Manic Depression - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

MANIC

DEPRESSION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Manic Depression: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84027-X 1. Manic Depression-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on manic depression. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MANIC DEPRESSION ................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Manic Depression ......................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MANIC DEPRESSION ....................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Finding Nutrition Studies on Manic Depression ........................................................................ 21 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 22 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MANIC DEPRESSION ................................................. 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 25 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 26 General References ....................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MANIC DEPRESSION .............................................................................. 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Patents on Manic Depression ...................................................................................................... 29 Patent Applications on Manic Depression .................................................................................. 35 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MANIC DEPRESSION ................................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON MANIC DEPRESSION....................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Bibliography: Multimedia on Manic Depression......................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MANIC DEPRESSION.................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 47 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 49 Academic Periodicals covering Manic Depression ...................................................................... 49 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 53 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 55 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 59 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 63 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 63 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 69 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 69 MANIC DEPRESSION DICTIONARY ....................................................................................... 71

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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 107

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with manic depression is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about manic depression, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to manic depression, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on manic depression. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to manic depression, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on manic depression. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MANIC DEPRESSION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on manic depression.

Federally Funded Research on Manic Depression The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to manic depression. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to manic depression. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore manic depression. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for manic depression: •

Project Title: BIOCHEM TRANSDUCTION

ANAL

OF

WC1--CIRCADIAN

RHYTHM/LIGHT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Kwangwon; Biochemistry; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Manic Depression

Summary: (Applicant's abstract reproduced verbatim): Most organisms have an internal circadian clock which influences many aspects of daily activities. The disruption of the circadian clock in humans leads to several rhythmicity disorders including sleep disorders and psychiatric illnesses such as manic depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder. Recent clock studies in mammals have revealed that the circadian clock in mammalian systems appears to be based upon a paradigm similar to that established in the fungus Neurospora crassa and the insect Drosophila melanogaster. The current basic paradigm for the cellular oscillator is a transcriptional/ translational feedback loop, which is composed of negative (FRQ in Neurospora, PER in Drosophila and mPER1, mPER2 and mPER3 in mammals) and positive elements (WC1 and WC2 in Neurospora, dCLOCK and CYC in Drosophila, and CLOCK and BMAL1 in mammals). The key positive elements in the feedback loop contain PAS domains, through which they form homo- or hetero-dimers. WC1 is, so far, the only known PAS-containing protein that plays a role both in light reception and in circadian rhythms. The research in this application is aimed at answering the following questions: 1) What are the roles of FRQ and WC1 in each other's expression? 2) What are the components of the WC1 complex in constant dark (where the free running oscillation can be studied) and after a light pulse? 3) What is the significance of the PAS domain in the operation of the circadian feedback loop and in the light signal transduction? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CARDIAC TERATOGENICITY OF LITHIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Linask, Kersti K.; Professor; Cell Biology; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-Sch Osteopathic Med Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, Nj 08084 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (Adopted from the Applicant's Abstract): Lithium (Li++) is widely used in the prophylaxis and treatment of bipolar disorder (manic depression) which for women clusters during childbearing years. Controversy continues to exist on the use of lithium during pregnancy and teratogenic effects of during cardiac embryogenesis. Data from lithium birth registries and clinical studies indicate an increased risk in congenital abnormalities with the heart predominantly affected. There have been no cellular and molecular studies addressing lithium's role specifically in cardiac teratogenicity in animal models. Good informative epidemiologic studies among children of women treated with Li++ during pregnancy are difficult to perform. Li++ has been shown to have dramatic effects on morphogenesis in the vertebrate embryo through the Wnt/Bcatenin signaling pathway by its inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. How Li++ may exert its teratogenic effects during cardiogenesis is not known. Our research indicates that Li++ affects cytoplasmic 8-catenin in precardiac cells and that these effects are amplified during development. The broad goals are: 1) To determine how Li++ is responsible for the increased incidence of congenital cardiac defects in humans, by analyzing on the cell and molecular level Li++ effects on avian and mouse heart development. 2) Using echocardiography and microarray analyses to determine the effects and pathways by which Li++ acts on the embryonic mouse heart. The hypotheses to be tested are: Hypothesis: Li++ affects cell reorganization into an epithelium and results in wider hearts (2) Hypothesis: Li++ effects on the cardiac compartment are related to its mimicking Wnt signaling and the resulting increased cytoplasmic B-catenin pools. Hypothesis: Elevation of B-catenin by misexpression in the precardiac mesoderm leads to abnormal cardiac cell differentiation and compartmentalization. (2B): Hypothesis: Misexpression of LEF1 inhibits the activation of specific genes that are necessary for subsequent normal cardiac morphogenetic processes to take place. (3)

Studies

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Hypothesis: Li++ exposure in mouse embryos affects cardiac cell function and gene expression. Such studies will provide important insights on a molecular level into the use of Li++ on embryonic human cardiac development during pregnancy. Until the safety of lithium is conclusively proven, one must assume teratogenic potential and harm to the fetus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDY OF MANIC DEPRESSION AND SCHIZOPHRENIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Byerley, William F.; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, Ut 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The Principal Investigator, Dr. Byerley, has moved to the University of California at Irvine but collaborators remain at Utah and patients continue to be evaluated at the GCRC and a very large collection of Epstein-Barr Virus transformed cell lines is maintained in the GCRC Core Laboratory. The principal objective of this study is to identify genes that underlie susceptibility to manic-depressive illness (MDI) and schizophrenia (SCZ). Pedigree ascertainment continues in outbred populations from the United States, Palau, Micronesia and Dagahestan, Russia. Sixteen multiplex MDI pedigrees and 20 multiplex pedigrees with SCZ have been ascertained from the Intermountain West, phenotyping has been completed and over 500 cell lines and DNA stocks have been established. The objective in Palau was to ascertain all cases of schizophrenia and the relatives. Approximately 160 schizophrenics in the isolated population of Palau, Micronesia have been ascertained and DNA and cell lines collected from most. Almost all cases of SCZ in Palau have proven to be familial. The sample collected from Dagahestan has yielded 15 families, nine of which are large multiplex families, each having between 12 and 60 cases of SCZ. Both general linkage analysis and the candidate gene approach are being employed by this study. Many of the results have been published. Both SCZ and MDI are almost certainly complex disorders with multiple contributing genes. Linkage to several loci have been detected in pedigrees from various sources. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: NMR AND FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF LI+ INTERACTIONS IN CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mota De Freitas, Duarte E.; Professor; Chemistry; Loyola University of Chicago Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1990; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Lithium salts continue to be the most promising drugs in the treatment of acute episodes and the prevention of relapses in patient suffering from manic depression or bipolar illness. Even though lithium salts have been used clinically in the treatment of bipolar patients for fifty years, their pharmacologic mode of action is unclear. The main goals of the research proposed in this applications are: (i) to advance the understanding at the molecular and cellular levels of the pharmacologic action of the Li+ ion in the treatment of bipolar disorder by analyzing the binding and transport properties of Li+, Mg2+ ions in human neuroblastoma and lymphoblatoma cells, and in purified wild-type and mutated guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging; and (ii) to test the application of these spectroscopic and imaging methods to

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Manic Depression

the identification of bipolar patients who are likely to respond to lithium treatment or are most susceptible to experiencing lithium toxicity. The proposed spectroscopic and imaging methods will test two interrelated mechanisms of actions Li+: a cell membrane abnormality, and a competition mechanism between Li+ and Mg2+ ions for membrane binding sites (in particular, anionic phospholipids and the metal-binding domain of G proteins). Our preliminary studies with cultured cells and G proteins indicate that the spectroscopic and imaging methods proposed in this study provide new information on Li+ interactions with cell components; this new information could not have been obtained with other techniques routinely used for Li+ analysis. In addition to contributing to an advancement of the understanding at the molecular and cellular levels of the pharmacologic action of the Li+ ion in the treatment of bipolar illness, the results of this study may also be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of bipolar patients. More precisely defined molecular parameters, such as Li+ binding constants to the lymphoblastoma membranes from bipolar patients and their phospholipid composition, may by useful for predicting the success of Li+ therapy and the likelihood of Li+ toxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with manic depression, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “manic depression” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for manic depression (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of persistent manic depressive illness induced by interferon-alfa in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Author(s): Monji A, Yoshida I, Tashiro K, Hayashi Y, Tashiro N. Source: Psychosomatics. 1998 November-December; 39(6): 562-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9819961&dopt=Abstract

•

A manic depressive history. Author(s): Risch N, Botstein D. Source: Nature Genetics. 1996 April; 12(4): 351-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8630482&dopt=Abstract

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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A neuroimmune hypothesis for the aetiopathology of viral illness and manic depression: a case report of an adolescent. Author(s): Pavuluri MN, Smith M. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1996 June 20; 39(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835648&dopt=Abstract

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A possible locus for manic depressive illness on chromosome 16p13. Author(s): Ewald H, Mors O, Flint T, Koed K, Eiberg H, Kruse TA. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1995 Summer; 5(2): 71-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7551966&dopt=Abstract

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A search for genes predisposing to manic depressive illness on chromosome 20. Author(s): Ewald H, Eiberg H, Mors O. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1995 Fall; 5(3): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8746408&dopt=Abstract

•

Advances in psychiatry. 6. Manic depression. Author(s): Mitchell R. Source: Nurs Times. 1974 August 1; 70(31): 1199-1201. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4847373&dopt=Abstract

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Alcoholism in manic depressive (bipolar) patients. Author(s): Winokur G, Cook B, Liskow B, Fowler R. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1993 September; 54(5): 574-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8412147&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of chromosome 18 DNA markers in multiplex pedigrees with manic depression. Author(s): Coon H, Hoff M, Holik J, Hadley D, Fang N, Reimherr F, Wender P, Byerley W. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 April 15; 39(8): 689-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8731455&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of GABAA receptor subunit genes in multiplex pedigrees with manic depression. Author(s): Coon H, Hicks AA, Bailey ME, Hoff M, Holik J, Harvey RJ, Johnson KJ, Darlison MG, Reimherr F, Wender P, et al. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1994 Fall; 4(3): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7719705&dopt=Abstract

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Anticonvulsants for treatment of manic depression. Author(s): Delucchi GA, Calabrese JR. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1989 November-December; 56(8): 756-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2691115&dopt=Abstract

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Association analysis of the HOPA12bp polymorphism in schizophrenia and manic depressive illness. Author(s): Kirov G, Georgieva L, Nikolov I, Zammit S, Jones G, Poriazova N, Tolev T, Owen R, Jones S, Owen MJ. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 April 1; 118B(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627458&dopt=Abstract

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Association and haplotype analysis at the tyrosine hydroxylase locus in a combined German-British sample of manic depressive patients and controls. Author(s): Korner J, Rietschel M, Hunt N, Castle D, Gill M, Nothen MM, Craddock N, Daniels J, Owen M, Fimmers R, et al. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1994 Fall; 4(3): 167-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7719703&dopt=Abstract

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Brain mechanisms in manic depression. Author(s): Carroll BJ. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1994 February; 40(2): 303-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8313611&dopt=Abstract

•

Candidate genes and favoured loci: strategies for molecular genetic research into schizophrenia, manic depression, autism, alcoholism and Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Gurling H. Source: Psychiatr Dev. 1986 Winter; 4(4): 289-309. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3554229&dopt=Abstract

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Changes of ADP-ribosylation of GTP-binding protein by pertussis toxin in human platelets during long-term treatment of manic depression with lithium carbonate. Author(s): Watanabe Y, Morita H, Imaizumi T, Takeda M, Hariguchi S, Nishimura T, Yoshida H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1990 November; 17(11): 809-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2127736&dopt=Abstract

