6&+(1 u8%67$1=(1 Jm8167O 6725(1K +>1*7 '$6 .217$.7(/(.75,6&+( x(5+$/7(1 '$921 $%N 2% 6,( $/.$/,6&+( pjTO i5833(1 (17+$/7(1N ',( /(,&+7 g/(.7521(1 $%*(%(1 J6,&+ 326,7,9 $89$'(1KN 2'(5 6$85( eqqjOi5833(1N ',( /(,&+7 g/(.7521(1 $8)1(+0(1 J6,&+ 1(*$7,9 $89$'(1KP d(, r2O /<0(5(1 :,5' '$6 x25=(,&+(1 '(5 c89$'81* '85&+ ',( u(,7(1*5833(1 %((,198667\ f,( JqjKOi5833(1 ,0 r2/<9,1+5(1' ',( d(1=2/5,1*( ,0 r2/<67<5(1 /(,&+7 g/(.7521(1 $8)1(+0(1P h(67.?53(5Oh/@66,*.(,7Om217$.7P f$66 (,1 g/(.7521(1@%(575,77 $8&+ =:,6&+(1 (,1(5 h/@66,*.(,7 81' (,1(0 )(67(1 m?53(5 67$7771'(7N />667 6,&+ 1$&+:(,6(1N :(11 0$1 :,5./,&+ )@5 (,1( v5(1181* '(5 %(,'(1 u725( 625*7P f,(6( 71'(7 -('2&+ 1,&+7 67$77N :(11 6,&+ '(5 m?53(5 0,7 y$66(5 %(1(7=7N ,1 '$6 (5 *(7$8&+7 :,5'P f(11 '$11 :,5' 185 '$6 y$66(5 $86(,1$1'(5*(5,66(1N $/62 '(56(/%( u725 *(75(117P o$1 0866 6&+21 (,1(1 m?53(5 (,17$8&+(1N '(5 1,&+7 %(1(7=7 :,5'N =P dP r$5$5,1 ,1 y$66(5 2'(5 ,5*(1' (,1 $1'(5(6 o$7(5,$/ ,1 (,1( h/@66,*.(,7N ,1 '(5 (6 1,&+7 %(1(7=7 :,5'P
SUPSPT u75?081*6(/(.75,=,7>7 m/(,1( v(,/&+(1 (,1(6 )(67(1 u725(6 Jr8/9(5N m2//2,'(KN ',( ,1 (,1(5 1,&+7 /?6(1'(1N ,62/,(5(1'(1 h/@66,*.(,7 6&+:(%(1N .?11(1 '85&+ n$'81*6@%(575,77 $8)*(/$'(1 :(5O '(1P k0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' :,5' $8) ',( *(/$'(1(1 u&+:(%(7(,/&+(1 (,1( (/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 $86*(@%7N ',( :(*(1 '(5 t(,%81*6.5>)7( 1$&+ .85=(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*63+$6( =8 (,1(5 d(:(*81* 0,7 .2167$17(5 i(&+:,1',*.(,7 )@+57P f,( g5(.7( '(5 u75?081*6O (/(.75,=,7>7 :(5'(1 $8&+ $/6 (/(.752.,1(7,6&+( g56&+(,181*(1 %(=(,&+1(7P d(, '(5 d(O :(*81* )(67(5 r$57,.(/ ,1 (,1(5 58+(1'(1 h/@66,*.(,7 635,&+7 0$1 921 g/(.7523+25(6(] %(, 9(57$86&+7(1 t2//(1N 'P +P %(, d(:(*81* (,1(5 h/@66,*.(,7 '85&+ (,1(1 325?6(1 h(67.?53(5N 635,&+7 0$1 921 g/(.75226026(P g/(.7523+25(6(P f,( d(:(*/,&+.(,7 , 3 9Bg J9 3 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7N g 3 h(/'67>5.(K '(5 *(/$'(1(1 u&+:(%(7(,/&+(1 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' %(75>*7 =:,6&+(1 SR2U 81' SR2V J&0B6KBJxB&0K 81' ,67 9(5*/(,&+%$5 0,7 '(5 d(:(*/,&+.(,7 921 k21(1 ,1 :>665,*(1 n?681*(1P f,(6 ,67 =81>&+67 @%(55$6&+(1'N :(,/ k21(1 9,(/ ./(,1(5 6,1'P c%(5 ',( k21(1 6,1' 80*(%(1 921 (,1(0 e/867(5 $86*(5,&+7(7(5 y$66(5',32/( Jj<'5$7$7,21KN %=:P ,1 67$5.(1 g/(.752/<7(1 0,7 (,1(5 NNy2/.(DD (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 *(/$'(1(5 k21(1P e/867(5 81' k21(1:2/.( %(:(*(1 6,&+ =86$00(1 0,7 '(0 |(175$/,21 81' +$%(1 (,1( >+1/,&+( i5?M( :,( ',( u&+:(%(7(,/&+(1P f,( 0,7 n$'81* 9(56(+(1(1 u&+:(%(7(,/&+(1 :$1'(51 ,0 h(/' =85 g/(.752'( (17O *(*(1*(6(7=7(5 r2/81*P f$ y$66(5 (,1( 6(+5 +2+( r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ +$7N 6,1' ',( '$5,1 6&+:(%(1'(1 v(,/&+(1 0(,67 1$&+ '(5 e2(+1I6&+(1 n$'81*65(*(/ 1(*$7,9 *(O /$'(1N :$1'(51 =85 c12'( 81' *(%(1 '257 ,+5( n$'81* 0,7 '(0 u&+:(%(7(,/&+(1 $%P f,(6(6 %/(,%7 )(67 +$)7(1P f,( o(7+2'( :,5' ,1 '(5 v(&+1,. 9(5:(1'(7N 80 )(67 +$)7(1'( 81' */(,&+0>M,* '(&.(1'( '@11( u&+,&+7(1 $86 ,62/,(5(1'(0 o$7(5,$/ $8) q%(59>&+(1 +(5=867(//(1P
YZT
SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1
I
c%%P SUPT f85&+ )$//(1'( i/$6.8*(/1 ,1 y$66(5 (5=(8*7(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 u7520P
f(021675$7,2169(568&+ p5P S\ n>667 0$1 ,1 (,1(0 0,7 y$66(5 *()@//7(1 i()>M Jc%%P SUPTKN '$6 2%(1 81' 817(1 (,1( g/(.752'( 75>*7N ./(,1( i/$6.8*(/1 +(5$%)$//(1N 62 =(,*7 (,1 $1 ',( g/(.752'(1 $1*(6&+/266(1(6 +2&+(0371'/,&+(6 i$/9$120(7(5 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 $1P f,( m8*(/1 /$'(1 6,&+ ,0 y$66(5 1(*$7,9 $8)] '$6 6,( 80*(%(1'( y$66(5 :,5' 326,7,9 (/(.75,6&+P f,( c%:>576%(:(*81* '(5 g/(.75,=,7>76O 75>*(5 67(//7 $/62 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 '$5P f(021675$7,2169(568&+ p5P T\ h(,1*(38/9(57(5 v21 2'(5 =(5)$6(57(5N $86*(:$6&+(O 1(5 v25) :,5' ,1 '(67,//,(57(0 y$66(5 $8)*(6&+:(007 81' ',(6( u863(16,21 ,1 (,1 wOt2+5 *()@//7N ,1 '$6 =:(, r/$7,1(/(.752'(1 7$8&+(1P n(*7 0$1 $1 ',(6( (,1( u3$1O 181* 921 (,1,*(1 7$86(1' x2/7N 62 :$1'(51 ',( v(,/&+(1 =85 c12'(P f,( :,&+7,*67( c1:(1'81* '(5 g/(.7523+25(6( 6,1' ',( '$5$8) %$6,(5(1'(1 c1$O /<6(9(5)$+5(1 '(5 d,2&+(0,( 81' o(',=,1 Ju(580(,:(,6Og/(.7523+25(6(KP f,( g17O :,&./81* (/(.7523+25(7,6&+(5 x(5)$+5(1 =85 g5)256&+81* 921 r527(,1(1 *(+7 =85@&. $8) cP v,6(/,86 JS[URN p2%(/35(,6 )@5 e+(0,( S[VZKP g/(.75226026(P f,(6(5 921 hP t(866 JSZRZK (17'(&.7( g5(.7 .$11 :,( )2/*7 '(0216O 75,(57 :(5'(1\ x(56723)7 0$1 =P dP ',( d,(*81* (,1(6 wOt2+56 0,7 y$77( 81' )@//7 '$6 t2+5 %,6 =85 +$/%(1 j?+( 0,7 '(67,//,(57(0 y$66(5N ,1 '$6 =:(, r/$7,1(/(.752'(1 7$8&+(1N 62 :,5' %(, c1/(*(1 (,1(5 u3$1181* 921 (7:$ TRR x2/7 '$6 y$66(5N '$6 *(*(1@%(5 '(5 y$77( 326,7,9 *(/$'(1 ,67N '85&+ ',( y$77( +,1'85&+ =85 m$7+2'( +,1 9(56&+2%(1 81' 67(,*7 ,1 '(0 %(75(5(1'(1 u&+(1.(/ '(87/,&+ 6,&+7%$5 ,1 ',( j?+(P q'(5 0$1 )@//7 (,1(1 |667 (,1( g/(.752'( ,1 ',( h/@66,*.(,7 7$8&+(1N :>+5(1' 0$1 ',( =:(,7( ,1 f5$+7)250 ,1 0(+5(5(1 y,1'81*(1 $8M(1 80 '(1 |8M(5( g/(.752'( ',( m$7+2'( ,67P f$6 v523)(1 +?57 62)257 $8)N :(11 0$1 ',( u3$1181* $%6&+$/7(7 2'(5 8032/7P c1 '(1 m217$.79>&+(1 y$6O 6(5Bh(67.?53(5 %,/'(1 6,&+ n$'81*6Of233(/6&+,&+7(1 Jy$66(5 326,7,9KP k0 (/(.75,O 6&+(1 h(/' :(5'(1 ',( 326,7,9(1 n$'81*(1 0,7 ,+5(1 j<'5$7+@//(1 =85 m$7+2'( 75$163257,(57P g,1,*( h,50(1 %,(7(1 (/(.75226027,6&+( x(5)$+5(1 =85 i(%>8'(752&.O 181* $1N '(5(1 y,5.6$0.(,7 $%(5 921 h$&+/(87(1 %(=:(,)(/7 :,5'P
SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21
YZU
f(5 =85 g/(.75226026( ,19(56( g5(.7 ,67 ',( 921 iP s8,1&.( JSZW[K (17'(&.7( u75?081*663$1181*P r5(667 0$1 (,1( h/@66,*.(,7 '85&+ (,1( )(,1325,*( u8%67$1=N 62 /$'(1 6,&+ h/@66,*.(,7 81' 325?6(5 m?53(5 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(0 x25=(,&+(1 $8)P d5,1*7 0$1 ,1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 925 81' +,17(5 '(0 f,$3+5$*0$ =:(, g/(.752'(1 $1N ',( 0,7 (,1(0 (0371'/,&+(1 i$/9$120(7(5 9(5%81'(1 6,1'N 62 =(,*7 ',(6(6 (,1(1 u75?081*667520 $1N :(11 ',( h/@66,*.(,7 '85&+ '$6 f,$3+5$*0$ *(35(667 :,5'P
SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21 SUPTPS k62/$725(1 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' f(021675$7,21\ g,1 r/$77(1.21'(16$725N '(5 $1 (,1 67$7,6&+(6 J'P +P NN67520/26DD 0(6O 6(1'(6K g/(.7520(7(5 $1*(6&+/266(1 ,67N :,5' $8)*(/$'(1] '$1$&+ :,5' ',( x(5%,1O '81* =85 9(5:(1'(7(1 u3$1181*648(//( (17)(517P p81 67(&.7 0$1 1$&+(,1$1'(5 r/$7O 7(1 $86 9(56&+,('(1(0 o$7(5,$/ ,1 '(1 /8)7(5)@//7(1 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1P l('(6 o$/ =(,*7 '$6 g/(.7520(7(5 (,1( ./(,1(5( u3$1181* $/6 2+1( '$6 o$7(5,$/P q+1( c861$+0( )@+57 '$6 g,1%5,1*(1 921 o$7(5,( =85 u(1.81* '(5 u3$1181* $0 m21'(16$725P p$&+ j(5$861$+0( '(5 r/$77( =(,*7 '$6 g/(.7520(7(5 62)257 :,('(5 ',( 85635@1*/,&+( u3$1181* $1P f,(6 :@5'( $8&+ *(6&+(+(1N :(11 '(5 t$80 =:,O 6&+(1 '(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 /8)7/((5 2'(5 0,7 (,1(0 $1'(5(1 i$6 *()@//7 :>5(P f$ ',( n$'81* $8) '(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 1,&+7 *(>1'(57 :,5'N .$11 '$6 c%O 6,1.(1 '(5 u3$1181* 185 62 9(567$1'(1 :(5'(1N '$66 *(0>M s 3 e w ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 m21'(16$7256 921 eR $8) (,1(1 +?+(5(1 y(57 e $167(,*7P f,( (,1*(7$8&+7(1 r/$77(1 :,5.(1 $/62 :,( (,1( x(5./(,1(581* '(6 c%67$1'(6 '(5 m21'(16$7253/$77(1P |85 f(8781* '(6 r+>120(16 1,007 0$1 $1N '$66 '(5 k62/$725 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 32/$5,6,(57 :,5'P f$5817(5 9(567(+7 0$1 ',( g5=(8*81* $720$5(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 f,32/( ,1 h(/'5,&+781* 2'(5 ',( c865,&+781* 921 6&+21 925+$1'(1(1N 81*(25'1(7(1 f,32/(1 =80 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'P f$'85&+ 75(7(1 $1 '(1 6(1.5(&+7 =80 gOh(/' 67(O +(1'(1 u7,519>&+(1 n$'81*(1 $8)N '(5(1 h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( 3523257,21$/ ,67P f,(6( n$'81*(1 6,1' 81$%*(6>77,*7( f,32/Og1'(1] 6,( %(6,7=(1 (,1( *(5,1*(5( h/>&+(1',&+7( $/6 ',( n$'81*(1 $8) '(1 k11(16(,7(1 '(5 m21O '(16$7253/$77(1P f(6+$/% :,5' '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 1,&+7 9?//,* 920 k11(5(1 '(6 k62/$7256 $%*(6&+,507P f$6 $%*(6&+:>&+7( h(/' '85&+6(7=7 '(1 k62/$725 81' 625*7 )@5 ',( c8)5(&+7(5+$/781* '(5 r2/$5,6$7,21P y(,/ ',( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 1,&+7 921 '(0 k62/$725 :(*9,(M(1 .?11(1N 621O '(51 185 '$11 9(56&+:,1'(1N :(11 6,&+ 0,7 $%./,1*(1'(0 gOh(/' $8&+ ',( f,32/( =85@&.%,/'(1N .$11 ',( k62/$7252%(59>&+(N $8) '(5 ',(6( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 6,7O =(1N ',( r/$77( '(6 $8)*(/$'(1(1 m21'(16$7256N $8) '(5 ',( ,0 o(7$// )5(,%(:(*/,&+(1 n$'81*(1 6,7=(1N 352%/(0/26 %(5@+5(1P y,5 .?11(1 '(6+$/% %(, '(1 )2/*(1'(1 d(O 75$&+781*(1 ,00(5 $11(+0(1N '$66 '(5 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 m21'(16$725(/(.752'(1 920 J,62/,(5(1'(1K f,(/(.75,.80 92//67>1',* *()@//7 ,67P
YZV
SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1
SUPTPT r2/$5,6$7,21N (/(.75,6&+( g55(*81* f,( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 75(7(1 $8)N :(,/ (17:('(5 8132/$5( c720( '85&+ '$6 h(/' 62 '()250,(57 :(5'(1N '$66 ',( u&+:(5381.7( )@5 ',( x(57(,/81* '(5 326,7,9(1 81' 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81* 1,&+7 0(+5 =86$00(1)$//(1N $/62 ,1'8=,(57( f,32/( (1767(+(1 Jc%%P SUPUKN 2'(5 :(,/ ,1 ./(,1(1N 02/(.8/$5(1 d(5(,&+(1 921 k62/$725(1 (,1( c86O 5,&+781* %(5(,76 925+$1'(1(5 3(50$1(17(5 f,32/( 67$7771'(7N :(11 '(5 k62/$725 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' $86*(6(7=7 ,67 Jc%%P SUPVKP d(,'( o?*/,&+.(,7(1 81' %(5*>1*( =:,6&+(1 ,+1(1 .200(1 925P j$1'(/7 (6 6,&+ 80 ,1'8=,(57( f,32/( ,1 8132/$5(1 c720(1 81' o2/(.@/(1N '$11 635,&+7 0$1 921 x(56&+,(%81*632/$5,6$7,21P u,1' %(O 5(,76 32/$5( o2/(.@/(N $/62 3(50$1(17( 02/(.8/$5( f,32/( 925+$1'(1N '$11 635,&+7 0$1 921 q5,(17,(581*632/$5,6$7,21P
c%%P SUPU x(56&+,(%81* '(5 n$'81*(1 ,1 1(875$/(1 c720(1N %(:,5.7 '85&+ (,1 (/(.75,O 6&+(6 h(/'N (5*,%7 ,1'8=,(57( f,32/( ,1 h(/'O 5,&+781* 81' r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $8) '(1 u7,519>&+(1P
f,( r2/$5,6$7,21 C ,67 )@5 %(,'( c57(1 921 f,32/(1 '(71,(57 $/6 '$6 f,32/020(17 352 x2/80(1P f$6 NNf,32/020(17 352 x2/80(1DD +$7 ',( ukOg,1+(,7 Jc 6 0KB0U 3 c6B 0TP f$6 (/(.75,6&+( f,32/020(17 ,67 (,1 32/$5(5 x(.725N '(5 921 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 =85 326,7,9(1 n$'81* =(,*7 Jc%6&+1P TPUPUKP f(0(17635(&+(1' ,67 ',( r2/$5,6$7,21 (,1 x(.725)(/'N '$6 ',( 1(*$7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $8) '(5 (,1(1 u7,519>&+( $/6 s8(//(1N ',( 326,7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 u7,519>&+( $/6 u(1.(1 %(6,7=7P g6 *,/7 gg C 6 '4 32s3N
