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INSIDE
JANUARY 2011
VOLUME 43
NO. 1
COLUMNS The Editor’s Desk
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Another sweeping election on Capital Hill could affect key environmental legislation. By Roy Bigham
Legal Lookout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 Big changes may be ahead environmentally as the House of Representatives decidedly turns in a new political direction. By Lynn L. Bergeson
Green Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Better, greener and convenient packaging changes are being driven by the market. By Barbara Quinn
The Environmental Professional . . . . . . . . . 11 An environmental professional’s services include honest and ethical conduct on behalf of your client at all times, even when they don’t think so. By Christopher Young
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State Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Environmental Rules change daily. BLR brings a few of the latest changes needed to stay in compliance. By BLR
FEATURES Technologies for 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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It is that time of year again as the PE staff takes a look at new technologies that could impact our environment.
The Right Stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RTO solutions for environmental compliance in the cement industry don’t have to be complicated, but they do need the right ingredients.
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32
EPA Protocol Gas Verification Program: 2011 . . . . . . . . . . .
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The EPA published results of a Protocol Gas Verification Program in 2008. Now that the dust has settled, let’s take a look at part two three years later.
Black Carbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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In critical areas of the globe, other pollutants are more potent than CO2, and governments are taking steps to increase control.
Member
May 16-19, 2011
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Particulate Monitors Emissions • Filter Leaks • Flow
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INSIDE SPECIAL REPORTS Technical Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
DEPARTMENTS EnviroNews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08
PROVEN SOLUTIONS
PE Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08
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ON THE WEB
Day 1 opening keynote speaker for the RemTEC Summit will be Jerry Schnorr from the journal Environmental Science and Technology. The morning sessions will be chaired by distinguished professors from the Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Tennessee and Arizona State University as well as representatives of GeoSyntec and Microseeps. Turn to page 36 for more information. Go to www.remtecsummit.com for a complete agenda listing.
POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE
ON THE COVER
DECEMBER 2010
Carbon nanotubes could present a material revolution from membranes to the electrodes in preciptators.
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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
Designed by Pollution Engineering's Art Director Tammie Gizicki.
EDITOR'SDESK Is There a Doctor in the House? Another sweeping election on Capital Hill could affect key environmental legislation.
W
ith the change of political alignments in the 112th Congress, many people have asked what we can expect. Our legal editor Lynn Bergeson weighed in this month to suggest that she expects spending for EPA projects will be lowered, and that the House may try to frustrate the administration’s attempts to accomplish specific tasks. Any attempt to predict the actions of the new Congress are just opinions and there is no end to the number of those available (have you met the Internet?). Having said that however, I don’t expect there will be a great deal of change in direction over the next two years. While the House is controlled by the Republicans, the Democrats control everything else. I would expect President Obama would use the power of the executive order even more than previously if he believes it is needed. I also do not expect that the Republican Party will be as cohesive as they have been because there appears to be some resentment amongst at least some of the established members. There are forces within Washington that are inexorable. They work totally behind the scenes and are not definable. They are sort of like a black hole in that we know they are there but we cannot observe them. We only see that they impact everything. No matter how determined any new member has been when he or she arrives in town, they soon discover that they have to give in or disappear. Here is an example. Nearly every session, at least one member tries to cut costs by eliminating elevator operators at the Capitol Building. The elevators are
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Both sides of the aisle have said that energy is a key item of interest.
similar to most any other system in this country in that one enters the small space and presses a button to reach a particular floor. At the Capitol, some of the elevators that are used by the members are manned by operators that push the buttons for the members of Congress. The members claim the operators are needed to police the traffic and make sure that visitors do not use the well-marked, members-only machines. I guess with all the money they spend on parking lots and sports arenas for their home states they cannot afford to install ID fob readers. Both sides of the aisle have said that energy is a key item of interest. The 112th Congress will certainly try to tackle this problem again as everyone knows that jobs need to be stimulated and energy -saving technologies are in high demand. It has been proven in the past that environmental protection can also be a tremendous job starter. PE
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Roy Bigham is Editor of Pollution Engineering. He can be contacted at
[email protected]
Pollution Engineering Masthead 2401 West Big Beaver, Ste. 700, Troy, Michigan 48084 | Phone: (248) 362-3700 | www.pollutionengineering.com PUBLISHING & EDITORIAL STAFF Tom Esposito | Senior Group Publisher Doug Glenn | Group Publisher 412-306-4351 |
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ENVIRONEWS PE Events JANUARY 2011 31-2
EUEC 2011, Phoenix, www.euec.com
FEBRUARY 2011 7-10
6th International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments, New Orleans, www.battelle.org/sedimentscon
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IHS Defense Energy Conference Efficient & Renewable Technologies in DoD Operations Energy Initiatives, Washington, D.C., www.cvent. com/EVENTS/Info/Summary. aspx?e=1fe8b4b1-f4ed-430c-99c35cac088a1712
13-16 Hydrogen Conference and Expo,
Washington, D.C., www.hydrogenconference.org/2011.asp 23-25 WasteECo-2011 International Exhibition
and Conference, Kharkiv, Ukraine,
EPA Announces Enforcement Achievements More than 1.4 billion pounds of harmful air, land and water pollution will be reduced. It’s not a mid-life crisis; just an active adult. Not a week removed from its 40th birthday, the EPA on Dec. 6, 2010, proclaimed the release of annual enforcement and compliance results for FY 2010 that suggest the agency is still quite full of youthful vigor. The agency reported that agreements reached $110 million in civil penalties meted out to polluters, and another $12 billion was committed toward environmental improvements by the recalcitrant enterprises. The actions will result in the reduction of an estimated 1.4 billion lbs. of pollution. The EPA’s criminal enforcement program opened 346 new environmental crime cases in FY 2010. These cases led to 289 defendants charged for allegedly committing environmental crimes, the largest number in five years. The enforcement program alone convicted 198 criminals and assessed $41 million in fines and restitution. With FY 2011 already ahead of 2010’s enforcement curve, the spry agency does not seem to be slowing down anytime soon.
http://waste.com.ua/cooperation/ index_en.html
AIR MARCH 2011 9-11
Water China, Guangzhou, China, www. waterchina-gz.com/en/index.htm
9-11
Environmental Industry Summit 2011, San Diego, www.ebiresearch.com/ Environmental_Industry_Summit_2011
13-18 Pittcon, Atlanta, www.pittcon.org 22-24 FILTECH 2011, Wiesbaden, Germany, www.filtech.de
APRIL 2011 3-5
National Brownfields Conference 2011, Philadelphia, www.brownfields2011. org/en/home
12-14 2011 Energy Efficiency Global Forum,
Brussels, Belgium, http://eeglobalforum.org
13-15 Spring Carolinas Air Pollution Control
Association Meeting, Asheville, N.C., www.capca-carolinas.org
MAY 2011 5-7
IFAT China + EPTEE + CWS, Shanghai, www.ifat-china.com
16-19 RemTEC Summit 2011, The Westin
Chicago North Shore, Chicago, www. remtecsummit.com
The GHG Roadmap The EPA is working with states to get its greenhouse gas (GHG) control plans and regulations up and running. The agency is calling on 13 states to change their respective state implementation plans (SIPs) so that they can issue their own permits. Those states are Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Nebraska, Nevada, Oregon, Texas and Wyoming. The Clean Air Act requires states to develop SIPs that are approved by the EPA. Whenever the federal agency changes its regulations, states must amend their plans to reflect those changes so that they can continue to issue Title V permits. The agency said that states are the best way to issue such permits and work with industry within their borders. The strategy will effectually delay implementation of the agency’s GHG control efforts, as many plants will not need to meet the regulations until significant modifications require them to apply for a new permit. The delay, however, could prove a double-edged sword for those enterprises that have put off major modifications to avoid previous changes to Title V permitting in their states, as GHG controls will likely be required in addition to other abatement installations. In January 2011, industries that are large emitters of GHGs, and are planning to build new facilities or make major modifications to existing ones, will work with permitting authorities to identify and implement the most efficient control technologies to minimize their GHGs. This includes the nation’s largest GHG emitters, such as power plants, refineries and cement production facilities. Emissions from small sources, such as farms and restaurants are not covered by these GHG permitting requirements. More information is available at www.epa.gov/nsr.
Visit the Calendar of Events at www.pollutionengineering.com for additional information.
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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
LEGALLOOKOUT By Lynn L. Bergeson
Synopsis of the 2010 Congressional Mid-Term Elections Big environmental changes may be ahead as the House of Representatives decidedly turns toward a new political direction. he decline in the number of elected Democratic members, especially the loss of the majority in the House of Representatives, will decidedly change EPA operations in 2011 and beyond. Significant differences are in the prospects for the agency’s budget, legislative proposals and policy initiatives. In the Senate, the Democrats lost much of their plurality, and some of the newly elected members have indicated a hard-line attitude against any expansion in the role of government and a concern on federal deficit spending; commitments that could also affect EPA.
T
EPA appropriations In addition to any expected widespread freeze in domestic program spending, EPA could be subject to restrictions in its operating programs. If the cap-andtrade approach to climate change via an act of Congress is not available, many will want to have EPA continue its efforts to control carbon emissions via existing authority. This could inspire an effort by those opposed to such a plan to use the appropriations restrictions to limit any EPA program. The key difference for the next two years is that EPA opponents will have a friendlier forum to direct or deflect agency behavior. Budget tightening could soon adversely impact EPA’s ability to process pesticide registrations, respond to data submittals, slow down any pending rulemaking, and generally limit the agency’s ability to implement even non-controversial components of its operating programs.
TSCA The particulars of possible changes to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) are largely moot. Although the leadership and majority in the Senate remain largely unchanged, the absence of Chairman Rep. Henry Waxman (D-Calif.) will have implications for TSCA legislation. Sen. Lautenberg (D-N.J.) is expected to continue to support more extensive changes, but in the Senate some of the new members may oppose any legislation that seeks to expand government.
FIFRA/FQPA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) implementation has generally been quiet over the last two years. The new House Republican majority will likely lead to some level of oversight of all EPA programs, pesticides included. For the pesticide
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EPA could be subject to restrictions in its operating programs.
program, immediate candidates for an increased level of scrutiny include the use of good science in decisionmaking, the use of FIFRA/Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) authority in removing pesticide uses from the market without going through the FIFRA cancellation process, specific product decisions, and transparency in developing new program initiatives. Some of the most difficult issues facing the pesticides program, such as implementation of the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Water Act, are likely to remain intractable.
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Administration reaction If the House attempts to undermine budget or legislative priorities of the White House, the Obama Administration retains ways to attempt to control the agenda in the environmental arena. Large areas of discretion remain in existing authority under both FIFRA and TSCA. Presidents can unilaterally sign Executive Orders or determine priorities under current law. One example of this authority was President Clinton’s 1995 decision, partly in response to the 1994 election losses, to accelerate the expansion of the Toxic Release Inventory. One additional consideration is that the 2012 presidential election cycle officially started on Nov. 3, 2010. This will influence any activity by either party or the administration over the next two years. Environmental issues are often used to make clear distinctions between the two parties, and this could lead to initiatives by either party intentionally driven to illustrate or exacerbate those differences. While much remains fluid, one thing is certain. The next two years will be interesting. PE
Lynn L. Bergeson is managing director of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C., a Washington, D.C., law firm focusing on conventional and engineered nanoscale chemical, pesticide, and other specialty chemical product approval and regulation, environmental health and safety law, chemical product litigation, and associated business issues, and President of The Acta Group L.L.C. and The Acta Group EU Ltd. with offices in Washington, D.C., and Manchester, U.K.
JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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GREENCONNECTIONS By Barbara Quinn
Greening the Package Better, greener and convenient packaging changes are being driven by the market. onsumers want to be green. In a recent survey by Harris Interactive, respondents claim they feel green when they buy home products made from recycled materials, including plastics. That’s good news for the country’s $236 billion recycling industry and its 1 million employees. It is good news for curbside and drop-off recycling programs that are now accessible to some 80 percent of the U.S. population. It is also good news for the environment. According to the National Recycling Coalition (www.nrc-recycling. org), using recycled plastic cuts energy use by about 70 percent of the energy needed to make the same plastic. Equally positive, the Environmental Industry Associations (www.environmentalistseveryday.org) reported that at the end of 2009, landfill-gas-to-energy projects provided enough renewable energy to provide the environmental benefits of cutting oil consumption by 58 million barrels a year.
C
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Saves the company and its suppliers more than 125 million pounds of cardboard and 95 million pounds of plastic resin each year.
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Not surprisingly, American consumers also hate packaging, even though they demand the convenience, safety and protection it provides. Frozen foods, takeout lunches, tightly encased toys and protected shipments from mail-order houses have taken their places in modern life. Americans do not want to give up packaged dinners, lunches and birthday gifts; consumers want manufacturers and retailers to provide green packaging.
Changing the package The packaging industry, along with brand owners and retailers, has developed innovative ways to inject sustainability into packaging materials and containers. Anyone who has been to a Wal-Mart store quickly learns that many products on the shelves are small. For example, Wal-Mart only offers concentrated detergent in compact containers, which saves the company and its suppliers more than 125 million pounds of cardboard and 95 million pounds of plastic resin each year. Although it might be less 10
Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
noticeable to the total Wal-Mart consumer base, the pet products section spotlights a longer value chain for used packaging and containers. PoochPlanet and SmartyKat pet products are made by WorldWise through a unique partnership with Wal-Mart and Sam’s Club called “Full Circle.” Used packaging and containers collected at the stores, including cardboard, plastic bags and bottles, are sent to WorldWise, which uses the materials as feedstock in the manufacture of pet products. The finished goods are then sold through Wal-Mart and Sam’s Club. Shrinking the package is the way forward for hundreds of companies, and the results are significant. For just one of its products sold in the U.S. (Oscar Meyer Deli Creations), Kraft Foods’ package redesign uses 30 percent less paperboard and keeps about a million pounds of packaging out of the waste stream every year. Clorox has cut the plastic used in its iconic bleach bottle, annually saving some 5 million pounds of plastic. Companies are using new materials to replace traditional packaging or container ingredients. The Coca-Cola Company uses sugar cane and molasses to create the 30-percent plant-based content of its PlantBottle. Dell is using bamboo in packages to ship two of its computers, with plans to increase the number of products using the new packaging. Mother Parkers is replacing the metal cans for several of its coffee brands with paperboard composite containers made by Sonoco. The switch increases the overall recycled content of the final package while reducing its material weight by 27 percent and slashing energy inputs by 34 percent. The sustainable packaging industry and initiatives will continue to grow. Companies remind us that packaging has a role to play in communicating to consumers. Now, consumers are sending their own message: they want greener products and greener packaging. PE
Barbara Quinn has written about environmental, public policy and economic development issues for over 25 years. She has been published in magazines serving the environmental, industrial and municipal communities. She can be contacted at
[email protected].
THE ENVIRONMENTALPROFESSIONAL By Christopher Young
Your Duty to Your Client An environmental professional’s services include honest and ethical conduct on behalf of your client at all times, even when they don’t think so. According to an old adage, “the customer is king.” However, there is also a much older saying to keep in mind: "no king is above the law." Depending upon how the customer perceives the relationship with his environmental consultant, it is not unheard of for some clients to ask for so-called “little favors,” e.g. to backdate a report, sign another person’s name on the report, move the decimal on one or two sample analyses, delete or “lose” reportable information, etc. On the surface, these little favors can be covering up gigantic violations of laws and regulations that can carry significant fines and/or criminal convictions. There can be situations in which a business friend might request unethical or illegal work. These situations can be stopped with the environmental professional always mindful of what the law requires and gently reminding the client that deviations are not permitted. The professional has to instantly be ready to make up his or her mind as to whether that friend is worth potentially ruining your life and your family if you end up going to jail for that infraction. Depending upon a number of factors, an environmental professional may engage a customer who is either their employer or a client from whom they are receiving payment for services. No matter what the relationship is, keep the following basic personal rules in mind at all times: • Follow all the rules created by the law, • Be ethical and seek advice from a lawyer or environmental agency, • Audit the situation and try to understand how the problem was created and its present status, • Consult with other professionals on possible alternative solutions, • Provide suggestions as to alternatives, • Regulate and control environmental activities, • Remove yourself from the situation before allowing it to go further. As a professional, do not be afraid of simply telling the employer or client that the situation is untenable and ask to be removed from any part of the proposed activity. It is important from the start that the customer understands that there are certain legal and
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As a professional, do not be afraid of simply telling the employer or client that the situation is untenable and ask to be removed from any part of the proposed activity.
personal responsibilities towards the firm’s integrity that cannot be compromised. Detail what the risks are and what the potential penalties could very well result from such a situation. When the shoe is on the other foot and you are the client, make sure all of the employees and consultants understand that all representatives: • Do not allow any illegal or unethical work. • Understand the situation and act responsible towards the environment and law. • Use and expect expert advice, which helps in following all the rules and regulations. Client expectations of a professional should be towards obtaining a healthy, safe and eco-friendly environment, and not by following unethical or illegal ways to gain monetary benefits. Environmental professionals are expected to provide the best service to clients to help them in moving towards ethical and legal solutions that will benefit everyone. PE
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Christopher Young is the director of operations for the National Registry of Environmental Professionals (NREP), Glenview, Ill., an internationally recognized professional certification organization that specializes in credentialing environmental health and safety and homeland protection professionals. Chris is a certified registered environmental manager and has extensive experience in environmental inspections, auditing t i i and project management. Contact him at
[email protected].
JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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It is that time of year again as the PE staff takes a look at new technologies that could impact our environment. By SETH M. FISHER, Publisher, and ROY BIGHAM, Editor, Pollution Engineering
s much as our industry reacts to regulations, the real progress of environmental engineering happens in the advancement of pollution control technologies. It’s telling that when the EPA decides it’s time to add abatement of greenhouse gases to its register of substance controls, after all the talk of how many tons of CO2e are being cut from the atmospheric daily dose, the active control on your permit ends up being the “best available control technology.” Advancements in remediation methods have changed the site reclamation business to such a degree that in 2009 PE even launched a new technical conference, the RemTEC Summit – back again in Chicago this May (www.remtecsummit.com) – to help specifiers keep
A 12
Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
up. What was once accomplished with painstaking sampling and lab work can now be done with a handheld gun and monitored on your smart phone. There are far too many new technologies that will be changing our business this year to list, and their effects are so far reaching that valuing them is an exercise in futility. What follows, then, is a list of ten such techs, in no particular order, for environmental professionals to keep an eye on in 2011. The technologies were chosen by PE’s editorial staff with consultation from hand-picked industry leaders.
10. Synthetic photosynthesis Imagine an incredibly efficient energy production process powered by solar radiation and CO2, emissions of just
oxygen and water, and in which energy is stored in a microscopic footprint for thousands of years with minimal loss. Unbelievable? Not quite: the meanest blade of grass has been doing this for a billion years. In 2010, Chinese automaker Shanghai Automotive Industry Corp. and General Motors unveiled their design for a car that runs on photosynthesis. The car would represent a partial step toward synthetic biological energy, using an organic metal framework to absorb CO2 and water, then store the energy in a simple lithium-ion battery. Meanwhile, researchers at various universities are trying to coax biological organisms to give up the secrets of metabolic energy. Practical applications are far off, but the promise of factories that run on water, sunlight, air and a nutrient packet, and store fuel as carbohydrates is exciting.
Top 10 Technologies to replace, which would occur less often. In tests conducted with fly ash in the flow, the performance of the nanocomposite electrodes performed at least as well as high-end commercial electrodes; typically, the nanocomposite electrode provided 10 to 20 percent improvement in the corona current as compared to metal electrodes. Conversion to composite electrodes at a unit price of $100/piece is estimated to result in cost savings of $15,000 per installation for time and materials to replace traditional metallic precipitator electrodes.
7.
Metal-metabolizing microbes
Algae use CO2 and light in a process known as photosynthesis. What if the skin of our cars could do the same thing?
9. Not-so-nasty plastics Plastics had a well publicized falling out with the environment a few decades ago, as the realization that they don’t break down very well caused observers to look around at the dwindling available garbage space and say “uh oh.” Today, plastics and Mother Earth are finding new and better ways to reconcile their differences, largely thanks to major advances in organic plastics. Cereplast Inc., El Segundo, Calif., has developed a plant-based resin that can be made into compostable shopping bags. Plant-based, biodegradable plastics are changing the packaging industry, and could be great news to companies worried about their waste streams when packaging waste is heading out to feed the local park rather than the local landfill. Meanwhile, Novover Corp., Waltham, Mass., is working on creating various plastics and poly-
mers – including paints/coatings, diapers, and bottles – using collected CO and CO2 from power plants.
8. Nano-enhancements for ESPs
Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) typically use all-metal electrodes that are relatively complex and expensive compared with thermoplastic materials. Applied Sciences Inc. and Ohio University, with assistance from industrial partner Southern Environmental Inc., are in the process of developing a carbon nanofiber to fabricate electrically conductive thermoplastic composites to reduce the complexity and cost of manufacturing and installation, and to decrease the power consumption of electrodes used to generate charged particles in electrostatic precipitators. The light electrodes would be cheap and easy
The remediation industry was revolutionized a few decades ago when scientists began harnessing microbes in earnest to eat up contaminants in- and ex-situ. The next great advance in microbial engineering could be a strain currently being researched which, in the right environment, can do quite a number on metallic and even radioactive contaminants. A team of researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Michigan State University, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory are studying a strain of bacteria known to successfully treat metals in various substrates such as fresh water, salt water, soils and rocks. The same research was first mentioned in the 2008 Ten Top Techs article. Recently, the researchers completed the first system-level assessment of the Shewanella microbes’ population diversity. Results from the study should provide the critical step of ascribing the proper applications to the microbe’s various strains. One such strain is a uranium-breathing bacteria that could be introduced to a contaminated groundwater source, where it could change the uranium to a non-soluble form that is trapped by the soil and thus is no longer transportable.
6. Membranes for gases Membrane filtration is a well-known technology for separating liquids, but can membranes break up air as well? Researchers have long known that certain metal organic framework membranes can be effective at separating gases. However, there are thousands of potential metal organic membranes and it could poten-
JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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Top 10 Technologies
Special membranes could cost-effectively filter the CO2 from the exhaust gases coming from coal-fired power plants.
tially take decades to find the correct membrane to separate desired gases. Or maybe less using high-powered computational modeling. David Sholl of the Georgia Tech School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering is working on a computer modeling system that would narrow down potential material candidates for various gases, from thousands to as few as 10. Sholl theorizes the models could develop a metal organic framework membrane that could quickly and very cost-effectively separate CO2 from coal stacks, or from methane contaminated with it, or many other mixes.
