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Addresses of the editors: P r o f e s s o rD r m e d R e i n h a r dP u t z V o r s t a n dd e s A n a t o m i s c h e nl n s t i t u t s derLudwig-Maximi[ians-Universitbt P e t t e n k o f e r s t r a B1e1 8 0 3 3 6M U n c h e n Germany e - m a i t :r e i n h a r d . p u t z @ muendi - m u e n c h edne P r o f e s s o rD r . m e d . R e i n h a r dP a b s t L e i t e rd e r A b t e i t u n g F u n k t i o n e t Luen d A n g e w a n d t eA n a t o m i e M e d i z i n i s c hHeo c h s c h u [He a n n o v e r C a r [ - N e u b e r g - S t r a B1e 3 0 6 2 5H a n n o v e r Germany e - m a i t :p a b s tr e i n h a r d @ m h - h a n n o v e r . d e
T h i sa t t a sw a s f o u n d e db y J o h a n n e sS o b o t t a t ,f o r m e rP r o f e s s oor f A n a t o m y a n d D i r e c t o ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aIIn s t i t u t eo f t h e U n i v e r s i toy f B o n n ,G e r m a n y GermanEditions: 1 ' t E d i t i o n :1 9 0 4 - 1 9 0 7J F . L e h m a n n sV e r t a g ,M u n i c h 2 " d - 11 t hE d i t i o n :1 9 1 3 - 1 9 t +J4 F . L e h m a n n sV e r t a g ,M u n i c h - 2 0 r hE d i t i o n: 19 4 8 -19 9 3 U r b a n& S c h w a r z e b n e r g ,Mu n i c h 12th 1 3 t hE d i t i o n1: 9 5 3 e, d i t o rH B e c h e r '1956, e d i t o rH . B e c h e r 1 4 t hE d i t i o n : 15 t hE d i t i o n1: 9 5 7 ,e d i t o rH B e c h e r e ,d i t o rH B e c h e r 1 6 t hE d i t i o n ; 1 9 6 7 1 7 t hE d i t i o n1: 9 7 2 e, d i t o r sH . F e r n e ra n d J . S t a u b e s a n d 1 8 t hE d i t i o n1: 9 8 2 e, d i t o r sH F e r n e ra n d J S t a u b e s a n d 19 t hE d i t i o n1: 9 8 8 ,e d i t o rJ S t a u b e s a n d 2 0 t hE d i t i o n1: 9 9 3 ,e d i t o r sR P u t za n d R P a b s t 2 1 ' tE d i t i o n2: 0 0 0 ,e d i t o r sR P u t za n d R P a b s t ,U r b a n& F i s c h e rV e r t a g , Munich , l s e v i eG r m b H ,M u n i c h , d i t o r sR P u t za n d R P a b s t E 2 2 " dE d i t i o n2: 0 0 6 e
ForeignEditions: A r a b i cE d i t i o n , amascus M o d e r nT e c h n i c aCI e n t e r D B i b t i o g r a p h i ci n f o r m a t i o np u b t i s h e db y D i e D e u t s c h eB i b t i o t h e k C h i n e s eE d i t i o nI c o m p L ecxh a r a c t e r s ) D i e D e u t s c h eB i b t i o t h e tki s t st h i s p u b t i c a t i oinn t h e D e u t s c h eN a t i o n a [ g o ,T a i w a n Ho-ChB i o o kP u b t i s h i nC b i b t i o g r a f r ed;e t a i t e db i b t i o g r a p h idca t a i s a v a i [ a b [ ei n t h e I n t e r n e ta t C h i n e s eE d i t i o n{ s i m p t i f i eC dhinese dition} h t t p : / / d n bd d b d e E l s e v i e rH , e a t t hS c i e n c e sA s i a ,S i n g a p o r e C r o a t i a nE d i t i o n N a k t a d aS t a p ,J a s t r e b a r s k o D u t c hE d i t i o n B o h n S t a f t e uv a n L o g h u m ,H o u t e n Att rights reserved E n g t i s hE d i t i o n( w i t hn o m e n c l a t u rien E n g t i s h ) A t L a so f H u m a nA n a t o m y 1 4 t he d i t i o n2 0 0 6 L i p p i n c o tW t i t t i a m s& W i t k i n s O 2 0 0 6E t s e v i eG r m b H ,M u n i c h E n g t i s hE d i t i o nl w i t hn o m e n c l a t u rien L a t i n l r mbH r e r l a gi s a n i m p r i n to f E l s e v i eG U r b a n& F i s c h e V A t l a s o f H u m a nA n a t o m y E L s e v i eGr m b H ,U r b a n& F i s c h e r 0506070809 51,321 F r e n c hE d i t i o n eumaine A t t a sd ' A n a t o m iH A t Lr i g h t s ,i n c t u d i n gt r a n s t a t i o na, T er e s e r v e d N o p a r t o f t h i s p u b L i c a t i o n , aris T e c & D o c L a v o i s i e rP m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d ,s t o r e d i n a r e t r i e v a I s y s t e m , o r t r a n s m i t t e d i n G r e e kE d i t i o nl w i t hn o m e n c l a t u rien G r e e k l p h o t o c o p y i n g , a n y o t h e r f o r m o r b y a n y m e a n s ,e l e c t r o n i cm, e c h a n i c a [ , s ,t h e n s M a r i aG P a r i s s i a n oA r e c o r d i n g o, r o t h e r w i s ew i t h o u t t h e p r i o r w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o no f t h e G r e e kE d i t i o nl w i t h n o m e n c L a t u rien L a t i n l p ubl is h e r . s ,t h e n s M a r i aG P a r i s s i a n oA Edltion Hungarian a z e m b e ra n a t 6 m i 5 j 5 n aakt l a s z a A t t i t e rK i a d 5 iB, u d a p e s t T h e 1 4 t he d i t i o no f t h e S o b o t t aA t l a s c o n s i s t so f t w o v o t u m e sa n d a l n d o n e s i aE ndition ( e n c t o s e d V o l u m e 1 l : c o n t a i n i n t g a b l e s i n booklet A t l a sA n a t o m iM a n u s i a P e n e r b i tB u k u K e d o k t e r a nE G C J, a k a r t a VoLume 1 : H e a d ,N e c k ,U p p e rL i m b I t a [ i a nE d i t i o n A t l a n t ed i A n a t o m i aU m a n a V o t u m e2 : T r u n k ,V i s c e r a L , owerLimb U T E TT , orino lanrnoco
T r a n s L a t i o nD:r . m e d S a m m yB e d o u i ,H a n n o v e r E d i t o r i a st t a f f a t E l s e v i e r :D r m e d D o r o t h e aH e n n e s s e n A l e x a n d e rG a t t n a r z i k D r . r e r .n a t A n d r e aR i c h a r z ; i j d i g eH r i m m e L h a nH,e i d e l b e r g ; l t l u s t r a t o r sU: l r i k eB r u g g e r M , u n i c hR H o r s tR u B ,M u n i c h H ; e n r i e t t eR i n t e t e nV, e t b e r n B o o kp r o d u c t i o nR: e n a t eH a u s d o r fM , unich Composed b y :T y p o d a t aM, u n i c h P r i n t e da n d b o u n db y :A p p t ,W e m d i n g C o v e rd e s i g n C : a r s t e nT s c h i r n e rM, u n i c h P r i n t e do n N o p a c o a1t 1 5 g
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Contents Preface
GeneraI anatomy P a r t sa n d r e g i o n so f t h e b o d y Passivelocomotorsystem Active[ocomotorsystem Digestiveand respiratorysystem U r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a Is y s t e m S u r f a c ep r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r n a lo r g a n s. Cardiovascutar system Centraland peripheralnervoussystem E n d o c r i n eo r g a n s. S k i na n d a p p e n d a g e s
R e g i o nosf h e a da n dn e c k R , e g i o n ecsa p i t i s etcotli. B o n e so f t h es k u l t O , s s ac r a n i i
VI
C r a n i abl a s eB , a s i sc r a n i i.
.. 264-265 266-273 274-275 2 76 - 2 7 7 278-279
C r a n i anI e r v e sN , e r v ic r a n i a t e s. . . . . P a r a s y m p a t h e tai ca n g t i ao f t h e h e a d 1- 3 1 C r a n i a In e r v e st,o p o g r a p h y C r a n i a Ib a s e ,v e s s e t sa n d n e r y e s C r a n i a Id u r a m a t e r ,D u r am a t e rc r a n i a L i sa,n d c r a n i a l 6 - 10 a r a c h n o i dm a t e r ,A r a c h n o i d e m a a t e r c r a n i a [ i s. . . . . 11 - 1 3 S t r u c t u r eo f t h e b r a i na n d b r a i nd e v e t o o m e n t 1 4 T e L e n c e p h a t o n , T e t e n c e p h. .a. .t .o n 1 5 D i e n c e p h a l o nD,i e n c e p h a [ o n 16-17 M e s e n c e p h a l o M n ,e s e n c e p h a t o .n. 18-23 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a t i 24-29 N u c t e io f t h e c r a n i a In e r v e s . 30 C e r e b e l t u mC, e r e b e L t u m 31 A s s o c i a t i oann d c o m m i s s u r atIr a c t s I n t e r n a Ic a p s u t eC , a p s u [ ai n t e r n a ,p y r a m i d atIr a c t a n d b a s a lg a n g t i a 32-117 V e n t r i c u L asry s t e ma n d s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c e V e s s e t so f t h e b r a i n 3 2 M a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c et o m o g r a p h i ci m a g e so f the brain . 33-61 Frontalsectionsthroughthe brain ... 62-69 H o r i z o n t asl e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e b r a i n .. 70-73 S a g i t t a sLe c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e b r a i n S p i n a cl o r d ,M e d u l l as p i n a l i s . . .. 74-85
T e m p o r o m a n d i b u Lj oairn t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u [ a r i sa,n d m a s t i c a t o r m y usc[es Faciam I usc[es V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f h e a da n d n e c k N o s e ,N a s u se x t e r n u sa, n d n a s a Ic a v i t y , C a v i t a s n a .s. i. 86-88 P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s. . 8 9 - 91 0 r a I c a v i t yC , a v i t a so r i s ,a n d t e e t h ,D e n t e s 92-101 P a t a t eP , alatum 102 T o n g u eL, i n g u a . 103-104 H y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u ma, n d h y o i d a m l . u s c L e s. . . . . . 105 Suprahyoim d u s c [ e sM , u s c u l .siu p r a h y o i d eai ,n d
Eye,Organumvisus.
280-283 284 285-294 295-296 297 298-299 3 0 0 - 310 302-305 306 307-309 310-317 318-322 323-325 326-329 330-336 337-339 340-351
352-378
E y e t i d sP,a l p e b r aaen, do r b i t , O r b i t a . 352-355 L a c r i m aaIp p a r a t uA s ,p p a r a t u[ sa c r i m a [ i s . . . 356-357 E x t r a - o c u tm a ru s c [ e sM, u s c u Iei x t e r nbi u I boi c u I i. . . . 3 5 8 - 3 6 1 E y e b a LBtu, l b u so c u l i 362 Vessels of theeye 363 e x t e r n aml u s c l eos f t h et o n g u e . . . 10 6 - 10 8 lris,lris,andpupil., Pupil.l.a . 364-365 M a j o rs a t i v a rgyt a n d sG, t a n d u Lsaael i v a r i amea j o r e s. . j 0 g - 1 1 2 L e n s L, e n sa, n do c u [ afru n d u s , A r t e r i ea s n dn e r v e o s f t h eo r a lc a v i t y. . 11 3 F u n d uosc u l i. . .. 366-367 V e s s e tasn dn e r v e o s f t h et o n g u e . . . . j 1 4 - 1 j s O p t i cn e r v eN , e r v u so p t i c u s . 368-369 F r o n t asl e c t i o ntsh r o u g h t h eh e a d . . . 1 1 6 - j 1 7 Optictract,Tractusopticus . . 370-371 Muscles, vesselsandnervesof the orbit . . . . . 372-376 S e c t i o ntsh r o u g h t h eo r b i t . . . 377-378 1 1 81 5 6 M u s c l eosf t h en e c k . jj}-12j Ear,Auris .379-400 L a r y n xL,a r y n x. .... jL2-j3j T h y r o igdL a n dG, l . a n d utlh. a yroidea . . . 1 3 2 - 1 3 5 0vervrew 379 P h a r y n xP,h a r y n x . . . j 3 6 - 1 4 j A u r i c [ eA , uricu[a 380 Vessetsandnervesoftheneck . . . . . . i L Z - 1 5 3 A u r i c u [ a rm u s c t e s M , u s c u [ ai u r i c u t a r e s 381 S e c t i o ntsh r o u g h e a da n dn e c k . . . . 15 4 - 15 5 E x t e r n a aI c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,M e a t u sa c u s t i c u se x t e r n u s , a n d t y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e M , e m b r a n at y m p a n i c a. . . 382 A u d i t o r yo s s i c [ e s0, s s i c u t aa u d i t o r i a 383-384 Uppertimb.. . . . . . 1 5 7 - Z S 7Tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani 385-387 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a 388-389 jS7 S u r f a c ea n a t o m y I n t e r n a Ie a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a 390-393 Bones,joints,tigaments .... jig-j77 A u d i t o r ya n d e q u i l . i b r i u m organ 394-396 j7g-2j3 Muscteo s f t h e u p p e rL i m b. . . A u d i t o r ya n d e q u i [ i b r i u mp a t h w a y 397 V e s s e l s a nnde r v e s otfh e u p p e r l . i m b. . ..... 2j4-ZS1 Nervesand vessetsof the ear 398-399 S e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e a r m . . . ZS2-ZS7 C o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e e a r . . . . 400
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Vessetsof the head . 258-261 l n d e x. C r a n i acIa v i t yC, a v i t acsr a n i ic, r a n i adI u r am a t e r , Duramatercraniatis .....262-263
..... 401-419
Preface I t w a s j u s t o v e r a h u n d r e dy e a r sa g o t h a t J o h a n n e sS o b o t t as e t o u t t o p u b L i s ht h e f i r s t e d i t i o no f h i s A t t a s o f H u m a nA n a t o m y . S i n c et h e n ,t h i s p i e c eo f w o r k h a s e v o L v esdt e p b y s t e p a s a r e , e c t u r e ras n d s u t t o f t h e c o n s t a n ti n t e r a c t i o nb e t w e e ns t u d e n t s L e d i t o r s .l t h a s n o t o n L yb e e nt h e m o s t m o d e r nb a s i sf o r t h e c o m p l e xs u b j e c to f m a c r o s c o p iac n a t o m yt h r o u g h o u m t a n yg e n e r a t i o n s o f d o c t o r s ,b u t h a s a L s od e v e t o p e di n t o a L a s t i n gw o r k o f f o r b o t hc t i n i c atIr a i n i n ga n d a d v a n c e dm e d i c a Ie d u c a reference t i o n .A L ti n a l . Li.t h a s b e c o m ea b o o kf o r a m e d i c a Id o c t o r ' s[ i f e 0 n c e a g a i n ,i n t h i s n e w e d i t i o nt h e a d d i t i o n afti g u r e sh a v eb e e n d r a w ns t r i c t l yo n t h e b a s i so f o r i g i n a ls p e c i m e n s . T h e 1 4 t he d i t i o nh a s b e e np a r t i c u [ a r t dy e s i g n e dt o m e e t t h e d e m a n d so f a r e f o r m e dm e d i c a cl u r r i c u t u m e, m p h a s i z i ntgh e i n t e g r a t i o no f c I i n i c a Im e d i c i n ei n t o t h e p r e c L i n i c ac Iu r r i c u l u m .F o r t h i s p u r p o s e t, h e n e w e d i t i o nh a s b e e ne x t e n d e dt o i n c t u d et h e f o L t o w i nfge a t u r e s : - S u r f a c e a n a t o m y i n c t u d i n g p r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r n a I o r g a n s { 4 5c o t o u rp h o t o s ) - A n a t o m i c adl i a g r a m sn e x tt o i m a g i n gf i g u r e s - I n t e g r a t i o no f i m a g i n gt e c h n i q u e st o a g r e a t e re x t e n tI u [ t r a s o u n dX , - r a yC , T ,M R I ;1 1 9f i g u r e s ) - E n d o s c o p i ci n , t r a o p e r a t i vceo L o u ri m a g e sa n d f i g u r e se x e m p t i f y i n gt e c h n i q u e so f p u n c t u r ea n d e x a m i n a t i o [n5 4f i g u r e s l - l m a g e so f p a t i e n t sp r e s e n t i n g w i t h t y p i c a tp a [ s i e s - D i a g r a m so f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n a t r t e r i a Iv a r i a t i o n s[ 9 3f i g u r e s l - F r e q u e n vt a r i a t i o n si n t h e L o c a t i o o n f i n t e r n a Io r g a n s[ 2 4 f i g uresi - I n t e g r a t i o no f h i s t o t o g ya t l o w m a g n r f i c a t i oonf i m p o r t a n ti n , tc.) t e r n a Io r g a n sI i n t e s t i n el ,i v e r ,k i d n e y e n f t h e k n o w t e d g et,h e f o t I n o r d e r t o i m p r o v et h e p r e s e n t a t i o o l o w i n gf e a t u r e sh a v eb e e ni n t r o d u c e d : - C t e a r - c uat r r a n g e m e not f t h e c h a p t e r sa c c o r d i n g to the differe n t r e g i o n so f t h e b o d y - T h e m a t i c a [ [cyo r r e s p o n d i nf g o n d o u b t ep a g e s i g u r e sp r e s e n t e d - A c o n c i s e ,s e p a r a t eb o o k t e tI i n c [ u d e di n V o t u m e1 J c o n t a i n s t a b t e so f m u s c t e s j, o i n t s a n d n e r v e s ,e n a b t i n gt h e r e a d e rt o p t a c ei t n e x tt o a n y f i g u r ei n t h e a t t a s 0 n e p a r t i c u t a ra i m o f t h e n e w e d i t i o ni s t o f a c i t i t a t ef i n d i n go f s p e c i f i cs t r u c t u r e sT. h e S 0 B 0 T T Ad e p i c t sa n a t o m i c asLt r u c t u r e s . herep r e c i s e l yw i t h o u tt h e r e a d e rl o o s i n gt h e g r e a t e rp i c t u r e T f o r e ,s p e c iifc d i d a c t i ct o o L sh a v eb e e ni m p r o v e da n d n e w a s p e c t s i n c [ ud e d : - E a c hc h a p t e rh a s b e e na L t o c a t etdo a p a r t i c u t a cr o t o u r - A " m e n u b a r " o n e a c h d o u b t ep a g ee n s u r e sp r e c i s eo r i e n t a t i o n w i t h i na g i v e nc h a p t e r - T h e n u m b e ro f o u t l i n e sd e p i c t i n gs p a t i a L o r i e n t a t t o nh a s b e e n s i g n i ifc a n t l .iyn c r e a s e d( 2 7 0f i g ur e s ) - O v e r v i e wos f t o t a I b o d yr e g i o n se n s u r eg e n e r a Io r i e n t a t i o n - N e w d i a g r a m so f p a r t i c u L am r u s c t e sc t a r i f yt h e i r L o c a t i oann d c o u r s e[ 2 4f i g u r e s l
- C o n f u s i o ni s k e p t t o a m i n i m u mb y o n t yd e p i c t i n g[ i m b so f t h e r i g h t s i d eo f t h e b o d y - " C o m p a s sr o s e s " p o i n t t o a d j a c e n tf i g u r e s ,t h u s f a c i t i t a t i n g fotlowinga givenstructureover several.pages - C o n t i n u o u sL e a d eIri n e sf a c i l i t a t ef i n d i n go f s t r u c t u r e s - C o L o u r e d o t s a t t h e e n d o f l e a d e r [ i n e s i n t o p o g r a p h i cd i a , ndmuscles g r a m s m a r k a r t e r i e s v, e i n s ,n e r v e s a - T h e f i g u r e si n t h e b o o k l e tr e t a t ed i r e c t l yt o t h e f i g u r e si n t h e at[as - T h e L a r g e dr i m e n s i o n so f t h e b o o ki m p r o v ec L a r i t y s b o u tt h e g e n e r a Ic o n c e p to f W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o no f d i s c u s s i o n a t h e a t t a sa n d m u t u a Lc o r r e c t i o nt,h e e d i t o r sh a v ew o r k e d s e p a , i t h t h e w o r k d i v i d e da s f o t l o w s : r a t e t yo n i n d i v i d u acLh a p t e r sw R . P u t z : G e n e r a Ia n a t o m y ,u p p e r [ i m b , b r a i n ,e y e ,e a r , b a c k , L o w e r[ i m b ; I a [ t s ,t h o r a c i c , R P a b s t : H e a d .n e c k ,t h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n a w a b d o m i n aaI n d p e t v i cv i s c e r a . T h e i n c t u s i o no f a [ a r g e n u m b e ro f n e w f i g u r e si s t h e r e s u t to f t h e e x t r a o r d i n a rcya p a b i t i toy f t h e f o t l o w i n gm e d i c a L i t t u s t r a t o r s : U L r i k eB r u g g e r , R i j d i g e r H i m m e t h a na n d H o r s t R u B . l t i s t o t h e i r c r e d i tt h a t t h e c l a s s i c" S 0 B 0 T T As t y t e "h a s b e e nr e t a i n e d . Severao I f t h e d i a g r a m sh a v eb e e ng e n e r a t e do n t h e c o m p u t e r eu r c t i n i b y H e n r i e t t eR i n t e L e nW. e a t s og r a t e f u t l ya c k n o w l e d g o c a I c o t t e a g u e fso r m a k i n g c t i n i c a Ii L t u s t r a t i o nasv a i t a b t et o u s { s e e p i c t u r e c r e d i t s l .W e o w e a d e b t o f g r a t i t u d et o o u r c o t L e a g u efsr o m t h e i n s t i t u t e sf o r t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i nagn d h e t p f u l . s u g g e s t i o n sD. r . N S o k o l o va n d A . B u c h h o r nh a v ep u t m e t i c u l o u s e f f o r t si n t o g e n e r a t i n gt h e s p e c i m e np r e p a r a t i o n sS . F r y k a n d G . H o p p m a n nh a v es u p p o r t e du s i n t e x t p r o c e s s i n g . r u b t i s h e r si ,n p a r t i c u T h e s t a f fo f t h e e d i t o r i a ot f f i c eo f E l s e v i e p a n d A . G a t t n a r z i kh, a s o u r s i n c e r et h a n k s . L a rD r . D . H e n n e s s e n n ft t h e w o r k i s a r e s u [ to f v e r y S o m eo f t h e c r e a t i v ed e v e L o p m e o f r u i t f u Id i s c u s s i o n sW. e w o u t da l s o t i k et o t h a n k R . H a u s d o r f o r t r e m e n d o u se f f o r t s i n t h e p r o d u c t i o no f t h e a t l a s . R . P u t z t o o r t h e p r o o rf e a d i n ga n d g e t h e rw i t h G . M e i e rw e r e r e s p o n s i b Lf e s i m p [ i f i c a t i oonf p a g ed e s i g na n d L e g e n d s . 0 usr p e c i a tLh a n k s g o t o D r . U . 0 s t e r k a m p - B a u sfto r g e n e r a t i n gt h e i n d e x ,a n d a | L [ . i t h o u r j o i n t e f f o r t s ,t h e o t h e r s i n v o t v e di n t h e c o r r e c t i o n sW S 0 B 0 T T Ah a s b e e no n c em o r e m o d e r n i z e db o t h i n c o n t e n t sa n d d e s i gn . W e h a v e i n c t u d e dm a n y o f t h e h e t p f u ts u g g e s t i o n sm a d e o v e r , d w o u [ d t h e r e f o r ea s k t h e y e a r s b y s t u d e n t sa n d c o L [ e a g u e as n a l [ r e a d e r so f t h i s e d i t i o nt o p a s so n t o u s a n y c r i t i c i s mo r s u g g e s t i o n so n t h e n e w f o r m a t o f t h i s a t t a s .