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Coagulation inhibition in manic depression: relevance of prostaglandins. Author(s): Backon J. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1983; 69(6): 419. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6407265&dopt=Abstract

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Confirmation of the relationship of HLA (chromosome 6) genes to depression and manic depression. II. The Ontario follow-up and analysis of 117 kindreds. Author(s): Stancer HC, Weitkamp LR, Persad E, Flood C, Jorna T, Guttormsen SA, Yagnow RL. Source: Annals of Human Genetics. 1988 October; 52 ( Pt 4): 279-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3268040&dopt=Abstract

•

Decreased serotonin transporter binding in unaffected relatives of manic depressive patients. Author(s): Leboyer M, Quintin P, Manivet P, Varoquaux O, Allilaire JF, Launay JM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 December 15; 46(12): 1703-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624553&dopt=Abstract

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Diltiazem effect on carbamazepine levels in manic depression. Author(s): Gadde K, Calabrese JR. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990 October; 10(5): 378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2258457&dopt=Abstract

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Diminished support for linkage between manic depressive illness and X-chromosome markers in three Israeli pedigrees. Author(s): Baron M, Freimer NF, Risch N, Lerer B, Alexander JR, Straub RE, Asokan S, Das K, Peterson A, Amos J, et al. Source: Nature Genetics. 1993 January; 3(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8490654&dopt=Abstract

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Direct sequencing of the reserpine-sensitive vesicular monamine transporter complementary DNA in unipolar depression and manic depressive illness. Author(s): Lesch KP, Gross J, Wolozin BL, Franzek E, Bengel D, Riederer P, Murphy DL. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1994 Fall; 4(3): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7719701&dopt=Abstract

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Evolutionary epidemiology and manic depression. Author(s): Wilson DR. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1998 December; 71 ( Pt 4): 375-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875952&dopt=Abstract

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Exclusion of linkage between manic depressive illness and tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine D2 receptor genes. Author(s): Ewald H, Mors O, Friedrich U, Flint T, Kruse T. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1994 Spring; 4(1): 13-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7914141&dopt=Abstract

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False start on manic depression. Author(s): Robertson M. Source: Nature. 1989 November 16; 342(6247): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2812021&dopt=Abstract

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Familial manic depression, phenylketonuria and acromegaly. Author(s): Ananth J, Brown RD, Kravitz E. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1982 April; 27(3): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7093881&dopt=Abstract

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Genes and manic depression. Author(s): Baron M. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1997 Spring; 7(1): 49-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9264140&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic linkage analysis of manic depression in Iceland. Author(s): Curtis D, Sherrington R, Brett P, Holmes DS, Kalsi G, Brynjolfsson J, Petursson H, Rifkin L, Murphy P, Moloney E, et al. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1993 September; 86(9): 506-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8105081&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of manic depressive illness. Author(s): MacKinnon DF, Jamison KR, DePaulo JR. Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience. 1997; 20: 355-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9056718&dopt=Abstract

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How does lithium work on manic depression? Clinical and psychological correlates of the inositol theory. Author(s): Belmaker RH, Bersudsky Y, Agam G, Levine J, Kofman O. Source: Annual Review of Medicine. 1996; 47: 47-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8712796&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of four novel polymorphisms in the calcitonin/alpha-CGRP (CALCA) gene and an investigation of their possible associations with Parkinson disease, schizophrenia, and manic depression. Author(s): Buervenich S, Xiang F, Sydow O, Jonsson EG, Sedvall GC, Anvret M, Olson L. Source: Human Mutation. 2001 May; 17(5): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317366&dopt=Abstract

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Idiosyncratic dapsone induced manic depression. Author(s): Daneshmend T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 July 29; 299(6694): 324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2504425&dopt=Abstract

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Idiosyncratic dapsone induced manic depression. Author(s): Carmichael AJ, Paul CJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 June 3; 298(6686): 1524. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2503107&dopt=Abstract

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Information processing deficits in relatives of manic depressive patients. Author(s): Pierson A, Jouvent R, Quintin P, Perez-Diaz F, Leboyer M. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2000 May; 30(3): 545-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883710&dopt=Abstract

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Isaac Newton: mercury poisoning or manic depression? Author(s): Lieb J, Hershman D. Source: Lancet. 1983 December 24-31; 2(8365-66): 1479-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6140563&dopt=Abstract

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John Cade and the discovery of lithium treatment for manic depressive illness. Author(s): Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 September 6; 171(5): 262-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10495760&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of genetic variation in the coding region of the myo-inositol monophosphatase gene in lithium-treated patients with manic depressive illness. Author(s): Steen VM, Gulbrandsen AK, Eiken HG, Berle JO. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 1996 February; 6(1): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8845858&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Diurnal temperature and manic depression. Author(s): Tupin JP. Source: Lancet. 1973 October 13; 2(7833): 843. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4126633&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage analysis between manic depressive illness and the dopamine betahydroxylase gene. Author(s): Ewald H, Mors O, Flint T, Eiberg H, Kruse TA. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1994 Fall; 4(3): 177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7719704&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage analysis between manic depressive illness and the region on chromosome 12q involved in Darier's disease. Author(s): Ewald H, Mors O, Flint T, Kruse TA. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1994 Winter; 4(4): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7712114&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage analysis of manic depression (bipolar affective disorder) in Icelandic and British kindreds using markers on the short arm of chromosome 18. Author(s): Kalsi G, Smyth C, Brynjolfsson J, Sherrington RS, O'Neill J, Curtis D, Rifkin L, Murphy P, Petursson H, Gurling HM. Source: Human Heredity. 1997 September-October; 47(5): 268-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9358015&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage analysis of manic depression in an Irish family using H-ras 1 and INS DNA markers. Author(s): Gill M, McKeon P, Humphries P. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1988 September; 25(9): 634-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3184144&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage analysis of the D1 dopamine receptor gene and manic depression in six families. Author(s): Jensen S, Plaetke R, Holik J, Hoff M, O'Connell P, Reimherr F, Wender P, Zhou QY, Civelli O, Litt M, et al. Source: Human Heredity. 1992; 42(5): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1360940&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium and the brain: a psychopharmacological strategy to a molecular basis for manic depressive illness. Author(s): Lenox RH, Watson DG. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1994 February; 40(2): 309-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8313612&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium up-regulates the cytoprotective protein Bcl-2 in the CNS in vivo: a role for neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in manic depressive illness. Author(s): Manji HK, Moore GJ, Chen G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Suppl 9: 82-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826666&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depression and creativity. Author(s): Holden C. Source: Science. 1986 August 15; 233(4765): 723. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3738505&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depression gene put in limbo. Author(s): Barinaga M. Source: Science. 1989 November 17; 246(4932): 886-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2814512&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depression induced by dapsone in patient with dermatitis herpetiformis. Author(s): Gawkrodger D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 September 30; 299(6703): 860. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2510873&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depression. Author(s): Corker E. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1983 July 13; 157(2): 43-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6554724&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depression. Highs and lows on the research roller coaster. Author(s): Marshall E. Source: Science. 1994 June 17; 264(5166): 1693-5. Erratum In: Science 1994 July 22; 265(5171): 459. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8209248&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depression: a multiple hormone disorder? Author(s): Skutsch GM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1985 June; 20(6): 662-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3888297&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depression: a pendulum of elation and misery. Author(s): Byrne K. Source: Caritas. 1990 Autumn; 56(75): 13-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2207817&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depression: a token gesture. Author(s): Gough H. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1981 August 19; 153(8): 32-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6911721&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depression: an overview. Author(s): Dixson DL. Source: J Psychiatr Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1981 June; 19(6): 28-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6265629&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depression: do people receive adequate support? Author(s): Shepherd G, Hill RG. Source: Nurs Times. 1996 June 26-July 2; 92(26): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8717697&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depression--a disorder of central dopaminergic rhythm. Author(s): Skutsch GM. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1981 June; 7(6): 737-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7278735&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depressive (bipolar) disorder. Author(s): Petri ML. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1995 November; 92(5): 398. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8619346&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depressive disorder and lithium over the decades: the very educational case of Mrs. L. Author(s): Jefferson JW, Sen D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994 August; 55(8): 340-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8071302&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depressive illness and tyrosine hydroxylase gene: linkage heterogeneity and association. Author(s): Malafosse A, Leboyer M, d'Amato T, Amadeo S, Abbar M, Campion D, Canseil O, Castelnau D, Gheysen F, Granger B, Henrikson B, Poirier MF, Sabate O, Samolyk D, Feingold J, Mallet J. Source: Neurobiology of Disease. 1997; 4(5): 337-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9440122&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depressive illness and X chromosome. Author(s): Mendlewicz J, Sevy S, Charon F, Legros S. Source: Lancet. 1991 November 9; 338(8776): 1213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1682627&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depressive illness is linked to factor IX in a French pedigree. Author(s): Lucotte G, Landoulsi A, Berriche S, David F, Babron MC. Source: Annales De Genetique. 1992; 35(2): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1524415&dopt=Abstract

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Manic depressive psychosis and schizophrenia are neurological disorders at the extremes of CNS maturation and nutritional disorders associated with a deficit in marine fat. Author(s): Saugstad LF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 December; 57(6): 679-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918426&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal inheritance of manic depression in hemizygotes for the G6PDMediterranean mutation. Indirect evidence for Xq28 transmission in Sardinia. Author(s): Bocchetta A, Piccardi MP, Martinelli V, Quesada G, Del Zompo M. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1999 June; 9(2): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10412184&dopt=Abstract

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Minisatellite mapping in manic depression. Author(s): Hodgkinson S, Gurling HM, Marchbanks RH, McInnis M, Petursson H. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1987; 21(4): 589-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2894463&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular genetic evidence for heterogeneity in manic depression. Author(s): Hodgkinson S, Sherrington R, Gurling H, Marchbanks R, Reeders S, Mallet J, McInnis M, Petursson H, Brynjolfsson J. Source: Nature. 1987 February 26-March 4; 325(6107): 805-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2881210&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular genetics and heterogeneity in manic depression. Author(s): Gurling HM, Sherrington RP, Brynjolfsson J, Potter M, McInnis M, Petursson H, Hodgkinson S. Source: Molecular Neurobiology. 1988 Summer; 2(2): 125-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3077314&dopt=Abstract

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No association between dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism and manic depressive illness. Author(s): Perez de Castro I, Torres P, Fernandez-Piqueras J, Saiz-Ruiz J, Llinares C. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 November; 31(11): 897-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7853381&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence for a susceptibility locus predisposing to manic depression in the region of the dopamine (D2) receptor gene. Author(s): Holmes D, Brynjolfsson J, Brett P, Curtis D, Petursson H, Sherrington R, Gurling H. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1991 May; 158: 635-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1677600&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence of linkage between manic depressive illness and the dopa decarboxylase gene or nearby region on chromosome 7p. Author(s): Ewald H, Mors O, Eiberg H, Flint T, Kruse TA. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1995 Winter; 5(4): 161-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8750358&dopt=Abstract

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On the use of anticonvulsants for manic depression during pregnancy. Author(s): Cohen LS, Heller VL. Source: Psychosomatics. 1990 Fall; 31(4): 462-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2078236&dopt=Abstract

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Phenomenology of rapid cycling manic depression and its treatment with valproate. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Delucchi GA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1989 March; 50 Suppl: 30-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2494157&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and mood disorders: a blood test for manic depressive disease? Author(s): Petty F. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1994 February; 40(2): 296-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8313610&dopt=Abstract

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Polarity of the first episode, clinical characteristics, and course of manic depressive illness: a systematic retrospective investigation of 320 bipolar I patients. Author(s): Perugi G, Micheli C, Akiskal HS, Madaro D, Socci C, Quilici C, Musetti L. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000 January-February; 41(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646613&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphic DNA marker on X chromosome and manic depression. Author(s): Mendlewicz J, Simon P, Sevy S, Charon F, Brocas H, Legros S, Vassart G. Source: Lancet. 1987 May 30; 1(8544): 1230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2884369&dopt=Abstract

