Occupational Therapy - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Occupational Therapy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84135-7 1. Occupational Therapy-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on occupational therapy. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ....................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Occupational Therapy................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 31 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ............................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding Nutrition Studies on Occupational Therapy ................................................................. 75 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 76 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ....................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 79 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 86 General References ....................................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ......................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Dissertations on Occupational Therapy ...................................................................................... 89 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY.................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Recent Trials on Occupational Therapy ...................................................................................... 97 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 98 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ..................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 101 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 102 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 109 Chapters on Occupational Therapy............................................................................................ 110 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY........................................................... 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 121 Bibliography: Multimedia on Occupational Therapy ................................................................ 123 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY........................................ 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 125 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 127 Academic Periodicals covering Occupational Therapy .............................................................. 127 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 131 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 133 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 135 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 137 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 150 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153

viii Contents

Preparation................................................................................................................................. 153 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 153 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 153 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 159 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 159 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY DICTIONARY ......................................................................... 161 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 195

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with occupational therapy is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about occupational therapy, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to occupational therapy, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on occupational therapy. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to occupational therapy, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on occupational therapy. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on occupational therapy.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and occupational therapy, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Family Caregiver Acceptance and Use of Environmental Strategies Provided in an Occupational Therapy Intervention Source: Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics. 19(1): 1-20. 2001. Summary: This article describes the environmental strategies that were accepted and used by families caring at home for a family member with Alzheimer's disease. One hundred caregivers participated in an occupational therapy intervention designed to enhance their skills in using the physical and social environment to address specific problems associated with the progression of dementia. The intervention was implemented during five, 90-minute home visits over 2 months. Of nine problem areas addressed, the issues most frequently identified by caregivers as troublesome included caregiver-centered concerns, catastrophic reactions, wandering, and incontinence. The

4

Occupational Therapy

caregivers were willing to try a total of 1,068 strategies involving the modification of objects, tasks, and social groups. Of these, 869 (81 percent) were subsequently used independently by caregivers. The caregivers used a greater proportion of strategies that modified the task and social environments (84 percent and 83 percent, respectively, of strategies tried) than the object environment (74 percent). 4 tables, 36 references. •

Occupational Therapy Student Research of the Needs and Characteristics of Dementia Caregivers Source: Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics. 17(2): 29-40. 2000. Summary: This article examines the needs and characteristics of dementia caregivers, using the Person-Environment-Occupation (P-E-O) Model of Occupational Performance as a framework. It is based on the authors' experiences, occupational therapy student researchers, and existing literature. As part of a larger study on family caregiving, the authors conducted interviews with women who were primary caregivers for husbands with dementia. Findings are discussed in terms of the person (caregiver burden and depression), environment (physician and community support), and occupation (caregiving role) components of the P-E-O Model. The article also examines the role of the occupational therapist in caregiver intervention. 1 table, 35 references.

•

Dementia Management: An Occupational Therapy Home-Based Intervention for Caregivers Source: American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 46(9): 801-808. September 1992. Summary: This journal article describes an occupational therapy designed to help caregivers make changes in the environment in order to resolve behavioral problems associated with a person with dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease. The intervention, which is based on a competence-environmental press framework and the principle of collaboration, was implemented in five home visits. Each visit was designed to build caregiver skills through collaboration with the occupational therapist in identifying problems, introducing environmental strategies, and modifying management approaches. The paper includes a case study illustrating the therapeutic process and outcomes. It also describes the innovative documentation form developed for the intervention. The form provides a continuing means of assessing therapeutic effectiveness, the rate of caregiver change, and problem management areas. 62 references.

•

Gender Differences in Dementia Management Plans of Spousal Caregivers: Implications for Occupational Therapy Source: American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 46(11): 1006-1012. November 1992. Summary: This journal article discusses gender differences in the dementia management plans of spouse caregivers and the implications for occupational therapy practice and research. Husbands and wives have different approaches to caregiving and each approach has consequences in terms of the focus and extent of caregiving duties, psychosocial responses to caregiving, and physical effects. Husbands adopt a linear approach in which tasks are initiated and completed one at a time until the job is done. Wives use an enfolded activity approach in which they nest activities inside one another to accomplish many tasks at once. This article describes these gender differences in approaches to caregiving, explains how the enfolded activity approach predisposes women to negative effects from caregiving, and explores the influences of the different approaches on the dementia management plans of caregiving husbands and wives. Two

Studies

5

case studies are presented to illustrate the gender differences in dementia management plans. Finally, the article examines the implications of these issues for occupational therapy intervention that is sensitive to and supportive of gender differences in approaches to caregiving. 32 references. •

Role of Occupational Therapy in Dementia: COPE: Caregiver Options for Practical Experiences Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 15: 86-89. 2000. Summary: This journal article discusses the use of occupational therapy for people with dementia in the the Caregiver Options for Practical Experiences (COPE) project. The COPE project was an occupational therapy intervention that addressed the needs of caregivers and their relatives with dementia. COPE group meetings helped caregivers to increase their awareness of the patient's remaining strengths. Caregivers reduced their relatives' disturbing behaviors by applying COPE practices in the home environment. 19 references.

•

Occupational Therapy Services for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Source: American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 40(12): 82-84. December 1986. Summary: This position paper identifies and illustrates occupational therapy services used in managing irreversible dementing illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease. It describes the process of assessing the patient's functional capabilities and limitations, and of intervening to encourage patients at all levels of disability to function at the peak of their abilities even as those abilities diminish.

•

Statement: Occupational Therapy Services for Persons With Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias Source: American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 48(11): 1029- 1031. NovemberDecember 1994. Summary: This statement identifies and illustrates occupational therapy services used in managing irreversible dementing illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Huntington's disease, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)related dementia. It states that the basic goals of occupational therapy for persons with dementing illnesses are to maintain, restore, or improve functional capacity; to promote participation in activities that optimize physical and mental health; and to ease caregiving activities. It states that occupational therapy may make a critical contribution to the care of persons at all stages of dementia, with the specific type of occupational therapy intervention depending on the stage of illness and the manner in which cognitive impairment is manifested in daily living activities. Additionally, the paper notes that occupational therapy practitioners work directly with other caregivers and may consult with health care providers about treatment approaches and environmental modifications so that interventions meet patient and family needs. 16 references.

Federally Funded Research on Occupational Therapy The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to occupational therapy. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of

6

Occupational Therapy

Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to occupational therapy. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore occupational therapy. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for occupational therapy: •

Project Title: TREATMENT

AUTISM--DEVELOPMENT,

GENETIC

EPIDEMIOLOGY

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Todd, Richard D.; Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Provided by applicant): This is an application for a developmental grant for an Autism Center of Excellence. The long-term goal of this proposed Autism Center of Excellence is the delineation of the genetic and neurobiological mechanisms underlying specific autistic traits and the application of this information to treatment and outcome studies. The basic assumption of this goal is that there are multiple and heterogeneous genetic and neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to the observed clinical heterogeneity of autistic children and determine the social and language differences observed in the relatives of these children. The short-term goal of this developmental grant application is the establishment of an interactive structure and environment for interested investigators to realize these aims. The proposed list of investigators include child psychiatry, child neurology, psychology, and occupational therapy experts with a broad range of interests spanning basic neuronal mechanisms, genetic epidemiology, clinical syndromes and treatment response. The central theme of the proposed center, using developmental and genetic epidemiological methods to determine the underlying mechanisms for specific autistic deficits, is based on our recent success applying these approaches to the genetics of the core autistic feature of reciprocal social behavior. The long range goal of the proposed center is to extend these approaches to include tests of basic neurobiological mechanisms which might be associated with these characteristics, to investigate if similar mechanisms act in the broader autistic spectrum of disorders and to investigate the contribution of these proposed mechanisms to the prediction of treatment response. During the initial phase of this center we will concentrate on the establishment of an organizational structure to facilitate the development of junior and established investigators as autism researchers and on the creation of an enhanced integration of clinical and educational programs in autism and related disorders. Pilot studies for this developmental period will include extension of instruments developed for children to adult versions to test for extended familial transmission of autistic traits and the piloting of the use of established instruments in a quantitative trait locus (QTL)

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

7

analysis of the possible involvement of the X chromosome in deficits in reciprocal social behaviors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CAFFEINE AND NAPS--PRACTICAL SHIFWORK INTERVENTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Walsh, James K.; Uacs, Inc. 13645 Shoreline Dr Earth City, Mo 63045 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2002 Summary: Millions of Americans must work at night and sleep during the day. Estimates for 1997 by the Bureau of the Census indicate that 16.8 percent of full-time workers are shiftworkers, including 3.5 percent working steady night shift and 2.9 percent working rotating shifts. Despite negative consequences on health, safety, and work performance, night work is necessary in a variety of occupations including health services, public safety, communications, transportation, the military, and manufacturing industries that require 24-hour operation for economic reasons. Night work is associated with disturbed sleep, impaired alertness, decreased performance, and increased accidents, including transportation and industrial disasters. These detrimental effects are largely caused by: 1) the desynchrony between circadian sleep tendency and the schedule of sleep and wakefulness required by night work, and 2) cumulative sleep deprivation. The National Occupational Research Agenda identifies "demanding work schedules, sleep disorders, and the risk of occupational illness and injury" as a prioity area. The proposed research assesses two practical interventions to counter the effects of night work, i.e., napping and caffeine administration. In limited prior research, both caffeine and napping have shown significant potential as effective interventions and both are feasible for immediate implementation by large numbers of actual shiftworkers, regardless of industry or specific job duties. Specifically, two nap schedules, caffeine, and a combination of napping and caffeine will be studied. Objective physiologic and behavioral measures of alertness and performance at night, and sleep quantity and quality during the day, will be used to determine the most effective intervention in laboratory studies of simulated shiftwork. The most effective intervention will be tested with actual shiftworkers in the field using quantitative measures of performance, alertness, and sleep. The results of the experiments in this designated priority research area will directly lead to specific night work intervention strategies that can be readily applied in a variety of industries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: COMMUNITY COLLABORATION FOR FARMWORKER HEALTH AND SAFETY Principal Investigator & Institution: May, John J.; Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital Cooperstown, Ny 13326 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) The Community Collaboration for Farmworker Health and Safety project will utilize the PRECEDE-PROCEED model of health education/intervention to create locally-designed occupational interventions at each of two independent migrant farm worker community sites. The aim is a directly measurable decline in previously quantitated rates of occupational injury and illness in migrant communities in eastern New York and Maine. The fundamental goals are: 1) to build an effective coalition of community migrant health programs - Maine Migrant Health Program (MMHP) and Hudson Valley Migrant Health Program (HVMHP);

8

Occupational Therapy

primary care practitioners (PCPs) at each site; and a research team - the Northeast Center for Agricultural Health (NEC). 2) to develop and test a process for effective occupational interventions through coalitions. This process would be of great utility to the NEC in stimulating similar interventions at a number of other collaborating sites throughout the Northeast. Central to this project are the efforts of a NEC-based Project Coordinator and of Site Coordinators at each of the community sites. Through this work the project would include: 1) dialogue with the migrant community, soliciting community input and identifying leaders to join a project team of workers, employers, PCPs and other stakeholders at each site. 2) Following the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, in assisting these teams in selecting the most significant occupational health problems challenging the community and devising appropriate interventions for these problems. The teams would draw upon existing local injury data from ongoing NEC epidemiologic studies, upon the injury prevention expertise of the PCP committee members and upon community input to make these determinations. 3) Solicit project team and community review and assessment of the process and intervention outcome evaluation data collected by NEC researchers to determine those interventions that proved to be effective. 4) Utilize community and coalition resources to both disseminate effective interventions to the migrant and farm community, as well as the occupational health community and to permanently embed all or portions of the interventions in local organizations. The proposed project addresses a number of NIOSH's NORA priorities and would lead to ongoing coalition-based intervention efforts with the other ten migrant health programs who are currently collaborating with ongoing NEC migrant farmworker injury epidemiology research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONSTRAINT THERAPY FOR HEMIPLEGIA AFTER PEDIATRIC TBI Principal Investigator & Institution: Michaud, Linda J.; Associate Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of acquired disability in childhood. Children with impairment following moderate to severe injury subsequently show negligible rates of change in motor function after one year. Adults with chronic stroke have demonstrated improvement in motor function years following insult with constraint-induced movement therapy (CI therapy). Neuroimaging correlates of recovered function in adult hemiplegic extremities reveal differences in cortical activation patterns in comparison with normal patterns The objective of this proposal is to organize a research team that will develop a clinical trial of CI therapy in children with hemiplegia persisting more than one year following TBI. The study proposed for development would be prospective, randomized, crossover, and single-blinded, to test the major hypotheses: 1) that changes in motor function in hemiplegic extremities occur at a higher rate, to a greater extent, and with more qualitative improvement following CI therapy, in comparison to traditional physical and occupational therapy and 2) that improvement following CI therapy is accompanied by discernable differences in patterns of cortical activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging. While the emphasis is intended to be focused on forced use of the upper extremity in developing the study, consideration will also be given to developing a component of forced weight shift for the lower extremity. The planning process would include development of the protocols, selection of outcome measures, and methods of statistical analyses. Individual rate-of-change modeling will explored for inclusion in the statistical methods. Additional brain mapping correlates of changes

Studies

9

in functional motor activity will be considered for inclusion in the clinical trial, including transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigms. Lessons learned from designing an innovative study to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitative intervention in improving motor function after pediatric TBI and the accompanying changes in cortical reorganization may be generalizable to studies of interventions directed toward other domains of dysfunction and in other study populations. Functional MRI offers clear potential to increase our understanding between rehabilitation efforts, functional recovery, and neurological reorganization in ways that could direct the design of future interventions in pediatric rehabilitation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Marybeth; Associate Professor; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract). The major function of this Core (RRC-B) is to support the research of the two intervention studies in this OAIC, as well as that of pilot studies supported by the OAIC. A second important function of RRC-B is to train young investigators in geriatrics and gerontology who are interested in research relevant to maintenance of functional independence of the elderly, in the performance of the procedures available within the RRC- B. To the extent that the investigators' time and the resources of the RRC-B permit, the RRC-B will also support other pilot and preliminary studies as well as funded studies in geriatrics and gerontology. Use of the Core will be prioritized on the basis of the relevance of the research to the goal of this OAIC, which is to find effective means of preventing and reversing physical frailty and maintaining functional independence of the elderly. A specific function of RRC-B is to quantitatively assess physical performance capabilities and degree of physical frailty. This will include a physical performance test that correlates with degree of physical frailty and predict loss of independence and nursing home admission, as well as evaluation of range- of-motion, balance, gait, coordination, speed-of-movement, and strength. Another function of RRC-B is to apply physical therapy expertise to the initial evaluation of the volunteers to assist in identifying the functional impairments (e.g., muscle weakness, limited range-of-motion, poor balance, etc.) responsible for the frailty, and any pathological processes (e.g., arthritis, other orthopedic problems, decreased proprioception, etc.) underlying the functional impairments. A third function is to train young investigators in geriatrics and gerontology who are interested in research relevant to maintenance of functional independence of the elderly, in the performance of the functional assessments in RRC-B. This will provide an opportunity for junior faculty, research associates, and master and doctoral students in physical therapy, occupational therapy, exercise science, and other disciplines to gain expertise in the functional assessments of frail elderly that are applicable to their own research in areas relating to maintenance of independence of older people. Performing the functional assessments in RRC-B instead of in each of the intervention studies is intended to increase efficiency by eliminating the need to have personnel trained in the performance of the procedures in each of the studies and by eliminating the need to duplicate equipment. Furthermore, having all the assessments performed by the same physical therapist will enhance data quality by decreasing data variability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

10

Occupational Therapy

•

Project Title: CORE--RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Holloszy, John O.; Professor; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract). This Core (RDC) will utilize the OAIC activities and related RRCs to train new investigators from a variety of disciplines to perform gerontological research, with a major emphasis on the maintenance of functional capacity and the prevention or reversal of frailty. Investigators involved in the research of intervention studies, IS-1 and IS-2, and/or in directing the RRCs, and other colleagues with expertise relevant to the goals of this OAIC, will serve as mentors to train young investigators in geriatrics, gerontology and related areas who are interested in research relevant to maintenance of functional independence of the elderly. Specific areas in which the mentors in this RDC have expertise include: gerontology; geriatrics; preventive medicine; exercise physiology; cardiovascular physiology and clinical cardiology; physical therapy; occupational therapy; social services; endocrinology and metabolism; osteoporosis; health behavior research; cost effectiveness analysis and health care utilization; clinical trials; biostatistics; stable isotope methodology; cell biology; free radical biology and oxidative damage. The wide range of backgrounds of the mentors in this RDC ranging, for example, from expertise in cell biology to applied physiology and from gerontology to clinical geriatrics and cost- effectiveness analysis, is to make possible research training in the RDC to promote linkages between mechanistic and outcome research. The research training of the RDC will also have a didactic component designed to expand the academic curriculum for providing new investigators with the information base and the research skills necessary to design, implement, analyze, and publish results of studies in the broad areas of geriatrics and gerontology that are relevant to the maintenance of functional independence. The major emphasis of the research training will be to prepare young investigators to develop interventions that can be applied to the prevention and reversal of frailty. The RDC will support young investigators in order to provide them with protected time for their research and with funds for pilot studies. This research training component of the OAIC will be supported by the RDC and coordinated and supervised by the RDC leader and associate leader. The goal is to increase the number of investigators conducting research in areas of geriatrics and gerontology that are relevant to maintenance of functional independence of the elderly. Such areas include intervention studies, clinical trials, health services research, and basic research in biochemistry, physiology, and cell biology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAMECYCLE EXERCISE SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Boninger, Ronald M.; Three Rivers Holdings, Llc 1826 W Broadway Rd, Ste 43 Mesa, Az 85202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAY-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Wheelchair users benefit from exercise through reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, better functioning in the activities of daily living, increased self-esteem, and improved rehabilitation outcomes. Unfortunately, wheelchair users report that the exercise options they have provide little motivation to exercise. There is a need to create environments in which people in wheelchairs are able and motivated to exercise. The GAMECycle addresses this need by merging exercise with videogame playing. In Phase I, lab testing demonstrated that the GAMECycle allows

Studies

11

users to maintain target aerobic training levels, and was perceived by users as fun and as likely to enhance their motivation to exercise more frequently. In Phase II, we will further refine the design of the GAMECycle by 1) improving the stability of the system to minimize vibrations even when exercising vigorously, 2) maximizing the user's capabilities within the videogame context and expanding the variety of videogames with which the system is compatible, 3) enhancing the extent to which the system can be modified to meet the needs of the user, and 4) readying the system for commercial production. We will also place the refined prototype in rehab facilities and in the homes of end-users for a four-month trial for more extensive testing and evaluation of the GAMECycle, as compared with a standard arm-ergometer. The design improvements coupled with extensive off-site testing will insure the commercial viability of the GAMECycle, both as a product for individual in-home use, and as a product for institutions interested in better meeting the needs of their clients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DYNAMICAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR SKILLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Thelen, Esther; Professor; Psychology; Indiana University Bloomington P.O. Box 1847 Bloomington, in 47402 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1987; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: The overall goal of this research program is to understand the acquisition of motor skills in infancy. The proposed studies are informed by a dynamic systems perspective. Thus, the research strategy is twofold: (1) to provide a detailed description of the developmental changes in reaching and walking and their multiple interacting subsystems, and (2) to identify and experimentally manipulate agents and processes critical to the emergence of new behavioral forms. Specific aim I is to complete the analysis of longitudinal data on the kinematics, kinetics, and muscle patterns of infant reaching, collected weekly from 4 infants from weeks 3 - 52. This will describe the transition from spontaneous to goal-directed reaching, the improvements in the accuracy, speed and smoothness in reaching, and the dynamic segmental forces and muscle patterns that underlie these changes. Specific aim 2 is to conduct a longitudinal study of infants between 6 months and 18 months to trace the kinematic, kinetic and EMG characteristics of treadmill steps, supported steps, and independent walking. This study will describe the developmental transition in the neuromuscular precursors of walking when infants stand, bear weight, and move forward independently. Specific aim 3 is to conduct experiments where kicking and reaching movements are perturbed by a slight tug, which simulates the naturally occurring internal and external force environment. This study investigates how infants detect and adjust their muscles to proprioceptive input. Specific aim 4 is a series of experiments investigating how infants acquire new motor forms. Infants will be trained to use bilateral kicks to activate a mobile, and the conditions and contexts that facilitate learning and remembering the new pattern of coordination will be manipulated. These studies are important to (1) illuminate basic developmental processes; (2) understand fundamental mechanisms of motor coordination and control; and (3) impact on clinical practice, especially physical and occupational therapy with children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

12

Occupational Therapy

•

Project Title: ERGONOMIC INTERVENTIONS FOR GARMENT WORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Ritz, Beate R.; Associate Professor; Epidemiology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2005 Summary: The center of apparel manufacturing in the United States is California with approximately 7,500 apparel firms and the Los Angeles basin accounting for 80% (115,000 jobs) of California's apparel and textile industry. Nearly 40% of the industries with the highest reported incidence rates of injuries and illnesses from repetitive motion in the United States are in apparel manufacturing. Thus, we are proposing to conduct a randomized trial of a newly developed ergonomic intervention applied to sewing machine operators working in LA garment shops; we tested these interventions previously for acceptance by workers in Northern California. The proposed ergonomic intervention package includes changes in work station design such as 1) tilting the sewing machine table to decrease neck and trunk flexion; 2) seating improvements such as adding sitting wedges to existing chairs and/or providing highly adjustable chairs appropriate selected for work at a sewing machine; 3) installing table extension on the left side of the sewing machine table to decrease awkward arm postures and pinch forces; and 4) providing support for the left foot with a simple block of wood or extending the foot pedals so that both feet are well supported, or activate, the control. In addition to equipment changes, we will train all employees in how to perform work tasks more safely, and/or suggest improvements in the work procedures (e.g., redesign of the work flow, rest breaks, enhanced variety in tasks to reduce repetitive strain). We will examine whether interventions implemented at 150 sewing work station and expected to have benefits can reduce rates of upper extremity, neck (and lower back) musculoskeletal disorders, severity of pain and impairment, and lost-time compared to 150 'placebo' (control) interventions. Secondary purposes include (1) determining the effect of the intervention on body postures and work practices, (2) identifying the characteristics of employees, who benefit from the intervention, (3) estimating the effects of the intervention on productivity, and (4) estimating the cost of the intervention. The long-term objectives of this line of research are to determine to what extent ergonomic and some work organizational changes (for sewing machine operators in garment shops can prevent upper extremity, neck and low back musculoskeletal impairment, disorders, and disability. This study will provide employers, employees and public agencies with evidence of the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions in order to guide health and safety policy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: GESTURAL INTERFACES AND ROBOTICS FOR REHABILITATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lathan, Corinna E.; Anthrotronix, Inc. 387 Technology Dr, Ste 1101 College Park, Md 20742 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-APR-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project examines the feasibility of using gestural interfaces technology and interactive robotics to facilitate motor development and functional mobility of children with cerebral palsy. Physical impairments such as cerebral palsy can significantly impact a child's development of normal motor patterns. Cerebral palsy is one of the three most common physical impairments for children of ages 17 and under, with approximately 2 out of 1000 cases per live births in the U.S. Developed by AnthroTronix, Inc., an

Studies

13

engineering, consulting, and product development company in College Park, MD., the technology uses a child friendly robot, named "CosmoBotTM'', controlled by various interfaces adapted to individual needs, regardless of physical limitations. The child controls the robot via gestures and voice activation. Gestures may include reaching for a button, operating a joystick, or activating wearable sensors through body movement. The child can play and record sound and movement commands and can interact with the robot in the context of programmed games. The robot allows the child to interact with his or her environment, giving the child a sense of control. In addition, the robot imitates movements and speech, providing feedback and motivation for learning. The proposed project is designed to evaluate gestural interface technology and interactive robotics with children of ages 3-10, diagnosed with cerebral palsy, who receive outpatient therapy at the Mt. Washington Pediatric Hospital in Maryland. Objectives are (a) to select appropriate gestural interface sensors for children with cerebral palsy to interact with the robot while meeting their therapeutic goals for upper body range of motion, strength, and improving functional abilities; and (b) to evaluate the feasibility of CosmoBotTM during therapy in terms of its usability, effectiveness, and appeal to the child. Phase I will test the technical feasibility of using CosmoBotTM to contribute to the physical or occupational therapy intervention, as evaluated by (1) acceptance by the therapist, parent, and child, and (2) child-robot interactions which facilitate upper limb movements. Actual use as an intervention and functional outcome assessment will be tested in Phase II research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOW ACCESS AFFECTS OUTCOMES OF REHABILITATION SERVICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Iezzoni, Lisa L.; Associate Professor; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): With the aging population, the number of Americans with functional limitations will rise by over 300% by 2049 if the age-specific prevalence of major chronic conditions remains unchanged. While medical interventions can sometimes dramatically improve physical functioning, restoring functional abilities is unrealistic for many people. The focus shifts to preserving function, slowing its decline; and preventing secondary complications. Rehabilitation services, including physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT), are central to these efforts. Few studies have examined the outcomes of PT and OT as they are routinely practiced throughout communities in the United States. This project will use a longitudinal, nationwide survey of Medicare beneficiaries over and under age 65 (the 1 994-2001 Medicare Current Beneficiary Surveys), linked with respondents' Medicare claims, to examine outcomes of PT and OT. A major change in Medicare payment policy -- the 1997 Balanced Budget Act, which tightened payments for rehabilitation services -- will serve as a "natural experiment" of conditions under which access to routine rehabilitation care is constrained. The proposed study aims to examine the association between the intensity of PT and OT services and likelihood of good outcomes, including lower rates of: self-reported functional decline; worsening overall health; activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL dependence; institutionalization; acute care hospitalization; injury prompting medical attention; decubitus ulcer development; purchase of assistive technology; social isolation; and death. The study will examine persons within five conditions: arthritis; stroke; acute myocardial infarction; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and lower extremity mobility problems, regardless of

14

Occupational Therapy

cause. Two inter-related hypotheses will guide this work: (1) increased intensity of PT and OT is associated with better outcomes; and (2) decreased access to PT and OT is associated with worse outcomes. These hypotheses will be tested using cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses; analytic techniques will include time series, propensity score, instrumental variable, and proportional hazards regression modeling. The primary outcome of the proposed study will be an assessment of the association of PT and OT, as routinely practiced nationwide and important outcomes of care. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HUMAN GENOME EDUCATION MODEL (HUGEM) PROJECT II Principal Investigator & Institution: Lapham, E V.; Pediatrics; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-1993; Project End 31-OCT-2001 Summary: (Applicant's abstract) The field of medical genetics continues to witness dramatic advances (largely resulting from the Human Genome Project) which have led to an increased demand for genetic services and brought genetics issues to the forefront of health care. While physicians and nurses provide primary medical care for persons with genetic conditions, the allied health professionals (such as nutritionists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, psychologists, social workers, and speechlanguage pathologists) are often the first to: 1) suspect that their clients have a genetic disorder; 2) give a label to the developmental or behavioral symptoms; 3) recommend further evaluations including genetic testing 4) interpret and discuss results of testing and sometimes give diagnoses; 5) influence attitudes and decisions of their clients about participating in genetic testing or research; 6) provide referrals to other resources such as genetic counseling and genetic support groups; 7) provide counseling related to coping with and adjusting to a genetic condition; and, 9) educate the public about genetic conditions and ELSI issues. Allied health professionals, in general, remain inadequately informed in the area of human genetics and issues related to genetic knowledge, genetic testing, and genetic research. Building on the experiences and products of the Human Genome Education Model Project (1993-1997), Georgetown University Child Development Center-University Affiliated Program (UAP) (Dept. of Pediatrics) and the Alliance of Genetic Support Groups plan to use the collaborative (consumer and health professional) education model to educate allied health professionals through their respective national organizations (American Dietetic Association, American Occupational Therapy Association, American Physical Therapy Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, American Psychological Association, Council on Social Work Education, and National Association of Social Workers). The overall goal is to derive optimal benefit from development of the Human Genome Project for allied health professionals and the consumers they serve. The specific aims are: 1. to conduct surveys to assess needs, determine education priorities, and identify resources of the respective organizations; 2. to use information from the surveys to adapt the collaborative education model to educate and sensitize health professionals about genetics, the HGP and its ELSI issues and to implement education for national staff, practitioners, and educators; and 3) to evaluate each level of education and disseminate information about the project. HuGEM II is designed to be carried out over a three-year period. An advisory committee will provide expertise in medical genetics, ethics, law, consumer issues, social policy, and health education. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

15

Project Title: IMPROVING UTILIATION OF ISCHEMIC STROKE RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Borbas, Catherine; Executive Director; Minneapolis Medical Research Fdn, Inc. 600 Hfa Bldg Minneapolis, Mn 55404 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Although few therapies exist for directly decreasing neural tissue damage caused by stroke, much can be done to improve (or worsen) patient outcome. Despite extensive research evidence including randomized control trials and meta-analyses that demonstrate the efficacy of specific acute ischemic stroke therapies and processes of care (i.e. appropriate and timely provision of rt-PA, aspirin, antihypertensives, antiembolics, antithrombotics, mobilization, physical and occupational therapy, and patient and family education), there is evidence to suggest that these therapies are underutilized. The American Heart Association and the American Academy of Neurology have developed and actively disseminated ischemic stroke guidelines regarding these drug therapies and processes of care. The overall goal of this project is to build on our previous AHRQ funded research to assess the effectiveness of a replicable and an innovative model for accelerating the application of evidence-based treatment guidelines for acute ischemic stroke. We will use a randomized controlled design in a voluntary consortium of hospitals (N=24) in Minnesota to test a hospital based intervention involving feedback of both hospital specific clinical performance data and information on relevant personal and interpersonal characteristics of staff and organizational capacity shown to be predisposing and enabling factors associated with organizational change. At the experimental hospitals, we will work with both informal clinical opinion leaders and members of the formal leadership (i.e. CEO, Nursing Director) to use this information to improve performance in the targeted areas. At the control hospitals, we will provide a minimalist intervention involving informal opinion leaders but not hospital leadership. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: IMPROVING VOCATIONAL OUTCOMES IN ARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Maisiak, Richard S.; Professor; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The long-term objectives of the proposed research project are to (1) enhance program participation and (2) improve the vocational outcome of persons with work disability due to arthritis and related musculoskeletal disorders (ARMD), who are actively seeking vocational rehabilitation services. It is hypothesized that persons with work disability due to ARMD seeking vocational rehabilitation (VR) services, who are exposed to an "Agency Access Intervention", are more likely to gain entrance to the VR system and be determined eligible for services than are similar persons not exposed to the intervention. Further, it is hypothesized that persons with work disability due to ARMD who are determined to be eligible for VR services, and, who are exposed to an "Agency Enhancement Intervention" during the provision of services are more likely to become and remain employed, upon completion of the VR program, than are similar persons not exposed to the intervention. The research design is a randomized, controlled, field experiment comparing the vocational outcomes of the group receiving the two-part intervention to those not receiving the intervention, and it allows evaluation of each component of the intervention separately. The intervention consists of training sessions to help prospective VR clients with ARMD successfully enter and complete the VR program, and training sessions for a randomly selected group of VR