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0,7 '4 $/6 9(.725,(//(0 h/>&+(1(/(0(17 Jt,&+781* $8) '(5 j@//9>&+( 1$&+ $8M(1K 81' s3 $/6 ',( (,1*(6&+/266(1( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*P
(a)
(b)
c%%P SUPV u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* 32/$5(5 o2/(.@/( J$K ,0 )(/')5(,(1 t$80N J%K ,0 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 h(/'P p$&+ c%6&+$/7(1 '(6 h(/'(6 :,5' ',( c865,&+781* '85&+ ',( 7+(50,6&+( d(:(O *81* :,('(5 =(567?57P
SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21
YZW
f,( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $1 '(1 u7,519>&+(1 32/$5,6,(57(5 k62/$725(1 (5=(8*(1 *(1$862 gOh(/'(5 :,( )5(,%(:(*/,&+( n$'81*(1 $8) m21'(16$7253/$77(1] '(6+$/% *,/7 $0 q57 921 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 sr 2'(5
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f$6 >8M(5( gOh(/' :,5' '85&+ ',( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 7(,/:(,6( 920 k11(5(1 '(6 k62/$7256 $%*(6&+,507] $1'(56 $86*('5@&.7\ (,1 v(,/ '(5 gOh(/'/,1,(1 (1'(7 $1 '(1 1(*$7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 81' (17635,1*7 1(8 $1 '(1 326,7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216O /$'81*(1 $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 u(,7(P h@5 (,1(1 92//67>1',* 0,7 f,(/(.75,.80 *()@//7(1 r/$77(1.21'(16$725 0,7 h/>&+( cN m$3$=,7>7 e 81' u3$1181* w 6,1' ',( J)5(, %(:(*/,&+(1K n$'81*(1 s $8) '(1 r/$77(1 80 '(1 h$.725 &5 *5?M(5 $/6 2+1( f,(/(.75,.80N :(,/ 6,( $86 =:(, c17(,/(1 %(67(+(1\ JSK n$'81*(1N ',( ',( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 r2/$5,7>7 $8) '(5 $1/,(*(1'(1 q%(59>&+( '(6 f,(/(.75,.806 .203(16,(5(1N 81' JTK n$'81*(1N ',( '$6 '85&+6 f,(/(.75,.80 +,1'85&+*(+(1'( gOh(/' 920 d(75$* wB' (5=(8*(1 J' 3 r/$77(1$%67$1'KP f,( n$'81* $8) '(1 r/$77(1 '(5 h/>&+( c ,67 '(01$&+ s 3 e w 3 &5 7R g c s 3 e w 3 J&R g1rK cP
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f85&+ w0)25081* (5*,%7 6,&+ r 3 J&5 2SK &R g r 3 4( &R gP
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f,( (/(.75,6&+( u86=(37,%,/,7>7 4( ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ J&5 2SKP Lk1 0$1&+(1 d@&+(51 :,5' -('2&+ 4( )@5 ',( i5?M( &RJ&5 2SK 9(5:(1'(7Pb f$6 x(.725)(/' 7 3 &R 81C
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:85'( 921 o$;:(// (,1*()@+57P f(5 p$0( NN(/(.75,6&+( x(56&+,(%81*DD J(/(&75,& ',6O 3/$&(0(17K ,67 1,&+7 */@&./,&+ *(:>+/7N :(,/ (,*(17/,&+ 185 C (7:$6 0,7 n$'81*69(5O 6&+,(%81* =8 781 +$7 81' &R8 $/6 NN(/(.75,6&+( x(56&+,(%81* '(6 x$.8806DD .(,1(
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c%%P SUPW r/$77(1.21'(16$725 0,7 n8)763$/7(1 81' f,(/(.75,.80P u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* '(5 '5(, (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'*5?M(1P
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92567(//%$5( d('(8781* +$7P f(5 +,(5 9(5:(1'(7( p$0( )@5 '$6 fOh(/'N (/(.75,6&+( g55(*81*N ,67 '(6+$/% 925=8=,(+(1P f(5 |86$00(1+$1* 0,7 '(1 $1'(5(1 h(/'(51 ,67 $86 c%%P SUPW 81' '(5 )2/*(1'(1 v$%(//( =8 (56(+(1\ h(/'
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.2167$17( n$'81* s
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1 3 sBc 3 .2167P 88 8 3 1BJ&57RK w 3 88 8B' 3 sBe
1 81' s 3523257,21$/ =8 &5
g 81' w 3523257,21$/ =8 SB&5
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q% ',( g1(5*,(',&+7( ,0 o(',80 *5?M(5 2'(5 ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 ,0 x$.880N +>1*7 921 '(1 x(568&+6%(',1*81*(1 $%\ k1 h>//(1N ',( $1$/2* =80 NNm21'(16$725 0,7 .21O 67$17(5 u3$1181*DD 6,1'N %/(,%7 g .2167$17 81' :( ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 &5P k1 h>//(1 $1$/2* =80 NNm21'(16$725 0,7 .2167$17(5 n$'81*DD ,67 62:2+/ g $/6 $8&+ :( 352O 3257,21$/ =8 SB&5P
SUPTPU f(021675$7,216(;3(5,0(17( y,( (,1 f,(/(.75,.80 ',( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, *(/$'(1(1 m?53(51 %((,198667N .$11 0$1 /(,&+7 =(,*(1N ,1'(0 0$1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, */(,&+)?50,* *(/$'(1(N $1 h>'(1 $8)O
SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21
YZY
*(+>1*7( m8*(/1 (,1( ,62/,(5(1'( r/$77( Ji/$6N m81676725K +>/7P o$1 71'(7 62)257N '$66 %(, */(,&+%/(,%(1'(5 n$'81* '(5 m8*(/1 ',( $%672M(1'( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 ,+1(1 ./(,1(5 :,5'P g,1( i/$63/$77( 9(55,1*(57 ',( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 *(/$'(1(1 m8*(/1 '233(/7 62 67$5. :,( (,1( j$57*800,3/$77( J$/7( u&+$//3/$77(K */(,&+(5 f,&.(P f(5 */(,&+( g5(.7 )@+57 =80 (17635(&+(1'(1 u,1.(1 '(5 u3$1181* $0 m21'(16$725 NN0,7 .2167$17(5 n$'81*DDP g,1 $1'(5(5 /(,&+7 $86=8)@+5(1'(5 x(568&+ ,67 )2/*(1'(5\ o$1 +>1*7 (,1 81*(/$O '(1(6 u7>%&+(1 $86 m81676725 ,1 '(5 o,77( :$$*(5(&+7 $1 (,1(0 '@11(1 h$'(1 '(5$57 $8)N '$66 6,&+ '$6 u7>%&+(1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, m8*(/1 %(71'(7N 2+1( ',( m8*(/1 =8 %(5@+5(1P y(5'(1 ',( m8*(/1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 :,( =:(, m21'(16$7253/$77(1 $8)O *(/$'(1N '$11 '5(+7 6,&+ '$6 u7>%&+(1 62N :,( :(11 (6 ',( m8*(/1 9(5%,1'(1 0?&+7(] (6 67(//7 6,&+ $/62 ,1 ',( t,&+781* '(5 h(/'/,1,(1 (,1P f,(6 ,67 185 0?*/,&+N :(11 '$6 ,62/,(5(1'( u7>%&+(1 n$'81*(1 (5+>/7N 'P +P 32/$5,6,(57 :,5'P u2 (5./>57 6,&+ $8&+ '(5 +,6725,6&+ >/7(67( x(568&+ '(6 v+$/(6 921 o,/(7 J80 WRR 9P e+5PKN '(5 ',( c1=,(+81* /(,&+7(5 m?53(5 :,( u752+6&+1,7=(/ '85&+ (,1(1 (/(.75,O 6,(57(1 m?53(5 %(6&+5,(%P c8&+ ',( g1767(+81* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(5 ,1 m$3P T .$11 0$1 185 62 9(567(+(1N '$66 0$1 (,1( r2/$5,6$7,21 '(5 ,0 ~/ $8)*(O 6&+:(007(1 i5,(M.?51(5 $11,007P f,( (,1=(/1(1 i5,(M.?51(5 /(*(1 6,&+ '$11 :,( f,32/( $1(,1$1'(5P o$1 .$11 '(1 x(568&+ 0,7 '(0 m8167672567>%&+(1 $8&+ 62 $86)@+5(1N '$66 0$1 '$6 u7>%&+(1 67$77 0,7 n8)7 0,7 (,1(0 f,(/(.75,.80 80*,%7N '$6 (,1( +?+(5( r(5O 0,77,9,7>76=$+/ +$7 $/6 '(5 m81676725 '(6 u7>%&+(16P j,(5=8 *,%7 0$1 (,1( h/@66,*.(,7 J=P dP 5(,167(6 y$66(5 0,7 &5 3 ZR 2'(5 i/<&(5,1 0,7 &5 3 VSK ,1 (,1(1 v52*P o$1 %(2%$&+7(7N '$66 6,&+ '$6 u7>%&+(1 48(5 =8 '(1 h(/'/,1,(1 67(//7 Jc%%P SUPXKP s8$O /,7$7,9 ,67 '$6 :,( )2/*7 =8 9(567(+(1\ y>+5(1' '$6 u7>%&+(1 ,1 n8)7 $1 '(1 u7,51O 9>&+(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $86%,/'(7N ',( '$6 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( x25=(,&+(1 :,( ',( n$'81* '(5 1>+(5(1 m8*(/ %(6,7=(1 81' 62 ',( n>1*667(//81* '(6 u7>%&+(16 9(5856$&+(1N :(5'(1 181 ',( p(772Or2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 921 '(5 $1*5(1=(1'(1 67$5.O',(/(.75,6&+(1 h/@66,*.(,7 *(%,/'(7 81' +$%(1 '$6 */(,&+( x25=(,&+(1 :,( ',( n$'81* '(5 1>+(5(1 m8*(/] 6,( :(5'(1 $/62 62:(,7 :,( 0?*/,&+ $%*(672M(1N :25$86 ',( s8(567(//81* '(6 u7>%&+(16 5(68/7,(57P d(621'(56 (,1'58&.692// 81' /(,&+7 '85&+=8)@+5(1 ,67 '(5 x(568&+ 1$&+ c%%P SUPYP o$1 />667 n8)7%/$6(1 ',&+7 $1 (,1(5 326,7,9 2'(5 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 m8*(/ ,1 ~/N
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c%%P SUPX x(568&+ =80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 r2/$5,O 6$7,21 (,1(6 f,(/(.75,.806P f$6 9@66,*( f,O (/(.75,.80 +$7 (,1( +?+(5( r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ $/6 '$6 u7>%&+(1] '$6 u7>%&+(1 67(//7 6,&+ 48(5P
c%%P SUPY k1 ~/ $8)67(,*(1'( n8)7%/$6(1 :(5'(1 921 (,1(5 (/(.75,6&+ *(/$'(1(1 m8*(/ JmK $%*(672M(1P
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$86 0(+5(5(1 .(5$0,6&+(1 u&+(,%(1N ',( 1$&+ ,+5(5 r2/$5,7>7 ,1 t(,+( *(25'1(7 81' 3$5$//(/ *(6&+$/7(7 6,1'P k1 u7$3(/%$8:(,6( />667 6,&+ %(, (,1(5 u7$3(//>1*( 921 SRR 00 (,1( f(+181* 80 SUR =0 (5=,(/(1P r,(=275$16/$725(1 %(67(+(1 $86 (,1(0 32/$5,6,(57(1 m(5$0,.0$7(5,$/P g,1 (/(.75,O 6&+(6 h(/'N 3$5$//(/ =85 r2/$5,6$7,2165,&+781*N %(:,5.7 (,1( c86'(+181* '(6 o$7(O 5,$/6 ,1 '(5 */(,&+(1 t,&+781*P c/6 o$7(5,$/,(1 :(5'(1 u,17(5.(5$0,.(1N @%(5:,(O *(1' d/(,O|,5.21Ov,7$1$7Ox(5%,1'81*(1 (,1*(6(7=7P d(, '(5 $0 +>87*67(1 $1*(:(1O '(7(1 u7$3(/%$8:(,6( J67$&.(' '(6,*1K %(67(+7 '(5 $.7,9( v(,/ '(6 u7(//(/(0(17(6 $86 (,1(0 u7$3(/ '@11(5 m(5$0,.6&+(,%(1 JRPUAS 00 ',&.KN =:,6&+(1 '(1(1 6,&+ 9$&+( 0(7$//,6&+( g/(.752'(1 =85 |8)@+581* '(5 d(75,(%663$1181* %(71'(1P l( '@11(5 ',( u&+(,%(N '(672 +?+(5 ,67 %(, (,1(5 *(*(%(1(1 d(75,(%663$1181* ',( h(/'67>5.( 81' '$0,7 ',( 5(/$7,9( n>1*(1>1'(581* (nBnP f,( x257(,/( '(5 r,(=267(//7(&+1,. 6,1' A )(,167( r26,7,216>1'(581*(1 ,0 10Od(5(,&+N 58&.)5(, 81' 2+1( u&+:(//63$1181*N A .(,1( x(56&+/(,M7(,/(N A *52M( m5$)7 J(,1 W 7 i(:,&+7 .$11 ,11(5+$/% SRR =0 683(5*(1$8 326,7,21,(57 :(5O '(1KN A 6&+1(//( c1635(&+=(,7 Jd(6&+/(81,*81*(1 921 0(+5 $/6 SRRR *KP g,1 %(5@+07(6 c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/ '(5 r,(=267(//7(&+1,. ,67 ',( t$67(5Ov811(/0,.O 526.23,( Jc%%P SUPSZK\ f,( zO81' {Od(:(*81*(1 5$67(51 ',( q%(59>&+( |(,/( )@5 |(,/( $%P f,( |Od(:(*81* '(5 h(/'(0,66,21663,7=( :,5' 62 *()@+57N '$66 '(5 g0,6O 6,21667520 .2167$17 %/(,%7] '$0,7 :,5' ',( j?+(16758.785 '(5 q%(59>&+( 9(50(66(1P
y
z-Piezo
x
o iez y -P
x-Piezo
c%%P SUPSZ c1:(1'81* '(5 r,(=267(//7(&+1,. ,1 '5(, t,&+781*(1 ,1 '(5 t$67(5Ov811(/0,.526O .23,( J6&+(0$7,6&+KP
h(552(/(.75,6&+( u3(,&+(5=(//(1P f,( 5(0$1(17( r2/$5,6$7,21 (,1(5 )(552(/(.75,6&+(1 |(//( (,*1(7 6,&+ 35,1=,3,(// *(1$862*87 =85 u3(,&+(581* (,1(6 d,76 :,( ',( 5(0$1(17( o$*1(7,6,(581* (,1(5 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 |(//(P f$5@%(5 +,1$86 %,(7(7 ',( h(552(/(.7O 5,=,7>7 12&+ '(1 *52M(1 7(&+1,6&+(1 x257(,/ '(5 |867$1'6>1'(581* '85&+ ',( y,5O .81* (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 J(,1(5 u3$1181*K $167(//( '(5 y,5.81* (,1(6 0$*1(O 7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 J(,1(6 u7520(6K %(,0 h(5520$*1(7,6086P
ZRZ
SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1
f,( c%.@5=81* tco Jt$1'20 c&&(66 o(025