5. When Water and Electricity Mix
Imagine if every town’s municipal wastewater treatment facility was sitting on an oil well. In some ways, they are. Emefcy, an Israeli company, is attempting to change the energy economics of wastewater treatment, developing a microbial fuel cell system that pulls electricity from the water of municipal wastewater treatment plants. Named the Megawatter process, the company has developed large modules that are simply dropped into place in the proper tank. The electrodes have known strains of bacteria that do the work as they congregate on the electrodes and power the cell. So, rather than continuing to be an energy hog, the wastewater generates enough power to run its systems. The company is now looking at ways to use this technology to replace certain treatment processes, and add more fuel in the process. 14
Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
4. Automated data collection
All remediation sites and landfills are covered with monitoring wells. Permits require that such monitoring wells be measured and sampled at regular intervals. The data is used to produce maps showing the flow direction and speed of the groundwater and potential movement of any contaminants that may exist. This has led to millions of miles trekked by technicians as they “do the rounds.” But in a world where teenagers can tweet their updates from virtually anywhere to virtually anyone, why can’t monitors just send their information to their engineers? Well, they can. Various companies over the last few years have been developing gear that can be installed into a monitoring well that will automatically collect information such as liquid levels, conductivity, temperature, etc. This data can be stored in the collection device and downloaded as the technician visits each wellhead, or can be wirelessly transmitted at regular intervals to a computer system that automatically processes the data and provides accurate, real-time reports.
3. Stack scrubbers from the deep
Deep below the ocean surface, in many places around the world, entire ecosystems have managed to grow up around hydrothermal vents, geothermic fissures near volcanic areas. All of that life is supported by chemosynthetic bacteria that converts the heat and toxic compounds such as
sulfur, methane or H2S into life energy via chemosynthesis. Let’s rephrase this: the bacteria live in an environment completely devoid of sun or plant energy, yet thrive by “eating” typical combustion pollutants. If this sounds like a nice thing to have in a stack, you’re thinking the same thing as researchers at several universities around the globe. Hydrothermal vents are still relatively mysterious, and much research has simply gone toward ways to harness their energy. This year, expect some serious research to get underway on how to use the properties of chemosynthetic organisms as a natural, anaerobic scrubber system.
2. In-situ remediation of PAHs
Coal tar contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) currently are difficult to treat in a timely and cost-efficient manner. The generally poor performance of conventional PAH treatment schemes, such as soil flushing or bioremediation, have led to research applications of innovative in-situ remediation methods. Enchem Engineering Inc., Newton, Mass., is trying out a treatment approach based on simultaneous desorption from soil or sediment, and oxidation via radical formation. A proprietary reactive agent developed by the company combines cyclodextrin-facilitated PAH desorption with the targeted delivery of a combination of powerful oxidants (ozone, buffered sodium persulfate, and hydrogen peroxide) in the treatment zone. It’s still in its testing phase, but the two-pronged
CASE STUDY www.siremlab.com
KB-1® Bioaugmentation and Hydraulic Fracturing to Facilitate Bioremediation at a Low Permeability TCE Site SiREM advertorial KB-1®, a leading bioaugmentation culture applied to over 200 sites in North America and Europe, is used to introduce beneficial dechlorinating microbes called Dehalococcoides (Dhc) to groundwater to remediate chlorinated solvents including trichloroethene (TCE) and its breakdown products.
RESULTS • TCE drinking water MCLs were achieved over much of SS7 within 13 months - in half the expected time-frame • Remedy-In-Place designation by Wyoming DEQ and EPA received in less than 2 years • Project won Association of Consulting and Engineering Companies, Engineering Excellence Award for Colorado “Empowering Nature, Delivering Results” Accelerated degradation of TCE and the production of ethene were observed after KB-1® bioaugmentation. Dechlorinating Dhc microbes were detected up to 70 feet from injection locations, indicating effective Dhc spread in a low permeability unit facilitated by the hydraulic fracturing process. Site closure schedule has been expedited by 10 years based on the rapid biodegradation rates achieved.
PROJECT OVERVIEW Location: FE Warren AFB (Spill Site 7) Cheyenne, Wyoming
Primary Contaminant: TCE up to 15,000 µg/L
Project Scale: 8 acres Project Management:
TCE
Contamination of groundwater
Hydraulic fracturing in progress at FE Warren AFB
3 Months After KB-1®
CHALLENGE at Spill Site 7 (SS7) resulted from TCE releases in the 1960’s. Site lithology is low permeability, including interbedded clays. Gene-Trac® testing indicated that dechlorinating Dhc microbes were not widely distributed, resulting in incomplete TCE dechlorination. Clean up criteria are stringent, drinking water maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) 5 µg/L for TCE.
Dhc
Before (Baseline)
URS Corporation, Denver, Colorado
SOLUTION Laboratory biotreatability testing indicated electron donor and KB-1® bioaugmentation were required to achieve complete dechlorination of TCE to ethene. Field pilot tests demonstrated hydraulic fracturing effectively enhanced electron donor and KB-1® delivery into the low permeability geologic materials. Building on a successful pilot test, full scale hydraulic fracturing and injection of 310 liters of KB-1® was performed at 39 locations accessing 165 fractures.
At baseline TCE plume exceeded 1,000 µg/L (top left-red) over large areas of SS7, 3 months after full-scale KB-1® implementation (13 months after biostimulation) large areas of SS7 were below TCE MCLs (bottom left-white) and Gene-Trac® testing indicated the presence of Dhc across much of the site (lower right–green). Note Dhc detected at baseline was the result of KB-1® pilot test in that area.
For more information contact SiREM at 1 - 866 -251-1747 or visit our web site www.siremlab.com. FE Warren AFB: John Wright: Flight Chief, Environmental Restoration. Sharon Hrabovsky: Site Project Manager. URS: Belinda Butler-Veytia:
[email protected].
JANUARY2011
www.pollutionengineering.com
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Top 10 Technologies approach is promising for treatment of PAHs at manufactured gas plant sites, and perhaps for DNAPL treatment as well.
1. Pocket pollution control
Smart phones could develop into a major data gathering and number crunching tool for the environmental professional.
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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
My brother recently came over to show off his new F-150. As we got in the cab, his smart phone automatically connected to car’s audio system via Bluetooth. Using the command “read e-mail” the phone began piping the latest soybean report through the stereo. Portable devices are changing the structure of how we access and process data, as the personal computer model is replaced by a centralized or cloud structure accessible from multiple devices. This has had a mirror effect on the back end of computing. Mitch Beard, CEO of environmental data management firm EarthSoft Inc., Concord, Mass., described this change: “Many consultants, industrials and governments have moved from paper, to spreadsheets, to desktop databases and
now to Web, enterprise databases. More and more groups want to manage environmental data across their organizations, not just on individual sites. An explosion of more samples/tests/results collected every year drives the need for better data management. Consultants, labs, industrials, government and software companies are changing how they use this data. The marriage of relational databases and GIS puts the data on maps, which any member of the public can understand. Public dissemination of environmental data from state and other governments is growing rapidly. For the first time, a lab chain has entered the generic data management market. (In fact, several did). Hosted “cloud-computing” solutions have lowered price points and expanded use of data. (EarthSoft has gone from seven to 27 servers in the last two years). Web dashboards provide easy access to a variety of graphs, graphics and reports on an anywhere/anytime basis.” PE
THE RIGHT STUFF RTO solutions for environmental compliance in the cement industry don’t have to be complicated, but they do need the right ingredients.
By JAMES GRIFFIN, Business Development at Dürr Systems Inc.
R
ecently, the EPA published the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry, and New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for Portland Cement Plants in the Federal Register. First proposed on June 16, 2008, the new compliance regulations apply to facilities that commence construction, modification or reconstruction after May 6, 2009. The final amendments to NESHAP were completed Sept. 9, 2010. Affected facilities will have three years from submission to national register to comply. The NESHAP will regulate the total hydrocarbons (THC) in exhaust during normal kiln operations as 24 PPMvd as propane corrected to 7 percent O2. Initial estimation has these new compliance guidelines affecting over 140 Portland cement plants in the United States.
Cement manufacturing plants are dependent on quarry mining operations that supply clay and limestone to the plant processes. Materials are dried, pre-heated, calcined and sintered into a cement clinker. To comply with the passing of the recent cement NESHAP, pollution control equipment may now be necessary for the cement process as plants emit not only CO2, but also acid gasses, mercury, particulate, THC and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). All of these substances can originate from the plants’ unique source of limestone containing kerogen hydrocarbons, a variable mixture of organic chemical compounds and fuels found in sedimentary rock.
Choosing the right emission controls Visible emissions from plant exhaust, predominantly from sulfurous compounds and particulate, often justified the installation of improved fabric filters and bag-
A single rotary valve RTO at a cement plant is shown above. Photograph courtesy of Dürr Systems Inc.
houses. The baghouses replaced electrostatic precipitators that had been utilized in previous decades with limited success. A dry injection scrubber was often deployed to further reduce emissions and volatile materials in the exhaust gas. To further remove VOCs and sulfurous emissions, cement plants often installed add-on controls that included acid gas scrubbers and, in some instances, regenerative thermal oxidizers (RTOs). The intent of the RTOs was to further remove CO and THC. RTOs have been in existence for more than 30 years. However, only the latest generation rotary valve systems have demonstrated effective and reliable results for reducing emissions from a cement plant. RTOs with single rotary valves have proven that they can offer a 98-percent reduction of THC emissions that has been favorably received by state regulators and the community. The advantage of an RTO compared to
JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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THE RIGHT STUFF other means of controlling THC is that an RTO is substantially more forgiving while maintaining the destruction efficiency needed with little regard to the THCs expected in the cement process. Catalytic systems, chemical scrubbers, adsorption systems and the like are tuned to a particular organic or carbon family. The THC will vary with the source ore and to some extent the fuel or coal. RTOs will likely perform equally as the THC concentrations and species varies over the life of the quarry. For a plant to make a commitment to a 98-percent emission reduction, RTOs need to achieve greater than 98-percent destruction under all operating scenarios. Given the operational issues that cement plants continuously face, a high level of technical expertise and experience is important when choosing an environmental equipment supplier.
Choosing the right style RTO Generally, the environmental equipment supplier conducts an initial engineering
Above is shown an exploded view of a typical single rotary valve RTO. Drawing supplied by Dürr Systems Inc.