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Possible syndrome of high myopia with retinal degeneration, cataract, manic depression, and elevated plasma amino acids. Author(s): Heckenlively J. Source: Metab Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1980; 4(3): 155-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6779062&dopt=Abstract

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Prodromal symptoms in manic depressive psychosis. Author(s): Smith JA, Tarrier N. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1992 October; 27(5): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1439998&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudoautosomal marker DXYS20 and manic depression. Author(s): Nothen MM, Cichon S, Erdmann J, Korner J, Rietschel M, Rappold GA, Fritze J, Propping P. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1993 April; 52(4): 841-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8460649&dopt=Abstract

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Reconsidering the classification of schizophrenia and manic depressive illness--a critical analysis and new conceptual model. Author(s): Boteva K, Lieberman J. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2003 April; 4(2): 81-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692779&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced prolactin release after thyrotropin-releasing hormone in manic depression. Author(s): Mendlewicz J, Linkowski P, Brauman H. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 May 8; 302(19): 1091-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6767981&dopt=Abstract

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Relapse prevention in manic depressive illness: important and unimportant factors. Author(s): Schou M. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1991 September; 36(7): 502-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1933758&dopt=Abstract

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Role loss and working-class manic depression. Author(s): Glassner B, Haldipur CV, Dessauersmith J. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1979 September; 167(9): 530-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=479865&dopt=Abstract

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Seasonality of manic depressive illness in Canada. Author(s): Whitney DK, Sharma V, Kueneman K. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 October; 55(2-3): 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10628878&dopt=Abstract

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Segregation and linkage analysis in five manic depression pedigrees excludes the 5HT1a receptor gene (HTR1A). Author(s): Curtis D, Brynjolfsson J, Petursson H, Holmes S, Sherrington R, Brett P, Rifkin L, Murphy P, Moloney E, Holmes DS, et al. Source: Annals of Human Genetics. 1993 January; 57 ( Pt 1): 27-39. Erratum In: Ann Hum Genet 1993 October; 57(Pt 4): 311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8333729&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin transporter gene and manic depressive illness: an association study. Author(s): Bellivier F, Laplanche JL, Leboyer M, Feingold J, Bottos C, Allilaire JF, Launay JM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 March 15; 41(6): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9067001&dopt=Abstract

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Service system finance: implications for children with depression and manic depression. Author(s): Glied S, Neufeld A. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 June 15; 49(12): 1128-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430855&dopt=Abstract

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Single-strand conformation analysis (SSCA) of the dopamine D1 receptor gene (DRD1) reveals no significant mutation in patients with schizophrenia and manic depression. Author(s): Cichon S, Nothen MM, Rietschel M, Korner J, Propping P. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1994 December 15; 36(12): 850-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7893850&dopt=Abstract

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Stigma and self-esteem in manic depression: an exploratory study. Author(s): Hayward P, Wong G, Bright JA, Lam D. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 May; 69(1-3): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12103453&dopt=Abstract

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Stigma of manic depression: a psychologist's experience. Author(s): Jamison KR. Source: Lancet. 1998 September 26; 352(9133): 1053. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9759768&dopt=Abstract

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Systematic chromosome examination of two families with schizophrenia and two families with manic depressive illness. Author(s): Friedrich U, Mors O, Ewald H. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 February 16; 67(1): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8678116&dopt=Abstract

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Testing the retrovirus hypothesis of manic depression and schizophrenia with molecular genetic techniques. Author(s): Gurling HM. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1988 June; 81(6): 332-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3043002&dopt=Abstract

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The lithium clinic for treatment and prevention of manic depression: a cost benefit approach. Author(s): Fieve RR. Source: Egypt J Psychiatry. 1979 October; 2(2): 166-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=122215&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of HLA to depression and manic depression. I. The Newfoundland follow-up. Author(s): Stancer HC, Mellor C, Weitkamp LR, Jorna T, Flood C, Persad E, Jain SC, Guttormsen S. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1987 December; 32(9): 768-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3481287&dopt=Abstract

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The search for a manic depressive gene: from classical to molecular genetics. Author(s): Mendlewicz J. Source: Prog Brain Res. 1994; 100: 255-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7938526&dopt=Abstract

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The social and economic effects of manic depressive illness and of its treatment in lithium clinics. Author(s): Armond AD. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 1998 November; 48(8): 505-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024725&dopt=Abstract

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The upregulation of Na+,K(+)-ATPase pump numbers in lymphocytes from the firstdegree unaffected relatives of patients with manic depressive psychosis in response to in vitro lithium and sodium ethacrynate. Author(s): Antia IJ, Smith CE, Wood AJ, Aronson JK. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1995 April 16; 34(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7622737&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of suicidal manic depression. Author(s): Markar H. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1989 January; 154: 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2775943&dopt=Abstract

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Tryptophan pyrrolase induction in patients with manic depression. Author(s): Rubin TR, Clark BR, Mandell AJ. Source: Science. 1969 September 12; 165(898): 1146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5801600&dopt=Abstract

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Tuning in to manic depression. Author(s): Dubovsky S. Source: Health News. 1999 February 25; 5(3): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10081428&dopt=Abstract

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Unitary or binary nature of classification of depressive illness and its implications for the scope of manic depressive disorder. Author(s): Roth M. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 April; 64(1): 1-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11292515&dopt=Abstract

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Use of anticonvulsants for manic depression during pregnancy. Author(s): Markovitz PJ, Calabrese JR. Source: Psychosomatics. 1990 Winter; 31(1): 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2405447&dopt=Abstract

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Writing Amish culture into genes: biological reductionism in a study of manic depression. Author(s): Floersch J, Longhofer J, Latta K. Source: Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 1997 June; 21(2): 137-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248676&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MANIC DEPRESSION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and manic depression.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Manic Depression The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “manic depression” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “manic depression” (or a synonym): •

Changes of ADP-ribosylation of GTP-binding protein by pertussis toxin in human platelets during long-term treatment of manic depression with lithium carbonate. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology I, Osaka University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Watanabe, Y Morita, H Imaizumi, T Takeda, M Hariguchi, S Nishimura, T Yoshida, H Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 1990 November; 17(11): 809-12 0305-1870

•

Direct sequencing of the reserpine-sensitive vesicular monamine transporter complementary DNA in unipolar depression and manic depressive illness. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Germany. Source: Lesch, K P Gross, J Wolozin, B L Franzek, E Bengel, D Riederer, P Murphy, D L Psychiatr-Genet. 1994 Fall; 4(3): 153-60 0955-8829

•

Fish oil shows promise in treating manic depression. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. August 1999. volume 17 (6) page 2.

•

How does lithium work on manic depression? Clinical and psychological correlates of the inositol theory. Author(s): Ministry of Health Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel. Source: Belmaker, R H Bersudsky, Y Agam, G Levine, J Kofman, O Annu-Rev-Med. 1996; 4747-56 0066-4219

•

Lithium and the brain: a psychopharmacological strategy to a molecular basis for manic depressive illness. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington 05405. Source: Lenox, R H Watson, D G Clin-Chem. 1994 February; 40(2): 309-14 0009-9147

•

Phenomenology of rapid cycling manic depression and its treatment with valproate. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195-5192. Source: Calabrese, J R Delucchi, G A J-Clin-Psychiatry. 1989 March; 50 Suppl30-4 01606689

•

Transmembrane lithium distribution and hypertension in manic depressive patients. Author(s): Douglas Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Source: Ghadirian, A M Nair, N P Schwartz, G Prog-Neuropsychopharmacol-BiolPsychiatry. 1989; 13(3-4): 525-30 0278-5846

•

U.S. experience with valproate in manic depressive illness: a multicenter trial. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY. Source: Brown, R J-Clin-Psychiatry. 1989 March; 50 Suppl13-6 0160-6689

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

Nutrition

23

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to manic depression; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Manic Depression

•

Minerals Vanadium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

25

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MANIC DEPRESSION Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to manic depression. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to manic depression and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “manic depression” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to manic depression: •

Manic depression: do people receive adequate support? Author(s): Shepherd G, Hill RG. Source: Nurs Times. 1996 June 26-July 2; 92(26): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8717697&dopt=Abstract

•

Mutual aid for affective disorders: the manic depressive and depressive association. Author(s): Kurtz LF. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1988 January; 58(1): 152-5. Erratum In: Am J Orthopsychiatry 1988 April; 58(2): 312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3344801&dopt=Abstract

•

New approaches to the treatment of manic depressive illness. Author(s): Naylor GJ.

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Source: Neuropharmacology. 1980 December; 19(12): 1233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6777710&dopt=Abstract •

Polarity of the first episode, clinical characteristics, and course of manic depressive illness: a systematic retrospective investigation of 320 bipolar I patients. Author(s): Perugi G, Micheli C, Akiskal HS, Madaro D, Socci C, Quilici C, Musetti L. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000 January-February; 41(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646613&dopt=Abstract

•

Short-cycle manic depressive psychosis in mental defectives: a clinical and physiological study. Author(s): Reid AH, Naylor GJ. Source: J Ment Defic Res. 1976 March; 20(1): 67-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1271457&dopt=Abstract

•

Vanadium and manic depressive psychosis. Author(s): Naylor GJ. Source: Nutr Health. 1984; 3(1-2): 79-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6443582&dopt=Abstract

•

Vanadium: a possible aetiological factor in manic depressive illness. Author(s): Naylor GJ, Smith AH. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1981 May; 11(2): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6791192&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

Alternative Medicine 27

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to manic depression; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Manic Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements 5-hydroxytryptophan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inositol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lecithin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Perphenazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Piroxicam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Same Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thioridazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Manic Depression

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

29

CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MANIC DEPRESSION Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “manic depression” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on manic depression, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Manic Depression By performing a patent search focusing on manic depression, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Manic Depression

The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on manic depression: •

Human neurotensin receptor type 2 and splice variants thereof Inventor(s): Bergsma; Derk Jon (Berwyn, PA), Shabon; Usman (Swarthmore, PA) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,008,050 Date filed: April 2, 1997 Abstract: Human neurotensin type 2 polypeptides and polynucleotides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing human neurotensin type 2 polypeptides and polynucleotides in the design of protocols for the treatment of infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain; cancers; anorexia; bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome, among others and diagnostic assays for such conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by them and to the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, and to their production. More particularly, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention relate to a G-protein coupled 7-transrembrane receptor, hereinafter referred to as human neurotensin type 2. The invention also relates to inhibiting or activating the action of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. It is well established that many medically significant biological processes are mediated by proteins participating in signal transduction pathways that involve G-proteins and/or second messengers, e.g., cAMP (Lefkowitz, Nature, 1991, 351:353-354). These proteins are herein referred to as proteins participating in pathways with G-proteins or PPG proteins. Some examples of these proteins include the GPC receptors, such as those for adrenergic agents and doparnine (Kobilka, B. K., et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., USA, 1987, 84:46-50; Kobilka, B. K., et al., Science, 1987, 238:650-656; Bunzow, J. R., et al., Nature, 1988, 336:783-787), Gproteins themselves, effector proteins, e.g., phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase, and actuator proteins, e.g., protein kinase A and protein kinase C (Simon, M. I., et al., Science, 1991, 252:802-8). For exarnple, in one form of signal transduction, the effect of hormone binding is activation of the enzyme, adenylate cyclase, inside the cell. Enzyme activation by hormones is dependent on the presence of the nucleotide GTP. GTP also influences hormone binding. A G-protein connects the hormone receptor to adenylate cyclase. G-protein was shown to exchange GTP for bound GDP when activated by a hormone receptor. The GTP carrying form then binds to activated adenylate cyclase. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, catalyzed by the G-protein itself, returns the G-protein to its basal inactive form Thus, the G-protein serves a dual role, as an intermediate that relays the signal from receptor to effector, and as a clock that controls the duration of the signal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06008050__