SUPV g/(.75(7( f(5 J$8&+ '$6K NNg/(.75(7DD ,67 (,1 (/(.75,6&+(5 k62/$725N 0(,67 $1 (,1(5 2'(5 %(,'(1 u7,519>&+(1 0(7$//,6,(57N '(5 ,1 6(,1(5 w0*(%81* (,1 J48$6,OK3(50$1(17(6 (/(.75,O 6&+(6 h(/' (5=(8*7N 62 :,( '(5 NNo$*1(7DD (,1 3(50$1(17(6 0$*1(7,6&+(6 h(/' (5=(8*7P f(5 p$0( :85'( SZZW 921 q/,9(5 j($9,6,'( *(35>*7N '(5 ',( g;,67(1= 921 3(50(1(17 (/(.75,6,(57(1 k62/$725(1 925+(56$*7(P S[TR (5)2/*7( ',( p$0(16*(%81* =80 =:(,7(1 o$/ '85&+ o2727$52 g*8&+,N ',(60$/ 0,7 d(=8* $8) ',( 1$&+ 6(,1(0 x(5)$+5(1 +(5*(67(//7(1 g/(.75(7(P f,( g/(.75(7Og17:,&./81* +$7 +,6725,6&+( y85=(/1 ,0 SZP l$+5+81'(57N ,1 '(0 '(5 NNg/(.7523+25DD JeP y,/&.( SYXTN cP x2/7$ SYYWK (,1 :,&+O 7,*(6 h256&+81*6*(5>7 :$5] SYYY (17'(&.7( iP n,&+7(1%(5* '$0,7 6(,1( u7$8%7*85(1 Jx25/>8)(5 '(5 z(52*5$3+,(KP y,5' '(5 d(*5,5 NNg/(.75(7DD ,0 :(,7(67(1 u,11 9(5:(1'(7 )@5 $//( k62/$725(1N ',( ,1 ,+5(5 w0*(%81* (,1 0$.526.23,6&+(6N 48$6,O3(50$1(17(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' (5O =(8*(1N '$11 *(+?5(1 5(0$1(17 32/$5,6,(57( )(552(/(.75,6&+( m5,67$//( 81' m(5$0,O .(1 '$=8N A $8&+ ',( 3<52O 81' 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1N ',( (567 '85&+ y>50(O %=:P f58&.O (,1:,5.81* (/(.75,6&+( r2/81* =(,*(1P f(5 %(5*$1* =:,6&+(1 '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 u725./$66(1 ,67 9,(M(1'] 0,77/(5:(,/( *,%7 (6 $8&+ 6(0,.5,67$//,1( r2/<0(5( $/6 3,(=2ON 3<52O 81' )(552(/(.75,6&+( g/(.75(7(P f,( $1)>1*/,&+ 9(5:(1'(7(1 1$7@5/,&+(1 y$&+6( 81' j$5=( :85'(1 ,1 '(1 S[XR(5 l$+5(1 '85&+ 6<17+(7,6&+( */$6$57,*( Jh/825OKr2/<0(5( 81' ,125*$1,6&+( i/>6(5 (5O
SUPV g/(.75(7(
ZR[
6(7=7P d(, |,00(57(03(5$785 %(71'(1 6,&+ ',(6( u725( $/6 817(5.@+/7( h/@66,*.(,7(1 ,1 (,1(0 48$6,O3(50$1(17(1 7+(502'<1$0,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 0,7 >8M(567 *(5,1O *(5 d(:(*/,&+.(,7 '(5 o2/(.@/( 81' n$'81*675>*(5 Jg/(.7521(1N n?&+(5 81' k21(1KP x,(/ 9(5:(1'(7 :,5' '$6 r5>3$5$7,2169(5)$+5(1 )@5 v+(502(/(.75(7(\ SP f(5 J=P dP 6&+(,%(1)?50,*(K k62/$725 +$7 $1 '(1 u7,519>&+(1 m217$.7 0,7 o(7$//O g/(.752'(1P TP |85 g5+?+81* '(5 d(:(*/,&+.(,7 921 o2/(.@/(1 81' n$'81*675>*(51 ,0 k62/$725 :,5' (5 $8) +2+( v(03(5$785 (5+,7=7P UP f85&+ c1/(*(1 (,1(5 +2+(1 u3$1181* $1 ',( o(7$//(/(.752'(1 :,5' '(5 k62/$725 NN*(32/7DDP f$%(, 6,1' =:(, x$5,$17(1 =8 817(56&+(,'(1\ J$K f85&+ v5(1181* 925+$1'(1(5 n$'81*675>*(5 81'B2'(5 c865,&+781* Jr2/$5,O 6,(581*K '(5 02/(.8/$5(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 f,32/( (1767(+7 (,1 0$.526.23,6&+(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 f,32/] $1 '(1 u7,519>&+(1 +$%(1 ',( f,32/On$'81* '(6 g/(.75(76 81' ',( u3$1181* '(5 m217$.7Og/(.752'(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(6 x25=(,&+(1 Jj(O 7(52On$'81*KP J%K f85&+ k1-(.7,21 921 n$'81*675>*(51 Jg/(.7521(1N n?&+(5K $1 '(1 g/(.752'(1O m217$.79>&+(1 (5+>/7 '(5 g/(.75(7 (,1( r2/81* 0,7 */(,&+(0 x25=(,&+(1 )@5 u7,519>&+(1/$'81* 81' g/(.752'(1Ou3$1181* Jj202On$'81*KP VP c%.@+/81* '(6 k62/$7256 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'P f$1$&+ 6,1' ',( %(, +2+(5 v(0O 3(5$785 *(:$1'(57(1 n$'81*675>*(5 81'B2'(5 ',( ,1 h(/'5,&+781* *('5(+7(1 32O /$5(1 o2/(.@/( NN(,1*()525(1DDP f,(6(6 r5>3$5$7,2169(5)$+5(1 >+1(/7 '(0 S[TR 921 oP g*8&+, =85 j(567(//81* 6(,1(5 y$&+6Bj$5=Og/(.75(7( %(6&+5,(%(1(1P c%(5 '$6 */(,&+( r5,1=,3 :,5' $8&+ *52M7(&+O 1,6&+ 9(5:(1'(7 )@5 h2/,(1(/(.75(7(\ f$6 ',(/(.75,6&+( o$7(5,$/ ,1 h2/,(1)250 J=PdP 0(&+$1,6&+ *(675(&.7N %(,'6(,7,* 0,7 c/ %('$03)7K :,5' $8) (,1( h250,(581*67(0O 3(5$785 .1$33 817(5+$/% '(6 u&+0(/=381.7(6 (5+,7=7 81' '85&+/>8)7 '$%(, =:(, 3/$7O 7(1)?50,*( (/(.75,6&+ *(/$'(1( g/(.752'(1N ',( $8&+ $/6 v5$163257%>1'(5 ',(1(1 .?1O 1(1P c16&+/,(M(1' '85&+/>8)7 ',( g/(.75(7)2/,( (,1( c%.@+/.$00(5N :(,7(5+,1 817(5 '(0 g,19866 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6P v<3,6&+( y(57( '(5 9(5:(1'(7(1 h(/'67>5.( 6,1' SR .xB&0] ',(6( (5*(%(1 1$&+ c%.@+/81* q%(59>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7(1 921 %,6 =8 SRR 1eB&0TP k1 c%:$1'/81*(1 ',(6(6 r5>3$5$7,2169(5)$+5(16 .?11(1 ,0 k62/$725 =86>7=/,&+( n$'81*675>*(5 =P dP '85&+ t?17*(1Od(675$+/81* 2'(5 .21752//,(57(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 f85&+%58&+ (1767(+(1P i52M( o(1*(1 921 g/(.75(7(1 :(5'(1 =85 c%75(1181* *(/$'(1(5 2'(5 ,0 (/(.75,O 6&+(1 h(/' 32/$5,6,(57(5 v(,/&+(1 ,1 '(5 h,/7(57(&+1,. 9(5:(1'(7P f$6 m21'(16$725Oo,.523+21 :85'( '85&+ '$6 ,0 r5,1=,3 */(,&+(N $%(5 2+1( u3$1181*648(//( $5%(,7(1'( g/(.75(7Oo,.523+21 (56(7=7\ k1 '(1 S[XR(5 l$+5(1 (17O :,&.(/7(1 iP u(66/(5 81' lP y(67 ,1 '(1 d(// n$%25$725,(6 '$6 h2/,(1Og/(.75(7Oo,O .523+21 Jr$7(17 S[XVKP g6 =(,&+1(7 6,&+ '85&+ +2+( s8$/,7>7 81' |89(5/>66,*.(,7 $86N ,67 ./(,1N /(,&+7 81' .267(1*@167,*P g7:$ [Rh $//(5 o,.523+21( 187=(1 +(87( ',(6( v(&+1,.P y(/7:(,7 :(5'(1 ->+5/,&+ u7@&.=$+/(1 921 @%(5 =:(, o,//,$5'(1 (5O 5(,&+7P A k1 n$87635(&+(51 81' m23)+?5(51 .2117(1 :(,&+(N 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+( j2&+O 32/<0(5Og/(.75(7( J:,( '$6 r2/<9,1
ZSR
SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1
r<52O 81' 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+( g/(.75(7( ',(1(1 $/6 k1)5$527 %=:P w/75$6&+$//Of(7(.O 725(1P k1 '(5 o(',=,17(&+1,. :,5' 0,7 g/(.75(7(1 '(5 g,19866 (/(.75,6&+(5 h(/'(5 $8) m12&+(1:$&+6780 81' y81'+(,/81* 817(568&+7P k0 x(5*/(,&+ =85 o$*1(7,6,(581* 921 o$*1(7(1 +$%(1 ',( r2/$5,6,(581*(1 921 g/(.75(7(1 *(5,1*(5( n(%(1'$8(51\ k1 '(1 */$6$57,*(1 g/(.75(7(1 71'(1 $8&+ %(, |,00(57(03(5$785 x25*>1*( 67$77N ',( ',( r2/81* /$1*6$0 $%%$8(1P c//(5',1*6 +$O %(1 =P dP h/82532/<0(5Og/(.75(7( 6(+5 *52M( n$'81*663(,&+(5Ou7$%,/,7>7 0,7 (;75$O 32/,(57(1 n(%(16'$8(51 921 (,1,*(1 +81'(57 l$+5(1P f,( g/(.75(7Or2/81* .$11 $8&+ '85&+ >8M(5( g,19@66( 5('8=,(57 :(5'(1N =P dP c1O /$*(581* *(/$'(1(5 u7$8%7(,/&+(1 2'(5 k21(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 x25=(,&+(16 $1 ',( u7,519>&+(1 '(6 g/(.75(7(1P c1'(5(56(,76 .$11 0$1 ',( c1=,(+81* )5(,(5 n$'81*(1 $8&+ $86187=(1 ,1 '(5 u75$+/81*6'26,0(75,(\ f(5 g/(.75(7 352'8=,(57 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' ,1 (,1(5 k21,6$7,216.$00(5 Jc%6&+1P SRPSPUK 81' 6$00(/7 $8) 6(,1(5 u7,519>&+( ',( (1767(+(1'(1 k21(1 (,1(6 x25=(,&+(16] '85&+ :,('(5+2/7( o(6681* '(6 q%(5O 9>&+(1327(17,$/6 .$11 0$1 ',( )2576&+5(,7(1'( m203(16$7,21 '(5 g/(.75(7Or2/81* 9(5)2/*(1N ',( (,1 o$M '(5 $..808/,(57(1 u75$+/81*6'26,6 ,67P h(552(/(.75(7( 6,1' g/(.75(7(N '(5(1 r2/$5,6$7,21 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 :,5.6$0(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( j<67(5(6( =(,*7 :,( ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* 921 h(5520$*1(7(1P g,1 0$5.$17(6 d(,63,(/ 6,1' ',( (/$67,6&+(1 g/(.75(7Oh,/0( J(/(&752O0(&+$1,&$/ 7/06N goh,KN ',( $8) '(1 g571'81*(1 921 m$5, m,5-$9$,1(1 ,1 '(1 S[ZR(5 l$+5(1 %$6,(5(1P f$6 '$6 6,1' (/(.752$.7,9( r2/<0(5Oh,/0(N =P dP $86 r2/<35231*6O 81' s8(5'(+181*N +2+(5 u7,&.6725Of58&.K (1767(+(1 ,0 h,/0 9,(/( /,16(1O )?50,*( *$6*()@//7( |(//(1P f85&+ (,1 67$5.(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' :(5'(1 ,1 '(1 |(//(1 o,.52Or/$60$(17/$'81*(1 *(=@1'(7N ',( =8 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 c89$'81*(1 $1 *(O *(1@%(5/,(*(1'(1 |(//:>1'(1 )@+5(1P k1 (,1(0 +,15(,&+(1' 67$5.(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 t,&+781* .$11 '85&+ (51(87( r/$60$(17/$'81*(1 ',( r2/$O 5,6,(581* 80*(32/7 :(5'(1P u2 .2007 ',( j<67(5(6( =867$1'(P f,( (/$67,6&+(1 g/(.75(7Oh,/0( 6,1' $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1 0(7$//,6,(57 81' ',(1(1 $/6 9,(/6(,7,* 9(5:(1'%$5( u(1625(1 81' c.78$725(1\ d(,63,(/6:(,6( .?11(1 h,/06(1O 625(1 817(5 '(0 h8M%2'(1%(/$* ',( d(:(*81* 921 r(5621(1 6,*1$/,6,(5(1P h@5 ()O )(.7,9( u&+$//(5=(8*81* :(5'(1 0(+5(5( n$*(1 921 h,/0$.78$725(1 @%(5(,1$1'(5 $1*(25'1(7P g,1( ,17(5(66$17( c1:(1'81* ,67 ',( $.7,9( i(5>86&+.21752//( J$&7,9( 12,6( &21752/N cpeK '85&+ 6(1625O*(67(8(57( g5=(8*81* *(*(13+$6,*(5 u&+$//:(//(1 JNNc17,6&+$//DDKP
SUPW k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SU SUPWPS g/(.75267$7,. u,(+( $8&+ c%6&+1P TPXPS r(50,77,9,7>7P c86 y,.,3(',$ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK 3(50,77,9,7<\ n,1. SUAS
SUPW k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SU
ZSS
g/(.7523+25P c16&+$8/,&+( r5>6(17$7,21 '(6 j2%%
SUPWPT u75?081*6(/(.75,=,7>7N gtOh/@66,*.(,7(1 g/(.7523+25(7,6&+( c%6&+(,'81*P ovo Jo(7$$/.81'( (1 v2(*(3$67( o$7(5,$$/.81O '(KN m$7+2/,(.( w1,9(56,7(,7 n(89(1\ +773\BB:::P070P.8/(89(1P$&P%(B 0 J/,1.6 81O 7(1K g1*/,6+ 0 t(6($5&+ 0 e20326,76 $1' e(5$0,&6 JeTK 0 r52&(66,1* 2) e(5$0,& o$7(5,$/6 0 g/(&7523+25(7,& '(326,7,21 JgrfK 3 n,1. SUAV g/(.7523+25(6( ,1 '(5 0(',=,1,6&+(1 f,$*1267,.P o('OVO<28N 9(5)$667 921 w1,9P f2=P f5P 0('P y2/)*$1* j@%/N y,(1\ +773\BB:::P0('V<28P$7B 0 k1)2Ou,7( @%(5 n$%25O %()81'( 0 n$%25%()81'( 0 v(&+1,.(1 0 g/(.7523+25(6( 3 n,1. SUAW g/(.75226026( )@5 i(%>8'(752&.181*P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SVPVKN g/(.7523+<6,.$/,6&+( o$8(5752&.(1/(*81*\ n,1. SUAX 0,7 0 y(%/,1.6 g/(.7525+(2/2*,6&+( h/@66,*.(,7(1P x,/$67,& u&,(17,7&N k1&PN c867,1N vz YZYSX\ +773\BB:::P9,/$67,&P&20 0 u<67(0 g1+$1&(0(176 0 g/(&7525+(2/2*< Ju+2: q1/< v+,6 h5$0(K 3 n,1. SUAY y(,7(5 0,7 0 J817(1K 6(( 285 NN352'8&7 3527/(DD )@+57 =8 NNx,6&2(/$67,&,7< 2) $1 (/(&7525+(2/2*,&$/ 98,'DD g5*>1=81*\ w1,9(56,7< 2) u&,(1&( $1' v(&+12/2*< J867KN j21* m21* J+.K\ +773\BB :::P867P+. 0 r5(66 t(/($6(6 NN025(DD 0 SRBTRRU NNRZP SRP TRRU\ p29(/ gt h/8,'6 72 o$.( e/87&+(6DD 3 n,1. SUAZ u0$57 h/8,'6P 6P c%6&+1P SVPWPVN n,1.6 SVAS[N SVATR
SUPWPU r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7 r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7P c86 y,.,3(',$ J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN r,(=2(/(&75,&,7<\ n,1. SUA[ s8$5=Oq6=,//$725(1P c86 kggg J6P c%6&+1P SPVK 0 +773\BB:::PkgggP25* 0 u2&,(7,(6 NNu2&,(7< n,67,1*DD 0 kggg w/75$621,&6N h(552(/(&75,&6N $1' h5(48(1&< e21752/ u2O
ZST
SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1
&,(7< 0 h5(48(1&< e21752/ 0 t(9,(: r$3(56 0 k1752'8&7,21 72 s8$57= h5(48(1&< u7$1'$5'6 3 n,1. SUASR c 5(9,(: %< l2+1 tP x,*N c50< t(6($5&+ n$%25$725
SUPWPV h(552(/(.75,.$Bg/(.75(7( h(552(/(.75,6&+( u3(,&+(5=(//(1P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN hgtco\ n,1. SUASY u,(+( $8&+ 0 ftcoO|(//( J3 f<1$0,6&+(6 tcoK g5*>1=81*\ c86 g/(.7521,.O.203(1',80 J6P n,1. [AVKN htco\ n,1. SUASZ g/(.75(7(P c86 y,.,3(',$ Of(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN g/(&75(7\ n,1. SUAS[ g5*>1=81*\ NNq1 7+( r(50$1(17 g/(&75(7DD %< o2727$52 giwejkN NNr+,/2623+,&$/ o$*$=,1(DD x2/ V[ JS[TWK 33SYZ\ +773\BB:(%6,7(P/,1(21(P1(7B6$$5(.+8B(*8&+,P+70 3 n,1. SUATR r2/<0(5Og/(.75(7(N c89$'81* 81' r2/81*P v+( f(3$570(17 2) u2)7 o$77(5 r+<6,&6N k167,787( )25 g;3(5,0(17$/ r+<6,&6 $7 7+( l2+$11(6Om(3/(5Ow1,9(56,7< n,1=\ +773\BB :::P620$3P-.8P$7B 0 t(6($5&+ Ju+2: v+,6 h5$0( q1/
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JSVPSVK
Ferromagnetismus
105 104 103
101
Suszeptibilität ¯m
1
Paramagnetismus
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102
Ferromagnetika Ferrimagnetika
10--1 10--2 10--3 10--4 10--5 10--6
Antiferromagnetika Seltenerdmetalle Übergangsmetalle Metalle der 1., 2. und 3. Gruppe
Diamagnetismus
0 10--6 10--4 10--2 --1
Edelmetalle Ionenkristalle, Van-der-Waals-Kristalle kovalente Kristalle, Molekülkristalle Typ-II-Supraleiter Typ-I-Supraleiter
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JSVPSXK