16

Occupational Therapy

professionals to help them serve VR clients with ARMD more effectively. If this intervention strategy proves capable of significantly increasing (a) VR utilization rates, (b) post-service employment rates, and (c) duration of post-service employment in a previously underserved group with historically poor VR outcomes, it could have significant role in reducing the immense impact, nationally, of work disability due to arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERNATIONAL CONF. ON EVIDENCE BASED OCC. THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Coster, Wendy J.; American Occupational Therapy Assn Box 31220, 4720 Montgomery Ln Bethesda, Md 20824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Conference and Objectives: An international conference planned for July 2003 will establish mechanisms to support the increased use of evidence as the basis of practice in occupational therapy (OT). Specific objectives are: 1) to identify a set of priority initiatives that will facilitate efficient and effective evidence-based practice; 2) to identify current efforts to address these needs as well as areas where new initiatives are needed; 3) to design a collaborative structure that will support efforts directed at priority needs; 4) to generate consensus guidelines for evaluating and reporting research evidence; and 5) to set specific target outcomes for the next directed towards these needs. Background and significance: This conference addresses these areas: the need to develop consensus regarding research methods; to disseminate research information; and to develop partnerships within the international OT community. Conference Planning Process: A planning committee comprised of OT scholars with expertise in evidence-based practice and members of the AOTA and AOTF senior solicited input from international scholars with significant publications and presentations at major conferences. Conference Topics: 1. What is the current status of evidence-based practice in OT? 2. What are the major tasks needed to increase the quality of such practice, increase the available evidence, and facilitate the distribution of the evidence? 3. The use of small groups in creative problem-solving; 4. Designing a coordinating structure; 5. Developing an action plan. Conference Format: Plenary sessions alternate with small groups, insuring consensus on plans and tasks to be accomplished. Dissemination: Information will be disseminated through a variety of formats including professional publications, Internet resources, professional presentation and targeted international educational offerings. Evaluation: At the end of the conference and at 6 and 12 months following. Participants: In lieu of speakers each conferee will be a working member of the total group. Participants will represent at least 6 countries and several other disciplines: occupational science, human development, anthropology, sociology, education, research methodologies, and epidemiology. Budget: A request to supplement AHRQ funds is currently under consideration by a separate non-profit organization dedicated to supporting educational conferences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CHRONIC RECOVERY FROM STROKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Nudo, Randolph J.; Professor; None; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2002

Studies

17

Summary: (provided by applicant): This three-day retreat will explore new strategies to translate basic science principles of brain plasticity into effective clinical interventions. Recent developments in animal models of neuroplasticity after stroke, and the application of modern imaging techniques to human clinical interventions have added new dimensions to rehabilitation research. To facilitate development of more effective clinical interventions, interdisciplinary approaches are becoming increasingly important. This retreat will facilitate dialogue and collaboration among the various disciplines in this rapidly evolving field. The format of the retreat will be short presentations by leading researchers in animal models of recovery after stroke, human brain imaging, stroke outcomes, and clinical interventions. These presentations will be followed by small roundtable discussions focused on particular topics related to translational approaches to developing new clinical interventions. Leading researchers and clinicians will be invited from the fields of neurology, neuroscience, occupational therapy, physical medicine, physical therapy and rehabilitation. In addition, representatives from the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries will be invited. Finally, a select group of graduate students, fellows, and junior faculty in these fields will be invited to attend and encouraged to participate. This symposium will be held in cooperation with the Kansas Claude D. Pepper Center for Independence in Older Americans and will take place in Kansas City, Missouri, April 26-28, 2002. Major sessions include: 1. Neural recovery and reorganization in animal models; 2. Neural recovery and reorganization in humans; 3. Exercise/rehabilitation interventions; 4. Outcomes measures after stroke; 5. Pharmacotherapeutic/transplantation interventions. In each session, data from animal models and human studies will be presented. At the conclusion of the symposium, key participants will be asked to help formulate a consensus statement to address ways for better partnership between basic and clinical research, and for better utilization of animal models for establishing more effective interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MODELING DYNAMIC RESOURCES TO SOLVE MOVEMENT PROBLEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ulrich, Beverly D.; Kinesiology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of the work proposed here is to understand the production and change over time in patterns of motor behavior. The studies are informed by a dynamic systems perspective and expand the use of mathematical models that address coordination issues by focusing on the availability of dynamic resources from which humans select control strategies for solving movement problems. Recently such a model has been developed but limited in its validation to normal children and those with cerebral palsy (CP). This proposal addresses the generalizability of this modeling approach by focusing on a population with unique dynamic resources, Down syndrome (DS). It extends previous work by studying behavior across the lifespan in a population whose control problems are poorly understood. Focus is on walking because it emerges relatively early in life, is well practiced over time, complex, changes over the lifespan, is an important functional skill, yet has received limited directed attention by the scientific community. Specific aim #1 is to examine the capacity of the model to explain gait pattern differences in preadolescent children with DS and typically developing (TD) children as well as their ability to adapt to perturbations. Preadolescence is a time when performance on this

18

Occupational Therapy

task may be expected to be optimal. Comparison will be made between gait kinematics and the model's predicted dynamic gait strategies (i.e., relative stiffness and forcing functions. Specific aim #2 is to extend the application of this model across developmental levels, including new walkers and older walkers. At these levels optimality constraints may be quite different; they represent different levels of practice, as well as differences in the biomechanical and physiological constraints, within the same population. In particular, new walkers will be tested in a longitudinal study design in order to map the emergence of dynamic strategies within participants. Specific aim #3 is to concurrently validate the effectiveness of the model. This will include comparing the model's method for estimating stiffness and forcing to measures developed by other researchers, examining neuromuscular correlates of the model's estimates for stiffness and forcing, and determining if non-linear components in the model are required to minimize the error and maximize generalizability of the model. These studies have wide-ranging implications for a.) understanding the emergence of control strategies, b.) understanding general processes of change, and c.) impacting on clinical practice, especially physical and occupational therapy and orthopaedic medicine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NERVE-MUSCLE GRAFTS IN AMPUTEES FOR PROSTHESIS CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuiken, Todd A.; Assistant Professor; Rehabilitation Institute Research Corp Research Corporation Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Currently transhumeral amputees can only operate a single degree-of-freedom at a time with myoelectric prostheses. This is very inadequate since multiple functions need to be controlled. We believe that the residual brachial plexus nerves in a transhumeral amputee can be grafted onto separate regions of the biceps, triceps and brachialis muscles and that these nerve-muscle grafts could provide additional myoelectric control signals that are physiologically related to the functions they would be controlling in the prosthesis. This would allow simultaneous control of multiple degrees-of-freedom with a more natural feel. The technique has great potential for improving the control of transhumeral myoelectric prostheses. A series of experiments have been performed that indicate the concept is feasible with a high probability of success. Since the muscles will be 'hyper-reinnervated' by the donor nerve, good muscle recovery is expected. Extensive EMG modeling studies indicate that surface EMG signals from the different nerve-muscle grafts will be able to provide discreet and independent control signals allowing simultaneous operation of a terminal device, elbow and wrist rotator. We propose a small, carefully orchestrated clinical trial of the nerve-muscle graft technique in recent transhumeral amputees. Baseline testing will be done with a conventional myoelectric prosthesis to measure operational performance. With IRB approval, surgery will be performed to denervate the medial head of the biceps and brachialis muscles, then graft the median and distal radial nerves on to these muscles. Once the muscles are reinnervated, the patient will be fit with an appropriately modified myoelectric prosthesis and trained in its use. The patient will then be able to use the nerve grafts to control a myoelectric hand and the lateral head of the biceps and the triceps to control the powered elbow. Performance testing will be repeated with the experimental myoelectric system for comparison to conventional measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

19

Project Title: NEUROLOGIC RESOURCE IN THE QUICKTIME STREAMING FORMAT Principal Investigator & Institution: Pearson, John C.; Anatomy and Psysiology; Wright State University Colonel Glenn Hwy Dayton, Oh 45435 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this project is to establish a searchable database of Quicklime movies depicting neurologic disorders and distribute them as a neuroscience resource to health care educational institutions. The specific aims are to (1) create digital source video of a neurologist performing the physical examination on patients with neurologic disease, (2) compress this video for Internet delivery in Quicklime streaming format, and (3) organize these video files into a searchable database on an Internet server for file transfer protocol (FTP) download to client institutions. FTP download of streamable files followed by client distribution via local area network will assure sufficient bandwidth for delivery of smooth motion, highquality video. It also allows client faculty to customize this video resource to suit the curricular objectives of their institution. We will make patient recordings using a professional digital camera. We will use Sorenson Video variable bit rate compression to produce video files deliverable over bandwidths of 30-50 Kilobytes/sec (KBS). Compressed files will be formatted as Quicklime HTTP ('fast start') streaming video and maintained in a database-driven web site on a Mac OS X web server. Video files compressed for higher data rate delivery (e.g., 100KBS) for distribution via CD-ROM or DVD-ROM will also be made available. Supplemental patient information, such as history and imaging results, will also be made available to accompany video file download. Creative use of this 'on-demand' video medium will reinforce performancebased learning issues and better prepare students for patient interaction in several health care fields involved in diagnosis or rehabilitation of nervous system disease, such as medicine, nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech pathology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: OT OUTCOMES: CHILDREN WITH SENSORY MODULATION DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Lucy J.; Associate Professor of Rehabilitation; Pediatrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1999; Project End 28-FEB-2002 Summary: This career development award will enable the applicant to become an independent investigator in a new field of study, outcomes research in pediatric rehabilitation. A combination of classroom education (25 percent) at the University of Denver and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, intensive mentorship (25 percent) with two co- mentors and a committee of five additional experts, and completion of a related research project (50 percent) will consolidate her new career focus. Exemplary environmental and research supports for applicant exist at these two institutions. The applicant's skills in design and analysis of outcome research will be solidified through performance of a research project. The sample includes 63 children diagnosed with sensory modulation disorder (SMD) by a norm-referenced scale. A combination of physiologic responses, standardized rating scales of attention, anxiety and activities of daily living, and additional clinical measures will estimate posttreatment changes in impairments, functional limitations, and disabilities. If SMD inclusion criteria are met, child is assigned to one of three groups using blocked,

20

Occupational Therapy

random allocation: immediate treatment, wait-list condition, or alternative treatment. The target experimental treatment, OT with SI model combines functional occupationbased interventions, sensory integrative activities, and family centered care. Alternative OT treatment uses a skills-based model. Post-treatment examination on outcome variables are made by a blind examiner. Group by time repeated measures analysis of variance is used to analyze data, differentiating the effectiveness of the three treatment conditions. The combination of classroom education, intensive mentorship and conducting the research project will enable applicant to: 1) learn and disseminate research methodologies appropriate to measuring complex "occupation-based" outcomes to the field, and 2) develop a longitudinal program of research related to SMD. The project also provides a mechanism for applicant to learn how to evaluate the relation between physiologic/impairment variables, and to explore which is most useful in predicting improvements. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHYSICAL AND OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY FOR OLDER PERSONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Freburger, Janet K.; None; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Community based older persons, especially those with functional limitations and disability, use a variety of health care providers to maintain and/or improve their health and functional capabilities. Physical and occupational therapists represent one group of health care providers that primarily focus on improving, maintaining, or limiting decline in the functional capabilities of the older person. The broad objective of the proposed study is to advance our understanding of the access to and effectiveness of physical and occupational therapy for community based older persons. This study will be population based, analyzing several years of data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. The first aim of the study is to identify determinants of therapy use. Analyses will be conducted to identify predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics associated with the use of physical and occupational therapy. Determinants of therapy use in the home or outpatient setting will also be identified. And finally, the relationship between predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics and intensity of therapy use will be examined. The second aim of the study is to examine the relationship between therapy use and changes in functional status. Users of physical and occupational therapy will be identified and analyses will be conducted to examine the relationship between intensity of therapy use and changes in functional status, while controlling for patient characteristics and illness severity. The feasibility of examining changes in functional status among users and nonusers of physical and occupational therapy will also be explored using instrumental variable estimation or a case-control approach. Little is known about whether community based older persons have appropriate access to therapy services. Data on the effectiveness of physical and occupational therapy for community based older persons is also limited. Because recent changes in Medicare reimbursement have had a direct impact on the provision of therapy services, examining issues surrounding the use and effectiveness of these services is timely and may inform future Medicare policy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

21

Project Title: PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE AND MENTAL HEALTH IN SOCIAL CONTEXT Principal Investigator & Institution: Marsiske, Michael; Associate Professor; Ctr for Gerontological Studies; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Institute on Aging (IoA) at the University of Florida (UF) seeks funding to support its predoctoral research-training program in aging of physical, cognitive and mental health in social contexts. With the co-location and cooperation between UF's health sciences and liberal arts campuses, as evinced by the strong levels of collaboration documented in this proposal, located close to urban and rural environments, UF is uniquely positioned to offer training in the psychosocial elements of health and disease (e.g., sensorimotor antecedents of cognitive decline in aging), in a socially diverse State. The training program is led by a Training Director with over seven years of experience with a particular model that includes multidisciplinary research training coupled with strong disciplinary education. UF has recently reinvigorated its investment in aging research, although its institutional commitment to aging (as evidenced by the establishment of its first Center on aging) is over 50 years old. In the past two years alone, 14 new aging faculty (to date) have been hired at UF. At present, over 40 faculty have identified themselves as "Core Training Faculty" in the IoA, representing the disciplines of psychology, sociology, nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, medicine, geography, audiology, linguistics, interior design, and others. This group is committed to mentoring students in a program that includes simultaneous admission to a disciplinary department (for the Ph.D.) and to the IoA Predoctoral Research Training program. The core components of the IoA training program include: (1) assignment of each student of multi-disciplinary mentoring team, literally on their first day of arrival, including a primary mentor form the performance model, in which students begin each academic year with their mentoring team to set career plan-relevant quantifiable goals in the domains of research, education, and service. Mentoring team meetings throughout the year to assess and support goal progress; (3) a weekly campus-wide colloquium series featuring atop national speakers, local researchers in aging, and professional development sessions; and (4) required supplemental coursework in Aging and Statistics/Methodology. In addition, our mentoring team approach allows us to actively engage energetic newer faculty in primary mentoting roles, while supplementing and complementing them with seasoned, productive senior investigators. Our students are therefore poised not only for research in traditional departments, but also in clinical research facilities, and multidisciplinary gerontology environments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: PRIMATE MODEL OF MODERATE LEVEL PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Schneider, Mary L.; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: OBJECTIVE To determine whether moderate alcohol exposure during pregnancy constitutes a danger to the offspring and whether prenatal stress exacerbates any negative effects on offspring behavior and physiology. RESULTS Developmental disabilities represents an enormous problem for our society costing the national economy billions of dollars per year. While there are many children with developmental

22

Occupational Therapy

disabilities that have known genetic and metabolic abnormalities, a large percent of such children have unknown etiologies. Prenatal alcohol exposure may be one of the factors contributing to the etiology of developmental disabilities, either alone or in conjunction with stress. Our data have indicated that offspring of prenatal alcohol-exposed females show attentional and neuromotor impairments during early life in comparison to control infants. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Studies are currently underway to determine (1) whether a sensitive period exists for the effect; (2) whether effects persist into adolescence, (3) whether the effects are exacerbated by prenatal stress, and (4) whether alterations in dopaminergic function subserve the behavioral impairments observed in fetal alcohol-exposed monkeys. KEY WORDS prenatal stress, neonatal, neurobehavior, cognitive development, social behavior, sensitive period, critical period, developmental disabilities, endocrine responses, neuromotor, memory and learning, WGTA testing, PET, MRI, neuroimaging, dopaminergic FUNDING NIAAA AA10079 Total costs plus indirect costs for this year = $172,500 PUBLICATIONS Roughton, E.C., M.L. Schneider, L. Bromley, and C.L. Coe. 1998. Maternal endocrine activation during pregnancy alters neurobehavioral state in primate infants, American Occupational Therapy Journal, 52, 90-98 Schneider, M.L., A.S. Clarke, G.W. Kraemer, E.C. Roughton, G.R. Lubach, S. Rimm-Kaufman, D. Schmidt, and M. Ebert. 1998. Prenatal stress alters brain biogenic amine levels in primates, Development and Psychopathology. 10:427-440. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF PEDIATRIC CI THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Taub, Edward; Professor; Psychology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 04-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of this research is to test the efficacy of a new form of pediatric rehabilitation therapy -namely, Pediatric CI therapy to promote new and improved motor behavior in young children with hemiparesis associated with cerebral palsy. This is based on a theoretically-grounded therapy shown to be effective with adult patients with chronic stroke and to produce cortical reorganization (cf. Taub et al., 1993; Liepert et al., 2000). Pediatric Cl therapy involves (1) total restraint of the unaffected upper extremity and (2) repetitive use of the affected extremity, using intensive shaping procedures for 6 hours/day for 21 consecutive days. The proposed research builds on findings from a preliminary study that demonstrated significant gains in young children's upper extremity skills following Pediatric Cl therapy. We propose to conduct a prospective, randomized controlled study with 52 children (ages 2-6) with hemiparetic cerebral palsy. The specific aims are:(1) to test the efficacy of Pediatric Cl therapy compared to Conventional therapy to improve upper extremity movement and functional use;(2) to evaluate whether improvement (if detected) is sustained over the next 12 months; and(3) to assess whether Pediatric Cl therapy is associated with significant gains in other adaptive behavior domains (e.g., trunk control, mobility, communication, and self-help skills).This research is of paramount significance because there currently are no forms of pediatric rehabilitation proven efficacious (Barry, 2001), despite widespread use of physical and occupational therapy in treatment of young children with cerebral palsy (Ramey et al; 2000). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

23

Project Title: REDUCING FAMILY CAREGIVER UPSET WITH DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Gitlin, Laura N.; Professor and Director; Nursing; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is in response to the RFA NR-02-001 "Informal Caregiving Research for Chronic Conditions." It proposes a randomized control trial to test the effectiveness of a targeted intervention to reduce family caregiver upset with disruptive behaviors and burden, and frequency of behavioral occurrences in persons with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD). The study targets 272 highly stressed racially diverse family caregivers providing in-home care to persons at moderate stage dementia, a point in the disease in which behavioral disturbances typically occur and caregiver stress significantly increases. The in-home intervention we plan to test is theory-driven and multidisciplinary and combines empirical evidence with knowledge of best clinical practice. To enhance its clinical applicability, the intervention is designed to be reproducible and its components reimbursable under current Medicare guidelines. The intervention provides families with the requisite knowledge and skills to control their own stress and identify, manage and reduce both the internal (e.g., medical causes) and external (e.g., environmental) factors that may contribute to disruptive behavior in the home. The first intervention component involves a home visit from an advanced practice nurse who will provide education to caregivers about dementia and disruptive behaviors, and screen for and coordinate treatment of underlying medical conditions (e.g., infection) that may contribute to the behavioral disturbance in the person with ADRD. Regardless of medical outcome, the next intervention component involves home visits and telephone contacts by an occupational therapist who will provide in-home caregiver training in (1) stress reduction, (2) problem solving to identify antecedent environmental conditions that provoke behaviors, (3) communication, task and environmental simplification techniques to prevent and manage disruptive behaviors; and (4) environmental modifications (e.g., placement of visual cues, de-cluttering, assistive devices) to minimize excess stimulation and disorientation contributing to target behaviors. The intervention will be tested using a randomized two-group design in which 272 caregivers will be assigned to 6-months of intervention or a usual care control group, and evaluated at baseline, 4 and 6-months. The specific aims are to (1) test immediate intervention effectiveness (4-months) to reduce caregiver upset with targeted disruptive behaviors (primary outcome): (2) test immediate intervention effectiveness (4-months) to reduce caregiver burden (secondary outcome); (3) test immediate intervention effectiveness (4-months) to reduce occurrence of targeted disruptive behaviors in persons with dementia (secondary outcome); (4) test the intervention maintenance effect (6-months) on caregiver upset and burden and targeted disruptive behaviors; and (5) assess the cost and cost effectiveness of the intervention. We also propose two exploratory aims. We will evaluate the mechanisms of action, or the pathways by which treatment gains are obtained, by examining whether improvement in quality of caregiving through skill acquisition (e.g., self-efficacy, caregiver use of positive communication and task simplification techniques), mediates treatment effectiveness. Second, given that previous research suggests that caregiver characteristics may moderate caregiving experiences and treatment outcomes, we plan to evaluate whether there is a differential treatment effect based on the caregiver's gender, race and relationship to the ADRD patient.

24

Occupational Therapy

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REHABILITATION AND FUNCTION RECOVERY AFTER HIP FRACTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, Yuchi; Assistant Professor; Health Policy and Management; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (adapted from Investigator's abstract) The broad, long-term objectives of this proposal are to understand the effects of post-acute rehabilitation and to improve functional independence among older hip fracture patients. The specific aims are: (1) To conduct an epidemiologic study of the pattern of use of post-acute rehabilitation facilities and the factors associated with choice of rehabilitation locations where patients receive their prescribed post-acute rehabilitation; (2) To examine the factors associated with the short-term and long-term effect of post-acute rehabilitation on functional recovery. The dose response effect of the amount of post acute rehabilitation on functional score will be tested adjusting for patient characteristics and other potential cofounders; (3) To examine the factors associated with Medicare payment incurred due to hip fracture in both the acute and post- acute care setting and to calculate the costeffectiveness ratio. Hip fracture, a major problem of persons ages 65 and over, causes significant mortality, morbidity, and functional impairment. The loss of functional independence imposes a heavy burden on individuals, caregivers, and requires costly long-term care. Rehabilitation, as a tertiary prevention, is intended to restore prefracture autonomy and functional independence. Previous studies have examined functional recovery among elderly hip fracture patients' who received interventions mostly in inpatient rehabilitation settings. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of post acute rehabilitation on functional outcome in multiple settings (inpatient, outpatient or subacute rehabilitation settings) and take into account the intensity and quantity of rehabilitation services received. The proposed study will use a longitudinal cohort design prospectively to collect and analyze demographic, medical, and psychosocial impacts of post acute rehabilitation on functional outcome and cost. Subjects will be a sample of 300 community- dwelling elders with unilateral hip fracture, who have had a surgical repair (internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, or total hip replacement), and received prescribed post acute rehabilitations in any one of the predetermined inpatient, outpatient, or subacute rehabilitation facilities. The longitudinal data on demographic, medical, psychosocial characteristics and functional status will be collected through repeated interview surveys and Medicare claims data. The intent is that the results of this study will provide epidemiologic data on choice and utilization of post acute rehabilitation settings, and information on the effectiveness of post acute rehabilitation on functional recovery and cost incurred. Findings will be useful for developing intervention programs to improve functional independence among elderly hip fracture patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: REHABILITATION FOR SELF-MANAGEMENT OF PARKINSONS DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wagenaar, Robert C.; Professor; Phsyical Therapy; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006

Studies

25

Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of the proposed research is to determine whether rehabilitation that focuses on self-management of health helps to improve the day-to-day functioning and quality of life of community-living clients with Parkinson's disease (PD), beyond the effects of medical treatment alone. Typically for people with PD, medical treatment declines in effectiveness over a variable number of years, and these individuals face a relentless progression into disability and lowered quality of life that can end in a need for custodial care. If a rehabilitation program can ameliorate disability and support a high quality of life by positively influencing mobility, communication, and healthful daily living skills, it is possible that more intensive use of medication could be postponed. As a result, people with this disease might benefit longer from medication and be less quickly referred to costly inpatient rehabilitation and long term care facilities. The proposed research uses rigorous methodology, which is rare for studies of rehabilitation with this population, and builds on our previous research toward understanding the role of rehabilitation in promoting health in people with PD. In a randomized controlled design, people with PD will be assigned to one of three conditions for a duration of 6 weeks: (i) medication only, (ii)medication plus 2 outpatient group rehabilitation sessions and 1 social activity session per week, or (iii)medication plus 2 outpatient group rehabilitation sessions and 1 home/community rehabilitation session per week. Rehabilitation will occur through integrated physical, occupational, and speech therapy services specialized to the selfmanagement of health needs of people with PD. The first specific aim of the proposed study is to determine if increasing "doses" of self-management rehabilitation (from Conditions i to ii to iii) result in increasingly positive quality of life outcomes. The second aim is to document change in rehabilitation effects at 2 and 6 months postintervention. The third aim is to describe possible active ingredients in the rehabilitation by measuring neuromuscular and voice function outcomes. The fourth aim is to provide evidence for the validity of self-management outcome measures for use with PD. It is hypothesized that there will be beneficial and lasting effects of rehabilitation for quality of life outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REHABILITATION FOR STROKE AND HIP FRACTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Munin, Michael C.; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hip fracture is one of the leading healthcare problems requiring rehabilitation services in older Americans. Three models of rehabilitation treatment are available for patients recovering from hip fracture that include acute inpatient rehabilitation (AR), nursing home rehabilitation (NHR) and home care rehabilitation (HCR). These settings differ based on the timing, duration and intensity of services provided. No prior randomized study has been performed to determine the optimum rehabilitation treatment to improve the rate of functional recovery and return home to the community for patients with hip fracture. This planning grant will complete work in the following key domains during the two-year grant cycle to perform a randomized controlled trial (1) coordinating facilities to assist subject recruitment using state of the art bioinformatics systems within the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System; (2) performing focus interviews to better understand patient, family, physician and therapist values concerning the randomization process; (3) determining the best method to risk stratify patients to

26

Occupational Therapy

different treatment settings that include random assignment to a home rehabilitation arm; (4) refining physical and occupational therapy algorithms using similar treatment goals at each location; (5) incorporating outcomes that are validated, objective and reliable measures of self-reported function and observed physical performance; and (6) standardizing data measurements in all rehabilitation environments through the implementation of quality control procedures. Co-investigators from the RAND Corporation will refine methods for data analysis using their extensive expertise in outcome assessment. At the end of this two-year planning grant, the investigators expect to be well positioned to perform a randomized controlled trial. Primary hypotheses will test whether AR subjects have higher function and a lower percentage of extended care facility placements than patients receiving NHR or HCR. Using novel methodology developed by the research team, secondary hypotheses will evaluate the relationship of functional outcomes and intensity of therapy to level of participation in therapy and physical activity measured by an activity monitor. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REHABILITATION TRAINING PRODUCTS FOR HOME HEALTH AIDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Betros, Cecil G.; Communication Concepts and Consulting Consulting, Inc. Birmingham, Al 35209 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: There is little evidence that training programs for home health aides as extenders of skilled therapy services improves aide performance and/or patient outcome. Training models are needed that encourage independent functioning and discourage over-dependency. The proposed project will create and field test a multicomponent home health aide training program that incorporates maintenance and repetitive care techniques, behavioral strategies, and basic knowledge of physical therapy. Phase I of the project will include innovative educational techniques delivered through video education, hands-on training, and supplemented with a formal system to encourage skill acquisition and performance. Training will include "Therapeutic Interaction Skills for the Home Health Aide" and a "Primer in Physical Therapy for the Home Health Aide." Home health aide tasks will be integrated into physical therapy plans of care via training manuals and communication tools developed as a part of this project. The program will include analysis of pre- and post-instructional knowledge and skill acquisition. Performance of skills learned will be verified by observation. The videotapes developed in Phase I will serve as a prototype for expansion to CD-ROM (multimedia) technology in Phase II. The project will also be expanded to include both occupational therapy and speech-language pathology services in Phase II. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE: UNDERSTANDING HABITS IN CONTEXT Principal Investigator & Institution: Dickie, Virginia A.; American Occupational Therapy Assn Box 31220, 4720 Montgomery Ln Bethesda, Md 20824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-APR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2002 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Description): The specific aim of this proposal is to request partial funding for the second in a series of interdisciplinary, Gordon-style, conferences on understanding habit as a key aspect of human action. This conference,

Studies

27

entitled "Understanding Habits in Context," is sponsored and organized by the American Occupational Therapy Foundation (AOTF), a leader for research interests in the profession of occupational therapy. The broad objective of this series of conferences on habit is to develop an interdisciplinary body of knowledge on habits that can be applied to research, intervention, and policy related to disability and rehabilitation. This conference will build on the ground-breaking first conference, "A Synthesis of Knowledge Regarding the Concept of Habit", held in January 1999. The 1999 conference demonstrated that the concept of habit was a vital topic for scholars interested in rehabilitation and disability and for those without knowledge of how their work might influence rehabilitation. It further demonstrated that the concept of habit was sufficiently complex and multidimensional to generate an ongoing series of more focused conferences. Disease, injuries, disabilities and aging disrupt individuals' and/or caregivers' adaptive habits and demand the development of new habits to support functioning. Because habits are often interactions with an external physical and social milieu, understanding habit-context relationships is fundamental and critical. If habitcontext interactions are better understood, then better intervention and policy can be developed. The goal of this second conference is to address habit as it relates to participation in society for persons with and without disabilities. Conference objectives are: 1) Explore knowledge of habits in research and theory from multiple disciplines; 2) Promote synthesis and application of knowledge on habit in relation to rehabilitation and concepts of disability as outlined in the NCMRR Disablement Model and the emerging language of ICIDH-II; 3)Stimulate interdisciplinary dialogue and collaborative research on habits; 4) Identify methodological issues critical to further research on habits; and 5) Socialize beginning scholars to interdisciplinary discourse. Participants include a panel of consumers who are scholars with disabilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SPECIALIZED THERAPIES BY CHILDREN, CORRELATES OF USE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuhlthau, Karen A.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 06-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project describes patterns and correlates of use of specialized therapies (physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, language therapy, respiratory therapy, and home health) in children and in children with chronic conditions and injuries. The project has three objectives: 1) to describe patterns of use and expenditures for specialized therapies for children with and without chronic conditions, 2) to determine correlates of specialized therapy use among children including predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics, and, 3) to understand how use of providers affects use. The project will use data from four data sources, the National Health Interview Survey on Disability, the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, the 5 percent sample of Medi-Cal eligibility and encounter data, California's fee-forservice Medicaid plan, and a cohort of children in Harvard Vanguard Health Associates. Descriptive analyses will include examining patterns of use among chronically and nonchronically ill children and understanding absolute and relative expenditures of therapies. The study will further examine the role of primary and specialty providers as predictors of specialized therapy use. This project will provide the first comprehensive and systematic description of the use, expenditures, and predictors of specialized therapies by children. Understanding the correlates of use and expenditures will provide information about children who have relatively rich versus relatively sparse use of services. This information will help health plans to better predict future use. It will