Patents 31

•

Human protein kinases hYAK3-2 Inventor(s): Creasy; Caretha (Erdenheim, PA), Dillon; Susan B. (Chester Springs, PA), Lord; Kenneth A. (Collegeville, PA) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,323,318 Date filed: August 10, 1999 Abstract: hYAK3-2 polypeptides and polynucleotides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing hYAK3-2 polypeptides and polynucleotides in the design of protocols for the treatment of bone loss including osteoporosis; inflammatory diseases such as Adult Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS), Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), psoriasis, dermatitis, asthma, allergies; infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; HIV-associated cachexia and other immunodeficiency disorders; septic shock; pain; injury; cancers including testicular cancer; anorexia; bulimia; neutropenia; cytopenia; anemias, including anemias due to renal insufficiency or to chronic disease, such as autoimmunity or cancer, and drug-induced anemias; polycythemia; myelosuppression; Parkinson's disease; cardiovascular disease including restenosis, atherosclerosis, acute heart failure, myocardial infarction; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; angina pectoris; ulcers; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome, among others, and diagnostic assays for such conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by them and to the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, and to their production. More particularly, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention relate to a serine/threonine protein kinase, hereinafter referred to as hYAK3-2. The invention also relates to inhibiting or activating the action of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. A number of polypeptide growth factors and hormones mediate their cellular effects through a signal transduction pathway. Transduction of signals from the cell surface receptors for these ligands to intracellular effectors frequently involves phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of specific protein substrates by regulatory protein serine/threonine kinases (PSTK) and phosphatases. Serine/threonine phosphorylation is a major mediator of signal transduction in multicellular organisms. Receptor-bound, membrane-bound and intracellular PSTKs regulate cell proliferation, cell differentiation and signalling processes in many cell types. Aberrant protein serine/threonine kinase activity has been implicated or is suspected in a number of pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, septic shock, bone loss, many cancers and other proliferative diseases. Accordingly, serine/threonine kinases and the signal transduction pathways which they are part of are potential targets for drug design. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06323318__

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•

Method of treating manic depression by brain infusion Inventor(s): Rise; Mark T. (7745 Aetna Ave. NE., Monticello, MN 55432) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,176,242 Date filed: April 30, 1999 Abstract: Techniques using one or more drugs, electrical stimulation or both to treat depression or manic depression by means of an implantable signal generator and electrode and/or an implantable pump and catheter. A catheter is surgically implanted in selected sites in the brain to infuse the drugs, and one or more electrodes are surgically implanted in the brain at selected sites to provide electrical stimulation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nerve tissue stimulation and infusion techniques, and more particularly relates to such techniques for treating depression and manic depression. A persons immediate emotional state is referred to as their affective state. Two normal emotions or affective states are eurphoria and depression. These affective states are experienced transiently by all persons in response life situations. For some individuals however, these normal emotional responses may become sustained for long periods of time. The general affective state may not reflect the momentary expeiences of the individual. Two affective disorders involving the emotions of eurphoria and depression are unipolar or major depression and bipolar depression or manic depression. Unipolar depression manifests as episodes of dysphoria (unpleasant mood) and anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) which may last for months. Symptoms may include a loss of energy, changes in weight (most often weight loss but possibly weight gain) insomnia or sometimes oversleeping, restlessness, and inability to concentrate, loss of sex drive, negative thoughts, feelings of worthlessness and suicidal ideation. Unipolar depression is characterized by subtypes. The estimates are that there may be as many as 4 million people in the United States suffering from depression. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06176242__

•

Method of treatment using deuterium compounds Inventor(s): Bell; Rupert Charles (Box A, Palmer Unit, K.P.H. 1312 Oakland Dr., Kalamazoo, MI 49008) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,376,531 Date filed: November 12, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides organic deuterium compounds which can be therapeutic compounds to treat manic depression. In particular, the present invention relates to deuterated methionine, norepinephrine, pyridoxine-5-phosphate, tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, N-acetyl serotonin and melatonin, which can be used as therapeutic agents. Excerpt(s): None. The present invention relates to deuterated therapeutic compounds for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of deuterated tryptophan, tryptamine, serotonin, melatonin, norepinephrine, vanilmandelic acid, vanitiolide, methionine, pyridoxine-5-phosphate, and derivatives therefrom as therapeutic agents. Deuterium oxide, otherwise known as heavy water, has been to shown to have a chronomutagenic effect on the period and entrainment of the

Patents 33

light-dark (LD) cycle of mice (Hayes and Palmer, Int. J. Chromobiol 4:63-69 (1976); and, Biol. Bull 143 513-524 (1972)). In particular, it has been shown that deuterium oxide suppressed the spontaneous locomotor activity of the mouse (Hayes and Palmer, Experientia, 4: 469-470 (1976)) Other references are Rutger Wever, In The Circadian System of Man, Springer Verlag; and, Mohammud & Sharon Shaffi, In Phototherapy, Biological Rhythms, Mood Disorders, and the Pineal Gland, American Psychiatric Press (1990). These cycles are also related to the manic depressive state in humans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06376531__ •

Methods of screening for agonists and antagonists of the interaction between the human KIAA0001 receptor and ligands thereof Inventor(s): Ames; Robert S. (Havertown, PA), Arnold; Anne Romanic (Wynnewood, PA), Chambers; Jonathan K. (Haslingfield, GB), Foley; James Joseph (Radnor, PA), Sarau; Henry M. (Harleysville, PA), Stewart; Brian R. (Welwyn, GB) Assignee(s): Smithkline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,238,873 Date filed: April 30, 1999 Abstract: Disclosed are methods for discovering agonists and antagonists of the interaction between UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-glucuronic acid, UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine, as well as related UDP sugars, and their cellular receptor, human KIAA0001, which may have utility in the treatment of several human diseases and disorders, including, but not limited to: infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain; cancers; diabetes, obesity; anorexia; bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; restenosis; atherosclerosis; diseases characterized by excessive smooth muscle cell proliferation; aneurysms; wound healing; diseases characterized by loss of smooth muscle cells or reduced smooth muscle cell proliferation; stroke; ischemia; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; migraine; vomiting; psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, depression, delirium, dementia, and severe mental retardation; degenerative diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome, among others. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for discovering agonists and antagonists of the interaction between UDP-sugars (e.g.,UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-glucuronic acid, and UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine) and their cellular receptor, human KIAA0001 receptor. The invention also relates to the use of the identified agonists, antagonists and/or inhibitors, which are potentially useful in the treatment of human diseases/disorders, including, but not limited to: infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain; cancers; diabetes, obesity; anorexia; bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; restenosis; atherosclerosis; diseases characterized by excessive smooth muscle cell proliferation; aneurysms; wound healing; diseases characterized by loss of smooth muscle cells or reduced smooth muscle cell proliferation; stroke; ischemia; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; migraine; vomiting; psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, depression, delirium, dementia, and severe mental retardation;

34

Manic Depression

degenerative diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome, among others. It is well established that many medically significant biological processes are mediated by proteins participating in signal transduction pathways that involve G-proteins and/or second messengers, e.g., cAMP (Lefkowitz, Nature, 1991, 351:353-354). Herein these proteins are referred to as proteins participating in pathways with G-proteins or PPG proteins. Some examples of these proteins include the G-protein coupled (GPC) receptors, such as those for adrenergic agents and dopamine (Kobilka, B. K., et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., USA, 1987, 84:46-50; Kobilka, B. K., et al., Science, 1987, 238:650-656; Bunzow, J. R., et al., Nature, 1988, 336:783-787), G-proteins themselves, effector proteins, e.g., phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase, and actuator proteins, e.g., protein kinase A and protein kinase C (Simon, M. I., et al., Science, 1991, 252:802-8). For example, in one form of signal transduction, the effect of hormone binding is activation of the enzyme, adenylate cyclase, inside the cell. Enzyme activation by hormones is dependent on the presence of the nucleotide GTP. GTP also influences hormone binding. A G-protein connects the hormone receptor to adenylate cyclase. Gprotein was shown to exchange GTP for bound GDP when activated by a hormone receptor. The GTP-carrying form then binds to activated adenylate cyclase. Hydrolysis of GTh to GDP, catalyzed by the G-protein itself, returns the G-protein to its basal, inactive form. Thus, the G-protein serves a dual role, as an intermediate that relays the signal from receptor to effector, and as a clock that controls the duration of the signal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06238873__ •

Sesquiteterpenic dervatives Inventor(s): Denaro; Maurizio (Del Mar, CA), Ferrari; Pietro (Garbagnate, IT), Islam; Khalid (Como, IT), Sponga; Federica (Saronno, IT), Stefanelli; Stefania (Legnano, IT) Assignee(s): Gruppo Lepetit S.p.A. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,854,036 Date filed: September 10, 1996 Abstract: The present invention concerns novel compounds obtained by fermenting a microorganism of the genus Memnonoiella or Stachybotrys, which compounds are inhibitors of the enzyme inositol monophosphatase (EC 3.1.3.25). The present invention also relates to the use of these novel compounds in treating manic depression and pharmaceutical formulations comprising said compounds as active ingredient; a further object is the use of these compounds in an analytical method for detecting inositol monophosphatase. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns novel compounds obtained by fermenting a microorganism of the genus Memnoniella or Stachybotrys, which compounds are inhibitors of the enzyme inositol monophosphatase (EC 3.1.3.25), hereinafter referred to with the acronym "IMPase". The present invention also relates to the use of these novel compounds in the treatment of mania and depression symphtoms and pharmaceutical formulations comprising said compounds as active ingredient; the compounds of the invention may also be used in analythical methods for detecting IMPase. The invention is also concerned with the fermentation and purification process by which the novel compounds are obtained. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05854036__

Patents 35

Patent Applications on Manic Depression As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to manic depression: •

cDNA clone MY1 that encodes a novel human 7-transmembrane receptor Inventor(s): Yanagisawa, Masashi; (Dallas, TX) Correspondence: Glaxosmithkline; Corporate Intellectual Property - Uw2220; P.O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20030083466 Date filed: October 28, 2002 Abstract: MY1 polypeptides and polynucleotides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing MY1 polypeptides and polynucleotides in the design of protocols for the treatment of infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain; cancers; anorexia nervosa; bulimia; cachexia; obesity; diabetes; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome, among others, and diagnostic assays for such conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by them and to the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, and to their production. More particularly, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention relate to G-protein coupled receptor family, hereinafter referred to as MY1. The invention also relates to inhibiting or activating the action of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. It is well established that many medically significant biological processes are mediated by proteins participating in signal transduction pathways that involve G-proteins and/or second messengers, e.g., cAMP (Lefkowitz, Nature, 1991, 351:353-354). Herein, these proteins are referred to as proteins participating in pathways with G-proteins or PPG proteins. Some examples of these proteins include the GPC receptors, such as those for adrenergic agents and dopamine (Kobilka, B. K., et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., USA, 1987, 84:46-50; Kobilka, B. K., et al., Science, 1987, 238:650-656; Bunzow, J. R., et al., Nature, 1988, 336:783-787), G-proteins themselves, effector proteins, e.g., phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase, and actuator proteins, e.g., protein kinase A and protein kinase C (Simon, M. I., et al., Science, 1991, 252:802-8). For example, in one form of signal transduction, the effect of hormone binding is activation of the enzyme, adenylate cyclase, inside the cell. Enzyme activation by hormones is dependent on the presence of the nucleotide GTP. GTP also influences hormone binding. A G-protein connects the hormone receptor to adenylate cyclase. Gprotein was shown to exchange GTP for bound GDP when activated by a hormone receptor. The GTP-carrying form then binds to activated adenylate cyclase. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, catalyzed by the G-protein itself, returns the G-protein to its basal,