M u n i c ha n d H a n n o v e rS, e p t e m b e 2r 0 0 5 R . P u t za n d R . P a b s t
U n i v . - P r oD f .r .m e d .R e i n h a r d Putz B o r ni n I n n s b r u c k / A u s t r r a 1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 8 S t u d i e dm e d i c i n ea t t h e L e o p o l d - F r a n z e n s - U n i v e rosfi tI yn n s b r u c k 19 6 8 R e c e i v ea d doctorate 1 9 6 8 - 1 9 8 2 U n i v e r s i t ay s s i s t a nat t t h e I n s t i t u t eo f A n a t o m ya t t h e U n i v e r s i t o yf Innsbruck 1978 L e c t u r e ri n a n a t o m y 1979 C o n s u L t a nf ot r a n a t o m y 1 9 8 2 - 1 9 8 9 C h a i ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aIIn s t i t u t ea t t h e A t b e r t - L u d w i g s - U n i v e r soi tf yF r e i b u r g s i n c e1 9 8 9 C h a i ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aIIn s t i t u t ea t t h e L u d w i g - M a x i m i I i a n s - U n i v e ros fi tM y unich 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 4 P r e s i d e not f t h e E u r o p e a nA s s o c i a t i o on f C l . i n i c aAl n. a t o m i s t s 1993 R e g i s t r a t i otno p r a c t i s em e d i c i n e 1 9 9 8 - 1 9 9 9 C h a i r m a no f t h e A n a t o m i c aSL o c i e t v 1999 M e m b e ro f t h e A k a d e m i ed e r N a t u r f o r s c h eur n d A r z t e{ L e o p o t d i n a ) 2002 D r .h . c .o f t h e U n i v e r s i t o y f C o n s t a n t aR, o m a n i a 2003 P r o r e c t o rI o f t h e L u d w i g - M a x i m i L i a n s - U n i v e rosf iM t yu n i c h
Researchand fietds of interest - F u n c t i o n aaI n a t o m yo f t h e p a s s i v eL o c o m o t osry s t e m - E v o l u t i oann df u n c t i o n a L a n a t o omf yt h e v e r t e b r a L c o t u m n - F o r m - f u n c t i o n - r e l a t i oonfsi o i n t s - AppLiea d n a t o m y{ a n a t o m i c abLa s i c so f o r t h o p a e d i c s ,u r g e r y r, a d i o t o g y l - Q u e s t i o na s b o u tt h e c o n t e n t sa n d o r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e m e d i c a tc u r r i c u t u m - D e v e l o p m e notf d i d a c t i ct r a i n i n gp r o g r a m m e sa t u n i v e r s i t i e s
U n i v . - P r oDf .r .m e d .R e i n h a r d Pabst B o r ni n P o s e ng,r o w nu p I n L u n e D u r g 1965-1970 S t u d i e dm e d i c i n ea t t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I c h o o ta, n d i n G l a s q o w / S c o t t a n d 1970 U n i v e r s i td y e g r e ea n d d o c t o r a t e 1 9 71 R e g i s t r a t i otno p r a c t i s em e d i c i n e 1971-76 Scientifia c s s o c i a t ei n t h e D e p a r t m e not f C t i n i c a P I h y s i o l . o gUy n, i v e r s i t o yf Utm 1 9 76 L e c t u r e rf o r C L i n i c aPLh y s i o t o g yU,n i v e r s i t oy f U t m ,a n d n e w [ e c t u r e s h i a pt t h e H a n n o v eM r e d i c aS L chool S e n i o ra s s i s t a nrt n t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t r o n aaIn d A p p L i e A d natomy, H a n n o v eM r e d i c aSI c h o o L 1978 Extension o f t h e V e n i al e g e n d ti o i n c L u d a en a t o m y 1980-1992 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f T o p o g r a p h iAcn a t o m ya n d B i o m e c h a n i c s s i n c e19 9 2 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t i o n aal .n d A p p l . i eA d n a t o m yH , a n n o v eM r e d i c aS I chool. 1986-1990 P r o r e c t o fr o r s t u d i e sa n d e d u c a t i o nH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chooI 1993-1997 D e a no f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I choo[ 1997-1998 C h a i r m a no f t h e A n a t o m i c aSI o c i e t y 1999-2003 P r o r e c t o or f R e s e a r c ho f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chooL 2 0 01 M e m b e ro f t h e A k a d e m i ed e r N a t u r f o r s c h eur n d A r z t eI L e o p o L d i n a ]
1976-80
Researchand fietds of interest - FunctionaLanatom o fyL y m p h a t iocr g a n s - P r o l i f e r a t i oann d m i g r a t i o no f L y m p h o c y t e s - D e v e L o p m e on ft t h e i n t e s t i n aiLm m u n es y s t e m - F u n c t i o no f t h e p u t m o n a r yi m m u n es y s t e m - Q u e s t i o no sf a cLinicatL o yr i e n t a t e da n a t o m yi n t h e m e d i c a L c u r r i c u t u m - E v a [ u a t i oonf t e a c h i n q
P i c t u r ec r e d i t s of University Prof.Ravetlit, formerlyInstituteof Anaiomy, t n n s D r u icl K - r 0/.o / J i ca d i o t o g y , P DD r .R i e g e rR, a d i o t o gIyn,s t i t u tfeo r D i a g n o s tR U n i v e r s iot yf M u n i c ht F i g .1 3 9 5 ) P r o fR . e i c hO, r o f a c i sauLr g e r yU, n i v e r s iot yf B o n nI F i g .1 1 3a , b l P r o f .A t t a r a s C , e n t r ef o r R a d i o L o gU y ,n i v e r s i t oy f G i e B e n i ca d i o t o g y , r D r .W a g n e rI ,n s t i t u tfeo r D i a g n o s tR P r o fR . e i s e& IFi9.1009,1031,1032] , 5 35, 71 ,5 72 , 5 7 3 , , 5 14 U n i v e r s iot yf Mu n i c hI F i g 4. 3 6 ,4 4 9 4 D r .B a u m e i s t e rD, e p a r t m e not f R a d i o t o g yU, n i v e r s i t oy f F r e i b u r g 576, 577, 7921 t F i s1.1 5 7 1 , i v e r s iot yf n ft 0 r t h o d o n t i cUs n P r o fR . u d z k i - J a n s oDne,p a r t m e o yf P D D r . B u r g k a r d t , 0 r t h o p a e dC i cL i n i cT, e c h n i c aUL n i v e r s i t o M u n i clhF i g . 7 2 , 7 3 l M u n i c hI F i 9 . 1 4 3 1 ) L r, e i s a c h n o s p i t aB n ft S u r g e r yR, o s m a H D r .S c h e i b eD,e p a r t m e o P r o f .B r i i c k m a n n& D r .L i n n ,N e u r o r a d i o L o gI n y ,s t i t u t ef o r y ,n i v e r s i t o y f M u n i c hl F i g . 6 6 2 , 7 2 6a , b , l F i 91 . 2 8 9a - c l D i a g n o s t iR c a d i o l . o gU P r o fS . c h e u m a nC n [, i n i cf o rA b d o m i n a tn dT r a n s p [ a n t a t i o n 7 2 7a , b l S u r g e r yH, a n n o v eMr e d i c aSt c h o o(tF i g 2. 4 3 , 2 4 4 , 2 4 5 1 P r o f .D a n i e t D , e p a r t m e not f C a r d i o t o g yU, n i v e r s i t o yf Ertangen o tf G y n a e c o [ oU g yn,i v e r s iot yf P r o fS . c h i l . t i n gD e re,p a r t m e n t F i 9 .8 9 9 ,9 0 0 ,9 0 1 ,9 7 3 1 F r e i b u r{gF i 9 1 d i g .11 3 3 ,11 3 5 ) . 1341 P r o f .D e g e n h a r d tB, i e L e f e L( F . c h t i e p h a k0er o , f a c i aSI u r g e r yG, d t t i n g e n c a d i o L - P r o fS P r o f .G a [ a n s k&i D r .K i r c h h o f, fD e p a r t m e not f D i a g n o s t iR , 97) o g y ,H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS t c h o o t( F i g .9 6 2 , 9 6 4 , 1 2 1 2 , 1 2 1 3 ) l F i g .15 2 ,1 9 6 1 g ya,n n o v eMr e d i c a t P r o fS . c h t d s s eCr ,e n t r ef o r G y n a e c o [ o H c adioLP r o f .G a [ a n s k&i D r .S c h i i f e r D , e p a r t m e not f D i a g n o s t i R S c h o oItF i g .11 3 2a , b , 114 0 ,111 r 11,1 7 8 ] r e d i c aS l chooL o g y ,H a n n o v e M l F i g .8 71a , b , 9 2 7 ,9 71 , 9 9 1 , o tf R a d i o t o g y , ge y ,p a r t m e n P r o fS . c h u m a c h eNr e , u r o r a d i o t oD 1194, 1204,1207, 12091 U n i v e r s iot yf F r e i b u rIgF i 9 . 4 6 a1 , b l P r o f .G e b e [ D , e p a r t m e not f G a s t r o e n t e r o [ o gHye, p a t o t o gayn d t su, n i c h , a d i o l o g i sM r P DD r .B a u e rR D r .S o m m e& t c h o o lI F i g .2 4 2 ,1 0 1 1 , E n d o c r i n o t o gH y ,a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I F i g6 . 62.1290-12921 1026,1027, 1038, 1039, 1074, 10921 of MunichlFig.1239,Qa1l University Prof.Stotz,Paediatrics, D r .G o e i R , a d i o L o gHye, e r t e nT, h e N e t h e r l a n d{sF i g .1 1 5 0 1, 1 5 1 ) , 53, , a d i o L o gUyn,i v e r s iot yf M u n i c hI F i g 4. 3 6 4 P DD r .V o g tR : 9891 l w i t h p e r m i s s i o nf r o m R a d i o L o g1y7 3 ;1 3 7 - 1 4 1 1 644,6451 D r .G r e e v e nS, t . - E t i z a b e t h - H o s p i tNa et ,u w i e dI F i g 1 5 0 ,1 2 3 8 ] Daetp a r t m e nMt ,i i n c h e n g L a d b a c h P r o fV . o L t r a tE ha , r-Nose-Thro P r o f .H o f f m a n n& P D D r .B e k t a s ,C L i n i cf o r A b d o m i n aaLn d TranspLantatio r e d i c aS I c h o o t{ F i g .10 2 8 , Snu r g e r y H , a n n o v eM lFig.229,230,2311 i ca d i o t o gl ly, H a n n o v eMr e d i c a L P r o fW . a g n etr, D i a g n o s tR 10 4 0 ) S c h o o{tF i g 9. 5 2 , 1 0 6 4 , 1 0 6150,6 91, 0 7 2 , 1 1 5 2 1 I chool P r o f .H o h t f e l dC , [ i n i cf o r P n e u m o t o g yH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aS University of of RadioLogy, Prof.Wenz,formertyDepartment tFis.929,930) F r e i b u rt gF i g . 7 6 8 l t c h o o LI F i g .110 2 a , b , P r o f .J o n a s ,U r o t o g yH , a n n o v eM r e d i c aS r yn, i v e r s iot yf M u n i c h o tf N e u r o s u r g e U P r o fW . i t t ,D e p a r t m e n 11 0 3 ) yf P r o f .K a m p i k& P r o f .M i j L L e 0r ,p h t h a t m o t o g yU, n i v e r s i t o t F i ga. 0 5 l . 571 y t i n i cf o rA b d o m i n a Ln dT r a n s p [ a n t a t i o n D r .W i t Li .fi h rf,o r m e r l C M u n i c h( F i g 6 Mre d i c aSLc h o oI tF i g 1. 0 5 1 ) SurgerH y ,a n n o v e D r .K i r c h h o f & f D r .W e i d e m a n nD, e p a r t m e not f D i a g n o s t i c , epartmeo n ft R a d i o L o gUyn,i v e r s iot yf P DD r .W i m m e rD R a d i o t o g yH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aS t c h o o lI.F i g .1 0 4 1, 1 0 9 3 , 1 1 0 2 , F r e i b u rt gF i g . 7 9 9 l 1196, 1198,1200,1202,120s1
T h e e d i t o r ss i n c e r e t yt h a n k a t t c l i n i c a lc o l l e a g u e tsh a t m a d e u L t r a s o u n d c, o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i ca n d m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c ei m a g e s a s w e t l a s e n d o s c o p iac n d i n t r a o p e r a t i vpei c t u r e sa v a i [ a b t e :
e e n t i s t r ya n d P r o f .K r e m e r s ,D e p a r t m e nfto r R e s t o r a t i vD P e r i o d o n t o [ o gU y ,n i v e r s i t o y f M u n i c ht F i g .1 6 9 1 yf P r o f .K u n z e v, o n H a u n e r s c h eC s h i L d r e n 'Hs o s p i t a LU, n i v e r s i t o M u n i c ht F i g .3 2 7 - 3 3 0 1 D r .M e y e r ,D e p a r t m e not f G a s t r o e n t e r o [ o gHye, p a t o t o gayn d r e d i c aS L c h o o tI F i g .9 4 4 , 9 8 7a , b , E n d o c r i n o t o gH y ,a n n o v e M 992,1145,11461 P r o f .M i j t l e r - V a h N [ , e u r o L o g yH,a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chooL t F i g .1 2 8a , b ) c adioLogy, P r o f .P f e i f e r R , a d i o l . o gIyn,s t i t u t ef o r D i a g n o s t i R U n i v e r s i to y f M u n i c hI F i g .2 9 3 ,2 94 , 3 1 0 ,3 1 2 ,4 4 9 ,4 5 1 , 7 69-772,807-810,1255,1286,1287,1317,1318) P D D r .R a u ,D e p a r t m e not f R a d i o L o gU y ,n i v e r s i t o yf Freiburg lFis.912,925,9261
A d d i t i o n ai lLt u s t r a t i o nwse r eo b t a i n efdr o m t h e f o t l o w i ntge x t books: Dn. , B e n n i n g h o f f - D r e n c k hAanhant:o m i eB,a n d1 { D r e n c k h a h , r b a n& F i s c h e rM, i . i n c h e2n0 0 3t F i g 8 . 23, H r s g . l1, 6 A u f t .U 8501 824,848,849, h i s t o t o g iU e r, b a n& F i s c h e rM, i i n c h e n W e l s c hU, . :L e h r b u cH 2 0 0 3( F i g9. 2 2 ,1 0 2 01, 0 9 71,1 2 2 ,1 1 2 3 1 W e t s c hU, .I H r s g . )S: o b o t t aA,t [ a sH i s t o l . o g6i e.A, u f L . , Urban& Fischer,Mijnchen2002lFig.1037,1085,1125a, b) m.A i eu, f t . , W i c k eL, . :A t t a sd e rR i 5 n t g e n a n a t o 3 19o8r5e U r b a n& S c h w a r z e n b eM r qi i,n c h e n - W i e n - B a L t i m l F i q . 9 4a3)
> Generat anatomy
Surface I Locomotorsystem...
1 Sagitlal plane 2 Median sagittal plane 3 Frontal plane
5 Sagittalaxis 6 I ransverseaxls axis 7 Longitudinal
Transverse plane
F i g . I a - c P [ a n e sa n d a x e s . a S a g i t t ap t t a n e ,P [ a n u ms a g i t t a [ es, a g i t t a I a n d[ o n g i t u d i n aaIx e s b Transverseptane[= horizontaIptane),Ptanumtransversate,transverseand sagittalaxes , t a n u mf r o n t a l e L, o n g i t u d i n a n t d t r a n s v e r s ea x e s c F r o n t a lp L a n e[ = c o r o n a Ip t a n e ] P
Linea mediana anterior
Lineamedianaoosterior
Linea oaravertebralis
cranialis (= superior)
Lineasternalis
Lineascapularis
Lineaparasternalis lateralis Lineaaxillaris anterior
Lineaaxillarisposteriot
Lineamedioclavicularis radialis ulnaris palmaris dorsalis msdialis proximalis caudalis (= inferior) fibularis tibialis plantaris
F i g .2 a , b O r i e n t a t i o [ni n e so f t h e h u m a nb o d ya n d t e r m s o f d i r e c t i o na n d o o s i t i o n . a VentraIview [ventralis,anterior] b D o r s a Iv i e w I d o r s a [ i sp, o s t e r i o r )
> G e n e r aaI n a t o m y
Surface I Locomotor system
Partsof the humanbody
F i g .3
S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e m a [ e .
F i g ,t , S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e f e m a [ e .
Met ab o t iscy s t e m s Partsof the humanbodv
Membrum supenus
brachium
F i g .5
S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e m a t e .
F i g .6
S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e f e m a t e .
> Generalanatomy
Surface I Locomotor system
Regions of thehumanbody
Regio cervicalisanterior
Begiosternocleidomastoidea Regiocervicalislateralis Trigonumclavipectorale
Regio deltoidea
Regiopresternalis Regiopectoralis
Regioaxillaris Regiomammaria
Regioinframammaria
Regiobrachiianterior Regioepigastrica Regiohypochondriaca
Regiocubitalisanterior, Fossacubitalis
Begioumbilicalis Regioabdominalis lateralis
Regioantebrachiiposterior
Regioinguinalis
Regioantebrachiianterior
Regiopubica[Hypogastrium] Regiourogenitalis Dorsummanus
Trigonum femoris Regiotemorisanterior
Regiogenusanterior
Dorsumpedis
Fig.7
R e g i o n so f t h e h u m a nb o d y ,R e g i o n e cs o r p o r i s .
M e t a b o t iscy s t e m s Regionsof thehumanbody
Regio parietalis
Regio occipitalis
Regiocervicalisposterior Reglo deltoidea
Regiovertebralis Regioscapularis
Begio axillaris
Regioinfrascapularis Regiobrachiiposterior Regiocubitalisposterior
Regioantebrachii anterior Regioantebrachiiposterior
Palma[Volal Regio glutealis
Begiofemorisposterior
Calx IRegiocalcanea]
Fig.8
R e g i o n so f t h e h u m a nb o d y ,R e g i o n e cs o r p o r i s .
> GeneraIanatomy
Locomotorsystem
Skeleton
Mandibula
Columnavertebralis (Parscervicalis)
Columnavertebralis (Parsthoracica)
Clavicula Scapula
Humerus
Columnavertebralis (Parslumbalis) Radius
Os sacrum
Ulna Os coccygrs
Os coxae Ossa carpi
Ossa meracarpl
Ossa digitorum lPhalangesl
Ossatarsi Ossametatarsi Ossatarsi
F i g ,9 O v e r v i e w of the skeleton, Systemasketeta[e.
F i g .1 0 O v e r v i e w of the skeLeton, Svstemaske[etate.
P a rtso f the humanbody H e a d ,C a p u t Neck,Co[[um Trunk,Truncus T h o r a xT, h o r a x A b d o m e nA,b d o m e n P e t v i sP, e L v i s U p p e r[ i m b ,M e m b r u ms u p e r i u s pectoraL S h o u t d egri r d L eC,i n g u t u m [ Ce i n g u l u m e m b r i s u p e r i o r i sAl ;r m ,P a r s[ i b e r am e m b r si u p e r i o r i s Lower[imb, Membruminferius P e L vg i ci r d L eC,i n g u L upme L v i c u[m Cingutumembri i n f e r i o r i sLl ;e g ,P a r sL i b e rm a e m b ri n f e r i o r i s
M e t a b o l i cs y s t e m s Activelocomotorsystem
ti ii
Parts of the skeleton that can be felt through the skin Distributionof haematopoietic bone marrow
F i g . 1 1 a ,b
S k e l e t o nS, y s t e m as k e L e t a [ e
(Cartilago articularis) Substantia spongiosa; lvledulla ossiumrubra (Extremitas proximalis)
proximalis Epiphysis
Linea epiphysialis
lvletaphysis (proximalis) Substantia compacta
A nutricia Canalisnutricius
Vasanutritia
Corpus Periosleum
Cavitas medullaris; l\4edullaossium flava
Epiphysis distalis Metaphysis (distalis)
Fossa olecrani
(Extremitas dislalis) Cartilago articularis
F i g . 1 2 a , b S t r u c t u r eo f t u b u t a rb o n e s ,O s s aL o n g a ; L o n g i t u d i n sa eI c t i o n s a H u m e r u sH , u m e r u so, f a n a d u [ t 0 s s i f i e de p i p h y s e s( e p i p h y s e a[ itn e s ]a r e o n [ yp o o r t yv i s i b t e . , u m e r u so, f a c h i t d b H u m e r u sH T h e e p i p h y s e cs o n s i s to f h y a t i n ec a r t i t a g e . * E p i p h y se i sp, i p h y s epatta t e
>> I
Surface I Locomotor system Passivelocomotorsystem
Bonedevelopment
7. EW 1 8 . - 1 9Y . 1 5 . - 1 8Y. 1 5 . - 1 6Y.
1 3 . - 1 5Y . 3.-4. EM
18.-20.Y
1 3 . - 1 5Y. 1 8 . - 2 1Y .
4.-5. EM 1 3 . - 1 5Y. 5.-8.M
1 0 . - 1 2Y .
5.Y 2.-3. Y 2.-4.Y 20.-25.Y
1 8 .Y 1 8 . - 1 9Y .
7.-8.Y 6.-7.EM
3.-5.Y 1 6 . - 1 8Y. 17.-20.Y 13.-15 1 0 . - 1 3Y .
1 5 . - 1 8Y.
4.-6.Y 1 9 , - 2 0 .Y
7.-8. EW
1 6 . - 2 0 .Y
E W = Embrvonicw6ek E M = Embrlonicmonth M = Monthof life Yearof life
1 3 . - 1 6Y. 8 . - 1 3 .Y 1.Y 5.-7.Y 1 4 . - 1 8Y. 1 0 . - 1 2Y.
5.Y 1 2 .Y 8 . - 1 2 .Y
16.-24.Y 9.EM
1 3 . - 1 7Y. 1 0 .E M 5 . - 6 .Y 1 7 . - 1 9Y . 12.-14.Y
1 7 . - 1 8Y.
7. EW 8. EW
7. EW
7.-8. EW
21.-25.Y 1 . - 2 .Y 1 0 . - 1 2Y.
6.M
17.-1A.Y
1 7 . - 1 8Y.
2.4.Y 9. EW
2.-4.Y 9. EW 2.-3. Y
3.-4.Y 9. EW 3 . - 4 .Y 1 . - 2 .Y 3.-5.Y
1 5 . -2 1. Y 5. EM 8. EM 9. EW
Os scaohoideum3.-6. M Os lunatum3.-6.Y Os trapezium3.-€. Y Os traDezoideum 3.-7. Y
Os Disiforme 8.-12.Y Os triouetrum 1.-4.Y Os hamatum2.-5. M Os caoitalum2.-4. M
F i g .1 3 A p p e a r a n c o e f o s s i f i c a t i ocne n t r e sa n d s y n o s s i fc a t i o na t t h e e p i p h y s e o s f t h e u p p e rL i m b I m e a n sa c c o r d i n gt o v . L A N Z1, 9 5 5 ;E X N E R1,9 9 0 ; HEUCa Kn d B A S T1, 9 9 4 J .
Talus7. EM Calcaneus 5.-6. EM Os naviculare4. Y Os cuboideum 10.EM
Os cuneiformemediale2.-3. Y Os cuneiformeintermedium3.-4. Y Os cuneiformelaterale12. M
Fig.14 Appearanceof ossificationcentresand synossification at the epiphysesof the lower [imb l m e a n sa c c o r d i n gt o v . L A N Z1, 9 5 5 ;E X N E R1,9 9 0 ; HEUCK and BAST,1994).
Met ab o I iscy s t e m s Activelocomotorsystem
F i g . 1 5 F i b r o u sj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i o fibrosa,exemplifiedby the sutures of the skutt.
F i g . 1 6 C a r t i [ a g i n o uj o s int, A r t i c u l a t i oc a r t i t a g i n e ae,x e m p t i fe d b y t h e p u b i cb o n es y m p h y s i s .
1 Synovialmembrane Synovialintima,Intima 1 b Subintimal layer,Subintima Fibrousmembrane 3 A-cells(macroohaqes) 4 B-cells(fibroblasts) 5 Fatcells 6 Capillaryvesselswith fenestration 7 Venules 8 Lymphatics 9 Nerves l 0 Collagenfibres
Fig.17 0sseousjoint, Articu[ato i os s e ae, x e m p I i f i e d b vt h es a c r u m .
Membranafibrosa lstratumfibrosuml
Capsula Membranasvnovialis articularis lstratumsynbviale]
Linea epiphysialis
Labrumarticulare
Recessusarticularis Membranasynovialis lstratumsynoviale] Capsula articularis Membranafibrosa lstratumfibrosum]
Vaginasynovialis
joint,Articutatio Fig.18a, b Synovial. exemplif ied synoviatis, b yt h es h o u t d ej or i n t . a S e c t i o inn t h es c a p u [ aprt a n e b S t r u c t u roef t h ej o i n tc a p s u [ e * T h e j o i n t c a v i t y ,C a v i t a sa r t i c u t a r i s i, s i t [ u s t r a t e db r o a d e rt o e n h a n c ev i s i b i t i t y .
> G e n e r aaI n a t o m y
tt "t
Joints
F i g . 1 9 a - g J o i n t s ,J u n c t u r a es y n o v i a L e s . a H i n g ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ci oy I i n d r i c a b C o n o i dj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc o n o i d e a c P i v o ti o i n t .A r t i c u L a t itor o c h o i d e a
d e f g
C o n d y l ajro i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ioov o i d e a S a d d Ljeo i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i os e L t a r i s S p h e r o i d aj o I i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i os p h e r o i d e a P t a n ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ipoL a n a
Planum sagittale, Axis transversalis Flexio, Anteversio
Rotatiointerna
F i g . 2 0 S p h e r o i d aj o t i n t I h i pj o i n t l , A r t i c u t a t i os p h e r o i d e a [ A r t i c u [ a t i co o x a e l .
Rotatio externa
Met ab o l iscy s t e m s I
C o n trosyste l rn s | Sltin
Activelocomotorsystem
Muscles
'1
Line of force of the muscle 2 Virtual lever arm of the muscle 3 Axis of rotation of the,oint
(Cavitassynovialis)
Mesotendineum
Epitendineum
Phalanx media
Fig.21 0rganisation p r i n c i p l eo f s k e l e t a L muscLes, exemptifieb dyt h e b r a c h i a m I u s c l e ,M . b r a c h i a t i s .
a M u s c u t u sf u s i f o r m i s
e M u s c u l uisn t e r s e c t u s
, a g i n at e n d i n i s , F i g . 2 2 S t r u c t u r eo f a t e n d o ns h e a t h V e x e m p t i fe d b y a f i n g e r .
b M u s c u L ubsi c e p s
f Musculussemipennatus
c M u s c u l u sb i v e n t e r
g M u s c u t upse n n a t u s
d M u s c u [ upst a n u s
Fig. 23 a-g Typesof musctes a S i n g L he e a d , p a r a L t emI u s c L ef i b r e s b D o u b t eh e a d , p a r a l l e Im u s c L ef i b r e s c Doubl.ebetty, p a r a L [ em I u s c L ef i b r e s d M u L t i - h e a df t,a t m u s c l e t yu s c t ew i t h e M u l . t i - b e Lm t e n d i n o u si n t e r s e c t i o n s f U n i p e n n a tm euscte g B i p e n n a t em u s c t e
> G e n e r aaI n a t o m y
Surface I Locomotorsystem
Skeletalmuscles
Mm capitis et colli
) U p p 6. t f t , 7 0 t l , 1 0 51f ,1 8 f f
lvlm thoraciset Mm abdominis
Fig.21 Overview o f t h e s k e t e t am l usctes
M e t a b o l iscy s t e m s I
C o n trosyste t ms
I St< in
Activelocomotorsystem
Skeletalmuscles
Mm nuchaeet Mm.dorsi
Fig, 25
Overviewof the sketetaImusc[es.
> GeneraIanatomy
system Surface I Locomotor Digestivesystem Respiratorysystem
Digestiveand respiratorysystem
Oesophagus
Hepar-
Pancreas
Vesica biliaris[fellea]
Intestinum crassum
Canalis analis
Anus
Fig.26
0verviewof the digestivesystem,
Sinusparanasales
Lobussuperior
L,,'o sinister Lobusinferior J
Fig.27
Overviewof the respiratorysystem.
Urinarytract
Genitatsystem 0rganprojections
Organa unnana
Ductusdeferens Vesicaurinaria
Urethramasculina
Glandula vesiculosa Ductusdeferens Prostata Glandula bulbourethralis
Organa genitalia masculinainterna
Penis Organa genitalia masculinaexterna
Epididymis Urethramasculina
Ductusdelerens Testis
Scrotum
F i g .2 8 O v e r v i e w o f t h e u r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a Is y s t e m of the mate.
Organa unnafla
Organa genitalia feminina interna
Organa genitalia temtntnaexterna
Clitoris Labiumminus pudendi Labiummajus pudendi
Fig.29 Overview o f t h e u r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a ls y s t e m of thefemate.
> Generat anatomy
Locomotorsystem Digestive system
lnternalorgans,projection
Oesophagus
Cor Diaphragma Hepar Gaster
SplenILien] Pancreas Duodenum Jejunum Ren Colon
Appendix vermiformis
Fig.30 Projection o f t h e i n t e r n a lo r g a n so n i o t h e s u r f a c eo f t h e b o d y
o f t h e i n t e r n a Io r g a n so n t o Fig.31 Projection the surfaceof the body.
Respiratory system
Metabolicsystems I Urinarytract
Controlsystems
I Skin
GenitaIsystem Organprojections
InternaI organs,p rojection
Hepar Gaster Vesica biliaris Splen [Lien]
Colon Ren Intestinum tenue
Fig.32 Projection of the internaL o r g a n so n t o t h e s u r f a c eo f t h e b o d v .
o f t h e i n t e r n a lo r g a n so n t o Fig.33 Projection the surfaceof the bodv.
G e n e r aaI n a t o m y
Surface I Locomotor systern Cardiovascutarsystem Nervoussystern
Arteries
A. carotiscommunis
A subclavia Arcusaortae Truncusbrachiocephalicus
Parsascendens aortae [Aortaascendens] Cor Parsdescendensaortae[Aortadescendens], Parsthoracicaaortae[Aortathoracica] Truncuscoeliacus A mesenterica suoerior A renalis Pars descendens aortae [Aorta descendens], Pars abdominalisaortae [Aorta abdominalis]
A. testicularis* Bifurcatioaortae A mesenterica inferior A iliacacommunis A iliaca externa A iliaca interna
A, tibialisposterior
A tibialisanterior
A fibularis
A dorsalispedis
F i g .3 4 O v e r v i e w o f t h e a r t e r i e so f t h e s y s t e m i cc i r c u L a t i o n . x In thefemate: ovarian artery,A ovarica
M e t a b o t i cs y s t e m s E n d o c r i noer o a n s
1 Parsascendens aortae 2 Bulbusaortae 3 Aa coronariae 4 Arcusaortae 5 lsthmusaortae 6 Truncusbrachiocephalicus 7 A carotiscommunis sinistra I A subclaviasinistra 9 A carotiscommunis dextra 10 A subclaviadextra 11 A. carotisinterna 12 carotisexterna '13 A thoracicaaortae '14 Pars Parsabdominalis aortae 15 A. sacralismediana 16 Bifurcatio aortae 17 A iliacacommunis 18 A iliacainterna 19 A iliacaexterna
F i g . 3 5 a - g A o r t a ,A o r t a ,a n d g r e a t e r ar t e n e s ; s c h e m ao f t h e b r a n c h i n gp a t t e r n . a Aorta,Aorta b S u b c t a v i aanr t e r y ,A s u b c t a v i a c ExternaIcarotidartery,A. carotisexterna d C o e t i a ct r u n k ,T r u n c u sc o e t i a c u s e S u p e r i o ra n d i n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y , A a . m e s e n t e r i c aseu o e r i o re t i n f e r i o r f E x t e r n a L i L i a cr t e r y ,A . i L i a c ae x t e r n a g I n t e r n a Ii L i a ca r t e r y ,A i t i a c ai n t e r n a
'1 A carotiscommunis 2 A carotisexterna 3 A. carotisinterna 4 A. thyroidea superior 5 A. pharyngea ascendens 6 A lingualis
7 A facialis 8 A occipitalis posterior 9 A auricularis 10 A. temporalis superficialis 11 A. maxillaris
Truncuscoeliacus A gastricasinistra A hepatica communis A splenica
1 A mesenterica supenor 2 A pancreaticoduodenalisinlerior 3 Aa jejunales 4 Aa ileales 5 A. ileocolica
6 7 8 9 10 11
A. iliaca communis A iliaca interna A iliaca externa A epigastricainferior A circumflexailium profunda R pubicus
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
laterales 8 Aa sacrales I A. gluteasuperior 10 A umbilicalis, Parspatens inferior 11 A. vesicalis 12 A. rectalismedia
1 2 3 4 5
A subclavia interna A thoracica Truncusthyrocervicalis Truncuscostocervicalis A vertebralis
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 6
A iliacacommunis A iliacaexterna A. iliacainterna A obturatoria A. pudendainterna A. gluteainferior A, iliolumbalis
A colica dextra A colica media A. mesentericainferior A colica sinistra Aa sigmoideae A rectalissuperior
> G e n e r aaI n a t o m y
[.-ocomotor system Cardiovascularsystem Nervoussystem
Veins
V jugularis externa V jugularis anterior V jugularis interna
V brachioceDhalicasinistra
V brachioceohalicadextra V subclavia
V cavasuperior V thoracicainterna
V axillaris V cephalica
W hepaticae V basilica Vv brachiales
V testicularis sinistra' V portaehepatis
V medianacubiti
V splenica
V testicularis dextra* V mesenterlca inferior V iliacacommunis V mesenterica superior
V iliaca interna
V cavainlerior
V iliaca externa
V saphenamagna V saphenaparva
V tibialisanterior
V tibialisposterior
F i g .3 6 O v e r v i e w o f t h e v e i n so f t h e s y s t e m i c c i rcuLation S u p e r f i c i avIe i n sa r e i t I u s t r a t e d on t h e r i g h t [ e ga n d d e e pv e i n so n t h e l e f t . * In thefema[e: ovarian vein.V.ovarica
Me t a b o t iscy s t e m s E n d o c r i noer g a n s
1 2 3 4 5
V cavasuperior V brachiocephalica dextra V brachiocephalica sinistra V jugularisinterna V subclavia
6 7 8 9
V azygos posteriores Vv. intercostales V hemiazygos accessoria V hemiazygos
F i g . 3 7 S u p e r i o rv e n ac a v a V , . c a v as u p e r i o r ; s c h e m ao f t h e t r i b u t a r i e s
(Sinus valvulae)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V cavainferior V.sacralismediana V iliacacommunis V iliacainterna V iliacaexterna V phrenicainferior W hepaticae
8 V renalis 9 V testicularis/ovarica 10 V suprarenalis posteriores 11 intercostales .12W V lumbalis ascendens 13 W lumbales 14 V iliolumbalis
Fig, 38 Inferiorvena cava,V. cavainferior; s c h e m ao f t h e t r i b u t a r i e s .
(Sinus valvulae)
Valvulae venosae
1 R sinister
F i g . 3 9 F u n c t i o n apI r i n c i p l .oef v e n o u sv a t v e s . T h ea r r o w sp o i n t i n gu p w a r d si n d i c a t et h e f l o w of blood.The vatvesctoseuoon backftowof the b [ o o dI a r r o w sp o i n t i n gd o w n w a r d s )
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B. dexter V portaehepatis V gastricadextra V gastroomentalis dextra V colicadextra V mesenterica superior Vv.jeiunales et ilei
9 V rectalissuperior 10 Vv sigmoideae 11 V colicasinistra 12 V colicamedia 13 V gastroomentalis sinistra 14 V mesenterica inferior 15 V splenica 16 V gastricasinistra
F i g . 4 0 H e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i n ,V . p o r t a eh e p a t i s .
> G e n e r aaI n a t o m y
l"-*cwm"r mtmn $y,$ts$T\
Foetalcirculation
Aa pulmonales
Arcus aortae
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
V cavasuperior
Foramen ovale *
Atriumcordisdextrum Ventriculus cordissinister
Septuminterventriculare
V cava inferior
Ventriculus cordisdexter Vv hepaticae
Pars thoracica aortae [Aorta thoracica]
.'/
Truncuscoeliacus
I I I
A mesenterica superior
Vesica biliaris Aa renales V umbilicalis Aa lumbales V cava inlerior Pars abdominalisaortae [Aorta abdominalis]
V i l i a c ac o m m u n i s
A mesentericainferior V umbilicalis Aa umbrlrcales Bifurcatioaodae
A i l i a c ac o m m u n i s
A iliaca externa A iliaca interna
Aa umbrlrcales Placenta
F i g .1 1 S c h e m ao f f o e t a Ic i r c u L a t i o n T h e d i f f e r e n ct o L o u r si n d i c a t et h e o x v q e nc o n t e n ti n t h e b L o o d : red= richin oxygen, b L u e= p o o r i n o x y g e n , o u r o L e= m i x e db L o o d . A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c t i o no f t h e b t o o df L o w * Short-circu b iet t w e etnh er i g h ta n dt h el e f ta t r i u m ** Short-circu b iet t w e etnh ep u t m o n a tr ryu n ka n dt h ea r c ho f a o r t a * * * S h o r t - c i r c bu ei tt w e etnh eu m b i [ i c a ve I i na n dt h ei n f e r i ovre n ac a v a
Vesicaurinaria
C o n v e r s i o nf r o m f o e t a Lt o o o s t n a t a I c i r c u L a t i o n : + T h ev a L v e - [ i kceo n n e c t i o bn e t w e e nt h e r i g h ta n d t h e l e f t a t r i u mv i a t h e f o r a m e no v a t ei s p a s s i v e Lc y[ o s e da t t h e o n s e to f r e s p i r a t o r y a c t i v i t yi n t h e I u n g s * * T h e d u c t u sa r t e r i o s u sI a o T A r r o ]o, n t h e o t h e rh a n d ,c t o s e so n t y d u r i n gt h e f i r s t m o n t h so f L i f ea s i t s [ u m e ng r a d u a L toyb [ i t e r a t ebs y e o i t h e t i aoLr o t i f e r a t i oann d i n c r e a s e tde n s i o no f t h e w a I L * * * T h e d u c t u sv e n o s u s{ A R A N T I UoS b JL i t e r a t easf t e rb i r t ha n d b e c o m e s theIigamentum v e n o s u mi n t h e p o r t a Ia r e ao f t h e I i v e r .