28

Occupational Therapy

help advocates who may seek to change policies that influence access for subpopulations. This study will provide useful information in discussions regarding care co-ordination and interagency systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TESTING REHABILITATION

A

FUNCTIONAL

APPROACH

TO

SUBACUTE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelson, David L.; Occupational Therapy; Medical College of Ohio at Toledo Research & Grants Admin. Toledo, Oh 436145804 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed project is part of an ongoing program of research to develop evidence-based practice for occupational therapy and physical therapy in subacute rehabilitation. Two distinct approaches to therapy are routinely practiced: (a) a functional approach involving participation in daily living tasks; and (b) a rote exercise approach whereby the patient is instructed to follow exercise protocols. In the proposed project, these two approaches will be compared in subacute rehabilitation patients with hip fracture. Subacute rehabilitation is a neglected site for research, even though it is one of the most common settings for therapy practice. Hip fracture, frequently occurring in frail elderly persons with multiple health problems, is one of the most important diagnoses in this setting. The two specific aims are to determine if there is a difference between the functional approach to rehabilitation and the rote exercise approach to rehabilitation in terms of improvement in (a) the motor abilities required for daily living tasks, and (b) self-reported physical health status. The design is a randomized trial (pretest-posttest design) with blind assessment of outcomes. The final sample size of 104 provides adequate power. The two dependent variables are derived from the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills and the SF-36. Protocols for the two interventions include specifications for each intervention as well as lists of daily living tasks or exercises appropriate to each intervention. Pre-training and ongoing training of interventionists emphasizes equivalent attention and balance across conditions while preventing inadvertent contamination across conditions. Intervention fidelity will be tested by an independent, blind reviewer of clinical notes. Each specific aim will be tested by analysis of covariance, with the pretest as a covariate and with other relevant covariates including co-morbidities, cognitive status, hours of therapy, age, and gender. Alpha will be set at.05 for a two-tailed test. The proposed project follows logically from a smaller project funded by the American Occupational Therapy Foundation, and leads logically to a multi-site clinical trial of these two commonly used but untested approaches to rehabilitation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRANSPORTING TREATMENT FOR HOMELESS COCAINE ABUSERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Milby, Jesse B.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Substance abuse in homeless persons is associated with multiple health risks and presents daunting challenges to agencies providing services. Proposed research with this vulnerable population is based on 2 previous randomized controlled studies showing an innovative behavioral day treatment's (BDT+) effectiveness in a community setting with different comparison groups. The

Studies

29

second demonstrated superiority of abstinent contingent housing and work compared to BDT alone, while controlling for alternative explanations of treatment effectiveness. This study determines if BDT+ for dually diagnosed, homeless substance abusers, can be successfully transported to a new site. It develops training materials and methods for new staff to implement BDT at the University of Texas, Houston Recovery Campus. Expected products are: treatment manual, 35mm slides, videotapes etc., and brief observation scales to assess fidelity of each transported BDT+ component. Objective criteria and methods assure BDT+ components have been implemented with measured specified fidelity. Implementation is studied via a 2 group randomized control comparison with usual care. From a population meeting criteria from previous studies, 100 each will be assigned to either BDT+ or an existing Riverside General Hospital Day Treatment (RGHDT) control. Assessments at baseline, 1, 2, 6 and 12 months use instruments and measures employed in original studies. Outcomes include alcohol and drug abuse, homelessness, employment and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors, and a cost effectiveness analysis. Successful implementation is ultimately defined by hypothesized, superior outcomes for BDT+. If BDT+ can be replicated, products and methods would permit transport to other settings. Results will provide important knowledge and technology for transporting complex psychosocial treatment and how to most effectively treat this dysfunctional population, knowledge which has important clinical, economic, public health and public housing policy implications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UPPER EXTREMITY MOVEMENT IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gill, Simone V.; Biobehavioral Sciences; Columbia University Teachers College Teachers College New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Difficulty with hand function is one of the most debilitating impairments that children with CP face. Amount use in the affected upper extremity is mainly measured using a patient report, which is open to subjectivity. Research aims include: 1) using accelerometers to obtain quantitative measures of changes in amount of arm use in following CIT, 2) comparing measures taken in the real world setting versus those obtained in the lab setting, 3) obtaining kinetic measures of lifting objects of varying weights under the task constraint of time in children with CP. Dependent measures include: 1) comparisons of summed filtered counts of both arms, 2) ratio of filtered counts of both arms, 3) percent of transformed counts over time, 4) grip force during object lifts, and 5) load force during lifting objects. This research may elucidate ways to increase independence in children with CP. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: UPPER EXTREMITY TRAINING FOR CHRONIC STROKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Whitall, Jill; Associate Professor; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: Of the 600,000 stroke survivors per year, only 5% regain full control of the upper extremities (UE), resulting in many with residual deficits that persistently affect function. Hence, the overall long-term objective of this research program is to understand the principles and mechanisms underlying UE stroke rehabilitation and to provide a scientific basis for planning treatments for this population. In this proposed

30

Occupational Therapy

study, we establish the efficacy of a novel repetitive bilateral arm training with rhythmic auditory cueing protocol for patients with chronic UE hemiparesis. This protocol is simple and applicable to a wide range of disability. We will undertake a randomized, controlled study with 72 patients (36 per group) comparing our training with doseequivalent conventional OT/PT and measuring CNS changes. We hypothesize that 6 weeks of bilateral arm training with rhythmic auditory cueing (BATRAC) will durably improve function in patients with chronic UE hemiparesis through mechanisms mediated by changes in CNS structure and function. Specific aims are 1. To determine the effects of 6 weeks of repetitive BATRAC compared to 6 weeks of dose-equivalent conventional OT/PT in reversing UE functional disability. 1a: Does 6 weeks BATRAC improve UE motor function as demonstrated by changes in laboratory-based tests of motor impairment, functional ability, motor control, strength and range of motion? 1 b: Does 6 weeks BATRAC improve home/community-based assessment of UE daily use and quality of life scales? 2. To examine the mechanisms underlying adaptations to repetitive BATRAC by measuring UE CNS structure and function. 2a. Does 6 weeks BATRAC show a change in volume and location of movement-activated cortical tissue as determined fMRI? 2b. Does 6 weeks BATRAC show an improvement of CNS excitability through the assessment of TMS cortical stimulation threshold, location and motor evoked potentials? 3. To determine the durability of 6-weeks repetitive BATRAC by re-testing after 6 months without further formal training. 3a. Does 6 weeks BATRAC show a maintained improvement in UE motor function 6 months later? 3b. Does 6 weeks BATRAC show a maintained improvement in UE daily use and quality of life 6 months later? Accomplishment of these aims will uncover mechanistic principals underlying repetitive rhythmic bilateral training and provide the foundation for an effective and broadly applicable training program that would benefit the increasing number of patients with chronic UE deficits after stroke. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VOLUNTEER ACTIVITIES ON LONG-TERM CARE RESIDENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Yuen, Hon K.; Rehabilitation Sciences; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Many residents in long-term care (LTC) facilities experience social isolation, lack of control over their lives and role loss. Adopting a meaningful role may improve the quality of life of residents in LTC facilities according to the activity theory of aging. Participation in volunteer activities creates a meaningful social role. The proposed study will be the first randomized clinical trial designed to investigated the value of engaging LTC residents in an innovative volunteer activity (English Conversation Partner Program ) to improve their quality of life. Through the Program, residents will mentor conversational skills for English as a second language (ESL) students who use selfdirected learning strategies. Eighty-four cognitively-intact residents will be recruited from LTC facilities in Charleston County, South Carolina. Eligible residents in each facility will be assigned randomly into one of three groups: (1) mentoring, (2) friendly visit, or (3) usual care control. Residents in the mentoring group will tutor English conversational skills (listening and speaking) on a one-on-one basis for one hour, twice per week for 12 consecutive weeks. Residents in the friendly visit group will be visited and engaged in social interactions with ESL students for the same duration. Including a friendly visit group will test the hypothesis that the structured volunteer role will improve residents' quality of life above and beyond a casual visitation. Residents in the usual care control group will participate in the facilities' standard social and recreational

Studies

31

activities. At the end of the 12 weeks, residents who participants in the mentoring program are hypothesized to show improvements in quality as indicated by having (1) better self-concept, (2) better physical health status, (3) higher levels of life satisfaction, (4) higher cognitive functioning, and (5) fewer depressive symptoms as compared to residents who experience the friendly visit or the usual care. Moreover, it is hypothesized that these positive effects will be sustained at 3-month follow-up. It is expected that findings will support the activity theory of aging and validate the beneficial effects of residents in LTC facilities participating in structured volunteer activities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for occupational therapy in the PubMed Central database: •

Domiciliary occupational therapy for patients with stroke discharged from hospital: randomised controlled trial. by Gilbertson L, Langhorne P, Walker A, Allen A, Murray GD.; 2000 Mar 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27300

•

How to become a doctor; a complete guide to the study of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, veterinarian medicine, occupational therapy, chiropody and foot surgery, optometry, hospital administration, medical illustration, and the sciences. by Grieder H.; 1950 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195018

•

Information literacy skills of occupational therapy graduates: a survey of learning outcomes. by Powell CA, Case-Smith J.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=209513

•

Mapping the literature of occupational therapy. by Reed KL.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=226589

•

Occupational therapy articles in serial publications: an analysis of sources. by Reed KL.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=227163

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

32

Occupational Therapy

•

Rheumatology: 9. Physical and occupational therapy in the management of arthritis. by Clark BM.; 2000 Oct 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80550

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with occupational therapy, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for occupational therapy (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A collaborative occupational therapy and nursing approach to falls prevention in hospital inpatients. Author(s): Brandis S. Source: Journal of Quality in Clinical Practice. 1999 December; 19(4): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10619149&dopt=Abstract

•

A comparison of distance education instructional methods in occupational therapy. Author(s): Jedlicka JS, Brown SW, Bunch AE, Jaffe LE. Source: Journal of Allied Health. 2002 Winter; 31(4): 247-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12491955&dopt=Abstract

•

A functional model of cognitive rehabilitation in occupational therapy. Author(s): Lee SS, Powell NJ, Esdaile S. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2001 February; 68(1): 41-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11233687&dopt=Abstract

•

A historical cross-disciplinary perspective on the professional doctorate in occupational therapy. Author(s): Pierce D, Peyton C. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1999 January-February; 53(1): 64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926221&dopt=Abstract

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

33

•

A multicentre randomized controlled trial of leisure therapy and conventional occupational therapy after stroke. TOTAL Study Group. Trial of Occupational Therapy and Leisure. Author(s): Parker CJ, Gladman JR, Drummond AE, Dewey ME, Lincoln NB, Barer D, Logan PA, Radford KA. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2001 February; 15(1): 42-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237160&dopt=Abstract

•

A study of interventions and related outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of occupational therapy and leisure therapy for community stroke patients. Author(s): Logan PA, Gladman JR, Drummond AE, Radford KA; TOTAL Study Group. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2003 May; 17(3): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735531&dopt=Abstract

•

A survey of occupational therapy in Australian work practice. Author(s): Deen M, Gibson L, Strong J. Source: Work (Reading, Mass.). 2002; 19(3): 219-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547967&dopt=Abstract

•

A survey of physiotherapy and occupational therapy provision in UK nursing homes. Author(s): Barodawala S, Kesavan S, Young J. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2001 December; 15(6): 607-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777091&dopt=Abstract

•

A synthesis of the effects of occupational therapy for persons with stroke, Part I: Restoration of roles, tasks, and activities. Author(s): Trombly CA, Ma HI. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 May-June; 56(3): 250-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058514&dopt=Abstract

•

A synthesis of the effects of occupational therapy for persons with stroke, Part II: Remediation of impairments. Author(s): Ma HI, Trombly CA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 May-June; 56(3): 260-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058515&dopt=Abstract

•

Active learning of geriatric rehabilitation: deliberations of an undergraduate occupational therapy programme. Author(s): Chung JC. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2001; 15(3): 250-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564233&dopt=Abstract

34

Occupational Therapy

•

Adjuvant physical therapy versus occupational therapy in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy/complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Oerlemans HM, Oostendorp RA, de Boo T, van der Laan L, Severens JL, Goris JA. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 January; 81(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10638876&dopt=Abstract

•

Alleviating gender role strain in adult men with traumatic brain injury: an evaluation of a set of guidelines for occupational therapy. Author(s): Gutman SA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1999 January-February; 53(1): 101-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926226&dopt=Abstract

•

An occupational therapy Internet school. Author(s): Sixsmith A, Beer M, Green S. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2000; 6 Suppl 1: S175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10794012&dopt=Abstract

•

An occupational therapy perspective on falls prevention among community-dwelling older adults. Author(s): Woodland JE, Hobson SJ. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2003 June; 70(3): 174-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846111&dopt=Abstract

•

An occupational therapy work skills assessment for individuals with head injury. Author(s): Chappell I, Higham J, McLean AM. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2003 June; 70(3): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846109&dopt=Abstract

•

Application of the guidelines for client-centred practice to paediatric occupational therapy. Author(s): Stewart D, Harvey S. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1990 April; 57(2): 88-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10104739&dopt=Abstract

•

Assessing research outcomes by postal questionnaire with telephone follow-up. TOTAL Study Group. Trial of Occupational Therapy and Leisure. Author(s): Parker C, Dewey M. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 December; 29(6): 1065-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11101549&dopt=Abstract

Studies

35

•

Attitudes to disability of Russian occupational therapy and nursing students. Author(s): Packer TL, Iwasiw C, Theben J, Sheveleva P, Metrofanova N. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 2000 March; 23(1): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826124&dopt=Abstract

•

Authenticity in occupational therapy leadership: a case study of a servant leader. Author(s): Dillon TH. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 July-August; 55(4): 441-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723989&dopt=Abstract

•

Balancing objectives of efficient and effective occupational therapy practice. Author(s): Schwartz KB. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1984 March; 38(3): 198-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6711674&dopt=Abstract

•

Barrier-free design: a review and critique of the occupational therapy perspective. Author(s): Cooper BA, Cohen U, Hasselkus BR. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1991 April; 45(4): 344-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2035606&dopt=Abstract

•

Barton responsible for the term occupational therapy. Author(s): Breines E. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1987 July; 41(7): 471. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3688164&dopt=Abstract

•

Behavioral patterns of occupational therapy students on the FIRO-B. Author(s): Patterson TW, Marron JP, Patterson NB. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1970 May-June; 24(4): 269-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5419363&dopt=Abstract

•

Beliefs, perspectives, and activities of psychosocial occupational therapy educators. Author(s): Barris R, Kielhofner G. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1986 August; 40(8): 535-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3752220&dopt=Abstract

•

Benefits of occupational therapy for arthritis. Author(s): Schkade JK, Neville-Smith M. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1998 January-February; 2(1): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451205&dopt=Abstract

36

Occupational Therapy

•

Beyond performance: being in place as a component of occupational therapy. Author(s): Rowles GD. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1991 March; 45(3): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2031526&dopt=Abstract

•

Bioethics: occupational therapy attitudes toward the prolongation of life. Author(s): Greenstein LR. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1977 February; 31(2): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=842607&dopt=Abstract

•

Bridging conflicting ideologies: the origins of American and British occupational therapy. Author(s): Schemm RL. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 November-December; 48(11): 1082-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7840128&dopt=Abstract

•

Building an occupational therapy library collection. Author(s): Fennewald J, Kasar J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 January-February; 55(1): 97-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216374&dopt=Abstract

•

Building inclusive community: a challenge for occupational therapy. 1994 Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture. Author(s): Grady AP. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 April; 49(4): 300-10. Erratum In: Am J Occup Ther 1995 November-December; 49(10): 1084. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7785712&dopt=Abstract

•

Burn patient cooperation in physical and occupational therapy. Author(s): Ekes A, Marvin JA. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1985 May-June; 6(3): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3855202&dopt=Abstract

•

Canadian occupational therapy research: the little profession that could. Author(s): Egan M. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2001 June; 68(3): 143-8. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433912&dopt=Abstract

Studies

37

•

Career choices: a comparison of two occupational therapy practice groups. Author(s): Wilkins S, Rosenthal C. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2001 February; 68(1): 29-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11233686&dopt=Abstract

•

Challenging the rhetoric and reality: only an individual and systemic approach will work for evidence-based occupational therapy. Author(s): Ilott I. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2003 May-June; 57(3): 351-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785676&dopt=Abstract

•

Changes in health status for persons with wrist or hand impairments receiving occupational therapy or physical therapy. Author(s): Hart DL, Tepper S, Lieberman D. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 January-February; 55(1): 68-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216369&dopt=Abstract

•

Clarifying the scope of occupational therapy. Author(s): Cook JV. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1999 March; 50(3): 420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10096657&dopt=Abstract

•

Clarifying the scope of occupational therapy. Author(s): Bair J. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1999 March; 50(3): 419-20; Author Reply 420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10096656&dopt=Abstract

•

Clarifying the scope of occupational therapy. Author(s): Rebeiro KL. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1999 March; 50(3): 418-9; Author Reply 420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10096655&dopt=Abstract

•

Client perspectives on occupational therapy practice: are we truly client-centred? Author(s): Rebeiro KL. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2000 February; 67(1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695164&dopt=Abstract

38

Occupational Therapy

•

Clinical interpretation of “occupational therapy goal achievement for persons with postacute cerebrovascular accident in an on-campus student clinic”. Author(s): James AB. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 January-February; 55(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216365&dopt=Abstract

•

Collaborative home practice: nursing and occupational therapy ensure appropriate medication administration. Author(s): Touchard BM, Berthelot K. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 1999 January; 17(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10036405&dopt=Abstract

•

Commentary: occupational therapy or the major challenge? Author(s): Marmot M. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 December; 31(6): 1122-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540705&dopt=Abstract

•

Community health: a responsibility, an opportunity, and a fit for occupational therapy. Author(s): Baum C, Law M. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1998 January; 52(1): 7-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9426853&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of personality styles between students enrolled in osteopathic medical, pharmacy, physical therapy, physician assistant, and occupational therapy programs. Author(s): Hardigan PC, Cohen SR. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1998 November; 98(11): 637-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9846047&dopt=Abstract

•

Competence and the occupational therapy entrepreneur. Author(s): Foto M. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1998 October; 52(9): 765-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777066&dopt=Abstract

•

Construct validation of an acute care occupational therapy cerebral vascular accident assessment tool. Author(s): Van Deusen J, Shalik L, Harlowe D. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1990 June; 57(3): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10105435&dopt=Abstract

Studies

39

•

Consumer empowerment through occupational therapy: the Americans With Disabilities Act Title III. Author(s): Redick AG, McClain L, Brown C. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2000 March-April; 54(2): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10732183&dopt=Abstract

•

Cost-effectiveness of preventive occupational therapy for independent-living older adults. Author(s): Hay J, LaBree L, Luo R, Clark F, Carlson M, Mandel D, Zemke R, Jackson J, Azen SP. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002 August; 50(8): 1381-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164994&dopt=Abstract

•

Crisis in psychosocial occupational therapy: a closer look. Author(s): Renwick R, Friedland J, Sernas V, Raybould K. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1990 December; 57(5): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10108590&dopt=Abstract

•

Cultural competence in New Zealand and Canada: occupational therapy students' reflections on class and fieldwork curriculum. Author(s): Forwell SJ, Whiteford G, Dyck I. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2001 April; 68(2): 90-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11355620&dopt=Abstract

•

Current trends in assistive technology education in entry-level occupational therapy curricula. Author(s): Kanny EM, Anson DK. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1998 July-August; 52(7): 586-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9693705&dopt=Abstract

•

Dangers inherent in the partition of occupational therapy and occupational science. Author(s): Clark F, Zemke R, Frank G, Parham D, Neville-Jan A, Hedricks C, Carson M, Fazio L, Abreu B. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1993 February; 47(2): 184-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8470751&dopt=Abstract

•

Defining the specialization of pediatric occupational therapy. Author(s): Case-Smith J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 September; 48(9): 791-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7977623&dopt=Abstract

40

Occupational Therapy

•

Developing a research career: advice from occupational therapy researchers. Author(s): Case-Smith J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1999 January-February; 53(1): 44-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926218&dopt=Abstract

•

Developing cultural competence in occupational therapy and physical therapy education: a field immersion approach. Author(s): Ekelman B, Bello-Haas VD, Bazyk J, Bazyk S. Source: Journal of Allied Health. 2003 Summer; 32(2): 131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801027&dopt=Abstract

•

Developing the instructional skills of new faculty members in occupational therapy. Author(s): Mitcham MD, Gillette NP. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1999 January-February; 53(1): 20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926214&dopt=Abstract

•

Development of a questionnaire to examine confidence of occupational therapy students during fieldwork experiences. Author(s): Derdall M, Olson P, Janzen W, Warren S. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 February; 69(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852690&dopt=Abstract

•

Development of a tool to measure clinical competence in occupational therapy: a pilot study? Author(s): Salvatori P, Baptiste S, Ward M. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2000 February; 67(1): 51-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695169&dopt=Abstract

•

Development of an outpatient geriatric occupational therapy programme in a Montreal hospital, 1960-1966. Author(s): Zaritzky S, Grauer H. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1967 May; 15(5): 496-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6022101&dopt=Abstract

•

Development of the St. George Hospital Memory Disorders Clinic Occupational Therapy Assessment Scale. Author(s): Fairbrother G, Burke D, Fell K, Schwartz R, Schuld W. Source: Int Psychogeriatr. 1997 June; 9(2): 115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9309485&dopt=Abstract

Studies

41

•

Differences in values and goals of occupational therapy students. Author(s): Danka MA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1993 May; 47(5): 453-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8498470&dopt=Abstract

•

Dilemmas of research in occupational therapy. Author(s): Conine TA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1972 March; 26(2): 81-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5014204&dopt=Abstract

•

Direct occupational therapy in the school system: when should we terminate? Author(s): Nesbit SG. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1993 September; 47(9): 845-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116777&dopt=Abstract

•

Diversional occupational therapy in World War I: a need for purpose in occupations. Author(s): Hoover JA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1996 November-December; 50(10): 881-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8947384&dopt=Abstract

•

Do occupational therapy and physiotherapy students care about research? A survey of perceptions and attitudes to research. Author(s): Kamwendo K, Tornquist K. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2001; 15(4): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453170&dopt=Abstract

•

Do physical therapy and occupational therapy reduce the impairment percentage in reflex sympathetic dystrophy? Author(s): Oerlemans HM, Goris JA, de Boo T, Oostendorp RA. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1999 November-December; 78(6): 533-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10574168&dopt=Abstract

•

Documentation of paediatric assessments using the occupational therapy guidelines for client-centred practice. Author(s): Watson D. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1992 June; 59(2): 87-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10119143&dopt=Abstract

42

Occupational Therapy

•

Doing occupational therapy: dimensions of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Author(s): Hasselkus BR, Dickie VA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 February; 48(2): 145-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7517102&dopt=Abstract

•

Domiciliary occupational therapy for patients with stroke discharged from hospital: randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Gilbertson L, Langhorne P, Walker A, Allen A, Murray GD. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 March 4; 320(7235): 603-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698876&dopt=Abstract

•

Dreams, dilemmas, and decisions for occupational therapy practice in a new millennium: a Canadian perspective. Author(s): Polatajko HJ. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 July; 48(7): 590-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7943148&dopt=Abstract

•

Dreams, dilemmas, and decisions for occupational therapy practice in a new millennium: an American perspective. Author(s): Yerxa EJ. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 July; 48(7): 586-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7943147&dopt=Abstract

•

Educational functions of occupational therapy in a multidisciplinary, universitybased home care program. Author(s): Wallace L. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1966 November-December; 20(6): 286-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5978667&dopt=Abstract

•

Educational techniques used in occupational therapy treatment of cumulative trauma disorders of the elbow, wrist, and hand. Author(s): Lawler AL, James AB, Tomlin G. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 February; 51(2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9124268&dopt=Abstract

•

Effectiveness of computer-assisted interactive videodisc instruction in teaching rheumatology to physical and occupational therapy students. Author(s): Sanford MK, Hazelwood SE, Bridges AJ, Cutts JH 3rd, Mitchell JA, Reid JC, Sharp G. Source: Journal of Allied Health. 1996 Spring; 25(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827427&dopt=Abstract

Studies

43

•

Effectiveness of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech pathology for people with Huntington's disease: a systematic review. Author(s): Bilney B, Morris ME, Perry A. Source: Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2003 March; 17(1): 12-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12645441&dopt=Abstract

•

Effectiveness of school-based occupational therapy intervention on handwriting. Author(s): Case-Smith J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 January-February; 56(1): 17-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833397&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of billing Medicaid for occupational therapy services in the schools: a pilot study. Author(s): Royeen CB, Duncan M, Crabtree J, Richards J, Clark GF. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2000 July-August; 54(4): 429-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10932315&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of occupational therapy services on fine motor and functional performance in preschool children. Author(s): Case-Smith J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2000 July-August; 54(4): 372-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10932307&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy of telemedicine in occupational therapy: a pilot study. Author(s): Dreyer NC, Dreyer KA, Shaw DK, Wittman PP. Source: Journal of Allied Health. 2001 Spring; 30(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11265272&dopt=Abstract

•

Eleanor Clarke Slagle and Susan E. Tracy: personal and professional identity and the development of occupational therapy in Progressive Era America. Author(s): Metaxas VA. Source: Nurs Hist Rev. 2000; 8: 39-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10635685&dopt=Abstract

•

Embedding health-promoting changes into the daily lives of independent-living older adults: long-term follow-up of occupational therapy intervention. Author(s): Clark F, Azen SP, Carlson M, Mandel D, LaBree L, Hay J, Zemke R, Jackson J, Lipson L. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2001 January; 56(1): P60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192339&dopt=Abstract

44

Occupational Therapy

•

Enforcement procedure for occupational therapy code of ethics. Author(s): Taugher M. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1996 November-December; 50(10): 848-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8947380&dopt=Abstract

•

Enforcement procedures for occupational therapy code of ethics. Author(s): Commission on Standards and Ethics. American Occupational Therapy Association. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 November-December; 56(6): 661-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458858&dopt=Abstract

•

Ethical dilemmas in occupational therapy and physical therapy: a survey of practitioners in the UK National Health Service. Author(s): Barnitt R. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 1998 June; 24(3): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9650115&dopt=Abstract

•

Ethical reasoning in physical therapy and occupational therapy. Author(s): Barnitt R, Partridge C. Source: Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy. 1997; 2(3): 178-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9421822&dopt=Abstract

•

Ethics and occupational therapy practice. Author(s): Corbett K. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1993 August; 60(3): 115-9. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10128083&dopt=Abstract

•

Evaluating productivity and profitability in occupational therapy contractual work. Author(s): Dickerson A. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1990 February; 44(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2106791&dopt=Abstract

•

Evaluating the effectiveness of occupational therapy faculty development workshops. Author(s): Mitcham MD, Lancaster CJ, Stone BM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 May-June; 56(3): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058523&dopt=Abstract

Studies

45

•

Evaluating the professional behaviors of entry-level occupational therapy students. Author(s): Smith Randolph D. Source: Journal of Allied Health. 2003 Summer; 32(2): 116-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801024&dopt=Abstract

•

Expanding the boundaries of occupational therapy practice through student fieldwork experiences: description of a provincially-funded community development project. Author(s): Friedland J, Polatajko H, Gage M. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2001 December; 68(5): 301-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765669&dopt=Abstract

•

Exploratory studies on the measurement of creative thinking about occupational therapy. Author(s): Fox JV, Fox FH. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1968 May-June; 22(3): 180-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5648927&dopt=Abstract

•

Facilitating growth and development: the promise of occupational therapy. Author(s): Llorens LA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1970 March; 24(2): 93-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5414855&dopt=Abstract

•

Factors indicating need of rehabilitation--occupational therapy among persons with long-term and/or recurrent pain. Author(s): Mullersdorf M. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 2000 December; 23(4): 281-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192564&dopt=Abstract

•

Factors related to evidence-based practice among U.S. occupational therapy clinicians. Author(s): Dysart AM, Tomlin GS. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 May-June; 56(3): 275-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058516&dopt=Abstract

•

Faculty practice in an age of entrepreneurship: can occupational therapy educators add yet another role? Author(s): Hanson C, Gibson RW, Scoggin AE. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 May; 51(5): 388-92. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9127066&dopt=Abstract

46

Occupational Therapy

•

Falls and fear of falling among elderly persons living in the community: occupational therapy interventions. Author(s): Walker JE, Howland J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1991 February; 45(2): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2035588&dopt=Abstract

•

Falls prevention: partnering occupational therapy and general practitioners. Author(s): Brandis SJ, Tuite AT. Source: Aust Health Rev. 2001; 24(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11357740&dopt=Abstract

•

Field work experience ratings and certification examination scores as predictors of job performance and satisfaction in occupational therapy. Author(s): Muthard JE, Morris JD, Crocker LM, Slaymaker JE. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1976 March; 30(3): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1266938&dopt=Abstract