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JSVPSYK
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hartmagnetische Werkstoffe
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2.0
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C-Stähle
Fe (Silicium)
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JSVPTSK
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SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086
ZTY
f,( f$567(//81* $/6 h81.7,21 oJjK %,(7(7 '(1 x257(,/N '$66 0$1 ,5 ',5(.7 $%/(6(1 .$11P f,( u>77,*81*66&+/(,)( Jm859( % ,1 c%%P SVPZK :,5' $8&+ $/6 NN>8M(5( j<67(5(6(O 6&+/(,)(DD %(=(,&+1(7P x(5>1'(57 0$1 -('2&+ '$6 jOh(/'N 921 '(5 p(8.859( %(, j0$; "j6>77N $/62 817(5+$/% '(5 u>77,*81*N $86*(+(1'N ,0 d(5(,&+ 2j0$; ] j ] 1j0$;N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1( *(6&+/266(1( m859(N ',( ,11(5+$/% '(5 u>77,*81*6O 6&+/(,)( /,(*7 81' $/6 NN,11(5( j<67(5(6(6&+/(,)(DD %(=(,&+1(7 :,5'P f,( ,'($/( o$*1(O 7,6,(581*6.859( Jm859( & ,1 c%%P SVPZK (5*,%7 6,&+N :(11 0$1 '$6 dOh(/' (567 0,667N 1$&+'(0 ',( r52%( %(, (,1*(6&+$/7(7(0 i/(,&+)(/' j (,1(0 y(&+6(/)(/' $%1(+0(1O '(5 c03/,78'( $86*(6(7=7 :85'(P f,( r(50($%,/,7>76=$+/ ,5 ,67 (,1( h81.7,21 921 j 81' :,5' $8) ',( p(8.859( %(=2*(1P d(, y(57($1*$%(1 )@5 ,5 0866 $8&+ ',( '$=8*(+?5,*( jOh(/'67>5.( *(1$117 :(5'(1P f(5 y(57 )@5 j 3 R ,67 ',( c1)$1*63(50($%,/,7>7 ,$ J1,&+7 9(5:(&+6(/1 0,7 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'.2167$17( ,RKP |85 x(5(,1)$&+81* '(5 u&+5(,%81* :,5' %(,0 , '(5 k1'(; NN5DD :(**(/$66(1N :(11 $1'(5( k1',=(6 $1*(*(%(1 :(5'(1P B
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y,5' ',( )(5520$*1(7,6&+( r52%( %(, (,1(0 .2167$17(1 jOh(/' Ji/(,&+67520Ox25O 0$*1(7,6,(581*K 925@%(5*(+(1' (,1(0 ./(,1(1 jOi(*(1)(/' (j $86*(6(7=7N '$11 9(55,1*(57 6,&+ '$6 dOh(/' 925@%(5*(+(1' 80 (dP f$6 0$*1(7,6&+( x(5+$/7(1 '(5 r52%( %(,0 925@%(5*(+(1'(1 c1/(*(1 '(6 i(*(1)(/'(6 (j :,5' '85&+ (,1( ./(,1( /$1=(77(1)?50,*( u&+/(,)( ,0 dJjKOf,$*5$00 %(6&+5,(%(1 Jc%%P SVPSRKN '(5(1 c1O 67,(* %(, 9(56&+:,1'(1' ./(,1(0 (j $/6 5(9(56,%/( r(50($%,/,7>7 ,5(9 %(=(,&+1(7 :,5'P f,( f(71,7,21 '(5 5(0$1(17(1 r(50($%,/,7>7 ,67 $86 c%%P SVPSR =8 (56(+(1P B Ì rem
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c%%P SVPSR |85 f(71,7,21 '(5 5(9(56,%/(1 r(50($%,/,7>7 )@5 9(56&+,('(1( i/(,&+67520O x250$*1(7,6,(581*(1 (17/$1* '(5 p(8.859(N '(5 c1)$1*63(50($%,/,7>7 ,0 w563581* 81' '(5 5(0$1(17(1 r(50($%,/,7>7P
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SVPTPT i<520$*1(7,6&+( g;3(5,0(17( f,( g5.(1171,6N '$66 '(5 h(5520$*1(7,6086 1,&+7 '85&+ 63217$1( c865,&+781* 0$*O 1(7,6&+(5 d$+1020(17(N 621'(51 0$*1(7,6&+(5 u3,1020(17( =867$1'( .2007N 67$007 921 *<520$*1(7,6&+(1 g;3(5,0(17(1N ',( '$6 *<520$*1(7,6&+( x(5+>/71,6 J'(1 *Oh$.725K * 3 T /,()(57(1P
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Kompensator
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c%%P SVPSU
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o$*1(7)(/' *(5$'( 62:(,7 0$*1(7,6,(57N '$66 0,7 '(0 h/8660(66(5 '(56(/%( c86O 6&+/$* =8 %(2%$&+7(1 ,67 Jc%%P SVPSUKP c86 t27$7,216)5(48(1= 81' '(0 o$*1(7)(/' '(6 m21752//9(568&+6 />667 6,&+ '$6 *<520$*1(7,6&+( x(5+>/71,6 %(5(&+1(1P d$51(77 =(,*7(N '$66 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 1(*$7,9 ,67N $/62 $8) ',( f5(+%(:(*81* (,1(5 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 o$66( =85@&.=8)@+5(1 ,67P o,7 '(5 1$+(/,(*(1'(1 c11$+0(N '$66 (6 6,&+ %(, '(0 *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 '(6 c03(F 5(I6&+(1 u75206 80 '$6 g/(.7521 +$1O '(/7N :$5 '$6 '$0$/6 6(+5 @%(55$6&+(1'( 48$17,7$7,9( t(68/7$7 '(6 d$51(77I6&+(1 g;3(5,0(17(6N )2508/,(57 ,1 02'(51(5 v(50,12/2*,(N *)(5520$*1P 3 T JuST@KP f$1$&+ .2117( (6 6,&+ %(,0 h(5520$*1(7,6086 1,&+7 80 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17( 921 g/(.7521(1%$+1(1 +$1'(/1P u&+21 S[RU +$77( oP c%5$+$0 %(5(&+1(7N '$66 (,1 80 6(,1( o,77(/$&+6( 527,(5(1'(6 .8*(/)?50,*(6 v(,/&+(1 0,7 +202*(1(5 q%(59>&+(1O /$'81*6',&+7( (,1(1 *Oh$.725 921 T +$7P f(6+$/% :85'( 181 '$6 g/(.7521 0,7 g,*(1O '5(+,038/6 J3 u3,1K $/6 w56$&+( '(6 h(5520$*1(7,6086 ',6.87,(57N 2+1( '$66 0$1 ',( 63217$1( r$5$//(/67(//81* '(5 u3,16 ,1 (,1(0 y(,66Od(=,5. 6&+21 +>77( (5./>5(1 .?11(1P g,167(,1O'(Oj$$6Og;3(5,0(17P f$6 ,19(56( *<520$*1(7,6&+( g;3(5,0(17 Jt27$7,21 '85&+ o$*1(7,6,(581*6>1'(581*K :85'( S[SW ,1 f(876&+/$1' 921 cP g,167(,1 81' yPlP '( j$$6 '85&+*()@+57N 2+1( m(1171,6 '(5 d$51(77I6&+(1 c5%(,7 ,1 '(1 wuc JSP y(/7.5,(*CKP f,(6(6 6(+5 6&+:,(5,*( g;3(5,0(17 (5*$% =8(567 185 81*(1$8( y(57(N ',( $/6 (,1( d(67>7,*81* '(5 g5:$5781* NN* 3 SDD ,17(535(7,(57 :85'(1] (567 y,('(5O +2/81*(1 '(6 g;3(5,0(17(6 $1 $1'(5(1 q57(1 (5*$%(1 S[SZAS[TR o(66:(57( ,1 %(5(,167,0081* 0,7 d$51(776 g5*(%1,6P f,'$.7,6&+ ,67 '$6 g,167(,1O'(Oj$$6Og;3(5,0(17 9,(/ /(,&+7(5 =8 9(50,77(/1 $/6 '$6 d$51(77Og;3(5,0(17\ |80 x(567>1'1,6 *(1@*7 +,(5 '(5 f5(+,038/6Og5+$/781*66$7=] f<1$0,. '(6 m5(,6(/.203$66(6 81' x(56&+,(%81* 921 d/2&+Oy>1'(1 0@66(1 1,&+7 +(5$1*(=2*(1 :(5'(1P k0 r5,1=,3 */(,&+7 '$6 g,167(,1O'(Oj$$6Og;3(5,0(17 '(5 %(O .$117(1 x25/(681*6'(021675$7,21 0,7 m5(,6(/ 81' f5(+678+/ Jc%%P SVPSVK =85 g5O +$/781* '(6 f5(+,038/6(6P f,( c1$/2*,( :,5' 12&+ =875(5(1'(5N :(11 =85 g5=(8O *81* 921 f5(+6&+:,1*81*(1 ',( 817(5 '(0 x25/(681*6'5(+678+/ 0(,67 6&+21 925O +$1'(1( d/$77Ou3,5$/)('(5 (,1*(6(7=7 :,5'\ f(5 f(021675$725 6,7=7 $8) '(0 12&+ 58+(1'(1 f5(+678+/ 81' +>/7 (,1(1 m5(,6(/N '(5 921 (,1(0 c66,67(17(1 $8) u&+:81* *(%5$&+7 :85'(N 62 ,1 6(,1(1 j>1'(1N '$66 ',( f5(+$&+6( 9(57,.$/ ,67P p81 '5(+7
c%%P SVPSV x(568&+ =85 g5+$/781* '(6 f5(+O ,038/6(6\ f(5 $8) (,1(0 f5(+678+/ 6,7=(1'( f(021675$725 +>/7 (,1(1 m5(,6(/ 0,7 9(57,.$O /(0 f5(+,038/6P f85&+ w032/81* '(5 m5(,O 6(/$&+6( %(:,5.7 (5 (,1( f5(+%(:(*81*P
SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086
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f,( x2567(//81* 921 63217$1 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 d(5(,&+(1 ,1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 u72)O )(1 :85'( %(5(,76 S[RY 921 r,(55( y(,66 JSZXWAS[VRK 32678/,(57P f,(6( y(,66Od(=,5.( +$%(1 2)7 185 c%0(6681*(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SR =0] '$6 ,67 -('2&+ NN0$.O 526.23,6&+DD ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 '(1 7<3,6&+(1 c720$%67>1'(1 921 :(1,*(5 $/6 S 10P f,( d(=,5.( :(5'(1 '85&+ ',( 62*P d/2&+Oy>1'( 921(,1$1'(5 *(75(117P o$1 81O 7(57(,/7 ',( y>1'( '$1$&+N :,( 6,&+ ',( o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+781*(1 '(5 d(=,5.(N ',( '85&+ 6,( *(75(117 :(5'(1N 817(56&+(,'(1P f,( 6(1.5(&+7(1 y>1'( '(5 c%%P SVPSY& 6,1' SZR@Oy>1'(N :(,/ ',( $1*5(1=(1'(1 d(=,5.( (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 0$*1(7,6,(57 6,1'] ',( y>1'( '(5 c%6&+/866%(=,5.( '(5 c%%P SVPSY' 6,1' [R@Oy>1'(N '(11 ',( o$*O 1(7,6,(581*(1 '(5 %(1$&+%$57(1 d(=,5.( 67(+(1 6(1.5(&+7 $8)(,1$1'(5P f,( d/2&+Oy>1'( +$%(1 (,1( %(67,007( f,&.(N ',( 921 o$7(5,$/ =8 o$7(5,$/ 9(56&+,('(1 ,67P u,( /,(*7 =:,6&+(1 W 81' WR 10] $/62 (5675(&.7 6,&+ (,1( y$1' @%(5 (,1,*( +81'(57 i,77(5.2167$17(1P k11(5+$/% '(5 y$1'',&.( >1'(51 ',( u3,16 $//0>+O /,&+ ,+5( t,&+781*P c/6 d(,63,(/ ,67 ,1 c%%P SVPSZ (,1 u7@&. )(5520$*1(7,6&+(6 o$O 7(5,$/ 0,7 (,1(5 SZR@Oy$1' 6.,==,(57] ',( t>1'(5 '(5 y$1' 6,1' '85&+ *(675,&+(/7( n,1,(1 $1*('(87(7P n,1.6 921 '(5 y$1' :(,67 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* 1$&+ +,17(1 ,1 '(1 o(7$//./27= +,1(,1N :>+5(1' ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(6 d(=,5.6 5(&+76 921 '(5 y$1' 1$&+ 9251 $86 '(0 o$7(5,$/ +(5$86=(,*7P k11(5+$/% '(5 y$1' '5(+(1 6,&+ $//0>+/,&+ ',( u3,16 J,1 (,1(5 g%(1( 3$5$//(/ =85 y$1'K 80 SZR@] =:,6&+(1 '(1 t,&+781*(1 '(5 u3,1020(17( $8) '(1 i,77(53/>7=(1 ,11(5+$/% '(5 y$1' %(67(+7 $/62 -(:(,/6 (,1 ./(,1(5 y,1.(/P k1 '(5 o,77( '(5 y$1' ,67 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* 3$5$//(/ =85 u7,519>&+( cdef '(6 o(7$//67@&.6 *(5,&+7(7P f$6 %('(87(7N '$66 $8) 6(,1(5 q%(59>&+( dghe 0$*1(7,6&+( r2/( $8)75(7(1] '$1$&+ ,67 '257 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1' 0,7 (,1(0 ,1+202*(1(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u75(8)(/' =8 5(&+1(1N '$6 $86 '(0 h(552O 0$*1(7,.80 ,1 '(1 c8M(15$80 +,1$86*5(,)7P E B
A
c%%P SVPSZ
N
S
N
F C
S D
f5(+81* '(5 u3,1020(17( ,1 (,1(5 SZR@Oy$1'P
f$6 ,1+202*(1( o$*1(7)(/'N '$6 =:$5 6(+5 67$5. ,67N $%(5 185 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1' $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( '(6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m?53(56 $8)75,77N .$11 =80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 y(,66Od(=,5.( %(187=7 :(5'(1] c%%P SVPS[$ =(,*7N :,( ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1' '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( u75(8)(/' $86 '(0 h(5520$*1(7,.80 +(5$8675,77P f,( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(6 /,1.(1 d(=,5.6 :(,67 ,1 ',( |(,&+(1(%(1( +,1(,1N ',( '(6 5(&+7(1 $86 '(5 |(,O &+(1(%(1( +(5$86P o$1 6&+,&+7(7 181 $8) ',( 625*)>/7,* %(+$1'(/7( o(7$//2%(59>&+( (,1( c8)6&+:(0081* 921 ./(,167(1 )(552O 2'(5 )(55,0$*1(7,6&+(1 r$57,.(/1 J0$1
ZUX
SV o$*1(7,6086 Emulsion
M
(a)
Bezirk
M
Wand
Bezirk
(b)
c%%P SVPS[ J$K u75(8)(/' (,1(5 d/2&+:$1'] J%K $8)*(6&+:>007(6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(6 r8/9(5 6$00(/7 6,&+ $1 '(5 d/2&+Oy$1' $8) '(5 o(7$//2%(59>&+(P
1,007 0(,67 38/9(5)?50,*(1 o$*1(7,7KP f,( r$57,.(/ :(5'(1 921 '(0 ,1+202*(1(1 o$*1(7)(/' '(5 y$1' $1*(=2*(1 81' /$*(51 6,&+ 925:,(*(1' ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1' $% Jc%%P SVPS[%KP f$'85&+ :(5'(1 ',( y>1'( $1 '(5 o(7$//2%(59>&+( '85&+ 675(,O )(1)?50,*( r8/9(5$1+>8)81*(1 0$5.,(57N ',( *87 '85&+ (,1 o,.526.23 %(2%$&+7(7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P hP d,77(5 JS[USK +$7 $/6 (567(5 d(=,5.( $8) ',(6( y(,6( 6,&+7%$5 *(O 0$&+7] yPeP g/025( 81' jPlP y,//,$06 +$%(1 ',( d,77(5Ou75(,)(1Oo(7+2'( :(,7(5O (17:,&.(/7P k1 c%%P SVPTR ,67 '85&+ ',( r)(,/( ',( o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+781* '(5 d(=,5.( (,1*(=(,&+1(7P o$1 6,(+7 ',( '5(,(&.)?50,*(1 c%6&+/866%(=,5.( $0 t$1' '(6 m?5O 3(56P y(,7(5+,1 /$66(1 6,&+ /$1**(675(&.7(N 63,7=( d(=,5.( (5.(11(1N ',( 6,&+ =8 7$1O 1(1%$80$57,*(1 u758.785(1 )250,(5(1] 62/&+( d$806758.785(1 75(7(1 $8)N :(11 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 d(=,5.( 1,&+7 *(1$8 3$5$//(/ =85 d,/'(%(1( 9(5/>8)7P
c%%P SVPTR d,77(5Ou75(,)(1 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( 921 u,/,&,80Og,6(1 JjPlP y,//,$06N tPoP d2O =257+ 81' yP u+2&./(
SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086