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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
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THE RIGHT STUFF
Installing multiple rotary valve RTOs can provide the needed capacity for proper maintenance without impacting production. Photograph courtesy of Dürr Systems Inc.
study, which is based off of a joint effort between the supplier and the cement manufacturer. This primary collaboration combines the plant’s operating issues with the manufacturer’s oxidation equipment experience and system materials knowledge and expertise. During the collaborative engineering study, a predominant area of focus is a plant’s RTO uptime. A major issue in maintaining a plant’s uptime is the success or failure of a valve on each RTO that controls the inlet, outlet and purge airflow distribution. Conventional tower-style RTOs use multiple valves to control the air distribution through the oxidizer’s beds. For example, a medium-sized, conventional RTO employs eight to 15 valves on a single unit, with as many as eight to 12 units required for an average-sized, modern cement plant to properly abate its emissions. Valve sustainability in the harsh conditions of a cement application is of paramount importance to the plant’s uptime, and THC and CO destruction efficiency. To minimize potential valve failure issues, the single rotary valve RTO was developed in 1997. This single rotary valve JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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THE RIGHT STUFF replaces all of the individual valves normally associated with RTOs. In addition, the single-valve RTO design only requires one drive system compared to the hundreds of actuators needed to operate the multiple valves related to a tower-style RTO. The rotary valve has proven reliable
in the cement industry with more than 14 RTOs operating for as long as 10 years , as well as in hundreds of other applications. Secondary areas of RTO focus often relate to purge system design and sizing, materials of construction, maintenance costs, low THC destruction efficiencies,
Solinst Multilevel Technology
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CMT Multilevel Monitoring System
Engineered seals
Lower cost than multiple wells
Modular ports and packers
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Ideal for deep applications
Fast and easy to drill and install
Dedicated sampling pumps and pressure transducers
Ideal for shallow wells
Bedrock or overburden applications
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Permanent or long-term monitoring
Install using any drilling method – including direct push
Monitor up to 24 isolated zones
7-Channel or narrow 3-Channel
In-field design flexibility
Choosing the right RTO composition
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and unscheduled downtime. The single rotary valve system specifically addresses all the issues associated with the conventional RTO designs to ensure uptime, promote reliability and reduce maintenance. To further ensure plant uptime, a modular approach should be considered. A modular system will utilize smaller RTOs grouped together, acting in concert with each other as opposed to a single large-scale RTO handling the full exhaust volume. The advantage of the modular approach over a large-scale system is the practicality of installing spare capacity at a reasonable cost. This additional capacity provides system redundancy and uptime assurances, but more importantly allows the plant to service an RTO without interrupting the process flow. For example, if the total exhaust flow requiring abatement is 300,000 CFM, then six smaller modular RTOs, each handling 60,000 CFM, could be installed. With five RTOs online at any one time, the sixth or spare RTO would be available for maintenance or washout without compromising or limiting the plant’s production capacity.
The secondary, but certainly not separable, issue when engineering the right RTO for cement plant emissions control is the selection of the RTO materials of construction. In certain cement plants, the RTOs will follow an acid-gas scrubber, and will require exotic alloys to survive the corrosive environment of acids, base materials or abrasive materials. In other facilities, the RTOs will be installed prior to the scrubber and see a completely different set of conditions. Cement plant RTOs must be constructed of materials following the analysis of pre-stressed metal coupons removed from RTOs in similar applications, and detailed metallurgical consultation. The 316L stainless steel material is sometimes a very suitable and economical choice providing excellent resistance to the corrosive, hightemperature conditions under which the RTO and valve would operate. However, 316L is not always the proper material for a cement plant RTO.
Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
PLE02094Soli.indd 1
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THE RIGHT STUFF Final conclusions and analysis
method is to approach the RTO selection carefully. There is no substitute for experience in this tenuous application. PE For more information on this subject contact the author, Mr. James Griffin, Business Development at Dürr Systems, Inc. (734) 459-6800 or james.
[email protected].
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Once an RTO solution is selected, some final important issues need to be considered: Compact design – Most cement plants were not planned to accommodate an RTO installation. Site real estate is often a premium. A smaller, compact, modular designed RTO will allow more flexibility when installing an RTO solution. Heat recovery ceramic media – The RTO scope of supply must include optimization of the ceramic heat recovery media. There are several types of heat recovery media currently available, but only a few have proven durable in a cement plant RTO. The media is prone to both chemical attack and abrasion from the cement (gypsum) dust as well as the periodic washouts. In some instances, one type of media in combination with another type or design is the best. In all cases, the media should be selected for maximum performance and fouling resistance. However, testing has proven structured ceramic media (block) is superior to randomly packed ceramic media (saddles) for applications in the cement industry. Structured block media is easier to clean, with performance restored to near original condition over several washouts. Randomly packed ceramic media, while less costly, does not clean satisfactorily over time. Further benefits of structured block media are tolerance to particulate and chemical stability. Valve washing system – A properly designed integral valve washing system will prove its value in this application. The harsh cement dust and acidic moisture composition of the process gases, especially after scrubbing, may require the RTO ceramic media to receive a water deluge wash-down that consists of an operator using a fire hose at predetermined intervals. This insures continuous trouble-free operation. The need to keep the ceramic media within the RTO free of large particulate is essential for the system to maintain the plants environmental compliance. While the topic of new environmental compliance legislation within the cement industry remains somewhat of a delicate
issue, the clock on cement plants making the necessary system additions and upgrades has begun. Currently, there is not one be-all and end-all solution. However, the use of RTOs, specifically single rotary valve RTOs, has a track record in abating and controlling CO and THC. The best
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EPA PROTOCOL GAS
VERIFICATION PROGRAM: 2011 The EPA published results of a Protocol Gas Verification Program in 2008. Now that the dust has settled, let’s take a look at part two three years later. By BOB DAVIS, Director of Utilities, Airgas Inc. ollowing the evolution of the EPA Protocol Gas Verification Program (PGVP) over the past few years has been interesting to say the least. What was once a single, simplified program designed to improve the quality of protocol gases has now seemingly blossomed into an umbrella program with several sub-programs that facilities must maintain in order to remain in compliance. Initially, the PGVP that launched in 2008 made news when the EPA noted that the quality of protocol gases – specifically, how accurate an EPA protocol gas is to its tag or analytical value – was actually declining rather than improving. A decline in quality has the potential to skew the accuracy of continuous emissions monitoring (CEM), thus making the emissions measurements of pollution less accurate. The EPA originally had hoped to replicate its audit model in 2008. However, a lawsuit stopped the program dead in its tracks. In order to better track the success (or lack thereof) of the 2003 and 2006 blind audits, the EPA’s Office of Inspector General stepped in to conduct its own evaluation. The results were very similar to the 2006 blind audits. Realizing that a calibration gas problem could result in inaccurate reporting of air pollution, the Inspector General decided to take additional steps to correct the issue by recommending new requirements. First, the Inspector General recommended that the EPA create a revamped blind audit program that would keep pace with EPA protocol gas vendors, and
F
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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
Protocol gases are used to calibrate critical analytical equipment and sensors. Photo courtesy of the EPA
that it needed to upgrade the rules and requirements for creating and using EPA protocol gases. As a result, the agency’s overarching 2011 PGVP now consists of two new programs and one activity: 1. A Clean Air Markets Division EPA Source-Level PGVP under CFR 40 part 75. 2. An Air Quality Assessment Division EPA Ambient Air Monitoring PGVP under 40 CFR part 58. 3. An activity to update the EPA Traceability Protocol for Assay and Certification of Gaseous Calibration Standards.
Program 1 The Clean Air Markets Division EPA Source-Level PGVP (under CFR 40 Part 75): The EPA has designated multiple steps in this program, which will also require CFR 40 Part 75 facilities that utilize EPA protocol gases to only use those vendors or suppliers that actively participate in this program. The program will unfold like this: • Effective in the first quarter of 2011, each EPA protocol gas vendor-manufacturing site that wishes in the program will have to notify the agency of their intent to participate by registering with the agency.
EPA PROTOCOL GAS
VERIFICATION PROGRAM: 2011
• Updates to the XML Schema to accombe returned to the location from which modate new fields for the first quarter of they were originally shipped. 2011 that have already been scheduled • An annual report will be posted on so that the EPA can electronically audit the EPA’s website in March of the foleach facility. This will ensure that facililowing year. ties are using appropriate gas vendors. Updating the Green Book • The EPA will decide on the concentraAn update to the EPA Traceability Protocol tions of the gases and how many it will for Assay and Certification of Gaseous choose from each participating EPA Calibration Standard, also known as the protocol manufacturing location. “Green Book,” involves updating the pro• An EPA contractor will blindly purcedures for making EPA protocol gases chase the gases from the participating and the requirements for their use, and the vendors and send them to the National expansion of EPA protocol and calibration Institute of Standards and Testing gases for CEMs. There has not been an (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Md. update to this resource since 1997. Some • NIST will conduct its evaluations and of the items that could be updated include: send each vendor the results of their • Traceable zero gases: Currently, zero respective cylinders. gases only have to be vendor certi• The tested cylinders will be returned to fied; however, the ability to make zero the vendor for their use or for renamgases more reliable is very important. ing if there is a need to change the anaIf a gas used as a zero is inaccurate lytical accuracy on the tag value. by even 1 ppm, the analyzer readings • NIST will also send vendors invoices Protocol gases are used in the laboratory could significantly be impacted. for the cost of analysis, which vendors for critical analysis. Photo courtesy of the • Expiration dates of certain pollutmust pay in order to remain active in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ants: Many pollutants have very short the program. the cylinders back. The EPA will invite expiration dates. If the ppm level is • NIST will report results from all of the a vendor to participate in the program low, there needs to be a consistent participants to the Clean Air Markets when a survey identifies a vendor is being ppm value for which all calibration Division. The results also will be posted used. The monitoring organization gases have expiration dates of less to a central website for public viewing. cannot provide the cylinder themselves, than six months. nor can a vendor who is not currently Program 2 • Increase certification for stable EPA supplying standards to monitoring The Office of Air Quality Planning and protocol gases: Certain gases such as organizations but wishes to participate. Standards (OAQPS) Division’s EPA PGVP: oxygen, propane and CO2 with concentrations of more than 100 ppm are This version has the same objective as the • The EPA protocol gas cylinders are sent to one of two EPA laboratories for analconsidered very stable. It may not be EPA’s Clean Air Markets Division, but ysis. The cylinders are then analyzed by unreasonable for to increase the certifiunlike its counterpart, it is already in the EPA’s lab against their tag certificate cation of such gases for up to five years. progress. However, the key differentiators with this effort are that vendors are not asked to formerly commit to the program, There has not been an update to the Green nor do they pay any fees for analysis. Book since 1997, though the technology used to • The Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) surveys monitormake more accurate and consistent standards ing organizations to determine which has advanced significantly since then. protocol gas vendors they are using and whether or not the vendors would of analysis/pollution concentration. The • Examining PSI: Should recertification like to participate in the program. The of EPA protocols continue to be at 500 resulting report provides the results of monitoring organizations will purchase psi as they are now, or could the stabilthe verification as a percent difference cylinders directly from those vendors ity be changed to 150 psi? of the measured/certified value. The (as they normally would) and will send • Adding gases to the roster: There are EPA will sample a maximum of 80 EPA them to the EPA. many calibration gases that are curprotocols per year. • States are responsible for the cost of rently not EPA protocol gases. They • Then, the EPA will email the results to shipping the cylinders to the EPA, but have the potential for new CEM the vendor and the state. Cylinders will the agency incurs the cost of shipping JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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EPA PROTOCOL GAS
VERIFICATION PROGRAM: 2011
requirements as a prospective check for pollutants including mercury, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, low NO2 and formaldehyde.
New stack tester requirements
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Under the new regulations, there will now be minimum competency requirements for air emissions testing under CFR 40 part 75. These requirements and changes include: • Simplified requirements for recordkeeping will enable the EPA to verify that qualified individuals (QIs) and Air Emissions Testing Bodies (AETBs) meet the requirements that would be submitted in any hardcopy test report, prior to or concurrent with the quarterly electronic data report. • All Relative Accuracy Test Audits (RATAs) and other stack tests under Part 75 CEMs must be conducted by an AETB that has ensured the owner or operator that they are operating in compliance with ASTM D7036. The credentials of each QI will be available for inspection at the test site. • The AETB will be required to conduct annual internal audits to identify any deficiencies, as well as determine and document the effectiveness of corrective actions. • The EPA is proposing to disallow multiple Method 7e runs to be performed before conducting the post-run bias or system calibration error check.