Met ab o t iscy s t e ms I
C o n trosyste l ms
I Skin
E n d o c r i noer g a n s
Lymphatic
Truncusjugularis V jugularis interna Ductuslymphaticus dexter (Angulus venosus) V subclavia
Nodi lymphoideicervicales
Truncusbronchomediastinalis Truncussubclavius Ductusthoracicus Nodi lymphoideiaxillares
Parsabdominalis chyli Cisterna Trunciintestinales Truncilumbales Nodi lymphoideipelvis parietales et viscerales
Nodi lymphoideiinguinales
Vasa lymphatica
Fig. 1,2 Overviewof the L y m p h a t iscy s t e m .
Nodi lymphoidei cervicales laterales Nodi lymphoidei axillares
Nodi lymphoidei axillares
F i g . 4 3a , b D r a i n a g ea r e a so f r e g i o n a l[y m p hn o d e s T h e d r a i n a g eo f r e g i o n a l y m p hn o d e s v a r i e sc o n s i d e r a b [bye t w e e ni n d i v i d u a [ s . T h e yo v e r l a pi n d r a i n i n gt o l y m p hn o d e s o f t h e i p s i t a t e r aaI s w e t La s o f t h e c o n t r a [ a t e r asLi d eo f t h e b o d v .
> Generat anatomy
Systemanervosum centrale
Surface I Locomotorsystem
Systemanervosum periphericum
c1 2 Truncuscerebri
J
Plexus cervicalis
4 5 6 7
Plexus brachialis
8 T1 Medulla spinalis
3 4 5 o
7
Nn intercostales
I 9 10 11 12 LI Plexus lumbalis 4 5 S1 2 3
5 Cc1
Fig, lrl Overviewof the centraIand peripheraInervoussystem.
Plexus sacralis
E n d o c r i noer g a n s
Cerebrum
Nn, craniales
Pons Cerebellum VI vil, vill XI Medulla oblongata
lvledullaspinalis
I ll lll lV V Vl Vll Vlll lX X Xl Xll
Nn. olfactorii N. opticus N. oculomotorius N trochlearis N. trigeminus N. abducens N. tacialis N. vestibulocochlearis N. glossopharyngeus N. vagus N. accessorius N. hypoglossus
F i g . 4 5 O v e r v i e wo f t h e b r a i n a n d the craniaI nerves.
N hypoglossus [Xlll
N occipitalisminor
Plexuscervicalis
N hypoglossus [Xll] N auricularis magnus N transversuscolli Ansacervicalis, Radixsuperior Ansacervicalis, Radixinferior (R trapezius)
N dorsalisscapulae N phrenicus Nn supraclaviculares Plexusbrachialis
N. suprascapularis N subscapularis N subclavius posterior Fasciculus N. axillaris N thoracodorsalis Fasciculus lateralis N thoracicus longus
Truncus supenor Truncus meorus
N radialis
Truncus inferior
Fasciculus medialis N. musculocutaneus N medianus
N .u l n a r i s N. cutaneus antebrachiimedialis N. cutaneus brachii medialis
N. intercostobrachialis N thoracicus [T2], N intercostalis
Fig.46 Overviewof the cervical , t e x u sc e r v i c a t i s andbrachiap I lexusP et brachia[is.
system Locomotor CardiovascutarsystemNervoussystem
PeripheraI nervous system
N. subcostalis R. cutaneuslateralis N iliohypogastricus
Plexuslumbalis
N ilioinguinalis
Plexus lumbosacralis
N. femoralis L5
N obturatorius Truncuslumbosacralis N gluteussuperior
S1
Plexussacralis N. gluteusinferior
N cutaneus lemorisoosterior N. pudendus inferiores Nn.analesIrectales] N coccygeus N anococcygeus
plexus, of the [umbosacral Fig,17 Overview P L e x u[ su m b o s a c r aIl P . i s[ e x u[su m b a Lei st s a c r a t i s ] , a n dt h ec o c c y g e pa lLe x u sP, L e x ucso c c y g e u s .
sensorium Ganglion nervispinalis Truncusnervi spinalis trunci Ganglion sympathici N splanchnicus maJor
Nn. spinales
R. cutaneus anterior
Nn. ceruicales Nn thoracici Nn. lumbales Nn. sacrales N coccygeus
F i g . 4 8 S c h e m ao f s p i n a ln e r v e s e x e m o t i fe d b v t w o t h o r a c i cn e r v e s .
Metabotic systems I
Controtsystems
I St
Endocrine organs
N. oculomotorius ull
Ganglion ceruicale supenus
Medulla oblongata
N facialis [Vll]
N glossopharyngeus
lxl N vagus[X] N cardiacus ceruicalis superior A. carotiscommunis Ganglion cervicale medium N. cardiacus cervicalis medius Ganglion ceruicothoracicum lstellatuml Ansa subclavia
N cardiacus ceruicalis inferior
A subclavia N laryngeusrecurrensdexter Arcusaortae;Plexuscardiacus
Parsascendensaortae Truncussympathicus; Gangliathoracica N splanchnicus major Parsthoracicaaortae
Truncusvagalisanterior
Rr.communicantes Truncusvagalisposterior
Plexusoesophageus N splanchnicus minor Truncuscoeliacus; Plexuscoeliacus Gangliacoeliaca A. renalis;Plexusrenalis Truncussvmpathicus: Gan6tialumbalia
A mesenterica superior; Plexusmesentericus suoerior
Nn splanchnicilumbales
Parsabdominalis aortae; Plexusaorticusabdominalis A. mesentericainferior;
Plexusmesentericus inferior Plexushypogastricus superior
Parscranialis Pars pelvica
A iliaca communis
N hypogastricus
Nn splanchnici sacrates
Radix parasympathica INn splanchnicipelvicil
Plexushypogastricus inferior Ganglia pelvica
Ganglionimpar
F i g .1 9 S y m p a t h e t i pc a r t o f t h e a u t o n o m o u s n e r v o u ss y s t e m ,P a r ss y m p a t h i c a T h e e n t i r es y s t e mo f s y m p a t h e t i A c a n g L iaan d t h e i r c o n n e c t i o nlso c a t e da t o n gt h e v e r t e b r a cl o t u m na r e r e f e r r e d t o a s s y m p a t h e t i tcr u n k ,T r u n c u ss y m p a t h i c u Isg r e e n l .
F i g .5 0 P a r a s y m p a t h e tpi ca r t o f t h e a u t o n o m o u s nervoussystem,Pars parasympathica P a r a s y m p a t h e tfiicb r e sl v i o L e tul s u a l . ttyr a v e Ia [ o n gw i t h o t h e r n e r v ef i b r e s .
system Surface I Locomotor
> Generalanatomy
systern Nervoussystem Cardiovascutar
Autonomous nervous svstem
Parsparasympathica
Parssympathica
N. oculomotorius illll N. facialis[Vll] N. glossopharyngeus flXl N vagus[X]
Truncussympathicus
Ganglion coeliacum
mesentericum Ganglion superlus
mesentericum Ganglion inferius Nn. splanchnicipelvici
F i g , 5 1 P e r i p h e r apl a r t so f t h e a u t o n o m o u s nervoussystem S y m p a t h e t ifci b r e so f t h e [ i m b st r a v e L a l o n gw i t h a r t e r i e s .
Metabolic systems I
Control. systems
I St
E n d o c r i noer g a n s
Autonomous nervous svstem
Parssympathica
Parsparasympathica
N oculomotorius illll N tacialis[Vll] N. glossopharyngeus ilXl N vagus[X]
Truncus sympathicus
Nn splanchnici pelvici
Fig. 52 Overviewof the functionsof the a u t o n o m o u sn e r v o u ss y s t e m .
system Surface I Locomotor Cardiovascutarsystem Nervoussystem
Hypothalamus pinealis Glandula loorpuspinealel - HypophysislGlandulapituitarial
Glandulae
parathyroideae superioret inferior thyroidea Glandula
Thymus
Glandula suprarenalis Insulaepancreaticae Ren
Ovarium lntestinum
F i g .5 3
E n d o c r i n eo r g a n so f t h e m a t e .
F i g .5 4
E n d o c r i n eo r g a n so f t h e f e m a t e .
Metabolic systems I
Controlsystems
I SKn
Endocrineorgans
Skinand fingernails
Stratumcorneum (strictusensu) Stratum corneum
Stratumlucidum Stratumgranulosum
(Plexusvasalisdermalis)
Stratumspinosum Stratumbasale Corium lDermisl
Stratumpapillare Stratumreticulare (Plexus vasalis subdermalis)
Vasalymphatica superficialia Subcutis Nn cutanei
(Plexusvasalis subcutaneus)
Fascia
(Plexusvasalis epifascialis)
Musculus Vaslymphaticum profundum
(A ; V subfascialis) (A.;V. intraseptalis)
F i g . 5 5 S e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s k i n ; a p p r o x i m a t e L1y1 - f o t dm a g n i ifc a t i o n
Margoliber
Hyponychium
Corpusunguis Matrixunguis
* Eponychium
Vallumunguis
F i g .5 6 D i s t a Ip h a t a n xo f a d i g i t withfingernait. * T h ee p i d e r m o i sf t h en a i Ii s a l s o knownas cuticte.
Corpusunguis
F i g .5 7 D i s t a Ip h a t a n xo f a d i g i t ; t h e n a i I h a s b e e np a r t t yr e m o v e d .
Eponychium
Aponeurosis dorsalis
Articulatiointerphalangea distalis Capsulaarticularis
Fig. 58 DistaIpha[anxof a digit, P h a [ a n xd i s t a l . i s ; ^^^;++^l -^^+;^^ JOgrrtoL >trLUUt t.
Surface lSketetonl Musctes
>Head
Regio orbitalis Regio inlraorbitalis Regio zygomatica
Regio oralis Regio buccalis
Trigonum iigonumsubmentale Trigonum ?igonumsubmandibulare
) I l-"-9i9-,,-
rrisonum caroticum
I
ffii:',"#"
/Trigonummusculare lomotracheale], Regio sternocleidomastoidea
minor Fossasuoraclavicularis
Trigonum omoclavrculare
F i g .5 9 R e g i o n so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k , R e g i o n e cs a p i t i se t c o t l i .
Regioparietalis
Regio temporalis
Regio frontalis
Regio orbitalis
Regionasalis Regio
Regioinfraorbitalis Regiooralis Regiobuccalis Regio mentalis
/ submandibulare f Trigonum
Regio sternocleidomastoidea
...1 t"#i!i';? caroticum ""n'" ] rrisonum
I rr'nonrr musculare lomotracheale]
Regiocervicalisposterior ) Regio .. I cervrcails Trigonum omoctavrcutare J lateralis
minor Fossasuoraclavicularis Regio deltoidea
F i g . 5 0 R e g i o n so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k , R e g i o n e cs a p i t i se t c o [ [ i .
Topography
Arcuszygomaticus
Aperturapiriformis
, ranium. F i g .6 1 S k u L [C
Surface lSketetonl Muscles of theskull
Os trontale, Squamalrontalis
Suturainternasalis Os nasale Maxilla, Proc frontalis
Suturafrontonasalis
Suturaf rontolacrimalis Suturafrontomaxillaris Suturasphenofrontalis Margosupraorbitalis
Foramensupraorbitale
Suturacoronalis
Os parietale
Os parietale, Angulussphenoidalis Sutura sphenoparietalis
Os sphenoidale, Ala major
Os sphenoidale, Ala major, Faciesorbitalis
Os frontale, Parsorbitalis Os frontale, Proc zygomaticus
Os temporale
Fissura
Suturafrontozygomatica
orbitalissuperior Os sphenoidale, Ala minor
Os lacrlmale
Os sphenoidale, Ala major
Sutura sphenozygomatica
Os zygomaticum
Fissuraorbitalisinferior
Suturanasomaxillaris
Margo infraorbitalis
Foramen infraorbitale
Suturazygomaticomaxillaris Concha nasalis media
. f Os ethmoidale seprumnasr] osseumI \ vomer
Concha nasalis inferior
Maxilla, Proc alveolaris Ramus mandibulae Spina nasalis anterior Sutura intermaxillaris
Foramenmentale
Corpusmandibulae
Os frontale
X
f,, ii
Os temporale
Vomer
Os nasale
Concha nasalis inferior
Os ethmoidale
Maxilla
Mandibula
Os parietale
os zygomaticum
Os lacrimale
Os sphenoidale
F i g . 6 2 B o n e so f t h e s k u [ t ,0 s s a c r a n i i .
Bonesof theskull
Os parietale
Suturasquamosa Suturacoronalis
superior Lineatemporalis
inferior Lineatemooralis
Tuberparietale
Linea temporalis
Sutura sphenozygomatica
Sutura squamosa
Sutura frontozygomatica US
Sutura parietomastoidea
Sutura frontolacrimalis Os lacrimale
Sutura lambdoidea
Sutura lacflmo-
maxillaris Os nasale Sutura nasomaxillaris
Spina nasalrs anterior
Suturaoccioitomastoidea
Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris
Porusacusticusexternus Condylus occipitalis Proc styloideus
Sutura temporozygomatica
Protuberantia mentalis Foramenmentale
Os frontale Os parietale
I I
Os occipitale Os nasale
X
,, |:
Os lacrimale
Os temporale
Os zygomaticum
Maxilla
Os sphenoidale
Mandibula
Os ethmoidale
F i g . 5 3 B o n e so f t h e s k u L tO , s s ac r a n i i .
> Head
M us c tes
Bonesof theskull
Tuberfrontale
Sutura coronalis
Llnea
temporalis supenor
Lrnea temporalis interior
Tuber parietale
Suturasagittalis
Foramen parietale
Sutura lambdoidea
Os nasale
Os parietale
Os frontale
Os occipitale
F i g . 6 1 B o n e so f t h e s k u L LO, s s ac r a n i i ; s u p e n o rv r e w .
To pogr a p h y Bonesof theskull
Suturasagittalis
Foramenparietale
(Osinterparietale; Os Incae)
Sutura lambdoidea
(Suturaoccipitalis transversa,Var.)
Ossasuturalia
Sutura squamosa Sutura parietomastoidea Sutura occipitomastoidea Foramen mastoideum
Incisuramastoidea
Proc,styloideus Protuberantia externa occipitalis
Linea nuchalisinferior Linea nuchalissuDerior
I
osparietate
Os temporale
F i g .6 5 B o n e so f t h e s k u I t ,0 s s a c r a n i i ; o o s t e r i o vr i e w .
Os occipitale
> Head
t t
uatu,
Bonesof theskull
Foramenparietale
Sulciarteriosi
Suturacoronalis Os temporale, Pars squamosa
Dorsumsellae
Sella turcica
Lamina et Foraminacribrosa
Sinuslrontalis
Eminentia arcuata
Foramen caecum Crista galli
Osnasale---1p............. Os ethmoidale, Lamtna perpendicularis Sinus sphenoidalis
Squama occipitalis Protuberantia occipitalis externa Sulcussinustransversi
Canalis Inctstvus
Sulcussinussigmoidei
Proc palatinus, Crista nasalrs
Foramen mastoideum
Poruset Meatusacusticus internus Canalis nervi hypoglossi
Proc styloideus
Os palatinum Hamuluspterygoideus
Proc pterygoideus,Lamina medialis Proc pterygoideus,Lamina lateralis
Proc pterygoideus, Fossapterygoidea
Os frontale
Os sphenoidale
Os parietale
Os temporale
Os occipitale
l\ilaxilla
Os nasale
Vomer
Os ethmoidale
Os palatinum
F i g . 6 5 B o n e so f t h e s k u l t ,0 s s ac r a n i i ; mediatview.
Topogr a p h y Bonesof theskull
cristafrontalis
Sulcussinussagittalis superioris
Foveolaegranulares
Suturacoronalis
Sulcussinussagittalis supenons
Os occipitale
Suturalambdoidea
Os frontale
osparietate
I
Fig. 67 i^+^-^^l il ttct I tdt
Calvaria,CaLvaria; ^-^^^+ d>PcL(.
Os occipitale
Head
Musc[es
Bonesof theskull
Cristafrontalis Sulcussinussagittalis superioris
Foramen caecum Ala cristae galli
Tuberculum sellae
Crista galli Lamina et Foraminacribrosa
gyrorum rmpressrones
Os sphenoidale, Corpus
Dorsum sellae Proc clinoideusposterior
Canalis opticus
Fissuraorbitalissuperior Suturasphenof rontalis I
Os sphenoidale,Ala minor Fossa hypophysialis
Foramenrotundum
Proc clinoideusanterior
Sulcuscaroticus
Lingulasphenoidalis
Sutura
Foramenlacerum
spnenosquamosa
Sulcus arteriosus
Foramen ovale
Fissura petrooccipitalis
Foramen sprnosum
Spinaossis sphenoidalis Sulcusinus petrosi inferioris
Os temporale, Pars squamosa
Fissura perrosquamosa
Sulcusnervi petrosiminoris
Porus acusticus Internus
Sulcusnervi petrosimajoris
Margosuperior partis pelrosae
Margosuperior partispetrosae
Foramen lugurare
Os temporale, Pars petrosa
Sulcussinus sigmoidei
Sulcusinus petrosisuperioris
Canalis condylaris Foramen mastoideum
Sutura occipitomastoidea
Fossasubarcuata
Canalis nervi hypoglossi Foramen jugulare
Clivus Canalis nervi hypoglossi
Sulcussinustransversi
Protuberantia interna occioitalis
Foramenmagnum (Cristaoccipitalisinterna)
Sulcussinussagittalis superioris
Os frontale
Os ethmoidale
Os temporale
Os parietale
Os sphenoidale
Os occipitale
F i g . 5 8 I n t e r n a sL u r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u L t , B a s i sc r a n i i n t e r n a .
To p o g r a p h y Bonesof theskull
Laminacribrosa
,)..-'.
Canalisopticus
Fissuraorbitalis supenor
Fossa cranii anterior
Foramenrotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramenlacerum; Fissura spnenoperrosa Fossacranii media Foramen sprnosum
Canaliscaroticus, Aperturainterna
Porusacusticus internus jugulare Foramen
Canalisnervi hypoglossi
Fossa cranii posterior
Foramen magnum
F i g . 6 9 I n t e r n a sI u r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ t , B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a , n df o r a m i n a F , oramina
> Head 3w
M us c l es
Bonesof theskull
Foramenincisivum Spinanasalisposterior
Sutura palatinamediana
Vomer,Alaevomeris
Maxilla, Proc palatinus
Os palatinum, Proc pyramidalis
transversa Suturaoalatina
Maxilla, Proc zygomaticus
Os oalatinum.Lamina horizontalis
Proc pterygoideus, Lamina medialis
majus Foramenpalatinum
Hamuluspterygoideus Fissuraorbitalisinferior Proc pterygoideus, Laminalateralis
Arcuszygomalicus
Os sphenoidale, Ala major
Crista infratemporalis Proc pterygoideus, Laminamedialis
Os temporale, Proc zygomaticus
Foramen ovale Tuberculum pnaryngeum
Foramen lacerum Foramen sprnosum
Tuberculum articulare
Fossa mandibularis
Canalis caroticus
Spina ossis sphenoidalis
Canaliculus mastoideus
Proc slyloideus Foramen stylomastoideum
lvleatus acusticus exlernus Fossa jugularis
Proc mastoideus Inctsura mastoidea
Foramen lugurare
Canalis nervi hypoglossi
Os parietale Foramen mastoideum
Fossula petrosa Condylus occipitalis Foramenmagnum Canalis condylaris
Linea nuchalissuperior
Linea nuchalis inferior
Protuberantiaoccioitalisexterna
Maxilla Os frontale Os parietale
I
ffi
Os palatinum
Os sphenoidale
Vomer
Os temporale
Os zygomaticum
Os occipitale
F i g .7 0 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ 1 , B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n a
T o p o g r a p h y|
O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns Bonesof theskull
Foramina incisiva
Palatumdurum
Foramen palatinummajus
Foramina palatina mtnora
Fissura orbitalis inferior
Arcuszygomaticus
Fossa infratemporalis
Foramen ovate
Choana Foramen sptnosum
Foramen lacerum; Fissura sphenopetrosa
Porusacusticus externus
Canalis caroticus, Apertura externa
Foramen stylomastoideum
Foramen jugulare
Canalis nerui hypoglossi
Foramen magnum
F i g . 7 1 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ 1 , B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n aa, n d f o r a m i n a F , oramina.
> Head
Surface lSkel.etonl Muscles
SkulL,radiography
Sutura lambdoidea
Suturasagittalis
Cellulaeethmoidales
Sinus frontales
Crista galli
lvlargo supraorbitalis
Meatusnasimedius Fissuraorbitalissuperior
Parspetrosa Os temporale, Meatus nasi superior Septum nasi
l\4eatusacusticusexternus
Concha nasalis media
Cellulaemastoideae
Sinus maxillaris Concha nasalis inferior
Proc mastoideus
Spina nasalis anterior
Ramusmandibulae
Palatum durum Axis, Dens
l\4eatus nasiinferior Densincisivus
Cavitas nasi
Corpusmandibulae
, ranium; F i g . 7 2 S k u L tC A P - t e t e r aido gr ap h . * I n n o m i n aItien e L, i n e ai n n o m i n a taap, r o j e c t i oLni n e withoutanatomicaI corre[ate
't'r:nr:qr*p:hy |
ilr13arrili'ejl", |
.*rtinns
Skull,radiography
Lamrna externa Diplod Lamina interna Proc c lin o i d e u s anterior
Sutura coronalis
Proc clinoideus posterior
Fossa hypophysialis Os frontale, Pars orbitalis Sutura lambdoidea Fossa mandibularis
Sinus frontalis Cellulae ethmoidales Os nasale
Cellulae mastoideae
Sinus sphenoidalis lvleatus acusticus externus
Sinus maxillaris
Caput mandibulae
Palatum durum
Atlas, Arcus anterior Atlas, Tuberculum posterius Axis, Dens
Proc sprnosus vertebrae ceruicalisll
mandibulae
Cartilagoepiglottica
\ \ os hyotderm, Corpus
F i g . 7 3 S k u [ 1C, r a n i u m ; [ a t e r aLt e L e r a d i or g ap h * Posterio wra [ [o f t h em a x i L t asriyn u s
Ramus mandibulae
> Head
Surface lSkeletonl
Skull,development
Fonticulus anterior
Os parietale
Suturacoronalis
(Suturafrontalis)
Os frontale,Tuberfrontale
Maxilla, Proc frontalis
Foramensupraorbitale
Os nasale
Os temporale
Ala major Os sphenoidale, Septumnasiosseum Forameninfraorbitale
Os zygomaticum
Densdeciduus
Mandibula
Foramen mentale
(Symphysis mandibulae)
F i g . 7 t , S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o , f a neonate.
Os lacrimale
Os occipitale
Os ethmoidale
Os frontale
Maxilla,Os incisivum
Os sphenoidale
Os parietale
Os zygomaticum
Mandibula Os nasale,Os temporale,
Fonticulus anterior
Suturacoronalis
Os frontale, Tuber frontale
Tuberparietale Os parietale,
Fonticulus sphenoidalis Os sphenoidale,Ala major
posterior Fonticulus Os zygomaticum Squamaoccipitalis
Apedurapiriformis
Sutura lambdoidea
Mandibula
Fonticulus mastoideus Anulustympanicus
Parspetrosa Os temporale,
Os occioitale.Parslateralis
, f a neonate. F i g .7 5 S k u t t ,C r a n i u m o
Muscles
Suturafrontalis
Os frontale.Squamafrontalis Suturacoronalis
Fonticulus anterior
Os parietale,Tuberparietale
posterior Fonticulus Suturasagittalis
Suturalambdoidea Os occipitale,Squamaoccipitalis
F i g . 7 6 S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o , f a neonate.
I I
Vomer
Os occipitale,Os palatinum
Maxilla, Os incisivum
Os frontale
Os temporale
Os zygomaticum
Os parietale
Mandibula
Ossphenoidale
W
Fonticulusposterior
Os occipitale,Squama occipitalis Os parietale
(Suturaoccipitalis transversa,Var.)
Fonticulus mastoideus Os temporale,Parspetrosa Os occioitale. Pars lateralis
Os temporale, Parssquamosa
Foramenmagnum Parstympanica, Anulustympanicus Os temporale,Parspetrosa Os sphenoidale, Proc.pterygoideus Vomer Os oalatinum. Laminahorizontalis
Maxilla.Proc. Dalatinus
(Osincisivum) Mandibula
F i g . 7 7 S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o , f a neonate.
M us c tes Frontaland ethmoidalbone
Faciesexterna Souamafrontalis. Tuberfrontale
Margo parietalis
Arcussuperciliaris
lncisurafrontalis
Parsnasalis
Fig.78
Spinanasalis
FrontaLbone,Os fronta[e.
Souamafrontalis Os frontale. lncisurasuoraorbitalis Laminaet Foramina cribrosa Margosupraorbitalis Fossaglandulae lacrimalis
Labvrinthus ethmoidalis Proc zygomaticus
Margosupraorbitalis
Laminaperpendicularis Laminaet Foramina cribrosa
Os lrontale
X
osethmoidate
F i g . 7 9 F r o n t a lb o n e ,0 s f r o n t a [ ee; t h m o i d a bI o n e , 0 s e t h m o i d a t ea, n d n a s a lb o n e s ,O s s an a s a t i a .
T o p o g r a p h y|
O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns Maxillaandpalatinebone
Proc frontalis, Cristalacrimalis anterior Margo lacrimalis
Incisura lacrimalis lvlargoinfraorbitalis Forameninfraorbitale Facies orbitalis
(Cristazygomaticoalveolaris)
Sulcus infraorbitalis
Fossacanina
Facies infratemporalis
lncisuranasalis Foramina alveolaria
Soinanasalisanterior
Proc zygomaticus Juga alveolaria Tuber maxillae
Proc alveolaris
F i g .8 0
MaxiLLM a ,a x i l . t a .
Margo lacrimalis
Cristaethmoidalis
Maxilla,Proc frontalis
Sulcuslacrimalis Cristaconchalis Maxilla, Facies nasalis Spina nasalis anletiot -.1 Crista conchalis
Spinanasalisposterior
Maxilla.Proc. oalatinus
Suturapalatinatransversa Maxilla Os palatinum
F i g .8 1 M a x i t [ aM , a x i l . t aa,n d p a t a t i n eb o n e , 0s patatinum.
Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Laminaet Foramina cribrosa Squamafrontalis, Faciesinterna Cristasphenoidalis
Sinus sphenoidalis
Sinus frontalis
Fossahypophysialis Dorsumsellae
Sutura frontonasalis Os nasale
Os sphenoidale,
Corpus Os ethmoidale, Laminaperpendicularis
Alavomeris Septum nastosseum Proc.pterygoideus, Laminamedialis
Maxilla, Proc frontalis
Proc.pterygoideus, Laminalateralis
Os lacrimale
Spinanasalisposterior Hamuluspterygoideus Os palatinum, Laminahorizontalis
Maxilla, Proc. palatinus
Maxilla
Os palatinum
Os frontale
Os ethmoidale
Os nasale
I
Os sphenoidale
F i g . 8 2 B o n yn a s asI e p t u m , S e o t u mn a s o i sseum.
Vomer Os lacrimale
Laminaet Foramina cribrosa
Conchanasalissuperior
Crista galli
Sinussphenoidalis Foramen sohenoDalatinum
Os nasale
Corpus Os sphenoidale,
Hiatusmaxillaris
Concha nasalis media
Clivus Os occipitale
Conchanasalisinferior
Os palatinum, Laminaperpendicularis Proc.pterygoideus, Laminamedialis
Spina nasalis anterior Canalis incisivus
Hamuluspterygoideus Laminahorizontalis Os Dalatinum.
Maxilla, Proc palatinus
Fig. 83 Lateralwat[ of the nasaIcavity, C a v i t a sn a s i . Os parietale
Concha nasalis inferior
Maxilla
Os sphenoidale
Os frontale
Os occipitale
Os nasale
Os palatinum
X
Os ethmoidale Os lacrimale
Sinusfrontalis Apertura * sinuslrontalis Aperturasinussphenoidalis
Concha nasalis supenor
Sinussphenoidalis Os nasale Foramen sphenopalatinum
Os lacrimale Proc.uncinatus
Os palatinum, Cristaethmoidalis
Hiatus maxillaris
Conchanasalisinferior, Proc ethmoidalis
Spina nasalis anterior
Canalis tnctstvus
Spinanasalisposterior
Fig. 84 Lateralwa[[ of the nasalcavity, C a v i t a sn a s i ; t h e m i d d t en a s a Ic o n c h ah a s b e e n removed. ' Probelocated in thepassage fromthefrontal n a s am L eatus s i n u st o t h em i d d [ e
> Head
M us c tes
Hardpalate
Sinusmaxillaris
, a t a t u md u r u m ; m a x i l t a r ys i n u s , F i g .8 5 H a r dp a [ a t e P S i n u sm a x i [ L a r i sa,n d i n f e r i o rn a s a Ic o n c h a C , oncha n a s a L i isn f e r i o r .
lvlaxilla
Os sphenoidale
Os palatinum
Concha nasalis lnlerior
Laminahorizontalis Os oalatinum.