ZUY
f,( d(=,5.( /$66(1 6,&+ $8&+ 0,7 237,6&+(1 o,77(/1 ',5(.7 %(2%$&+7(1\ n,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7 (5)>+57 %(, t(9(;,21 $1 (,1(5 o(7$//2%(59>&+( 2'(5 %(,0 f85&+O *$1* '85&+ (,1( '@11( )(5520$*1(7,6&+( u&+,&+7 (,1( f5(+81* 6(,1(5 r2/$5,6$7,216O (%(1(N ',( 921 '(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* '(6 o(7$//6 $%+>1*,* ,67 J0$*1(72O237,6&+(5 m(55O 2'(5 h$5$'$
(a)
H PO
M=O
(b)
M PO
H ≥ Hs
H < Hs
(c)
M < Ms
(d)
M = Ms
H von (a) nach (d) ansteigend
c%%P SVPTS
o$*1(7,6,(581* (,1(6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m5,67$//6 '85&+ (,1 >8M(5(6 o$*1(7)(/'P
ZUZ
SV o$*1(7,6086
$%*(/$8)(1 6,1'N %(*,11(1 6&+21 f5(+352=(66(N ,1'(0 6,&+ ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* (,1O =(/1(5 d(=,5.( ,1 ',( t,&+781* '(6 >8M(5(1 o$*1(7)(/'(6 (,1'5(+7P v527='(0 />667 6,&+ (7:$6 9(5(,1)$&+(1' )2/*(1'(6 6$*(1\ k0 d(5(,&+ 6&+:$&+(5 h(/'(5 /$66(1 6,&+ 6&+21 5(/$7,9 +2+( 3$86&+$/( o$*1(7,6,(581*(1 (55(,&+(1N '(11 y$1'9(56&+,(%81O *(1 6,1' /(,&+7 0?*/,&+P w0 '$5@%(5 +,1$86 ',( 3$86&+$/( o$*1(7,6,(581* :(,7(5 =8 (5+?+(1N 0866 '$6 $1*(/(*7( h(/' =,(0/,&+ 67$5. 9(5*5?M(57 :(5'(1N '$0,7 ',( 6&+:(5(5 0?*/,&+(1 f5(+352=(66( 67$7771'(1P f$1$&+ :,5' ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( u>77,O *81* (55(,&+7P d(, '(1 62(%(1 %(6352&+(1(1 o$*1(7,6,(581*6925*>1*(1 7$8&+7 ',( h5$*( $8)\ y$580 6,1' @%(5+$837 y$1'9(56&+,(%81*(1 127:(1',*a f,( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 d(=,5.( .?117( -$ -('( )@5 6,&+ ,1 ',( t,&+781* '(6 >8M(5(1 h(/'(6 (,1'5(+(1P f,( w56$&+( '$)@5N '$66 ',(6 1,&+7 *(6&+,(+7N /,(*7 ,1 '(5 c1,627523,( '(5 h(5520$*1(7,.$P k1 m5,67$//(1 6,1' $%(5 1,&+7 $//( t,&+781*(1 */(,&+:(57,*P y@5)(/.$17( 81' y@5O )(/',$*21$/( 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ ,1 (,1(0 (,1)$&+ .8%,6&+(1 i,77(5 =P dP '$'85&+N '$66 ,1 '(5 (,1(1 t,&+781* ',( m5,67$//%$867(,1( ',&+7(5 /,(*(1 $/6 ,1 '(5 $1'(5(1P f,(6( c1,627523,( ,67 '$)@5 9(5$17:257/,&+N '$66 ',( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* %(O 67,007( .5,67$//2*5$3+,6&+( t,&+781*(1 ,1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m5,67$//(1 %(925=8*7P |85 o(6681* '(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* $/6 h81.7,21 (,1(6 $1*(/(*7(1 h(/'(6 ;R )@5 %(O 67,007( m5,67$//5,&+781*(1N 2+1( u7?581*(1 '85&+ (,1 (170$*1(7,6,(5(1'(6 h(/' ;uN :(5'(1 $86 g,1.5,67$//(1 r52%(1 *(6&+1,77(1N :,( ,1 c%%P SVPTT *(=(,*7 ,67P Proben
D100E
D110E
Kristallachsen
D111E
c%%P SVPTT r52%(1N ',( $86 .8%,6&+(1 g,1.5,67$//(1 *(6&+1,77(1 :(5'(1N 80 '$6 o$*1(7,6,(O 581*69(5+$/7(1 (17/$1* (,1(5 %(67,007(1 m5,67$//5,&+781* =8 817(568&+(1 J1$&+ tPoP d2=257+KP
g,6(1 81' p,&.(/ +$%(1 %(,'( .8%,6&+( i,77(5] %(,0 .8%,6&+O5$80=(175,(57(1 g,O 6(1 6,1' ',( y@5)(/.$17(1 mSRRn ',( NN/(,&+7DD 0$*1(7,6,(5%$5(1 t,&+781*(1N ',( y@5O )(/Ot$80',$*21$/(1 mSSSn 6,1' ',( NN6&+:(5DD 0$*1(7,6,(5%$5(1 t,&+781*(1N ',( y@5)(/Oh/>&+(1',$*21$/(1 mSSRn =(,*(1 (,1 NN0,77/(5(6DD x(5+$/7(1P d(,0 g,6(1 ,67 (6 $/62 6&+:(5N ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* $86 '(5 y@5)(/.$17( ,1 t,&+781* '(5 t$80',$O *21$/( =8 '5(+(1P d(,0 .8%,6&+O9>&+(1=(175,(57(1 p,&.(/ ,67 (6 80*(.(+57\ p,&.(/O g,1.5,67$//( /$66(1 6,&+ 6(+5 9,(/ /(,&+7(5 ,1 t,&+781* '(5 t$80',$*21$/( $/6 ,1 t,&+O 781* '(5 h/>&+(1',$*21$/( 2'(5 *$5 '(5 y@5)(/.$17( %,6 =85 u>77,*81* 0$*1(7,6,(O 5(1P d(,0 +(;$*21$/(1 i,77(5N :,( (6 %(,0 e2%$/7 925/,(*7N :(5'(1 $861$+06:(,6( V .5,67$//2*5$3+,6&+( c&+6(1 63(=,7=,(57\ (,1( j$837$&+6( mRR 6 SnN ',( %(,0 e2%$/7
SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086 leicht D100E
Fe
Ni
Co mittel D110E
D110E mittel
0.6
D111E
20 40 ÌoHJmT
60
80
0
2 D00.1E ÌoMJT
1
ÌoMJT 0
D10.0E schwer
D110E D100E
0.4
ÌoMJT
1
0
D111E leicht 0.8
D111E
leicht D00.1E
D100E schwer
D111E schwer D100E 2 D110E
0
10 20 ÌoHJmT
ZU[
30
40
0
D10.0E
0 200 400 600 800 1000 ÌoHJmT
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',( NN/(,&+7(DD t,&+781* ,67N 81' ,1 (,1(5 '$=8 6(1.5(&+7(1 g%(1( '5(, 817(5(,1$1'(5 */(,&+:(57,*( p(%(1$&+6(1 mSR 6 RnN ',( 6,&+ 817(5 y,1.(/1 921 XR@ 6&+1(,'(1 81' $//( '5(, 0$*1(7,6&+ NN6&+:(5(DD t,&+781*(1 6,1' Jc%%P SVPTUKP g17635(&+(1' '(5 9,(5 c&+6(1 :,5' -('( m5,67$//(%(1( '85&+ V k1',=(6 63(=,7=,(57N $%(5 (,1(5 '(5 '5(, k1O ',=(6N ',( =8 '(1 .23/$1$5(1 p(%(1$&+6(1 *(+?5(1N ,67 @%(5=>+/,*] (5 :,5' '(6+$/% 2)7 :(**(/$66(1 81' '85&+ (,1(1 r81.7 (56(7=7P c//( o$*1(7,6,(581*6.859(1N 0,7 c861$+0( '(5 6&+:(5(1 t,&+781* )@5 e2N mSR 6 RnN =(,*(1 ,1 ,+5(0 (567(1 67(,/(1 c167,(*N '$66 ',( y$1'9(56&+,(%81*(1 6&+21 %(, 6(+5 ./(,1(1 h(/'67>5.(1 1$+(=8 92//67>1',* $%/$8)(1P f,( m859( )@5 ',( 0$*O 1(7,6&+ NN:(,&+(DD t,&+781* 0@1'(7 '$1$&+ 62)257 ,1 ',( u>77,*81*N :>+5(1' ',( m859(1 '(5 NN0,77/(5(1DD 81' NN+$57(1DD t,&+781* /$1*6$0(5 $167(,*(1N :(,/ +?+(5( h(/'67>5.(1 (5)25'(5/,&+ 6,1'N 80 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 d(=,5.( $86 '(5 NN:(,&+(1DD x25=8*665,&+781* ,1 ',( NN0,77/(5(DD 2'(5 *$5 NN6&+:(5(DD t,&+781* (,1=8'5(+(1P x20 3$86&+$/ 810$*1(7,6&+(1 |867$1' '(5 r52%(N (5+$/7(1 =P dP '85&+ g170$*O 1(7,6,(581* ,1 (,1(0 y(&+6(/)(/' $%1(+0(1'(5 c03/,78'( J9*/P c%%P UPVTKN :,5' =85 c8)1$+0( '(5 p(8.859( ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* $//0>+/,&+ '85&+ (,1 :$&+6(1'(6 >8O M(5(6 h(/' (5+?+7P n>667 0$1 1$&+ '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u>77,*81* ',( >8M(5( h(/'67>5.( $%1(+0(1N '$11 *(+7 $8&+ ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* =85@&.N $%(5 (6 %/(,%7 %(, 9(56&+:,1O '(1'(0 >8M(5(1 h(/' (,1( o$*1(7,6,(581* =85@&. Jt(0$1(1=KP g6 :,5' $/62 1,&+7 '(5 |867$1' '(5 c%%P SVPTS$ (55(,&+7N 621'(51 185 (7:$ '(5 '(5 c%%P SVPTS%P f,(6(6 x(5+$/7(1 (5./>57 6,&+ '$5$86N '$66 ',( d/2&+Oy>1'( .(,1(6:(*6 9?//,* )5(, %(:(*/,&+ 6,1'P w10$*1(7,6&+( g,16&+/@66(N m5,67$//%$8)(+/(5 81' ?57/,&+( x(563$1181*(1 '(6 m5,67$//6 %,/'(1 )@5 (,1( y$1' j,1'(51,66(N ',( 6,( 1,&+7 2+1( :(,7(5(6 @%(5:,1'(1 .$11P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 181 (,1( (,1=(/1( d/2&+Oy$1'P l( 1$&+ ,+5(5 n$*( ,0 m5,67$//N /,()(57 6,( (,1(1 9(56&+,('(1 *52M(1 d(,75$* g =85 i(6$07(1(5*,( '(6 m5,67$//6P f,( 58+(1'( y$1' /,(*7 ,1 (,1(0 /2.$/(1 o,1,080 '(5 i(6$07(1(5*,(N '$6 '85&+ ',(
ZVR
SV o$*1(7,6086 herangeführter Magnet M
Probe
S
B zunehmend Messschleife Verstärker
H (a)
N
(b)
Lautsprecher
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$1=,(+(1'(1 81' $%672M(1'(1 m5>)7( '(5 m5,67$//%$8)(+/(5 Jh(+/67(//(1N h5(0'$72O 0(K %(67,007 :,5'P g,1 >8M(5(6 o$*1(7)(/' 9(5>1'(57 ',( (1(5*(7,6&+(1 d(',1*81O *(1 81' .$11 (,1( y$1'9(56&+,(%81* %(*@167,*(1P g,1( *(1@*(1' *52M( h(/'67>5.( %5,1*7 ',( y$1' '$=8N ',( '$6 /2.$/( o,1,080 80*(%(1'( r27(17,$/6&+:(//( =8 @%(5:,1'(1 81' 6,&+ =8 (,1(0 $1'(5(1 r81.7 0,7 7,()(5(0 /2.$/(1 o,1,080 '(5 i(6$07(1(5*,( =8 %(:(*(1P y(11 '$6 *(6&+,(+7N '$11 +$7 ',( y$1' (,1(1 ,55(9(5O 6,%/(1 u3581* *(0$&+7] ',(6(5 3/?7=/,&+( q576:(&+6(/ '(5 y$1' ,67 */(,&+%('(87(1' 0,7 '(5 w00$*1(7,6,(581* '(6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 o$7(5,$/6 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1'O 9(56&+,(%81* 81' .$11 ,1'8.7,9 @%(5 x(567>5.(5 81' n$87635(&+(5 $/6 d$5.+$86(1O u3581* 1$&+*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1 Jc%%P SVPTVKP p$&+ '(0 i(6$*7(1 ,67 (6 ./$5N '$66 ',( j<67(5(6(6&+/(,)(1 ,0 67(,/(1 d(5(,&+ '(5 m859(N :2 %(925=8*7 y$1'9(56&+,(%81*(1 67$7771'(1N (,1( 67(7,*( }1'(581* '(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* 185 9257>86&+(1P k1 y,5.O /,&+.(,7 (5)2/*(1 ',( }1'(581*(1 8167(7,* $/6 d$5.+$86(1Ou35@1*(P y>+5(1' (,1(6 d$5.+$86(1Ou3581*(6 %(:(*7 6,&+ ',( d/2&+Oy$1' 0,7 +2+(5 i(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7 (,1( ./(,1( u75(&.( ,0 m5,67$//P S[USBUW +$%(1 mPlP u,;786 81' nP v21.6 ',( y$1'(581*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 921 d/2&+Oy>1'(1 ,1 h(Bp,Of5>+7(1 81O 7(5 |8*63$1181* *(0(66(1] $%+>1*,* 921 h(/'67>5.( 81' |8*63$1181* (5+,(/7(1 6,( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 TR %,6 TRR 0B6P f,( t(0$1(1= ,67 181 /(,&+7 =8 9(567(+(1\ y,5' '$6 >8M(5( o$*1(7)(/' $%*(O 6&+$/7(7N '$11 %(:(*7 6,&+ ',( y$1' .(,1(6:(*6 =80 c86*$1*6381.7 =85@&.N 621O '(51 %/(,%7 ,1 (,1(0 '$925*(/(*(1(1 o,1,080 '(5 i(6$07(1(5*,( /,(*(1P f(5 x25O *$1* '(5 y$1'9(56&+,(%81* ,67 ,55(9(56,%(/P g567 (,1 i(*(1)(/' 921 '(5 i5?M( '(5 m2(5=,7,9)(/'67>5.( J)5@+(5\ m2(5=,7,9.5$)7K .$11 ',( y$1' ,1 ',( $/7( n$*( =85@&.O %5,1*(1P y,5 .?11(1 $/62 6$*(1N '$66 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 h(/'67>5.( NN1$&+O +,1.7DDP f,( 0,.526.23,6&+(1 ,55(9(56,%/(1 y$1'635@1*( 67(//(1 (,1( c57 NNy$1'O 5(,%81*DD '$5N ',( 6,&+ 0$.526.23,6&+ ,1 '(5 j<67(5(6(:>50( >8M(57P f(021675$7,21602'(//( =80 h(5520$*1(7,6086P x21 0(+5(5(1 n(+50,77(/Oj(567(/O /(51 :(5'(1 o2'(//( $1*(%27(1N ',( $86 &$P SRR ./(,1(1 o$*1(71$'(/1 %(67(+(1N ',( 5(*(/0>M,* 9>&+(1+$)7 9(57(,/7 81' 0,7 ,+5(1 u3,7=(1/$*(51 $8) (,1(5 r/(;,*/$6O w17(5/$*( )(67 0217,(57 6,1'] (,1( ',&+7 @%(5 '(1 '5(+%$5(1 p$'(/1 /,(*(1'(N )(67 0,7 '(5 w17(5/$*( 9(5%81'(1( r/(;,*/$6Of(&.3/$77( 9(5+,1'(57N '$66 ',( p$'(/1 %(,0 j$17,(5(1 '(6 o2'(//6 921 '(1 u3,7=(1 $%)$//(1P f,( c125'181* '(5 p$'(/1 %,/'(7 (17:('(5 (,1 48$'5$7,6&+(6 JNN.8%,6&+(6DDK 2'(5 '5(,(&.,*(6 JNN+(;$*21$/(6DDK i,77(5P
SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086
(a)
ZVS
(b)
c%%P SVPTW J$K o$*1(702'(// (,1(6 +(;$*21$/(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 g,1.5,67$//6N 6&+5>* 921 '(5 u(,7( %(75$&+7(7P J%K f,( $%*(%,/'(7( m217*85$7,21 =(,*7 0(+5(5( y(,66Od(=,5.( 0,7 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+(1 o$*1(7,6,(581*(1 (17/$1* '(5 NN/(,&+7(1DD t,&+781*(1P
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ZVT
SV o$*1(7,6086
r2/<.5,67$//,1( h(5520$*1(7,.$P y,( 2%(1 6&+21 (5:>+17 :85'(N 6,1' (,1.5,67$//,1( )(5520$*1(7,6&+( o$7(5,$/,(1 ',( c861$+0(] 0(,67 /,(*7 (,1( 32/<.5,67$//,1( u758.785 925 %(67(+(1' $86 (,1(0 m21*/20(5$7 :,1=,*(5 g,1.5,67$//( Jm5,67$//,7(N NNm?51(5DDK 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(1N 5(*(//26 9(57(,/7(1 5>80/,&+(1 q5,(17,(581*(1 ,+5(5 m5,67$//O $&+6(1P k0 (170$*1(7,6,(57(1 |867$1' +$7 (,1( 62/&+( r52%( (,1( d(5(,&+66758.785N ',( (7:$ '(5 921 c%%P SVPTX (17635,&+7P
c%%P SVPTX y(,66Od(=,5.( ,1 (,1(0 (170$*O 1(7,6,(57(1 32/<.5,67$//,1(1 h(5520$*1(7,.80 J6&+(0$7,6&+KP f,&.( i5(1=/,1,(1 6,1' d/2&+O y>1'( $1 m251*5(1=(1N '@11( i5(1=/,1,(1 6,1' d/2&+Oy>1'( ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 m5,67$//,76P
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SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086
ZVU