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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inactive form. Thus, the G-protein serves a dual role, as an intermediate that relays the signal from receptor to effector, and as a clock that controls the duration of the signal. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of treating anemia Inventor(s): Creasy, Caretha; (Erdenheim, PA), Dillon, Susan B.; (Chester Springs, PA), Lord, Kenneth A.; (Collegeville, PA) Correspondence: Ratner & Prestia; P.O. Box 980; Valley Forge; PA; 19482-0980; US Patent Application Number: 20030176375 Date filed: May 14, 2001 Abstract: hYAK3-2 polypeptides and polynucleotides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing hYAK3-2 polypeptides and polynucleotides in the design of protocols for the treatment of bone loss including osteoporosis; inflammatory diseases such as Adult Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS), Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), psoriasis, dermatitis, asthma, allergies; infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; HIV-associated cachexia and other immunodeficiency disorders; septic shock; pain; injury; cancers including testicular cancer; anorexia; bulimia; neutropenia; cytopenia; anemias, including anemias due to renal insufficiency or to chronic disease, such as autoimmunity or cancer, and drug-induced anemias; polycythemia; myelosuppression; Parkinson's disease; cardiovascular disease including restenosis, atherosclerosis, acute heart failure, myocardial infarction; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; angina pectoris; ulcers; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome., among others, and diagnostic assays for such conditions. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/118,045 filed Feb. 1, 1999, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by them and to the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, and to their production. More particularly, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention relate to a serine/threonine protein kinase, hereinafter referred to as hYAK3-2. The invention also relates to inhibiting or activating the action of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. A number of polypeptide growth factors and hormones mediate their cellular effects through a signal transduction pathway. Transduction of signals from the cell surface receptors for these ligands to intracellular effectors frequently involves phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of specific protein substrates by regulatory protein serine/threonine kinases (PSTK) and phosphatases. Serine/threonine phosphorylation is a major mediator of signal transduction in multicellular organisms. Receptor-bound, membranebound and intracellular PSTKs regulate cell proliferation, cell differentiation and signalling processes in many cell types. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 37

•

Novel compound Inventor(s): Southan, Christopher D.; (Bishop's Stortford, GB) Correspondence: Ratner & Prestia; PO Box 980; Valley Forge; PA; 19482-0980; US Patent Application Number: 20010016339 Date filed: January 10, 2001 Abstract: Novel pancreatic polypeptides and polynucleotides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing novel pancreatic polypeptides and polynucleotides in the design of protocols for the treatment of food intake-related disorders such as obesity, anorexia and bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias; cancer and pain, among others, and diagnostic assays for such conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by them and to the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, and to their production. More particularly, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention relate to the neuropeptide family, hereinafter referred to as novel pancreatic polypeptide. The invention also relates to inhibiting or activating the action of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. It is well established that neuropeptides are synthesised by proteolytic processing of a large preprohormone precursor protein. Peptides within preprohormones are typically flanked by pairs of basic residues, for example, Lys-Arg (KR), Arg-Arg (RR), Lys-Lys (KK) or Arg-Lys (RK). Neuropeptides may also undergo post-translational modifications that include disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, COOH-terminal alpha-amidation, phosphorylation and sulphation (V. Y. H. Hook et al., FASEB J, 8: 1269-1278, 1994 and refs therein). It is not uncommon for the preprohormone processing to give rise to more than one neuropeptide, for example, the precursor of human pancreatic polypeptideand pancreatic isopeptide (Boel et al. EMBO J. 3(4) 909-912, 1984). The synthesised neuropeptides exert their biological action by interacting with the membrane protein gene superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (Lefkowitz, Nature, 1991, 351:353-354). G-protein coupled receptors have been characterized as including these seven conserved hydrophobic stretches of about 20 to 30 amino acids, connecting at least eight divergent hydrophilic loops. The G-protein family of coupled receptors includes dopamine receptors which bind to neuroleptic drugs used for treating psychotic, neurological and other disorders. Other examples of members of this family include, but are not limited to, pancreatic polypeptide, calcitonin, adrenergic, endothelin, cAMP, adenosine, muscarinic, acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, thrombin, kinin, follicle stimulating hormone, opsins, endothelial differentiation gene-1, rhodopsins, odorant, and cytomegalovirus receptors. Over the past 15 years, nearly 350 therapeutic agents targeting 7 transmembrane (7 TM) receptors or their ligands have been successfully introduced onto the market. Antibiotic activity has also been reported for Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and polypeptide P (PYY) (Vouldoukis et al FEBS Lett, 380(3):237-240, 1996). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Polypeptide sequences of human EDG-1c Inventor(s): Bergsma, Derk J.; (Berwyn, PA), Chambers, Jonathan K.; (Cambridge, GB), Chan, Winnie; (West Chester, PA), Jensen, Pamela Joy; (Wayne, PA), Johnson, Randall K.; (Ardmore, PA), Khandoudi, Nassirah; (Saint Gregoire, FR), Livi, George P.; (Havertown, PA), Robert, Phillipe; (Saint Gregoire, FR), Stadel, Jeffrey M.; (Wayne, PA), Wilson, Shelagh; (Hertford, GB) Correspondence: Glaxosmithkline; Corporate Intellectual Property - Uw2220; P.O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20030082743 Date filed: January 12, 2001 Abstract: Human EDG-1c polypeptidees and polynucleotides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Human EDG-1c is identified as a selective receptor for sphingosine-1-phosphate ("S-1-P") and for dihydro S-1-P. Also disclosed are methods for discovering agonists and antagonists of the interaction between S-1-P and di-hydro S-1-P and their cellular receptor, human EDG1c, which may have utility in the treatment of several human diseases and disorders, including, but not limited to the treatment of infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain; cancers; diabetes, obesity; anorexia; bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; stroke; congestive heart failure; left ventricular hypertrophy; arrythmias; restenosis after coronary artery angioplasty; vascular sclerosis; deleterious fibrosis; atherosclerosis; inflammation; angiogenesis; wound healing; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; migraine; vomiting; psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, depression, delirium, dementia, and severe mental retardation; degenerative diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic stroke; and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit to the earlier provisional U.S. application Ser. Nos. 60/077,369, filed on Mar. 9, 1998, and 60/087,102, filed on May 28, 1998, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. This invention relates to newly identified polypeptides and polynucleotides encoded by them and to the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, and to their production. More particularly, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention relate to the G-protein coupled receptors, hereinafter referred to as human EDG-1c receptor. This invention also relates to methods for discovering agonists and antagonists of the interaction between sphingosine 1-phosphate (hereinafter referred to as "S-1-P") and dihydro sphingosine 1-phosphate (also known as sphingoanine 1-phosphate and hereinafter referred to as "di-hydro S-1-P") and their cellular receptor, human EDG-1c receptor. The invention also relates to the use of human EDG-1c polynucleotides and polypeptides in therapy and in identifying compounds which may be agonists, antagonists and/or inhibitors which are potentially useful in therapy, and to production of such polypeptides and polynucleotides. The drug discovery process is currently undergoing a fundamental revolution as it embraces `functional genomics`, that is, high throughput genome- or gene-based biology. This approach is rapidly superseding earlier approaches based on `positional cloning`. A phenotype, that is a biological function or genetic disease, would be identified and this would then be tracked back to the responsible gene, based on its genetic map position.

Patents 39

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Regulation of human alpha 1A adrenergic receptor-line G protein-coupled receptor Inventor(s): Ramakrishnan, Shyam; (Brighton, MA) Correspondence: Banner & Witcoff; 1001 G Street N W; Suite 1100; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20030187219 Date filed: May 5, 2003 Abstract: Reagents which regulate human.alpha.sub.1aadrenergic receptor-like GPCR and reagents which bind to human.alpha.sub.1a adrenergic receptor-like GPCR gene products can play a role in preventing, ameliorating, or correcting dysfunctions or diseases including, but not limited to, infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and viral infections, particularly those caused by HIV viruses, pain, obesity cancers, anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's diseases, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, multiple sclerosis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, several mental retardation, and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease and Tourett's syndrome. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the area of G-protein coupled receptors. More particularly, it relates to the area of human.alpha.sub.1a adrenergic receptor-like G protein-coupled receptors and their regulation. Many medically significant biological processes are mediated by signal transduction pathways that involve G-proteins (Lefkowitz, Nature 351, 353-354, 1991). The family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) includes receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and viruses. Specific examples of GPCRs include receptors for such diverse agents as dopamine, calcitonin, adrenergic hormones, endothelin, cAMP, adenosine, acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, thrombin, kinin, follicle stimulating hormone, opsins, endothelial differentiation gene-1, rhodopsins, odorants, cytomegalovirus, Gproteins themselves, effector proteins such as phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase, and actuator proteins such as protein kinase A and protein kinase C. GPCRs possess seven conserved membrane-spanning domains connecting at least eight divergent hydrophilic loops. GPCRs (also known as 7TM receptors) have been characterized as including these seven conserved hydrophobic stretches of about 20 to 30 amino acids, connecting at least eight divergent hydrophilic loops. Most GPCRs have single conserved cysteine residues in each of the first two extracellular loops, which form disulfide bonds that are believed to stabilize functional protein structure. The seven transmembrane regions are designated as TM1, TM2, TM3, TM4, TM5, TM6, and TM7. TM3 has been implicated in signal transduction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Treatment of neurological disorders Inventor(s): Benner, Robbert; (Barendrecht, NL), Khan, Nisar Ahmed; (Rotterdam, NL), Wensvoort, Gert; (Koekange, NL) Correspondence: Trask Britt; P.O. Box 2550; Salt Lake City; UT; 84110; US Patent Application Number: 20030220259 Date filed: April 8, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to the treatment of the inflammatory component of neurological disorders or so called neuroimmune disorders such as schizophrenia, manic depression and other bipolar disorders, multiple sclerosis, postpartum psychosis and autism. The invention provides a method for modulating a neurological disorder in a subject comprising providing the subject with a gene-regulatory peptide or functional analogue thereof. The invention also provides use of an NF-.kappa.B down-regulating peptide or functional analogue thereof for the production of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a neurological disorder. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/028,075, filed Dec. 21, 2001, pending, the content of the entirety of which is incorporated by this reference. The current invention relates to the body's innate way of modulation of important physiological processes and builds on insights reported in PCT International Publications WO99/59617 and WO01/72831 and PCT International Patent Application PCT/NL02/00639. In the aforementioned patent applications, small generegulatory peptides are described that are present naturally in pregnant women and are derived from proteolytic breakdown of placental gonadotropins such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) produced during pregnancy. These peptides (in their active state often only at about 4 to 6 amino acids long) were shown to have unsurpassed immunological activity that they exert by regulating expression of genes encoding inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. Surprisingly, it was found that breakdown of hCG provides a cascade of peptides that help maintain a pregnant woman's immunological homeostasis. These peptides are nature's own substances that balance the immune system to assure that the mother stays immunologically sound while her fetus does not get prematurely rejected during pregnancy but instead is safely carried through its time of birth. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with manic depression, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “manic depression” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on manic depression. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning manic depression. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MANIC DEPRESSION Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to manic depression. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on manic depression include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “manic depression” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “manic depression” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “manic depression” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A Blur of Mass Motion: Reaching into the Poetry Written by a Teenager As She Battled Manic Depression: The Poetry and Writings of Erin Winona Flowers by Erin Winona Flowers, Phyllis Jean Flowers (2003); ISBN: 0974432210; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0974432210/icongroupinterna