Moving forward in the right direction Although at first glance the tests may seem stringent, the EPA’s goal of verifying emissions from stationary sources as accurately as possible now becomes attainable. The bottom line is that the more certain we are in regard to the tons of pollution being emitted, the easier it will be for states to issue Title V permits that are appropriate for each facility. PE Bob Davis is the director of utilities at Airgas Inc. and is based in Allentown, Pa. He can be reached at (610) 675-6854 or via email at Bob.
[email protected]. Visit www.Airgas.com.
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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
BLACK
CARBON In critical areas of the globe, other pollutants are more potent than CO2, and governments are taking steps to increase control.
By PALLAVI SAXENA, University of Delhi, and ABHISHEK CHANDRA, Kurukshetra University lack carbon is comprised of anthropogenic mixtures of sulphate, fly ash particles, organics, dust, nitrate and natural aerosols, which also give rise to the production of regional brownish hazes or atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs). In terms of estimating radiative effects, black carbon is defined as the mass of elemental carbon that absorbs the same amount of light as the emitted particles, hence the sobriquet “black,” (although all forms of carbon that absorbs light may not be black and its molecular form may differ from that of elemental carbon). Black carbon is mainly produced through the incomplete combustion of solid biomass, coal or diesel fuel. The most famous example is South Asian ABC, which covered most of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Northern Indian Ocean and the South Asian region. The cloud was 75-percent fuelled by burning biomass and fossil fuel. Such clouds have strong impacts on the water cycle and monsoonal circulation. In addition, they are known to reduce crop production in Asian countries such as India and China, and result in rapid increases in the melting rate of the Hindu-KushHimalayan-Tibetan glaciers. Black carbon has also been regarded as a larger contributor to global climate change, and is the second or third largest contributor to global excess radiative forcing.
B
Sources of black carbon emissions There are mainly four major sources of black carbon: 1. Diesel engines that are used for transportation or industrial purposes. 2. Cooking fuel combustion of coal or wood. 3. Burning of biomass, both natural as well as man-made. 4. Industrial processes that burn coal or petroleum products in small boilers. Interestingly, an important property of black carbon is that the darker the soot the higher the amount of black carbon content, and ultimately the higher the warming effect, thus increasing the nega-
tive global climatic impact. Moreover, the amount of carbon content also depends upon the type of combustion that is involved during the process. Open combustion, e.g. forest fires/agricultural burning, normally produces more brownish soot whose carbon content falls into the category of organic carbon. Contained combustion, such as internal combustion engines, cooking and heating stoves, produces carbon content that has higher percentages of black carbon. There are various control strategies for black carbon, the most important among them being emission inventories and composition analysis by using some form of carbon marker. Black carbon emission factors can be determined by emission inventories, but those levels are very difficult to determine as there is ambiguity in the fraction of total particulate matter (PM) emissions. Further complicating measures, the sensitivity level of this fraction will change in relation to factors such as fuel type and efficacy of emission control technology. In more developed regions of the world, the availability of such inventories is taken as a matter of course, with control strategies necessarily reflecting that information. This information, however, is often lacking in developing countries, where individuals and entities might get a bit more creative with fuel and control choices. Estimating concentration based on black carbon source strengths is generally based on the analyses of the atmospheric content of aerosols. These estimates sometimes utilize receptorbased techniques, similar to radio-carbon dating, which (the techniques) are helpful in constructing organic marker compounds. The second method of radiocarbon-based analysis of carbon isotopes is considered to be the more accurate source strength estimation methodology, as it minimizes the large impacts on estimates that are formed by various atmospheric processes as formation of various secondary organic aerosols. Concentrations of organic carbon, as well as black carbon, increased globally in both extant (1996 and 2000) reports[1,2]. One of the largest sources of black carbon emissions is from household combustion of coal and wood, charcoal, crop residues, JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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CARBON
Black carbon can extend the warming of a site by several months, making the material an important contributor to the melting of glaciers and ultimately resulted in rising sea levels and loss of glacier-fed freshwater supplies.
or dung. This open biomass burning is responsible for black and organic carbon emissions, and contributes about 20 percent of total black carbon emissions. Asia accounted for slightly over half of the global energy-related emissions of both black carbon and organic carbon; South Asia was responsible for 44 percent of global industrial black carbon emissions.
Impacts of black carbon emissions Black carbon, which is the main component of soot, is the atmosphere’s most dangerous anthropogenic absorber. It is about 1 million times stronger per unit mass than carbon in CO2, and also of incident solar radiation in the atmosphere. Black carbon’s properties allow it to store thermal energy, and then re-emit that heat into the atmosphere. The warmed soot molecules can remain ambient for longer time, travelling longer distances. Black carbon directly heats surfaces on which it is deposited, and in case of snow or ice, increases melting. This has resulted in changing the surface reflectivity of ice and snow. Due to the reduced reflection of radiative energy, black carbon can extend the warming of a site by several months, making the material an important contributor to the melting of glaciers and ultimately resulted in rising sea levels and loss of glacier-fed freshwater supplies. It has been estimated[3] that one kilogram of black carbon heats the atmosphere 500 to 680 times as much as one kilogram of CO2 over a 100-year timeframe, and 1,500 to 200 times over a 20-year timeframe. Interestingly, it should be noted that the 100-year global warming potential (GWP) of fossil fuel soot is less than that of black carbon in soot. This is due to the fact that the soot also contains organic carbon and sulphate, which produce net cooling effects. Due to the significant properties of black carbon, such as the combination of high absorption and a regional distribution with regard to solar irradiance, black carbon is considered to be the second or third strongest contributor to anthropogenic global warming after the two main polluters 26
Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
CARBON CO2 and CH4. This means it has contributed about 0.3°C of the 2°C increase in global mean temperatures since 1760[4,5], or about one quarter of observed warming between 1880 and 2000. Black carbon has a significant role in indoor and outdoor air pollution. Parts of Asia are characterized by high concentrations of aerosols due to ABCs, with significant contributions – up to 60 to 80 percent – from anthropogenic aerosols. The same regions have exposed as much as 80 percent of their populations to PM2.5 levels exceeding the World Health Organization’s permissible limit (10 µg/ m3) by a factor of two to five! Black carbon can cause severe cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders that lead to acute symptoms, chronic diseases or even fatalities. Emissions of black carbon produced from household solid fuel combustion have led to acute lower respiratory infections, especially in the case of children, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, especially in women. Any serious effort to control climate change would do well to include black carbon. Such controls would require a few new developments using mostly extant technologies, and provide the added benefit of accompanying improvements for human health. PE
Hearing on Black Carbon and Global
5. Bice, K., A. Eil, B. Habib, P. Heijmans, R. Kopp,
Warming House Committee on Oversight
J. Nogues, F. Norcross, M. Sweitzer-Hamilton
and Government Reform United States House
and A. Whitworth. 2009. Black Carbon: A
of Representatives The Honorable Henry A.
Review
Waxman, Chair. October 18, 2007.
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and
4. Jacobson, M.Z. 2004a. Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for
and
Policy
Recommendations.
International Affairs, Princeton University (Report). 71 pp.
soot’s feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity. Journal of Geophysical
Additional references are available upon writ-
Research 109:D21201.
ten request.
Plot Your Course for Real
SUCCESS Working with Clear Seas Research allows you to competitively position your business within the industry market and ultimately guides your company to make successful and informed decisions, establish a plan for the future and reach it’s overall objectives.
At Clear Seas Research, we develop customized market research solutions.
Pallavi Saxena, Ph.D. student is from the Department of Environmental Biology, University of Delhi in India, and Abhishek Chandra is from the Institute of Environmental Studies, Kurukshetra Universityin India. Send any ques-
CLEAR SEAS RESEARCH. Making the Complex Clear.
tions and comments to Dr. Saxena at
[email protected]. References: 1. Bond, T.C. 2007a. Testimony for the Hearing on Black Carbon and Climate Change House
Committee
on
Oversight
and
Government Reform United States House of Representatives. The Honorable Henry A. Waxman, Chair. October 18, 2007. 2. Junker, C. and C. Liousse. 2008. A global emission inventory of carbonaceous aeroFind out how we can customize a research solution to help your bottom line.
sol from historic records of fossil fuel and biofuel consumption for the period 1860-
BETH SUROWIEC | 248.786.1619
[email protected] www.clearseasresearch.com
1997. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8:1195-1207. 3. Jacobson, M.Z. 2007. Testimony for the PLE02104CLEAR.indd 1 2010 Ad Conceptv6.indd 2 PLE02104CLEAR.indd PLE02104CLEAR.indd1 1 2010 2010Ad AdConceptv6.indd Conceptv6.indd2 2
JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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TECHNOLOGYPROFILE Abutec LLC
Advertorial
Environmentally Friendly Vapor Combustors, Flares and Incinerators very low calorific gas (as low as 180 btu/ft3), offering savings in makeup fuel, and will fully and completely combust some of the toughest hydrocarbons. This is the only technology capable of offering a full 10:1 turndown, without the need for gas boosters or other auxiliary equipment. Furthermore, the HTF and MTF are temperature-controlled units that are fully testable by local and state regulators, ensuring all your NOX, CO, and emission needs are met and utilized. Visit us online at www.abutec.com where you can find independent 3rd party emission tests performed on actual units.
(770) 846-0155
[email protected] www.abutec.com
T
oday’s industry requires innovative, cost competitive solutions to meet the ever growing and changing needs in the market. ABUTEC has developed a full line of “Environmentally Friendly” Vapor Combustors, Flares and Incinerators to meet these demands. The HTF (High Temperature Flare) and MTF (Medium Temperature Ground Flare) offer a flexible and scalable solution to clients in a variety of industry segments. The technology has been proven in several industry segments including Landfill and Wastewater treatment plants, Mine and Coal bed Methane, Biogas facilities, Ethanol Load Out and Truck Load Out, Petrochemical plants and Refineries, Dehy Facilities, and several facets of the Oil & Gas Industry. ABUTEC’s flare line offers distinct advantages over traditional technology. First, our units meet the strictest environmental regulations (greater than 99.9% DRE), including BACT (Best Available Control Technology). Secondly, each system is designed for your specific application, reducing capital costs. The technology is able to burn
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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
Advertorial
Air Liquide Group TECHNOLOGYPROFILE
Picking an EPA Protocol Gas
O
fered by a dozen or so suppliers, EPA Protocol Gases seem to grow on trees these days. But are they all the same? Not according to an EPA blind audit. It disclosed that among 87 cylinders of tri-blends from 14 suppliers, of the 261 components contained, 28 (11%) did not meet Acid Rain Program accuracy criterion*. The failed samples were off by as much as 6%. All were low-priced mixtures, lending validity to the adage, you get what you pay for. Bargain hunters beware! Here are more practical criterions. Accuracy: EPA mandates that actual contents of a cylinder must be within 2% of what the cylinder’s Certificate indicates (tag value). Calibrating your CEM with an inaccurate mixture can result in either overstating or understating your emissions. If you overstate them, you can lose out on emission trade credits. If you understate them, suffice to say EPA takes a dim view of understating emissions. Blending: Precision blending of mixtures was introduced over 20 years ago when Scott Specialty Gases invented AcuBlend™. However “Acu-type” blending, from any vendor, is not much of a factor with EPA protocol mixtures. It’s the subsequent accurate analysis that proves challenging. Analysis: It’s the most critical characteristic of any protocol blend, so be sure you understand how your cylinder was analyzed. Analysis methods and data should be clearly indicated on the cylinder’s certificate. Some suppliers use chromatographs instead of FTIR, which is preferable. Those who do use FTIR typically use stock models even though customized FTIR instruments provide more accurate analysis. Certificate: A Certificate of Analysis should detail how your mixture was prepared. SCOTT™ brand mixtures are unique in that they ship with a Certificate of Accuracy, because the document exceeds EPA minimum requirements and details all preparation data necessary to validate the mixture’s guaranteed accuracy. Don’t lose the certificate for each cylinder on site. You must show them in the event of an audit. Using a supplier who makes cylinder certs available online can avoid misplaced documents. Traceability: Your certificate should indicate that your mixture was prepared using standards directly traceable to either a Standard Reference Material (SRM) or a NIST-Traceable Reference Material (NTRM). There are no substitutes. Production Speed: This directly impacts deliverability. Team SCOTT Solutions Center at Air Liquide frequently receives calls from companies unable to get a mixture from their regular supplier. So consider choosing a supplier who can routinely blend and ship a nonreactive in 10 days, and a reactive in 17 (EPA requires 7 calendar days between the first and second analysis for reactive mixtures).