3+( h(5520$*1(7,.$ +(5*(67(//7P f85&+ (,1( f@6( :,5' ',( u&+0(/=( 817(5 f58&. $8) (,1( 6(+5 6&+1(// 527,(5(1'( *(.@+/7( o(7$//6&+(,%( *(635,7=7 81' 9,(*7 $/6 $025O 3+(6 d$1' 921 %,6 =8 SRR =0 f,&.( 921 '(5 u&+(,%(P f85&+ '(1 c%6&+5(&.925*$1* :,5' ',( 81*(25'1(7( u758.785 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 (,1*()525(1 81' -(*/,&+( :(,75(,&+(1'( 0$*1(7,6&+( c1,627523,( 9(50,('(1P y(,/ ',( m21=(175$7,21 '(5 n(*,(581*6.20O 321(17(1 ,1 :(,7(1 i5(1=(1 9$5,,(57 :(5'(1 .$11N /$66(1 6,&+ u725( 0,7 (;75(0(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 J=P dP 9(56&+:,1'(1'(5 7+(50,6&+(5 x2/80(1$86'(+181*K +(567(//(1P f,( $0253+(1 h(5520$*1(7,.$ 6,1' +>87* n(*,(581*(1 921 %(5*$1*60(7$//(1 Jh(N p,N e2N o1N o2K 0,7 p,&+70(7$//(1 JeN u,N dN rK ,1 c720=$+/9(5+>/71,66(1 921 ZR\TR %,6 YR\URP v(&+1,6&+ %(621'(56 ,17(5(66$17 6,1' ',( 62 (55(,&+%$5(1N 6(+5 +2+(1 c1)$1*63(50($%,/,7>7 921 %,6 =8 SRXP f,( |$+/ '(5 d2+5Oo$*1(721(1 352 c720 81' ',( e85,(Ov(03(5$785 6,1' %(, '(1 $0253+(1 h(5520$*1(7,.$ $//(5',1*6 '(87/,&+ ./(,1(5 $/6 %(, 9(5*/(,&+%$5(1 .5,67$//,1(1 n(*,(581*(1P
Ticonal XX
Ticonal GG
Ticonal G
Ticonal II
Fe-Ni-Al
Co-Stahl
Nd2Fe14B
intermetallische Verbindungen
Hartferrite
SmCo5
W-Stahl
C-Stahl
r(50$1(170$*1(7( 0,7 1$12.5,67$//,1(1 u758.785(1P f85&+ 6&+1(//(6 c%6&+5(&.(1 $86 (,1(5 u&+0(/=( 2'(5 '85&+ 0(&+$1,6&+(6 n(*,(5(1 /$66(1 6,&+ u758.785(1 0,7 m?51(51 921 SRAUR 10 f85&+0(66(5 (5+$/7(1N ',( +(59255$*(1' *((,*1(7 6,1'N 80 o$*1(7( 0,7 %(67,007(1 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 j<67(5(6(6&+/(,)(1 =8 (17:,&.(/1P u8O 3(567$5.( o$*1(7( (5+>/7 0$1 0,7 ,17(50(7$//,6&+(1 x(5%,1'81*(1 '(5 u(/7(1(5'O 0(7$//( Jn$7+$12,'(KN =P dP h(SVp'TdP f85&+ ./(,1( c%:(,&+81*(1 921 '(5 u7?&+,2O 0(75,( J921 '(1 o$66(19(5+>/71,66(1N ',( '(5 &+(0,6&+(1 x(5%,1'81* (17635(&+(1K 81' '85&+ |8*$%( $1'(5(5 g/(0(17( /$66(1 6,&+ ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 67$5. 9(5>1'(51P g,1 o$M )@5 ',( s8$/,7>7 (,1(6 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 ,67 '$6 0$;,0$/( g1(5*,(O 352'8.7N *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( i5?M( Jd jK0$; J9*/P c%6&+1P UPXPXN g5/>87(581* =8 c%%P UPVXKN ',( ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( g1(5*,(',&+7( $1*,%7P c%%P SVPTY 9(5$16&+$8/,&+7 '(1 g17:,&./81*6)2576&+5,77 921 '(1 eOu7>+/(1 '(6 SZP l$+5+81'(576 %,6 =8 '(1 02O '(51(1 ,17(50(7$//,6&+(1 x(5%,1'81*(1P j2&+.2(5=,7,9( o$*1(7( (5+>/7 0$1 =P dP 0,7 (,1(5 n(*,(581*N ',( |86>7=( 921 i$ 81' p% 81' (,1(1 *(5,1*(1 67?&+,20(75,6&+(1 %(56&+866 921 p(2'<0 Jp'K (17+>/7\ h(YTp'SYdYPWi$SPWp%T Jc%%P SVPTZN u.,==( 5(&+76 817(1KP j,(5 6,1' ',( m5,6O 7$//,7( '85&+ (,1( 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+( u&+,&+7 $86 '(0 @%(56&+@66,*(1 p(2'<0 921O
1880 1900 ‘17 ‘38 ‘36 ‘37 ‘49 ‘56 ‘67 ‘86 – ‘96
c%%P SVPTY |(,7/,&+( g17:,&./81* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,(',&+7( 921 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1P f,( '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 o$*1(7(1 =8*(25'1(7(1 u>8/(1 (17635(&+(1 '(1 x2/80,1$N ,1 '(1(1 -(:(,/6 ',(6(/%( 0$*1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( *(63(,&+(57 :(5'(1 .$11 J1$&+ jP m5210@//(5N r+<6Pd/P JS[[YK p5P WKP
ZVV
SV o$*1(7,6086 Fe87.5Nd8B4.5 1
µoM /T
Fe82Nd12B6 0 Fe72Nd17B7.5Ga1.5Nb2 –1
–4
–2
0 µoH/T
2
4
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SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086
ZVW
elektrischer Strom Bewegungsrichtung des Speichermediums
Magnetisierung
c%%P SVPT[
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SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086 Ferromagnetismus (a)
Antiferromagnetismus
ZVY
Ferrimagnetismus
(b)
(c)
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¯m kein einfaches Verhalten
¯m
0
T ¯m = C T
(a)
Paramagnetismus
0
TC
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T
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0
TN
T
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SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086
ZV[
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50
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geomagnetischer Äquator geographischer
magnetisches Dipolmoment
magnetischer Nordpol
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SV o$*1(7,6086 Magnetopause
Plasmamantel
CleftRegion
Plasmaschicht
Erde
Magnetschweif
Sonnenwind
Bug-Stoßwelle
Van-AllenStrahlungsgürtel
magnetische Feldlinien
her tisc
gne ma r o e o g uat Äq
abgelenkte Sonnenwind-Teilchen
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Trajektorie eines gefangenen Teilchens
ProtonenDrift
enElektron Drift
Spiegelpunkte magnetische Feldlinie
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ZXV
SV o$*1(7,6086
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ZZR
SW o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/
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SWPU k171,7(6,0$/5(&+181* f,( (,1)$&+( f,5(5(17,$/O 81' k17(*5$/5(&+181*N ',( 6&+21 )@5 d$1' S %(1?7,*7 :85O '(N :,5' $/6 %(.$117 925$86*(6(7=7P j,(5 62// 185 $8) (,1,*( d(621'(5+(,7(1 +,1*(O :,(6(1 :(5'(1P o$7+(0$7,6&+( h(,1+(,7(1N ',( )@5 r+<6,.(5J,11(1K 6(/%679(567>1'/,&+ 6,1'N :(5O '(1 1,&+7 (5:>+17P u2 :,5' '(5 f(71,7,216%(5(,&+ (,1(5 h81.7,21 ,1 '(5 t(*(/ 1,&+7 $1*(*(%(1N :(,/ (6 6,&+ J)$67K ,00(5 80 '(1 d(5(,&+ '(5 5((//(1 |$+/(1 +$1'(/7N 0(,67 921 2Z %,6 1ZN ,1 (5.(11%$5(1 h>//(1 2)7 $8&+ 185 921 R %,6 1ZP w17(5 :(/&+(1 w067>1'(1 .203/(;( |$+/(1 $8)75(7(1 .?11(1N :,5' ,1 c%6&+1P SWPW *(O 6$*7P f,( g,1'(87,*.(,7N u7(7,*.(,7 81' f,5(5(1=,(5%$5.(,7 (,1(5 =85 d(6&+5(,%81* 3+<6,.$/,6&+(5 u$&+9(5+$/7( 9(5:(1'(7(1 h81.7,21 ,67N 62/$1*( 1,&+76 i(*(17(,/,*(6 *(6$*7 :,5'N ,00(5 $/6 *(*(%(1 $1=81(+0(1P k171,7(6,0$/( i5?M(1P f(5 ,1 '(5 k171,7(6,0$/5(&+181* 92//=2*(1( i5(1=@%(5*$1* 921 '(0 6(+5 ./(,1(1N $%(5 (1'/,&+(1 (; =8 '(0 81(1'/,&+ ./(,1(1 '; ,67 )@5 ',( r+<6,. *('$1./,&+ =8 5(/$7,9,(5(1\ SP x,(/( 35$.7,6&+( r52%/(0( )@+5(1 =8 k17(*5$/(1N )@5 '(5(1 n?681* (6 .(,1( $1$O /<7,6&+ '$567(//%$5(1 h81.7,21(1 *,%7P f,( k17(*5$7,21 0,7 f,*,7$/5(&+1(51 (5)25O '(57 $%(5 (1'/,&+ ./(,1( (;P |85 m21752//( .$11 0$1 ',(6(/%( t(&+181* 0(+50$/6 0,7 ,00(5 ./(,1(5(1 (; '85&+)@+5(1 %,6 '$6 t(68/7$7 6,&+ 1,&+7 0(+5 :(6(17/,&+ >1'(57P f(5 i5(1=@%(5*$1* (; S R 71'(7 1,&+7 67$77P TP f,( ./$66,6&+( m217,188063+<6,.N )@5 ',( ',( k171,7(6,0$/5(&+181* 3(5)(.7 *(O (,*1(7 ,67N :,5' +(87( 1,&+7 0(+5 NN5(,1 ./$66,6&+DD *(/(+57N 621'(51 0,7 $720,67,O 6&+(1 d(75$&+781*(1 9(5%81'(1P k1 ',(6(0 |86$00(1+$1* 0866 0$1 ',( u78O ',(5(1'(1 '$5$8) +,1:(,6(1N '$66 ',( f,5(5(17,$/( 921 9,(/(1 3+<6,.$/,6&+(1 i5?O M(1 1,&+7 =8 ./(,1 :(5'(1 '@5)(1P c1'(5(1)$//6 )@+57 '(5 $720$5( c8)%$8 '(5 o$7(5,( '$=8N '$66 9,(/( NN*/$77(DD q576)81.7,21(1 '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 r+<6,.N =P dP o$66(1O 81' n$'81*6',&+7(N ,0 $720$5(1 n>1*(1%(5(,&+ 67$5. 9$5,$%(/ :(5'(1P d(67,007( k17(*5$/(P k17(*5$/6$00/81*(1 /,()(51 =8 -('(5 3+<6,.$/,6&+ :,&+7,*(1N ,17(*5,(5%$5(1 h81.7,21 '$6 '$=8*(+?5,*( 81%(67,007( k17(*5$/\ g )J;K '; 3 hJ;K1eP
JSWPSSK
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JSWPSUK
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100
f (x) 50
0
A
A
x
B
71 82 87 90 90 86 79 78 84 97 111 B
x
x
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ZZT
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y
x
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136
190 214 z
y
Integrationsvolumen x
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SWPV x(.725$1$/<6,6
ZZU
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JSWPSVK
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JSWPSXK
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JSWPSYK
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15 5
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-32
29
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JSWPTXK
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JSWPTYK
f,( t,&+781* '(6 h/>&+(1(/(0(17(6 $8) '(5 /,1.(1 u(,7( 81' '(5 w0/$8)6,11 '(6 t$1'.859(1,17(*5$/6 $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( (5*(%(1 =86$00(1 (,1( t(&+766&+5$8%(P %(5*$1* 921 k17(*5$/O $8) f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81*(1P f,( d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 g/(.752O 0$*1(7,6086 0,7+,/)( '(5 x(.725$1$/<6,6 )@+57 =P dP =8 k17(*5$/*/(,&+81*(1N ,1 '(1(1 $8) '(5 /,1.(1 u(,7( (,1 *(6&+/266(1(6 h/>&+(1,17(*5$/ 80 '$6 x2/80(1 xN $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( (,1 '5(,',0(16,21$/(6 k17(*5$/ @%(5 '$66(/%( x2/80(1 67(+7P f85&+ c1:(1'81* '(6 i$8MI6&+(1 u$7=(6 />667 6,&+ 181 $8&+ ',( /,1.( u(,7( ,1 (,1 x2/8O 0(1,17(*5$/ 9(5:$1'(/1P c8) >+1/,&+( y(,6( (5+>/7 0$1 2)7 1$&+ c1:(1'81* '(6 u72.(6I6&+(1 u$7=(6 (,1( i/(,&+81* 0,7 h/>&+(1,17(*5$/(1 $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1P m$11 0$1 %(, i/(,&++(,7 921 k17(*5$/(1 */(,&+(5 c57 $8&+ =:$1*6/>87* ',( i/(,&++(,7 '(5 k17(*5$1'(1 $11(+0(1 81' ',( k17(*5$/( $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1 (,1)$&+ :(*/$66(1a k0 c//*(0(,1(1 1,&+7P p85 :(11 ',( k17(*5$/*/(,&+81* )@5 %(/,(%,* :>+/O %$5( x2/80,1$ Jj@//9>&+(1KN %=:P )@5 %(/,(%,* :>+/%$5( h/>&+(1 Jt$1'.859(1K *,/7N '$11 ,67 $8&+ ',( i/(,&++(,7 '(5 k17(*5$1'(1 *(*(%(1P
SWPW m203/(;( |$+/(1 c//( 0(66%$5(1 3+<6,.$/,6&+(1 i5?M(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ 5((//( |$+/(1 J08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(1 o$M(,1+(,7(1K %(6&+5,(%(1P k1 '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 r+<6,. :(5'(1 .203/(;( |$+/(1 185 $86 (,1(0 i581' 9(5:(1'(7\ u,( (5/$8%(1 (,1( (/(*$17( 81' %(48(0( j$17,(581* 921 u,186 81' m26,186] ',( .203/,=,(57(1N 6&+:(5 0(5.%$5(1 c'',O 7,2167+(25(0( '(5 75,*2120(75,6&+(1 h81.7,21(1 :(5'(1 1,&+7 %(1?7,*7C o$1 .$11 =P dP =85 t(&+(1(5/(,&+7(581* ,1 '(5 c86*$1*6*/(,&+81* ',( 5((//(1 m26,186Oh81.O 7,21(1 '85&+ .203/(;( |$+/(1 0,7 */(,&+(0 t($/7(,/ (56(7=(1 81' ',( t(&+181* %(48(0 0,7 '(1 .203/(;(1 |$+/(1 '85&+)@+5(1] =80 u&+/866 (5+>/7 0$1 '$6 *(O :@16&+7( t(68/7$7 $/6 t($/7(,/ '(6 t(&+(1(5*(%1,66(6P n(,'(5 *(+?5(1 .203/(;( |$+/(1 ,Pc//*P 1,&+7 =80 o$7+(0$7,.:,66(1 ,0 TP u(O 0(67(5P f(5 w0*$1* 0,7 .203/(;(1 |$+/(1 ,67 -('2&+ 6(+5 (,1)$&+ =8 /(51(1P g6 ,67 '(6+$/% 9,(/ 6,1192//(5N ',( .203/(;(1 |$+/(1 $1 ',(6(5 u7(//( (,1=8)@+5(1N $/6 $8) 6,( %(, '(5 d(+$1'/81* 921 y(&+6(/675?0(1 81' u&+:,1*81*(1 =8 9(5=,&+7(1P f(71,7,21(1P g6 *,%7 .(,1( 5((//( |$+/N ',( 48$'5,(57 (,1( 1(*$7,9( |$+/ (5*,%7P f(6O +$/% )@+57 ',( w0.(+581* ',(6(5 q3(5$7,21 A '$6 |,(+(1 '(5 s8$'5$7:85=(/ (,1(5
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JSWPTZK