Maxilla,Proc zygomaticus
(Suturaincisiva)
(Osincisivum) Foramenincisivum
F i g .8 6
Suturaoalatinamediana
, a t a t u md u r u m . H a r dp a [ a t e P
To p o g r a p h y fossa 0rbit andpterygopalatine
Proc orbitalis Os palatinum, Fissuraorbitalisinlerior Os sphenoidale,Ala major 1.-
Os zygomaticum
Fossa saccilacrimalis
F i 9 .8 7
B a s eo f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a
oszygomaticum
I
Os temporale
Maxilla
I
Os lacrimale
Os palatinum
Os ethmoidale
Os sphenoidale
Os frontale
Arcuszygomaticus
infratemporalis Foramen zygomaticofaciale
Foramenovale Foramen spinosum Ala major, Spinaossissphenoidalis Proc pterygoideus
(Crista zygomaticoalveolaris)
Os palatinum, Laminaperpendicularis, Fossapterygopalatina Proc.pyramidalis Os palatinum,
Foraminaalveolaria
Fig. 88
Os sphenoidale, Proc pterygoideus, Hamuluspterygoideus
Pterygopatatine fossa,Fossapterygopalatina.
> Head
M us c l es
0rbit
Foraminaethmoidalia anterius et poslerius
Canalisopticus
Incisura lrontalis
Fissura orbitalis superior Os ethmoidale, Lamina orbitalis
(Sutura zygomaticofrontalis)
Suturalrontomaxillaris
Alaminor
) I l Os sphenoidale - Ala major, I Faciesorbitalis./
Os nasale Cristalacrimalis anterior
Os zygomaticum, Faciesorbitalis
posterior Cristalacrimalis
Foramen zygomaticolaciale Fissura orbitalisinlerior
Os palatinum, Proc orbitalis
Sulcusinlraorbitalis Foramen infraorbitale: Canalis inlraorbitalis
Suturazygomaticomaxillaris
Fig.89 0rbit,0rbita; orobelocatedin the infra-orbitaI c a n a tC . a n a L i sn fr a o r b i t a [ r s
I
Os nasale
m
Os frontale Os palatinum
Vomer
Os temporale
Os zygomaticum
Concha nasalis inferior
Maxilla
Os sphenoidale
Os ethmoidale
Os lacrimale
Cellulaeethmoidales
Sinusfrontalis
Crista galli Os ethmoidale,Lamina perpendicularis
Os frontale,Parsorbitalis
Fissuraorbitalis supenor Os temporale, Parssquamosa
Ala minor
Ala malor, Faciesorbitalis Fissuraorbitalis inferior
Os zygomaticum Os palatinum Sinus maxillaris Concha nasalis media
Vomer
Concha nasalis inferior
Maxilla.Proc alveolaris Dens molaris Maxilla,Proc palatinus
Cavitasnasi,Meatusnasiinferior
Fig.90 Faciatsketeton,Viscerocranium; f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
T o p o g r a p h y|
0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o n s
Os parietale
Squama lrontalis, Facies interna
Suturasphenofrontalis Parssquamosa Os temporale, Alaminor Ala major, ) FaciesorbitalisI Os sPhenoidale I - Corpus )
Foramina zygomaticoorbitalia
Sinussphenoidalis Foramenrotundum
Canalisinfraorbitalis
Canalispterygoideus Fossapterygopalatina
Sinusmaxillaris
Proc pterygoideus Hamuluspterygoideus major Canalispalatinus Alveoli dentales
F i g . 9 1 0 r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; [ateraIwaIt.
I
Os frontale
Os nasale
Maxilla
Os lacrimale
Os palatinum
Os temporale
Os sphenoidale
Os ethmoidale
I
Os zygomaticum
Os frontale Suturaethmoidolacrimalis Foramen ethmoidale anterius Laminaorbitalis Os ethmoidale, Foramenethmoidaleoosterius Canalisopticus
Os nasale
Proc.orbitalis Os oalatinum. Foramen sphenopalatinum Maxilla, Crista lacrimalisanterior
Fossapterygopalatina Corpus Os sphenoidale,
Os lacrimale, Crista lacrimalis posterior
Sulcusinfraorbitalis Laminalateralis Proc.pterygoideus,
Maxilla,Proc.zygomaticus
Hamuluspterygoideus
l\4axilla.Proc alveolaris
F i g . 9 2 O r b i t ,O r b i t a ; mediaIwatl.
Surface lSkeletonl Sphenoidalbone
Cristasphenoidalis Fissuraorbitalis supenor
Apertura sinus sphenoidalis
Ala major, Faciesorbitalis
Ala major, Faciestemporalis
Cristainfratemporalis Concha sphenoidalis
Foramenrotundum Spina ossis sphenoidalis
Proc pterygoideus, Laminalateralis
Facies maxillaris
Incisurapterygoidea
Proc pterygoideus,Lamina medialis
Hamuluspterygoideus
F i g . 9 3 S p h e n o i d abto n e 0 , s sphenoida[e; a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Sulcuscaroticus
Foramen rotundum
Dorsumsellae Proc clinoideusposterior Proc clinoideusanterior
Fissura orbitalis superior
lvlargo parietalis
Ala major, Facies cerebralis Sulcusarteriosus Lingulasphenoidalis
Sulcustubaeauditivae
Soina ossis sDhenoidalis
Canalispterygoideus Fossascaphoidea
Corpus Proc vaginalis
Proc pterygoideus, Laminalateralis
Roskum sphenoidale
Proc pterygoideus, Laminamedialis
F i g . 9 4 S p h e n o i d abt o n e ,0 s s p h e n o i d a [ e ; oosteriorview.
Muscles
Topogr a p h y Sphenoidal and occipitalbone
(Proc clinoideusmedius) Ala major,Margofrontalis
Proc.clinoideusposterior
Sulcusorechiasmaticus Jugumsphenoidale
Proc clinoideus anterior
Tuberculumsellae Canalis opticus
Ala major, Margoparietalis
Os sphenoidale, Ala major
Foramen rotundum
Fissura orbitalis superior
Sella turcica, Fossa hypophysialis
Ala major, Margosquamosus
Foramen ovale
Foramenspinosum Sulcuscaroticus Lingulasphenoidalis
Proc intrajugularis jugularis lncisura
jugulare Tuberculum
Proc.jugularis
Os occipitale,Parslateralis
Foramenmagnum
Margomastoideus
Sulcussinussigmoidei
Fossa cerebellaris
Sulcussinustransversi
(Cristaoccipitalis interna)
Margo lambdoideus
Eminentia cruciformis Protuberantia occioitalisinterna
F i g .9 5 0 c c i p i t a b t o n e ,0 s o c c i p i t a l e , a n d s p h e n o i d abI o n e ,0 s s p h e n o i d a [ e .
Temporalbone
Margoparietalis Parssquamosa, Faclestemporalis SulcusarteriaetemDoralis mediae Foveola suDrameatica
Cristasupramastoidea Margo sphenoidalis
parietalis Incisura (Spinasuprameatica) Parspetrosa Proc zygomaticus
Foramenmastoideum Margo occipitalis
Fissuratympanomastoidea
lncisura mastoidea
Proc mastoideus Parstympanica
F i g .9 6 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a L e .
F i g . 9 7 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a t eo, f a n e o n a t e .
To p o g r a p h y|
0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Margoparietalis Parssouamosa. Faciescerebralis Eminentia arcuata parietalis Incisura
Margosuperior partispetrosae
Sulcusarteriosus
Foramenmastoideum Margo occipitalis
Sulcussinussigmoidei Aperturacanaliculi vestibuli Apexpartispetrosae
Proc intrajugularis
Porusacusticus internus
Proc styloideus
F i g .9 8 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a t e .
Canaliscaroticus Apexpartis petrosae
Proc.zygomaticus
Canaliscaroticus
Tuberculum articulare
Fossulapetrosa Aoertura canaliculicochleae
Fossamandibularis
Proc intrajugularis Fissurapetrotympanica Fossajugularis Meatusacusticus externus
Vaginaprocessusstyloidei Proc styloideus Foramenstylomastoideum
Proc mastoideus Incisura mastoidea
Margo occipitalis
Foramen mastoideum
F i g .9 9 T e m p o r a bl o n e ,O s t e m p o r a [ e
> Head
M us c tes
Mandible
Proc condylaris
Proc coronoideus
Ramus mandibulae Linea obliqua Ramus mandibulae
Basis mandibulae
Tuberculum mentale
Corpusmandibulae mentalis Protuberantia
F i g .1 0 0 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u t a
Proc coronoideus
Incisuramandibulae
Ramusmandibulae
(Tuberositas masseterica)
Angulusmandibulae Corpusmandibulae
F i g .1 0 1 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u [ a . lncisuramandibulae Proc.----l coronoideus
!'
Ramusmandibulae
Fovea sublingualis
Foramenmandibulae Sulcusmylohyoideus (Tuberositas pterygoidea) Angulusmandibulae Linea mylohyoidea
F i g . 1 0 2 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u [ a .
Foveasubmandibularis
T o p o g r a p h y|
0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o n s
Collummandibulae
Foramenmandibulae
(Tuberositas pterygoidea) Angulusmandibulae Arcusalveolaris,:,
Linea mylohyoidea
Foveasubmandibularis
Foveasublingualis
Fossadigastrica
Spinamentalis
F i g . 1 0 3 M a n d i b l . eM, a n d i b u [ a .
Corpusmandibulae
F i g . 1 0 4 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u l . o a f, a n e t d e r t yi n d i v i d u a l . .
Proc.coronoideus Ramusmandibulae Proc.condylaris
Corpus mandibulae
Densdeciduus (Symphysis mandibulae) Foramenmentale
F i g . 1 0 5 M a n d i b t eM , andibuLa o ,f a n e o n a t e .
> Head
Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Temporomandibular joint
Proc.zygomaticus Os temporale, Capsulaarticularis
Porusacusticus externus
Proc pterygoideus, Laminalateralis
Articulatio temporomandibularis, Lig laterale
Proc styloideus
Proc. coronoideus
Proc condylaris Lig stylomandibulare
Angulusmandibulae; (Tuberositas masseterica)
F i g . 1 0 6 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t , A r t i c u t a t i ot e m o o r o m a n dbiu L a r i s .
Sinussphenoidalis
SDinaossis sohenoidalis
Cavitas nasi, Choana
Lig pterygospinale Canalis nervi hypoglossi
f Laminalateralis Proc.pterygoideus 1. \ Laminamedialis
Proc styloideus Lig sphenomandibulare
Hamuluspterygoideus
Lig stylomandibulare Ramus mandibulae L i n g u l am a n d i b u l a e
Sulcusmylohyoideus A n g u l um s andibulae; (Tuberositas pterygoidea) Linea mylohyoidea
F i g . 1 0 7 P t e r y g o s p i n o uasn d s p h e n o m a n d i b u LLairg a m e n t s , L i g g .p t e r y g o s p i n a [eet s p h e n o m a n d i b u [ a r e .
Discusarticularis Caputmandibulae Porusacusticusexternus Os zygomaticum
Collummandibulae
Proc.coronoideus
Capsulaarticularis
F i g . 1 0 8 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u [ a r i s ; s a g i t t a sl .e c t i o n ; m o u t ha [ m o s tc l o s e d .
Fossamandibularis, Faciesarticularis
Discusarticularis Caputmandibulae Porusacusticusexternus Os zygomaticum
Collummandibulae
Proc mastoideus Proc coronoideus Proc.styloideus
Ramusmandibulae
Capsulaarticularis
F i g . 1 0 9 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u Lj oairn t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r i s ; crniiirl
m o u t ho D e n e d .
Surface lSketetonl Musctes joint and masticatory Temporomandibular muscles
F i g .1 1 0a , b A r t i c u [ adr i s c D , iscua s r t i c u t a r ios f,t h e , r t i c u t a t ti o emporomandibutaris. t e m p o r o m a n d i b uj ol .ianrt A a S u o e r i ovri e w b LateraIview
Arcuszygomaticus
A b b .1 1 1 M a s t i c a t om r yu s c t e sM, m .m a s t i c a t o r i i A r r o w si n d i c a tteh ed i r e c t i oonf m u s c [ e traction w h e nc t o s i ntgh e m o u t h .
T o p o g r a p h y|
O rg a na re a s I S e cti o n s
Caputmandibulae
F i g . 1 1 2 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t , A r t i c u t a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u L a r i s .
1 Meatus acusticus externus 2 Proc.condylaris 3 Discus articularis 4 Ostemporale, Fossa mandibularis F i g . 1 1 3a , b T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t ,A r t i c u t a t i o temporomandibu[aris; t o m o g r a p h yl;a t e r a Ip r o j e c t i o n a f t e r i n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s t m e d i u mi n t ot h e j o i n t c a v i t y[ a r t h r o g r a p h y ) . a M o u t hc l o s e d b M o u t ho p e n e d
Tuberculum articulare 5 Os temporale, mandibulae 6 Incisura 7 Proc coronoideus
T h e a r t i c u l a rd i s cs h i f t sf o r w a r dd u r i n go p e n i n go f t h e m o u t h .
$unface lSkeletonl Muscles
Head Masticatory muscles
Arcus zygomaticus
F i g .1 1 t , M a s s e t e a r n d t e m p o r a lm u s c [ e , M m . m a s s e t e re t t e m D o r a t r s .
Proc temporalis Os zygomaticum, major,Cristainfratemporalis M pterygoideus lateralis Tuberculum articulare Proc zygomaticus Os temporale,
Fossamandibularis, Faciesadicularis Discusarticularis Caputmandibulae Capsulaarticularis
l\4 pterygoideus medialis
F i g .115 T e m p o r o m a n d i b ujLoai nr t ,A r t i c u t a t rt oe m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r i s ; m e d i a La n d L a t e r apI t e r y g o i dm u s c L e s , M m . p t e r y g o i d emi e d i a t i se t I a t e r a L r s .
Topogr a p h y|
0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o n s Masticatory muscles
N opticus0ll N trochlearis lvl N oculomotorius illll N trigeminus [Vl
N abducens [Vl]
A temporalis, R frontalls A. carotisinterna M temporalis Fossamandibularis Capsulaarticularis Discusarticularis Caputmandibulae
M pterygoideus lateralis, Caputsuperius l\4 pterygoideus lateralis Caputinferius
Lig. sphenomandibulare
Palatummolle N lingualis N alveolarisinferior
pterygoideus medialis M masseter
pterygoideus Hamulus
Angulus mandibulae
M mylohyoideus
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus M genioglossus
M omohyoideus Platysma
M geniohyoideus M thyrohyoideus l\4 sternohyoideus
F i g , 1 1 6 M a s t i c a t o rm y u s c t e sM , m. masticatorii; f r o n t a Is e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e t e m p o r o m a n d i b u t jaori n t a n d h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nt h r o u q ht h e c a t v a r i a : oosteriorview.
Surface lSketetonl Muscles Masticatory muscles
Cellulaeethmoidales
Septumnasi
N. opticusilll * a M temporalis
V ; 4 , t e m p o r a lai s a superficialis, R frontalis R temporalis * (vil) N infraorbitalis *
Conchanasalis media R. zygomaticus * (vil) Conchanasalis inferior Sinusmaxillaris
a M. masseter, Parsprofunda a M. masseter, Parssuperficialis
parotidea Glandula accessona
Maxilla
Ductusparotideus
a M. buccinator A facialisa
Densmolarisll Lingua Mandibula
Platysma Glandula submandularis
a M. mylohyoideus
Noduslymphoideus submandibularis
r yu s c l e sM, m .m a s t i c a t o r i i ; F i g . 1 1 7 M a s t i c a t om f r o n t asI e c t i o n ; a n t e r i ovr i e w .
a M digastricus,Venteranterior
To p o g r a p h y|
O r g a na re a s I S e cti o ns Masticatorymuscles
Cartilagoalarismajor
oculi a M orbicularis
a M. zygomaticusmajor
O M. temporalis
a M masseter, Parsprofunda a M. masseter, Parssuperficialis
Ramus mandibulae
a M pterygoideus lateralis, Caputinlerius
N massetericus e N alveolaris& inlerior
a M pterygoideus lateralis, Caputsuperius
N lingualis , A alveolaris O inferior
a M pterygoldeus medialis
A. maxillaris a Glandula parotidea N facialis[Vll] {}
Proc styloideus V maxillaris a V jugularis internaa A. vertebralis a
F i g . 1 1 8 M a s t i c a t o rm y u s c l e sM , m.masticatorii; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n .
S u r " i . m u *l S ' ke[*'tmnl Muscles
> Head Facialandmasticatory muscles
Galea aponeurotica
M procerus
supercilii M corrugator M epicranius, M occipitofrontalis, Venterfrontalis
Lig palpebralemediale
l\il levatorlabii superioris alaeque nasl
M depressor supercilii
M, nasalis M temporoparietalis
M levator labii superioris
M orbicularis o c u l iP , ars palpebralis M orbicularis oculi, Pars orbitalis
M zygomaticus mtnor
:
M levator labii supeflons araequenasr
M zygomaticus malor l\il depressor septi nasi
l\4 zygomaticus mrnor lvl levator labiisuperioris
M levator angulioris parotidea Glandula
M zygomaticus
Corpusadiposum buccae
malor
Ductusparotideus
M levator anguli oris
M orbicularis oris, Parsmarginalis M risorius Platysma Platysma
Foramenmentale l\4 depressor angulioris
M depressoranguli oris
l\il depressor labiiinferioris lvl sternocleidomastoideus M depressor labii inferioris
Platysma
M mentalis
Fascia ceruicalis.Lamina suDerficialis
l\4 orbicularis oris, Parslabialis
F i g . 1 1 9 F a c i a Im u s c t e s M , m faciei, v u s c t e sM , m.masticaiorii and masticatorm
T opog r a p h y|
Org a na re a s I S e cti o ns Facialmuscles
M epicranius, M.temporoparietalis
M. auricularis anterior
Galeaaponeurotica M epicranius,M occipitolrontalis, Venterfrontalis M. auricularis supeflor M orbicularis oculi,Parspalpebralis
M. depressor supercilii M. epicranius, M occipitofrontalis, Venter occipitalis
M procerus M orbicularis oculi, Parsorbitalis M levator labii supeflofls alaeque nasi
M nasalis M, levator labii supenons
M. auricularis posterior
M semispinalis capitis
M. zygomaticus mtnor M. orbicularis ons
M. sternocleidomastoideus
M. zygomaticus maJor
M splenius capitis
Panniculus adiposus M orbicularis oris M. trapezius
M depressor labiiinferioris M. mentalis M depressor angulioris
Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superf icialis
Fasciaparotidea
Fig. 120 Facialmusctes,Mm. faciei
Surface lSketetonl Musctes muscles Facialandmasticatorv
Fasciatemporalis, Laminaprolunda Arcus zygomaticus
Galeaaooneurotica
rontalis, M. epicranius, lV.occipitof Venterfrontalis Pericranium M corrugator supercilii Fasciatemporalis, Laminasuperficialis
M. orbicularis f Parspalpebralis; Parsorbitalis oculil M. procerus
M. epicranius, M. temporoparietalis
M depressor supercilii Lig. palpebrale mediale
M epicranius, M occipitofrontalis, Venter occipitalis
M. levator labii superiorisalaeque nasi M levator labii superioris
Articulatio temporomandibularis, Capsula articularis, Lig. laterale
M nasalis
Glandula parotidea
M. zygomaticus mlnor M levator angulioris
parotidea Glandula accessona
M. orbicularis ons
Ductusparotideus
M zygomaticus
M buccinator
maJor M. depressor labiiinferioris
M sternocleidomastoideus M masseter Corpusadiposum ouccae
M mentalis
M. orbicularis oris M. risorius submandibularis Glandula
M depressor angulioris
Laminasuoerlicialis Fasciacervicalis, M digastricus,Venteranterior
Fig. 121 Facialmusctes,Mm. faciei,and masticatorm v u s c l e s ,M m . m a s t i c a t o r i i .
Facialandmasticatorv muscles
Pericranium
M, temporalis Galeaaponeurotica
M. epicranius, M. occipitofrontalis, Venterfrontalis
Arcuszygomaticus
M corrugatorsupercilii
Articulatio temporomandibularis, Capsulaarticularis, Lig laterale
M. orbicularis oculi M. depressor supercilii M. levatorlabiisuperioris alaequenasi M. levatorlabiisuDerioris N. infraorbitalis M nasalis M. levator angulioris
M. epicranius, M. occipitofronialis, Venteroccipitalis
Meatus acusticusexternus cartilagineus
M. orbicularis oris Ductusparotideus
Ramus mandibulae
M. buccinator M. masseter, Parsprofunda
Proc.styloideus
M. orbicularis oris
A. temporalissuperticialis
M mentalis
M sternocleidomastoideus
M. depressor labiiinferioris
M. digastricus,Venterposterior
M depressor angulioris M digastricus,Venteranterior M. masseter,Parssuoerficialis M. stylohyoideus Os hyoideum
V jugularisinterna
N vagus[X]
N. hypoglossus [Xlll
M. constrictorpharyngisinferior A. carotiscommunis
Fig. 122 FaciaImusctes,Mm. faciei,and masticatorm y u s c t e sM , m. masticatorii.
121
256
M us c l es Arteriesof the head
R parietalis A temporalis superficialis,
A temporalis media
A temporalis superficialis, R frontalis
A. temporalis superlicialis A. zygomaticoorbitalis
A. stylomastoidea Aa temporalesprofundae anterioret Dosterior
A transversa faciei
A occipitalis, Rr.occipitales
A meningea media
A auricularis posterior, R occipitalis
A sphenopalatina
A auricularis posleflor
A angularis
A occipitalis
A, infraorbitalis
A. alveolaris superiorposterior
R mastoideus R. sternocleidomastoideus
A labialissuperior
A maxillaris A occipitalis
A. palatina descendens
A palatinaascendens A. facialis
A buccalis
A labialisinterior
A carotisexterna A. carotisinterna
R mentalis A facialis
Bifurcatio carotidis A submentalis A alveolaris inferior A thyroidea superior
A carotiscommunis
Fig.123 ExternaIcarotidartery, A . c a r o t i se x t e r n a .
Veinsof the head
V. emissariaoarietalis V temporalis superficialis V.diploica temporalis posterior
V labialissuperior Plexuspterygoideus V maxillaris
V cervicalisprofunda V pharyngea V labialisinferior
V retromandibularis
V jugularis externa V submentalis
V comitansnervi hypoglossi V facialis
interna V.jugularis
V thyroideasuperior
F i g . 1 2 4 I n t e r n ajlu g u l a rv e i n , V .j u g u L a r i si n t e r n a .
> Head
M us c tes
Lymphatics of the headand the neck
Nodi lymphoideiparotidei superficiales
Nodi lymphoidei occipitales
Nodi lymphoidei mastoidei
Nodilymphoidei faciales Nodi lymphoidei cervicalesprolundi
Nodi lymphoidei submandibulares
Nodi lvmDhoideicervicales me0rates
Nodi lymphoidei cervicales laterales
Fig.125 Lymphnodesand lymphatics o f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k ,N o d iL y m p h o i d e i c a p i t i se t c e r v i c i s ; a r r o w si n d i c a t ed r a i n a o ea r e a s .
M sternocleidomastoideus
Glandula parotidea
i.e
Nodi lymphoideiparotideiprofundi
1"*t* Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales, Nodi profundisuperiores
M splenius capitis
M levator scapulae
Nodilymphoideiretropharyngeales
Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales, Nodi profundi inferiores
A. carotiscommunis V jugularis interna
M scalenusmedius
Glandula thyroidea
M scalenusanterior Nodi lymphoideithyroidei
M trapezius
Nodilymphoidei cervicales anteriores, Nodiorofundiinferiores V brachioceDhalica dextra
A subclavia dextra
V subclavia dextra
F i g . 1 2 6 D e e pL y m p hn o d e so f t h e n e c k , N o d it y m p h o i d eci e r v i c a L epsr o f u n d i .
i::Yl
> Head it
Musctes
Facialnerve
R temporalis
Rr zygomatici
posterior N auricularis
Rr buccales
N facialis [Vll]
R m a r g i n a l i sm a n d i b u l a r i s
Fig. 127 FaciaInerve,N. faciatis[Vll]
F i g . 1 2 8a , b P a t s yo f t h e l e f t f a c i a Ln e r v e , N . f a c i a t i s[ V l l ] . a T h e c o n c e r n e de y ec a n n o tb e c l o s e du p o n r e qu e s t It ag o ph t h aL m us ) . b T h e t e e t ho f t h e c o n c e r n e ds i d ec a n n o tb e S n o w nu 0 0 nr e o u e s t
To p o g r a p h y|
O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns Cutaneous innervation
N frontalis N ophthalmicus
N supraorbitalis
lv/11
N supratrochlearis
Ganglion trigeminale
Ganglion ciliare N maxillaris
lvt2l N. infraorbitalis N mandibularis
lv/31
Foramen infraorbitale
N temporalis profundus N palatinusmajor N auriculotemporalis N buccalis N alveolaris interior
N lingualis
N mentalis
N mylohyoideus
Ganglion submandibulare
Fig. 129 Trigeminalnerve, N . t r i g e m i n u s[ V J .
N ophthalmicus [V/'1]
F i g . 1 3 0 C u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o o nf t h e h e a d a n dt h e n e c k
Surface lSketetonl Musctes
> Head Vesselsandnervesof the headand the neck
M occipitofrontalis & M epicranius,
& N supraorbitalis
oculi s M, orbicularis A temporalis supedlcialis, o R parietalis
lvl temporalis* auriculotemporalis (v/3)
O A angularis
Rr temporales (vll)
Ductus parotideus
parotidea Glandula
N occipitalisminor, (Plexus cervicalis)
!, R buccalis (vil)
& M masseter V jugularis externaa M levatorscapulae* ,; R marginalis mandibularis (vil)
N auricularis magnus,,, (Plexuscervicalis) N accessorius',
txtl
Platysma
M trapezius s
't32 25r+ 1.
F i g . 1 3 1 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k : s u o e r f i c i al[a t e r a Ir e o i o n s
Vessels andnervesof theheadandthe
A temporalis superficialis a (V/1) & N supraorbitalis
a A supraorbitalis auriculotemporalis ', (v/3)
* N. supratrochlearis
Nn)
N occipitalismajor I
{t N infraorbitalis
(v/2t
Plexusintraparotideus & (vil)
N occipitalis minor ,
* N mentalis
(v/3)
L4 spleniuscapitiss a A facialis
N auricularis magnus,.*
a V facialis ? R , c o l l i( V l l )
N accessorius [Xll ,,
V jugularis externaa colli 6 N transversus Nn supraclaviculares i M sternocleidomastoideus M trapezius o
colli o V transversa
133 256 Fig.132 Vessetsand nerveso f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k ; d e e pl a t e r a Ir e g i o n s .
131
> Head
M us c l es
Lateralregionof theface
iil
V,temporalis mediaa superficialis, R.frontalis a A temporalis lateralis s N suoraorbitalis,R
A temporalis supedicialis, a R parietalis
&,N zygomaticus, R zygomaticotemporalis
{e N supraorbitalis, B lateralis
a A supratrochlearis {,}N supraorbitalis, R medialis & N zygomaticus, R zygomaticofacialis I N supratrochlearis
* N infratrochlearis {, N ethmoidalis antenor, R nasalis EXTETNUS
a A angularis
A occipitalisa
s N infraorbitalis
N auricularis.t posterior posterior A auricularis a
* N massetericus a A facialis N occipitalisminor ,
s M buccinator
M trapezius0
a A buccalis
l\4 sternocleidomastoideus*
$ N buccalis
A occipitalisa
* M orbicularis oris
(Vll)r, R digastricus
,* N mentalis
V retromandibularis o
* N alveolarisinferior
(Vll),, R stylohyoideus A carotisinlernaa
a A alveolarisinferior
A carotis externa O A lingualisO
V retromandibularis o
a A facialis
a V submentalis a V facialis
13Il
F i g , 1 3 3 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ; d e e o[ a t e r a Lr e o i o n s
T o p o g r a p h y|
O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns Maxillaryartery
t N massetericus a A masseterica
A temporalismedia O
profunda a A temporalis Posterior; , N temporalis orofundus
A temporalis superficialis, a R parietalis
lateralis * l\4.pterygoideus
R lateralis s N suoraorbitalis, A zygomaticoa orbitalis
B medialis $ N supraorbitalis, O A supratrochlearis
A transversaa taciei
1' N supratrochlearis a A angularis
Meatusacusticus externus
& N. infratrochlearis N meatusacusticii.
a A infraorbitalis
externi N vagus [X], ' R auricularis
s N ethmoidalis B nasalis anterior, e)dernus
N auriculotemporalis.. N facialis [Vll]
s N infraorbitalis
A stylomastoideaa A auricularisposteriora
g Rr alveolares supenores posteriores
A auricularisprofundaO A tympanicaanteriora
A.alveolaris a Rr.dentates; I
. Br.peridentares lilliJlid,
A occipitalis a A maxillaris a
& N buccalis
A meningea media a
a A buccalis A carolisexlernaa o A facialis
M masseter*
f N mentalis
a R mentalis
N l i n g u a l i si
a ,, A ; N alveolarisinferior
N mylohyoideus. *M N mylohyoideus
a A submentalis
pterygoideusmedialis
a A tacialis
F i g . 1 3 1 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ; dccncr
A temporalis superficialis
lateral rcni6lg.
A meningea media
Discus articularis
M pterygoideuslateralis
Proc condylaris
Proc coronoideus
A auricularis posterior
N alveolarisinferior
A maxillaris N lingualis
A occipitalis
alveolaris inferior
A carotis
externa
a
60 %
F i g . 1 3 5a - c V a r i a t i o n o sf the middLe m e n i n g e aaI r t e r y ,A . m e n i n g e am e d i a
b
3%
c
3o/o
the T h e m i d d l . em e n i n g e aaI r t e r y ,A m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f p r o x i m a L t o i n f e r i o ra l v e o t a a r r t e r y ,A a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r . T h e m i d d L em e n i n g e a L a r t e rA y ,. m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f a c r o s sf r o m t h e i n f e r i o r a t v e o [ aar r t e r y ,A . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r . T h e m i d d t em e n i n g e a L a r t e rA y ,. m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f d i s t a I t ot h e i n f e r i o r atveotarartery,A. alveo[arisinferior.