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A Brotherhood of Tyrants: Manic Depression & Absolute Power by D. Jablow Hershman, et al (1994); ISBN: 0879758880; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879758880/icongroupinterna

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Agents in My Brain: How I Survived Manic Depression by Bill Hannon, Karen K. Dickson (Afterword) (1997); ISBN: 0812693469; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812693469/icongroupinterna

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As I Am: Living in Acceptance With Manic Depression by Anne Neill (2001); ISBN: 1552129071; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1552129071/icongroupinterna

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Bipolar Disorder Demystified: Mastering the Tightrope of Manic Depression by Lana R. Castle, Peter C., Md. Chybrow (2003); ISBN: 1569245584; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569245584/icongroupinterna

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Carbamazepine & Manic Depression: A Guide by John H. Greist, James W. Jefferson (1996); ISBN: 1890802050; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890802050/icongroupinterna

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Coping With Bipolar Disorder: A Guide to Living With Manic Depression by Steven Jones, et al (2002); ISBN: 1851682996; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1851682996/icongroupinterna

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Crazy Ray: A Story of Manic Depression With Suicidal and Homicial Tendencies by Carla A. Hartl (2002); ISBN: 1403328501; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403328501/icongroupinterna

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Depression Workbook: Guide for Living With Depression and Manic Depression by Mary Ellen Copeland, Matthew McKay; ISBN: 1879237334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879237334/icongroupinterna

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Divalproex & Manic Depression: A Guide by James W. Jefferson, John H. Greist (2000); ISBN: 1890802247; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890802247/icongroupinterna

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Divalproex and Manic Depression: A Guide (1999); ISBN: 1890802204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890802204/icongroupinterna

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Divalproex and Manic Depression: A Guide by John H., M.D. Greist; ISBN: 1890802069; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890802069/icongroupinterna

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Dr. Samuel and Mr. Hyde: Forty Years With Manic Depression and How to Become Mood Stable for Life by Sam S. Barklis (2001); ISBN: 0759606552; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0759606552/icongroupinterna

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Fragments of My Life : A Journal About Manic Depression And Its Companion Illnesses by Carol J Griffin (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0595289053; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595289053/icongroupinterna

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HighTide-LowTide: A Journal of Manic Depression by Nadiye Coskuner (2003); ISBN: 9799697522; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9799697522/icongroupinterna

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Hope and Recovery: A Mother-Daughter Story About Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, and Manic Depression by Becky Thayne Markosian, et al; ISBN: 0531111407; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531111407/icongroupinterna

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I Plead Insanity: When Manic Depression Turns Violent by Paul Rollins, Harry Preston; ISBN: 0962321648; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962321648/icongroupinterna

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Inside Manic Depression: The True Story of One Victim's Triumph over Despair by Charlotte Clark; ISBN: 0963394401; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963394401/icongroupinterna

Books

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Lithium and Manic Depression: A Guide by James W. Jefferson, John H. Greist; ISBN: 1890802182; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890802182/icongroupinterna

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Lithium Treatment of Manic Depressive Illness: A Practical Guide by Mogens Schou (1993); ISBN: 3805556675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805556675/icongroupinterna

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Living On a Roller Coaster: The Life of a Manic Depressive or Bipolar Disorder by James O. Wessinger III, James O. Wessinger III; ISBN: 1929925840; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1929925840/icongroupinterna

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Living With Depression & Manic Depression: Self-Help Strategies by Mary Ellen Copeland; ISBN: 1879237636; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879237636/icongroupinterna

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Living Without Depression and Manic Depression: A Workbook for Maintaining Mood Stability by Mary Ellen Copeland (1994); ISBN: 1879237741; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879237741/icongroupinterna

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Managing Manic Depressive Disorders by Ved P. Varma (Editor), Myra Fulford (1997); ISBN: 1853023477; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853023477/icongroupinterna

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Manic Depression (The Infinite Mind) by Lichtenstein Creative Media Inc; ISBN: 1888064307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888064307/icongroupinterna

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Manic Depression and Creativity by D. Jablow Hershman, Julian Lieb (1998); ISBN: 1573922412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573922412/icongroupinterna

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Manic Depression: How to Live While Loving a Manic Depressive by Lynn Bradley (2000); ISBN: 1885373287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885373287/icongroupinterna

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Manic Depression: Voices of an Illness by Lichtenstein Creative Media Inc.; ISBN: 1888064005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888064005/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Depression and Manic Depression (Bipolar Disorder) A Whole-Person Approach by Paul A. Wider; ISBN: 0964915170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964915170/icongroupinterna

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Perspectives on Manic Depression by Robert Hill (1995); ISBN: 1870480228; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1870480228/icongroupinterna

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Surviving Manic Depression by Torrey (2004); ISBN: 0465086640; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465086640/icongroupinterna

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Surviving Manic Depression: A Manual on Bipolar Disorder for Patients, Families, and Providers by E. Fuller Torrey, Michael B. Knable (2002); ISBN: 0465086632; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465086632/icongroupinterna

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The Depression Workbook 2 Ed: A Guide for Living with Depression and Manic Depression by M. A. Copeland, et al; ISBN: 157224268X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157224268X/icongroupinterna

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The Marriage of Heaven and Hell: Manic Depression and the Life of Virginia Woolf by Peter Dally (2001); ISBN: 0312272731; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312272731/icongroupinterna

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The Pill Box: One Man's Hopeful Struggle to Overcome Manic Depression by Bruce R. Patzer (2001); ISBN: 0971098840; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971098840/icongroupinterna

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The Tortured Mind: The Many Faces of Manic Depression ((Encyclopedia of Psychological Disorders)) by Ann Holmes, et al; ISBN: 0791049000; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0791049000/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Manic Depression (2000); ISBN: 1874690960; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1874690960/icongroupinterna

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We Heard the Angels of Madness: One Family's Struggle With Manic Depression by Diane Berger, et al; ISBN: 0688091784; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688091784/icongroupinterna

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON MANIC DEPRESSION Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on manic depression. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Manic Depression The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in manic depression (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on manic depression: •

Barbara: lithium and manic depression [videorecording] Source: Psychodynamic Research Corporation, in association with Medi-Tel Communications; Year: 1975; Format: Videorecording; Spring Valley, N. Y.: Blue Hill Educational Systems, c1975

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Depression and manic depression [videorecording] Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; Year: 1996; Format: Videorecording; [Lebanon, N.H.]: DHMC, c1996

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Manic depression [sound recording]: voices of an illness Source: [a Lichtenstein Creative Media production]; Year: 1992; Format: Sound recording; New York, N.Y.: Lichtenstein Creative Media, c1992

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Manic depression [videorecording]: the agony & the ecstasy Source: produced by Mending the Mind and Dub-L Tape Productions; Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; [Waco, Tex.]: Mending the Mind, c1989

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Manic depressive illness [filmstrip] Source: Trainex Corporation; Year: 1976; Format: Filmstrip; Garden Grove, Calif.: Trainex, c1976

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MANIC DEPRESSION Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover manic depression.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on manic depression is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “manic depression” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to manic depression. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “manic depression” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for manic depression: •

Survey: Manic depressives not getting new drugs Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 16, 2003

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Doctors not aware enough of manic depression-study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 13, 2003

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Children may exhibit early signs of manic depression Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 01, 2000

•

Fish oil supplements help manic depression Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 13, 1999

•

How Lithium Helps Manic Depression Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 02, 1998

•

Gene for Manic Depression? Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 31, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “manic depression” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

Periodicals and News

49

you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “manic depression” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to manic depression, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “manic depression” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “manic depression” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on manic depression: •

Keep an Eye on These Drugs: Possible Aggravators of Psoriasis Source: Psoriasis Resource. 3(2): 11. July 2001. Contact: Available from National Psoriasis Foundation. 6600 SW 92nd Avenue, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97223-7195. (800) 723-9166 or (503) 244-7404. Fax (503) 245-0626. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.psoriasis.org. PRICE: Contact NPF for current pricing. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have psoriasis with information on drugs that can worsen this condition. One such drug is lithium, which is used to treat manic depression and other psychiatric disorders and which aggravates psoriasis in about 50 percent of those who take it. However, several alternatives to lithium are available. Carbamazepine, which is sometimes prescribed for the same mood disorders as lithium, has no history of worsening psoriasis. Valproic acid is another anticonvulsant that has been used as an alternative to lithium. Other medications that can cause psoriasis to flare are antimalarials such as quinacrine, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine; Inderal; quinidine; and indomethacin.

Academic Periodicals covering Manic Depression Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to manic depression. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering manic depression that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest

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studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

51

APPENDICES

53

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

55

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “manic depression” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 16863 334 930 30 7 18164

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “manic depression” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

59

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on manic depression can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to manic depression. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to manic depression. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “manic depression”:

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Manic Depression

•

Guides on manic depression Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html

•

Other guides Child Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childmentalhealth.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Panic Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/panicdisorder.html Schizophrenia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/schizophrenia.html Teen Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenmentalhealth.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on manic depression. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Glossary of symptoms and mental illnesses affecting teenagers Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997. 2 pp. Contact: Available from American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 3615 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W, Washington, DC 20016. Telephone: (202) 966-7300 / fax: (202) 966-2891 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.aacap.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This glossary, written for health professionals, educators, parents, and adolescents, provides information about various mental health issues that affect many adolescents. Included in this list are: alcohol and drug use, anorexia nervosa, anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder (manic depression), bulimia nervosa, conduct disorder, depression, learning disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, physical abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia,

Patient Resources

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sexual abuse, suicide, and Tourette's syndrome. A definition and list of symptoms are included for each of the disorders listed in the glossary. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to manic depression. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to manic depression. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with manic depression. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about manic depression. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “manic depression” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “manic depression”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “manic depression” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “manic depression” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

63

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Manic Depression

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

65

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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MANIC DEPRESSION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1-phosphate: A drug that halts cell suicide in human white blood cells. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agents: Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH]

Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have

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nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH]

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Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal

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phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU]

Dictionary 75

Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU]

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Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH]

Dictionary 77

Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of

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inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU]

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Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytopenia: A reduction in the number of blood cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss

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of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopa Decarboxylase: One of the aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylases, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dopa to dopamine. It is of clinical importance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. EC 4.1.1.28. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH]

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Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoria: Disquiet; restlessness; malaise. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH]

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Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH]

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Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia

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lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycogen Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of D-glucose from UDPglucose into 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl chains. EC 2.4.1.11. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH]

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Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a

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hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantable pump: A small device installed under the skin to administer a steady dose of drugs. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be

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clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infuse: To pour (a liquid) into something. [EU] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also

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called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH]

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Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH]

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MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelosuppression: A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some cancer treatments. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels

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within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurotensin: A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are

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neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opsin: A visual pigment protein found in the retinal rods. It combines with retinaldehyde to form rhodopsin. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Polypeptide: A 36-amino acid polypeptide with physiological regulatory functions. It is secreted by pancreatic tissue. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide increases after ingestion of food, with age, and in disease states. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide in the islets of Langerhans has been associated with the obese syndrome in rats and mice. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU]

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Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian). [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pharmacokinetics: Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake, and elimination as a function of dosage, and extent and rate of metabolic processes. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for

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the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in

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the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH]

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Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Quinacrine: N(4)-(6-Chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridinyl)-N(1),N(1)-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine. An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles

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by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and

Dictionary 99

progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhythmicity: Regular periodicity. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter.