•

Fieldwork performance, academic grades, and pre-selection criteria of occupational therapy students. Author(s): Katz GM, Mosey AC. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1980 December; 34(12): 794-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7282841&dopt=Abstract

•

Fine motor outcomes in preschool children who receive occupational therapy services. Author(s): Case-Smith J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1996 January; 50(1): 52-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8644837&dopt=Abstract

•

Fit residents at lower cost. Limited reimbursement for P/OT (physical/occupational therapy) evokes creative answers. Author(s): Hayden G. Source: Contemporary Longterm Care. 2001 March; 24(3): 13-4, 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260979&dopt=Abstract

•

Flow and the occupational therapy practitioner. Author(s): Jacobs K. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 November-December; 48(11): 989-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7840135&dopt=Abstract

Studies

47

•

Flow chart helps in deciding whether school occupational therapy services should be continued. Author(s): Bell VM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 February; 48(2): 176-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8017511&dopt=Abstract

•

Formulating a role for occupational therapy in child psychiatry: a clinical application. Author(s): Sholle-Martin S, Alessi NE. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1990 October; 44(10): 871-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2248349&dopt=Abstract

•

Four concepts basic to the occupational therapy process. Author(s): Watanabe S. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1968 September-October; 22(5): 439-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5680248&dopt=Abstract

•

Fractured neck of femur. A criteria audit of occupational therapy treatment. Author(s): Schofield J. Source: Aust Clin Rev. 1983 December; (11): 17-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6675636&dopt=Abstract

•

From waiting to relating: parents' experiences in the waiting room of an occupational therapy clinic. Author(s): Cohn ES. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 March-April; 55(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761132&dopt=Abstract

•

Future impact on occupational therapy from current changes in higher education. Author(s): Teske YR, Spelbring LM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1983 October; 37(10): 667-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6638142&dopt=Abstract

•

Gender bias in an occupational therapy text. Author(s): Reese CC. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1987 June; 41(6): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3688156&dopt=Abstract

•

Gender differences in dementia management plans of spousal caregivers: implications for occupational therapy. Author(s): Corcoran MA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1992 November; 46(11): 1006-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1463072&dopt=Abstract

48

Occupational Therapy

•

General hospital psychiatry: implications for occupational therapy--one case study. Author(s): Abramovich T. Source: Med Law. 1993; 12(3-5): 363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8231707&dopt=Abstract

•

Generalization of occupational therapy effects in psychiatric rehabilitation. Author(s): Hayes RL, Halford WK. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1993 February; 47(2): 161-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8470746&dopt=Abstract

•

Geriatric occupational therapy: the uncertain ideology of long-term care. Author(s): Hasselkus BR, Dickie VA, Gregory C. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 February; 51(2): 132-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9124270&dopt=Abstract

•

Gerontic occupational therapy--psychological and social predictors of participation and therapeutic benefits. Author(s): Arnetz BB. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1985 July; 39(7): 460-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4025494&dopt=Abstract

•

Giving a deposition: some helpful tips for the occupational therapy practitioner. Author(s): Ranke BA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 October; 51(9): 754-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9311431&dopt=Abstract

•

Group work in occupational therapy: a survey of practice. Author(s): Duncombe LW, Howe MC. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1985 March; 39(3): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3993722&dopt=Abstract

•

Growth, renewal, and challenge: an important era for occupational therapy. Author(s): Baum CM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1985 December; 39(12): 778-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3936360&dopt=Abstract

•

Guest editorial. Occupational therapy education and the curriculum study project. Author(s): Gillette NP. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1965 November-December; 19(6): 351-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5889679&dopt=Abstract

Studies

49

•

Guide to Classification of Occupational Therapy Personnel. Author(s): Schell BA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1985 December; 39(12): 803-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4083324&dopt=Abstract

•

Handwashing practices among occupational therapy personnel. Author(s): Marcil WM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1993 June; 47(6): 523-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8506933&dopt=Abstract

•

Handwriting: current trends in occupational therapy practice. Author(s): Feder K, Majnemer A, Synnes A. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2000 June; 67(3): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914482&dopt=Abstract

•

Health promotion, occupational therapy and multiculturalism: lessons from research. Author(s): Dyck I. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1993 August; 60(3): 120-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10128084&dopt=Abstract

•

Hemophilia, AIDS, and occupational therapy. Author(s): Weinstein BD, De Neffe LS. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1990 March; 44(3): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2316610&dopt=Abstract

•

High-level quadriplegia: an occupational therapy challenge. Author(s): Lathem PA, Gregorio TL, Garber SL. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1985 November; 39(11): 705-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4073192&dopt=Abstract

•

Holism in occupational therapy: elusive fiction and ambivalent struggle. Author(s): Finlay L. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 May-June; 55(3): 268-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723967&dopt=Abstract

•

Home programming by occupational therapy: an approach to the habilitation and rehabilitation of atypical development in children. Author(s): Vulpe S. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1968 Winter; 35(4): 126-39 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4186345&dopt=Abstract

50

Occupational Therapy

•

Home-based occupational therapy: then and now. Author(s): Jackson BN. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1992 January; 46(1): 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1558143&dopt=Abstract

•

How high do we jump? The effect of reimbursement on occupational therapy. Author(s): Howard BS. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1991 October; 45(10): 875-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1951614&dopt=Abstract

•

How should the effectiveness of problem-based learning in occupational therapy education be examined? Author(s): Vroman KG, MacRae N. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1999 September-October; 53(5): 533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10500864&dopt=Abstract

•

How to detect effects: statistical power and evidence-based practice in occupational therapy research. Author(s): Ottenbacher KJ, Maas F. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1999 March-April; 53(2): 181-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10200841&dopt=Abstract

•

Human development through occupation: theoretical frameworks in contemporary occupational therapy practice, part 1. Author(s): Clark PN. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1979 August; 33(8): 505-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=484411&dopt=Abstract

•

Humor as a projective technique in occupational therapy. Author(s): Miller LD. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1970 April; 24(3): 201-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4907232&dopt=Abstract

•

Identification of political and economic trends related to occupational therapy. Author(s): Van Gorden ME. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1967 July-August; 21(4): 223-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6076150&dopt=Abstract

Studies

51

•

Identifying best practice in the occupational therapy assistive technology evaluation: an analysis of three focus groups. Author(s): Angelo J, Buning ME, Schmeler M, Doster S. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 November-December; 51(10): 916-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394152&dopt=Abstract

•

Impact of promotion of occupational therapy campaign. Author(s): Supple KA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 November-December; 51(10): 936. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394155&dopt=Abstract

•

Including hope in occupational therapy practice: a pilot study. Author(s): Neuhaus BE. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 March; 51(3): 228-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9048164&dopt=Abstract

•

Including occupational therapy in low vision rehabilitation. Author(s): Warren M. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 October; 49(9): 857-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8572041&dopt=Abstract

•

Increasing occupational therapy research: is it time to try something new? Author(s): Timmerman L, Schmidt C, Heater SL. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 July; 48(7): 647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7943154&dopt=Abstract

•

Independence as a practice issue in occupational therapy: the safety clause. Author(s): Russell C, Fitzgerald MH, Williamson P, Manor D, Whybrow S. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 July-August; 56(4): 369-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125826&dopt=Abstract

•

Infant mental health in occupational therapy practice in the neonatal intensive care unit. Author(s): Olson JA, Baltman K. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 June; 48(6): 499-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8067371&dopt=Abstract

52

Occupational Therapy

•

Influence of the U.S. military and occupational therapy reconstruction aides in World War I on the development of occupational therapy. Author(s): Gutman SA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 March; 49(3): 256-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7741160&dopt=Abstract

•

Innovation to action: marketing occupational therapy. Author(s): Jacobs K. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1998 September; 52(8): 618-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9739393&dopt=Abstract

•

Integrating the concepts of health promotion and community into occupational therapy practice. Author(s): Finlayson M, Edwards J. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1995 June; 62(2): 70-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10143440&dopt=Abstract

•

Integration tutorials and seminars: a creative learning approach for occupational therapy curricula. Author(s): Smits E, Ferguson J. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2000 April; 67(2): 86-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10829555&dopt=Abstract

•

Interest among occupational therapy managers in measuring workload for case costing. Author(s): Cockerill R, Scott E, Wright M. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1996 June; 50(6): 447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8726980&dopt=Abstract

•

Introducing an evaluation of community based occupational therapy services: a client-centred practice. Author(s): Hebert M, Thibeault R, Landry A, Boisvenu M, Laporte D. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2000 June; 67(3): 146-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914477&dopt=Abstract

•

Involvement of adult rehabilitation patients in setting occupational therapy goals. Author(s): Northen JG, Rust DM, Nelson CE, Watts JH. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 March; 49(3): 214-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7741154&dopt=Abstract

Studies

53

•

Involvement of occupational therapy departments in research: a provincial survey. Author(s): Majnemer A, Desrosiers J, Gauthier J, Dutil E, Robichaud L, Rousseau J, Hebert L. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2001 December; 68(5): 272-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765666&dopt=Abstract

•

Is early occupational therapy in extremely preterm infants of benefit in the long run? Author(s): Salokorpi T, Rautio T, Kajantie E, Von Wendt L. Source: Pediatric Rehabilitation. 2002 April-June; 5(2): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490052&dopt=Abstract

•

Is the use of life history and narrative in clinical practice reimbursable? Is it occupational therapy? Author(s): Burke JP, Kern SB. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1996 May; 50(5): 389-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8728670&dopt=Abstract

•

Issues affecting Australia's rural occupational therapy workforce. Author(s): Millsteed J. Source: The Australian Journal of Rural Health. 2000 April; 8(2): 73-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11111422&dopt=Abstract

•

It is jump time for occupational therapy. Author(s): Wood W. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1998 June; 52(6): 403-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9687285&dopt=Abstract

•

Japanese occupational therapy in community mental health and telehealth. Author(s): Tsuchisawa K, Ono K, Kanda T, Kelly G. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2000; 6 Suppl 2: S79-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10975113&dopt=Abstract

•

Job analysis in occupational therapy: stepping into the complex world of business and industry. Author(s): Lysaght R. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 July-August; 51(7): 569-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9242864&dopt=Abstract

•

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and occupational therapy. Author(s): Price A. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1965 September-October; 19(5): 249-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5832162&dopt=Abstract

54

Occupational Therapy

•

Knowledge and attitudes of occupational therapy students regarding AIDS. Author(s): Vincent TA, Schkade JK. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1990 March; 44(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2316607&dopt=Abstract

•

Knowledgeability of theories of occupational therapy practitioners in Israel. Author(s): Javetz R, Katz N. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1989 October; 43(10): 664-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2610224&dopt=Abstract

•

Latex sensitivity in children with spina bifida: implications for occupational therapy practitioners. Author(s): Scoggin AE, Parks KM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 July-August; 51(7): 608-11. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9242870&dopt=Abstract

•

Leadership qualities of occupational therapy department program directors and the organizational health of their departments. Author(s): Dudek-Shriber L. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 May; 51(5): 369-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9127063&dopt=Abstract

•

Learning disability group: project of occupational therapy department, children's services, Douglas Hospital. Author(s): Wilby R, Goodz D. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1975 Winter; 41(4): 118-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10236888&dopt=Abstract

•

Learning from evidence: service outcomes and client satisfaction with occupational therapy home-based services. Author(s): Chiu T, Tickle-Degnen L. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 March-April; 56(2): 217-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905308&dopt=Abstract

•

Learning style preferences of bachelor's and the master's students in occupational therapy. Author(s): Rogers JC, Hill DJ. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1980 December; 34(12): 789-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7282840&dopt=Abstract

Studies

55

•

Learning style preferences of occupational therapy students. Author(s): Llorens LA, Adams SP. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1978 March; 32(3): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=636969&dopt=Abstract

•

Leprosy: occupational therapy. Author(s): Wilson ES. Source: Nurs Mirror Midwives J. 1976 March 4; 142(10): 57-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1045288&dopt=Abstract

•

Letter: Occupational therapy--treatment of symptoms rather than disease? Author(s): Silverstein F. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1974 September; 28(8): 489. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4852880&dopt=Abstract

•

Letters to the editor: effect upon occupational therapy of the constricting employment market. Author(s): Spelbring LM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1972 April; 26(3): 160. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5018236&dopt=Abstract

•

Liberal arts: the foundation for occupational therapy education. Author(s): Yerxa EJ, Sharrott G. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1986 March; 40(3): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3963125&dopt=Abstract

•

Life histories in occupational therapy clinical practice. Author(s): Frank G. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1996 April; 50(4): 251-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8712245&dopt=Abstract

•

Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) battery for brain-injured patients: reliability and validity. Author(s): Katz N, Itzkovich M, Averbuch S, Elazar B. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1989 March; 43(3): 184-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2735378&dopt=Abstract

56

Occupational Therapy

•

Long-stay schizophrenic patients in hospital workshops. A comparative study of an industrial unit and an occupational therapy department. Author(s): Miles A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1971 December; 119(553): 611-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5143659&dopt=Abstract

•

Louisiana's criteria of eligibility for occupational therapy services in the public school system. Author(s): Carr SH. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1989 August; 43(8): 503-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2774050&dopt=Abstract

•

Maintaining autonomy: the struggle between occupational therapy and physical medicine. Author(s): Colman W. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1992 January; 46(1): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1558140&dopt=Abstract

•

Major themes in occupational therapy: a content analysis of the Eleanor Clarke Slagle lectures, 1955-1985. Author(s): DeBeer F. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1987 August; 41(8): 527-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3434606&dopt=Abstract

•

Males in occupational therapy. Author(s): Posthuma BW. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1983 October; 50(4): 133-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10263681&dopt=Abstract

•

Management of stiff hand: an occupational therapy perspective. Author(s): Wong JM. Source: Hand Surgery : an International Journal Devoted to Hand and Upper Limb Surgery and Related Research : Journal of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand. 2002 December; 7(2): 261-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12596289&dopt=Abstract

•

Mastery in clinical occupational therapy. Author(s): DePoy E. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1990 May; 44(5): 415-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2191596&dopt=Abstract

Studies

57

•

Measuring knowledge of school-based occupational therapy. Author(s): Harris MB, Alley ST. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2000 March-April; 54(2): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10732181&dopt=Abstract

•

Measuring perceived self-efficacy in occupational therapy. Author(s): Gage M, Noh S, Polatajko HJ, Kaspar V. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 September; 48(9): 783-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7977622&dopt=Abstract

•

Measuring the impact of Parkinson's disease: an occupational therapy perspective. Author(s): Gaudet P. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 April; 69(2): 104-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11977869&dopt=Abstract

•

Medical residents' education about occupational therapy: implications for referral. Author(s): Deitch CJ, Gutman SA, Factor S. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 November-December; 48(11): 1014-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7840118&dopt=Abstract

•

Men in occupational therapy. Author(s): Rider BA, Brashear RM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1988 April; 42(4): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3369533&dopt=Abstract

•

Mentorship experiences in a group of occupational therapy leaders. Author(s): Schemm RL, Bross T. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 January; 49(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892899&dopt=Abstract

•

Mini-Mental State Examination, cognitive FIM instrument, and the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment: relation to functional outcome of stroke patients. Author(s): Zwecker M, Levenkrohn S, Fleisig Y, Zeilig G, Ohry A, Adunsky A. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 March; 83(3): 342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887114&dopt=Abstract

•

Models of occupational therapy service provision in the school system. Author(s): Dunn W. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1988 November; 42(11): 718-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3218665&dopt=Abstract

58

Occupational Therapy

•

Moral tensions and obligations of occupational therapy practitioners providing home care. Author(s): Opacich KJ. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 June; 51(6): 430-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9164609&dopt=Abstract

•

Motherhood, occupational therapy, and feminism: weaving or unraveling the fibers of our lives? Author(s): Loukas KM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1992 November; 46(11): 1039-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1463077&dopt=Abstract

•

Motor control and the role of occupational therapy: past, present, and future. Author(s): Burgess MK. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1989 May; 43(5): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2655460&dopt=Abstract

•

Motor learning and occupational therapy: the organization of practice. Author(s): Jarus T. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 September; 48(9): 810-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7977624&dopt=Abstract

•

Multiculturalism and occupational therapy: sharing the challenge. Author(s): Dyck I. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1991 December; 58(5): 224-8. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10115706&dopt=Abstract

•

Multiskilling: a survey of occupational therapy practitioners' attitudes. Author(s): Collins AL. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 October; 51(9): 748-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9311430&dopt=Abstract

•

My occupational therapy education as a person with visual and physical disabilities. Author(s): Bennett SH. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1989 April; 43(4): 263-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2526585&dopt=Abstract

•

Naming and framing occupational therapy: a lecture dedicated to the life of Nancy B. Author(s): Polatajko HJ. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1992 October; 59(4): 189-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10183736&dopt=Abstract

Studies

59

•

Nationally speaking. Life history and narrative research: generating a humanistic knowledge base for occupational therapy. Author(s): Larson EA, Fanchiang SP. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1996 April; 50(4): 247-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8712244&dopt=Abstract

•

Needs assessment of non-traditional students in physical and occupational therapy programs. Author(s): Graham C, Babola K. Source: Journal of Allied Health. 1998 Fall-Winter; 27(4): 196-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9879025&dopt=Abstract

•

Negative images in psychosocial occupational therapy. Author(s): Zarwell KA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1994 January; 48(1): 89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116790&dopt=Abstract

•

Neuroscience and occupational therapy: vital connections. 1989 Eleanor Clarke Slagle lecture. Author(s): Farber SD. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1989 October; 43(10): 637-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2692452&dopt=Abstract

•

New findings on learning in old age: implications for occupational therapy. Author(s): Pincus A. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1968 July-August; 22(4): 300-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5711805&dopt=Abstract

•

No convincing evidence of benefit from process-oriented treatment or a standard occupational therapy approach in children with developmental co-ordination disorder. Author(s): Logan S. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 1997 January; 23(1): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9132311&dopt=Abstract

•

Not by age alone: gerontology as a specialty in occupational therapy. Author(s): Hasselkus BR, Kiernat JM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1989 February; 43(2): 77-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2929722&dopt=Abstract

60

Occupational Therapy

•

Nursing, occupational therapy, and physical therapy preparation in rheumatology in the United States and Canada. Author(s): Jette AM, Becker MC. Source: Journal of Allied Health. 1980 November; 9(4): 268-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7462089&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy adaptation of the home environment in Sweden for people with asthma. Author(s): Frisk M, Blomqvist A, Stridh G, Sjoden PO, Kiviloog J. Source: Occupational Therapy International. 2002; 9(4): 294-311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444395&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy and achievement of self-identified goals by adults with acquired brain injury: phase II. Author(s): Trombly CA, Radomski MV, Trexel C, Burnet-Smith SE. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 September-October; 56(5): 489-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269503&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy and active living for older adults. Author(s): Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists Position Statement. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2003 June; 70(3): 183-6. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846112&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy and genetic information: considerations and cautions. Author(s): Dudgeon BJ, Low JF. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2003 March-April; 57(2): 227-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674316&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy and physiotherapy for children with disabilities. Author(s): Hong CS, Palmer K. Source: J Fam Health Care. 2003; 13(2): 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12793301&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy and the multidisciplinary team. Author(s): Rebeiro KL. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2002 June; 53(6): 767; Author Reply 7689. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045320&dopt=Abstract

Studies

61

•

Occupational therapy education in a technological world. Author(s): Breines EB. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 July-August; 56(4): 467-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125838&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy for accessory nerve palsy after radical neck dissection. Author(s): Chida S, Shimada Y, Matsunaga T, Sato M, Hatakeyama K, Mizoi K. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2002 March; 196(3): 157-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002272&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy for multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Steultjens EM, Dekker J, Bouter LM, Cardol M, Van de Nes JC, Van den Ende CH. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3): Cd003608. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917976&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy for stroke patients: a systematic review. Author(s): Steultjens EM, Dekker J, Bouter LM, van de Nes JC, Cup EH, van den Ende CH. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 March; 34(3): 676-87. Epub 2003 February 27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624291&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy for stroke patients: when, where, and how? Author(s): Landi F, Bernabei R. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 March; 34(3): 676-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625345&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy in accident and emergency departments: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Hendriksen H, Harrison RA. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2001 December; 36(6): 727-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903702&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy in the promotion of health and the prevention of disease and disability statement. Author(s): Brownson CA, Scaffa ME. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 November-December; 55(6): 656-60. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959230&dopt=Abstract

62

Occupational Therapy

•

Occupational therapy intervention with children survivors of war. Author(s): Simo-Algado S, Mehta N, Kronenberg F, Cockburn L, Kirsh B. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 October; 69(4): 205-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395622&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy is cost-effective and improves quality of life for seniors. Author(s): Rollins G. Source: Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res. 2002 September 20; 13(18): 9-10, 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577919&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy practice in acute care neurology and orthopaedics. Author(s): Griffin S. Source: Journal of Allied Health. 2002 Spring; 31(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905392&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy students explore an area for future practice in HIV/AIDS community wellness. Author(s): Phillips I. Source: Aids Patient Care and Stds. 2002 April; 16(4): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015868&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy: a hidden treasure. Author(s): Dickinson R. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2003 June; 70(3): 133-8. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846106&dopt=Abstract

•

Outcomes of a pilot occupational therapy wellness program for older adults. Author(s): Matuska K, Giles-Heinz A, Flinn N, Neighbor M, Bass-Haugen J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2003 March-April; 57(2): 220-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674314&dopt=Abstract

•

Outcomes of an occupational therapy program for mothers of children with disabilities: impact on satisfaction with time use and occupational performance. Author(s): VanLeit B, Crowe TK. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 July-August; 56(4): 402-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125829&dopt=Abstract

Studies

63

•

Parent perspectives of occupational therapy using a sensory integration approach. Author(s): Cohn ES. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 May-June; 55(3): 285-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723969&dopt=Abstract

•

Parent satisfaction with a paediatric occupational therapy service: a pilot investigation. Author(s): Carrigan N, Rodger S, Copley J. Source: Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 2001; 21(1): 51-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11715804&dopt=Abstract

•

Participatory action research: integrating community occupational therapy practice and research. Author(s): Cockburn L, Trentham B. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 February; 69(1): 20-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852687&dopt=Abstract

•

Perceptions of effective professional behavior feedback: occupational therapy student voices. Author(s): Scheerer CR. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2003 March-April; 57(2): 205-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674312&dopt=Abstract

•

Perceptions regarding school-based occupational therapy for children with emotional disturbances. Author(s): Barnes KJ, Beck AJ, Vogel KA, Grice KO, Murphy D. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2003 May-June; 57(3): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785673&dopt=Abstract

•

Personal-professional connections in palliative care occupational therapy. Author(s): Prochnau C, Liu L, Boman J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2003 March-April; 57(2): 196-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674311&dopt=Abstract

•

Perspectives on faculty clinical practice: views of occupational therapy curriculum chairpersons and faculty members. Author(s): Scoggin AE, Gibson RW, Hanson C. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2000 September-October; 54(5): 533-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11006814&dopt=Abstract

64

Occupational Therapy

•

Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics. Author(s): Law M. Source: Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 2001; 21(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11715800&dopt=Abstract

•

Physical and occupational therapy in the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis. Author(s): LaBan MM, Martin T, Pechur J, Sarnacki S. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 1998 August; 9(3): 603-14, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9894112&dopt=Abstract

•

Physical and occupational therapy undergraduates' stereotypes of one another. Author(s): Katz JS, Titiloye VM, Balogun JA. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2001 June; 92(3 Pt 1): 843-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453213&dopt=Abstract

•

Postmodernism and its application to the field of occupational therapy. Author(s): Weinblatt N, Avrech-Bar M. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2001 June; 68(3): 164-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433915&dopt=Abstract

•

Pragmatism and structuralism in occupational therapy: the long conversation. Author(s): Hooper B, Wood W. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 January-February; 56(1): 40-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833400&dopt=Abstract

•

Predicting return to work after brain injury using occupational therapy assessments. Author(s): Johansson U, Bernspang B. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2001 July 20; 23(11): 474-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437199&dopt=Abstract

•

Predicting the use of occupational therapy services among people with multiple sclerosis in Atlantic Canada. Author(s): Finlayson M, DalMonte J. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 October; 69(4): 239-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395625&dopt=Abstract

•

Preventing workplace aggression and violence--a role for occupational therapy. Author(s): Rai S. Source: Work (Reading, Mass.). 2002; 18(1): 15-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441587&dopt=Abstract

Studies

65

•

Principles of Occupational Therapy Ethics: adopted April 1977; revised April 1980. Author(s): American Occupational Therapy Association. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1980 December; 34(13): 896-905. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11643644&dopt=Abstract

•

Problem effectiveness in an occupational therapy problem-based learning course. Author(s): Stern P, D'Amico FJ. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 July-August; 55(4): 455-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723991&dopt=Abstract

•

Professional accountability in restructured contexts of occupational therapy practice. Author(s): Rappolt S, Mitra AL, Murphy E. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 December; 69(5): 293-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501454&dopt=Abstract

•

Project placements for undergraduate occupational therapy students: design, implementation and evaluation. Author(s): Prigg A, Mackenzie L. Source: Occupational Therapy International. 2002; 9(3): 210-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374998&dopt=Abstract

•

Proper prescription and monitoring of physical and occupational therapy. Author(s): TMA Committee on Rehabilitation. Source: Tex Med. 2002 May; 98(5): 17-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12043390&dopt=Abstract

•

Quality-of-life issues in individuals with HIV disease: an occupational therapy perspective. Author(s): Chan RS, Gorga D, Ilaria G, Damson L, Jacobs JL. Source: Aids Patient Care and Stds. 1996 August; 10(4): 236-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11361594&dopt=Abstract

•

Randomised controlled trial of occupational therapy at home: results at 1 year. Author(s): Walker MF, Hawkins K, Gladman JR, Lincoln NB. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 February; 70(2): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11271168&dopt=Abstract

•

Reactivating occupational therapy: a method to improve cognitive performance in geriatric patients. Author(s): Bach D, Bach M, Bohmer F, Fruhwald T, Grilc B. Source: Age and Ageing. 1995 May; 24(3): 222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7645443&dopt=Abstract

66

Occupational Therapy

•

Recapitulation of ontogenesis: a theory for practice of occupational therapy. Author(s): Mosey AC. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1968 September-October; 22(5): 426-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5680247&dopt=Abstract

•

Recruitment and retention strategies used by occupational therapy directors in acute care, rehabilitation, and long-term-care settings. Author(s): Smith P, Schiller MR, Grant HK, Sachs L. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 May; 49(5): 412-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7598156&dopt=Abstract

•

Reflections on. Occupational therapy and assertive community treatment. Author(s): Krupa T, Radloff-Gabriel D, Whippey E, Kirsh B. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 June; 69(3): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12073875&dopt=Abstract

•

Relationships between characteristics of the ward atmosphere and treatment outcome in a psychiatric day-care unit based on occupational therapy. Author(s): Eklund M, Hansson L. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1997 April; 95(4): 329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9150828&dopt=Abstract

•

Representations of race, ethnicity, and social class in case examples in The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. Author(s): Cena L, McGruder J, Tomlin G. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 March-April; 56(2): 130-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905297&dopt=Abstract

•

Research productivity among occupational therapy faculty members in the United States. Author(s): Paul S, Liu Y, Ottenbacher KJ. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 May-June; 56(3): 331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058522&dopt=Abstract

•

Resumption of outpatient occupational therapy for a young woman five years after traumatic brain injury. Author(s): Nelson DL, Lenhart DA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1996 March; 50(3): 223-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8822246&dopt=Abstract

Studies

67

•

Rheumatoid arthritis: occupational therapy. Author(s): MacBain P. Source: Appl Ther. 1968 September; 10(9): 594-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5700297&dopt=Abstract

•

Rheumatology: 9. Physical and occupational therapy in the management of arthritis. Author(s): Clark BM. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2000 October 17; 163(8): 999-1005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11068573&dopt=Abstract

•

Role overlap between occupational therapy and physiotherapy during in-patient stroke rehabilitation: an exploratory study. Author(s): Booth J, Hewison A. Source: Journal of Interprofessional Care. 2002 February; 16(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11915714&dopt=Abstract

•

Sexual orientation: its relevance to occupational science and the practice of occupational therapy. Author(s): Jackson J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 July-August; 49(7): 669-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7573338&dopt=Abstract

•

Skills training or occupational therapy for persistent schizophrenia. Author(s): Drake M, Tubbs C, Titus J, Street L, Giroux P, Groat B, Andrews DL, Davis R, Tennant R, Edwards AB, Hester P. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 August; 156(8): 1294; Author Reply 1294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10450284&dopt=Abstract

•

Skills training versus psychosocial occupational therapy for persons with persistent schizophrenia. Author(s): Liberman RP, Wallace CJ, Blackwell G, Kopelowicz A, Vaccaro JV, Mintz J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 August; 155(8): 1087-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9699698&dopt=Abstract

•

Skills training versus psychosocial occupational therapy: a reinterpretation. Author(s): Tsang H. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2000 July-August; 54(4): 443-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10932317&dopt=Abstract

68

Occupational Therapy

•

Specialized knowledge and skills in adult vestibular rehabilitation for occupational therapy practice. Author(s): Cohen HS. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 November-December; 55(6): 661-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959231&dopt=Abstract

•

Statement: nondiscrimination and inclusion regarding members of the occupational therapy professional community. American Occupational Therapy Association. Author(s): Hansen R, Kyler-Hutchison P. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 November-December; 49(10): 1009. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8585583&dopt=Abstract

•

Statement: psychosocial concerns within occupational therapy practice. American Occupational Therapy Association. Author(s): Stoffel V. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 November-December; 49(10): 1011-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8585584&dopt=Abstract

•

Statement--fundamental concepts of occupational therapy: occupation, purposeful activity, and function. Author(s): Hinojosa J, Kramer P. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 November-December; 51(10): 864-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394148&dopt=Abstract

•

Status of functional assessment in occupational therapy with the elderly. Author(s): Neuhaus BE, Miller PA. Source: Journal of Allied Health. 1995 Winter; 24(1): 29-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7657583&dopt=Abstract

•

Survey of occupational therapy practitioners in southwestern schools: assessments used and preparation of students for school-based practice. Author(s): Burtner PA, McMain MP, Crowe TK. Source: Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 2002; 22(1): 25-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174503&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of learning through discussion in a course in occupational therapy: a search for deep learning. Author(s): Crabtree JL, Royeen CB, Mu K. Source: Journal of Allied Health. 2001 Winter; 30(4): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11828587&dopt=Abstract