Protocol Speak: Choose a supplier who speaks the language. When you have a question, or a problem, or need something out of the ordinary, only knowledgeable people can help you. They can also update you regarding new products such as Greenhouse Gas EPA Protocols needed to comply with mandated GHG reporting. Be sure you have a toll-free number so you can call to speak to an expert who understands your application and your needs. Economic climate and ever-increasing environmental awareness make it more important than ever to seek new solutions in environmental protection. Choosing an accurate and reliable EPA Protocol Gas, from a supplier with a history of innovation and a reputation for producing high-quality products, is a must. For more information about SCOTT brand EPA Protocol Gases, contact Air Liquide at (800) 217-2688; send e-mail to: solutions.center@ airliquide.com; or visit www.ALspecialtygases.com. *Source: Evaluation Report No. 09-P-0235, U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General, September 16, 2009. SCOTT and ACUBLEND are registered trademarks of Air Liquide Group.
800-217-2688
[email protected] www.ALspecialtygases.com
JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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TECHNOLOGYPROFILE Dürr Systems Inc., Environmental and Energy Systems
Advertorial
Dürr Ecopure® VAR: Exhaust Gas and Liquid Oxidizers treatment or the expensive disposal of any organic residual liquids. Among distinguished advantages of the Dürr Ecopure® VAR system are: • Ability to operate above the lower explosive limits of the gases or vapors • Operation at near “0” excess oxygen • Self-sustaining operation on rich streams • Operation using waste or refuse fuels, liquid or gaseous
R
ecently, government regulations have increased pressure on the chemical processing industry to effectively control their emission sources. The Dürr Ecopure® VAR exhaust gas and liquid oxidizer system provides a technically advanced solution to this difficult problem. The Ecopure® VAR exhaust gas and liquid oxidizer technology centers on a unique thermal reactor capable of accepting nearly any combination of liquid or vapor waste. The key element of the system is a proprietary integral burner/combustion chamber designed to operate over a wide range of temperatures and as high as 2,300°F with residence times as long as 2.0 seconds, thereby insuring complete oxidization of nearly all known VOCs and HAPs. The combination burner and retention chamber are only the beginning of a complete system as secondary heat recovery along with NOX and acid gas removal is commonplace. A typical system will incorporate the combustion chamber, followed by a waste heat recovery boiler, followed by NOX reduction and finally an acid gas scrubber. Most of the waste heat from the combustion chamber can be recovered with the steam boiler. This recovery leads to a reduction of energy costs. The multi-stage flue gas scrubber guarantees reliable compliance with emission regulations. There is no need for separate
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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
Recently, Dürr has seen a great level of interest in the VAR system from chemical, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper and other industries with highly concentrated or previously difficult to control sources. Oxidation of halogenated, nitrogenated or sulfonated compounds has been especially difficult to control in the past and now, with the application of the VAR, reliable control is both affordable and dependable. The Ecopure® VAR is particularly attractive as a control method for pharmaceutical and petrochemical batch vents and rich process vents and chlorinated streams. Dürr has an installed base of more than 80 Ecopure® VAR systems around the world in the chemical, pharmaceutical and general manufacturing industries. Most of these systems contain one or more add on devises such as explosive gas blowers, boilers, scrubbers or NOX control.
Dürr Systems Inc., Environmental Energy Systems Greg Thompson +1 (734) 254-2314
[email protected] www.durr.com
www.durr.com/en/worldwide/usa/productsusa/environmental-and-energy-systems/ ecopureR-var.html
This is our new
TECHNOLOGYPROFILE Arizona Instrument LLC
air plant.
The
Home of Jerome
• Two (2) 30,000 cfm stand alone plants for a total of 60,000 cfm • Each unit has a lead lag carbon filter plus prefilters consisting of stainless steel, then pleated paper filters and the final three stage bag filter. • Each unit is powered by a 100 HP 460 volt electric motor with variable speed control. • Each unit comes with 40 inch pipe and a 50 ft stack. • Our rental price is very competitive. • If you have an application for our plant, please don’t hesitate to call us. 973-940-3144 or
[email protected]
Recovery Environmental Services 51 US Route 206 - Suite 102 Augusta, NJ 07822 973-940-3144 office • 973-940-3146 fax
[email protected] www.recoverysrvs.com
Arizona Instrument LLC is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company that manufactures the Jerome line of toxic gas analyzers, including instruments available for hydrogen sulfide and mercury detection. Jerome readings are accepted by the EPA. The newest instrument from AZI is the Jerome J605 Hydrogen Sulfide Analyzer. This instrument has an accuracy of ±1 ppb at the calibration of 5 ppb – fulfilling the needs of the tightest of EPA requirements for hydrogen sulfide testing. The enhanced J605 has an incredible resolution of 20 ppt and detects hydrogen sulfide vapor levels as low as 3 ppb with confidence. The J605 is housed in a light and ergonomically designed case, setting a new precedence for low-level, portable monitors. The industry-proven, gold film sensor has been upgraded and improved, resulting in longer life expectancies. The larger display, onboard data logging, auto zeroing, and batterypowered sensor regeneration will make it easier to use and maintain the instrument in the field. Communication options and data acquisition have become more simplified with USB communication, SCADA compatibility via 4-20 mA output, and menu-driven programming options. Both portable and fixed instrumentation are available, as well as rental units.
Contact Rick Ervin | Director of Sales (800) 528-7411 or (602) 470-1414 | www.azic.com
UMUC TECHNOLOGYPROFILE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
THOUSANDS OF GREEN JOBS EQUAL NEW CAREER OPPORTUNITIES. University of Maryland University College (UMUC) can help turn your passion for the environment into your career. New opportunities in environmental management are being created for professionals who can deal with pollution, hazardous waste, global warming and more. In fact, the U.S. Department of Labor projects faster-thanaverage job growth in both the public and private sectors. UMUC undergraduate and graduate programs combine needed environmental knowledge with vital critical-thinking and problemsolving skills. You’ll also learn the latest in protection and prevention methods— including ways to apply existing and emerging technologies cost-efficiently, regulatory compliance, and health and safety management. “UMUC is already producing the next generation of skilled people,” said Robert Beauchamp, PhD, director of environmental management programs at the UMUC Graduate School of Management and Technology. “Our graduates will be in increasing demand.”
When you earn an undergraduate or graduate degree or certificate from UMUC, you may qualify for jobs in pollution control and remediation, biohazard management, health regulatory policy, global resource conservation, and sustainability, to name just a few. Designed and taught by nationally recognized experts, UMUC’s environmental management courses are conveniently offered online. And UMUC’s Master of Science in environmental management has been designated a Professional Science Master’s degree program through the Council of Graduate Schools, so you graduate with additional credentials employers will notice. “These issues can’t be ignored,” said Debra McLaughlin, PhD, academic director for environmental management at UMUC’s School of Undergraduate Studies. “Our students will be responsible for the health, safety, and possibly the very survival of future generations.”
Environmental Management programs include: UNDERGRADUATE DEGREES - Environmental Management (major and minor) - Natural Science (minor) GRADUATE DEGREES - Environmental Management - Dual degree program with MBA GRADUATE CERTIFICATE - Environmental Management
800-888-UMUC umuc.edu/yourworld Copyright © 2011 University of Maryland University College
JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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TECHNOLOGYPROFILE Pressure Systems
Advertorial
Leachate Monitoring: Keeping Remediation on the Level
F
inding a solution for groundwater monitoring in remediation applications can change from site to site. Well depth, temperature fluctuations and latent chemical or biological agents that corrode or foul sensors have varying effects on data accuracy and long-term reliability. Submersible level transducers – electronic sensors whose output signals correspond to the varying fluid level in a monitoring well – can provide long-term reliability and accuracy required for a multitude of applications. Basic Design and Performance Needs are basic for most remediation applications – monitoring fairly consistent groundwater levels and temperatures. However, variability in the application or in critical data requirements can demand more sophisticated solutions. Monitoring leachate from a landfill is one of the more common groundwater applications. A simple solution, with little to no maintenance is to install a small-bore submersible level transducer downhole. Transducers are available with output signals such as 4-20 mA, or 0-5 VDC that trigger an alarm when a change in level is detected, turning on the pumping system and diverting the leachate to a retention basin. Configuration and Construction Sensors deployed in harsh settings that contain the smallest concentrations of corrosive chemicals need to withstand their environment. Choosing a transducer with either a stainless steel or titanium exterior construction for longevity in chemically tainted environments is recommended. A non-fouling submersible transducer with a broad sensing area is ideal for applications involving viscous fluids. For the highest level measurement accuracy, choose submersible designs with a vented pressure format. Make sure the unit includes a vent filter that prevents moisture from reaching the sensor portion of the transducer to ensure long-term reliability as well. A sheathed polyurethane jacketed cable protects the transducer against liquid intrusion, potential reading distortion and premature cable failure. A Tefzel or ETFE jacketed cable is perfect for long-term protection from caustic media or an anticipated high degree of abrasion.
Range Monitoring well depth and the potential fluctuation of levels are primary considerations when choosing an instrument. In many applications, levels to be monitored are consistent enough to accommodate a single, fixed-range transducer. But in applications with highly variable levels, you may want to use additional transducers to handle several well depths. Choose transducers that are small enough to fit downhole, usually less than 1” diameter will work in most applications. This way you’ll be able to match prevailing conditions more closely. Accuracy There are different ways of defining accuracy in a level transducer. One is by the percentage of the full scale of level measurement. The other is by “total error band” (TEB), an expression of the compound effects of error due to thermal effects, non-linearity, hysteresis and non-repeatability. This designation eliminates the need for a user to calculate multiple performance specifications in order to understand the true total accuracy of the sensor. While most groundwater applications do not involve significant temperature swings, transducer designs using an applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC) technology provide the highest level of built-in temperature compensation, and help to maintain optimum level reading. It’s this technology that allows us to state TEB accuracy. Levels of Performance Beyond physical functionality and basic accuracy, another factor to consider when choosing a level transducer is information or memory requirements. For simple on/off pump actuation or a basic numerical display of groundwater levels that’s possibly connected to a programmable logic controller, an analog output signal is sufficient. If your application requires collecting critical data for future analysis, a durable datalogging transducer with accuracy as good as ±0.05% full-scale TEB, with several megabytes of memory is recommended.