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They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the

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large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects

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similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Teratogenicity: The power to cause abnormal development. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either

Dictionary 103

side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH]

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Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH]

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Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX 1 1-phosphate, 38, 71 A Accommodation, 71, 92 Acetylcholine, 37, 39, 71 Adenine, 71, 97 Adenosine, 37, 39, 71, 94 Adenylate Cyclase, 30, 34, 35, 71 Adrenal Medulla, 71, 76, 82, 93 Adrenergic, 30, 34, 35, 37, 39, 71, 73, 81, 82, 98, 101 Adrenergic Agents, 30, 34, 35, 71 Adverse Effect, 71, 99, 100 Affinity, 71, 101 Agonist, 71, 81 Algorithms, 71, 75 Alkaloid, 71, 97, 98, 99 Alternative medicine, 48, 72 Ameliorating, 39, 72 Amenorrhea, 72, 73 Amine, 72, 75, 86 Amino Acids, 16, 37, 39, 40, 72, 75, 92, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101 Anaesthesia, 72, 87 Anal, 72, 82 Analogous, 72, 81, 103 Anatomical, 72, 87, 99 Anemia, 36, 72 Angina, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 72 Angina Pectoris, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 72 Angiogenesis, 38, 72 Angioplasty, 38, 72 Animal model, 4, 72 Anionic, 6, 73 Anions, 73, 88 Anomalies, 73, 102 Anorexia, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 60, 73 Anorexia Nervosa, 35, 42, 60, 73 Anthelmintic, 73, 97 Antibody, 71, 73, 78, 80, 88, 90 Anticoagulant, 73, 96 Anticonvulsant, 49, 73, 76 Antigen, 71, 73, 78, 87, 88, 90 Antihypertensive, 73, 99 Anti-inflammatory, 73, 87 Antipsychotic, 73, 92, 99

Anxiety, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 60, 73 Apathy, 73, 92 Arachidonic Acid, 73, 96 Aromatic, 74, 81, 94 Arterial, 74, 87, 96, 102 Arteries, 74, 75, 79, 89, 91 Astringents, 74, 90 Atrophy, 74, 92 Autacoids, 74, 87 Autoantibodies, 74, 81 Autoimmune disease, 74, 91 Autoimmunity, 31, 36, 74 Autonomic, 71, 73, 74, 93, 94 Avian, 4, 74 B Bacteria, 73, 74, 91, 103 Bacteriophage, 74, 95, 103 Basal Ganglia, 73, 74 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 74 Base, 71, 74, 80, 89 Benign, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 74 Binding Sites, 6, 74 Biochemical, 74, 84, 85, 100 Biogenic Monoamines, 75, 89 Biological response modifier, 75, 88 Biological therapy, 75, 85 Biosynthesis, 74, 75, 100 Biotechnology, 6, 48, 55, 75 Bipolar Disorder, 4, 5, 27, 40, 42, 43, 60, 75 Bladder, 75, 91, 92, 104 Blood Platelets, 75, 100 Blood pressure, 73, 75, 76, 87, 91, 101 Blood vessel, 72, 75, 76, 77, 88, 101, 102, 104 Body Fluids, 75, 101 Bone Marrow, 75, 91, 101 Branch, 67, 75, 93, 101, 102 Breakdown, 40, 75, 84 Bronchial, 75, 86 Bronchiseptica, 75, 94 Bulimia, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 60, 75 Bullous, 75, 81 C Cachexia, 31, 35, 36, 76 Calcium, 76, 78, 97, 100 Callus, 76, 82 Carbamazepine, 9, 42, 49, 76

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Carbohydrate, 76, 85 Cardiac, 4, 76, 82, 83, 91, 92, 97 Cardiovascular, 31, 36, 76, 100 Cardiovascular disease, 31, 36, 76 Carotene, 76, 99 Case report, 7, 76 Cataract, 16, 76 Catecholamine, 76, 81 Catheterization, 72, 76 Cations, 76, 88 Causal, 76, 82 Cell Differentiation, 4, 31, 36, 77, 100 Cell Division, 74, 77, 85, 95 Cell membrane, 6, 77, 80, 94 Cell proliferation, 31, 33, 36, 77, 100 Cell Survival, 77, 85 Cellulose, 77, 84, 95 Central Nervous System, 71, 77, 84, 89, 91, 92, 100 Cerebral, 74, 77, 79, 80, 82, 97 Cerebrovascular, 74, 76, 77 Character, 72, 77, 80 Chlorophyll, 77, 84 Chromosomal, 77, 84, 99 Chromosome, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 77, 89 Chronic, 6, 31, 36, 76, 77, 81, 88, 97 Chronic Disease, 31, 36, 76, 77 Circadian, 4, 33, 77 Circadian Rhythm, 4, 77 CIS, 77, 99 Clinical Medicine, 77, 96 Clinical trial, 3, 55, 77 Clone, 35, 77 Cloning, 38, 75, 78 Cofactor, 78, 96, 102 Cognition, 78, 92 Cohort Studies, 78, 82 Collapse, 75, 78 Complement, 78, 84 Complementary and alternative medicine, 25, 28, 78 Complementary medicine, 25, 78 Computational Biology, 55, 79 Conception, 79, 83 Cones, 79, 99 Confusion, 79, 81, 87, 92 Congestive heart failure, 38, 79 Connective Tissue, 75, 79, 83, 84, 99 Consciousness, 79, 80 Constriction, 79, 88 Contraindications, ii, 79 Convulsions, 73, 79, 87

Coordination, 79, 91 Coronary, 38, 72, 76, 79, 91 Coronary Circulation, 72, 79 Coronary heart disease, 76, 79 Coronary Thrombosis, 79, 91 Cross-Sectional Studies, 79, 82 Cultured cells, 6, 79 Curative, 79, 93, 102 Cyclic, 71, 79, 94, 100 Cysteine, 39, 80, 101 Cystine, 80 Cytokines, 40, 80 Cytomegalovirus, 37, 39, 80 Cytopenia, 31, 36, 80 Cytoplasm, 77, 80, 85, 93 Cytotoxic, 80, 100 D Databases, Bibliographic, 55, 80 Decarboxylation, 75, 80, 86 Degenerative, 33, 34, 38, 80, 86, 91 Delirium, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 73, 80 Delusions, 80, 97 Dementia, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 73, 80 Depolarization, 80, 100 Depressive Disorder, 14, 20, 43, 80, 89 Dermatitis, 13, 31, 36, 81 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 13, 81 Deuterium, 32, 81, 86 Deuterium Oxide, 33, 81 Diagnostic procedure, 29, 48, 81 Diastolic, 81, 87 Dilatation, 72, 81 Direct, iii, 9, 22, 77, 81, 85, 98, 102 Disorientation, 79, 80, 81 Distal, 81, 82 Dopa, 16, 81, 89 Dopa Decarboxylase, 16, 81 Dopamine, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18, 34, 35, 37, 39, 73, 81, 89, 94 Drive, ii, vi, 21, 32, 81 Drug Design, 31, 81 Drug Interactions, 81 Duodenum, 82, 92, 101 Dyskinesia, 73, 82 Dysphoria, 32, 82 Dysphoric, 80, 82 E Echocardiography, 4, 82 Effector, 30, 34, 35, 39, 71, 78, 82, 92, 94 Effector cell, 82, 92

Index 109

Efficacy, 81, 82 Electrode, 32, 82 Electrolyte, 80, 82, 95, 101 Electrons, 74, 82, 88, 98 Embryo, 4, 77, 82, 87, 90 Embryogenesis, 4, 82 Endarterectomy, 72, 82 Environmental Health, 54, 56, 82 Enzymatic, 75, 76, 78, 82, 86, 99 Enzyme, 30, 34, 35, 71, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 94, 97, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105 Epidemiologic Studies, 4, 82 Epinephrine, 71, 81, 82, 93, 103 Epithelial, 83, 86 Epithelial Cells, 83, 86 Epithelium, 4, 83 ERV, 18, 83 Erythrocytes, 72, 75, 83, 98 Estrogen, 83, 96 Ethanol, 83 Excitability, 83, 97 Expiratory, 83 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 83 Extensor, 83, 97 Extracellular, 39, 79, 83, 101 Extrapyramidal, 73, 81, 83 F Family Planning, 55, 83 Fat, 15, 73, 75, 76, 79, 83, 89, 91, 99 Fatigue, 83, 85 Fatty acids, 83, 85, 96 Fermentation, 34, 83 Fetus, 5, 40, 83, 96, 104 Fibrin, 83, 102 Fibrinogen, 83, 102 Fibrosis, 38, 83, 99 Fluorescence, 5, 84 Fungi, 84, 91, 105 Fungus, 4, 84 G Ganglia, 71, 74, 84, 92, 94 Gas, 83, 84, 86, 93 Gastric, 84, 86 Gastrin, 84, 86 Gastrointestinal, 82, 83, 84, 100 Gastrointestinal tract, 83, 84, 100 Gelatin, 84, 85, 102 Gene, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 37, 38, 39, 40, 48, 75, 84 Gene Expression, 5, 84 Generator, 32, 84 Genetic Engineering, 75, 78, 84

Genetic Techniques, 19, 84 Genetics, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 84 Genomics, 38, 84 Genotype, 84, 94 Giardiasis, 84, 97 Glottis, 85, 94 Glucose, 33, 77, 85, 86, 87, 88 Glucuronic Acid, 33, 85 Glucuronides, 85 Glycerol, 85, 94 Glycerophospholipids, 85, 94 Glycine, 85, 100 Glycogen, 4, 85 Glycogen Synthase, 4, 85 Glycosylation, 37, 85 Gonadotropin, 40, 85 Governing Board, 85, 96 Granulocytes, 85, 100, 104 Growth, 31, 36, 39, 72, 77, 85, 88, 90, 95, 100, 102, 103 Growth factors, 31, 36, 39, 85 H Heart attack, 76, 85 Heart failure, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 85 Hemoglobin, 72, 83, 86 Hemorrhage, 86, 101 Hemostasis, 86, 100 Hepatic, 80, 86 Hepatitis, 6, 86 Hepatocytes, 86 Heredity, 12, 84, 86 Heterogeneity, 14, 15, 71, 86 Histamine, 37, 39, 73, 86 Histidine, 86 Homeostasis, 40, 86 Hormone, 13, 17, 30, 34, 35, 37, 39, 77, 82, 84, 86, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103 Host, 74, 86, 99, 104 Hybrid, 78, 86 Hydrogen, 72, 74, 76, 81, 86, 91 Hydrolysis, 30, 34, 35, 86, 94, 95, 97 Hydrophilic, 37, 39, 86 Hydrophobic, 37, 39, 85, 86 Hypersensitivity, 87, 99 Hypertension, 22, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 76, 87 Hypertrophy, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 87 Hypoglycaemia, 80, 87

110 Manic Depression

Hypotension, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 73, 79, 87, 92 Hypothalamus, 87, 92 Hypoxia, 80, 87 I Id, 23, 26, 61, 66, 68, 87 Ileum, 87, 92 Immune system, 40, 74, 75, 82, 87, 90, 91, 104 Immunodeficiency, 31, 36, 87 Impairment, 80, 82, 87, 90, 97 Implantable pump, 32, 87 In vitro, 19, 87 In vivo, 12, 87 Incubation, 87, 94 Incubation period, 87, 94 Indicative, 41, 87, 93, 104 Indomethacin, 49, 87 Induction, 20, 73, 87, 96 Infarction, 87 Infection, 74, 75, 80, 84, 87, 90, 94, 99, 104, 105 Inflammation, 38, 73, 81, 83, 86, 88, 99 Infuse, 32, 88 Infusion, 32, 88 Ingestion, 88, 93, 95 Inhalation, 88, 95 Inositol, 10, 11, 22, 27, 34, 88, 100 Inotropic, 81, 88 Insomnia, 32, 88 Insulator, 88, 91 Interferon, 6, 88 Interferon-alpha, 88 Intoxication, 80, 88, 105 Intracellular, 31, 36, 84, 88, 95, 98, 99, 100 Intravenous, 88 Involuntary, 74, 88, 92, 101 Ion Channels, 88, 92 Ions, 5, 74, 82, 86, 88, 97 Ischemia, 33, 74, 88 Ischemic stroke, 38, 88 K Kb, 54, 89 L Lactation, 89, 96 Lens, 76, 89 Leukocytes, 75, 80, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93 Levo, 81, 89 Levodopa, 81, 89 Library Services, 66, 89 Life cycle, 71, 84, 89 Ligaments, 79, 89