Studies

69

•

The impact of reimbursement systems on occupational therapy practice in Canada and the United States of America. Author(s): Jongbloed L, Wendland T. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 June; 69(3): 143-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12073874&dopt=Abstract

•

The Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment. Author(s): Katz N, Itzkovich M, Averbuch S. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 August; 83(8): 1179; Author Reply 1179-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161845&dopt=Abstract

•

The meaning and form of occupational therapy as experienced by women with psychoses. A phenomenological study. Author(s): Ivarsson AB, Soderback I, Ternestedt BM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2002 March; 16(1): 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985756&dopt=Abstract

•

The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: the evolution of our professional language. Author(s): Youngstrom MJ. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 November-December; 56(6): 607-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458854&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of mentoring on research productivity among occupational therapy faculty. Author(s): Paul S, Stein F, Ottenbacher KJ, Liu Y. Source: Occupational Therapy International. 2002; 9(1): 24-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375006&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of federal and state databases to conduct health services research related to physical and occupational therapy. Author(s): Freburger JK, Konrad TR. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 June; 83(6): 837-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048664&dopt=Abstract

•

Therapeutic use of humor: occupational therapy clinicians' perceptions and practices. Author(s): Leber DA, Vanoli EG. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 March-April; 55(2): 221-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761140&dopt=Abstract

70

Occupational Therapy

•

Therapists awake! The challenge of evidence-based occupational therapy. Author(s): Ottenbacher KJ, Tickle-Degnen L, Hasselkus BR. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 May-June; 56(3): 247-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058513&dopt=Abstract

•

Therapists' perceptions about making a difference in parent-child relationships in early intervention occupational therapy services. Author(s): Mayer ML, White BP, Ward JD, Barnaby EM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2002 July-August; 56(4): 411-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125830&dopt=Abstract

•

Unawareness and/or denial of disability: implications for occupational therapy intervention. Author(s): Katz N, Fleming J, Keren N, Lightbody S, Hartman-Maeir A. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 December; 69(5): 281-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501453&dopt=Abstract

•

Understanding professional behavior: experiences of occupational therapy students in mental health settings. Author(s): Lyons M. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 September; 51(8): 686-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279439&dopt=Abstract

•

Understanding the experience of noninclusive occupational therapy clinics: lesbians' perspectives. Author(s): Jackson J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2000 January-February; 54(1): 26-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10686624&dopt=Abstract

•

Understanding the family perspective: an ethnographic framework for providing occupational therapy in the home. Author(s): Gitlin LN, Corcoran M, Leinmiller-Eckhardt S. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 September; 49(8): 802-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8526226&dopt=Abstract

•

Unilateral spatial neglect: new treatment approaches with potential application to occupational therapy. Author(s): Freeman E. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 July-August; 55(4): 401-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723984&dopt=Abstract

Studies

71

•

Universal design and occupational therapy. Author(s): Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists Position Statement. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2003 June; 70(3): 187-90. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846113&dopt=Abstract

•

Use of aides in occupational therapy practice. Author(s): Russell KV, Kanny EM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1998 February; 52(2): 118-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9494632&dopt=Abstract

•

Use of electronic music as an occupational therapy modality in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: an occupational performance model. Author(s): Lee B, Nantais T. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1996 May; 50(5): 362-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8728666&dopt=Abstract

•

Use of the interview in selecting students for occupational therapy programs. Author(s): Agho AO, Mosley BW, Smith-Paul B. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1998 July-August; 52(7): 592-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9693706&dopt=Abstract

•

Uses and misuses of psychiatric occupational therapy: occupational therapy as a haven. Author(s): Heath S. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1968 January-February; 22(1): 19-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5640127&dopt=Abstract

•

Variables affecting specialty choice in occupational therapy. Author(s): Wittman PP, Swinehart S, Cahill R, St Michel G. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1989 September; 43(9): 602-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2817076&dopt=Abstract

•

Video as a medium in occupational therapy. Author(s): Holm MB. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1983 August; 37(8): 531-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6624849&dopt=Abstract

72

Occupational Therapy

•

Video feedback in occupational therapy: its effects in patients with neglect syndrome. Author(s): Soderback I, Bengtsson I, Ginsburg E, Ekholm J. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1992 December; 73(12): 11406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1463377&dopt=Abstract

•

Videotaped versus live instruction in demonstrating evaluation skills to occupational therapy students. Author(s): Bazyk S, Jeziorowski J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1989 July; 43(7): 465-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2750862&dopt=Abstract

•

Views on physical agent modalities and specialization within occupational therapy: a rebuttal. Author(s): Ahlschwede K. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1992 July; 46(7): 650-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1621802&dopt=Abstract

•

Weaving the warp and weft of occupational therapy: an art and science for all times. Author(s): Wood W. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 January; 49(1): 44-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892901&dopt=Abstract

•

What are the criteria for development of occupational therapy theory? A response to Fidler's Life Style Performance Model. Author(s): Hocking C, Whiteford G. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 February; 51(2): 154-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9124273&dopt=Abstract

•

What constitutes core values in occupational therapy practice? Author(s): Hocking C, Whiteford G, Henare D. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 February; 49(2): 175-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7900762&dopt=Abstract

•

What do we need to know to practice occupational therapy in the community? Author(s): McColl MA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1998 January; 52(1): 11-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9426854&dopt=Abstract

Studies

73

•

What is the proper domain of occupational therapy research? Author(s): Parham LD. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1998 June; 52(6): 485-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9612499&dopt=Abstract

•

Whither occupational therapy. Author(s): Zamir LJ. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1966 July-August; 20(4): Vii Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5942408&dopt=Abstract

•

Why the profession of occupational therapy will flourish in the 21st century. The 1996 Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture. Author(s): Nelson DL. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 January; 51(1): 11-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8978859&dopt=Abstract

•

Will students be prepared? Current status of gerontological content in entry-level occupational therapy programs in Canada. Author(s): Klein J. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 June; 69(3): 168-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12073877&dopt=Abstract

•

Working memory and older adults: implications for occupational therapy. Author(s): Andiel C, Liu L. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 July-August; 49(7): 681-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7573339&dopt=Abstract

•

Work-oriented occupational therapy for the geriatric patient. Author(s): Pearman HE, Newman N. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1968 May-June; 22(3): 203-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5648931&dopt=Abstract

•

Yes--occupational therapy can be dynamic in a chronic care setting. Author(s): Gallen D, Loiselle C, Shack D, Wilson C. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1981 February; 48(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10309340&dopt=Abstract

75

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and occupational therapy.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Occupational Therapy The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

76

Occupational Therapy

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “occupational therapy” (or a synonym): •

Sensory integrative-based occupational therapy and functional outcomes in young children with pervasive developmental disorders: a single-subject study. Author(s): Mighty Oaks Children's Therapy Center, Albany, Oregon 97321, USA. Source: Linderman, T M Stewart, K B Am-J-Occup-Ther. 1999 Mar-April; 53(2): 207-13 0272-9490

•

Wellness works: community service health promotion groups led by occupational therapy students. Author(s): Division of Occupational Therapy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA. Source: Scott, A H Am-J-Occup-Ther. 1999 Nov-December; 53(6): 566-74 0272-9490

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

77

79

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to occupational therapy. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to occupational therapy and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to occupational therapy: •

“And teach agony to sing”: an afternoon with Eleanor Clarke Slagle. Author(s): Bing RK. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 March; 51(3): 220-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9048163&dopt=Abstract

•

“We become brave by doing brave acts”: teaching moral courage through the theater of the oppressed. Author(s): Brown KH, Gillespie D. Source: Literature and Medicine. 1997 Spring; 16(1): 108-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9138271&dopt=Abstract

•

“What should he play?” Musical instruments in music therapy. Author(s): Fenwick AM.

80

Occupational Therapy

Source: Nurs Times. 1972 October 26; 68(43): 1344-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5081243&dopt=Abstract •

An occupational therapy program for the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient. Author(s): Berzins GF. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1970 April; 24(3): 181-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5418047&dopt=Abstract

•

Application of motor learning principles in occupational therapy. Author(s): Poole JL. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1991 June; 45(6): 531-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2063942&dopt=Abstract

•

Application of the guidelines for client-centred practice to paediatric occupational therapy. Author(s): Stewart D, Harvey S. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1990 April; 57(2): 88-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10104739&dopt=Abstract

•

Art and multiple personality disorder: an expressive framework for occupational therapy. Author(s): Frye B. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1990 November; 44(11): 1013-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2252061&dopt=Abstract

•

Beliefs, perspectives, and activities of psychosocial occupational therapy educators. Author(s): Barris R, Kielhofner G. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1986 August; 40(8): 535-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3752220&dopt=Abstract

•

Bird T. Baldwin: a holistic scientist in occupational therapy's history. Author(s): Wish-Baratz S. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1989 April; 43(4): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2665505&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of personality styles between students enrolled in osteopathic medical, pharmacy, physical therapy, physician assistant, and occupational therapy programs. Author(s): Hardigan PC, Cohen SR. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1998 November; 98(11): 637-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9846047&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 81

•

Computer-assisted instruction as a learning resource for applied anatomy and kinesiology in the occupational therapy curriculum. Author(s): Toth-Cohen S. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1995 September; 49(8): 821-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8526228&dopt=Abstract

•

Culture, theory, and the practice of occupational therapy in New Zealand/Aotearoa. Author(s): Jungersen K. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1992 August; 46(8): 745-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1497082&dopt=Abstract

•

Current trends in assistive technology education in entry-level occupational therapy curricula. Author(s): Kanny EM, Anson DK. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1998 July-August; 52(7): 586-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9693705&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of occupational therapy intervention on bathing independence of disabled persons. Author(s): Shillam LL, Beeman C, Loshin PM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1983 November; 37(11): 744-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6228148&dopt=Abstract

•

Experimental study of the creative process by means of hypnoanalytic associations to a painting done in occupational therapy: the magic ring of Walter positive. Author(s): Bowers MK. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1966 January; 14(1): 1-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5908433&dopt=Abstract

•

General hospital psychiatry: implications for occupational therapy--one case study. Author(s): Abramovich T. Source: Med Law. 1993; 12(3-5): 363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8231707&dopt=Abstract

•

Geriatric occupational therapy: the uncertain ideology of long-term care. Author(s): Hasselkus BR, Dickie VA, Gregory C. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 February; 51(2): 132-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9124270&dopt=Abstract

•

Holism in occupational therapy: elusive fiction and ambivalent struggle. Author(s): Finlay L.

82

Occupational Therapy

Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 May-June; 55(3): 268-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723967&dopt=Abstract •

Interwoven threads: occupational therapy, feminism, and holistic health. Author(s): Miller RJ. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1992 November; 46(11): 1013-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1463073&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy and child abuse. Author(s): Colman W. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1975 August; 29(7): 412-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1155575&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy in a community aftercare program. Author(s): Broekema MC, Danz KH, Schloemer CU. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1975 January; 29(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=164120&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy in a psychiatric day hospital. Author(s): Schechter L. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1974 March; 28(3): 151-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4812226&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy in outpatient dialysis. Author(s): Carter J, Wells M. Source: Nephrol Nurse. 1979 March-April; 1(2): 18-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=255778&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy in the social services. Author(s): Higgins J. Source: Gerontol Clin (Basel). 1974; 16(5-6): 281-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4461319&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy intervention for an adult with depression and suicidal tendencies. Author(s): Custer VL, Wassink KE. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1991 September; 45(9): 845-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1928293&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy intervention with children survivors of war. Author(s): Simo-Algado S, Mehta N, Kronenberg F, Cockburn L, Kirsh B.

Alternative Medicine 83

Source: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 October; 69(4): 205-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395622&dopt=Abstract •

Occupational therapy with children with pervasive developmental disorders. Author(s): Case-Smith J, Miller H. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1999 September-October; 53(5): 506-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10500859&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy with the burn patient -- a holistic approach. Author(s): Fowler D. Source: Australas Nurses J. 1981 July; 10(7): 27-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7030297&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational therapy's challenge: the caring relationship. Author(s): Devereaux EB. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1984 December; 38(12): 791-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6524605&dopt=Abstract

•

On the relevancy of Piaget's theory to occupational therapy. Author(s): Wursten H. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1974 April; 28(4): 213-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4816560&dopt=Abstract

•

Personal-professional connections in palliative care occupational therapy. Author(s): Prochnau C, Liu L, Boman J. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2003 March-April; 57(2): 196-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674311&dopt=Abstract

•

Play behavior and occupational therapy. Author(s): Schaaf RC. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1990 January; 44(1): 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2301553&dopt=Abstract

•

Providing occupational therapy in an intensive care unit. Author(s): Affleck AT, Lieberman S, Polon J, Rohrkemper K. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1986 May; 40(5): 323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3717268&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychosocial occupational therapy: time to cast off the gloom and doom. Author(s): Friedland J, Renwick RM.

84

Occupational Therapy

Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1993 May; 47(5): 467-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8498472&dopt=Abstract •

Role conflict in occupational therapy student parents. Author(s): Menks FA, Tupper LC. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1987 January; 41(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3826270&dopt=Abstract

•

Rural health and the role of occupational therapy. Author(s): Sieg KW. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1975 February; 29(2): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=123124&dopt=Abstract

•

SHORT REPORT Developing awareness of spirituality in occupational therapy students: Are our curricula up to the task? Author(s): Kirsh B, Dawson D, Antolikova S, Reynolds L. Source: Occupational Therapy International. 2001; 8(2): 119-125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823875&dopt=Abstract

•

Should music be used therapeutically in occupational therapy? Author(s): MacRae A. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1992 March; 46(3): 275-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1373034&dopt=Abstract

•

Single subject research in occupational therapy: a case illustration. Author(s): Madsen PS, Conte JR. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1980 April; 34(4): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7369087&dopt=Abstract

•

Strategies for the development of occupational therapy in the Third World. Author(s): Krefting L. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1992 August; 46(8): 758-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1497084&dopt=Abstract

•

Teaching ethical analysis in occupational therapy. Author(s): Haddad AM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1988 May; 42(5): 300-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3394779&dopt=Abstract

•

Tell me a story: the therapeutic metaphor in the practice of pediatric occupational therapy. Author(s): Fazio LS.

Alternative Medicine 85

Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1992 February; 46(2): 112-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1595822&dopt=Abstract •

The development of an occupational therapy program in a solarium area. Author(s): Hughes EF, Bryden MC. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1983 February; 50(1): 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10259859&dopt=Abstract

•

The influence of the arts-and-crafts movement on the professional status of occupational therapy. Author(s): Levine RE. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1987 April; 41(4): 248-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3318480&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of occupational therapy groups in an Australian hospice. Author(s): Dawson S. Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 1993 July-August; 10(4): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329244&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of play in pediatric occupational therapy. Author(s): Couch KJ, Deitz JC, Kanny EM. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1998 February; 52(2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9494631&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of varied therapies in the rehabilitation of the retarded child; occupational therapy, music therapy, speech therapy and remedial reading. Author(s): KNIGHT D, LUDWIG AJ, POPE L, STRAZZULLA M. Source: Am J Ment Defic. 1957 January; 61(3): 508-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13381761&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of drama and puppetry in occupational therapy during the 1920s and 1930s. Author(s): Phillips ME. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1996 March; 50(3): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8822247&dopt=Abstract

•

Wellness works: community service health promotion groups led by occupational therapy students. Author(s): Scott AH. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1999 November-December; 53(6): 566-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10578434&dopt=Abstract

86

Occupational Therapy

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to occupational therapy; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the

Alternative Medicine 87

MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

89

CHAPTER THERAPY

4.

DISSERTATIONS

ON

OCCUPATIONAL

Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to occupational therapy. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “occupational therapy” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on occupational therapy, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Occupational Therapy ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to occupational therapy. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Comparative Study of the Performance of Occupational Therapy Assistant Students Who Have Received Psychiatric Treatment and Those Students Who Have Not Received Psychiatric Treatment by Taback, Karen Vermeul, EDD from Pepperdine University, 1981, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8117876

•

A Comparison of Leadership Styles of Occupational Therapy Education Program Directors and Clinic Administrators by Reiss, Rhona Gorsky; PhD from University of North Texas, 2000, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3041922

•

A Cross Sectional Analysis of Work Related Issues in Occupational Therapy by Madill, Helen Marina; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67332

90

Occupational Therapy

•

A Description and Analysis of the Educational Purposes of Occupational Therapy Clinical Education by Nystrom, Eleanor Pauline, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1982, 415 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8305373

•

A Descriptive Study of the Development and Validation of a Curriculum Development Process for Occupational Therapy in an Institution of Higher Education by Bracciano, Alfred Gerald, EDD from Western Michigan University, 1992, 234 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9229595

•

A Naturalistic Investigation of Successful Educational Strategies in Three Entry-level Occupational Therapy Graduate Programs by Fisher, Grace Sheldon, EDD from Temple University, 1997, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9737937

•

A Sociocultural Perspective of Professional Transition in Occupational Therapy by Toal-Sullivan, Darene; MA from University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ79378

•

A Study of Role Conflict in Chairpersons of Academic Departments of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy in Canadian Universities by Schaffer, Robin Harriet, EDD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1522133

•

A Study of Role Conflict in Chairpersons of Academic Departments of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy in Canadian Universities by Schaffer, Robin; EDD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL23516

•

A Study of the Leadership Qualities of Occupational Therapy Department Chairpersons and the Organizational Health of Their Departments by Dudek-Shriber, Linda, EDD from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1995, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9522311

•

A Theory of Transition from Faculty to Chair in Occupational Therapy: A Grounded Theory Study by Coppard, Brenda Marie; PhD from The University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2000, 278 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9991983

•

Academic Integration of Occupational Therapy Faculty by Matsushima-Vassantachart, Dale S., EDD from La Sierra University, 1995, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9531263

•

Admissions Committees in Occupational Therapy: A Case Study of Decision-Making by Lane, Joyce Barbara; PhD from Brandeis U., the F. Heller Grad. Sch. for Adv. Stud. in Soc. Wel., 2003, 209 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074822

•

Allied Health Clinical Education Affiliations: a Study of Medical Technology, Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy Programs by Srugys, Karina Sabina, EDD from Loyola University of Chicago, 1984, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8405315

•

Alumni's Perception of Educational Characteristics of Basic Master's and Advanced Master's Degree Programs in Occupational Therapy (Allied Health) by Brayley, Caroline Robinson, PhD from University of Pittsburgh, 1986, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8620272

Dissertations 91

•

An Assessment of Occupational Therapy Professional Educational Programs' Accommodations for Older Students (Adult Learning, Non-Traditional Options, Allied Health) by Strickland, Lewis Randy, EDD from North Carolina State University, 1985, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8507424

•

An Assessment of the Quality of Care in Occupational Therapy in Selected Michigan Hospitals. by Kirchman, Margaret Mary, PhD from The University of Michigan, 1973, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7415779

•

An Exploration of Parametric Versus Nonparametric Statistics in Occupational Therapy Clinical Research by Royeen, Charlotte Brasic, PhD from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8620659

•

An Exploration of the Status and Future Directions of Graduate Programs in Occupational Therapy in the United States. by O'kane, Catherine Patricia, PhD from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1978, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7810645

•

An Investigation of the Relationship between Cognitive Styles of Occupational Therapy Students and the Strategies Used for Data-gathering in Clinical Problem Solving by Neuhaus, Barbara Eva, EDD from Columbia University Teachers College, 1980, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8015088

•

Analysis of Occupational Therapy and Special Education Literature: Model for Ebd Services by Civello, Ashley Carol; Ma from Texas Woman's University, 2002, 51 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410082

•

Animals As a Therapeutic Modality: a Curriculum Model for Occupational Therapy by Latella, Donna M.; EDD from University of Bridgeport, 2003, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079367

•

Authoring Lives in a Subject-centered Curriculum: an Instrumental Case Study of Graduate Professional Education in Occupational Therapy by Hooper, Barbara R.; PhD from Michigan State University, 2003, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092156

•

Case-based Learning in Occupational Therapy: a Case Study of Student Perceptions by Stern, Perri Ann, EDD from University of Virginia, 1995, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9525035

•

Comparison of Test Scores and Study Time of Field-dependent and Fieldindependent Occupational Therapy Students Using Self-designed and Instructordesigned Assessment Administration Note Cards by Stern, Erica Beth, PhD from University of Kansas, 1990, 268 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9110919

•

Cost-benefit Analysis of Level Ii Fieldwork for Bachelor's-level and Basic Master'slevel Students in Occupational Therapy (clinical Education) by Shalik, Linda Dean, PhD from University of Florida, 1986, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8618679

92

Occupational Therapy

•

Critical Thinking Skills and Learning Styles of First-year Students in Weekend Occupational Therapy Programs by Creighton, Cynthia Louise; PhD from Wayne State University, 1999, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9954192

•

Cultural Dynamics in the Occupational Therapy Classroom by Bennett, Onda M., PhD from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1999, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9918187

•

Culturally Responsive Caring in Occupational Therapy: a Grounded Theory by Munoz, Jaime Phillip; PhD from University of Pittsburgh, 2002, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078864

•

Determinants of Success in Occupational Therapy: an Empirical Assessment of Practitioners' and Academicians' Perceptions by Anzai, Donna Midori; EDD from La Sierra University, 2002, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055179

•

Differential Occupational Outcomes among African American and White Women in Female-dominated Professions: the Case of Occupational Therapy (African-American, Occupational Therapy, Women's Work) by Bolden, Jacquelyn A., PhD from Boston University, 1993, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9319975

•

Directors/Chairpersons of Occupational Therapy Professional Programs: a Study of Leadership in Higher Education by Miller, Patricia Aline, EDD from Columbia University Teachers College, 1998, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9822230

•

Educating Students of Occupational Therapy about Wheelchair Use: Comparison between Standard Curriculum and Skill-acquisition Protocols by Coolen, Anna Louise; MSC from Dalhousie University (Canada), 2002, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ75457

•

Enabling Empowerment or Managing Medical Cases? Occupational Therapy's Mental Health Work by Townsend, Elizabeth A., PhD from Dalhousie University (Canada), 1994, 358 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN93838

•

Enhancing Research Utilization Capacity in Occupational Therapy by Craik, Janet Margaret; MSC from University of Toronto (Canada), 2003, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ78254

•

Ethical Decision-making by Students in Physical and Occupational Therapy by Dieruf, Kathryn Ann, PhD from The University of New Mexico, 1998, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9839204

•

Evaluation of the Impact of Mandatory and Voluntary Continuing Professional Education on Continuing Competency of Florida Licensed Occupational Therapy Practitioners by Andersen, Lori T., EDD from Nova Southeastern University, 1997, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9839993

•

Exploring Home-based Occupational Therapy Intervention with Caregivers of the Elderly by Brown, Rachel R.; MS from D'Youville College, 2003, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414354

Dissertations 93

•

Exploring Teaching and Learning with Graduate Occupational Therapy Students in a Community-based Service-learning Program with Elders: an Action Research Study by Beitman, Candace L.; EDD from Ball State University, 2002, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061139

•

Factors Affecting Matriculation of Students with Disabilities in Occupational Therapy Programs by Van Slyke, Nancy Lynne, EDD from Auburn University, 1998, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9823172

•

Faculty Perceptions of Occupational Therapy Program Director Leader Behavior: Impact upon Faculty Job Satisfaction by Cosgrove, Jennifer Ruisi; EDD from University of Bridgeport, 2003, 234 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079366

•

Faculty Workload: a Study of Administrative Practices in Occupational Therapy Departments by Seidel, Alice Elizabeth Crow, EDD from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1993, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9412437

•

Financing Occupational Therapy Education in Mississippi by Jedlicka, Janet Sue, PhD from The University of Mississippi, 1995, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9536484

•

Frames of Meaning: an Analysis of Occupational Therapy Evaluations of Young Children by Burke, Janice Posatery, PhD from University of Pennsylvania, 1997, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9727199

•

Graduate Study Needs of Occupational Therapy Educators by Schnebly, Martha Elizabeth, EDD from Columbia University, 1971, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7124164

•

Impact of Service Learning on Occupational Therapy Students' Awareness Of, Commitment To, and Sense of Responsibility toward Community by Waskiewicz, Rhonda A.; EDD from Temple University, 2002, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3040370

•

Level of Interest in a Networked Computer-based, Post-Professional Program in Occupational Therapy by Simons, Dianne Franklin, PhD from University of Virginia, 1999, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9935042

•

Measuring the Effectiveness of a Simulation Technique to Promote Positive Attitudes toward the Elderly among Occupational Therapy Students by Bachelder, Judy McGinty, PhD from University of Kansas, 1987, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8813381

•

Methodological Research of a Developing Minimal Data Set That Measures Outcomes of Students Receiving School-Based Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy by Arnold, Sandra H.; PhD from The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 2003, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095288

•

Modes of Resourceful Behavior: a Holistic Approach to the Adaptive Process with Implications for Occupational Therapy Intervention by Ruppert, Alterra-Zoe Marietta Dubois; PhD from Texas Woman's University, 2002, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046319

94

Occupational Therapy

•

Occupational Therapy Academic Program Faculty Attitudes toward Tenure As Measured by the Tenure Attitude Scale by Brown, Diane Peacock; PhD from University of North Texas, 2002, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065686

•

Occupational Therapy Clinical Reasoning: Supervision for the Transition from Student to Clinician (Critical Thinking) by Affeldt, Jane Ellen Olson, PhD from Marquette University, 1993, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9411515

•

Occupational Therapy Selection Criteria and Educational Processes: an Integrated Model by Holm, Margo Belle, PhD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1980, 317 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8100430

•

Perceptions of Occupational Therapy Exemplars Regarding the Relative Value of Selected Factors in Their Occupational Therapy Educational Experience (Professional Competence) by Allen, Virginia Ruth, EDD from University of Georgia, 1984, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8504578

•

Personality Traits and Career Maturity Determinants of First Year Occupational Therapy Students by Burton, Hajra, PhD from University of Pittsburgh, 1991, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9209375

•

Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Services Evaluation Instrument for School Settings by Bartlett, Cheryl Sanger, PhD from The University of Alabama, 1996, 250 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9633913

•

Practitioner Perspectives on the Role of Continuing Professional Education in Occupational Therapy by Grapczynski, Cynthia Ann; EDD from Columbia University Teachers College, 2000, 345 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9976725

•

Public Elementary and Middle School Principals' Understanding of Occupational Therapy Services in the Schools by Cottet, Bridget Marie; MS from D'Youville College, 2002, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408479

•

Relationship of Occupational Therapy Services to Special Education Outcomes by Barnes, Karin Jo; PhD from The University of Texas at Austin, 1999, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9947166

•

Resources, Rewards, and Achievement Goals As Determinants of Research Productivity: a Study of Occupational Therapy Faculty by Ito, Max Akira, PhD from The University of Texas at Austin, 1994, 291 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9506010

•

Role Expectations for Chairpersons of Occupational Therapy Education Programs. by Miller, Rosalee Jane, PhD from University of Florida, 1978, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7913306

•

Role of Occupational Therapy and Optometry in Vision Therapy for CVA Patients by Armstrong, Jeffrey Scott; MS from D'Youville College, 2002, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409935

•

Selected Characteristics of Two Levels of Students in Occupational Therapy by Madigan, M. Jeanne, EDD from Loyola University of Chicago, 1982, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8215687

Dissertations 95

•

Students' Reactions to Three Active Learning Designs in an Occupational Therapy Course Using Interactive Video by Gillard, Marian P., PhD from Temple University, 1998, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9838489

•

Teachers' Perspectives on the Provision of Occupational Therapy Services in the General Education Classroom: a Replication Study by Rizzuto, Aime Jean; MS from D'Youville College, 2002, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409941

•

The Effect of an Occupational Therapy Intervention on Handwriting in Academically At-Risk First Graders by Peterson, Cynthia Quake; PhD from The Union Institute, 1999, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9946543

•

The Effects of the Field Work Experience on the Role-transition of the Occupational Therapy Student. by Trimble, Helen Mirich, EDD from Boston University School of Education, 1974, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7420469

•

The Experiences of Women with Aids Who Have Received Occupational Therapy Intervention in a Home Health Care Setting by Meyers, Ruth A. M.; PhD from New York University, 2002, 286 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060300

•

The Impact of Problem-based Learning on Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy Education by McCarron, Kelly Ann; EDD from Duquesne University, 2000, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9964691

•

The Impact of Third Party Reimbursement on Occupational Therapy and Vision Rehabilitation Services: a Comparative Case Study by Liu, Tiehan, PhD from Western Michigan University, 1993, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9329395

•

The Interactive Effects of Occupational Therapy Students' Learning Style with Teaching Methods (lecture Vs. Group-discussion), on Their Problem-solving Skills, Achievement, Study Time and Attitude: an Aptitude-treatment Interaction (ATI) Study by Katz, Noomi, PhD from University of Southern California, 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f484662

•

The Lived Experience of 'working Together' with Patients in Occupational Therapy by Rosa, Susan Ayres; PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049396

•

The Long-term Effectiveness of Two Occupational Therapy Interventions on the Lives of People with Ms: a Randomized Controlled Trial by Classen, Sherrilene; PhD from Nova Southeastern University, 2002, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3034166

•

The Role of Occupational Therapy for Individuals Living with Sickle Cell Disease by Henry, Tishana Terry-Ann; Ms from Florida International University, 2002, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409100

•

The Status of Occupational Therapy: Implications for Program Development. by Hopkins, Helen Louise, EDD from Temple University, 1979, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7924063

96

Occupational Therapy

•

The Use of Interactive Video Client Simulation Scores for the Prediction of Clinical Performance of Occupational Therapy Students by Tomlin, George Stuart, PhD from University of Washington, 1996, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9638033

•

Therapeutics and Science in the History of Occupational Therapy by Gordon, Don Michael; PhD from University of Southern California, 2002, 317 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3094328

•

Towards Facilitating Change in Occupational Therapy Managers' Perceptions of Early Intervention Service Delivery in South Australia by Boshoff, Jacobie; PhD from University of Pretoria (South Africa), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f199873

•

Transformation of Learners in a Community of Practice Occupational Therapy Fieldwork Environment by Lindsay, Lora Nell; EDD from University of Georgia, 2000, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9986942

•

Understanding of Occupational Therapy by Patients with Cerebral Vascular Accidents by Boughman, Gale D.; MS from D'Youville College, 2002, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410548

•

Variations in Clinical Reasoning among Occupational Therapy Practitioners by Tona, Janice Trigilio; PhD from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2003, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076538

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

97

CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning occupational therapy.