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JSWPT[K
t($/7(,/ $ 81' k0$*,1>57(,/ % 6,1' 5((//( |$+/(1P |:(, .203/(;( |$+/(1 6,1' 185 '$11 */(,&+ *52MN :(11 62:2+/ ,+5( t($/7(,/( :,( $8&+ ,+5( k0$*,1>57(,/( */(,&+ 6,1'] ',( d(=,(+81*(1 NN./(,1(5 $/6DD 81' NN*5?M(5 $/6DD 6,1' )@5 .203/(;( |$+/(1 1,&+7 '(71,(57P f,( =8 & 3 $1,% .21-8*,(57O.203/(;( |$+/ ,67 '(71,(57 $/6 &" 3 $2,%
JSWPURK
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JSWPUSK
d(,0 c'',(5(1 Ju8%75$+,(5(1K .203/(;(5 |$+/(1 :(5'(1 ',( (17635(&+(1'(1 t(O $/O 81' k0$*,1>57(,/( $'',(57 J68%75$+,(57KP d(,0 o8/7,3/,=,(5(1 :(5'(1 .203/(;( |$+/(1 :,( $86 =:(, u800$1'(1 %(67(+(1'( h$.725(1 %(+$1'(/7P r27(1=(1 921 NN,DD :(5'(1 80*(6&+5,(%(1\ ,T 32S ,U 32, ,V 3 S ,W 3 ,P
JSWPUTK
s827,(17(1 0,7 .203/(;(0 p(11(5 :(5'(1 0,7 '(5 =80 p(11(5 .21-8*,(57O.20O 3/(;(1 |$+/ (5:(,7(57N '$0,7 6,&+ (,1( .203/(;( |$+/ ,1 '(5 h250 921 i/P JSWPT[K (5*,%7\ $1,% $1,% &2,' 3 &1,' &1,' &2,' 3
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JSWPUUK
|85 *5$3+,6&+(1 f$567(//81* .203/(;(5 |$+/(1 :,5' ',( i$8MI6&+( |$+/(1(%(1( 9(5:(1'(7 Jc%%P SWP[KN ',( (,1( +25,=217$/( 5((//( c&+6( 81' (,1( 9(57,.$/( ,0$*,1>5( c&+6( %(6,7=7P
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m203/(;( |$+/(1 ,1 '(5 i$8MI6&+(1 |$+/(1(%(1(P
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f,( )@5 '$6 t(&+1(1 0,7 .203/(;(1 |$+/(1 6(+5 :,&+7,*( g8/(5I6&+( h250(/ /$87(7 &26D1, 6,1D 3 (,DP
JSWPUWK
y(,/ '$6 (,1( 62 9(5%/@5(1'( 81' :(,75(,&+(1'( h250(/ ,67N 62// +,(5 $8&+ $8) (,1(1 d(:(,6 +,1*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1\ f,( r27(1=5(,+(1Og17:,&./81*(1 Jv$
JSWPUXK
g,1 x(5*/(,&+ 0,7 '(1 t(,+(1 )@5 &26D 81' )@5 6,1D (5*,%7 62)257 ',( g8/(5I6&+( h250(/P w17(5 x(5:(1'81* '(5 g8/(5I6&+(1 h250(/ .$11 -('( .203/(;( |$+/ ,1 '(5 )2/O *(1'(1 h250 *(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1\ 0,7 81'
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y>+5(1' '$6 o8/7,3/,=,(5(1 921 =:(, .203/(;(1 |$+/(1 ,1 $/*(%5$,6&+(5 h250 =8 9,(5 81$16&+$8/,&+(1 u800$1'(1 )@+57N 9(5'(87/,&+7 ',( g8/(5I6&+( h250N '$66 ',( d(75>*( 08/7,3/,=,(57N ',( y,1.(/ $%(5 $'',(57 :(5'(1C &S 6 &T 3 $S $T (;3L,JDS 1DTKbP
JSWPUZK
|85 x(5'(87/,&+81* '(5 p@7=/,&+.(,7 ',(6(5 h250 6(, +,(5 185 $1*('(87(7N :,( /(,&+7 6,&+ ',( c'',7,2167+(25(0( )@5 ',( 75,*2120(75,6&+(1 h81.7,21(1 *(:,11(1 /$66(1\ (,J314K 3 &26J314K1,L6,1J314Kb] (,J314K 3 (,3 (,4 (,J314K 3 J&2631, 6,13K J&2641, 6,14K (,J314K 3 &263 &26426,13 6,141,L&263 6,1416,13 &264bP
JSWPU[K
i/(,&+6(7=(1 '(5 t($/O 81' k0$*,1>57(,/( $8) '(1 5(&+7(1 u(,7(1 ,1 '(5 (567(1 81' /(7=7(1 |(,/( )@+57 =8 '(1 %(.$117(1 c'',7,2167+(25(0(1P }+1/,&+ (/(*$17 /$66(1 6,&+ c86'5@&.( )@5 *$1==$+/,*( x,(/)$&+( (,1(6 y,1.(/6 *(:,11(1\ J&2631, 6,13KU 3 &26U31, U &26T3 6,132U &263 6,1T32, 6,1U3 3 (, U3 3 &26U31, 6,1U3P
JSWPVRK
f$6 i/(,&+6(7=(1 '(5 t($/7(,/( %(,'(5 |(,/(1 /,()(57 &26U3 3 &26U32U&263 6,1T3 3 &26U32U&263JS2&26T3K 3 V&26U32U&263P
JSWPVSK
o,7+,/)( '(5 g8/(5I6&+(1 h250(/ /$66(1 6,&+ $8&+ ',( 75,*2120(75,6&+(1 h81.O 7,21(1 '85&+ g;321(17,$/)81.7,21(1 0,7 ,0$*,1>5(1 g;321(17(1 '$567(//(1\ &26; 3 J(,; 1(2,;KBTN 6,1; 3 J(,; 2(2,;KBJT,KP
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m203/(;( |$+/(1 ,1 '(5 s8$17(10(&+$1,.P f,( u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,&+81* (5+>/7 ,+5( )81'$0(17$/( d('(8781* 8P $P '$'85&+N '$66 6,( '$6 g1(5*,(63(.7580 '(6 y$66(5O 6725$7206 /,()(57P f,( g1(5*,(:(57( 6,1' 5((//( i5?M(1N ',( $/6 NNg,*(1:(57(DD =8 %(67,007(1 NNg,*(1)81.7,21(1DD '(5 u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,&+81* *(+?5(1P n(7=7(5( 6,1' ,Pc//*P .203/(;( h81.7,21(1P c1'(56 $/6 %(, '(5 y(&+6(/675207+(25,( ,67 '$6 +,(5 .(,1 v5,&.N 80 ',( c'',7,2167+(25(0( '(5 75,*2120(75,6&+(1 h81.7,21(1 =8 9(5O 0(,'(1N 621'(51 (,1( 819(50(,'%$5( g,*(16&+$)7 '(5 u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,&+81*P g,1( 3+<6,.$/,6&+( d('(8781* +$%(1 1,&+7 ',(6( .203/(;(1 h81.7,21(1N 621'(51 '(5(1 c%62/8748$'5$7(N ',( ',( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,76',&+7(1 )@5 '(1 c8)(17+$/7 '(6 c720O (/(.75216 ,1 '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 |867>1'(1 %(6&+5(,%(1P
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f$6 ,67 (,1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81*N ',( 1(%(1 '(5 *(68&+7(1 h81.7,21 ?J7K $8&+ '(5(1 (567( J^K 81' =:(,7( JfK c%/(,781* 1$&+ '(5 81$%+>1*,*(1 x$5,$%/(1 7 (17+>/7P f,( $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( 67(+(1'( h81.7,21 )J7K :,5' $/6 925*(*(%(1 $1*(1200(1P |85 0$7+(0$7,6&+(1 v(50,12/2*,(\ i/P JSWPVUK ,67 (,1( *(:?+1/,&+( f,5(5(17,$/O */(,&+81*N :(,/ 185 c%/(,781*(1 1$&+ (,1(5 x$5,$%/(1 J.(,1( 3$57,(//(1 c%/(,781*(1K 925.200(1P g6 ,67 (,1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* =:(,7(5 q5'181*N :(,/ ',( =:(,7( c%O /(,781* ',( +?&+67( 925.200(1'( ,67P f,( i/(,&+81* ,67 /,1($5N :(,/ ',( h81.7,21 81' ',( %(,'(1 c%/(,781*(1 ,1 9(56&+,('(1(1 u800$1'(1 67(+(1N 81' +$7 .2167$17( m2(5,=,(17(1N :(,/ ',( $, 1,&+7 $8&+ 12&+ h81.7,21(1 921 7 6,1'P y(*(1 '(6 c8)O 75(7(16 '(5 h81.7,21 )J7K $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( 921 i/P JSWPVUKN +$1'(/7 (6 6,&+ 80 (,1( ,1+202*(1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81*] ',( '$=8*(+?5(1'( +202*(1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,O &+81* ,67 $T ?fJ7K1$S ?^J7K1$R ?J7K 3 RP
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n?681* '(5 +202*(1(1 f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81*P |8(567 :(5'(1 =8 (,1(0 J5,&+7,* *(5$O 7(1(1K $//*(0(,1(1 c16$7= )@5 ?J7KN 1>0/,&+ ?J7K 3 (<7N
JSWPVWK
',( c%/(,781*(1 ?^J7K 81' ?fJ7K %(5(&+1(7 81' ,1 ',( +202*(1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* (,1*(6(7=7P f$6 )@+57 =8 '(5 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 i/(,&+81*N $T
JSWPVXK
0,7 '(5(1 j,/)( '(5 ,0 c16$7= )@5 ?J7K (17+$/7(1( r$5$0(7(5 < %(67,007 :,5'P y(,/ i/P JSWPVVK (,1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* =:(,7(5 q5'181* ,67N ,67 ',( &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(
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i/(,&+81* 48$'5$7,6&+ 81' /,()(57 =:(, y(57( )@5 '(1 c16$7=Or$5$0(7(5
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g(ˆ) ƒ(t)
Hh H 0
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JSWP[UK
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Bh1454M-PressProofs.QX5
17/1/08
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Page 275
Bookhouse
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SXPT u&+87=0$M1$+0(1 SXPTPS p(7=$16&+/866 81' g5'81* f(5 p(7=$16&+/866 %(67(+7 $86 '(1 '5(, $.7,9(1 n(,7(51 nSN nT 81' nU J)5@+(5\ tN u 81' vK )@5 '(1 f5(,3+$6(1Oy(&+6(/67520 Jf5(+67520K 81' '(0 p(875$//(,7(5 2'(5 p8//(,7(5 p J)5@+(5\ o,77(/381.7On(,7(5 o3KP f(5 p(875$//(,7(5 ,67 *((5'(7 '85&+ c1O 6&+/866 $1 ',( d(75,(%6(5'(\ '$6 ,67 (,1( /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81* =8 '(0 ,16 g5'5(,&+B i581':$66(5 5(,&+(1'(1 h81'$0(17(5'(5P |:,6&+(1 -( =:(, '(5 '5(, $.7,9(1 n(,7(5 /,(*7 (,1( (5(.7,9( y(&+6(/63$1181* 921 VRR x J9(5.(77(7( u3$1181*(1N f5(,(&.O u&+$/781*K] =:,6&+(1 -('(0 $.7,9(1 n(,7(5 81' '(0 p(875$//(,7(5 /,(*(1 TUR x
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L1 L2 L3 PEN
N Trafostation
Gebäudeanschluss
Sicherung
L1 L2 L3 N PE
Zähler kWh
PEN
Potentialausgleichschiene
Betriebsmittel Rohrleitungssysteme etc.
FundamentErder
Steckdose
Körper
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SXPT u&+87=0$M1$+0(1 Brauchwasser Heizung
[SY
BadeDusche wanne Blitzschutzanlage
Frischwasser
Warmwasser
BadPotentialausgleich
Antennenanlage
Fernmeldeanlage Heizung Isolierstück
HA Gasinnenleitung
Verbindung bei TN-Netz
Potentialausgleich-Schiene
Abwasser
Fundamenterder
Blitzschutzerder
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SX i()$+5(1 ,0 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7
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|:(, )@5 ',( v(,/&+(13+<6,. :,&+7,*( g,1+(,7(1 6,1' r52'8.7( 921 ukOg,1+(,7(1 81' (;3(5,0(17(// %(67,007(1 p$785.2167$17(1\ g/(.7521(192/7 J(/(&7521 92/7K S (x 3 ( 6 JS xK 0,7 ( 3 g/(0(17$5/$'81*P S (x 3 SPXRT SYX WUJSVK SR2S[ l f,( e+(0,.(5 *(%(1 t($.7,216(1(5*,(1 81' O(17+$/3,(1 ,1 .lB02/ $1P h@5 r+<6,.(5 6,1' g1(5*,($1*$%(1 ,1 (xBo2/(.@/ $16&+$8/,&+(5P w05(&+181*\ S (xBo2/(.@/ 3 ( 6 JS xK 6 pc 3 h 6 JS xK 0,7 h 3 h$5$'$
0,7 0JSTeK 3 o$66( (,1(6 c7206 STeN
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SYPUPU c10(5.81*(1 =8 (,1,*(1 $1'(5(1 g,1+(,7(1 e(/6,86Ov(03(5$7856.$/$ J&(17,*5$'(6KP k1 h250(/1 62//7(1 v(03(5$785(1 1,( $8) ',( e(/6,86Ou.$/$ %(=2*(1 :(5'(1N :(,/ '(5(1 w05(&+181* ,1 ',( 3+<6,.$/,6&+ 6,1192//( 7+(502'<1$0,6&+( v(03(5$785 Jm(/9,1Ou.$/$K (,1( p8//381.79(56&+,(%81* ,03/,O =,(57P f,( x(5:(1'81* 921 e(/6,86Oc1*$%(1 )@5 |867$1'6%(6&+5(,%81*(1 JNN*(0(6O 6(1 %(, TW @eDDK ,67 $.=(37$%(/P
[UV
SY j,1:(,6( 81' v$%(//(1
y(,/ ',( u.$/(17(,/( '(5 e(/6,86O 81' m(/9,1Ou.$/$ */(,&+ 6,1'N :(5'(1 v(03(5$O 785',5(5(1=(1 (17:('(5 ,1 m(/9,1 JmK $1*(*(%(1N 2'(5 (6 :,5' ',( g,1+(,7 NNi5$'DD 2+1( p(1181* '(5 v(03(5$7856.$/$ %(187=7P f(%<( J$/7( g,1+(,7 )@5 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( f,32/020(17KP S f 3 UPUUWW 6 SR2UR e 0N 85635@1*/,&+ '(71,(57 $/6 SR2SZ (6n 6 &0P f(=,%(/ J,1 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. (,1 o$M )@5 x(567>5.81* 2'(5 c%6&+:>&+81* 921 u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1KP |85 d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 n(,6781*69(5+>/71,66(6 rBrR :85O '( '(66(1 '(.$',6&+(5 n2*$5,7+086 (,1*()@+57 81' 0,7 '(5 g,1+(,7 NNd(/DD J1$&+ i5$+$0 d(//K *(.(11=(,&+1(7P k1 '(5 r5$;,6 +$7 6,&+ $//(5',1*6 ',( 80 '(1 h$.725 RPS ./(,1(5( g,1+(,7 NNf(=,%(/DD J'dK '85&+*(6(7=7P f,( c1*$%( NNz 'dDD %('(87(7 2'(5
rBrR 3 SRzBSR 'dOy(57 z 3 SR /* JrBrRK P
JSYPSK
f(=,%(/Oc1*$%(1 :(5'(1 )@5 x(5+>/71,66( *5?M(5 81' ./(,1(5 $/6 (,16 9(5:(1'(7P k1 '(5 t(*(/ :,5' '(5 'dOy(57 $/6 326,7,9( |$+/ $1*(*(%(1 81' '(0 d(187=(5 ',( |825'181* '(6 5,&+7,*(1 x25=(,&+(16 @%(5/$66(1P k1 /(,6781*6352327,21$/( i5?M(1 921 u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1 *(+7 ',( u&+:,1O *81*6$03/,78'( =80 s8$'5$7 (,1P f,( s8$'5$7:85=(/ $86 '(0 n(,6781*69(5+>/71,6 (5*,%7 $/62 '$6 '$=8*(+?5(1'( c03/,78'(19(5+>/71,6P k1 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. ,67 ',( c03/,78'(1*5?M( 0(,67 (,1( u3$1181* wP g6 *,/7 '(01$&+ 2'(5
wBwR 3 JrBrRKSBT 3 SRzBTR 'dOy(57 z 3 TR /* JwBwRK P
JSYPTK
o,7+,/)( (,1(6 v$6&+(15(&+1(56 /$66(1 6,&+ n(,6781*6O 2'(5 u3$1181*69(5+>/71,66( A ,0 r5,1=,3 A /(,&+7 ,1 'd 805(&+1(1 81' 80*(.(+57P f$%(, .?11(1 $//(5',1*6 t(&+(1)(+/(5 $8)75(7(1] =85 m21752//( 62// ',( )2/*(1'( y(57(7$%(//( ',(1(1P 'dOy(57