> Head
Surface lSketetonl Muscles
Lateralregionof theface
"rilt
.4.N. auriculotemporalis A temporalis superficialis, O R parietalis
media a A temporalis profunda posterior a A temporalis 1 N temooralis orofundus
meatus, acustici externl
: N mandibularis[V/3]
lateralis , o N ; M pterygoideus o A maxillaris , N infraorbitalis
R auricularis (X)
a A infraorbitalis
A;N auriculariso: posterior
a A sphenopalatina ,,, N supratrochlearis
A temporalis o supedicialis
superiores , Rr.alveolares posteriores -, N, infratrochlearis
N facialis[Vll],; N auriculo-, temporalis
a A angularis
R digastricusi A occipitalisa
& N inlraorbitalis
meningea media a)
A maxillaris a i*, N massetericus
Chordatympani ,. N buccalis
A alveolaris inferioro
a A buccalis
N hypoglossus [Xll]
.i N alveolarisinferior
A l i n g u a l i sO A palatinaascendens a , N lingualis
N vagus[X] ,
Mandibula
Ansa cervicalis ,
A carotiscommunis a
Glandula sublingualis A facialiso
a A sublingualis
N hypoglossus [Xll] ;
, N hypoglossus[Xll]
G a n g l i osnu b m a n d i b u l a r e , , N mylohyoideus i
I
a A submentalis
F i g . 1 3 6 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d , d e e p e s [t a t e r a Lr e g i o n s
l!
ril
131+ V 1 3 8 256
60k
3 o/o
4Yo
18%
a
b
c
d
F i g . 1 3 7a - d V a r i a t i o n isn t h e c o u r s e o f t h e m a x i t l a r ya r t e r y ,A . m a x i t t a r i s .
T h e m a x i L [ a r y a r t e r ym , Aa x i L t a r i s , p a s s e s m e d i a t l y t o t h e l a t e r a t p t e r y g o i d m u s c [ e , M . p t e r y g o i d e uLsa t e r a I i st h, e I i n g u a In e r v e ,N L i n g u a L iasn, d t h e i n f e r i o ra t v e o L a r n e r v e ,N . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r . T h e m a x i t L a rayr t e r y ,A . m a x i t L a r i sp,a s s e sb e t w e e nt h e L i n g u anLe r v e ,N . l i n g u a t i s , a n d t h e i n f e r i o ra t v e o [ a nr e r v e ,N . a l v e o L a r i sn f e r i o r . T h e m a x i [ L a rayr t e r y ,A . m a x i [ L a r i sp,a s s e st h r o u g ha L o o pf o r m e db y t h e i n f e r i o r a t v e o t a nr e r v e ,N . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r . T h e m i d d L em e n i n g e aaLr t e r y ,A . m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f d i s t a Lt o t h e i n f e r i o ra t v e o [ aar r t e r y ,A a l v e o t a r i isn f e r i o r .
Topography |
0rganareas
I Sections
Bamusmandibulae N. massetericus;A. masseterica o a
a Plexuspterygoideus media a V temporalis
A temporalis superlicialis, a R parietalis N. auriculoa temporalis
R lateralis a N. suDraorbitalis,
V temporalisa media A. temporalisa meota
R. medialis a N. suDraorbitalis,
N auriculo-o temporalis
o N. suoratrochlearis O A. angularis
V temporalisa superficialis
a N. infratrochlearis
Meatus acusticus exlernus
o A. dorsalisnasi
R auricularis o
a A facialis
(x)
N auricularis a posterior
a N. infraorbilalis
N.facialisa tvill A temporalis a supedicialis
o N. buccalis
A auricularis a posterior
O V orofundafaciei
A. maxillaris O V maxillaris a A carotisexternaa a A. buccalis
V retromandi-O bularis spnenomanaioutLalrge
a V tacialis
N :A alveolaris inferiora a
a N. mentalis
N.linguala is A carotisinternaa o Plexusdentalisinferior
A carotis€xternaa A. lingualis a
o A. tacialis
V retromandibularis a V facialiso
a N. mylohyoideus o V submentalis
136 F i g . 1 3 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ; d e e p e rt a t e r a Ir e g i o n s .
Surface lSkeletonl
Musctes
Mouth/0ratcavity
Skeletonof thenose
Os nasale
(Cartilago nasi lateralis)
Cartilago alarismajor, Cruslaterale
Cartilagines nasl accessonae Cartilago septi nasi
Cartilago alarismajor, Crusmediale
Cartilagoseptinasi
F i g . 1 3 9 S k e t e t o no f t h e n o s e .
Ala nasi
F i g . 1 1 0 N a s a I c a r t i [ a g e sCa , rtitag ines nast.
Suturafrontonasalis Suturafrontomaxillaris
Maxilla,Proc frontalis
Cartilago alarismajor, Cruslaterale
Cartilagines ataresmtnores
Cartilago alarismajor, Crusmediale
Cartilagoseptinasi
Fig.1t1
S k e t e t o no f t h e n o s e .
To p o g r a p h y S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
Nasalseptum
Laminaet Foramina cribrosa Sinussphenoidalis Laminaperpendicularis Os ethmoidale, Cartilagoseptinasi
Cartilago septinasi, Proc.posterior
Cartilagoalaris major, Crus mediale
Spinanasalisanterior
Fossa pterygoidea
Hamuluspterygoideus Suturapalatina transversa (Suturavomeromaxillaris)
F i g . 1 1 2 N a s a Is e p t u m ,S e p t u mn a s i
Os ethmoidale, Lamina perpendicularis
Plexuscavernosus
Cartilagoseptinasi
Meatus nasi inferior
Concha nasalis inlerior
Glandulae nasales
Maxilla, Proc palatinus, Crista nasalis
F i g . 1 1 3 I n f e r i o rn a s a Ic o n c h a C , o n c h an a s a L i isn f e r t o r .
Musctes Mouth/0raIcavity
Sinusfrontalis Nn.olfactoriiill Bulbusolfactorius
Conchanasalismedia SinussDhenoidalis Conchanasalisinferior
Limennasi Tonsillapharyngea Vestibulumnasi
Fig. 144 LateralwaLtof the nasaIcavity,Cavitasnasi.
Sinustrontalis Os frontale Conchanasalissuoerior
Conchanasalismedia Cellulae ethmoidales posteriores Os nasale
Sinus sphenoidalis
Tonsilla pharyngea
Palatummolle Conchanasalisinferior
Palatumdurumr N. nasooalatinus Openings of: 1 Sinustrontalis 2 Ductusnasolacrimalis 3 Cellulaeethmoidales anteriores 4 Sinusmaxillaris 5 CellulaeethmoidalesDosteriores 6 Sinussohenoidalis
F i g . 1 4 5 N a s a Ic a v i t yC , a v i t a sn a s i ,a n d o p e n i n g s o f t h e p a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s .
Topography Sativarygtands Topography
Paranasal sinuses
Fig.116 Projectionof the paranasaIsinuses,Sinus paranasates.
Sinusfrontalis
Sinusmaxillaris
Fig,1t7
Projection o f t h e p a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a t e s .
,']
M us c tes Mouth/0ratcavity
Paranasalsinuses
nasisuperior lvleatus Sinusfrontalis
lvleatus nasimedius
Cellulaeethmoidales
Hiatussemilunaris
Conchanasalismedia
Sinusmaxillaris
Meatusnasiinferior Septumnasi Conchanasalisinferior
F i g , 1 4 8 P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a t e s .
20Y 12Y Sinusfrontalis
8. Y Y
Os ethmoidale
Septum nasi
Orbita,Pariesinferior Conchanasalismedia I
lvleatusnasiinferior Conchanasalisinferior
G
\
Sinusmaxillaris
20Y
Maxilla,Proc palatinus >60 Y
l\4axilla
F i g . 1 1 9 D e v e t o p m e notf t h e m a x i L t a rayn d f r o n t a Is i n u s e s . Y - vear of Life
S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
ParanasaI si nuses,radiography
Sinusfrontales
Cellulaeethmoidales anteriores
Orbita
Suturaf rontozygomatica
Os zygomaticum, Proc trontalis
Forameninfraorbitale Cavitasnasi Cellulae ethmoidales oosteriores
Sinusmaxillaris Arcuszygomaticus
Sinusmaxillaris
Proc. condylaris
Margosuperiorpartispetrosae
Proc.coronoideus Sinussphenoidalis Lrngua
F i g .1 5 0 P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s ; PA-radiograph.
> Head
M us c tes Mouth/0ratcavitl
0ral cavity
Proc pterygoideus, Laminamedialis Hamuluspterygoideus Raphepterygomandibularis
M tensor veli palatini M levatorveli palatini
Tonsillapharyngea M pterygoideuslateralis Lig sphenomandibulare
Palatumdurum M pterygoideus medialis M orbicularis oris Ramusmandibulae
Glandulae labiales
Proc styloideus M styloglossus
M buccinator
M stylopharyngeus Lig stylohyoideum Lig stylomandibulare M stylohyoideus l\ilandibula
M longuscapitis
M digastricus
M genioglossus
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus
M mylohyoideus
Membrana thyrohyoidea
M geniohyoideus ( I Os hvoideum 1 _ l I
M, hyoglossus
corpu. /
N4thyrohyoideus
u o r n um r n u s
M sternocleidomastoideus
F i g . 1 5 1 0 r a L c a v i t yC, a v i t a so r i s
Palatum durum
Palatum molle
Arcuspalatoglossus Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Tonsillapalatina Uvula palatina
Dorsumlinguae
Labium inferius
Fig. 152 0raI cavity,Cavitasoris.
Topography S a t i v a r y g [ a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
Dentalarcade
Dentesincisivi
Denscaninus
Maxilla, Proc palatinus
Sutura palatina mediana
Dentespremolares
Sutura palatomaxillaris
Maxilla,Proc alveolaris
Dentesmolares
Foramenpalatinum malus
Sulcus palatinus malor
Ospalatinum, Proc pyramidalis
Foramina palatina minora Choana
Laminahorizontalis Os oalatinum.
F i g . 1 5 3 U p p e rd e n t a La r c a d e A , r c u sd e n t a t i ss u p e r i o r , , a t a t u mo s s e u m . a n d b o n yp a t a t e P
Foramen mandibulae
oral *
vestibular
Dens molaris lll [serotinus]
Tunicamucosaoris,Gingiva
DensmolarisI
Denspremolaris ll Foramen mentale
Denspremolaris I Denscaninus Densincisivus lateralis
Dens incisivusmedialis
F i g , 1 5 4 L o w e rd e n t a Ia r c a d e A , r c u sd e n t a l i si n f e r i o r + I n t h em a n d i b loer a Ii s s y n o n y m ow u si t hL i n g u aatn, di n t h e m a x i t l iat i s s y n o n y m ow u ist hp a t a t i n a t
M us c tes Mouth/0raIcavitl
vestlbular
Enamelum Corona dentis
Corona clinica Dentinum
Cervix dentis
Margo gingivalis
Cementum
Radix dentis
Radix clinica
Periodontium IDesmodontium] Canalisradicis dentis: Pulparadicularis Foramen apicis dentis
Apex radicisdentis
F i g . 1 5 5 I n c i s o rt o o t h ,D e n si n c i s i v u s .
+mesial dlstal
+mesial Cuspisdentis
Apexcuspidis \ (Facies contactus); Faciesmesialis
1Fu.i". "ont".tr"1; Faciesdistalis Cuspisdentis
Cuspisdentis Tuberculum dentis
II
' Facies lingualis
F i g .1 5 6 P e r m a n e n L t o w e cr a n i n et o o t h , D e n sc a n i n u sp e r m a n e n s .
F i g . 1 5 7 D e c i d u o u s e c o n dm o [ a rt o o t h , D e n sm o t a r i sd e c i d u u s
F i g ,1 5 8 P e r m a n e n u t p p e rf i r s t m o l a r t o o t h , D e n sm o L a r i sp r i m u s .
To p o g r a p h y Sativarygtands Topography
Dentesincisivi
Dens cantnus
Dens molarisI
Dens molarisll
Dentesincisivi
Dens cantnus
Dens molarisI
Dens molarisll
F i g . 1 5 9 D e c i d u o u tse e t h ,D e n t e sd e c i d u io, f a 3 - y e a r - o l .cdh i L d ; v e s t i b u [ avr i e w .
Maxitta r i gh t
55 54 53
6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 , . .LEI L 72 73 74 75 MandibLe
Dens Dens incisivuslateralis caninus
Dens molarisI
Dens molarisll
Dens Dens incisivus lateralis caninus
Dens molarisI
Dens molarisll
F i g . 1 6 0 D e c i d u o u tse e t h ,D e n t e sd e c i d u i o, f a 2 - y e a r - o l dc h i t d ; top row viewedfrom vestiburar; bottom row viewedobLiquel,y from inferior.
8
7
6
54321
F i g .1 6 1 P e r m a n e n t et e t h D , e n t ep sermanentes; oratview. n f t h en u m b e r s . l I S e eo .9 7f o r i d e n t i cf a t i o o
Adutd t entition
8
7
5
4
F i g . 1 6 2 P e r m a n e n t e e t h ,D e n t e sp e r m a n e n tes; distaIview. l S e ep . 9 7 f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i oonf t h e n u m b e r s . )
321
Sativarygl.ands Topography
123
45
7
6
8
F i g . 1 6 3P e r m a n e nt et e t hD , e n t ep sermanentes; vestibular vtew.
1 2 3 4
123
5 D e n sp r e m o t a r li ls 6 D e n sm o t a r i sI 7 D e n sm o l a r i sl l I D e n sm o [ a r i sl l l nus] Iseroti
D e n si n c i s i v u sI D e n si n c i s i v u sl l D e n sc a n i n u s D e n sp r e m o t a r i sI
4
5
o
F i g . 1 6 1 P e r m a n e ntte e t h ,D e n t e sp e r m a n e n t e s ; mesiaIview.
7
8
Surface lSketetonl Musctes
F i g . 1 6 5 M a x i l . t aM, a x i t L aw, i t h d e c i d u o u st e e t h , D e n t e sd e c i d u ia, n d t h e f i r s t p e r m a n e n t o o t h ; L e f t : m e d i a nt i m e o f e r u p t i o ni n m o n t h sI M l ; r i g h t :o r d e ro f e r u p t i o n .
9 -13 9-12 Y
1 0 . - 1 3Y.
18-40 Y
Fig.165 MaxiLta, Maxitl.a, with permanentteeth,Dentes p e r m an e n t e s ; l e f t : m e d i a nt i m e o f e r u p t i o ni n y e a r s[ Y l ; r i g h t :o r d e ro f e r u p t i o n .
T o p o g r a p h y|
Org a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Sativarygtands Topography
Canalismandibulae
Denscaninus(deciduus) Dentesmolares(decidui)
Densmolaris(permanens) ll
Dentesmolares(decidui)
| Densmolaris(permanens) (permanentes) Dentespremolares Denscaninus(permanens)
Foramenmentale
F i g . 1 6 7 M a x i L t aM, a x i t t aa, n d m a n d i b t eM , andibuta, o f a 5 - y e a r - o [ dc h i t d ; d e c i d u o u tse e t ha n d a n t a g eo f p e r m a n e n t e e t h .
tl
Densmolarislll lserotinus]
Dentespremolares
Denscaninus
Densmolarislll [serotinus]
Densmolarisll
DentesDremolares. Radices DensmolarisI Foramenmentale
F i g . 1 6 8 M a x i [ [ aM , a x i L l aa,n d m a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u [ a , of a 20-year-otd ma[e.
> Head
Sunface lSketetmnl
Musel*s
Mouth/0ratcavity
Teeth,radiography
Arcuszygomaticus
Canalis infraorbitalis
Palatum durum
Tuberculum articulare
Septumnasi
lvleatus acusticus exlernus
Sinus maxillaris Proc condylaris
Palatum molle [Velum palatinum]
Densmolarisll
Canalis mandibulae
Os hyoideum
Dens caninus Foramen mentale
Dens i n c i s i v ul ls
Dens incisivus i
Dens premolaris I
Dens premolaris ll
F i g .1 6 9 M a x i t L aM, a x i I L a ,n d m a n d i b L e M, a n d i b u L a ; p a n o r a m i rca d i o g r a p h ; w i t h o u tw i s d o mt e e t h .
Dens molarisI
T opog r a p h y|
Org a na re a s I S e cti o ns
S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
lnnervation
N ophthalmicus[V/1]
teeth
Nn alveolares superiores
N trigeminus [V] Ganglion trigeminale
N mandibularis [V/31 N infraorbitalis
N lingualis
N alveolarisinferior
N mentalis
Plexus dentalis inferior
F i g . 1 7 0 M a x i t l a r ya n d m a n d i b u t a nr e r v e , N n . m a x i t t a r i s[ V / 2 ]e t m a n d i b u t a r i [sV / 3 ]
Ganglion trigeminale
N trigeminus [V]
prolundus N petrosus [Radixsympathica] M tensortympani N petrosusminor N petrosus majorlRadixparasympathica] Ganglion geniculi
Radix motoria
N mandibularis [V/3] N .o p h z N.m
Rr.ganglionares IBadixsensorial
/N.
N intermedius Tubaauditiva
N, infraorbitalis R alveolaris superior anterior
Sinusmaxillaris
N facialis lvill
Cellulae mastoideae N. infraorbitalis
Cavitastympani N, tympanicus Foramen stylomastoideum N vagus[X] N glossopharyngeus lXl N caroticus internus A carotisinterna
Rr alveolares superiores anteriores, Plexusdentalissuperior
N canalis pterygoidei
pterygopalatinum Ganglion
Rr alveolares suoeriores medii Fl alveolaris suoeriormedius Br alveoleressuDeriores oosteriores
F i g .1 7 1 P t e r y g o p a l a tgi naen g L i oG na , n g t i opnt e r y g o p a L a t i n u m
Surface lSketetonl Muscles Mouth/Oratcavity
(medialis) Densincisivus
F i g . 1 7 2 H a r da n ds o f tp a L a t e , Patatum d u r u me t m o t t e ; i n f e r i ovr i e w .
Densincisivus (lateralis) Denscaninus
Papilla incisiva
Denspremolaris I
Plicae palatinae Iransversae
Denspremolaris ll DensmolarisI
Palatumdurum
Densmolarisll
Densmolarislll [serotinus]
Raphe palati
Palatummolle lvelum palatinuml Arcus palatoglossus N nasopalatinus
Arcuspalatopharyngeus Uvulapalatina
Palatum durum
Rr alveolares posteriores superiores
F i g . 1 7 3 S e n s i b l ei n n e r v a t i o o nf the patate, P a L a t u ma,n d m a x i l t a M , axitta. n r e i n d i c a t e doy O v e r l a p p i nagr e a so f i n n e r v a t i o a t r a n s i t i o no f c o l o u r s . Nn palatini
Palatum moile
Raphe palati
Glandulae palatinae
a A. palatinamajor maior a N. palatinus
Hamuluspterygoideus
M uvulaea
Foramenpalatinum majus Hamuluspterygoideus a M. constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsglossopharyngea
Arcuspalatopharyngeus a M buccinator Arcuspalatoglossus palatina Tonsilla
Raphepterygomandibularis a M. palatoglossus e N lingualis
lsthmusfaucium pharyngis superior, a M. constrictor Parsglossopharyngea Dorsumlinguae a M. palatopharyngeus
Fig. 171 Ora[ cavity,Cavitasoris, and , m. palati. m u s c L eo sf the patateM
Topography Sativarygtands Topography
Plica glossoepiglottica mediana
Plica glossoepiglottica Iateralis
Tonsilla lingualis; Cryptaetonsillares Radix linguae
Foramen caecumlinguae
M. palatopharyngeus
Sulcusterminalis linguae
Tonsillapalatina
Fossulae tonsillares, Cryptaetonsillares
M palatoglossus (Plicatriangularis)
Dorsumlinguae, Parsposterior
Arcuspalatoglossus Papillae vallatae
Papillaefoliatae
(Papillaeconicae)
Dorsumlinguae, Parsanterior
Papillae fungiformes
Margolinguae Papillaefiliformes
Corpuslinguae Sulcusmedianus linguae Apexlinguae
F i g . 1 7 5 T o n g u eL, i n g u a .
N. glossopharyngeus lXl Bitter Sour
I I
Salty Sweel
F i g . 1 7 6 I n n e r v a t i oann dt a s t ec a t e g o r i east t h e d o r s u mo f t h et o n o u e .
Palatummolle lvelumpalatinuml
Labiumsuperius Vestibulum
Fossasupratonsillaris
ofls
Maxilla
Dorsum linguae
Tonsillapalatina
Labiuminferius
Arcus palatopharyngeus
Vestibulum ons Papillafoliata
Arcuspalaloglossus
Cavitasoris propria Papillae vallatae
Foramen caecumlinguae Tonsillalingualis
Fig.177 0raI cavity,Cavitas oris.
Mouth/Oralcavity of the
M. longitudinalis superior
linguae M transversus
Aponeurosis linguae Septumlinguae Tunicamucosalinguae
Foramen caecumlinguae
Radix linguae
Os hyoideum Mandibula Cartilago epiglotlica Aditus laryngis
M. genioglossus
laryngis Venviculus
M. mylohyoideus
M geniohyoideus Cartilagothyroidea
F i g . 1 7 8 T o n g u eL i,n g u a a, n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e ; median section.
linguae Aponeurosis linguae M. vansversus
Septum ilnguae
Plica fimbriata
Glandulalingualis Frenulum linguae
Faciesinferiorlinguae
, n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e ; F i g . 1 7 9 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e t i p o f t h e t o n g u e .
M verticalislinguae
M longitudinalissuperior
M transversus linguae
M longitudinalisinferior Mm.genioglossus
F i g . 1 8 0 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a , n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . [ i n g u a e ; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e m i d d t eo f t h e t o n o u e .
To pogr a p h y S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
Hyoidboneand infra- and suprahyoidmuscles
Cornuminus
F i g . 1 8 1 H y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m .
Fig.182 Hyoidbone,0s hyoideum.
Proc.styloideus
M mylohyoideus M. digastricus,Venterposterior M geniohyoideus
M digastricus,Venteranterior Os hyoideum
M thyrohyoideus
M. omohyoideus, Ventersuperior M. sternohyoideus
M sternothyroideus M omohyoideus, Venterinterior
F i g . 1 8 3 M u s c u t a rs u s p e n s i o n o f t h e h y o i db o n e
> Head Mouth/0ratcavitl
Suprahyoid muscles
Protuberantia mentalis
Alveolusdentalis m o l a r ilsl l (Densextractus) Foramen mentale (Raphe mylohyoidea)
Tuberculum mentale venteranterior; M dioastricus { lventerposterior Lig stylohyoideum
M stylohyoideus (Ansatendinis) l\4 digastricus, Tendointermedius l\4 digastricus,
Corpus Os hyoideum, Os hyoideum, Cornumajus
duscles, F i g .1 8 4 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u t aa ,n d s u p r a h y o im Mm.suorahvoidei
Spinamentalis superior
M genioglossus
l\4 mylohyoideus N4geniohyoideus
Os hyoideum, Cornuminus Foramen mandibulae
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus
Os hyoideum, Corpus
musctes, F i g . 1 8 5 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u L as ;u p r a h y o i d M m . s u p r a h y o i d ea in, d h y o i db o n e , 0 sh y o i d e u m
Ramus mandibulae
Topography Sativarygl.ands Topography
Dorsumlinguae Corpuslinguae
Papillae foliatae Papillavallata Radix linguae
M palatoglossus M. styloglossus M stylopharyngeus Mandibula
M longitudinalis inferior M. constrictorpharyngismedius M genioglossus M geniohyoideus M. hyoglossus
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus
Os hyoideum, Corpus Membrana thyrohyoidea
M thyrohyoideus
F i g . 1 8 6 T o n g u eL ,i n g u aa,n dmusclesof the t o n g u eM , m .l i n g u a e .
M. hyoglossus M. palatoglossus
Tunicamucosaoris
M. styloglossus M. stylopharyngeus M. constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsglossopharyngea Mandibula
M constrictorpharyngismedius, Parsceratopharyngea
M longitudinalisinferior
M geniohyoideus M. genioglossus M. geniohyoideus
M chondroglossus Os hyoideum, Cornuminus
F i g . 1 8 7 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a , n d m u s c t e so f t h e t o n g u eM , m .[ i n g u a e .
M. hyoglossus
> Head
M us c tes Mouth/0ratcavit'
Musclesof thetongueand thepharynx
linguae Frenulum
Apexlinguae
Facies inferiorlinguae, Plica fimbriata
Tunicamucosaoris
M genioglossus M. longitudinalis interior
Septumlinguae M. genioglossus M. palatoglossus M. hyoglossus M. styloglossus M. constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsglossopharyngea
M. hyoglossus
M chondroglossus
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus
pharyngis M. constrictor medius, Parschondropharyngea M hyoglossus
M sternohyoideus M. geniohyoideus
F i g . 1 8 8 M u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e .
M styloglossus
M. palatoglossus palatina Tonsilla
Proc.styloideus
M longitudinalisinlerior Lig.stylohyoideum M. stylopharyngeus M. constrictor suoerior. oharvnqis Parsglossopharynaei pharyngis M. constrictor medius, Parschondropharyngea M. constrictorpharyngismedius, Parsceratopharyngea M. geniohyoideus
Os hyoideum, Cornuminus
Membranathyrohyoidea
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus A.; V. laryngea superior; N. laryngeus superior M. thyrohyoideus
Cartilagothyroidea
M. constrictorpharyngisinferior, Parsthyropharyngea
F i g . 1 8 9 M u s c t e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . [ i n g u a ea, n d musctesof the pharynx,Tunicamuscutarispharyngis.
Topogr a p h y Salivarygtands Topography
Fascia masseterica
Ductusparotideus
M buccinator parotidea Glandula accessofla buccae Corpusadiposum
M masseter
M risorius
M depressor angulioris
Fascia parotidea
Platysma l\4.sternocleidomastoideus: Fasciacervicaiis. Laminasuoerf icialis
Os hyoideum
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suDerficialis
v;A lacialis
F i g . 1 9 0 P a r o t i dg t a n d ,G t a n d u [ ap a r o t i d e a .
Cavitas nasi
Plexuscavernosus a
Cartilagonasilateralis
Concha nasalis media
M orbicularis oculia Sinusmaxillaris l\/axilla
lV temporalis a Proc coronoideus M pterygoideus lateralisa a A carotisinterna
N lingualis*
N alveolarisinferior& Proc condylaris
Proc.styloideus
temporalis superficialis a A temporalis superficialis a
a A vertebralis
Cartilago auriculae parotidea Glandula A. alveolaris inleriorO Proc mastoideus
a A occipitalis
, t a n d u t ap a r o t i d e aa, n d F i g . 1 9 1 P a r o t i dg L a n dG , m. masticatorii; m a s t i c a t o rm y usclesM h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n ; i n f e r i o rv i e w .
> Head
M us c l es Mouth/0ratcavitr
jqt
gland Submandibular
Nodilymphoidei submandibulares
A ; V f a c i a l ios a
Glandula parotidea
* N facialis[Vll], R colli
externa o V jugularis
c M digastricus, Venterposterior
$ N hypoglossus [Xll] Platysma *
c l\/ stylohyoideus superior a V thyroidea
M digastricus, Venteranterior€
superior o A. thyroidea
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis
pharyngis inferiol t M constrictor M mylohyoideus t o lvl thyrohyoideus
A submentalis a
s M omohyoideus, Ventersuperior
Glandula submandibularis
t M sternohyoideus
F i g . 1 9 2 S u b m a n d i b u t agrt a n d ,G [ a n d u t as u b m a n d i b u [ a r i s .
A:Vsubmentalisaa A ; V f a c i a l ias a Platysma a
N , l i n g u a l i s,
* M pterygoideusmedialis
Ductusparotideus parotidea Glandula accessoria c M masseter; Fasciamasseterica
M, mylohyoideus6
parotidea Glandula
Glandula sublingualis l\/ digastricus,* Venteranterior
Noduslymphoideus submandibularis Fasciacervicalis, Laminasuperficialis
genioglossusO
a V retromandibularis
V s u b l i n g u a ol i s
o M digastricus, Venterposterior
A. lingualis a Ganglion * submandibulare
l\/ geniohyoideus a M, mylohyoideus o Ductussubmandibularis
Glandula submandibularis M styloglossus O
Glandula submandibularis
N hypoglossus [Xll] ,
Fasciaceruicalis, Laminasuperficialis M hyoglossusI
s M. stylohyoideus
Venteranterior o M. digastricus,
, l a n d u t a se a t i v a r i a e F i g . 1 9 3 M a j o rs a L i v a rgyt a n d s G majores; inferolateratview.
To p o g r a p h y Sativarygtands Topography
Submandibular andsublinaual
Ductussublinouales minores Caruncula sublingualis
M pterygoideus medialis Ductussublingualis major N lingualis M genioglossus Glandula submandibularis
M geniohyoideus
Ductussubmandibularis M. digastricus,Venteranterior Glandula sublingualis
Os hyoideum
M mylohyoideus
F i g . 1 9 4 S u b m a n d i b u t agrt a n d ,G [ a n d u t as u b m a n d i b u t a r i s , a n d s u b t i n g u agl .t a n d ,G t a n d u [ a sub[inguatis.
Caruncula sublingualis
Ductussublingualis major Ductussubmandibularis
Glandula sublingualis
M genioglossus
M mylohyoideus N. lingualis A. alveolaris inferior N alveolaris inferior
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus Radix linguae
N. hypoglossus [Xll]
F i g . 1 9 5 S u b L i n g u agL[ a n d ,G t a n d u t a subtinguatis, a n ds u b m a n d i b u t a g rt a n d G , l a n d u t sau b m a n d i b u t a r i s ; s u D e n o rv t e w .
M us c tes Mouth/0ral.cavity
Papillaductusparotidei
F i g .1 9 6 O p e n i nogf t h ee x c r e t o rdyu c t g t a n dP, a p i t l d au c t u s o f t h ep a r o t i d oarotidei.
Lingua,Faciesinferior Oensmolarislll [serotinus] Plicafimbriata Densmolarisll Frenulum linguae DensmolarisI
Plicasublingualis
Denspremolaris ll Caruncula sublingualis
I Denspremolaris Denscaninus
Gingiva
ll Densincisivus
Fig.197 0peningof the excretory duct , aruncula o f t h es u b m a n d i b u Lg a[ ar n dC s ub t i n o u a[ i s .
T o p o g r a p h y| Sativaryglands
O rg a na re a s I S e cti o n s Topography
Arteriesandnervesof the oral cavitv
Maxilla
a N lingualis
Uvulapalatina M. palatoglossus a
a M. genioglossus
l\,4styloglossusa
linguae a A. profunda
Mm pharyngis a
Mandibula
N glossopharyngeus lxl s
a M. mylohyoideus
M. hyoglossusO
a M geniohyoideus A lingualisO
I N hypoglossus [Xll]
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus
a A sublingualis M hyoglossus a pharyngis M. constrictor medius,O Parschondropharyngea
F i g .1 9 8 A r t e r i e as n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e ,L i n g u a ; mediaIview.
major * N palatinus Nn,palatiniminoresc
o A. palatinamajor O (A nasopalatina)
Canalisincisivus
Uvulapalatina
Tonsillapalatina
Dorsumlinguae, Parsanterior R tonsillaris * vallatae Papillae N. glossopharyngeusflXl a Mandibula
A palatinaascendens,O R tonsillaris
N glossopharyngeus ilXl, ,' Br linguales
Tonsillalinoualis. (Folliculiliri'guales)
F i g . 1 9 9 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p a L a t eP, a L a t u m , a n d t h e r o o t o f t h e t o n g u e ,R a d i x[ i n g u a e ; m e d i a Iv i e w .