Recent Trials on Occupational Therapy The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to occupational therapy.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Occupational Therapy to Treat Children Who Over or Under React to Their Environment Condition(s): Sensory Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Children with Sensory Modulation Dysfunction (SMD) either overor under-react to stimuli in their environment. This can cause significant problems with daily activities and may lead to anxiety, poor attention, low self-esteem, and further complications in motor, cognitive, social and emotional development. Diagnosis of SMD is based on physiological responses to specific stimuli, measures of behavioral/social/emotional symptoms, and studies of the resulting functional limitation and disability. Treatments involve direct biomedical and behavioral intervention to improve sensory processing, as well as adjustments to the home, school and community environment. This study will compare the effect of occupational therapy vs. alternative therapy on the reactivity and function of children who have SMD. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

98

Occupational Therapy

Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006507

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “occupational therapy” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

Clinical Trials 99

•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

101

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to occupational therapy. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on occupational therapy include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on occupational therapy: •

Occupational Therapy: The Challenge of AIDS Contact: New York University, School of Education, Health, Nursing, and Arts Professionals, Department of Education, Human Sexuality Program, 32 Washington Pl 2nd Fl, New York, NY, 10003, (212) 998-1212. Summary: This video and accompanying curriculum guide are directed to the discipline of occupational therapy with the purpose of providing AIDS educators with an instructional module for the training of occupational therapists. The module will increase therapists' knowledge and skills in the delivery of competent and effective care to people with HIV and AIDS. The video contains a panel discussion of the history and epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS, and the pathophysiology of HIV and HIVrelated disease. There is an overview of the immune system, common neoplastic diseases, and opportunistic infections. The 60-minute tape examines the occupational therapist's roles in the evaluation and treatment of PWA's. There is a discussion of

102 Occupational Therapy

clinical examples of central nervous system dysfunctions and effects, transmission of HIV infection in children, and assessment and treatment of children with HIV. Three clinical cases are discussed representing acute hospital treatment with a rehabilitation program.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “occupational therapy” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “occupational therapy” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “occupational therapy” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A Multicultural Education & Resource Guide for Occupational Therapy Educators & Practitioners: Multicultural Education and Resource Guide for Occupational Therapy Educato by Shirley A. Wells, Patricia A. Hickerson Crist (1997); ISBN: 1569000778; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569000778/icongroupinterna

•

An Annotated Index of Occupational Therapy Evaluation Tools by Ina Elfant Asher (1989); ISBN: 091031750X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091031750X/icongroupinterna

•

An Approach to Occupational Therapy by Mary S. Jones (1978); ISBN: 0407000534; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0407000534/icongroupinterna

•

Applied Theories in Occupational Therapy: Practical Approach by R. Tufano, M. Cole (2005); ISBN: 1556425732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556425732/icongroupinterna

•

Assistive Technology for Persons With Disabilities: The Role of Occupational Therapy by William C., PhD Mann, Joseph P. Lane (1995); ISBN: 156900028X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156900028X/icongroupinterna

•

Case Simulations in Psychosocial Occupational Therapy (1988); ISBN: 080361201X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080361201X/icongroupinterna

•

Client-Centred Practice in Occupational Therapy: A Guide to Implementation by Thelma Sumsion (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0443061270; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443061270/icongroupinterna

•

Clinical Cases for Learning Pediatric Occupational Therapy: A Problem-Based Approach by Diane E. Watson (1999); ISBN: 0127845909; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0127845909/icongroupinterna

•

Cognition and Occupation in Rehabilitation: Cognitive Models for Intervention in Occupational Therapy by Noomi Katz (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 1569000859; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569000859/icongroupinterna

•

Cognition and Perception in the Stroke Patient: A Guide to Functional Outcomes in Occupational Therapy by Kathleen Okkema (2004); ISBN: 0944480217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944480217/icongroupinterna

Books

103

•

Community Occupational Therapy Education and Practice by Beth P. Velde (Editor), Peggy Prince Wittman (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0789014068; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789014068/icongroupinterna

•

Conditions in Occupational Therapy: Effect on Occupational Performance by Ruth Ann Hansen (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 0683304178; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683304178/icongroupinterna

•

Craft Techniques in Occupational Therapy (Hole pn ed) by S/N 008-020-01018-9 (1980); ISBN: 0160016150; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160016150/icongroupinterna

•

Developmental Disabilities: A Handbook for Occupational Therapists (Occupational Therapy in Health Care Series, Vol 6, No. 2 &3) by Jerry A. Johnson (Editor), David A. Ethridge (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 0866569596; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0866569596/icongroupinterna

•

Domestic Abuse Across the Lifespan: The Role of Occupational Therapy by Christine A. Helfrich (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0789013851; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789013851/icongroupinterna

•

Education for Occupational Therapy in Health Care: Strategies for the New Millennium by Patricia A. Crist (Editor), Marjorie E. Scaffa (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0789016877; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789016877/icongroupinterna

•

Effective Documentation for Occupational Therapy by Jane D. Acquaviva (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 1569000913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569000913/icongroupinterna

•

Essence of Play: A Child's Occupational Therapy by Barbara E. Chandler (1997); ISBN: 1569001065; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569001065/icongroupinterna

•

Ethics and Occupational Therapy by Ruth Hansen (2003); ISBN: 0801671701; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801671701/icongroupinterna

•

Functions of a Manager in Occupational Therapy (1994); ISBN: 1556420463; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556420463/icongroupinterna

•

Functions of a Manager in Occupational Therapy by Karen Jacobs, Martha K. Logigian (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 1556422164; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556422164/icongroupinterna

•

Groupwork in Occupational Therapy by Linda Finlay (1997); ISBN: 0748736360; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748736360/icongroupinterna

•

Guidelines for Occupational Therapy Services in School Systems by American Occupational Therapy Association (1987); ISBN: 0910317275; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0910317275/icongroupinterna

•

Health Through Occupation: Theory and Practice in Occupational Therapy by Gary Kielhofner (Editor); ISBN: 0803653174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803653174/icongroupinterna

•

Interprofessional Collaboration in Occupational Therapy by Stanley Paul (Editor), Cindee Q. Peterson (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0789019035; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789019035/icongroupinterna

104 Occupational Therapy

•

Introduction to Occupational Therapy by Barbara Sabonis-Chafee, et al (1998); ISBN: 0815182511; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815182511/icongroupinterna

•

Managed Care: A Sourcebook for Occupational Therapy by Aota Staff (Editor), American Occupational Therapy Associatio (1996); ISBN: 1569000468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569000468/icongroupinterna

•

New Frontiers in Psychosocial Occupational Therapy by Anne Hiller Scott (Editor), Anne Hiller-Scott (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0789006529; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789006529/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy & the Patient With Pain (Occupational Therapy in Health Care Series Vol 1, No. 3) by Florence S. Cromwell (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0866564543; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0866564543/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy and Adolescents With Disability by Florance S. Cromwell (1985); ISBN: 0866564551; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0866564551/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy and Multiple Sclerosis by Lesley Silcox, Colin Smith (Illustrator) (2003); ISBN: 1861563485; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861563485/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy and Psychosocial Dysfunction (The Occupational Therapy in Health Care Series) by Susan Cook Merrill (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 1560243317; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560243317/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Approaches to Traumatic Brain Injury by Jerry A. Johnson (Editor), Laura Krefting (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 1560240644; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560240644/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy As a Career: An Introduction to the Field and a Structured Method for Observation by Laura L. Swanson Anderson, Christine Malaski (1999); ISBN: 0803603878; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803603878/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Assistant Career Profile by Naomi Schubin Greenberg (1990); ISBN: 0875272703; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875272703/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Assistant: A Primer by Haru Hirama (1986); ISBN: 093527300X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093527300X/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Evaluation for Adults: A Pocket Guide by Maureen E. Neistadt (2000); ISBN: 0781724953; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781724953/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Evaluation for Children: A Pocket Guide by Shelley Mulligan, Maureen E. Occupational Therapy Evaluation for Adults Neistadt (2003); ISBN: 0781731631; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781731631/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Fieldwork Survival Guide: Strategies for Success by Bonnie Napier-Tibere, et al (2003); ISBN: 0803609663; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803609663/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy for Children by Jane Case-Smith (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 0815115415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815115415/icongroupinterna

Books

105

•

Occupational Therapy for Children With Special Needs: Occupational Therapy for Children With Problems in Learning, Co-Ordination, Language, and Behaviour by Elaine Wilson (Editor), Helen Edwards (1998); ISBN: 1861560613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861560613/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy for Physical Dysfunction by Catherine A. Trombly (Editor), Mary Vining Radomski (Editor); ISBN: 0781724619; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781724619/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy for Stroke Rehabilitation (Therapy in Practice Series, 11) by Simon B.N. Nfithompson, Maryanne Morgan (1990); ISBN: 0412335301; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412335301/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy in Oncology and Palliative Care by Cooper (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 186156015X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/186156015X/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy in the Treatment of Adult Hemiplegia by Ortrud Eggers, Bobath (1991); ISBN: 0750601280; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750601280/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Intervention Resource Manual by Denise Chisholm, et al (2004); ISBN: 1401815367; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401815367/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Practice and Research With Persons With Multiple Sclerosis by Marica Finlayson, et al (2004); ISBN: 0789023806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789023806/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process by Aota (2002); ISBN: 1569001812; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569001812/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Adults with Hip Replacement/Fracture by Aota (Editor), Janet Verner Platt (1996); ISBN: 1569000476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569000476/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Adults With Mood Disorders (The Aota Practice Guidelines Series) by Sarah Skinner, et al (2000); ISBN: 1569001103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569001103/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Adults With Schizophrenia (2001); ISBN: 1569001537; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569001537/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Young Children With Delayed Development by Aota Staff (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 1569001626; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569001626/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Services for Children and Youth Under the Individuals with Disabilities Educati by Elizabeth Maruyama, et al (1997); ISBN: 1569000697; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569000697/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy Treatment Goals for the Physically and Cognitively Disabled/With Index by Claudia Allen, Catherine Earhart (1992); ISBN: 0910317720; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0910317720/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy With Elders: Strategies for the Cota by Helene Lohman (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 0815137249; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815137249/icongroupinterna

106 Occupational Therapy

•

Occupational Therapy: Enabling Function & Well-Being by Charles H. Christiansen (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1556423616; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556423616/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy: Introductory Concepts by Barbara Sabonis-Chafee; ISBN: 0801639603; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801639603/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy: New Perspectives by Jennifer Creek (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 1861560885; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861560885/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy: Perspectives and Processes by Rosemary Hagedorn (1995); ISBN: 0443049785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443049785/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy: Practice Skills for Physical Dysfunction by Lorraine Williams, MS, Otr Pedretti (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0323007651; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0323007651/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy: Principles and Practice by Alice J. Punwar (1994); ISBN: 0683069756; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683069756/icongroupinterna

•

Occupational Therapy: Transition from Classroom to Clinic - Physical Disability Fieldwork Applications by Vicki Smith; ISBN: 1569000034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569000034/icongroupinterna

•

Opportunities in Occupational Therapy Careers, Revised Edition [DOWNLOAD: MICROSOFT READER] by Zona R. Weeks, et al (2001); ISBN: B00005UES2; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005UES2/icongroupinterna

•

Perspectives on Purposeful Activity: Foundation and Future of Occupational Therapy by Rita Cottrell (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 1569000522; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569000522/icongroupinterna

•

Perspectives on Theory for the Practice of Occupational Therapy by Kay F. Walker (Editor), Ferol M. Ludwig (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 0890799377; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890799377/icongroupinterna

•

Philosophical and Historical Roots of Occupational Therapy by Karen Diasio Serrett (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0866565272; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0866565272/icongroupinterna

•

Physical Dysfunction Practice Skills for the Occupational Therapy Assistant by Mary Beth Early (Editor), Lorraine Williams Pedretti (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0815130910; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815130910/icongroupinterna

•

Play in Occupational Therapy for Children by L. Diane Parham (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0801678382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801678382/icongroupinterna

•

PocketGuide to Treatment in Occupational Therapy by Franklin Stein, Becky Roose; ISBN: 0769300251; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0769300251/icongroupinterna

•

Psychiatric Occupational Therapy in the Army (1983); ISBN: 0866562346; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0866562346/icongroupinterna

Books

107

•

Psychosocial Occupational Therapy (1993); ISBN: 1556421850; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556421850/icongroupinterna

•

Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: A Holistic Approach by Franklin Stein, et al; ISBN: 0769300324; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0769300324/icongroupinterna

•

Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: Proactive Approaches by Rita P. Fleming Cottrell; ISBN: 0910317968; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0910317968/icongroupinterna

•

Q a Occupational Therapy Practice Guide Setting Up (1991); ISBN: 091031763X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091031763X/icongroupinterna

•

Quick Reference to Occupational Therapy by Kathlyn L. Reed (2003); ISBN: 0944480802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944480802/icongroupinterna

•

Reference Guide to the Occupational Therapy Code of Ethics by Janie B. Scott (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 1569001847; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569001847/icongroupinterna

•

Reference Guide to the Occupational Therapy Code of Ethics (1999); ISBN: 1569001138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569001138/icongroupinterna

•

Reference Manual of the Official Documents of the American Occupational Therapy Association/With Addendum (2002); ISBN: 1569001790; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569001790/icongroupinterna

•

Research Designs in Occupational Therapy by L. Trujillo (2004); ISBN: 1556425619; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556425619/icongroupinterna

•

Rote: The Role of Occupational Therapy With the Elderly by Linda J. Davis, Martha Kirkland (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0910317194; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0910317194/icongroupinterna

•

Short Term Treatment in Occupational Therapy by Diane Gibson (1984); ISBN: 0866563423; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0866563423/icongroupinterna

•

Sociology and Occupational Therapy: An Integrated Approach by Derek Jones (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 0443055157; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443055157/icongroupinterna

•

Student Recruitment in Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: Intergenerational Approaches (1990); ISBN: 0866569936; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0866569936/icongroupinterna

•

Surviving 9/11: Impact and Experiences of Occupational Therapy Practitioners by Pat Precin (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0789020661; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789020661/icongroupinterna

•

Teaching Students Geriatric Research (Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 2) by Margaret A., PhD Perkinson (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 078900996X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/078900996X/icongroupinterna

•

Teaching the Sick: A Manual of Occupational Therapy and Re-Education (The Physically Handicapped in Society Series) by George Edward Barton (1980); ISBN:

108 Occupational Therapy

0405131062; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405131062/icongroupinterna •

The Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant: Roles & Responsibilities by Sally E. Ryan (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 1556422067; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556422067/icongroupinterna

•

The Ergonomics Model in Occupational Therapy: Adapting the Environment of the Home, Work and School to Prevent Disability by F. Stein, et al (2004); ISBN: 1556425678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556425678/icongroupinterna

•

The Occupational Therapy Examination Review Guide by Caryn R. Johnson, et al (2001); ISBN: 0803607768; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803607768/icongroupinterna

•

The Occupational Therapy Fieldwork: Manual for Assessing Professional Skills by Judith Palladino, Ruth N. Jeffries (2000); ISBN: 0803605560; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803605560/icongroupinterna

•

The Occupational Therapy Manager by Margo Johnson (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 1569000514; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569000514/icongroupinterna

•

The Occupational Therapy Manager (1992); ISBN: 0910317208; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0910317208/icongroupinterna

•

The Occupational Therapy Manager, Fourth Edition by Guy L. McCormack (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 1569001782; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569001782/icongroupinterna

•

The Practice of Occupational Therapy: An Introduction to the Treatment of Physical Dysfunction by Ann Turner (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0443034575; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443034575/icongroupinterna

•

The Reference Manual of the Official Documents of The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc., 8th Edition (2000); ISBN: 0910317933; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0910317933/icongroupinterna

•

Therapy Outcome Measures Manual: Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation Nursing by Alexandra John, et al; ISBN: 1565939956; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565939956/icongroupinterna

•

Torticollis: Differential Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment, Surgical Management and Bracing (Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, V. 17, No. 2) by Karen Karmel-Ross (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0789003163; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789003163/icongroupinterna

•

Willard and Spackman's Occupational Therapy by Helen L. Hopkins, Helen D. Smith (Editor); ISBN: 039754877X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039754877X/icongroupinterna

•

Work in Progress: Occupational Therapy in Work Programs by Robert Bing, et al (1989); ISBN: 0910317542; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0910317542/icongroupinterna

•

Work-Related Programs in Occupational Therapy by Cromwell Florence S. (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0866565191; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0866565191/icongroupinterna

Books

109

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Cerebral palsy, the pioneer years of occupational therapy in Scotland Author: MyersLevin, A. Katharine.; Year: 1965; Edinburgh: Livingstone, 1964

•

Developing ego functions in disturbed children: occupational therapy in milieu, by Lela A. Llorens and Eli Z. Rubin. Author: Llorens, Lela A.; Year: 1968; Detroit, Wayne State Univ. Press [c1967]

•

Occupational therapy - a new life for the disabled. Author: Levitch, Joel A.; Year: 1964; New York, 1968]

•

Occupational therapy as a link in rehabilitation; proceedings of the second international congress, Copenhagen, August 11-16, 1959. Author: World Federation of Occupational Therapists.; Year: 1958; [Aarhus, 1959]

•

Occupational therapy assistants program. [1964-67]. Author: Wisconsin. State Board of Health.; Year: 1964; Madison, [1968]

•

Occupational therapy examination review, edited by Elinor Jackson and H. Dwyer Dundon. 1200 multiple choice questions and referenced answers. Author: Jackson, Elinor.; Year: 1968; Flushing, N. Y., Medical Examination Pub. Co., 1969-

•

Occupational therapy manual, by Monte J. Meldman, Marilyn Wellhausen [and] Joanne Jacobson. Author: Meldman, Monte Jay.; Year: 1963; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1969]

•

Occupational therapy treatment manual, Kennedy Memorial Hospital. Author: Mary Rosalia,; Year: 1961; Brighton, Mass., Franciscan Missionaires of Mary, c1964

•

Rehabilitation equipment and devices constructed in wood; instructions for making exercise equipment, ADL devices and occupational therapy project kits. Author: New York University. Medical Center. Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine. Occupational Therapy Service.; Year: 1960; [New York] 1968

•

Research in occupational therapy [by] David A. Ethridge [and] Maryellen McSweeney. Author: Ethridge, David A.; Year: 1968; Dubuque, Kendall-Hunt [c1971]; ISBN: 0840305184 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840305184/icongroupinterna

•

Towards rehabilitation; a study of widening horizons in occupational therapy. Author: Mountford, Stella W.; Year: 1965; Edinburgh, Livingstone, 1965

9

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

110 Occupational Therapy

Chapters on Occupational Therapy In order to find chapters that specifically relate to occupational therapy, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and occupational therapy using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on occupational therapy: •

Achondroplasia: Achondroplastic Dwarfism, Short-Limbed Dwarfism Source: in Plumridge, D.; et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 53-59. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Achondroplasia is the most common of the many forms of short-limbed dwarfism. This chapter on achondroplasia is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the characteristic features of the disorder, orthopedic and skeletal problems, neurological problems, cardiopulmonary complications, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 1 figure. 9 references.

•

Ataxia Telangiectasia Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 194-198. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Ataxia telangiectasia is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by childhood onset of ataxia and immune system deficiencies. This chapter on ataxia telangiectasia is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 2 references.

Books

•

111

Beckwith Wiedemann Syndrome: Wiedemann Beckwith Syndrome, ExomphalosMacroglosia, Gigantism Syndrome Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 148-153. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome is a collection of multiple congenital growth-related abnormalities. These abnormalities include an enlarged tongue, various forms of abdominal wall defects, increased growth, neonatal low blood sugar, and characteristic facies. This chapter on Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 1 figure. 1 reference.

•

Muscular Dystrophy: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Becker Muscular Dystrophy Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 180-185. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Both Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy are progressive muscle wasting conditions that primarily affect boys. This chapter on muscular dystrophy is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 5 references.

•

Prader-Willi Syndrome: Prader-Labhart-Willi Syndrome Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 86-93. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393.

112 Occupational Therapy

Summary: Children with Prader-Willi syndrome have a complex collection of physical, developmental, and behavioral characteristics that affect learning and lifelong functioning. This chapter on Prader-Willi syndrome is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. The author stresses that students with this condition need an early and vigorous multidisciplinary team approach. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, the role of physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 1 figure. 10 references. •

Galactosemia: Glactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 126-131. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Classic galactosemia is a metabolic disorder in which the body lacks the enzyme necessary to digest the sugar galactose into glucose. Dietary control is critical in this condition and even when treated, learning disabilities and health problems are common. This chapter on galactosemia is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 6 references.

•

Cornelia De Lange Syndrome: de Lange Syndrome, Brachmann-de-Lange Syndrome Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 154-160. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a collection of multiple congenital anomalies involving characteristic facial features, and varying degrees of physical, intellectual, and language impairment. This chapter on Cornelia de Lange syndrome is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 1 figure. 6 references.

Books

•

113

Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21, Mongolism Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 66-73. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Down syndrome is one of the most common causes of generalized developmental delay and mild to moderate mental retardation. This chapter on Down syndrome is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the characteristic features of the disorder; orthopedic and skeletal problems, neurological problems, sensory problems, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 1 figure. 15 references.

•

Friedreich Ataxia Source: in Plumridge, D.; et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 204-208. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980; Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Freidreich ataxia involves childhood or adolescent onset of slowly progressive loss of muscle function due to deterioration of the parts of the nervous system that control coordination, and to a lesser degree, strength and sensation. Intelligence is not impaired. This chapter on Freidreich ataxia is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 3 references.

•

After the Audiological Evaluation: What Next? Source: in Madell, J.R. Behavioral Evaluation of Hearing in Infants and Young Children. New York, NY: Thieme. 1998. p. 142-150. Contact: Available from Thieme. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (212) 7600888. Fax (212) 947-1112. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.thieme.com. PRICE: $35.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 086577692X. Summary: Identification of a hearing loss and the fitting of an amplification system are only the first steps in managing a child's hearing loss. This chapter on ongoing aural rehabilitation is from a textbook on the behavioral evaluation of hearing in infants and

114 Occupational Therapy

young children. Once hearing loss has been identified, the difficult work begins for the child and the family. The author describes the variety of services and professionals who may be involved, including planning services, which assess the child's communicative competence and the ability of the family to provide assistance to the child in developing communication skills; diagnostic evaluations, including those by the physician, audiologist, and other health care providers; and the basic evaluations, including audiological, pediatric, otolaryngological, genetics, ophthalmologic, psychological, educational, speech and language, neurological, occupational therapy, and physical therapy evaluations. In addition, funding considerations, rehabilitation program types, education management, and the roles of parents and team manager are discussed. The author emphasizes that each child and each family will have different needs and that individual teams will need to be developed. Collaborative efforts between team members and families will greatly enhance the final result, with the goal of a welladjusted, happy child and family with good communication skills. 7 references. •

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency (HPRT Deficiency) Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 137-141. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a progressive degenerative condition affecting males. This chapter on Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. The authors note that severely affected boys will be known to special education programs and community support organizations throughout their lives and are the focus of this chapter's discussion. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 7 references.

•

Myotonic Dystrophy: Steinert Muscular Dystrophy, Dytrophia Myotonica Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 186-191. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (217) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Myotonic dystrophy is a type of muscular dystrophy that affects other parts of the body in addition to muscles. This chapter on myotonic dystrophy is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered

Books

115

include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 6 references. •

Noonan Syndrome Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 161-165. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Noonan syndrome is a collection of multiple congenital anomalies involving heart defects, short stature, characteristic facial features, and undescended testes and reduced fertility in males; occasionally there is hearing loss. This chapter on Noonan syndrome is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 1 figure. 1 reference.

•

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 113-118. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Osteogenesis imperfecta is a connective tissue disorder. There are four types, of which fractures of varying degrees of severity and frequency, hearing loss, and discolored fragile teeth are all hallmarks. This chapter on osteogenesis imperfecta is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 9 references.

•

Russell Silver Syndrome: Silver Russell Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 166-170.

116 Occupational Therapy

Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Russell Silver syndrome is a syndrome of pre-and post-natal growth retardation, limb asymmetry, and a characteristic facies. This chapter on Russell Silver syndrome is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 1 figure. 4 references. •

Alzheimer's Disease: Dementia Source: in Reed, K.L. Quick Reference to Occupational Therapy. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publishers. 1991. p. 390-413. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701. (800) 234-1600. PRICE: $39.00. ISBN: 0834202379. Summary: The chapter sections cited provide overviews and guidelines for occupational therapists working with patients with Alzheimer's disease, apraxia, cognitive disorders, dementia, and memory disorders. The following information is covered in summary form for each of the above mentioned diseases or disorders: description; cause; assessment areas; assessment instruments; motor, sensory, cognitive, intrapersonal, interpersonal, self-care, productivity, and leisure problems; treatment and management; precautions; and prognosis and outcome. Most of the information presented is based on occupational therapy literature published from the early 1980's up through 1990. 75 references.

•

Occupational Therapist's Role in Interdisciplinary Team Assessment of the Cognitively Impaired Elderly Source: in Gibson, D., ed. Evaluation and Treatment of the Psychogeriatric Patient. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, Inc. 1990. p. 53-63. Contact: Available from Haworth Press, Inc. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 139041580. (800) 342-9678 or (607) 722-7068. PRICE: $39.95. ISBN: 1560240520. Summary: This book chapter describes the role of the occupational therapist in the interdisciplinary team assessment of elderly patients with dementia. The practices described are those employed at the Geriatric Evaluation Unit of the Madison Veteran's Administration Hospital. This unit is a four bed inpatient unit that receives an average of 13 referrals per year for dementia work-ups. When the elderly veterans are admitted to the unit, they are evaluated by an interdisciplinary team comprised of a physician, nurse, social worker, speech pathologist, pharmacist, physical therapist, and occupational therapist. The chapter describes the interdisciplinary team philosophy of assessment, goals of the occupational therapist in the dementia assessment, occupational therapy assessment techniques, and use of the assessment results and team recommendations in discharge planning. A case example is included to illustrate the role of the occupational therapist in the interdisciplinary assessment process. 14 references.

Books

•

117

Scleroderma in Childhood Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 2. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 790-794. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals presents an overview of scleroderma in children. Clinical types of childhood scleroderma are identified. The clinical features of the variants of localized scleroderma are described, including the features of morphoea, linear scleroderma, and en coup de sabre. The features of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, two clinical variants of systemic scleroderma, are highlighted. Laboratory abnormalities found in children with scleroderma are discussed. Options for treating childhood scleroderma are presented, including practical measures, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and drug therapy. The outcome of childhood scleroderma is considered. In addition, scleroderma-like conditions in childhood are identified. 18 references and 5 figures.

•

Chapter 10: Psoriatic Arthritis Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 233-238. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of psoriatic arthritis. This heterogeneous disease presents in various forms, including monarthritis, asymmetric oligoarthritis, or symmetric polyarthritis. Although the etiology of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis is not known, genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors appear to influence susceptibility and disease expression. Data support a role for class I human leukocyte antigens in the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis. Environmental factors such as infectious agents and physical trauma are likely to be important in the pathogenesis as well. T cells have an important pathogenic role in the skin and joint manifestations of psoriatic arthritis. From a diagnostic and therapeutic standpoint, patients may be classified into the following groups: mono-or oligoarthritis with enthesitis resembling reactive arthritis, symmetric polyarthritis resembling rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and predominantly axial disease with or without peripheral joint disease. Nail involvement is the one clinical feature that identifies patients with psoriasis who are likely to develop arthritis. Several radiographic features are characteristic of psoriatic arthritis. The bone changes in psoriatic arthritis are a combination of erosion and bone production in a specific distribution. Although certain features distinguish psoriatic arthritis from RA, distinguishing between psoriatic arthritis and other seronegative spondyloarthropathies can be more difficult. The initial treatment for stable plaque psoriasis is topical therapy with emollients and keratolytic agents alone or in combination with anthralin, corticosteroids, vitamin D derivatives, and topical retinoids. Treatment for joint disease depends on the type and on the severity of joint and skin involvement. Physical or occupational therapy should be considered early in the course of the disease. Drugs that may be helpful include nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, disease modifying antirheumatic agents, corticosteroids, and etanercept. Most people who have psoriatic arthritis have a better prognosis than people with RA. 2 figures and 23 references.

118 Occupational Therapy

•

Neurofibromatosis: von Recklinghausen Disease Source: in Plumbridge, D.; et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 209-213. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980; Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: This chapter, from a text for educators about genetic disorders, discusses neurofibromatosis, a neurological disorder caused by a proliferation of nerve and fibrous tissues that grow along the nerves and nerve sheaths. Topics covered include characteristic features, such as cafe au lait spots, neurofibromas, seizures, scoliosis, and optic gliomas; the genetics of neurofibromatosis; the cognitive profile; the behavior profile; the educational implications; physical therapy; occupational therapy; hearing and speech considerations; and psychosocial issues. 4 references.

•

Turner Syndrome Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 94-99. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Turner syndrome is a sex chromosome abnormality affecting females. This chapter on Turner syndrome is from a text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 1 figure. 11 references.

•

Williams Syndrome: Hypercalcemia, Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis, Elfin Facies, and Mental Retardation Syndrome Source: in Plumridge, D., et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 171-177. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: Williams syndrome is a multisystem disorder that includes hypercalcemia, supravulvular aortic stenosis, characteristic facial features, distinctive behavioral characteristics, and mental retardation. This chapter on Williams syndrome is from a

Books

119

text for special education teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech pathologists on the educational implications of genetic disorders. Topics covered include the physical and characteristic features of the disorder, the genetics of the disorder, the cognitive and behavior profiles, the educational implications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, hearing and speech considerations, psychosocial issues, and prognosis. 1 figure. 8 references.