Dale Beardsley, Sales Engineer, Pressure Systems Inc. 800-328-3665 www.pressuresystems.com 32
Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
Advertorial
Robinson Fans Inc. TECHNOLOGYPROFILE
Fan Energy Efficiency Upgrades: The Right Way
O
ver the years, industrial fan manufacturers have utilized a variety of aerodynamic designs, and now they are searching for ways to improve energy efficiency with new designs that use high-efficiency backward curved (BC) bladed fans. On the higher specific speed (relatively high flow/ low pressure) applications. However, it’s necessary to use a radial tipped (RT) design that offers the resistance to erosion and build-up, but with a higher energy consumption compared to BC fans. With the current emphasis on plant energy efficiency, Robinson Fans Inc. recently developed a replacement rotor design for the installed base of FRD fans. The result is the BC0928, which can save a Robinson customer up to 16% in operating energy cost as compared with the Robinson FRD design. In many cases the existing shaft can be re-used, further minimizing the cost to the plant. First, Robinson selected a BC blade form that would achieve the original design performance. The blade curvature and angle relative to tangent were carefully reviewed to minimize particulate build-up. Simultaneously, the dimensional and mechanical limitations of utilizing the existing casing had to be considered. Then, the design had to be aerodynamically and mechanically confirmed using the same criteria as complete new installations. To accurately gauge and project energy efficiency, the performance must be confirmed, and specific criteria must be followed to ensure geometric similarity, such as dimensions and minimum model size. Likewise, flow similarity criteria must be adhered to by the fan supplier. This includes the fan Reynolds number, point of operation and tipspeed mach parameter.
Figure 2
Once the proper model is designed and fabricated, it is equally important to conduct the test in an AMCA-accredited laboratory to assure that the laboratory’s procedures, personnel, instrumentation, and calibrations are correct and current. The testing must be done according to AMCA Standard 210, Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Certified Aerodynamic Performance Rating (Figure 1). Robinson conducted prototype laboratory testing in its AMCA-accredited laboratory for its new BC design. To fine-tune the design, Robinson utilized computational fluid dynamics (CFD), an analytical tool that not only calculates approximate fan performance, but also generates internal velocity and pressure profiles, with visualization plots identifying problem areas (See Figure 2). The lab model fan also must be tested for sound power with the procedure described in AMCA publications. Unfortunately, this step often is overlooked. Once a noise problem occurs in the field it can be difficult and expensive to resolve. Mechanically, the fan must be analyzed for material stresses through finite element analysis (FEA). Other parameters, including shaft critical speed, wheel component resonant frequencies, bearing load/ temperature/life, and coupling selection, also must be reviewed. Robinson completed all of these steps for its new design, and for plant operators and maintenance staff, it means stable, reliable operation at significantly lower energy cost.
(724) 452-6121 www.robinsonfans.com Figure 1
JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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Advertorial
TECHNOLOGYPROFILE Tri-Mer Corporation
Advanced Systems Control Submicron Particulate, NOx, Acid Gases Dry scrubbing with sorbent injection for acid gas removal yields excellent results. SO2 removal is typically better than 80% and often above 95%. HCl is even better. For NOx removal, filter elements with embedded catalyst provide NOx removal above 90%, VOC oxidation, and very high dioxin removal. The UltraTemp filtration system is a proven option for glass production, waste incineration, pyrolysis, biomass and coal combustion, and other applications requiring fine particulate collection along with removal of NOx, SO2 or dioxins.
T
ri-Mer Corp. is a technology company specializing in advanced air pollution control systems, including the UltraTemp hot gas filtration system, which operates at temperatures as high as 1,650ºF for submicron particulate, dioxins and NOx and UltraCat Catalyst Filters that remove NOx at temperatures as low as 350°F. Also offered is the Tri-NOx Multi-Chem Wet Scrubber System, which reduces NO, NO2, and NOx. UltraTemp features a new generation of ceramic filters for hot gas filtration of fine, submicron, ultrafine particles. The UltraTemp filtration system uses proprietary low-density, ductile ceramic filters that are lightweight, strong and self-supporting, and have high thermal shock resistance. With exceptionally high open area, the filters have low flow resistance, while maintaining excellent particle capture. Performance features include: High collection efficiency • Typical results are below 0.001 grain/dscf (2 mg/Nm3) • Accepts heavy particle loadings, even greater than 1.0 grain/dscf High temperature hot gas filtration capability • Typical application between 400°F and 750°F • Maximum operating temperature at 1,650°F High resistance to corrosion • Ceramic composition virtually inert • Suitable for variable hot gas mixtures
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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2011
The UltraCat system provides high NOx removal at the exhaust stack at temperatures as low as 350°. Clear Edge Filtration manufactures the 3-meter ceramic fiber filter elements used in the UltraCat system. Nano-sized pieces of NOx catalyst are embedded throughout the 20 mm thick walls of the filter elements. This process creates an extremely high surface area of catalyst to interact with the gas flow. Urea or aqua ammonia is injected upstream of the filters and reacts at the catalyst surface to break down the NOx. Along with high NOx removal, the UltraCat system captures particulate to exceptionally low levels. Typical outlet levels are less than 5.0 mg/Nm3. For high efficiency control of SO2, the UltraCat system incorporates dry sorbent injection using sodium bicarbonate or lime. Tri-NOx scrubber accommodates any combination of NO and NO2, including nitration-related NOx, combustion-related NOx. Tri-NOx technology eliminates the visible plume generated by high NO2 loading. Systems achieve virtually any target stack output, including reducing loads of 100,000 ppm to below 5 ppm. Systems are guaranteed to operate within pre-determined ppm limits for stack output without repeated adjustments. Tri-NOx is applicable to hot and cold gas phase systems, and handles multiple gas stream residuals, including Cl2, HCl, SO2, other acids, other gases, caustics, and particulates. This wet chemical noncatalytic system cannot be blinded and there is no catalyst to poison. Tri-Mer is also a leader in the development of systems to control dusts, acid fumes, chrome emissions and oil mists. Tri-Mer provides engineering, manufacturing, installation, controls integration, and commissioning, worldwide.
Kevin Moss (801) 294-5422
[email protected] www.tri-mer.com
Advertorial
Vanton Pump & Equipment Corp. TECHNOLOGYPROFILE
Pump Wastewater/Chemicals Corrosion-Free ith the increasing need to contain and treat wastewater comes a growing requirement to pump unknown pollutants from collection pits and transfer corrosive chemicals to wastewater treatment areas. Caustic and acidic wastewater treatment chemicals commonly attack pumps constructed of stainless steel or high alloys – all of which have annual corrosion rates – and can cause plastic lined pumps to delaminate, and fiberglass pumps to wick the fluid. In many cases, wastewater containing abrasives, cause metal, lined-metal and fiberglass pumps to wear, compromising efficiency and longevity. Corrosion-related pump problems can be eliminated, says Vanton Pump, by isolating the fluids being pumped, from any metal or fiberglass component. The company injection molds all wet end components of PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PP (polypropylene) and PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) which are abrasion resistant, and 100% inert relative to the fluid(s) being handled. The parts are molded thick-sectioned, stand-alone, replaceable components, and have smooth, tight-tolerance surfaces. In addition, they are virtually unaffected by wear, and are not subject to delamination. All wetted components of Vanton's SUMP-GARD® Vertical Centrifugal Pumps are of solid thermoplastics to resist the broad range of chemicals that can enter a sump pit during its life, significantly reducing the possibility of pump failure. CHEM-GARD® horizontal centrifugal pumps feature thermoplastic wet ends encased by structural metal armor, enabling them to handle the same nozzle loadings as metal pumps. Also offered are FLEX-I-LINER® Rotary Peristaltic Pumps for dosing/feeding of liquids and viscous fluids to 6000 SSU. All are offered individually or preconfigured with non-metallic tanks
W
(908) 688-4216
[email protected] www.vanton.com
from 60 to 5,000 gal (227 to 1827 liter) complete with automatic level controls and remote control panels.
Visit us at 2011 EPRI CEM Users Conference June 8-10, 2011 Call Bob Davis at (610) 675-6854
JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
35
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The RemTEC Summit delivers a truly unique platform focused on advancingg tthe he environmental science and remediation industry. It is the place where you ouu ccan an hhear essential sources of information on technology, application and policy aff affecting fecttingg contaminated site restoration field from the world’s leading experts within thi hinn th the he academic, regulatory, industry and environmental-consulting communities. munities By daring to be different and distinctively focusing on the quality uality — not qu quantity uant — of topics, session chairs, speakers and papers, we have created eated the most aadvanced d nced forum where knowledge sharing and innovative thought leadership ship come tog together heer and pave the way to progress. Unlike most environmental conferences, ces, att attending dingg RemTEC is a highly worthwhile investment of time and money, as it is focused ed onn cost-effective site management and closure – not just theory and research. You will leave this event well informed and FLIP TO enthusiastic about applying the latest concepts and SEE THE FULL information to your own projects. AGENDA AND SPEAKERS
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Summit Agenda Tuesday May 17th
Wednesday May 18th
Thursday May 19th
Conference Keynote Address: Jerry Schnorr, ES&T Biological Reduction and Oxidation of Contaminants Session Chairs: Jim Spain, Georgia Tech Dave Major, GeoSyntec Keynote Speaker: John Wilson, USEPA Platform Speakers: Erica Becvar, AFCEE James Wang, GeoSyntec Phil Dennis, SiREM Matthew Schnobrich, ARCADIS U.S., Inc. John Horst, ARCADIS U.S., Inc. Frederick R. Symmes, P.E., Weston Solutions, Inc. Molecular Microbiological Tools Session Chairs: Frank Loeffler, University of Tennessee Bob Pirkle, Microseep Platform Speakers: Gary M. Birk, EOS Remediation, LLC Don Blackert, KU Resources Inc. Dr. Natuschka M. Lee, Technical University of Munich (TUM) Measurement and Control of Subsurface Contaminant Flux and its Use in Decision Making Session Chair: Paul Johnson, Arizona State University Platform Speakers: Chuck Newell, GSI Mark Kram, Groundswell Technologies Joseph Quinnan, ARCADIS U.S., Inc. Paul Johnson, Arizona State University Nano-Technologies and the Environment Session Chair: Martha Otto, USEPA Keynote Speaker: Shaily Mahendra, UCLA Combined Remedy Approaches Session Chairs: Hans Stroo, HGL Jim Cummings, USEPA Keynote Speaker: Dean Williamson, CH2M HILL Constructors, Inc.