> Head
M us c l es MouthlOratcavity
Vessels and nervesof the tongueand the larynx
G l a n d u l al i n g u a l i s
Ductussublingualis major
Plica fimbriata
C a r u n c u sl au b l i n g u a l i s Ductussublinguales minores Ductussublingualis major Plicasublingualis Ductussubmandibularis a M genioglossus Septumlinguae a M geniohyoideus
N;A;Vsublingualis*Oa G l a n d u lsau b l i n g u a l i s a M styloglossus
A l i n g u a l ias ; V comitans nervihypoglossi O
0 M hyoglossus
N lingualis * a M mylohyoideus Ganglion submandibulare & Glandula submandibularis N hypoglossus [Xll]* Venteranterior a M digastricus, a M stylohyoideus
M mylohyoideus I
Os hyoideum Glandula submandibularis
A : V laryngea superior: a o N. laryngeus superiorMembrana thyrohyoidea
Cartilagothyroidea
Ventersuperior a M omohyoideus,
a M sternohyoideus
a M thyrohyoideus
pharyngis inferior a l/. constrictor
(Lobuspyramidalis, Var.)
M cricothyroideus a
C M, sternothyroideus
Cartilagocricoidea
) 20!+,218,23r+,237
F i g . 2 0 0 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e ,L i n g u a ; m a j o rs a I i v a r yg [ a n d s G , t a n d u [ a sea t i v a r i a e majores, a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x ; a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w .
T o p o g r a p h y|
0 rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Sativarygtands Topography
Vessels and nervesof the
o M genioglossus
sublingualis Glandula A s u b l i n g u aal i s O O A.;V sublingualis
N. sublingualis &
linguae O A. profunda , N lingualis
N. lingualisa
linguae a V profunda M hyoglossus O
a M. styloglossus A. profundalinguaea a N hypoglossus [Xll] A sublingualis a O V lingualis A lingualis O
a M hyoglossus a A. carotisexterna superior, o N laryngeus R. internus
A thyroideasuperiorO
a Bifurcatiocarotidis
superior a A laryngea
M. geniohyoideus a
superior o A. thyroidea
Os hyoideum
o A carotiscommunis Membrana thyrohyoidea
Cartilago thyroidea
A thyroidea superior, a R. glandularis anterior
Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister
M cricothyroideus O
thyroideae lsthmusglandulae
F i g , 2 0 1 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e , thyroidea; Linguaa , n d t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d ,G [ a n d u [ a a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w .
Surface lSketetonl Musctes frontalsection
Falx cerebri
Spatiumsubarachnoideum Sinussagittalis superior
8 N. supraorbitalis,R medialis
Arachnoidea matercranialis Galea aponeurotica
R lateralis o N. supraorbitalis, Sinusfrontalis a A supraorbitalis
Duramatercranialis
o N suoraorbitalis suoerior o M obliquus
M. temporalis a
superioris, o M levatorpalpebrae M. rectussuperior o A. lacrimalis
Cellulaeethmoidales
Glandula lacrimalis N opticusilll; a retinae O a V;A centralis Septumnasi
(Vll) a R. zygomaticus a M. rectuslateralis a M rectusmedialis
Concha nasalis inferior
Corpusadiposumorbitae o M rectusinferior A transversafacieia a N infraorbitalis R. buccalis(Vll)O a M masseter Densmolarisll Sinusmaxillaris A . ; V f a c i a l ios a
Ductusparotideus
Ductussubmandibularis Glandula sublingualis
a M buccinator
V;A.; N. alveolaris inferjoro a a
Platysma a M. mylohyoideus o M. digastricus, Venteranterioro
oaA;V. lingualis a M. genioglossus a M geniohyoideus
Fig.202 Fronta[sectionthroughthe head of a 48-year-otdmate a t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s e c o n du p p e rm o t a rt o o t h ; a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Topography |
0rganareas
I Sections
Sinussagittalis superior Galeaaooneurotica
(Suturafrontalis)
Duramatercranialis; Arachnoideamatercranialis
Falxcerebri
M. levatorpalpebraeO supenofls
a M. rectusmedialis
Glandula lacrimalis
Septumnasi
M. rectussuoerioro Suturaf rontozygomatica
Conchanasalisinferior
M. obliquussuperiorO molarisll
M. rectuslateralisa Retina
Lingua
M. rectusinferiora Corpusadiposumbuccae
Suturazygomaticomaxillaris
Ductussubmandibularis
M. massetera N. infraorbitalis o
Glandula sublingualis A. facialisa inferior a O O N.:A.:V.alveolaris A. lingualis O O Platysma M. genioglossus a
M. geniohyoideus o /
M. mylohyoideus o
a M. digastricus,Venteranterior
F i g . 2 0 3 F r o n t a sl e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e h e a do f a n e o n a t e at the [eve[of the secondupper molar tooth; a n t e r i o rv i e w Note the absenceof the maxittarysinus and the ctoseproximity o f t h e t o o t ha n t a g et o t h e o r b i t .
> Neck
Sur facep . 32
Vot.l l | Sk eteton
Musclesof theneckandtracheotomv
M mylohyoideus
G l a n d u lsau b m a n d i b u l a r i s M digastricus, Venterposterior M masseter parotidea Glandula
Glandula parotidea
l\4 digastricus M. stylohyoideus
l\4 hyoglossus M sternocleidomastoideus M splenius cervicis M levatorscapulae
l\4 levatorscapulae M sternohyoideus M scalenusmedius lvl longuscapitis
Lig thyrohyoideum medianum
Cartilago thyroidea
A carotiscommunis; V jugularisinterna M thyrohyoideus lvl sternothyroideus M . s c a l e n um s edius M omohyoideus, Tendo
M omohyoideus medianum Lig.cricothyroideum lvl cricothyroideus Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina oretrachealis
M sternohyoideus
Plexusbrachialis. Parssuoraclavicularis M. scalenusanterior
Glandula thyroidea M scalenusmedius
M omohyoideus,Venter inferior
M trapezius
M sternocleidomastoideus
Clavicula
l\4 deltoideus
M. pectoralismajor, Pars clavicularis
lvl subclavius lvl pectoralismajor, Parsclavicularis
)T8,T9,T10,T11
F i g . 2 0 1 M u s c l e so f t h e n e c k ,M m . c o L [ i .
Os hyoideum Cartilago thyroidea
Cartilago cricoidea Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister
V,jugularis anterior Arcusvenosus jugularis.
F i g .2 0 5 S u r g i c aaI c c e s st o t h e t r a c h e a w i t h t h e n e c kh y p e r e x t e n d e d . * Coniotomy * * U p p etrr a c h e o t o m dt a n d J l ayb o vteh ei s t h m uos f t h et h y r o i g * * * L o w etrr a c h e o t o m h ei s t h m uos f t h et h y r o i g dt a n d ) { bye L otw
Cervicalfascia
Ramusmandibulae Proc styloideus Fascia masseterica; lvl masseter
M. styloglossus
Platysma
lvl digastricus,Venterposterior
M stylohyoideus, Tendo Fascia cervicalis
Lig stylohyoideum
Mandibula
M. sternocleidomastoideus Fascia cervlcalis,Lamina superficialis
M mylohyoideus
M digastricus, Venteranterior
M. stylohyoideus Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis
lvl omohyoideus, Ventersuperior
M. omohyoideus M, sternohyoideus Fascia cervicalis, Lamina supedicialis Fascia cervicalis.Lamina Dretrachealis
M omohyoideus, Venterinferior
Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis
Clavicula
Trigonum omoclaviculare Platysma
Trigonum omoclaviculare
Trachea
V jugularis externa M sternocleidomastoideus
Fossasuoraclavicularis minor
Fig. 206
C e r v i c a If a s c i a , F a s c i a c e r v i c a L i s .
F a s c i ac e r v i c a I i s Yellow: Lamina superficialis Red:
Laminapretrachealis
Green: Lamina prevertebralis
F i g . 2 0 7a , b
S c h e m ao f t h e c e r v i c afIa s c i a
a Transversesection b M e d i a ns e c t i o n
SkeletonVo[. Musclesof the neck
M stylohyoideus Glandula parotidea
Lig stylohyoideum; M stylopharyngeus l\/ digastricus,Venterposterior M sternocleidomastoideus M semispinalis capitis
M digastricus, Venteranterior M. spleniuscapitis M mylohyoideus Os hyoideum
lvl levatorscapulae
M omohyoideus, Ventersuperior M, scalenusanterior M sternohyoideus M scalenusmedius
M thyrohyoideus
M scalenusposterior
M constrictorpharyngisinferior Glandula thyroidea, Lobussinister
M trapezius
M sternocleidomastoideus
Clavicula M deltoideus
M. omohyoideus, Venterinferior
lvl.pectoralismajor, Parssternocostalis
, 11 ) T 8 ,T 9 ,T 1 0 T
F i g .2 0 8 M u s c l e so f t h e n e c k ,M m . c o t l . i
Musclesof the neck
M longuscapitis
Os occipitale
M, rectuscapitisanterior M rectuscapitislateralis
Proc.mastoideus
M. sternocleidomastoideus M longissimus capitis M spleniuscapitis M longuscapitis
Articulatioatlantoaxiallslateralis,
Capsulaarticularis M. levatorscapulae M scalenusmedius M longuscolli M longuscapitis M scalenusmedius
M. scalenusmedius
M scalenus anterior M scalenusmedius
Tuberculum anterius
M scalenusposterior M. scalenusanterior
M scalenusmedius M longus colli
sinistra subclavia A subclaviadextra
M scalenusanterior
M scalenusposterior
V subclavia dextra
sinistra A. carotiscommunis
A carotis communis dextra V brachiocephalica sinistra
F i g .2 0 9 P r e v e r t e b r amLu s c t e sa n d s c a l e n u sm u s c l e s , Mm.scaLeni. | - V l l = F i r s tt o s e v e n t hc e r v i c avI e r t e b r a 1 - 3 = F i r s tt o t h i r d t h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a
SkeletonVot. ll Skeletonof the Iarynx
Cornusuperius
Tuberculum thyroideum supeflus
Incisurathyroidea
supenor Prominentia laryngea
Cornusuperius
Tuberculum thyroideum supenus
Lamtna dextra
Lineaobliqua
Prominentia laryngea
Lamina sinistra
Cornuinferius
Linea obliqua
Tuberculum thyroideum inferius
Laminasinistra
Tuberculum thyroideum inferius
lnclsura thyroidea inferior
F i g . 2 1 O T h y r o i dc a r t i t a g eC, a r t i t a g ot h y r o i d e a ; viewedfrom the Left.
Cornuinferius
F i g . 2 1 1 T h y r o i dc a r t i L a g eC, a r t i t a g ot h y r o i d e a ; v e n t r a Iv i e w .
Colliculus Foveatriangularis Cristaarcuata Fovea ooronga Lig vocale
Proc vocalis; Lig vocale
Proc musculans
vd,
uragu
arytenoidea; Articulatio cricoaMenoidea Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae
Fig.212 CartiLages of the [arynx, C a r t i [ a g i n e[sa r y n g i s ; v e n t r o s u p e r i ovri e w .
Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae
Fig.213 Cartilagesof the [arynx C a r t i t ag i n e sL a r y nigs ; dorsatview.
Cartilagoepiglottica
F i g . 2 1 1 C a r t i L a g eosf t h e [ a r y n x , C a r t i t a ign e s L a r y n g i s ; viewedfrom the Left.
Facies articulares arytenoideae
Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae
Faciesarticularis thyroidea
F i g . 2 1 5 E p i g L o t t icca r t i l a g e , C a r t i t a g oe p i g t o t t i c;a dorsaIview.
F i g . 2 1 6 C r i c o i dc a r t i t a g e , C a r t i t a gcor i c o i d e a ; v e n t r o s u p e r i ovri e w .
Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae
F i g .2 1 7 C r i c o i dc a r t i t a g e , C a r t i t a g oc r i c o i d e a ; d o r s a Iv i e w .
Musc[es Hyoidboneandskeleton
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus Os hyoideum.Cornu minus
Cartilagoepiglottica
Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale var
uragu
u rueca
Membrana thyrohyoidea
thyroidea, Cornusuperius Cartilago Lig thyrohyoideummedianum
Cartilagothyroidea,Lamina dextra
Incisura thyroidea superior thyroidea, Cornuinferius Cartilago Lig cricothyroideum medianum Capsulaarticularis cricothyroidea Arcuscartilaginis cricoideae
Lig cricotracheale Cartilaoines tracheales
Fig.218 Larynx,Larynx, a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ; ventraIview.
Os hyoideum, Cornuminus Cartilago epiglottica
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus
Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale Cartilago triticea Membranathyrohyoidea Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum
thyroidea, Cornusuperius Cartilago Petiolus epiglottidis
Cartilago thyroidea, Laminasinistra
Cartilagoarytenoidea
Lig cricoarytenoideum
CaDSUlaarticulariscricothvroidea
Lig cricotracheale
Cartilagines tracheales
Cartilagocorniculata
cricoarytenoidea Capsulaarticularis
thyroidea, Cornuinferius Cartilago
Capsulaarticularis cricothyroidea
Lig cricopharyngeum
Ligg anularia
Fig.219 Cartilageo s f the [arynxC , a r t i t a g i n elsa r y n g i s , a n d h y o i db o n e , 0 sh y o i d e u m ; dorsaIview.
Sk eteton ThyroidgLand Pharyn
andskeletonof
Os hyoideum
l\4embranathyrohyoidea
Cartilagoepiglottica
Lig thyrohyoideum medianum
Petiolus epiglottidis
Lig cricopharyngeum
Lig thyroepiglotticum Cartilagines aMenoideae Cartilagothyroidea Lig, vocale
Proc vocalis
Conuselasticus Lig cricothyroideum medianum
Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
Arcuscartilaginis cricoideae Faciesarticularis thyroidea Cartilaoinestracheales
Fig.220 Larynx,Larynx, a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ; viewedfrom the Left.
Os hyoideum
Cartilago epiglottica
Lig hyoepiglotticum Membrana thyrohyoidea
Bursa infrahyoidea
thyroidea, Cornusuperius Cartilago
Lig thyrohyoideum medianum
Cartilagothyroidea, Lamina dextra
Corpusadiposumpreepiglotticum Lig cricopharyngeum Lig thyroepiglotticum Cartilagoarytenoidea Lig vestibulare
Lig cricoarytenoideum Lig vocale
Lig cricopharyngeum Lig cricothyroideum medianum Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
Pharynx, Tunicamucosa
Ligg anularia Trachea, Paries membranaceus
Fig.221 Larynx,Larynx, a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ; m e d i a ns e c t i o n ; mediaIview.
Musctes Laryngealmuscles
Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
Lig cricoarytenoideum
Cartilago corniculata
Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius Proc.muscularis ] Articulatio cricothyroidea Proc.vocalis Conuselasticus
Arcuscartilaginis cricoideae
I )
Ca'lilagoaMenoidea
Conuselasticus
Lig. vocale
Cartilagothyroidea
Incisura thyroidea superior
F i g . 2 2 2 C a r t i t a g eo s f the [arynxC , a r t i L a g i n eLsa r y n g i s , a n d v o c a lt i g a m e n t L , i g .voca|.e: v e n t r o s u p e r i ovri e w .
a C r i c o t h y r o im d u s c t e ,M . c r i c o t h y r o i d e u s
L a t e r a Ic r i c o - a r y t e n o im duscte, M . c r i c o a r y t e n o i d e u[ ast e r a t i s
F i g .2 2 3 a - d S c h e m as h o w i n gt h e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e [ a r y n g e am I u s c l e s ,M m . [ a r y n g i s ; y e l t o wa r r o w s : t e n s i o no f t h e v o c a [[ i g a m e n t ; r e da r r o w s : m u s c t ec o n t r a c t i o n : b I u ea r r o w s : d i r e c t i o no f r o t a t i o n :
0 b t i q u ea n d t r a n s v e r s ea r y t e n o i dm u s c l e s , M m . a r y t e n o i d eoi b t i q u u se t t r a n s v e r s u s
P o s t e r i ocrr i c o - a r y t e n omi du s c [ e , M .c r i c o a r y t e n o i d p eo us t e r i o r en t h e r i g h t t h e m u s c t e so n t h e l e f t a r e r e [ a x e d ; t h o s o are contracted: s u D e n o rv t e w .
> Neck
S k e l e t o nVot.l l Thyroidgtand
Laryngealmuscles
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus
Os hyoideum, Cornuminus
Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale
Os hyoideum, Corpus
Cartilago triticea
Membrana thyrohyoidea
Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius
Lig thyrohyoideum medianum Cartilagothyroidea.Lamina sinistra
Incisura thyroidea superior
Linea obliqua
Lig cricothyroideum medianum Cartilago thyroidea, Cornuinferius Capsulaarticularis cricothyroidea Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae
M. cricothvroideus. Parsrecta
Cartilaginestracheales
lM cricothyroideus, Parsobliqua
Fig.221 Cricothyroid muscte, M .c r i c o t h y r o i d e u s ; ventraL viewfromthe Left.
Epiglottis
Os hyoideum, Cornumajus
Os hyoideum
Cartilagotriticea
Lig hyoepiglotticum Membrana thyrohyoidea
Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius Tuberculum cuneiforme Cartilago corniculata
preepiglotticum Corpusadiposum lvl.thyroarytenoideus, Parsthyroepiglottica lvl arytenoideus obliquus, Parsaryepiglottica M, thyroaMenoideus
Cartilagoarytenoidea M arytenoideus obliquus M aMenoideus transversus
M cricoarytenoideus lateralis posterior M. cricoarytenoideus
Parsrecla
\
I I M cricothyroideus HarsoDilqua J
Faciesarticularis thyroidea
Cartilagotrachealis
Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus
Fig.225 LaryngeaIm u s c t e s M , m.[aryngis; d o r s a Iv i e wf r o m t h e r i gh t .
Pharyn
Laryngealmuscles
Epiglottis Os hyoideum, Cornumajus Cartilago triticea
Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius cuneiformis Cartilago M thyroarytenoideus, Parsthyroepiglottica
M arytenoideus obliquus, Parsaryepiglottica
M thyroarytenoideus
corniculata Cartilago Cartilagoarytenoidea
l/ arytenoideus obliquus
transversus M, arvtenoideus
Cartilago thyroidea, Cornuinferius Capsulaarticularis cricothyroidea
M cricoaMenoideusposterior
Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina
Cartilagotrachealis
Trachea. Pariesmembranaceus
Fig.226 Laryngeal musctes, Mm laryngis; dorsaIview.
Os hyoideum, Cornuminus Os hyoideum, Cornumajus Epiglottis Cartilagotriticea
Tuberculum cuneiforme
Cadilagothyroidea, Cornusuperius Cartilago cuneiformis
Tuberculum epiglotticum
Canilago corniculata
Plicavestibularis
M aMenoideustransversus Ventriculus laryngis
Cartilagoarytenoidea
M arytenoideus obliquus
Plica vocalis M vocalis
M cricoaMenoideusoosterior
M. cricothyroideus M cricoarvtenoideus lateralis Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina
Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina Cartilagotrachealis
Fig.227 Larynx,Larynx; s e c t i o n e df r o m d o r s a Li n t h e m e d i a np L a n e a n d s e p a r a t e dw i t h h o o k s ; d o r s a Iv i e w .
Thyroidgtand
Fig.228a, b Laryngoscopy. a I n d i r e c[ ta r y n g o s c o p y b D i r e c te, n d o s c o pLi ca r y n g o s c o p y
Rima glottidis Plica vocalis
Plica vestibularis
Cartilago arytenoidea; Cartilagocorniculata
Fig. 229 Direct[aryngoscopy; r e s p i r a t o r yp o s i t i o n .
Recessus piriformis
tnctsura interarytenoidea
Epiglottis
Ventriculis laryngis Plicavocalis
Rima glottidis Plica vestibularis
Plicaaryepiglottica Cartilagoarytenoidea; Cartilago corniculata
F i g . 2 3 0 D i r e c[ta r y n g o s c o p y ; p h o n a t i opno s i t i o n .
Inctsura interarytenoidea
Rimaglottidis, Parsintermembranacea Plicavestibularis
Fig.231 DirectLaryngoscopy; w h i s p e r i npgo s i t i o n .
Pharynx
Musctes
0rgans
T o p o g ra p h y Sections
Lig.hyoepiglotticum
Badix linguae Canilago epiglottica
preepiglotticum Corpusadiposum
Os hyoideum Bursainfrahyoidea Vestibulum laryngis
Lig thyrohyoideummedianum Lig.thyroepiglotticum Cartilago thyroidea
Ventriculus laryngis
Plicavestibularis Ventriculus laryngis
Cavitasinfraglottica
Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
Plica vocalis
Conuselasticus
Lig cricothyroideum medianum Tunicamucosa
Arcuscartilaginis cricoideae
Trachea, Pariesmembranaceus Cartilagines tracheales (Spatium oesophagotracheale) lsthmusglandulae thyroideae Trachea
Fig.232 Larynx,Larynx.
Radix linguae
Lig hyoepiglotticum
preepiglotticum Corpusadiposum
Os hyoideum
Lig.thyrohyoideum medianum
Lig thyroepiglotticum l\4 arytenoideus transversus Cartilago thyroidea Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae
Cartilagines tracheales
Fig.233 Larynx,Larynx; p o s i t i oonf t h ee p i g t o t t d i su r i n gs w a t t o w i n g .
Sur facep . 32
Vot.l l | Sk eteton Pharynx
Arteriesand
Rr linguales I
Papillaevallatae
N glossopharyngeus ilXl * a N. glossopharyngeus lxl A palatinaascendens, R tonsillariso
a Rr tonsillares
palatina Tonsilla Os hyoideum, Cornumajus Epiglottis N. laryngeus superior* Valleculaepiglottica
A. laryngea superior a
Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius superior, Rr interni a N laryngeus Adituslaryngis
Incisura interarytenoidea
obliquus o M. aMenoideus Cartilagothyroidea,Lamina sinistra
Cartilago thyroidea, Cornuinferius posterior a L4 cricoarytenoideus thyroidea Glandula A laryngea inferior a parathyroidea Glandula superior Rr tracheales a
0
A thyroidea interiorO
parathyroidea inferior Glandula
N laryngeus recurrens, Br oesophageales {} recurrens * N laryngeus
Fig.231 Arteries and nervesof the [arynx,Larynx. a n dt h e r o o to f t h e t o n g u e R , a d i xI i n g u a e
Musctes
0 r g an s
Topography
Sections Larynx,transversesections
Sacculus laryngis
Sacculuslaryngis Ventriculus laryngis
Glandulae laryngeales
Plica vocalis
M thyroarytenoideus {t Rima glottidis
superior, R internus , N laryngeus
l\4 vocalis &
superior a A laryngea superiores a W laryngeae
^^*ir^^^ varurd9u
thyroidea, Laminasinistra Plica vestibularis CartilagoaMenoidea
'.-fi.'n+ Recessus piriformis
*^^t'.
Cavitas pharyngis
j
lvl constrictorpharyngis{r medtus pharyngis M constrictor & interior Mm arytenoidei * transversus et obliqui
Plexusvenosuspharyngeus
F i g . 2 3 5 L a r y n x ,L a r y n x . T h ew h i t e a r r o w i n d i c a t e st h e c o n n e c t i o n between t h e [ a r y n g e avI e n t r i c L ae n d t h e [ a r y n g e asI a c c u l e .
Lig vocale a M vocalis
a l\4 thyroarytenoideus
N laryngeus superior A laryngea superiora Cartilagoarytenoidea
W laryngeae superiores o ArticulatiocricoaMenoidea
Cartilagothyroidea, Lamina sinistra
Cavitaspharyngis piriformis Recessus
Tunicamucosa
M cricoaMenoideus i posterior
o l\4 constrictorpharyngisinferior
Fig.236 Larynx,Larynx.
Sur facep . 32
Vot.l l | Sk eteton
Thyroidgtand
C o r n um i n u s
Corpus Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus thyrohyoidea Membrana Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius Prominentia laryngea
Cartilagothyroidea, Lamina dextra
medianum Lig.cricothyroideum
thyroidea, Lobussinister Glandula
lsthmusglandulae thyroideae
Fig.237 Thyroidgtand,Gtandutathyroidea, and [arynx,Larynx.
Os hyoideum, Corpus Bursaeinfrahyoideae
Lig,thyrohyoideum medianum
Cartilago thyroidea, Laminadextra
Lig cricothyroideummedianum
Glandula thyroidea, Lobusdexter
Cartilagotriticea
Membrana thyrohyoidea
(Lobuspyramidalis, Var) Glandula thyroidea;
M cricothyroideus
Lobussinister Glandula thyroidea,
lsthmusglandulae thyroideae
, [anduta F i g . 2 3 8 T h y r o i dg L a n dG thyroidea, a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x .
Pharynx
Mus c t e s
0 r g an s
T o p o g ra p h y Sections Thyroidgland,sections
Plexusthyroideus impara
lsthmusglandulae thyroideae Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis
Fascia cervicalis,Lamina pretrachealis
a Platysma anterior o V jugularis
Cartilagotrachealis
a M. sternohyoideus Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister
a lvl sternothyroideus O M sternocleidomastoideus Trachea
R cardiacus ceruicalis,: supenor
Oesophagus recurrens & N, laryngeus
Glandula parathyroidea inlerior
interna O V jugularis o A carotiscommunis
Ganglion ceruico- :t thoracicum lstellatum]
& N vagus[X]
l\/ longus colli a M scalenus anterior a
Truncusjugularis dexter
l\4 scalenus medius o
aaA;Vvertebralis
Fascia cervicalis,Lamina prevertebralis
Pariesmembranaceus Vertebra Vll cervicalis
inferior a A thyroidea
F i g . 2 3 9 T h y r o i dg L a n dG , L a n d u |t.hay r o i d e a ; h o r i z o n t asLe c t i o n .
Cartilago epiglottica
Vestibulum laryngis Os hyoideum lvlembrana thyrohyoidea
M arytenoideus obliquus, Parsaryepiglottica
I Sacculus laryngis
quadrangularis Membrana l\/ thyrohyoideus Fascla cervicalis, Lamina pretrachealis Plica vestibularis
Lig vestibulare
Plica vocalis
Rima vestibuli Ventriculuslaryngis
lvl constrictorpharyngis inferior, Parsthyropharyngea
Cartilagothyroidea
M sternothyroideus
Lig vocale
A; V thyroidea superior
M cricoarytenoideus lateralis
Bima glottidis
lvl vocalis
Cavitas infraglottica l\4 cricothyroideus Cartilagocricoidea
Conuselasticus
Lig cricotracheale
Glandula thyroidea
Cartilagotrachealis
Trachea
parathyroidea Glandula interior
F i g . 2 t 0 T h y r o i dg [ a n d ,G L a n d u It.hay r o i d e a ; f r o n t a Is e c t i o n .
Surfacep. 32
Vot.ll | Skel.eton
Thyroidgtand
* N. hypoglossus [Xll] s u b l i n g u aO lis o V lingualis A lingualis a
a M hyoglossus a A carotisexlerna
M hyoglossus a
superior, & N laryngeus R internus
A thyroidea superiora
carotidis a Bifurcatio
A carotisexternaa)
superior a A laryngea
l\il geniohyoideus a
OA thyroidea supenor
Os hyoideum
O A carotiscommunis
lvlembrana thyrohyoidea
Glandula thyroidea, Lobus dexter
A. thyroidea superior, a R glandularis anterior M cricothyroideus a
thyroidea Cartilago
Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister Lig cricothyroideummedianum
lsthmus glandulaethyroideae
F i g . 2 1 1 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t h y r o i dg L a n d , G t a n d u Ltah y r o i d e aa, n d t h e [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x .
Cutis
Mm infrahyoidei
thyroideae lsthmusglandulae Cartilago trachealis
Fascia ceruicalis, Lamina pretrachealis
Glandulathyroidea, Lobus dexter A carotis communts
l\4 longus colli
Vertebra Vll cervicalis
F i g . 2 1 2 T h y r o i dg t a n d ,G t a n d u t a thyroidea; o b I i q u eu t t r a s o u n di m a g ei n v e n t r o d o r s adLi r e c t i o n ; i n f e r i o rv i e w I r i g h t ,2 0 0 % ) * U l t r a s o u nsdh a d o w o f t h et r a c h e a
Pharynx
Pathological enlargement of the thyroidgland
F i g . 2 1 3 T h y r o i dg L a n dG , [anduta thyroidea; e n [ a r g e m e not f t h e t h y r o i dg l a n dw i t h t h r e eo b v i o u sn o d e s ,S t r u m an o d o s a .
Mm intrahyoidei
V jugularis externa Trachea
Corpusvertebrae Costa [/ erectorspinae
Proc.spinosus
* N o d e o f t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d
Fig.21t+ Neck,Cottum; c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c( C T ls e c t i o n ; inferiorview. T h et r a c h e ai s d i s p L a c etdo w a r d st h e r i g h t b y a p a t h o l o g i c a l et yn t a r g e d n o d eo f t h e t h y r o i dg l . a n d .
Mandibula Claviculadextra
V jugularis
CostaI Manubrium sterni
Clavicula sinistra * N o d e o f t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d
Fig.245 Neck,Cotlum; 3 - d i m e n s i o n ar Ie c o n s t r u c t i ofnr o m c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c( C T )s e c t i o n s s h o w i n ga h e a v i Leyn t a r g e d[ e f t [ o b eo f t h e t h y r o i dg l a n d ; s a m e p a t i e n ta s i n F i 1 . 2 4 4 .