121

CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on occupational therapy. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on occupational therapy is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “occupational therapy” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on occupational therapy: •

Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Male Pelvis Source: Chapel Hill, NC: Health Sciences Consortium. 1991. Contact: Available from Health Sciences Consortium. 201 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1517. (919) 942-8731. PRICE: Purchase price $395 for HSC members, $276.50 for non-members. Rental price $55 members, $80 non-members. Order number N901-VI-077. Summary: This program is designed to provide the viewer with a detailed examination of the anatomy of the male pelvis. The videotape is part of a series that is designed for students of medicine, nursing, physical and occupational therapy, and students of other health professions taking courses in human anatomy. Using bones and gross specimens, Dr. Chandra describes the relevant osteology, muscles, viscera, vessels, and nerves. An examination of the bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles is presented. The arteries,

122 Occupational Therapy

veins and their branches are exposed and the paths traced, with special emphasis placed on the internal iliac vessels. (AA-M). •

Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis Series Source: Chapel Hill, NC: Health Sciences Consortium. 1990. (videocassettes). Contact: Available from Health Sciences Consortium. Distribution Department, 201 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1517. (919) 942-8731. Fax (919) 942-3689. PRICE: $663.60 for HSC members, $948.00 for nonmembers (as of 1996). Item Number C901-VI-073S. Rentals: $55.00 per tape (HSC members); $80 (nonmembers). Summary: This series provides the viewer with a detailed examination of the anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis. The series is designed for students of medicine, nursing, physical and occupational therapy, and students of other health professions taking courses in anatomy. Four programs cover the male perineum, the female perineum, the female pelvis, and the male pelvis. In each, the narrator, Dr. Shakti Chandra, uses diagrams, models, and prosected specimens to review the anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis. Relevant bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels are indicated, and important movements, attachments, and relationships are discussed. (AA-M).

•

Plan for Success: An Educator's Guide to Students with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) Source: Gaithersburg, MD: Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation (OIF). 1998. (videocassette and teaching guide). Contact: Available from Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation. 804 West Diamond Avenue, Suite 210, Gaithersburg, MD 20878. (800) 981-2663 or (301) 947-0083. Fax (301) 947-0456. Website: www.oif.org. PRICE: 5.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape and guide for educators helps them work with parents of children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) in developing an individualized educational plan for their child. The video guides educators and parents through the planning steps that will help children with OI to fully participate in all school activities. It includes a discussion of education issues by two students with OI, their parents, teachers, and various school personnel. Topics range from adaptive physical education to planning for life after graduation. The video is accompanied by a guide that provides information on applicable education laws and requirements, including the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. It addresses issues related to including children with OI in all school activities: overcoming architectural barriers, making mobility accommodations, using assistive devices or personal aides, developing an appropriate fire evacuation plan, providing accessible transportation, offering physical or occupational therapy, adapting physical education activity and playground equipment, accommodating for hearing loss, and handling absences for surgery or injury. Other topics include dealing with a fracture that occurs at school and helping a student's peers better understand OI. The guide also includes a list of national, State, and print and video resources.

•

Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis: The Male Perineum Source: Chapel Hill, NC: Health Sciences Consortium. 1990. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Health Sciences Consortium. Distribution Department, 201 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1517. (919) 942-8731. Fax (919) 942-3689. PRICE: $276.50 for HSC members, $395.00 for nonmembers (as of 1996). Item Number C901-VI-074. Rentals: $55.00 (HSC members); $80 (nonmembers).

Multimedia 123

Summary: This videotape is one of a series that provides the viewer with a detailed examination of the anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis. The series is designed for students of medicine, nursing, physical and occupational therapy, and students of other health professions taking courses in anatomy. This program discusses the male perineum. The narrator, Dr. Shakti Chandra, uses diagrams, models, and prosected specimens to review the anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis. Relevant bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels are indicated, and important movements, attachments, and relationships are discussed. (AA-M).

Bibliography: Multimedia on Occupational Therapy The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in occupational therapy (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on occupational therapy: •

Hands: psychiatric occupational therapy [motion picture] Source: Nebraska Psychiatric Institute, University of Nebraska College of Medicine; Year: 1969; Format: Motion picture; [Omaha, Neb.]: The Institute, [196-?]

•

Occupational therapy evaluation of the hemiplegic patient [motion picture] Source: New York University Medical Center, Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; produced by Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility; Year: 1966; Format: Motion picture; New York: The University, [1966]

•

Occupational therapy in the developmental health care of children [slide] Source: B. R. Frey; Year: 1974; Format: Slide; [Chicago]: Board of Trustees, Univ. of Illinois: [for loan by Univ. of Illinois at the Medical Center, Library of the Health Sciences, Multimedia Services Dept.], c1974

•

Reach out [videorecording]: occupational therapy in the community Source: American Occupational Therapy Association, inc; Year: 1976; Format: Videorecording; [Rockville, Md.]: The Association, c1976

125

CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover occupational therapy.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on occupational therapy is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to occupational therapy. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “occupational therapy” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for occupational therapy: •

Occupational therapy can help drivers impaired by illness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 22, 1999

126 Occupational Therapy

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “occupational therapy” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to occupational therapy, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “occupational therapy” (or synonyms).

Periodicals and News

127

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on occupational therapy: •

One Facility's Approach to Managing Wandering Behavior Source: Focus on Geriatric Care and Rehabilitation. 1(2): 6. June 1987. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers. 200 Orchard Ridge Dr., Suite 200, Gaithersburg, MD 20878. (800) 638-8437. PRICE: $63.00 per year, $7.00 per issue. Summary: This newsletter article describes the philosophy and success of Oshkosh Care Center's Special Care Unit (SCU), due primarily to the premise that its residents are independently ambulatory. The SCU staff, with the assistance of occupational therapy and physical therapy departments, have worked to maximize independence as well as safety. The benefits to this include such things as improved general health, decreased use of suppositories, and increased independence or willingness to participate in activities of daily living. The SCU staff has found some interventions to be helpful in monitoring and lending purpose to wandering behavior. One of the most crucial aspects of daily programming is an appropriately designed activity program. By modifying the environment, refining staff and family approaches to behavior, and evaluating thoroughly each resident's capability and limitations, the resident who wanders may be less at risk for injury than the resident for whom behavior is monitored strictly on a physical or chemical restraint basis.

Academic Periodicals covering Occupational Therapy Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to occupational therapy. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering occupational therapy that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

129

APPENDICES

131

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

132 Occupational Therapy

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

133

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

134 Occupational Therapy

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7354 1392 842 83 11 9682

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

135

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

137

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on occupational therapy can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to occupational therapy. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to occupational therapy. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “occupational therapy”:

138 Occupational Therapy

•

Other guides Disabilities http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/disabilities.html Hearing Disorders & Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersdeafness.html Rehabilitation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rehabilitation.html Stroke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stroke.html Vision Disorders & Blindness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/visiondisordersblindness.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to occupational therapy, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Frequently Asked Questions about Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Source: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation http://www.aapmr.org/condtreat/faq.htm

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Functional Capacity Evaluation Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.aota.org/featured/area6/links/link02o.asp

•

Treatment Aquatic Therapy Source: National Center on Physical Activity and Disability http://www.ncpad.org/Factshthtml/aquatictherapy.htm General Considerations in the Clinical Application of Electrical Stimulation Source: International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society http://www.ifess.org/Services/Consumer_Ed/general_considerations.htm Massage Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00082 Modalities Source: Harvard Medical School http://huhs.harvard.edu/CWHC/WellnessPrograms/CWHCWellnessProgramsInf ormationonModalities.htm Pain Centers and Clinics Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PN00047

Patient Resources

•

139

Alternative Therapy Using Complementary Therapy to Relieve Pain Source: National Pain Foundation http://www.painconnection.org/MyEducation/News_Complementary.asp

•

Coping Choosing a Rehabilitation Unit / CARF (Commission of Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities) Source: University of Utah, Health Sciences Center http://www.med.utah.edu/healthinfo/adult/rehab/choose.htm Effects of Rehabilitation on the Family Source: University of Utah, Health Sciences Center http://www.med.utah.edu/healthinfo/adult/Rehab/effects.htm

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Art Therapy Frequently Asked Questions Source: American Art Therapy Association http://www.arttherapy.org/aboutarttherapy/faqs.htm Community Re-Entry Source: University of Utah, Health Sciences Center http://www.med.utah.edu/healthinfo/adult/rehab/commin.htm Maintaining Quality of Life with Low Vision Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.aota.org/featured/area6/links/link02at.asp Modifying Your Home for Independence Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.aota.org/featured/area6/links/link02ca.asp Occupational Therapy Services at the Workplace: Transitional Return to Work Programs Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.aota.org/featured/area6/links/link02ac.asp Occupational Therapy Services in Work Rehabilitation: Work Hardening/Work Conditioning Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.aota.org/featured/area6/links/link02ad.asp Recovering from Stroke Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.aota.org/featured/area6/links/link02aa.asp Returning to Work: Multiply Your Career Options Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01145 Therapeutic Recreation Services Source: National Center on Physical Activity and Disability http://www.ncpad.org/Factshthtml/theraprec.htm

140 Occupational Therapy

What Is a Physical Therapist? Source: American Physical Therapy Association http://www.apta.org/pt_magazine/oct99/closer.html •

Children Going to a Physical Therapist Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/aches/physical_therapy.html Going to a Speech Therapist Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/feel_better/people/speech_therapist.html Going to an Occupational Therapist Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/feel_better/people/occupational_therapist.html Healthy Computing for Today's Kids Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.aota.org/featured/area6/links/link02af.asp Learning Through Play Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.aota.org/featured/area6/links/link02v.asp Occupational Therapy Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/ill/occupational_therapy.html Parents Ask About Occupational Therapy Services in Schools Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.aota.org/featured/area6/links/link02x.asp Physical Therapy Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/ill/phys_therapy.html Tying Shoes Source: Children's Hemiplegia and Stroke Association http://www.hemikids.org/tyingshoes.htm

•

Law and Policy Accommodation Information By Disability Source: Office of Disability Employment Policy http://www.jan.wvu.edu/media/atoz.htm New Medicare Limits on Therapy Services: Starting on September 1, 2003, Medicare Limits How Much It Covers for Outpatient http://www.medicare.gov/publications/pubs/pdf/10988.pdf Rehabilitation Services (Medicaid) Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services http://cms.hhs.gov/medicaid/services/rehab.asp

Patient Resources

141

State Vocational Rehabilitation Services Source: American Foundation for the Blind http://www.afb.org/info_document_view.asp?documentid=910 Understanding Insurance Coverage Source: American Physical Therapy Association http://www.apta.org/pt_magazine/oct99/consumer.html •

Organizations Access Board http://www.access-board.gov/ American Occupational Therapy Association Consumer Information Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.aota.org/featured/area6/index.asp Assistivetech.net Source: Center for Assistive Technology & Environmental Access http://www.assistivetech.net/ DisabilityInfo.gov Source: Office of Disability Employment Policy http://disabilityinfo.gov/ National Center on Physical Activity and Disability http://www.ncpad.org/ Rehabilitation Services Administration http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/rsa/

•

Prevention/Screening Alternative Keyboards http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/97-148.pdf

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on occupational therapy. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive:

142 Occupational Therapy

•

Ataxia-Telangiectasia: A Guide to Therapies Source: Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom: Ataxia-Telangiectasia Society. 199x. 22 p. Contact: Available from A-T Project. 3002 Enfield Road, Austin, TX 78703. (512) 3235161. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.atproject.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare genetic progressive disorder that first shows itself in children between the ages of one and five. The condition has two obvious clinical features: ataxia, the loss of balance and coordination; and telangiectasia, weblike prominent blood vessels most commonly found in the whites of the eyes (making them look bloodshot). A-T can also affect a child's immune system and can increase the child's risk of leukemia and some cancers. This document includes three papers that discuss the therapies that may be used in children with A-T: physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language therapy. The physiotherapy section discusses the motor development of children, the cognitive development of children, the neurology of A-T, implications for the physiotherapist, the aims of physiotherapy, and how to introduce the newly diagnosed child with A-T to physiotherapy. The section on occupational therapy discusses deterioration in the child's abilities, communication strategies, mobility, personal independence, and planning for the future. The final section briefly reviews speech and language problems in A-T, including poor breathing patterns and articulation, dysarthria, problems with sight (which can impact reading), hand control, and the impact of fatigue. Each section offers specific suggestions for parents or caregivers to employ when working with children or adults with A-T.

•

After Total Hip Replacement: Living With Your New Hip Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1998. 16 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Call or write for current pricing on single and bulk orders. Summary: This booklet provides people who have a total hip replacement with information on recovering from this surgical procedure. Steps involve understanding hip replacement, recovering in the hospital, and recovering at home. The booklet describes the anatomy of the healthy hip, a problem hip, and an artificial hip. This is followed by a discussion of the recovery period. For the first few days following surgery, a person may use an abduction pillow to keep the legs from crossing and to prevent dislocation. Exercises may be performed to prevent circulation problems and strengthen muscles. The next goal is to teach the patient how to get out of bed, stand, sit, and walk so that he or she will be able to do these activities safely. The patient may perform various exercises to rebuild strength. Occupational therapy can be used to help the patient modify normal activities of daily living, including bathing, dressing, housekeeping, cooking, and getting into cars. During the first few weeks at home, the patient can adapt what was learned at the hospital to his or her own setting. The patient should gradually increase the amount of walking around the house, continue exercising, and become more aware of the hazards in the home. During the latter part of recovery, the patient should develop a walking program, become more independent, and receive followup care. The booklet includes questions and answers about hip replacement surgery to help ease concerns.

Patient Resources

•

143

Presbyterian Ear Institute: Breaking the Silence Source: Albuquerque, NM: Presbyterian Ear Institute. 199x. 8 p. Contact: Available from Presbyterian Ear Institute. 1114 Copper Avenue, N.E., Albuquerque, NM 87106. (505) 242-5212. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure describes the Presbyterian Ear Institute (PEI), a non-profit corporation established in 1989. The Institute serves as New Mexico's only center dedicated to education, research, diagnostic and clinical services for people with hearing impairments. The brochure describes the La Voz de Ninos Oral School, an educational environment that fosters oral communication. Other programs affiliated with the PEI are described, including the Cochlear Implant Program, the universal screening program, research and education activities, and the Rehabilitation Program which offers the parent-infant program, speech and language diagnosis and therapy, and occupational therapy diagnosis and treatment. The brochure concludes with a list of ways that readers can help to support the activities of the PEI. The brochure is illustrated with black-and-white photographs of children and staff members of the PEI.

•

Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis Source: Ankylosing Spondylitis Association. 200x. 15 p. Contact: Available from Ankylosing Spondylitis Association. P.O. Box 5872, Sherman Oaks, CA 91413. Summary: This brochure discusses juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS), a chronic arthritic condition affecting the spine, sacroiliac, and other joints in children under 17. Other symptoms include enthesitis and uveitis. Treatment includes patient and family education, physical and occupational therapy, and medications such as NSAIDs. Some medications may have side effects leading to an inability to concentrate which can affect school performance. Parents and teachers need to work together to help the child with JAS to maintain as normal a routine as possible in school. Fatigue may also interfere with the child's ability to do homework. Stretching exercises with illustrations are included.

•

Why Adult Day Care? Source: Washington, DC: National Council on the Aging, Inc. 1989. 8 p. Contact: Available from National Council on the Aging, Inc. 600 Maryland Avenue, SW, West Wing 100, Washington, DC 20024. (202) 479-1200. PRICE: $15.00 per 50 copies. Summary: This brochure for families of disabled adults, such as those with Alzheimer's disease, describes the benefits of adult day care using a community-based service. Services may include recreation, personal care, health care, occupational therapy, transportation, meals, and speech therapy. The brochure also lists the goals of adult day care and describes the purpose of the National Institute on Adult Daycare. National Council on the Aging publications about daycare are listed.

•

Osteoarthritis Source: Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 1997. 16 p. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. http://www.arthritis.org. PRICE: Single copy free from local Arthritis Foundation

144 Occupational Therapy

chapter (call 800-283-7800 for closest local chapter); bulk orders may be purchased from address above. Summary: This brochure for people with osteoarthritis (OA) uses a question and answer format to provide information on this form of arthritis. In OA, cartilage in joints breaks down, commonly in the hips, knees, and spine, leading to pain and stiffness. Other sites affected include the finger joints, the joint at the base of the thumb, and the joint at the base of big toe. The brochure describes OA symptoms and identifies factors that increase risk. Other topics include the diagnosis and management of OA. Treatment should combine of medication, physical or occupational therapy, aerobic exercise, weight control, patient education, and ongoing communication with the health care team, although surgery may be needed in some cases. The brochure also provides information on the Arthritis Foundation and its services. 1 chart and 3 figures. •

Bursitis, Tendinitis, and Other Soft Tissue Rheumatic Syndromes Source: Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 1997. 20 p. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. http://www.arthritis.org. PRICE: Single copy free from local Arthritis Foundation chapter (call 800-283-7800 for closest local chapter); bulk orders may be purchased from address above. Summary: This brochure for people with soft tissue rheumatic syndromes uses a question and answer format to provide information on these conditions. It explains the various syndromes, what parts of the body they involve, and what usually causes them. The brochure discusses how diagnoses are made, and describes the many treatments available, including physical and occupational therapy, medications, and surgery. It also suggests ways of preventing these conditions and provides information on the Arthritis Foundation. 3 figures.

•

Questions and Answers About Osteopetrosis Source: New York, NY: Paget Foundation. 1998. 13 p. Contact: Available from Paget Foundation. 120 Wall Street, Suite 1602, New York, NY 10005-4001. (212) 509-5335. Fax (212) 509-8492. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.paget.org. PRICE: Single copy free plus $2.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This brochure uses a question and answer format to provide people who have osteopetrosis with information on this congenital condition, which is characterized by overly dense bones. Questions deal with the bones most commonly affected by osteopetrosis, its symptoms, the three different types of osteopetrosis, their common features, and the reason the malignant infantile form is considered the most severe. In addition, other questions focus on the cause of osteopetrosis; the role of genetics in its etiology; its magnitude and diagnosis; and its treatment by bone marrow transplantation, high dose calcitriol, interferon gamma, prednisone, good nutrition, and physical and occupational therapy. Remaining questions concern the prognosis for people who have osteopetrosis, the types of physicians who diagnose and treat it, and treatment research. The brochure also includes a glossary and provides information on the Paget Foundation.

•

Vestibular Rehabilitation Source: Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 199x. 4 p.

Patient Resources

145

Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA). P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (503) 229-7705. Fax (503) 229-8064. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $0.50 plus shipping and handling. Order number F-7. Summary: This fact sheet from the Vestibular Disorders Association presents information on vestibular rehabilitation, a form of treatment involving specific exercises designed to decrease dizziness, increase balance function, and increase general activity levels. Topics covered include the role of physical and occupational therapy for people with balance disorders and movement-related dizziness; the symptoms of vestibular disorders; the frequency of inner ear disorders; a definition of vestibular rehabilitation; patient selection for therapy; the track record of vestibular rehabilitation; how the therapist assesses the patient with vestibular dysfunction; and what happens in the exercise program. The fact sheet concludes with a list of problems that indicate the patient should stop exercising and consult with a health care provider. •

Related Services, Professional Association Source: Reston, VA: National Clearinghouse for Professions in Special Education. 1996. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Professions in Special Education. 1920 Association Drive, Reston, VA 20191-1589. (800) 641-7824 or (703) 264-9476; TTY (703) 264-9480; Fax (703) 620-2521; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.cec.sped.org/ncpse.htm. PRICE: Single copy free. Item number 13.96. Summary: This fact sheet lists professional associations related to special education. Groups listed are: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance; American Art Therapy Association; American Counseling Association; American Dance Therapy Association; American Occupational Therapy Association; American Physical Therapy Association; American Speech Language Hearing Association; American Therapeutic Recreation Association; National Association of Social Workers; National Association for Music Therapy; National Association of School Nurses; and National Association for School Psychologists. Each organization is listed by name, with their address, telephone numbers, and e-mail addresses provided.

•

Fibromyalgia Source: American College of Rheumatology. 2000. 2 p. Contact: American College of Rheumatology. 1800 Century Place, Suite 250, Atlanta, GA 30345. (404) 633-3777. Website: www.rheumatology.org. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This fact sheet provides an overview of fibromyalgia, a condition of unknown origin that causes pain, stiffness, and fatigue in the muscles, tendons, and other soft tissue. Fibromyalgia may develop on its own or secondary to such conditions as rheumatoid arthritis or Lyme disease. This disease most often affects women, especially women of childbearing age. Diagnosis is based on the patient's description of ongoing, widespread pain, and pain and tenderness at specific tender point sites in the muscles. Although there is no cure, physical therapy, exercise, occupational therapy, and drug therapy are often beneficial.

•

Juvenile Arthritis Source: American College of Rheumatology. 2000. 2 p.

146 Occupational Therapy

Contact: American College of Rheumatology. 1800 Century Place, Suite 250, Atlanta, GA 30345. (404) 633-3777. Website: www.rheumatology.org. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This fact sheet provides information on juvenile arthritis, a condition that causes joint inflammation and stiffness in patients younger than 16 years old. Patients are classified in one of three categories, systemic onset type, pauciarticular onset disease, or polyarticular disease, depending on symptoms and the number of joints involved. Although the cause of juvenile arthritis is unknown, a genetic origin is suspected. Diagnosis can be difficult as children will compensate for inability to use a limb and tests used to diagnose adult arthritis have negative results in children. NSAIDs and steroids are used to treat juvenile arthritis. Physical and occupational therapy can help prevent disability. Children should be encouraged to participate in school, extracurricular, and family activities. •

Myopathies Source: American College of Rheumatology. 2000. 1 p. Contact: American College of Rheumatology. 1800 Century Place, Suite 250, Atlanta, GA 30345. (404) 633-3777. Website: www.rheumatology.org. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This fact sheet provides patients with information on autoimmune myopathies. Automimune myopathies are a group of disorders that affect skeletal muscle, including polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis, and result in symptoms including upper body muscle weakness, fatigue, joint pain, and swelling. Although the cause is unknown, it is thought that environmental and genetic factors play a role. Women are two to three times more likely than men to be diagnosed with myopathies, and the disease varies from a mild form with few symptoms to lifethreatening. Muscle biopsies and electromyography in addition to the patient history and physical exam are used to diagnose myopathies. Patient education, physical and occupational therapy, and medications including corticosteroids, methotrexate, and azathioprine are used in treatment.

•

CREST Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 3 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have CREST with information on this collagen vascular disease, which is believed to be an autoimmune condition. The term CREST is an acronym that stands for calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia, which are the most prominent features of the disease. Calcinosis is an accumulation of calcium below the skin. Pressure on the skin can cause pain, ulcerations, and infection if the calcium protrudes. Infection is treated with oral or intravenous antibiotics. Raynaud's phenomenon is a vascular disturbance affecting the extremities. Exposure to stress or cold can exacerbate the problem. Protection of the entire body from cold is important. Different drugs and other treatments have been used with varying success. Esophageal dysfunction involves the loss of normal motility of the lower esophagus. Acid reflux is a common problem. Eating small meals, avoiding eating at bedtime, and taking antacids may help overcome

Patient Resources

147

problems with reflux. Sclerodactyly is a condition in which the skin of the fingers becomes taut, thin, and shiny. Physical or occupational therapy and prescription vitamin D may be helpful. Telangiectasia is the presence of visible capillaries mainly on the face, lips, tongue, fingers, and palms. 2 figures. •

About Living With Chronic Pain Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Company, Inc. 1996. 15 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Company, Inc., South Deerfield, MA 01373. (800) 628-7733. Summary: This illustrated booklet for the general public focuses on living with chronic pain. Acute and chronic pain are defined. Methods of treating chronic pain are discussed, including medications, electric stimulation, nerve block, surgery, individual or group therapy, behavior modification, occupational therapy, physical therapy, relaxation and meditation, hypnosis, biofeed back, and acupuncture. Ways to live with pain are suggested, including accepting the pain, reducing stress, and staying healthy and active. In addition, some common myths about chronic pain are presented, and sources of information about chronic pain are provided.

•

After a Hip Fracture: Getting on Your Feet Again Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1998. 16 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Call or write for current pricing on single and bulk orders. Summary: This illustrated booklet provides people who have a hip fracture with information on recovering from this injury. The booklet explains why so many older people break their hips, describes the types of hip fractures, and identifies the members of a recovery team. The booklet then outlines the steps involved in preparing for surgical repair of a broken hip, including diagnosing the injury, developing a treatment plan, undergoing a preoperative evaluation, and understanding the risks and complications of surgery. This is followed by a discussion of the procedures that a surgeon can use to repair a hip fracture. In addition, the booklet explains what happens following surgery and offers guidelines on exercising in bed, getting up and down, and learning to walk safely. Other topics include using occupational therapy to learn how to modify normal activities of daily living, changing the home environment to make it safe and comfortable, and protecting the hip. Numerous figures.

•

Restraints Packet B: Alternative Care Approaches to Reduce Inappropriate Use of Physical and Chemical Restraints Source: Washington, DC: National Citizens' Coalition for Nursing Home Reform. 1992. [180 p.]. Contact: Available from National Citizens' Coalition for Nursing Home Reform. 1224 M Street, NW, Suite 301, Washington, DC 20005-5183. (202) 393-2018. PRICE: $15.00. Summary: This information packet describes alternative care approaches to reduce inappropriate use of physical and chemical restraints with Alzheimer's disease patients and other nursing home residents. The packet contains two sections. The first section lists the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of individuals and organizations who are available to answer questions and provide guidance about reducing the use of

148 Occupational Therapy

restraints. The second section contains a variety of articles, reports, inservice training materials, and other publications describing alternative care approaches to reduce the inappropriate use of restraints. This section includes information on topics such as the Minimum Data Set required in resident assessment, nonpharmacologic alternatives to chemical restraints, enhancing the relationship between staff and residents, assessing aggressive events, environmental interventions in assaultive behavior, occupational therapy services for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, relieving the anxiety and fear in dementia, and intervention for wandering behavior. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Consumer Facts on Occupational Therapy Summary: Links to consumer health education information about occupational therapy and its usage in treating diseases, mental health, and other conditions and lifestyles. Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4606

•

Medicaid Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, and Services for Individuals with Speech, Hearing, and Language Disorders Summary: This article defines physical, occupational, speech, hearing, and language therapies that may be provided by the State. Source: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), formerly the Health Care Financing Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=478

•

Occupational Therapy And People With Alzheimer's Disease Summary: Alzheimer's disease, a condition that affects the brain, occurs in middle or late life, striking men and women of all races, cultures, and backgrounds. Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7305

•

Occupational Therapy for Children with Psychosocial Deficits Summary: Under IDEA, occupational therapy (OT) is a required service for infants, preschoolers, and school-aged children who meet the eligibility requirements established in their state. Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7295

Patient Resources

•

149

Occupational Therapy Improves Quality of Life for Adults with Low Vision Summary: healthfinder® — your guide to reliable health information health library just for you health care organizations search: go help | about healthfinder® Occupational Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7322

•

Occupational Therapy Services in Schools Summary: School-based occupational therapy is designed to enhance the student's ability to fully access and be successful in the learning environment. Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7298

•

Occupational Therapy Services in the Workplace: Ergonomics Summary: healthfinder® — your guide to reliable health information health library just for you health care organizations search: go help | about healthfinder® Occupational Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7330

•

Parkinson's Disease: How Occupational Therapy Can Help Summary: healthfinder® — your guide to reliable health information health library just for you health care organizations search: go help | about healthfinder® Parkinson's Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7345 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to occupational therapy. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

150 Occupational Therapy

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to occupational therapy. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with occupational therapy. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about occupational therapy. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “occupational therapy” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit

Patient Resources

151

your search to “Organizations” and “occupational therapy”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “occupational therapy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “occupational therapy” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

153

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

154 Occupational Therapy

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

155

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

156 Occupational Therapy

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

157

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

158 Occupational Therapy

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

159

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

161

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abduction: Forcible pulling of a limb away from its natural position, a risk in road accidents and disasters; move outwards away from middle line. [NIH] Accessory Nerve: The 11th cranial nerve. The accessory nerve originates from neurons in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord. It has a cranial root, which joins the vagus (10th cranial) nerve and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the larynx, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Damage to the nerve produces weakness in head rotation and shoulder elevation. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and

162 Occupational Therapy

dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Aerosols: Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellent agents. [NIH]

Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Airways: Tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH]

Dictionary 163

Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Anthralin: An anti-inflammatory anthracene derivative used for the treatment of dermatoses, especially psoriasis. It may cause folliculitis. [NIH] Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antirheumatic Agents: Drugs that are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Artificial Organs: Devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. They may be temporary or permanent. Since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from prostheses and implants and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic

164 Occupational Therapy

(artificial eye) as well as functional (artificial limbs). [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Audiologist: Study of hearing including treatment of persons with hearing defects. [NIH] Audiology: The study of hearing and hearing impairment. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Aural: Pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavioral Symptoms: Observable manifestions of impaired psychological functioning. [NIH]

Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU]

Dictionary 165

Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU]

166 Occupational Therapy

Bulbar: Pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis. [EU] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcifediol: The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 produced in the liver and the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. [NIH] Calcinosis: Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues. [NIH] Calcitriol: The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular Physiology: Functions and activities of the cardiovascular system as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]

Dictionary 167

Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Child Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children. [NIH] Chiropody: The care and treatment of the human foot in health and disease. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Clinical Competence: The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all

168 Occupational Therapy

consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

Dictionary 169

Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Cumulative Trauma Disorders: Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related

170 Occupational Therapy

physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Custodial Care: Board, room, and other personal assistance services generally provided on a long term basis. It excludes regular medical care. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. [NIH] Desquamation: The shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diagnostic Services: Organized services for the purpose of providing diagnosis to promote and maintain health. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disabled Persons: Persons with physical or mental disabilities that affect or limit their activities of daily living and that may require special accommodations. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation.