Conference Keynote Address: Terry Yonkers Panel Discussion: BP Oil Spill – What is Happening Now? Panelists: Mike Kavanaugh, GeoSyntec Advances in Site Investigation and Environmental Monitoring Session Chairs: Murray Einarson, UC Davis; AMEC Geomatrix Todd Rees, Golder Associates Platform Speakers: Jennifer Nyman, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. Joseph A. Quinnan, ARCADIS U.S., Inc. Priscilla Viana, University of Illinois at Chicago Large Plumes — The Scale Challenge Session Chairs Dave Gilbert, PG&E Bob Luhrs, Raytheon Alternative Endpoints Session Chairs: Sam Brock, AFCEE Rula Deeb, Malcolm Pirnie Keynote Speaker: Herb Levine, U.S. EPA Platform Speaker: Edward Conti, AMEC Geomatrix, Inc. Thermal Treatment of Subsurface Contaminants Session Chairs: Ralph Baker, TerraTherm, Inc. Mike Basel, Haley & Aldrich Keynote Speaker: Kurt D. Pennell, Tufts University NAPL Delineation and Remediation Session Chair: Tom Sale, Colorado State University Keynote Speaker: Bernie Kueper, Queens University Sustainability Considerations and Green Remediation Session Chairs: Anna Willett, ITRC Erica Becvar, AFCEE Keynote Speaker: Chuck Newell, GSI
Chemical Oxidation and Reduction of Contaminants Session Chairs & Keynote Speakers: Rick Watts, Washington State University Robert Siegrist, Colorado School of Mines Platform Speakers: Michelle Crimi, Clarkson University Matthew Schnobrich, ARCADIS U.S., Inc. Jeff Silva, Colorado School of Mines Wilson Clayton, Aquifer Solutions, Inc. Krishna R. Reddy,University of Illinois-Chicago Environmental Remediation from an International Regulatory Context Session Chair: Curtis Stanley, Shell Global Solutions Inc Keynote Speaker: Dr D. Venkat Reddy, International Journal of Earth Sciences & Engineering Platform Speakers: Adam Gilmore, Center for Groundwater Research and Innovations Partnerships Hans Baillieul, ARCADIS Belgium nv John Conner, GSI Gordon H. Bures, FRAC RITE ENVIRONMENTAL LTD. In Situ Precipitation and Encapsulation of Metals Session Chairs: Kenneth Stollenwerk, USGS Rick Wilkin, USEPA Keynote Speaker: Jeff Gillow, ARCADIS U.S., Inc. Margaret Gentile, ARCADIS U.S., Inc. Dib Goswami, WA State Dept of Ecology Zhong (John) Xiong, Ph.D., P.E., AMEC Geomatrix, Inc. Thomas He, ARCADIS U.S., Inc. David Liles, ARCADIS U.S., Inc.
Join us, collaborate, learn and be a part of our industry’s evolution!
www.RemTECsummit.com
PEPRODUCTS Product Focus: Air Emission Control Single-Channel Gas Detector/ Alarm
Space Saving Horizontal Dust Collector Most cyclone dust collectors must be installed outdoors or partially protruding through the roof due to low overhead clearances. The SplitStream is a counter-cyclonic system that can be vertically or horizontally configured without negatively impacting collection efficiency. Centrifugal force throws particulate toward the outer walls where it is intercepted by a secondary gas stream and forced toward the hopper. The secondary air stream encourages the movement of particulate toward the hopper, which allows for horizontal installation and increases the efficiency of the dust collector, especially with fine particles.
Aerodyne Chagrin Falls, Ohio (440) 543-7400 ext 130 www.aerodyneUS.com
The Gas Alarm single-channel gas detector was designed for toxic, oxygen and LEL-combustible gas detection. The device can detect hundreds of gases utilizing several sensor technologies, including electrochemical, catalytic, infrared, photoionization, solid-state, and others. The alarm features an integrated strobe and horn for visual/audible alarm in busy industrial environments. The system’s continuous diagnostics prevent false alarms.
Baghouse Dust Collector Retrofit The company has just announced a new retrofit system designed to improve cleaning systems in all existing baghouse dust collectors. This system can be applied to nearly any reverse-pulse jet baghouse. If the blowpipes can be removed, the company’s supersonic nozzles can replace the old cleaning systems.
Scientific Dust Collectors Alsip, Ill. (708) 597-7090 www.scientificdustcollectors.com
Mil-Ram Technology Inc. Fremont, Calf. (510) 656-2001 www.mil-ram.com
Product Focus: Flow & Level Monitorings TLC Meter The TLC Meter accurately measures temperature, conductivity and levels in monitoring wells or open water, and displays the readings on a convenient LCD display. The depth to water and depth of displayed readings are read off the flat tape, which is precisely marked in 0.01 ft or mm. The meter is ideal for profiling conductivity and temperature, and for saltwater intrusion, contamination and salinity investigations.
Solinst Canada Ltd. Georgetown, Ontario (905) 873-2255 www.solinst.com
Magnetic Flow Meter The Signet Metal Magmeter is a rugged insertion flow sensor that permits hot-tap access to the pipe stream, allowing quick installation or maintenance without shutting down. The lightweight, extended configuration of the 2552-3 Magmeter can be mounted into pipe sizes from 2 to 102 inches. The meter can measure a dynamic flow from 0.15 to 33 feet per second with a repeatability of ±0.5 percent.
GF Piping Systems Tustin, Calif. (800) 854-4090 www.gfpiping.com
Froth Control The company has developed a non-intrusive Sultan series of acoustic wave transmitters to penetrate through froth when measuring pulp height. The sensor is mounted above the froth to improve maintenance and serviceability. The lowfrequency level transmitter can be supplied ready for connection to a typical two-wire loop power supply, so the device can attach to the same fitting as that of the float transmitter it is replacing. Remote-mounted transmitters are also an option. An optional sensor can also measure the height of the froth.
Hawk Measurement Middleton, Mass. (978) 304-3000 www.hawkmeasure.com
JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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Classifieds
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Pollution Engineering
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Pollution Engineering provides additional information from each of its advertisers. Visit www.pollutionengineering.com, then click on Buyers Guide and search by supplier. The buyers guide is an additional service provided by the magazine. The publisher does not assume any liability for errors or omissions.
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ADVERTISER
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ABUTEC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 www.abutec.com
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University of Maryland University College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 www.umuc.edu/yourworld
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Vanton Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 www.vantonpump.com
POLLUTION ENGINEERING Volume 41, Issue 11 (ISSN 0032-3640) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media II, L.L.C., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.: $104.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada: $137.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $154.00 (int’l mail) payable in U.S. funds. Copyright 2009, by BNP Media II, L.L.C. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher. The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: POLLUTION ENGINEERING, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to Bleuchip International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to POLLUTION ENGINEERING, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248) 244-6499 or
[email protected].
JANUARY2011 www.pollutionengineering.com
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StateRules
brought to you by
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AR – UPDATED STATE HAZ WASTE RULES
KS – UPDATE GHG AIR RULES
The ADEQ is in the process of updating the state’s hazardous waste rules. Proposed revisions to Regulation 23 include incorporation of recent changes to federal hazardous waste regulations that were published in the Federal Register between July 1, 2009, and Aug. 31, 2010.
KDHE has proposed new air quality rules regarding general provisions and definitions to implement the federal GHG Tailoring Rule and regarding prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) of air quality. The proposed regulation and the proposed amendment are intended to align state air quality regulations with the revised federal regulations for the Title V and PSD programs to implement the federal Title V GHG Tailoring Rule.
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CT – PROPOSAL TO CLARIFY RELEASE RULES
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Acknowledging legitimate uncertainty in the business community about when a release of a substance is reportable and what information must be reported, the state DEP proposed new regulations to clarify. State law currently requires reporting of any spill or discharge of hazardous materials, hazardous wastes, or petroleum or chemical solid, liquid, or gaseous product that poses a potential threat to human health or the environment. However, the law does not define what constitutes a reportable release and what information must be reported.
Sixteen U.S. lawmakers requested that the International Joint Commission (IJC), a U.S.-Canadian body that oversees protection of the Great Lakes, call on Canada to ban oil and gas drilling operations that may have damaged the lakes. Currently, Canada has hundreds of active wells in Lake Erie and allows drilling for oil and natural gas under the Great Lakes from onshore wells and drilling for natural gas in the Great Lakes from offshore wells.
FL – DEP DEVELOPS NPDES PESTICIDES PERMIT
NJ – NEW OFFICE OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION
The state DEP recently released a draft generic permit for pesticide discharges to surface waters of the state. The proposed permit follows the federal EPA’s permit template, but addresses the state’s specific needs. Coverage under the permit will be accomplished by submitting a new form of Notice of Intent together with a $500 application fee to the DEP.
The state DEP launched an Office of Dispute Resolution to help find common ground between the department and the regulated community to prevent the differences from becoming full-blown legal battles. DEP decisions regarding permits or enforcement actions often trigger appeals, usually in the form of a request for a hearing by the Office of Administrative Law. The time between
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MI – CANADIAN DRILLING BAN SOUGHT
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filing an appeal and the case being heard in court is often frustratingly slow and may hinder good projects as well as implementation of actions to protect the environment.
OR – PROPOSED REISSUANCE OF MS4 PERMITS The state DEQ recently proposed revision and reissuance of the municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4) NPDES permit for municipalities in the Portland, Salem and Eugene areas. Operations located within this area may be directly affected. According to the DEQ, permits will be revised to reduce the discharge of pollutants to surface water to the maximum extent practicable.
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WA – ECOLOGY’S TAILORING RULE PROPOSAL The Washington Department of Ecology – along with environmental agencies of all states and local governments authorized to issue federal PSD and Title V permits – needed to assure the federal EPA of its ability to implement the federal GHG tailoring rule. Also, Ecology proposed amendments to align state regulations with the EPA’s modified emission thresholds under the Tailoring Rule. Under the rule, sources emitting or having the potential to annually emit 100,000 tons or more of GHGs must get new permits beginning in January 2011.
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This update is provided by Business & Legal Reports Inc., practical EHS publishers since 1977. Find environmental answers and state compliance help online at http://enviro.blr.com or contact BLR at (800) 727-5257.
12/10/08 2:54:47 PM
UltraCat Catalyst Filters: NOx at 350°F Boiler MACT Solution
Catalyst-embedded Filters Control NOx and Dioxins at Low Temperatures, PM to Ultralow Levels • One system for PM, NOx , SO2 , HCl and dioxins • High particle removal, typically over 99%, to below 0.001 grains/dscf. For Boiler MACT compliance, guaranteed to below 0.004 lb/MMBtu. • NOx removal up to 95% at 350°F (and higher) with catalyst-embedded filters and ammonia/urea injection. Operating range 350°F to 750°F. • Option for SO2, HCl, acid gas control – over 90% removal with sodium bicarbonate dry sorbent injection • Dioxin removal by catalyst filters, typically 97-99% • Mercury removal options available
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Cloud Chamber Scrubber ® Charged Water Droplets Capture PM and Gases • CCS treats submicron particulate, plus PM2.5, PM10 and condensables. • Simultaneously treats all soluble gases, including SO2 , HCl, H2S, HNO3 , Cl2 , at 99% efficiency. • Low total energy use, less than 1.5 inches pressure drop. E-mail:
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Whirl Wet® Dust Collector for Particulate Over 3 Microns Most Important: Low Water Use, Low Maintenance • Highly advanced dust and particulate scrubber has no internal moving parts to wear or replace. • 99% efficient for a wide range of micron sizes. • Whirl Wet units will not clog under any operating condition. E-mail:
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Tri-NOx® Multi-Chem® NOx Wet Scrubber System Tri-NOx Handles Any NO/NO2 Ratio, Guarantees a Clear Stack, Free of NO2 Plume • Wet destruct technology simultaneously removes SO2 and other acid gases. • Systems operate in tough California southcoast region. • Virtually any target stack output can be met, including reducing loads in excess of 100,000 ppm to below 5 ppm. E-mail:
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Tri-Mer CORPORATION
Since 1960
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