> Neck
Sketeton
section Nasalandpharyngealcavity,paramedian
Os nasale Sinussphenoidalis Alavomerissinistra tubaeauditivae; Ostiumpharyngeum Torustubarius
Septumnasi Plica salpingopalatina
Tonsillapharyngea
Toruslevatorius Corpus Os sphenoidale,
Vestibulum nasi
Plica salpingopharyngea
Atlas[C l] Palatum molle
Arcuspalatopharyngeus
lvl genioglossusI
Os occipitale Lig,transversum atlantis
Mandibula
palatina Tonsilla
M geniohyoideusa
Pharynx Spatiumretropharyngeum
M mylohyoideus o Os hyoideum
Tuberculum cuneiforme
Lig thyrohyoideummedianum Lig hyoepiglotticum Cartilagoepiglottica
Tuberculum corniculatum
Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum
Lig longitudinaleposterius
Lig thyroepiglotticum cricoideae Laminacartilaginis
thyroidea Cartilago Plicavestibularis; Plicavocalis
Spatiumepidurale
(A ; V thyroidea cricothyroideus superior); a o Lig cricothyroideum medianum
Duramaterspinalis
Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae
Lig longitudinale anterius
Fascia ceruicalis,Lamina superficialis Fascia cervicalis, Lamina prevertebralis
Fascia ceruicalis,Lamina pretrachealis
lsthmusglandulae thyroldeae
(Spatium retrooesophageum)
V thyroidea inferiora Oesophagus
Arcusvenosusjugulariso
(Spatiumoesophagotracheale)
M sternothyroideus I Manubrium sterni V brachiocephalicasinistra a
Trachea
a Truncusbrachiocephalicus
Nodus lymphoideuscervicalisanterior
F i g , 2 t 6 N a s a Ic a v i t yC , a v i t a sn a s i ; , harynx, o r a I c a v i t yC , a v i t a so r i s ; p h a r y n x P a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x ; paramedian section.
Proc.pterygoideus, Laminalateralis M zygomaticusmajor Arcuszygomaticus M. procerus M. tensor veli Dalatini
M. levatorveli palatini Fasciapharyngobasilaris
M levator labiisuperioris alaequenasi
M. stylohyoideus
M. levator labiisuperioris
Condylus occipitalis
M. zygomaticus minor
Proc mastoideus
M levatorangulioris
M. digastricus, Venterposterior Proc.styloideus Hamuluspterygoideus Lig stylohyoideum Raphepterygomandibularis
Ductusparotideus; M. buccinator
M. orbicularis oris, Parslabialis
M. styloglossus M. stylopharyngeus
M. depressor angulioris
M. digastricus,Venterposteriot Parschondropharyngea constrictor I M. l pnaryngrs Parsceratopharyngea., medius
M mentalis Platysma
M. stylohyoideus Os hyoideum,Cornumajus
M. mylohyoideus
A.; V. laryngea superior; N. laryngeus superior
M. digastricus,Venteranterior M. hyoglossus
Membranathyrohyoidea
M. sternohyoideus M. constrictorpharyngisinferior, Parsthyropharyngea
M. omohyoideus M. thyrohyoideus
M. constrictorpharyngisinterior, Parscricopharyngea
Carlilagothyroidea, Laminasinistra Parsrecta f M. cricothyroideus .l pars obliqua
Oesophagus Cartilagotrachealis
\
'I Parspterygopharyngea I 2 Parsbuccopharyngea [ J eari myiopharyig6a I Parsglossopharyngea I
F i g , 2 4 7 P h a r y n g em a lu s c t e sM, m .p h a r y n g i s , a n df a c i am [ u s c l e sM. m .f a c i e i .
^, M' ,constrictorpharyngissuperior
> Neck Pharyngeal muscles
Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis M levator velipalatini
(Fasciculus muscularis accessorius) Li9.sphenomandibulare Proc.styloideus
M. constrictor pharyngis superior, Parspterygopharyngea M stylohyoideus M digastricus,Venterposterior M constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsbuccopharyngea
Lig. stylohyoideum
M stylohyoideus M. pterygoideus medialis
M. stylopharyngeus M styloglossus Lig.stylomandibulare M constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsmylopharyngea
parotidea Glandula M. digastricus,Venterposterior
M. pterygoideus medialis
M pterygoideus medialis Mandibula
M. stylohyoideus
Glandula submandibularis M. styloglossus
M. digastricus,Venterposterior
M stylohyoideus Os hyoideum, Cornumajus
M constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsglossopharyngea M constrictorpharyngismedius, Parschondropharyngea M constrictorpharyngismedius,Parsceratopharyngea
Raphepharyngis
M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,Parsthyropharyngea M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,Parscricopharyngea
Glandula thyroidea, Lobussinister
Tunicamuscularis Oesophagus, Glandulathvroidea.Lobusdexter
Glandulaeparathyroideae superioret inlerior superioret inferior Glandulaeparathyroideae
Tunicamuscularis Oesophagus,
F i g . 2 4 8 P h a r y n g em a tu s c t e sM, m .p h a r y n g i s
Musctes lnnercontourof thepharynx
Concha nasalis media
petrooccipitalis Synchondrosis
pharyngea Tonsilla
Concha nasalis inlerior
M levator veli palatini
Becessus pnaryngeus
Proc.styloideus
Torustubarius
lvl digastricus,' Venterposterior
Ostiumpharyngeum tubaeauditivae
Glandula parotidea
Plica salpingopalatina Noduli lymphoideipharyngeales
Toruslevatorius Palatum molle [Velum palatinum]
medialis M pterygoideus Lig. stylomandibulare
Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Plicasalpingopharyngea Uvula palatina
pharyngeales Glandulae
Glandula submandibularis
Septumnasi
Lingua, Papillaevallatae
palatina
Radix linguae; Papillaevallatae (Plica pharyngoepiglottica)
Os hyoideum,Cornumajus
Epiglottis
thyroidea, Cornusuperius
Plica aryepiglottica
Plicaneruilaryngeisuperioris
Tuberculumcuneiforme; Cartilago cuneiformis
interaMenoidea Incisura Tuberculumcorniculatum; Cartilago corniculata Glandulae parathyroideae inferiores
Levels of the pharynx; A N a s o p h a r y n xP, a r sn a s a t i sp h a r y n g i s B 0 r o p h a r y n xP, a r so r a t i sp h a r y n g i s C L a r y n g o p h a r y nhx y, p o p h a r y n x , P a r s[ a r y n g e ap h a r y n g i s
A; V. thyroideainferior
Pharynx. Fig.219 Pharynx,
N. maxillaris[V/2]
I
N glossopharyngeus [X] N vagus[X]
, harynx. n f t h e p h a r y n xP F i g .2 5 0 S e n s i b l ei n n e r v a t i o o
Sk eteton theparapharyngeal space
N vagus[X] , N, glossopharyngeus lXl *r Bulbussuperioro venaejugularis S i n u sa Iransversus S i n u so -
,: N accessorius [Xl],R internus pharyngis superior N M constrictor a W pharyngeae
jugulare Foramen
t
i
Os temporale
sigmoideus Ganglion supeflus
a A meningea posterior
carotisinternaa R auricularis
i, N caroticus internus
& Ganglioninferius
(tx)
Proc mastordeus N accessorius [Xl],it R externus
a A carotisinterna
Proc styloideus inferius(X) a Ganglion N hypoglossus[Xll] '
x N jugularis(Truncus sympathicus) Bamusmandibulae
M stylopharyngeuso
N, glossopharyngeus lXl *
cervicale superius & Ganglion (Truncus sympathicus)
R pharyngealis {}
o A pharyngeaascendens
M digastricus, Venterposterior t N laryngeus superiort
$ N glossopharyngeus lxl
A carotisexternaa)
O A palatinaascendens
,r B pharyngealis
o A facialis a A lingualis
A lacialis a
A lingualis a
O A carotisexterna
laryngeus superior, R, externus& N laryngeus superior, R internus,,
superior a A thyroidea
pharyngis l\4 constrictor mediusA
cervicalis superior * N cardiacus (Truncus sympathicus)
A thyroidea superiora
o V jugularisinterna O R, pharyngealis
Rr pharyngeales*
*] N vagus[X] a A carotiscommunis
M constrictorpharyngisinferior0
communis $ Plexuscaroticus & Truncussympathicus a Bulbusinferiorvenaejugularis
Glandula thyroidea
O B pharyngealis r&Ganglion cervicale medium A, thyroidea inferiora * Ganglion cervicothoracicum[stellatum]
R cardiacusceruicalissuDerior ' Oesophagus
., N cardiacuscervicalismedius (Truncussympathicus)
252 Fig,251 VesseLs and nervesof the pharynx,Pharynx, I a c e ,S p a t i u ml a t e r o p h a r y n g e u m . a n dt h e p a r a p h a r y n g e a sp
n* Musctes Vessels and ne
Tonsillapharyngea
Truncusneruiaccessorii, R internus
Fascia pharyngobasilaris
N vagus[X] , N glossopharyngeus Itxl Sinustransversus O
Cartilagotubae auditivae; Ostium pharyngeumtubae auditivae
s N vagus[X]
, N hypoglossus [XIl]
t N accessorius[Xl] a Bulbussuperior venaejugularis
I
S i n u ss i g m o i d e uos
a A carotisinterna , N accessorius [Xl], R externus
Ganglion inferius(X) :
a A occipitalis
N hypoglossus[Xll]
Proc mastoideus Torus tubarius
cervicale superius *. Ganglion (Truncus sympathicus)
M digastricus,S Venter posterior
g M tensorvelipalatini
M uvulae&
pharyngis 6 M constrictor supeflor t M salpingopharyngeus
Plica salpingopharyngea
0 M palatopharyngeus
Tonsillapaiatina
Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Sulcusterminalis Dorsumlinguae, Parsposterior
Plica aryepiglottica Cartilagothyroidea, Cornu superius
Epiglottis N laryngeus superior; s o o A ; V laryngeasuperior
Tuberculum cuneiforme Tuberculum corniculatum piriformis, Recessus Plicaneruilaryngei superioris
& N vagus[X] transversus; a M. aMenoideus M. aMenoideus obliquus posterior o M cricoarytenoideus
N vagus[X] .
E Truncussympathicus, Plexuscaroticus communis
Oesophagus, Tunicamuscularis
thyroidea Glandula
Ganglion cervicale medium.
parathyroidea inlerior Glandula A thyroidea inferiora
a Truncusthyrocervicalis
Bulbusinferioro venaejugularis
s N vagus[Xl, R cardiacus cervicalis superior o Bulbusinferiorvenaejugularis
Truncus thyroceruicalis a Ganglion cervicothoracicum
a A subclavia
[stellatum]
a V subclavia
A;Vsubclaviaaa
{r N vagus[X] V brachiocephalicasinistra a
recurrens , N laryngeus A carotiscommunisa a V brachiocephalicadextra
N laryngeus recurrensi Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus N vagus[X] ,
Parsdescendensaortaea
a Truncusbrachiocephalicus o V cavasuperior
231+ Fig.252 Vesselsand nervesof the pharynx,Pharynx, a n dt h e p a r a p h a r y n g e a I a c eS sp , p a t i u ml a t e r o p h a r y n g e u m
251
937
Sk eteton Vo[. /esse/sandnervesof the neck
a V auricularisoosterior 'J N auricularisposterior(Vll)
o A. auricularis oosterior a M epicranius, M occipitofrontalis, Venteroccipitalis
parotidea Glandula N auricularis magnus,, Rr posteriores
.A
occipitalis
V jugularis externao a V occipitalis
transversus colli,, Rr superiores * N occipitalis maJor
.' N occipitalisminor s M sternocleidomastoideus
magnus $ N auricularis Platysma f
e M levatorscapulae * N accessorius [xl] * lvl trapezius
t Nn supraclaviculares laterales
F i g .2 5 3 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o ra n d t h e l a t e r a Ir e g i o n o f t h e n e c k ,R e g i o n e sc e r v i c a t eas n t e r i o re t L a t e r a I i s ; superficia[layer.
Muscles Vessels and
a V auricularisDosterior
& N occipitalisminor
Platysma a O A occipitalis
a V occipitalis
V tacialis O N lacialis [Vll], R colli €
a N occipitalis major
V retromandibularis O
magnus I N auricularis
R communicans s
O M. spleniuscapitis a M levatorscapulae O M. trapezius
V jugularis externaa N transversus colli6 V jugularis anteriorO
a N. accessorius[Xll Nodi lymphoidei cervicales laterales. Nodi superficiales
a Nn supraclaviculares laterales o M omohyoideus I Plexus brachialis
M sternocleidomastoideus o
a V transversacolli
Arcusvenosusjugularisa Nn supraclaviculares r, mediales
I Nn supraclaviculares intermedii
121 Fig.251 Vessetsand nervesof the lateraI regionof the neck, R e g i oc e r v i c a t i lsa t e r a t i s ; parts of the ptatysmahavebeen reftectedcraniattyand the superficiallayer of the cervicaIfasciahas been [argetyremoved
253
255
> Neck
Skel.eton
/esselsand nervesof theneck
V jugularis internaa posterior a V auricularis
V retromandibularis o N facialis [Vll], R c o l l i
V facialis o
.. N occipitalisminor
aaA:V
Glandula submandibularis
occioitalis
,* N occipitalis maJor
M digastricus, * Venteranterior R suprahyoideus a (A lingualis) R. infrahyoideus a (A thyroidea superior)
S M sternocleidomastoideus
A carotisexlernaO capitis * M splenius
A laryngea superiorO
, Plexuscervicalis A thyroidea superior O
*' N. accessorius [Xl]
A carotiscommunis a
Truncussuoerior *, Plexusbrachialis,
N vagus[X] ,,
colli, a A. transversa R superficialis
M omohyoideus, c Ventersuperior
i M omohyoideus, Venter inferior
l\4 sternohyoideus 6 Clavicula
Ansaceruicalis, ; Radixsuperior (Plexuscervicalis)
a A transversa colli, R profundus
lvl sternothyroideus *
l\4 scalenusanterior* V jugularis externao a M deltoideus A suprascapularis a O V cephalica A subclaviaa M pectoralismajor fl
A transversacolli a
a A thoracoacromialis, R deltoideus
., Plexus brachialis, Pars supraclavicularis
21
t{, 25t,
t
F i g . 2 5 5 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o ra n d t h e L a t e r arIe g i o n o f t h e n e c k ,R e g i o n e sc e r v i c a L easn t e r i o re t [ a t e r a t i s ; t h e s u p e r f i c i aal n d t h e m i d d t e[ a y e ro f t h e c e r v i c a I f a s c r a h a v eb e e nr e m o v e d .
Musctes
0rgans
Topography
S ections
lvl digastricus, * Venterposterior
. V retromandibularis , N cervicalis [C2] R anterior
N hypoglossus [Xll] Glandula submandibularis
posterior a A auricularis
V.submentaliso. A
posterior (N,facialis) * N auricularis
N mylohyoideus A submentalis O
0 M sternocleidomastoideus
lvl stylohyoideus *
M digastricus, * Venteranterior minor a N occipitalis M mylohyoideusC A lingualiso V lacialis a
* N accessorius [Xl] A carotisexternaO A laryngea superiora Ansacervicalis, Badixsuperior. a N cervicalis [C3], R anterior
A thyroidea superiora
I N cervicalis [C4], R. anterior
R sternocleidomastoideusa V thyroidea superiora
& Ansa cervicalis,Radix inferior * Plexus brachialis,Truncus suoerior
A cervicalis ascendens O
colli,R superficialis a A transversa s M trapezius
l\4 omohyoideus e
a M omohyoideus, Venterinferior
Glandula thyroidea
oA transversacolli, R profundus
(A cervicalis a superticialis, Var)
a A subclavia
N p h r e n i c u s. externa o V jugularis M scalenusanteriore o V,subclavia Bulbusinleriora venaejugularis
C M pectoralis mrnor
carotiscommunis a) a l\il deltoideus
vagus[X] ,
a a A ; V thoracoacromialis
a V cephalica
M sternocleidomastoideus*
257 F i g . 2 5 6 V e s s e [ sa n d n e r v e so f t h e [ a t e r a Ir e g i o no f t h e n e c k , R e g i oc e r v i c a I i L sateratis; a f t e r a I m o s tc o m p L e t ree m o v a L otfh e s t e r n o c l e i d o m a s t o i d muscLe.
255
> Neck
Ske[eton
/esselsandnervesof the neck
, N hypoglossus [Xll] o V retromandibularis interna a V jugularis B sternocleidomastoideusa (A occipitalis)
A facialisa s l\4 sternocleidomastoideus
Platysma t lvl mylohyoideus*
O A occipitalis N mylohyoideus
* M spleniuscapitis
A submentalis a M digastricus, S Venteranterior
occipitalis
Glandula submandibularis A carotis externa O
ar N accessorius[Xl]
N laryngeussuperior A carotis interna a A laryngeasuperior a A thyroidea superiora
& M levatorscapulae
N vagus [X] ,,
i N ceruicalis[C5], R anterior
M omohyoideus,* Venter superior
I N ceruicalis[C6], B anterior a (A ceruicalissuperficialis,Var )
A carotiscommunis O
;, N cervicalis[C7], R anterior e l\il omohyoideus, Venter inferior
Ansacervicalis (Plexuscervicalis)
a A suprascapularis
A thyroidea inleriora A cervicalisO ascendens
o M deltoideus Glandula thyroidea
A vertebralis, a Parsprevertebralis N phrenicus, Truncus thyrocervicalis a A subclavia O A thoracica internaa ,; Plexus brachialis, Pars infraclavicularis
V jugularisinternaa
o A axillaris
V brachioceohalicasinistra a O A thoracoacromialis
V jugularis externaa
I M pectoralisminor
lvl pectoralismajor, Pars clavicularis* o V axillaris
t t 256
o V cephalica
Fig.257 Vessetsand nervesof the LateraIregionof the neck, R e g i oc e r v i c a t i [sa t e r a L i s ; oeep rayer.
l l: -lil- r:l
Musctes Vessels
N vagus [X] N mylohyoideus
N hypoglossus [Xll] . A facialisO
interna a V jugularis (Truncus sympathicus) Rr communicantes a A occipitalis
A submentalis a
o R mastoideus
A carotis externa a
N occipitalisminor
A carotisinternaa Ganglion ceruicale superius; (Truncus sympathicus)
I N occipitalis malor
M omohyoideus,Venter superior
i N accessorius
lxtl
A thyroideasuperiora lvl sternohyoideus&
a A cervicalis ascendens
R cardiacus cervicalissuperior (N vagus)
, N phrenicus
Ansa ceruicalis,Radix superior (Plexus ceruicalis) M constrictorpharyngisinferior.&
N cardiacus ceruicalis superior M sternothyroideus &
Var) superficialis, O (A ceruicalis
(Ganglion sympathicum accessonum)
anterior * M scalenus
V thyroidea superiora A thyroidea inferiora
,* N suprascapularis
Ganglion cervicale medium TruncusO thyroceruicalis
a A suDrascaDularis
Clavicula
A subclavia a A thoracica internaa , N laryngeus recurrens
a R acromialis (A thoracoacromialis)
Trachea
V thyroidea inferioro A M deltoideus
N cardiacus ceruicalis medius(Truncus sympathicus)
* M pectoralis minor,Tendo
V vertebralis, o Pars prevertebralis
a A axillaris
A carotiscommunis o O A, thoracoacromialis
V j u g u l a r i sn t e r n o a V brachio-O cephalicasinistra
a V cephalica
V jugularis externaa , Plexus brachialis, Pars infraclavicularis, Fasciculusmedialis
M pectoralismajor6 CostaI N pectoralismedialis
a V axillaris : N intercostobrachialis ,, N thoracodorsalis
M pectoralis* mtnor V cephalicao
A ; V thoracica lateralis o a
longus : N thoracicus a W thoracoepigastricae
F i g .2 5 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e l a t e r a lr e g i o no f t h e n e c k , R e g i oc e r v i c a L li a s t e r a t i sa, n d t h e a x i t l a r yr e g i o n ,R e g i oa x i t l a r i s . T h e n u m b e r sV - V l l l i n d i c a t ev e n t r a Lb r a n c h e so f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i ncge r v i c a nI e r v e s
Sk eteton of the neck
l\4 digastricus, Venteranteriore V,jugularis anteriorO
s lV mylohyoideus s M hyoglossus a V submentalis
V submentalis o
a A facialis
G l a n d u lsau b m a n d i b u l a r i s /
,z
oY.facialis
V facialis a
,, N hypoglossus [Xll] V retromandibularis o Glandula parotidea
M stylohyoideus * o V facialis
V occipitalis o a V occipitalis V facialisa
V jugularis internao
Prominentia laryngea
V thyroidea superiorO
superior O V thyroidea
V jugularis externao
f M sternocleidomastoideus Radixsuoerior &.Ansaceruicalis.
A carotiscommunis al
(Plexus cervicalis) o V, jugularis interna
l\4 sternocleidomastoideusB
lsthmusglandulae thyroideae V cervicalis suoerticialis o
externa a V jugularis anterior o V jugularis
V transversa collia lV omohyoideus,s Venter inlerior
& M omohyoideus
& M. trapezius
V cephalica a
M pectoralismajor 6
o V cephalica
a M pectoralis maJor
(A thoracica R perforans interna)a R cutaneus anteriorDectoralis , Rr perforantes(A; V thoracica interna)a a V thyroidea inferiora
a V thoracoacromialis o V axillaris * lvl sternocleidomastoideus O Arcusvenosusjugularis
F i g .2 5 9 V e i n so f t h e n e c k ,C o t l u m .
Musctes Vessels andnervesof the neckand the upperthoracicaperture
Venteranterior * N4digastricus, Os hyoideum
mylohyoideus a l\/1. Venteranterior f N lingualis ,/ a M. digastricus,
M hyoglossus rt
o A facialis
V retromandibularis a a V facialis
& N hypoglossus [Xll]
Glandula parotidea
V occipitalis o
M sternohyoideus i superior o V thyroidea M thyrohyoideusA
* M sternocleidomastoideus
M omohyoideus o A thyroidea superioro
s Ansacervicalis, Fladixsuperior (Plexuscervicalis)
Cartilago thyroidea V jugularis externaa
* N vagus[X]
Glandula thyroidea a V. thyroidea media
Plexusthyroideus impara
& N accessorius [Xl] & N phrenicus
N. vagus[X] ;,
& Plexus brachialis, Parssupraclavicularis
A transversa a colli
V transversaO colli
t M omohyoideus
V jugularis O anterior
Clavicula
a A subclavia; o V jugularis exlerna
A subclavia o
V.subclavia o
a V subclavia
a V cephalica
V brachio-a cephalica dextra
a V jugularis interna
V thyroidea a inferior
major a M. pectoralis
V thoracica internao V cavasuperiora V brachioceohalica sinistraa ParsascendensaortaeO
,* N vagus[X] i N laryngeus recurrens sinister
CostaI a A carotiscommunis; recurrens t N laryngeus sinister
o Vv thymicae
F i g . 2 6 0 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e n e c k ,C o l t u m ,a n d t h e u p p e rt h o r a c i ca p e r t u r eA , p e r t u r at h o r a c i ss u p e r i o r .
259
Lymphatics of
Noduslymphoideus buccinatorius Nodi lymphoideitaciales
Nodus lymphoideus JUgulodigastricus
M digastricus, a Venteranlerior Nodilymphoidei submandibulares Nodi lymphoidei submentales
Nodi lymphoidei occipitales I M sternocleidomastoideus
Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales, Nodi profundisuperiores
capitis a M splenius Nodi lymphoideiceruicaleslaterales, Nodi suDerficiales
M omohyoideus, Ventersuperiora
e M levatorscapulae
Nodilymphoidei cervicales laterales, Nodiprolundiinferiores
{,}N accessorius[Xl]
Noduslymphoideus juguloomohyoideus
t M scalenusmedius A carotiscommunis a O M. trapezius V jugularis internaa C M scalenusposterior Nodus lymphoideuscervicalislateralis, Nodus orofundus inferior *' Plexus brachialis, Pars supraclavicularis M scalenus anterior C a M omohyoideus,Venter inferior
Fig.261 Superficia[lymphatics,Vasalymphatica s u p e r if c i a l i aa, n d [ y m p hn o d e s ,N o d it y m p h o i d e o i ,f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c ko f a n B - y e a r - o t d chitd.
Musctes submandibular trianqIe
Vessels and
R marginalis mandibularis ,a Glandula parotidea
o a v;A facialis
M stylohyoideus t
Glandula submandibularis
& N. mylohyoideus o M mylohyoideus o M digastricus, Venteranterior
N hypoglossus [Xll] '
a M hyoglossus
N accessorius[Xl]
a N hypoglossus [Xll]
Ansacervicalis, Fladixsuperior
o A lingualis
N vagus[X]
V jugularis externaa
Tendointermedius a M digastricus, Os hyoideum
lvl sternocleidomastoideus o V jugularis internaa A carotisexternaa
a A lingualis a A thyroidea supenor
N laryngeus superior; superior o * A laryngea
F i g , 2 6 2 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s u b m a n d i b u t at r i a n g t e , T r i q o n u ms u b m a n d i b u [ a r e .
1 o/o
4o/o
12o/o 30 %
35o/o
12o/o
5To
F i g . 2 6 3 L e v e lo f t h e b i fu r c a t i o no f t h e c o m m o nc a r o t i da r t e r y , A c a r o t i sc o m m u n i s i. n r e t a t i o nt o t h e c e r v i c avI e r t e b r a e .
Sur facep. 32
Vot.l l | Sk eteton
Subclavian
A vertebralis, Pars intracranialis A vertebralis, Parsatlantica
A vertebralis,Parstransversaria
A ceruicalisprofunda
A vertebralis, Pars prevertebralis
A ceruicalis ascendens
Truncuscostocervicalis
A carotiscommunis Vertebra cervicalis Vll
(A,cervicalis Var) superficialis, Truncusthyrocervicalis A thyroidea inferior
VertebrathoracicaI
A, subclavia A carotiscommunis (A scapularis descendens, Var)
A. suprascapularis
intercostalis suprema
TruncusbrachioceDhalicus Clavicula
CostaI Manubrium sterni posterior A intercostalis ll
posterior I A. intercostalis A thoracica interna
A axillaris
Fig. 264 Subctavianartery, A. subctavia.
90 0k
F i g .2 6 5 L e v eoLf t h ee n t r yo f t h e vertebraIarteA r y.,v e r t e b r a Liinst,ot h e t r a n s v e r sf e o r a m i n aF,o r a m i ntar a n s v e r s a r i a
F i g . 2 6 6a - f V a r i a t i o n si n t h e t r u n c u sf o r m e db y t h e i n f e r i o rt h y r o i da r t e r y , A . t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r t, h e s u p r a s c a p u t aarr t e r y ,A . s u p r a s c a p u t a r itsh, e t r a n s v e r s ec e r v i c aaLr t e r y ,A . t r a n s v e r s ac o t I i ,a n d t h e i n t e r n a L thoracic , h e n t h e v e r t e b r a aI r t e r y ,A v e r t e b r a l i s , a r t e r y ,A . t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a w b r a n c h e so f f s e p a r a t e tfyr o m t h e c o s t o c e r v i c a t rIu n c u s ,T r u n c u s costocervicaIis.
Mu s c t e s Vessels andnervesof the neckand the upperthoracicaperture
Lig longitudinale anterius
Vertebracervicalislll
M, longuscapitisa Discusintervertebralis
M scalenusmediuso R interganglionaris.,
a A vertebralis,Parstransversaria
Truncussympathicus, Ganglion cervicale medium N p h r e n i c u s, ,
l\4 scalenusanteriora
t Truncussuperior
M scalenusoosterior a V vertebralisa Vertebra cervicalis Vll. Proc transversus A vertebralis a Truncusthyrocervicalis a prolundaa a A ; V ceruicalis
* Truncusmedius
Plexus brachialis
Truncusinferior
(Nn phrenici accessorii)
aA subclavia
e N phrenicus
Ansa subclavia
OA carotis communls o M longuscolli o Arcusaortae O TruncusbrachioceDhalicus
A I V thoracica interna a a Pleura parietalis
V cavasuperioro
a W brachiocephalicae dextra et sinistra
F i g . 2 6 7 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e sa t t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m t h e n e c kt o t h e t h o r a x . T h e n u m b e r sl V - V l l li n d i c a t ev e n t r a Ib r a n c h e so f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i nsgp i n a In e r v e s
F i g .2 5 8 a - d V a r i a t i o n isn t h e o r i g i no f t h e v e r t e b r a aL r t e r y , A.vertebratis
5keleton
Platysma c Cartilagothyroidea
M sternohyoideus G
Lig vocale Cartilagocricoidea Cartilago arytenoidea
piriformis Flecessus
M thyrohyoideus a
pharyngis inferior a M, constrictor
M omohyoideus * superior o A, thyroidea
lvl sternothyroideus a
sympathicus E Truncus
A carotiscommunis a
t l\4 longuscolli
Ganglion ceruicalemedium .,
Nodilymphoidei cervicales laterales, Nodiprolundisuperiores
N vagus[X] ,,
a A vertebralis
V jugularisinternao
ascendens a A cervicalis
M sternocleidoa mastoideus
*l N. spinalis[C5] externa a V jugularis
r' N phrenicus
VertebraceruicalisV Corpus
M scalenusanteriorc M scalenusmediusa
Spatiumsubarachnoideum Spatiumepidurale; O Plexusvenosus vertebralis internus
M levator scapulae I
M spleniusceruicis et capitisC
Periosteum
l\4 semispinaliscapitis O
Duramaterspinalis
M multilidusceruicis *
t M spinalis
lvl trapeziusI Medulla spinalis
Vertebra cervicalis lV Proc spinosus
F i g . 2 6 9 N e c k ,C o t l u m ; t T a n s v e r ssee c t i o na t t h e levetof the vocaIcord.
Mus ct e s
0 r g an s
T o p o g ra p h y Sections transversesection
anterior o V jugularis M sternohyoideus a
inferior a V thyroidea
M sternothyroideus o M sternocleidomastoideus o
& N vagus[X]
lsthmus glandulaethyroideae
interna o V jugularis
V thyroidea lnferior a
externa o V jugularis
Oesophagus Noduslymphoideus cervicalis lateralis, Nodusprofundus interior
Clavicula M omohyoideus a
a A carotiscommunis
l\4.scalenus a antenor
o * A. ceruicalis ascenoens; N phrenicus
Plexusbrachialis *
& N laryngeus recurrens
M scalenusa posterior
o V vertebralis
M scalenusa medrus
c M scalenus medius
M longuscollia
aA vertebralis
N spinalis*
Costa I
Vertebra thoracical, Corpus
a M suprasprnalus
Medulla spinalis thoracica
Scapula
Vertebrathoracical. Proc soinosus
F i g . 2 l O N e c k ,C o L t u m ; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e f i r s t t h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a .
"..0r gans I To pogr aphyI Sec ti ons cavityand pharynx,
pharyngea Tonsilla Palatum molle [Velum palatinum]
Lig hyoepiglotticum
M.constrictor pharyngis superior Epiglottis Os hyoideum M constrictor pharyngis medius
orbicularis oris, Parslabialis
Lig thyrohyoideum medianum Cartilago thyroidea
M genioglossus
M aMenoideustransversus M constrictor pharyngis inferior
M geniohyoideus
medianum Lig.cricothyroideum Cartilagocricoidea Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis
M, mylohyoideus
Glandula thyroidea
Canihgines tracheales
L a r t o f t h e h e a d ,C a p u t ,a n d n e c k ,C o L [ u m ; Fig.271 Faciap m e d i a ns e c t i o nt h r o u o ht h e h e a do f a n e o n a t e .