Ligands, 31, 33, 36, 37, 89 Linkage, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 89 Lipid, 85, 89, 91 Lithium, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 19, 22, 43, 45, 48, 49, 73, 89 Lithium Carbonate, 8, 22, 89 Liver, 73, 80, 85, 86, 89 Locomotion, 89, 95 Locomotor, 33, 89 Loop, 4, 89 Lutein Cells, 90, 96 Lymphocyte, 73, 90 M Malaise, 82, 90 Malignant, 90, 97 Malnutrition, 74, 76, 90 Mania, 34, 90 Manic-depressive psychosis, 90, 97 Mannans, 84, 90 Mediate, 31, 36, 81, 90 Mediator, 31, 36, 81, 90, 100 MEDLINE, 55, 90 Melanin, 90, 94, 103 Membrane, 6, 31, 36, 37, 39, 77, 78, 80, 83, 88, 90, 91, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103 Memory, 73, 80, 90 Mental Disorders, 90, 97 Mental Health, iv, 3, 22, 54, 56, 60, 90 Mental Retardation, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 90 Mercury, 11, 90 Mesoderm, 4, 90 Methionine, 32, 90, 101 MI, 32, 69, 91 Microbe, 91, 103 Microorganism, 34, 78, 91, 104 Modeling, 81, 91 Molecular, 4, 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 22, 55, 57, 75, 79, 81, 83, 91, 96, 98 Molecule, 73, 74, 78, 82, 86, 91, 98, 100, 103, 104 Monitor, 91, 93 Mood Disorders, 16, 33, 49, 91 Morphogenesis, 4, 91 Morphological, 82, 84, 91 Morphology, 76, 91 Motility, 87, 91, 100 Movement Disorders, 73, 91 Mucosa, 91, 96 Multiple sclerosis, 39, 40, 91 Myelin, 91 Myelosuppression, 31, 36, 91

Index 111

Myocardial infarction, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 79, 91, 92 Myocardial Ischemia, 72, 91 Myocardium, 72, 91, 92 Myopia, 16, 92, 98 N Nearsightedness, 92 Necrosis, 87, 91, 92 Need, 49, 62, 85, 92 Nerve, 32, 71, 90, 91, 92, 95, 99, 101, 103 Nervous System, 77, 90, 92, 94, 101 Neuroblastoma, 5, 92 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 33, 34, 38, 74, 92 Neurogenic, 92, 104 Neuroleptic, 37, 73, 92 Neuromuscular, 71, 92 Neuromuscular Junction, 71, 92 Neurons, 84, 89, 92, 102 Neuropeptide, 37, 92 Neurotensin, 30, 92 Neurotransmitters, 39, 92 Neutropenia, 31, 36, 93 Neutrophils, 85, 89, 93 Niacin, 93, 103 Nitrogen, 72, 93, 103 Norepinephrine, 32, 71, 81, 93, 99 Nuclear, 5, 74, 81, 82, 92, 93 Nucleus, 74, 79, 80, 81, 93, 101 O Opacity, 76, 93 Opsin, 93, 99 Osteoporosis, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 93 Ovum, 89, 93, 96 P Palliative, 93, 102 Pancreas, 93 Pancreatic, 37, 93 Pancreatic Polypeptide, 37, 93 Paroxysmal, 72, 93, 94, 104, 105 Particle, 93, 103 Parturition, 93, 96 Pathologic, 79, 87, 93, 97 Pathologies, 31, 94 Patient Education, 60, 64, 66, 69, 94 Pedigree, 5, 14, 94 Peptide, 40, 94, 95, 96, 97, 103 Periodicity, 94, 99 Peripheral Nervous System, 92, 94 Pertussis, 8, 22, 94, 104, 105 Pharmacokinetics, 81, 94

Pharmacologic, 5, 74, 94, 103, 104 Phenotype, 38, 94 Phenylalanine, 94, 103 Phosphodiesterase, 30, 34, 35, 39, 94 Phospholipases, 94, 100 Phospholipids, 6, 83, 88, 94 Phosphorus, 76, 94, 95 Phosphorylation, 31, 36, 37, 95 Physiologic, 71, 75, 81, 95, 98 Pigments, 76, 95, 99 Plants, 71, 85, 91, 93, 95, 103 Plaque, 72, 95 Plasma, 16, 77, 83, 84, 86, 93, 95, 97 Platelet Activation, 95, 100 Platelets, 8, 22, 91, 95, 102 Platinum, 89, 95 Poisoning, 11, 80, 88, 90, 95 Polymorphism, 8, 15, 95 Polypeptide, 31, 36, 37, 38, 83, 93, 95, 96, 105 Postmenopausal, 93, 95 Postsynaptic, 95, 100, 102 Post-translational, 37, 95 Post-traumatic, 60, 91, 95 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 60, 95 Potassium, 95, 98 Potentiation, 96, 100 Practice Guidelines, 56, 96 Precursor, 37, 74, 81, 82, 89, 93, 94, 96, 97, 103 Prenatal, 82, 96 Progesterone, 96 Progression, 72, 96 Progressive, 77, 80, 85, 92, 95, 96, 98 Projection, 93, 96 Prolactin, 17, 96 Prophylaxis, 4, 96 Prostaglandins, 8, 74, 87, 96 Prostaglandins A, 87, 96 Protein C, 30, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 74, 96 Protein Kinases, 31, 96 Protein S, 30, 31, 34, 36, 39, 75, 96 Proteins, 5, 30, 34, 35, 39, 72, 73, 77, 78, 80, 85, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103 Proteolytic, 37, 40, 78, 83, 97 Prothrombin, 97, 102 Protozoa, 91, 97 Pruritic, 81, 97 Psoriasis, 31, 36, 49, 97 Psychiatric, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 32, 49, 90, 97

112 Manic Depression

Psychiatry, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 26, 60, 97 Psychogenic, 97, 104 Psychomotor, 76, 80, 92, 97 Psychosis, 15, 17, 19, 26, 40, 60, 73, 97 Public Policy, 55, 97 Pulse, 4, 91, 97 Purines, 97, 100 Q Quinacrine, 49, 97 Quinidine, 49, 97 Quinine, 97, 98 R Race, 81, 98 Radiation, 72, 84, 98, 105 Radioactive, 86, 93, 98 Radiopharmaceutical, 84, 98 Rape, 95, 98 Reality Testing, 97, 98 Receptor, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 73, 81, 98, 100 Receptors, Serotonin, 98, 100 Recombinant, 30, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 98, 104 Recurrence, 75, 77, 90, 94, 98 Red blood cells, 83, 91, 98 Refer, 1, 78, 84, 89, 92, 97, 98 Refraction, 92, 98 Refractive Power, 92, 98 Registries, 4, 98 Remission, 75, 90, 98 Renal failure, 80, 98 Reserpine, 9, 22, 99 Retina, 79, 89, 92, 99 Retinal, 16, 93, 99 Retinol, 99 Retrospective, 16, 26, 99 Retrovirus, 19, 99 Rheumatism, 99 Rheumatoid, 31, 36, 99 Rheumatoid arthritis, 31, 36, 99 Rhythmicity, 4, 99 Ribose, 71, 99 Risk factor, 82, 99 Rods, 93, 99 S Salivary, 80, 99 Salivary glands, 80, 99 Schizophrenia, 5, 8, 10, 15, 17, 18, 19, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 60, 99, 105 Sclerosis, 38, 91, 99 Screening, 33, 77, 99 Second Messenger Systems, 92, 99

Secretion, 77, 86, 89, 100 Seizures, 76, 80, 93, 100 Senile, 93, 100 Septic, 31, 36, 100 Sequencing, 9, 22, 100 Serine, 31, 36, 100 Serotonin, 9, 18, 32, 37, 39, 73, 98, 99, 100, 103 Serum, 78, 85, 100 Shock, 31, 36, 100, 103 Side effect, 71, 73, 75, 91, 100, 103 Signal Transduction, 4, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 39, 88, 100 Skeletal, 97, 100 Small intestine, 82, 84, 86, 87, 100 Smooth muscle, 33, 74, 86, 101 Sneezing, 94, 101 Sodium, 19, 98, 101 Solid tumor, 72, 101 Somatic, 82, 94, 101 Spasmodic, 94, 101 Specialist, 61, 101 Species, 82, 86, 97, 98, 101, 104, 105 Sperm, 77, 101 Spleen, 80, 101 Sporadic, 92, 101 Stimulant, 86, 101 Stimulus, 81, 82, 88, 101, 102 Stomach, 84, 86, 100, 101 Strand, 18, 101 Stress, 76, 99, 101 Stroke, 33, 38, 54, 76, 89, 101 Sulfur, 90, 101 Sympathomimetic, 81, 82, 93, 101 Synapses, 93, 102 Synaptic, 100, 102 Synergistic, 96, 102 Systemic, 75, 80, 82, 88, 102 Systolic, 87, 102 T Teratogenic, 4, 102 Teratogenicity, 4, 102 Testicular, 31, 36, 102 Testis, 102 Therapeutics, 102 Threonine, 31, 36, 100, 102 Threshold, 83, 87, 102 Thrombin, 37, 39, 83, 96, 97, 102 Thrombocytes, 95, 102 Thrombomodulin, 96, 102 Thrombosis, 96, 101, 102 Thrombus, 79, 87, 89, 91, 102

Index 113

Thyroid, 102, 103 Thyroid Gland, 102, 103 Thyroid Hormones, 103 Thyrotropin, 17, 103 Thyroxine, 94, 103 Tissue, 32, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105 Toxic, iv, 94, 103 Toxicity, 6, 81, 90, 103 Toxicology, 56, 103 Toxins, 73, 85, 88, 103 Transcriptase, 99, 103 Transduction, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 39, 100, 103 Transfection, 75, 103 Transferases, 85, 103 Translational, 4, 103 Transmitter, 71, 81, 88, 90, 93, 102, 103 Trauma, 74, 80, 92, 103 Tryptophan, 20, 32, 100, 103 Tyrosine, 8, 9, 14, 81, 103 U Unconscious, 87, 103 Urinary, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 103, 104 Urinary Retention, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 104 Urinate, 104 Urine, 75, 85, 103, 104 Uterus, 92, 96, 104

V Vascular, 38, 87, 88, 102, 104 Vasodilator, 81, 86, 104 Vector, 103, 104 Vein, 88, 93, 104 Venous, 96, 104 Ventricle, 87, 97, 102, 104 Ventricular, 38, 104 Vesicular, 9, 22, 81, 104 Veterinary Medicine, 55, 104 Viral, 7, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 99, 103, 104 Virulence, 103, 104 Virus, 5, 74, 84, 88, 95, 103, 104 Vitamin A, 88, 99, 104 Vitro, 104 Vivo, 104 W Wakefulness, 80, 104 War, 95, 104 Weight Gain, 32, 104 White blood cell, 71, 73, 89, 90, 91, 93, 104 Whooping Cough, 94, 104, 105 Withdrawal, 80, 105 Wound Healing, 33, 38, 105 X Xenograft, 72, 105 X-ray, 84, 93, 105 Y Yeasts, 84, 94, 105 Z Zymogen, 96, 105

114 Manic Depression

Index 115

116 Manic Depression