Dictionary 171

[EU]

Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dwarfism: The condition of being undersized as a result of premature arrest of skeletal growth. It may be caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone (pituitary dwarfism). [NIH]

Dysarthria: Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ego: The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollients: Oleagenous substances used topically to soothe, soften or protect skin or mucous membranes. They are used also as vehicles for other dermatologic agents. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous

172 Occupational Therapy

phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Entrepreneurship: The organization, management, and assumption of risks of a business or enterprise, usually implying an element of change or challenge and a new opportunity. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergometer: An instrument for measuring the force of muscular contraction. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH]

Dictionary 173

Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Neck Fractures: Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are hip fractures. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small

174 Occupational Therapy

group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frail Elderly: Older adults or aged individuals who are lacking in general strength and are unusually susceptible to disease or to other infirmity. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]

Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Galactosemia: Buildup of galactose in the blood. Caused by lack of one of the enzymes needed to break down galactose into glucose. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids

Dictionary 175

(steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hip Fractures: Fractures of the femur head, the femur neck, the trochanters, or the inter- or

176 Occupational Therapy

subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region. For the fractures of the femur neck the specific term femoral neck fractures is available. [NIH] Holistic Health: Health as viewed from the perspective that man and other organisms function as complete, integrated units rather than as aggregates of separate parts. [NIH] Homeless Persons: Persons who have no permanent residence. The concept excludes nomadic peoples. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Hospice: Institution dedicated to caring for the terminally ill. [NIH] Hospital Administration: Management of the internal organization of the hospital. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Human Development: Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the individual's life. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Factors: Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system. [NIH]

Dictionary 177

Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Institutionalization: The caring for individuals in institutions and their adaptation to routines characteristic of the institutional environment, and/or their loss of adaptation to life outside the institution. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or

178 Occupational Therapy

bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keratolytic Agents: Agents that soften, separate, and cause desquamation of the cornified epithelium or horny layer of skin. They are used to expose mycelia of infecting fungi or to treat corns, warts, and certain other skin diseases. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences. [NIH] Language Development Disorders: Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with deafness; brain diseases; mental disorders; or environmental factors. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or

Dictionary 179

expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Language Therapy: Rehabilitation of persons with language disorders or training of children with language development disorders. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Low vision: Visual loss that cannot be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses and interferes with daily living activities. [NIH] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along

180 Occupational Therapy

lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Illustration: The field which deals with illustrative clarification of biomedical concepts, as in the use of diagrams and drawings. The illustration may be produced by hand, photography, computer, or other electronic or mechanical methods. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Memory Disorders: Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with dementia; craniocerebraltrauma; encephalitis; alcoholism (see also alcohol amnestic disorder); schizophrenia; and other conditions. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other

Dictionary 181

career development situations. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Skills: Performance of complex motor acts. [NIH] Multiple Personality Disorder: A dissociative disorder in which the individual adopts two or more distinct personalities. Each personality is a fully integrated and complex unit with memories, behavior patterns and social friendships. Transition from one personality to another is sudden. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary

182 Occupational Therapy

arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Neck dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Diseases: A general term encompassing lower motor neuron disease; peripheral nervous system diseases; and certain muscular diseases. Manifestations include muscle weakness; fasciculation; muscle atrophy; spasm; myokymia; muscle hypertonia, myalgias, and musclehypotonia. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH]

Dictionary 183

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Occupational Therapy: The field concerned with utilizing craft or work activities in the rehabilitation of patients. Occupational therapy can also refer to the activities themselves. [NIH]

Ophthalmologic: Pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye). [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optometry: The professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A collagen disorder resulting from defective biosynthesis of type I collagen and characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. There are four major types, I-IV. [NIH] Osteology: A branch of anatomy dealing with the bones. [NIH] Osteopetrosis: Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures, osteitis, splenomegaly with infarct, anemia, and extramedullary hemopoiesis. [NIH]

Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior

184 Occupational Therapy

abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parent-Child Relations: The interactions between parent and child. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for

Dictionary 185

the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the use of physical agents, mechanical apparatus, and manipulation in rehabilitating physically diseased or injured patients. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH]

186 Occupational Therapy

Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Preventive Medicine: A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Problem-Based Learning: Instructional use of examples or cases to teach using problemsolving skills and critical thinking. [NIH] Professional Practice: The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Proprioception: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease

Dictionary 187

characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Housing: Housing subsidized by tax funds, usually intended for low income persons or families. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Quadriplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from brain diseases; spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; or rarely muscular diseases. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper brain stem which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radial Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand. [NIH]

Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation,

188 Occupational Therapy

random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Therapy: Care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system. It includes the therapeutic use of medical gases and their administrative apparatus, environmental control systems, humidification, aerosols,

Dictionary 189

ventilatory support, bronchopulmonary drainage and exercise, respiratory rehabilitation, assistance with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and maintenance of natural, artificial, and mechanical airways. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Robotics: The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses. [NIH] Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerae: A circular furrow between the sclerocorneal junction and the iris. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a

190 Occupational Therapy

gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and

Dictionary 191

processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Isolation: The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Speech pathologist: A specialist who evaluates and treats people with communication and swallowing problems. Also called a speech therapist. [NIH] Speech-Language Pathology: The study of speech or language disorders and their diagnosis and correction. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

192 Occupational Therapy

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subtrochanteric: Below a trochanter. [NIH] Superego: The component of the personality associated with ethics, standards, and selfcriticism - the "conscience". It is derived mainly from identification with parents and parent substitutes. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]

Telemedicine: Delivery of health services via remote telecommunications. This includes interactive consultative and diagnostic services. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation.

Dictionary 193

Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH]

194 Occupational Therapy

Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Walkers: Walking aids generally having two handgrips and four legs. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Wheelchairs: Chairs mounted on wheels and designed to be propelled by the occupant. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]

195

INDEX A Abdomen, 121, 122, 123, 161, 165, 179, 192, 194 Abdominal, 111, 161, 184 Abduction, 142, 161 Accessory Nerve, 61, 161 Acne, 161, 189 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 5, 161 Activities of Daily Living, 10, 13, 19, 127, 142, 147, 161, 170 Adaptation, 60, 161, 177, 185 Adenosine, 161, 166, 184 Adjustment, 161 Adolescence, 22, 161, 184 Adverse Effect, 161, 190 Aerobic, 11, 144, 161 Aerobic Exercise, 144, 161 Aerosols, 162, 188 Agar, 162, 185 Airways, 162, 189 Alertness, 7, 162, 166 Algorithms, 26, 162, 165 Alkaline, 162, 166 Allylamine, 162 Alternative medicine, 126, 162 Amine, 22, 162 Ammonia, 162 Amnestic, 162, 180 Amplification, 113, 162 Anal, 14, 162, 172, 173, 179 Analysis of Variance, 20, 162 Anatomical, 162, 177, 189 Anemia, 162, 183 Animal model, 17, 162 Anomalies, 112, 115, 163 Antagonism, 163, 166 Antecedent, 23, 163 Anthralin, 117, 163 Anthropology, 16, 163 Antibacterial, 163, 191 Antibiotic, 163, 191 Antibody, 163, 168, 176, 177 Antigen, 163, 168, 176, 177 Anti-inflammatory, 163, 164, 175, 186 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 163, 164 Antirheumatic Agents, 117, 163 Anus, 162, 163, 165, 178, 184

Anxiety, 19, 97, 148, 163 Applicability, 23, 163 Apraxia, 116, 163 Aqueous, 163, 164, 171 Arterial, 162, 163, 176, 186 Arteries, 121, 163, 165, 169, 178, 181, 182 Arterioles, 163, 165 Articular, 163, 183 Articulation, 142, 163, 171 Artificial Organs, 163, 189 Aspirin, 15, 164 Ataxia, 110, 113, 142, 164, 192 Atypical, 49, 164 Audiologist, 114, 164 Audiology, 21, 164 Auditory, 30, 164, 172 Aural, 113, 164 Autoimmune disease, 164, 181 Axilla, 164, 165 B Bacteria, 163, 164, 181, 191, 194 Bacterial Physiology, 161, 164 Bacteriophage, 164, 185 Basal Ganglia, 164, 165 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 164 Base, 10, 59, 144, 164, 178 Behavioral Symptoms, 14, 164 Bifida, 164 Bilateral, 11, 30, 164, 184 Biochemical, 164, 183 Biological response modifier, 165, 177 Biosynthesis, 165, 183 Biotechnology, 17, 31, 32, 109, 126, 133, 165 Bladder, 121, 165, 174, 177, 181, 186, 193 Blood Coagulation, 165, 166 Blood pressure, 165, 166, 176, 181 Blood vessel, 122, 123, 142, 165, 166, 167, 178, 190, 191, 192, 194 Bone Marrow, 144, 165, 180 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 144, 165 Bowel, 162, 165, 170, 192 Bowel Movement, 165, 170, 192 Brachial, 18, 165, 187 Brachial Plexus, 18, 165, 187 Brain Diseases, 165, 178, 187 Brain Stem, 165, 187

196 Occupational Therapy

Branch, 157, 165, 174, 183, 184, 187, 191, 192 Bronchitis, 165, 167 Bronchopulmonary, 165, 189 Bulbar, 166, 187 C Caffeine, 7, 166 Calcifediol, 166 Calcinosis, 146, 166 Calcitriol, 144, 166 Calcium, 146, 166, 168, 176, 184 Carbon Dioxide, 166, 173, 188 Cardiac, 162, 166, 172, 182, 189 Cardiology, 10, 166 Cardiopulmonary, 110, 166, 188 Cardiorespiratory, 162, 166 Cardiovascular, 10, 166 Cardiovascular disease, 10, 166 Cardiovascular Physiology, 10, 166 Cardiovascular System, 166 Causal, 166, 172, 178 Cell, 10, 95, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 178, 180, 182, 185, 188, 192, 193 Central Nervous System, 102, 165, 166, 172, 174, 175, 181 Cerebellar, 164, 167, 188 Cerebral, 12, 17, 22, 38, 61, 96, 109, 164, 165, 167, 175 Cerebral Palsy, 12, 17, 22, 167 Cerebrovascular, 38, 164, 166, 167, 192 Cerebrum, 167 Cervical, 161, 165, 167, 175, 187 Cervix, 167, 173 Character, 167, 170 Child Psychiatry, 6, 47, 167 Chiropody, 31, 167 Chromosomal, 162, 167 Chromosome, 7, 118, 167, 179 Chronic, 8, 13, 22, 23, 27, 30, 73, 80, 143, 147, 167, 177, 179, 186, 189, 190, 192 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 13, 80, 167 Circadian, 7, 167 Clinical Competence, 40, 167 Clinical trial, 6, 8, 10, 18, 28, 97, 98, 133, 167, 169, 184, 186, 188 Cloning, 165, 167 Cochlea, 167, 177 Cofactor, 167, 186 Cohort Studies, 167, 172 Collagen, 146, 167, 174, 183, 186 Complement, 168

Complementary and alternative medicine, 79, 86, 168 Complementary medicine, 79, 168 Compress, 19, 168 Computational Biology, 133, 168 Cone, 168, 192 Confusion, 168, 171 Connective Tissue, 115, 165, 167, 168, 169, 173, 174, 179, 189 Connective Tissue Cells, 168, 169 Consciousness, 169, 170, 187, 189 Contamination, 28, 169 Contraindications, ii, 169 Control group, 23, 30, 169, 187 Controlled study, 22, 30, 169 Coordination, 9, 11, 17, 113, 142, 169, 181 Cornea, 169, 189, 194 Coronary, 166, 169, 181 Coronary heart disease, 166, 169 Coronary Thrombosis, 169, 181, 182 Cortex, 163, 164, 165, 169, 172, 188 Cortical, 8, 22, 30, 169, 190, 192 Corticosteroids, 117, 146, 169, 174, 185 Cortisone, 169, 186 Cranial, 161, 169, 175, 184, 187 Cross-Sectional Studies, 169, 172 Cues, 23, 169 Cumulative Trauma Disorders, 42, 169 Curative, 170, 192 Custodial Care, 25, 170 Cutaneous, 117, 170, 187 Cyclic, 166, 170 D Data Collection, 170, 173 Databases, Bibliographic, 133, 170 Day Care, 143, 170 Decubitus, 13, 170 Decubitus Ulcer, 13, 170 Degenerative, 114, 170, 183, 189 Dementia, 3, 4, 5, 23, 47, 116, 148, 161, 170, 180 Dermatologic Agents, 170, 171 Desquamation, 170, 178 Diagnostic procedure, 126, 170 Diagnostic Services, 170, 192 Digestive system, 98, 170 Direct, iii, 9, 20, 41, 97, 170, 188 Disabled Persons, 81, 170 Dislocation, 142, 170 Disorientation, 23, 168, 171 Dissection, 171 Distal, 18, 171, 186

Index 197

Diuresis, 166, 171 Dizziness, 145, 171 Drug Interactions, 171 Dwarfism, 110, 171 Dysarthria, 142, 171 Dystrophy, 34, 41, 111, 114, 171 E Efficacy, 15, 22, 23, 30, 43, 57, 171, 193 Ego, 109, 171 Elastin, 168, 171 Electromyography, 146, 171 Electrons, 164, 171, 178 Emaciation, 161, 171 Embryo, 171, 183 Emollients, 117, 171 Emphysema, 167, 171 Empirical, 23, 92, 171 Emulsion, 171, 173 Encephalitis, 172, 180 Endocrine System, 172 Endocrinology, 10, 172 Energetic, 21, 172 Entrepreneurship, 45, 172 Environmental Health, 132, 134, 172 Enzymatic, 166, 168, 172 Enzyme, 112, 172, 181 Epidemiologic Studies, 8, 172 Epidemiological, 6, 172 Epithelium, 172, 178 Ergometer, 11, 172 ERV, 57, 63, 123, 134, 172, 173 Erythrocytes, 162, 165, 172 Esophageal, 146, 172 Esophagus, 146, 170, 172, 188, 192 Evacuation, 122, 172 Evoked Potentials, 30, 172 Excitability, 30, 172 Expiratory, 172, 173 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 172, 173 Extensor, 173, 187 Extracellular, 168, 169, 173 Extracellular Matrix, 168, 169, 173 Extremity, 8, 12, 13, 22, 29, 165, 173, 184, 187 Eye Movements, 173, 187 F Facial, 112, 115, 118, 173 Family Planning, 133, 173 Fat, 165, 169, 170, 173, 179, 181, 189, 191 Fatigue, 142, 143, 145, 146, 173 Femoral, 173, 176 Femoral Neck Fractures, 173, 176

Femur, 47, 173, 175 Fetus, 173, 186, 193 Fibrosis, 162, 173, 189 Fixation, 24, 173 Flexion, 12, 173 Focus Groups, 51, 173 Folliculitis, 163, 174 Fovea, 173, 174 Frail Elderly, 9, 28, 174 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 8, 174 Fundus, 173, 174 Fungi, 174, 178, 181 G Gait, 9, 17, 174 Galactosemia, 112, 174 Gallbladder, 161, 170, 174 Ganglia, 164, 174, 182, 184 Gas, 162, 166, 172, 174, 176, 183, 194 Gelatin, 174, 192 Gene, 109, 165, 174, 185 General practitioner, 46, 174 Genetic Counseling, 14, 174 Genetic testing, 14, 174 Genetics, 6, 14, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 144, 174 Geriatric, 5, 33, 40, 48, 65, 73, 81, 107, 116, 127, 174 Gestures, 13, 174 Gland, 169, 174, 179, 183, 184, 186, 190, 191 Glucocorticoid, 174, 185, 186 Glucose, 112, 174, 175, 177 Governing Board, 175, 185 Graft, 18, 175 Growth, 45, 48, 111, 116, 161, 163, 171, 175, 177, 180, 182, 185, 193 H Headache, 166, 175 Health Behavior, 10, 175 Health Education, 7, 14, 148, 175 Health Promotion, 52, 76, 85, 175 Health Services, 7, 10, 69, 175, 192 Health Status, 28, 31, 37, 175 Heart attack, 166, 175 Hemiparesis, 22, 30, 175 Hemiplegia, 8, 105, 140, 175 Hemorrhage, 175, 192 Heredity, 174, 175 Heterogeneity, 6, 175 Hip Fractures, 147, 173, 175 Holistic Health, 82, 176

198 Occupational Therapy

Homeless Persons, 28, 176 Hormone, 166, 169, 171, 176, 177, 189 Horny layer, 176, 178 Hospice, 85, 176 Hospital Administration, 31, 176 Housekeeping, 142, 176 Human Development, 16, 97, 132, 176 Hydrogen, 162, 164, 176, 181 Hydroxylation, 166, 176 Hydroxylysine, 168, 176 Hydroxyproline, 168, 176 Hypercalcemia, 118, 176 Hypersensitivity, 176, 189 Hypertension, 166, 175, 176 I Id, 76, 86, 138, 139, 149, 156, 158, 171, 176 Immersion, 40, 176 Immune system, 101, 110, 142, 176, 180, 181, 194 Immunity, 161, 176 Immunodeficiency, 161, 176 Immunologic, 117, 176 Immunologic Factors, 117, 176 Impairment, 5, 8, 12, 20, 24, 30, 41, 112, 164, 177, 178, 180 Incontinence, 3, 177 Indicative, 102, 177, 184, 194 Infancy, 11, 177 Infantile, 144, 177 Infarction, 177 Infection, 23, 101, 146, 161, 165, 172, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183, 189, 192 Inflammation, 146, 161, 163, 164, 165, 170, 172, 173, 174, 177, 182, 185, 189, 191, 194 Inner ear, 145, 177 Innervation, 165, 177, 187 Inpatients, 32, 177 Institutionalization, 13, 177 Insulator, 177, 181 Insulin, 177, 189 Intensive Care, 51, 83, 177 Interferon, 144, 177 Interferon-alpha, 177 Intermittent, 178, 179 Internal Medicine, 172, 178, 189 Intervention Studies, 9, 10, 178 Intestinal, 166, 178 Intestines, 161, 178, 190 Intracellular, 166, 177, 178 Intravenous, 146, 178 Involuntary, 164, 178, 182, 188 Ions, 164, 176, 178

Ischemia, 170, 178 Ischemic stroke, 15, 178 J Joint, 117, 144, 146, 163, 178, 179, 183, 192 K Kb, 132, 178 Keratolytic, 117, 178 Keratolytic Agents, 117, 178 Kinetic, 11, 29, 178 L Labyrinth, 167, 177, 178, 186, 190, 194 Language Development, 178, 179 Language Development Disorders, 178, 179 Language Disorders, 148, 178, 179, 191 Language Therapy, 27, 142, 179 Large Intestine, 170, 178, 179, 188 Larynx, 161, 179 Lenses, 179, 183, 188 Lesion, 179, 187, 193 Leukemia, 142, 179 Leukocytes, 165, 177, 179 Library Services, 156, 179 Ligament, 179, 186 Linkages, 10, 179 Lipid, 177, 179, 181 Liver, 161, 166, 170, 172, 174, 179, 186 Localized, 117, 173, 175, 177, 179, 185, 189, 193 Longitudinal study, 11, 18, 179 Long-Term Care, 24, 30, 48, 81, 179 Low vision, 51, 179 Luxation, 170, 179 Lymph, 167, 179, 180, 182 Lymph node, 167, 179, 180, 182 Lymphatic, 177, 179, 180, 185 Lymphocyte, 161, 163, 180 Lymphocyte Count, 161, 180 Lymphoid, 169, 180 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 180 Malignant, 144, 161, 180, 182 Manifest, 175, 180 Medial, 18, 180 Mediate, 171, 180 Medical Illustration, 31, 180 Medicament, 180, 192 MEDLINE, 133, 180 Membrane, 168, 172, 173, 179, 180, 189, 193 Memory, 22, 40, 73, 116, 170, 180 Memory Disorders, 40, 116, 180

Index 199

Meninges, 166, 180, 191 Mental Disorders, 99, 167, 178, 180, 187 Mental Health, iv, 5, 6, 21, 51, 53, 70, 92, 99, 132, 134, 148, 180, 183, 187 Mental Processes, 180, 187 Mental Retardation, 113, 118, 180 Mentors, 10, 19, 180 Metabolic disorder, 112, 181 MI, 159, 181 Microbiology, 161, 164, 181 Mobility, 12, 13, 22, 25, 122, 142, 181 Mobilization, 15, 181 Modeling, 8, 14, 17, 18, 181 Modification, 4, 147, 181, 187 Molecular, 133, 135, 165, 168, 181 Molecule, 163, 164, 168, 181, 188 Monitor, 26, 181 Motility, 146, 181 Motor Activity, 9, 181, 187 Motor Skills, 11, 181 Multiple Personality Disorder, 80, 181 Multiple sclerosis, 61, 64, 181 Muscular Diseases, 181, 182, 187 Muscular Dystrophies, 171, 181 Musculoskeletal System, 169, 181, 183 Myelin, 181 Myocardial infarction, 13, 169, 181 Myocardium, 181, 182 Myositis, 146, 182 Myotonic Dystrophy, 114, 182 N NCI, 1, 98, 131, 182 Neck dissection, 61, 182 Necrosis, 177, 181, 182 Need, 3, 9, 10, 16, 18, 20, 25, 27, 41, 45, 72, 101, 110, 112, 114, 121, 127, 143, 150, 161, 182 Neonatal, 22, 51, 111, 182 Neoplasia, 182 Neoplasm, 182 Neoplastic, 101, 182 Nerve, 18, 118, 147, 161, 164, 165, 177, 181, 182, 184, 187, 189, 191 Nerve Fibers, 165, 182 Nervous System, 19, 113, 166, 182, 184 Neural, 15, 17, 43, 182 Neurologic, 19, 182 Neurologist, 19, 182 Neurology, 6, 15, 17, 62, 65, 142, 182 Neuromuscular, 11, 18, 25, 182, 187 Neuromuscular Diseases, 182, 187 Neuronal, 6, 182

Neurons, 161, 174, 182 Nitrogen, 162, 173, 183, 193 O Occupational Health, 8, 183 Ophthalmologic, 183 Ophthalmology, 173, 183 Opportunistic Infections, 101, 161, 183 Optometry, 31, 94, 183 Orthopaedic, 18, 183 Ossification, 183 Osteoarthritis, 143, 144, 183 Osteogenesis, 115, 122, 183 Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 115, 122, 183 Osteology, 121, 183 Osteopetrosis, 144, 183 Osteoporosis, 10, 183 Outpatient, 13, 20, 24, 25, 40, 66, 82, 140, 183 P Paediatric, 34, 41, 63, 80, 183 Palliative, 63, 83, 105, 183, 192 Palsy, 12, 22, 61, 109, 183 Pancreas, 161, 170, 177, 183 Paralysis, 163, 166, 175, 184, 187 Parathyroid, 166, 184 Parathyroid hormone, 166, 184 Parent-Child Relations, 70, 184 Paresis, 175, 184 Pathogenesis, 117, 184 Pathologic, 165, 166, 169, 176, 184, 187, 188, 191 Pathophysiology, 101, 184 Patient Education, 141, 144, 154, 156, 159, 184 Patient Selection, 145, 184 Pediatrics, 14, 19, 63, 64, 68, 108, 184 Pelvic, 184, 186 Perineum, 122, 123, 184 Peripheral Nervous System, 171, 175, 182, 183, 184, 187 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 175, 182, 184, 187 Phallic, 173, 184 Pharmacist, 116, 184 Pharmacologic, 184, 193 Phosphorus, 166, 184 Physical Examination, 19, 185 Physical Medicine, 17, 25, 34, 41, 56, 57, 69, 72, 123, 138, 185 Physiologic, 7, 19, 165, 185, 188 Physiology, 10, 21, 166, 172, 185 Pilot study, 40, 43, 51, 185

200 Occupational Therapy

Plants, 166, 175, 185, 193 Plaque, 117, 185 Plasticity, 17, 185 Plexus, 165, 185 Polyarthritis, 117, 185 Polypeptide, 167, 185 Posterior, 162, 164, 183, 185, 187, 189 Postmenopausal, 183, 185 Practicability, 185, 193 Practice Guidelines, 105, 134, 185 Prednisolone, 185, 186 Prednisone, 144, 186 Prenatal, 21, 171, 186 Prevalence, 13, 186 Preventive Medicine, 10, 155, 186 Problem Solving, 23, 91, 186 Problem-Based Learning, 50, 65, 186 Professional Practice, 183, 186 Progression, 3, 25, 162, 186 Progressive, 43, 110, 111, 113, 114, 142, 170, 175, 181, 182, 183, 186 Proline, 168, 176, 186 Prophylaxis, 186, 189 Proportional, 14, 186 Proprioception, 9, 186 Prospective study, 179, 186 Prostate, 121, 186 Prosthesis, 18, 186 Protein S, 109, 165, 186 Proteins, 163, 168, 181, 183, 186, 193 Protocol, 19, 30, 186 Proximal, 171, 186 Psoriasis, 117, 163, 186, 189 Psychiatric, 37, 48, 60, 66, 71, 82, 89, 106, 123, 180, 187, 190 Psychiatry, 5, 6, 48, 56, 65, 67, 81, 173, 187 Psychic, 187, 190 Psychology, 6, 11, 21, 22, 187 Public Health, 29, 123, 134, 187 Public Housing, 29, 187 Public Policy, 133, 187 Publishing, 31, 187 Pulse, 181, 187 Q Quadriplegia, 49, 187 Quality of Life, 25, 30, 62, 139, 149, 187 R Race, 23, 66, 187 Radial Nerve, 18, 187 Random Allocation, 20, 187 Randomization, 25, 187

Randomized, 8, 12, 15, 22, 23, 25, 28, 30, 33, 61, 95, 171, 188 Randomized clinical trial, 30, 188 Receptor, 161, 163, 168, 172, 188 Rectum, 163, 165, 170, 174, 177, 179, 186, 188, 192 Red Nucleus, 164, 188 Refer, 1, 168, 171, 173, 174, 183, 188, 194 Reflex, 34, 41, 173, 188 Reflux, 146, 188 Refraction, 188, 191 Refractive Power, 183, 188 Regimen, 171, 188 Rehabilitative, 9, 188 Reliability, 55, 188 Research Design, 15, 107, 188 Research Support, 19, 188 Resorption, 166, 188 Respiration, 166, 181, 188, 189 Respiratory Therapy, 27, 188 Restoration, 33, 185, 189 Resuscitation, 189 Retina, 189, 194 Retinoids, 117, 189 Rheumatism, 189 Rheumatoid, 53, 67, 117, 145, 163, 189 Rheumatoid arthritis, 53, 67, 117, 145, 163, 189 Rheumatology, 32, 42, 60, 67, 117, 145, 146, 189 Risk factor, 172, 186, 189 Robotics, 12, 189 Rotator, 18, 189 S Salivary, 170, 189 Salivary glands, 170, 189 Schizophrenia, 67, 105, 180, 189 Sclera, 189, 194 Sclerae, 183, 189 Scleroderma, 117, 189 Sclerosis, 104, 105, 117, 181, 189 Scoliosis, 118, 189 Screening, 143, 167, 189 Secretion, 171, 189, 190 Segmental, 11, 190 Segmentation, 190 Seizures, 118, 190 Self Care, 161, 190 Semen, 186, 190 Semicircular canal, 177, 190 Seminal vesicles, 121, 190 Senile, 183, 190

Index 201

Sex Characteristics, 161, 190 Shock, 190, 193 Side effect, 143, 161, 190, 193 Skeletal, 110, 113, 146, 171, 181, 190 Skeleton, 173, 178, 190 Sleep Deprivation, 7, 190 Smooth muscle, 162, 166, 169, 181, 190 Social Behavior, 6, 22, 190 Social Class, 66, 190 Social Environment, 3, 187, 190 Social Isolation, 13, 30, 191 Social Work, 14, 116, 145, 191 Soft tissue, 144, 145, 165, 190, 191 Somatic, 161, 184, 191 Spatial disorientation, 171, 191 Specialist, 150, 191 Species, 187, 190, 191, 193, 194 Spectrum, 6, 191 Speech pathologist, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 191 Speech-Language Pathology, 26, 191 Sperm, 167, 191 Spina bifida, 54, 191 Spinal cord, 71, 161, 165, 166, 175, 180, 182, 184, 187, 188, 191 Spinal Cord Diseases, 175, 187, 191 Splenomegaly, 183, 191 Spondylitis, 143, 191 Steroids, 146, 169, 175, 191 Stimulant, 166, 191 Stimulus, 164, 172, 177, 188, 191, 192 Stomach, 161, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 188, 192 Stool, 177, 179, 192 Stress, 21, 23, 146, 147, 189, 192 Subacute, 24, 28, 177, 192 Subclinical, 177, 190, 192 Subtrochanteric, 176, 192 Superego, 171, 192 Support group, 14, 192 Suppositories, 127, 174, 192 Symphysis, 186, 192 Systemic, 37, 117, 146, 165, 177, 185, 189, 192 T Telangiectasia, 110, 142, 146, 192 Telecommunications, 192 Telemedicine, 34, 43, 53, 192 Thalamic, 164, 192 Thalamic Diseases, 164, 192 Therapeutics, 96, 192 Thoracic, 165, 187, 192

Thorax, 161, 192 Threshold, 30, 172, 176, 192 Thrombosis, 186, 192 Thrombus, 169, 177, 178, 192 Tissue, 15, 30, 144, 163, 165, 168, 169, 175, 179, 180, 182, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193 Tooth Preparation, 161, 193 Topical, 117, 193 Toxic, iv, 176, 193 Toxicity, 171, 193 Toxicology, 134, 193 Toxins, 163, 172, 177, 193 Transfection, 165, 193 Translational, 17, 193 Transplantation, 17, 193 Trauma, 117, 164, 175, 182, 192, 193 Treatment Outcome, 23, 66, 193 Tryptophan, 168, 193 U Ulcer, 170, 193 Ulceration, 170, 193 Unconscious, 176, 193 Urethra, 186, 193 Urinary, 177, 193 Urine, 165, 171, 177, 193 Uterus, 167, 173, 174, 193 Uvea, 193, 194 Uveitis, 143, 194 V Vaccine, 186, 194 Vascular, 38, 96, 146, 162, 177, 191, 192, 194 VE, 116, 194 Vein, 178, 194 Venous, 186, 194 Venules, 165, 194 Vertebrae, 191, 194 Vertebral, 164, 191, 194 Vestibular, 68, 144, 145, 194 Vestibule, 167, 177, 190, 194 Veterinary Medicine, 133, 194 Virus, 161, 164, 177, 185, 194 Viscera, 121, 191, 194 W Wakefulness, 7, 194 Walkers, 18, 194 War, 41, 52, 62, 82, 194 Warts, 178, 194 Wheelchairs, 10, 194 X Xenograft, 162, 194

202

Index 203

204 Occupational Therapy