n(,6781*69(5+>/71,6
u3$1181*69(5+>/71,6
R S U X SR TR UR VR
SP[[W \S SPTW[ \S SP[[W \S UP[ZS \S SRP[[W \S SRRP[[W \S SRRRP[[W \S SRRRRP[[W \S
SP[[W \S SPSTT \S SPVSU \S SP[[W \S UPSXT \S SRP[[W \S USPXTU \S SRRP[[W \S
d(, c%6&+:>&+81* ,67 '(5 5(=,352.( y(57 '(6 x(5+>/71,66(6 =8 1(+0(1P
SYPV p$785.2167$17(1
[UW
k1 '(5 r+<6,. 6,1' x(5+>/71,6$1*$%(1 ,1 f(=,%(/ 81@%/,&+P g,1( c861$+0( ,67 '(5 u&+$//'58&. ,1 '(5 c.867,.P c/6 d(=8*66&+$//'58&. :,5' ',( j?56&+:(//( 921 TR =r$ =8*581'( *(/(*7P f$ '(5 u&+$//'58&. (,1( c03/,78'(1*5?M( ,67N :,5' '(5 '(.$',6&+( n2*$5,7+086 '(6 u&+$//'58&.9(5+>/71,66(6 0,7 TR 08/7,3/,=,(57P A d(, (,1(5 v21)5(48(1= 921 SRRR j= ,67 '(5 u&+$//'58&. ,1 f(=,%(/ */(,&+ '(5 n$8767>5.( ,1 r+21P |85 u&+$//0(6681*N *(0,77(/7 @%(5 (,1(1 *52M(1 v21)5(48(1=%(5(,&+N :(5O '(1 (/(.7521,6&+( x(567>5.(5 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 *(12507(1 h5(48(1=7/7(51 9(5:(1O '(7N ',( '(0 )5(48(1=$%+>1*,*(1 n$8767>5.((0371'(1 '(6 0(16&+/,&+(1 q+5(6 )@5 %(67,007( h5(48(1=%(5(,&+( %(621'(56 *87 $1*(3$667 6,1'P u&+$//'58&.Oo(6681*(1 0,7 '(0 )@5 NN1250$/(1 n>50DD *87 *((,*1(7(1 cOh,/7(5 :(5'(1 ,1 'dJcK $1*(*(%(1P g5* Jg1(5*,((,1+(,7 $86 '(0 &*6Ou<67(0KP S (5* 3 SR2Y lN 12&+ 9(5:(1'(7 ,1 '(5 c67523+<6,. 81' m2602/2*,(P i$8M Jg,1+(,7 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( d $86 '(0 &*6Ou<67(0KP S i 3 SR2V vN 12&+ 9(5:(1'(7 ,1 '(5 i(23+<6,.P q(567(' Jg,1+(,7 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g55(*81* j $86 '(0 &*6Ou<67(0KP S q( 3 SRUJV@K2S cB0 3 Y[PWZ" cB0 P h@5 o(',(1 0,7 ,5 3 S *,/7 85 8Bi 3 8; 8Bq( P v211(Ou7(,1.2+/(1(,1+(,7 Jg1(5*,((,1+(,7 '(5 g1(5*,(:,576&+$)7KP
2'(5
S 7 umg 3 YPR 6 SR[ &$/ 3 T[PURYX il 3 ZSVS .y+ 3 RP[TZY .y$ . S .y$ S 7 umgBl$+5 . S .y]
'P +PN '(5 g1(5*,(9(5%5$8&+ 921 S 7 umg 352 l$+5 (17635,&+7 (7:$ '(5 0,77/(5(1 n(,6O 781* 921 S .yP
SYPV p$785.2167$17(1 |(,7/,&+( m2167$1=P g6 ,67 2)7 ',( h5$*( *(67(//7 :25'(1N 2% ',( p$785.2167$17(1 :,5./,&+ NN.2167$17DD 6,1'N 2'(5 6,&+ @%(5 .2602/2*,6&+( |(,75>80( >1'(51P d,6 -(7=7 *,%7 (6 .(,1(1 j,1:(,6( $8) ',( p,&+7.2167$1= ,5*(1'(,1(5 p$785.2167$17(P x(5%,1'81* =8 0(66%$5(1 i5?M(1P p,&+7 $//( p$785.2167$17(1 6,1' NN',5(.7DD 0(66%$5] ',( 0(,67(1 .?11(1 $8) 9(56&+,('(1( y(,6(N 2)7 ,1 r52'8.7.20%,1$7,21(1 0,7 $1O
[UX
SY j,1:(,6( 81' v$%(//(1
'(5(1 p$785.2167$17(1 (5+$/7(1 :(5'(1P w0 ',( x(5%,1'81* =8 0(66%$5(1 i5?M(1 =8 =(,*(1N :,5' ,0 h2/*(1'(1 %(6&+5,(%(1N :,( A ,0 r5,1=,3 A ',( p$785.2167$17(1 *(0(66(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P g,1,*( $1'(5( o(660?*/,&+.(,7(1 :(5'(1 $/6 h8M127(1 $1*(*(%(1P h(+/(5$1*(%(1P f,( |$+/(1 ,1 m/$00(51 6,1' ',( JuKOw16,&+(5+(,7(1 '(5 /(7=7(1 $1*(*(%(1(1 u7(//(1P f$6 6,1' 1,&+7 ',( o(66)(+/(5N ',( %(, '(5 $1*(*(%(1(1 o(66O 0?*/,&+.(,7 (5+$/7(1 :25'(1 6,1'N 621'(51 ',( g5*(%1,66( (,1(5 80)$1*5(,&+(1 c86O */(,&+65(&+181*N %(, '(5 $//( o(6681*(1 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7 :85'(1P m2167$17(1 '(5 )81'$0(17$/(1 y(&+6(/:,5.81*(1P k1 v$%P SYPX %(6&+5>1.(1 :,5 816 $8) i5$9,7$7,21 81' (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(&+6(/:,5.81*P f,( NN6&+:$&+(DD 81' NN67$5.( y(&+6(/:,5.81*DD Jd'P VN m$3P WK :(5'(1 +,(5 1,&+7 %(75$&+7(7P f,( 62 *(1$117(1 3+<6,.$/,6&+O&+(0,6&+(1 p$785.2167$17(1 Jv$%P SYPYK +$%(1 d(=8* =80 $720$5(1 c8)%$8 '(5 o$7(5,(P f,( ,1 v$%P SYPX 81' v$%P SYPY $1*(*(%(1(1 m2167$17(1 :$5(1 6&+21 ,0 S[P l$+5O +81'(57 %(.$117P c86 ,+1(1 81' (,1,*(1 $7203+<6,.$/,6&+(1 o(6681*(1 $86 '(0 TRP l$+5+81'(57 (5*(%(1 6,&+ ',( h81'$0(17$/.2167$17(1 921 v$%P SYPZP v$%P SYPX
m2167$17(1 '(5 i5$9,7$7,21 81' '(6 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086P
m2167$17(B|$+/(1:(57
o(6681*
i5$9,7$7,216.2167$17( i 3 XPXYV TJSRK SR2SS 0U .*2S 62T
e$9(1',6+Og;3(5,0(17 Jd'P SK
n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 J,0 x$.880K & 3 J&R ,RK2SBT G T[[ Y[T VWZ 0 62S
o(6681* 6P c%6&+1P XPTPS] -(7=7 )(67*(/(*7 '85&+ ',( f(71,7,21 '(5 ukOd$6,6(,1+(,7 NNo(7(5DD Jd'P SK
0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'.2167$17( ,R G V@ SR2Y p c2T
o(6681* 6P c%6&+1P XPTPS] -(7=7 )(67*(/(*7 '85&+ ',( f(71,7,21 '(5 ukOd$6,6(,1+(,7 NNc03(5(DD Jc%6&+1P UPUPTK
(/(.75,6&+( h(/'.2167$17( &R 3 J&T ,RK2S 3 ZPZWV SZY ZSY " 6 SR2ST h 02S
v$%P SYPY
r+<6,.$/,6&+O&+(0,6&+( p$785.2167$17(1P
m2167$17(B|$+/(1:(57
o(6681*
81,9(56(//( i$6.2167$17( t 3 ZPUSV VYTJSWK l 02/2S m2S
|867$1'6*/(,&+81* '(6 ,'($/(1 i$6(6 Jd'P SK
h$5$'$
g/(.752/<6( Jc%6&+1P STPSPTK
TP u75$+/81*6.2167$17( ,0 g;321(17(1 '(6 r/$1&.Oi(6(7=(6\ (;3J&TB+vK &T 3 RPRSV UZY YWTJTWK 0 m
u75$+/81* '(6 u&+:$5=(1 m?53(56 Jc%6&+1P XPSPSK
SYPV p$785.2167$17(1 v$%P SYPZ
[UY
h81'$0(17$/.2167$17(1 0,7 d(=8* =80 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086P
m2167$17(B|$+/(1:(57
o(6681*
n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 & 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'.2167$17( ,R J6,(+( v$%P SYPXK d2/7=0$11Om2167$17( . 3 SPUZR XWR WJTVK SR2TU l m2S 3 ZPXSY UVUJSWK SR2W (x m2S
d52:1I6&+( o2/(.8/$5%(:(*81* Jd'P SKN u(',0(17$7,216*/(,&+*(:,&+7(
r/$1&.Om2167$17($ + 3 XPXTX RX[ UJSSK SR2UV l 6 3 VPSUW XXY VUJUWK SR2SW (x 6 @ 3 +BJT@K 3 SPRWV WYS XZJSZK SR2UV l 6 3 XPWZT SS[ SWJWXK SR2SX (x 6
+ 3 &T .B&
g/(0(17$5/$'81*$ ( 3 SPXRT SYX WUJSVK SR2S[ e
o,//,.$1Og;3(5,0(17 Jc%6&+1P YPSPTK
c92*$'52Om2167$17(% pc 3 XPRTT SVS WJSRK SRTU 02/2S
pc 3 tB. 3 hB(
g/(.7521(1O 81' r52721(10$66( 0( 103 3 0JSjK 3 o$66( '(6 SjOc7206 0( 3 [PSR[ UZT XJSXK SR2US .* 3 WPVZW Y[[ R[V WJTVK SR2V 8 3 RPWSR [[Z [SZJVVK o(xB&T 03 3 SPXYT XTS YSJT[K SR2TY .* 3 SZUXPSWT XYT XSJZWK 0( 3 SPRRY TYX VXX ZZJSUK 8 3 [UZPTYT RT[JZRK o(xB&T
$86 5(/$7,9(5 c7200$66( c5JSjKN pc 81' J(B0KOd(67,0081*(1 '85&+ u75$+/$%/(1.81* ,0 o$*1(7)(/'
$ %
r+272(5(.7\ f(5 c167,(* '(6 g/(.7521(1Od5(06327(17,$/6 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 r+2721(1(1(5*,( /,()(57 (B+ Jc%6&+1P YPTPSK t?17*(1%(8*81* $0 g,1.5,67$//\ c86 '(1 i,77(5.2167$17(1N '(5 f,&+7( 81' '(5 5(/$7,9(1 c720O 0$66( (5*,%7 6,&+ pcP x25%(',1*81* ,67 ',( g,&+81* '(5 t?17*(1675$+/Oy(//(1/>1*(N =P dP '85&+ d(8*81* $1 (,1(0 J0(&+$1,6&+ +(5*(67(//7(1K i,77(5 0,7 %(.$117(5 i,77(5.2167$17(P
k1 v$%P SYPZ\
[UZ
SY j,1:(,6( 81' v$%(//(1
x,(/( )@5 ',( d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 '(5 $720$5(1 o$7(5,( :,&+O 7,*(1 m2167$17(1 /$66(1 6,&+ $/6 r52'8.7( 2'(5 s827,(17(1 921 h81'$0(17$/.21O 67$1(1 '$567(//(1P g,1( c86:$+/ 62/&+(5 m2167$17(1 *,%7 v$%P SYP[P v$%P SYP[ 7(1 6,1'P
p$0+$)7( m2167$17(1N ',( r52'8.7( 2'(5 s827,(17(1 921 h81'$0(17$/.2167$1O
m2167$17(1 '(5 v$%P SYPY\
t 3 . pcN
h(,16758.785Om2167$17(
2S
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t<'%(5*Og1(5*,(
gt< 3 +&tZ 3 TPSY[ ZYT R[JUYK SR2SZ l 3 SUPXRW X[T UJSTK (x
k21,6$7,216(1(5*,( '(6 jOc7206
g,21JjK 3 gt< 03BJ03 10(K 3 SUPW[Z (x
d2+5Ot$',86
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d2+5Oo$*1(721
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0$*1(7,6&+(6 h/86648$1780
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SYPW e+(0,6&+( g/(0(17( k1 ',(6(0 d8&+ :(5'(1 ',( c720( 81' o2/(.@/( 2)7 185 0,7 ,+5(1 &+(0,6&+(1 u<0%2/(1 $1*()@+57N 62 $8&+ ,0 r(5,2'(16<67(0 Jc%%P YPSSKP c/6 g5*>1=81* :(5'(1 ,1 v$%P SYPSR ',( &+(0,6&+(1 u<0%2/( ,1 $/3+$%(7,6&+(5 t(,+(1)2/*( 0,7 '(1 p$0(1 '(5 g/(0(17( .255(/,(57P v$%P SYPSR f,( &+(0,6&+(1 g/(0(17( ,1 $/3+$%(7,6&+(5 t(,+(1)2/*( '(5 u<0%2/( s8(//(\ +773\BB'(P:,.,3(',$P25*B:,.,Bn,67(A'(5A&+(0,6&+(1Ag/(0(17(A1$&+Au<0%2/ u<0O p$0( %2/
u<0O p$0( %2/
u<0O p$0( %2/
u<0O p$0( %2/
c& c* c/ c0 c5 c6 c7 c8 d d$
d( d, d+ d. d5 e e$ e' e( e)
e/ e0 e2 e5 e6 e8 f% f6 f< g5
g6 g8 h h( h0 h5 i$ i' i( j
c&7,1,80 u,/%(5 c/80,1,80 c0(5,&,80 c5*21 c56(1 c67$7 i2/' d25 d$5,80
d(5
e+/25 e85,80 m2%$/7 e+520 e>6,80 m83)(5 f8%1,80 f$5067$'7,80 f<63526,80 g5%,80
g,167(,1,80 g8523,80 h/825 g,6(1 h(50,80 h5$1&,80 i$//,80 i$'2/,1,80 i(50$1,80 y$66(56725
SYPV p$785.2167$17(1 u<0O p$0( %2/
u<0O p$0( %2/
u<0O p$0( %2/
u<0O p$0( %2/
j( j) j* j2 j6 k k1 k5 m m5 n$ n, n8 n5 o' o* o1 o2
o7 p p$ p% p' p( p, p2 p3 q q6 r r$ r% r' r0 r2 r5
r7 r8 t$ t% t( t* t+ t1 t7 t8 u u% u& u( u* u, u0 u1
u5 v$ v% v& v( v+ v, v/ v0 w x y z( { {% |1 |5
j(/,80 j$)1,80 s8(&.6,/%(5 j2/0,80 j$66,80 k2' k1',80 k5,',80 m$/,80 m5<3721 n$17+$1 n,7+,80 n87(7,80 n$:5(1&,80 o(1'(/(9,80 o$*1(6,80 o$1*$1 o2/<%'>1
o(,71(5,80 u7,&.6725 p$75,80 p,2% p(2'<0 p(21 p,&.(/ p2%(/,80 p(3781,80 u$8(56725 q60,80 r+263+25 r527$&7,1,80 d/(, r$//$',80 r520(7+,80 r2/21,80 r5$6(2'<0
r/$7,1 r/8721,80 t$',80 t8%,',80 t+(1,80 t2(17*(1,80 t+2',80 t$'21 t87+(5)25',80 t87+(1,80 u&+:()(/ c17,021 u&$1',80 u(/(1 u($%25*,80 u,/,&,80 u$0$5,80 |,11
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Schaltzeichen genormt
Gleichstrom Die Spannung darf rechts am Schaltzeichen angegeben werden, die Systemart links. (Nr. 02-02-03)
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Widerstand, allgemein Dämpfungsglied, allgemein (Nr. 04-01-01) Kondensator, allgemein (Nr. 04-02-01) Kondensator, gepolt z.B. Elektrolyt-Kondensator (Nr. 04-02-05) Induktivität, Spule Wicklung, Drossel (Nr. 04-03-01) Gleichrichtender Übergang (Nr. 05-01-07) Primär- oder Sekundärzelle Element, Batterie, Akkumulator Die längere Linie kennzeichnet den positiven Pol. (Nr. 06-15-01)
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Ă Klassische Elektrodynamik Bearbeitet von Christopher Witte Übersetzt von Kurt Müller 4. überarbeitete Auflage 2006
Juli 2006. Ca. XXX, 968 Seiten. 204 Abb. 7 Tab. Gebunden. € [D] 74,- / sFr 118,- / *US$ 99.90 ISBN 3-11-018970-4 „In der gesamten physikalischen Lehrbuchliteratur gibt es wohl kaum ein anderes Werk, das auf seinem Feld so unangefochten eine Spitzenstellung behauptet wie das Elektrodynamik-Buch von Jackson, und das bereits seit vier Jahrzehnten.“ – Physik Journal. Die deutsche Übersetzung dieses Klassikers der theoretischen Physik erscheint jetzt in einer sorgfältig durchgesehenen Neuauflage. Fehler in Gleichungen und Formeln sowie typographische Unstimmigkeiten wurden durchgehend verbessert. Hiermit wird das Werk seinem Anspruch an Genauigkeit und Lesbarkeit weiterhin gerecht. Einzigartig bleibt die konkurrenzlos hohe Anzahl von konkret gerechneten Beispielen, exakt durchgerechneten Fällen und zahlreichen Übungsaufgaben. Nach wie vor ist das Buch seit der 3. Auflage größtenteils in SI geschrieben. Seine Anwendungsnähe (auch zur Experimentalphysik) wird sowohl von Studenten als auch von Wissenschaftlern, Hochschullehrern und Ingenieuren geschätzt.
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W W W. D E G RU Y T E R . D E
John David Jackson