F i g . 2 7 2 S c h e m ai l l u s t r a t i n gt h e d i s t a n c eb e t w e e n t h e r o o to f t h e t o n g u e ,R a d i xI i n g u a ea, n d t h e e p i g [ o t t i s , E p i g t o t t i si n , theadutt
F i g . 2 7 3 S c h e m ai t l u s t r a t i n g t h a t t h e L a r y n xi n t h e n e o n a t ei s p o s i t i o n e d c o n s i d e r a b thyi g h e rt h a n i n t h ea d u t t .
Surface I SketetonI
> Uppertimb
Muscles...
Surfaceanatomy
Pollex[Digitusprimus]
Regio deltoidea, M. deltoideus
Index[Digitussecundusl
M. biceps brachii
Digitusmediusltertiusl
M. brachioradialis
Plicaaxillarisanterior
Antebrachium, Regioantebrachii anterior
EPlCOnOYlus meorails
Brachium, Regio brachii anterior
Regioaxillaris,Fossaaxillaris M tricepsbrachii
, embrum superius. Fig.271 UppeL r i m bM
(Radius) Proc.styloideus Dorsummanus Regio deltoidea,M. deltoideus
M. brachioradialis
Pollex[Digitusprimus] Index[Digitussecundus]
Plicaaxillarisoosterior
(Ulna) Proc.styloideus
M. latissimus dorsi M tricepsbrachii
Regio antebrachii posterior
, embrum superius. Fig.2l5 UppeL r i m bM
' Upper timb
Surface lSkeletonl Overview Shoulder
Skeletonof the upperlimb
Cingulum pectorale
Pars libera membfl supeflofls
Antebrachium
Articulatio radioulnaris distalis Articulatio radlocarpalis Articulatio mediocarpalis Articulationes carpometacarpales Articulationes metacarpophalangeae Digitimanus, Ossadigitorum: - Phalanx proximalis - Phalanxmedia - Phalanxdistalis
Articulationes interphalangeae manusproximales
Articulationes interphalangeae manusdistales
Fig.276 UppeL r i m bM , embrum superius; overview b .o n e sa n di o i n t s .
Musctes Arm
To pogr a p h y Etbow
Forearm Hand
Extremitas acromialis
F i g .2 7 7 C L a v i c LCe L, a v i c u l a ; supefl0rvrew.
Corpusclaviculae Extremitassternalis
Extremitas acromialis Faciesarticularis sternalis
Foramennutricium
Tuberculum conoideum
lmpressio ligamentl costoclavicularis
Sulcusmusculisubclavii
Fig.278 Ctavic[e,Ctavicu[a; i n f e r i o rv i e w .
Discusarticularis Lig interclaviculare
Lig costoclaviculare
Lig sternoclaviculare anterius l\4anubrium sterni
Lio sternocostale radiatum
Symphysis manubrioslernalis
Cartilagocostalis ll
F i g . 2 7 i S t e r n o c [ a v i c u tjaori n t , A r t i c u t a t i os t e r n o c L a v i c u L a r i s ; V E N I T A LV I C W .
Shoutder Arm
Scapula
Incisura scapulae Tuberculum supraglenoidale
l\4argosuperior Angulussuperior
Proc. coracoideus
Proc coracoideus
Fossa supraspinata Spina scapurae
Acromion Cavitas glenoidalis
Angulus acromrl
Tuberculum infraglenoidale
Cavitas glenoidalis
Anguluslateralis
Margo medialis
Facies costalis
Collumscapulae Margolateralis Fossainfraspinata
Margo lateralis
I
I Angulus inferiorl
Fig.280 Scaputa,Scaputa; dorsaIview.
Fig. 281 ScapuLa, ScapuLa; [ateraIview.
Proc coracoideus
Incisura scapulae
Margosuperior Fossa Articulatio subscapularis acromro-
clavicularis Facies costalis Cavitas glenoidalis
Acromion
Collum scapurae
Vertebra thoracicaI CostaI Proc coracoideus
Articulatio slernoclavicularis 60' Sternum
Planum medianum*
Fig. 282 Scaputa,Scapura; v e n t r a Iv i e w
F i g . 2 8 3 S h o u l d e rg i r d t e ,C i n g u t u mp e c t o r a t e ; s u p e f l o rv r e w . T h e a n g L e sr e f e rt o t h e a v e r a g er e L a t i o nisn t h e aduLt. * M e d i a pn t a n e * * S c a p u t aprt a n e
T opog r a p h yI Se cti o n s El.bow Forearm Hand
Caputhumeri Sulcusintertubercularis Collumanatomicum Tuberculum majus Tuberculum mtnus Collum chirurgicum
Tuberculum majus
Collum anatomrcum Collum chirurgicum
Cristatuberculi majoris
Corpushumeri Sulcusnerviradialis
l\4argolateralis Margo medialis Facies anterolateralis
Faciesposterior
Facies anteromedialis
Cristasupraepicondylaris
Fossa coronoidea
lateralis Fossa radialis
Cristasupraepicondylaris medialis
Epicondylus lateralis
Fossaolecrani
Epicondylus medialis
Capitulum humeri
Sulcusnerviulnaris
Trochleahumeri
Trochlea humeri
Condylushumeri
F i g . 2 8 4 H u m e r u sH, u m e r u s ; ventraL view.
F i g . 2 8 5 H u m e r u sH,u m e r u s ; dorsaIview.
I
Collumanatomicum Insertions of thetendonsof: 1 M supraspinatus 2 M infraspinatus 3 M teresminor Caputhumeri
Tuberculum majus
F i g . 2 8 6 H u m e r u sH, u m e r u s ; proximaIview.
Surface lSkeletonl
Musctes
Shoulder Arm
joint Shoulder
Articulatio acromioclavicularis, Lig acromioclaviculare
Clavicula, Extremitasacromialis
Acromion Li9 coracoacromiale
Lig coracoclaviculare, Lig trapezoideum
M supraspinatus
Bursasynovialis Lig coracoclaviculare, Lig conoideum
Proc coracoideus Lig, coracohumerale
Lig.transversum scapulae supenus
Tuberculum majus
Incisura scapulae Bursasubtendinea musculi subscapularis
M subscapularis, Tendo Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
- (superius) Ligg glenohumeralia: - (medium) - (interius)
M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum Cristatuberculi majoris
Tuberculum infraglenoidale Sulcusintertubercularis (Recessus axillaris) Cristatuberculi minoris
F i g . 2 8 7 S h o u L d ej o r i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ; venlratvtew.
Lig lransversum scapulaesuperius
Proc coracoideus Lig coracohumerale
Spina scapulae
Tuberculum majus
Capsulaarticularis
F i g .2 8 8 S h o u I d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u [ a t i oh u m e r i ; t h e a c r o m i o nh a s b e e nr e m o v e d : dorsaIview.
Topography Etbow
Forearm Hand
Shoulderjoint
Ciavicula,Extremitasac.omialis
Lig. coracoacromiale
lvl supraspinatus
Spina scapulae
M infraspinatus
M teresminor
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum Capsulaarticularis
Humerus
F i g . 2 8 9 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ; dorsaLview.
M supraspinatus Bursasubacromialis
Acromion
Lig coracoacromiale
Proc coracoideus M supraspinatus* Tuberculum majus
Lig coracohumerale
M infraspinatus* M subscapularis*
M. teresminor*
Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum
M subscapularis*
F i g . 2 9 0 S h o u [ d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ; lateraIview
T o g e t h e rt,h e m u s c L et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h + f o r m t h e s o - c a t l e d rotator cuff.
> U p p e rt i m b
M us c tes 0verview Shoutder Arm
Shoulderjoint
Faciesarticularis clavicularis M, supraspinatus Lig coracohumerale
Bursasubacromialis
M biceps brachii,Caput longum, Tendo Labrum glenoidale
Cavitas glenoidalis
Caput humeri
Vaqinatendinisintertubercularis
M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum,Tendo (Recessus axillaris)
F i g . 2 9 1 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ; s e c t i o na t t h e l e v e lo f t h e s c a p u t a : ventraIview
Lig Clavicula
Acromion Lig trapezoideum Li9. coracoctauicutare Lig conoideum
l\4 biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo
Cavitas glenoidalis
Labrum glenoidale*
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
F i g . 2 9 2 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ; LateraIview. N e x tt o i t s o r i g i na t t h e s u p r a g [ e n o i d a t uLb e r c L et h , e t e n d o no f t h e b i c e p s m u s c t ei s p r e d o m i n a n t layt t a c h e dt o t h e g l e n o i d[ a b r u m . * lt formsa fibrocartitaginous coltararoundtheglenoidcavity
)
To pogr a p h y Etbow Forearm Hand
Shoulderjoi nt,radiography
Articulatio acromioclavicularis Acromion Clavicula
Proc coracoideus
Caputhumeri Cavitas glenoidalis
Tuberculum maius
Collum scapulae Tuberculum infraglenoidale
Tuberculum minus l\4argo lateralis
Sulcusintedubercularis
F i g . 2 9 3 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ; AP-radiograph.
M, deltoideus,Pars clavicularis
Sulcusintertubercularis ; l\,4. bicepsbrachii, Caputlongum,Tendo
Tuberculum minus
Tuberculum majus lvl deltoideus, Parsacromialis
M. coracobrachialis
Labrum glenoidale
Caputhumeri
Cavitas glenoidalis
Articulatio humeri, Cavitasarticularis
M subscapularis
M deltoideus, Parsspinalis
Scapula
l\4 infraspinatus
F i g . 2 9 1 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ihou m e r i ; c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cl C T lc r o s s - s e c t i o n ; t h e j o i n t c a v i t yi s f i t L e dw i t h a i r I p n e u m o - C T ) ; i n f e r i o rv i e w .
M us c tes Shoutder Arm
Proc coronoideus
Cristamusculi supinatoris
Tuberositas ulnae
Proc coronoideus
Margointerosseus Margointerosseus
Margoposterior
Facies medialis
Circumferentia articularis
Circumferentia articularis
F i g . 2 9 5 U t n a ,U L n a ; ventraLview.
F i g . 2 9 7 U | . n aU , Lna; radiaLview.
F i g . 2 9 6 U l n a ,U t n a ; dorsaIview.
T opog r a p h yI S e cti o n s Etbow
Forearm
Caputradii, Circumferentia articularis
Caputradii, Circumferentia articularis Collumradii
Collumradii
Tuberositasradii
Tuberositasradii Foveaarticularis
Caputradii Collumradii Faciesanterior Foramennutricium Margointerosseus
Margointerosseus Corpusradii Corpusradii
Margoanterior Margointerosseus
Faciesposterior
Faciesanterior Margoposterior
Facieslateralis Faciesposterior
Incisura ulnaris Faciesarticularis carpalis Proc.swloideus radii Proc.styloideusradii
Fig.298 Radius,Radius; ventraIview.
Fig.300 Radius,Radius; utnarview.
Tuberculum dorsale
Fig.299 Radius, Radius; dorsaIview. * G r o o v e sa n d c r e s t sf o r t h e a t t a c h m e n to f t h e e x t e n s o r t e ndo n s
Surface lSkeletonl
Muscles
Shoutder Arrn
Elbowjoint
Epicondylus lateralis
Epicondylus medialis
humeri Trochlea
lncisuratrochlearis
Epicondylus medialis
Circumferentia articularis
Olecranon Lig collateraleulnare, (Pars posterioO Lio. collateraleulnare. (Pirs anterior)
Corpusradii, Faciesanterior
Tuberositas uinae
Corpusulnae, Faciesanterior
j o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc u b i t i , F i g .3 0 2 E l . b o w i n 9 0 ' f l e x i o na n d 9 0 ' s u p i n a t i o n ; mediaLview.
j o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t icou b i t i ; F i 9 .3 0 1 E L b o w ventraIview.
Capsulaarticularis, Membrana fibrosa
Epicondylus medialis Epicondylus lateralis
Capsulaarticularis Lig collateraleradiale
Lig collaterale ulnare
Lig collaterale radiale
Olecranon Lig anulare radii
Lig anulare radii
Collumradii Collumradii M biceDsbrachii.Tendo
Chorda obliqua
j o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t i ; F i g .3 0 3 E l . b o w ventraLview.
j o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t i ; F i g .3 0 4 E l . b o w dorsaLview.
To pogr a p h y Etbow
Forearm Hand
Junctionsof the bonesof the forearm
Inctsura trochlearis
Lig anulare radii
Circumferentia articularis
l\4 biceps brachii, Tendo
Tuberositasradii Chorda obliqua
Membrana interossea antebrachii
Faciesarticularis carpalrs
Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis, Capsulaarticularis
Proc.styloideus
F i g .3 0 5 J u n c t i o n so f t h e b o n e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; insupination; ventralview.
F i g . 3 0 6 J u n c t i o n so f t h e b o n e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; in pronation; v e n t r a lv i e w o f t h e u l n a .d o r s a lv i e w o f t h e r a d i u s .
Membranainterosseaantebrachii Tuberositas radii Tuberositas ulnae Collumradii Proc coronoideus
Incrsura trochlearis
Olecranon
F i g .3 0 7 P r o x i m a rI a d i o - u t n ajro i n t , A r t i c u t a t i or a d i o - u t n a r i ps r o x i m a L i s ; ventrooroximaLview.
Lig.anulare radii
Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis
Facies lateralis
Radius
Ulna
lvlargoposterior
Margoposterior
Faciesposterior
posterior
F i g . 3 0 8 C r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e b o n e so f t h e forearm; distaIview.
M us e[es Shnulder Arrn
Elbowjoint, sectionsand radiography
M brachialis
M triceps brachii, Caput mediale
N radialis
M brachioradialis
Septum intermusculare brachiimediale
HUMETUS
l\il pronator teres,Caput numerate
M extensor carpi r a d i a l i sl o n g u s
Epicondylus lateralis
Epicondylus medialis Trochlea humerl
Lig collaterale radiale
Sulcusnervi ulnaris
Caprtulum numefl
Ltg collaterale ulnare
Lig anulare radii
t\4m flexores, Caput commune
Caput radii M extensor carpi radialis brevis
Proc coronordeus
l\4 supinator
lvl pronatorteres, Caputulnare
Bursa bicipitoradialis
Lrg quadratum
M biceps brachii,Tendo
j o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t icou b i t i ; F i g .3 0 9 E L b o w f r o n t a Is e c t i o n .
1 Cristasupraepicondylaris 6 Tuberositas radii 7 Proc coronoideus lateralis 2 Epicondylus lateralis 8 Trochleahumeri 3 C a p i t u l uh mu m e r i 9 Olecranon 4 Caputradii 10 Epicondylus medialis 11 Cristasupraepicondylaris 5 Collumradii medialis
j o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t icou b i t i ; Fi9.310 ELbow AP-radioqraph
l\4tricepsbrachii J
Corpushumeri M brachialis l\4 biceps brachii
Fossa olecrani
l\4 triceps Tendo Bursa subcutanea olecranl
A brachialis M pronator IETES
N medianus
A radialis
Trochleahumeri
A ulnaris
'1 Humerus 2 3 4 5
F i g .3 1 1 E t b o wj o i n t ,A r t i c u [ a t i oc u b i t i ; --^;++-l -^^+i^^ JovrrroL JEL(tut t.
Fossaolecrani Olecranon lncisuratrochlearis Ulna
6 Radius 7 Collumradii 8 Caputradii 9 Proc coronoideus 10 Fossacoronoidea
j o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc u b i t i ; Fig.312 ELbow [ a t e r a Lr a d i o g r a p h .
Topography Etbow
Forearm Hand
Skeleton
Os lunatum Os triquetrum
Tuberculum ossisscaohoidei
Os pisilorme Tuberculum ossistrapezii Os trapezium Os trapezoideum
Os capitatum Os hamatum
Hamulusossishamati Basisossismetacarpi
Corpusossismetacarpi
Ossasesamoidea
Caputossismetacarpi Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx distalis
Phalanxproximalis
I ll lll lV V
P o l . t eI D x i g i t ups r i m u s l I n d e xI D i g i t usse c u n d u s ] Digitum s e d i u sI D i g i t utse r t i u s ] D i g i t u as n u t a r iIsD i g i t uqsu a r t u s J D i g i t um s i n i m u[sD i g i t uqsu i n t u s l
F i g .3 1 3 B o n e so f t h eh a n dO , s s am a n u s ; p a t m avr i e w .
> U p p e rt i m b
Muscles
Skeletonof the hand
Radius
Ulna
Os lunatum
Caputulnae
Proc styloideus radii
Proc styloideus ulnae
Os scaphoideum Os capitatum Os triquetrum
Tuberculum ossistrapezii
Os pisiforme
Os trapezium
Ossacarpi
Hamulusossis Os hamatum,
Os trapezoideum Os metacarpi
Ossametacarpil-V
Ossasesamoidea Caputossismetacarpi Os sesamoideum Phalanx proximalis
Os sesamoideum Ossadigitorum
Phalanxdistalis
Caputossismetacarpi Corpusphalangis Caputphalangis Basisphalangis
F i g . 3 1 4 B o n e so f t h e h a n d ,O s s am a n u s ; p a t m a rv r e w .
Corpusphalangis Caputphalangis Phalanx distalis
phalangis Tuberositas distalis
Ulna Radius Caputulnae Proc styloideus ulnae
Proc.styloideus radii
Os lunatum
Os scaphoideum
Os triquetrum Os pisiforme
Os trapezium Os trapezoideum
Os hamatum BasisossismetacarDi
Articulatiocarpometacarpalispollicis* Os capitatum I Os metacarpi
Caputossismetacarpi Basisphalangis
Articulatiometacarpophalangea pollicis** Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx distalls
Phalanxproximalis
Phalanxmedia
F i g . 3 1 5 B o n e so f t h e h a n d ,O s s am a n u s ; d o r s a Iv i e w * A l s o s: a d d tjeo i n to f t h et h u m b + *A l s o p : r o x i m apIh a t a n g ej o a iLn to f t h et h u m b
Phalanxdistalis
phalangis Tuberositas distalis
To p o g ra p h y Etbow
Forearm Hand
Ulna Articulatio radioulnaris distalis, Capsulaarticularis
Proc styloideus radii
Proc styloideus ulnae
Os lunatum
Lig ulnocarpalepalmare Lig radiocarpalepalmare Os pisiforme Lig carpi radiatum Lig pisohamatum
Articulatiocarpometacarpalis pollicis, Capsulaarticularis
Lig. pisometacarpale Hamulus ossis hamati Lig carpometacarpale parmare
Os capitatum
Ligg. metacarpalia palmafla
F i g .3 1 6 J o i n t sa n d l i g a m e n t so f t h e h an d , A r t i c u t a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t am a n u s ; o a l m a rv i e w . Ligg palmaria Ligg metacarpalia transversaprofunda
Lig radiocarpale oorsale Proc styloideusradii Ligg intercarpalia dorsalia
Os scaphoideum Os triquetrum
Os hamatum Os capitatum
Lrgg metacarpalia dorsalia
Ligg intercarpaliadorsalia
Os trapezoideum
Ligg carpometacarpaliadorsalia
F i g .3 1 7 J o i n t sa n d [ i g a m e n t os f t h e h a n d , A r t i c u L a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t am a n u s ; d o r s a Iv i e w Ligg, collateralia
M us c [es
Os lunatum Caputulnae Articulatio radiocarpalis Articulatio radioulnaris distalis Os capitatum Discusarticularis Os scaphoideum
Os triquetrum Lig collateralecarpi ulnare
Lig collateralecarpi radiale
Os trapezoideum
Articulatiomediocarpalis
Os trapezium
Os hamatum
Articulatio carpometacarpalis pollicis
Lig intercarpale interosseum
Os metacarpiI
Articulationes carpometacarpales
Ligg metacarpaliainterossea
F i g .3 1 8 C a r p a jI o i n t s ,A r t i c u [ a t i o n ecsa r p i ; L o n g i t u d i n sa eL c t i o np a r a t L et Io t h e d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d .
Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis
Proc styloideus radii
Faciesarticularis carpails Tuberculumdorsale
Proc styloideus urnae
F i g .3 1 9 U t n aa n d r a d i u s U , l n ae t R a di u s ; distaLview
Faciesarticularis carpalis
Articulatio radioulnaris distalis
Discusarticularis Proc styloideus radii
Caputulnae ]\
Tuberculum dorsale
F i g .3 2 0 D i s t a Ir a d i o - u t n ajro i n t , A r t i c u t a t i or a d i o u L n a r d i si s t a t i s : distat-dorsaLview.
Proc styloideus ulnae
Topography Elbow
Forearm Hand
Fingerjoints
Os metacarpi
Os metacarpipollicis
Lig collaterale
M flexor pollicisbrevis
Ossasesamoidea
Lig collaterale Ligg palmaria
M flexor pollicislongus
Vaginatendinismusculi flexorispollicislongi
F i g . 3 2 1 F i n g e rj o i n t s ,A r t i c u L a t i o n edsi g i t i ; [ateraLview.
joint of Fig.322 Metacarpopha[angeaI t h e t h u m b ,A r t i c u t a t i om e t a c a r p o p h a L a n gpeoat l i c i s ; r a d i a L - p a t m av ri e w .
(Cartilago articularis) Phalanx proximalis Articulatiometacarpophalangea, Caosula articularis
Periosteum
Phalanx distalis
Caputphalangis
manusdistalis**' Articulatio interphalangea Phalanx media
proximalis**, Articulatio interphalangea manus Capsula articularis
F i g .3 2 3 F i n g e rj o i n t s ,A r t i c u t a t i o n edsi g i t i ; caniiial
certinn.
[ateraIview.
Basisphalangis
* C L i n i c at et r m ; M P [ = m e t a c a r p o p h a t a n g e j oai tn t l * * C L i n i c at eI r m ; P I P { = p r o x i m a t i n t e r p h a t a n g e j oai tn t ) ' * * C L i n i c at eI r m : D I P{ = d i s t a ti n t e r p h a L a n g ej oa itn t )
M us c tes Shoutder Arm
Wrist,radiography
Radius
Proc styloideus ulnae
Tuberculum ossisscaohoidei
Os lunatum Os pisiforme
Os trapezium Os kiquetrum Os capitatum
Os trapezoideum Basis ossis metacaroi ll
Hamulusossishamati
Ossametacarpi
Ossasesamoidea
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
F i g . 3 2 1 H a n d ,M a n u s : PA-radiograph. N o t e :T h e p i s i f o r mb o n ei s p r o j e c t e do n t o thetriquetraL bone.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
F i g . 3 2 5 U l n a ra b d u c t i o on f t h e h a n d ; s c h e m ao f a P A - r a d i o g r a p h .
Os scaphoideum Os lunatum Os triquetrum Os pisiforme Os trapezium Os trapezoideum Os capitatum Os hamatum
F i g . 3 2 6 R a d i aa L b d u c t i o no f t h e h a n d ; s c h e m ao f a P A - r a d i o o r a o h .
To p o g r a p h y Etbow
Forearm H a n d
Wrist,development
Fig.327 PA-radiographof the hand of a 41lz-year-oLd bov.
'| Ulna,Diaphysis 2 Radius,Diaphysis 3 Ulna,Epiphysis distalis
4 Radius,Epiphysis distalis 5 Os lunatum 6 Os triquetrum
'1 F i g . 3 2 9 P A - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a n 1- y e a r - o [ d Doy.
F i g .3 2 8 P A - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a 7 - y e a r - o [ d bov.
7 Os scaphoideum I Os hamatum I Os capitatum
10 Ostrapezoideum 1'1Os trapezium 12 Os pisilorme
F i g .3 3 0 P A - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a boy.
'13-year-old
Fasciaof the upperlimb
M trapezius
Spina scapulae
Fossainfraclavicularis
M deltoideus lvl deltoideus
V cephalica M triceps brachii, Caput laterale
M biceps brachii, Caput breve
N intercostobrachialis
M teresmajor
N cutaneus brachiimedialis
N, medianus
lvl triceps brachii, Caput longum
V basilica
N cutaneus antebrachii medialis
l\il biceps brachii
M triceps brachii, Caput mediale
M brachialis
M triceps brachii Olecranon
Septum intermusculare brachiimediale
N musculocutaneus, N cutaneusantebrachii lateralis Aponeurosis musculi bicipitis brachii
N cutaneusbrachii posterior l\/ bicepsbrachii N cutaneus posterior antebrachii
M brachioradialis Epicondyluslateralis
Bursasubcutanea olecrani
Epicondylus medialis
V medianacubiti
Septumintermusculare brachiilaterale
l\4.anconeus
M extensorcarpi radialislongus M extensor digitorum
l\4 flexorcarpiulnaris lvl extensorcarpiulnaris
M extensor carpiradialis brevrs
M flexor carpi radialis N radialis, R superficialis
lvl.abductor pollicislongus
M palmarislongus M brachioradialis, Tendo
N culaneus antebrachii medialis
M extensor digitiminimi M flexor carpi ulnaris
Caputulnae,Proc styloideus ulnae
Fascia antebrachii
Mm extensores carpiradialis. Tendines palmaris Aponeurosis
F i g .3 3 1 F a s c i ao f t h e f L e x oar s p e c to f t h e u p p e rL i m b .
M extensor pollicisbrevis Retinaculum musculorum eKensorum l\4 extensor pollicislongus, Tendo
F i g .3 3 2 F a s c i ao f t h e e x t e n s o a r s p e c to f t h e u p p e rL i m b
T opog r a p h yI S e cti o n s Forearm Hand
M.trapezius Acromion
M. sternocleidomastoideus
Clavicula Spina scapulae
major M. pectoralis M.trapezius M. deltoideus Fasciainfraspinata M. teres minor M. pectoralismajor,Pars abdominalis M teres major M serratusanterior
M. tricepsbrachii,Caput longum M. tricepsbrachii,Caput laterale
M. latissimusdorsi
M obliouusexternusabdominis
M. tricepsbrachii,Tendo M. bicepsbrachii M. brachialis Septumintermuscularebrachiilaterale
teres M. pronator M. tricepsbrachii,Caput mediale
lateralis Epicondylus Olecranon M. anconeus
M. brachioradialis M extensorcarpi radialislongus
M. extensordigitorum
M. extensorcarpi radialisbrevis
M flexorcarpi radialis
M flexorpollicislongus M. extensordigitorum,Tendines
M abductorpollicislongus M. extensorpollicisbrevis M. extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
Retinaculum musculorum extensorum
M. abductorpollicislongus,Tendo M. extensoroollicisbrevis.Tendo M. adductorpollicis
Mm interosseidorsales
F i g .3 3 3 M u s c l e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ,t h e t h o r a xa n d t h e i n f e r i o rr e g i o no f t h e n e c K .
> Uppertimb
Surface lSketetonl Muscles Arm
Musclesof theupperlimb
M pectoralismajor
M. biceps brachii
l\4 pronatorteres M flexorcarpiradialis
M palmarislongus
M. flexordigitorum supemcrails M tlexorcarpiulnaris
M flexordigltorum superficialis, Tendines Vagina tendinis
profundus, M. flexordigitorum tenotnes
F i g .3 3 4 M u s c l e so f t h e f [ e x o ra s p e c to f t h e u p p e r[ i m b .
T o p o g r a p h yI Se cti o n s Forearm Hand
Musclesof the upperlimb
M deltoideus
l\4.inlraspinatus
M teresminor
M, teresmajor
lvl latissimus dorsl
tu|.tricepsbrachii
M brachioradialis
M extensorcarpi radialisIongus
M. extensor carpi radialisbrevis
M extensordigitorum M extensorcarpi ulnafls
Mlm.interossei dorsales
F i g . 3 3 5 M u s c l e so f t h e e x t e n s o ra s p e c to f t h e u p p e r[ i m b .
'Upper timb
Surface lsketetonl
Muscles
Overview Shoulder Upperarm
Musclesof theshoulder
M pectoralis malor
lvl pectoralis 1 Acromion
l\4 scalenus posterior
m ln o r
M levator scapulae
Clavicula
M. scalenusmedius lvl scalenusanterior
M deltoideus
[/ biceps brachii, Caput longum
M. biceps brachii, Caput breve
Mm sternocleidomastoidei
M coracobrachialis
M, teresmajor
M subclavius
M subscapularis Mm.intercostales interni
M serratusanterior
Mm intercostales externi M serratusanterior M pectoralis minor M, latissimus dorsi M pectoralismajor
M reclusabdominis
F i g . 3 3 6 M u s c l e so f t h e a r m , t h e t h o r a xa n d t h e i n f e r i o rr e g i o n of the neck. l , l l , l V - V l li n d i c a t et h e c o r r e s p o n d i nrgi b s .
I Caputlongum M bicepsbrachiij I Caputbreve
Humerus Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
M coracobrachialis Clavicula
Lig coracoacromiale
Proc coracoideus
Acromion M infraspinatus Articulatio acromioclavicularis
N suprascapularis Lig transversum scapulae superius lvl subscapularis M supraspinatus
Spina scapulae
F i g . 3 3 7 S h o u l d e ra n d m u s c L e o sf the shoutder. T o g e t h e rt,h e m u s c l et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h * f o r m t h e s o - c a l t e dr o t a t o rc u f f .
Topography Forearm Hand
Musclesof theshoulder
Clavicula
l\/ deltoideus
subclavius M trapezius
Proc coracoideus
Articulatio acromioclavicularis, Capsulaarticularis
Lig coracoclaviculare, Lig trapezoideum
Acromion
Lig coracoclaviculare,Lig. conoideum
Bursasubacromialis
M levatorscapulae
-
Lig coracoacromiale
Venterinferior M. omohvoideus.
(Bursamusculicoracobrachialis) M serratusanterior
lvl pectoralis minor
minor M rhomboideus
M biceps brachii,Caput breve
M supraspinatus
l\4 coracobrachialis
Lig transversumscapulae supenus
M deltoideus Vagina tendinis intertubercularis
M subscapularis
M pectoralis major
M. rhomboideus malor
M latissimus dorsi,Tendo M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
lvlargomedialis
M biceps brachii, Caput longum
M. teresmajor coracobrachialis
M serratusanterior M biceps brachii, Caput breve
M triceps brachii, Caput longum
Capsulaarticularis, (Recessus axillaris)
F i g .3 3 8 S h o u l d e ra n d m u s c l e so f t h e s h o u [ d e r . x T r i a n g u [ sapr a c eS, p a t i u m a x i t l a rm e ediate * * Q u a d r a n g ust apra c eS, p a t i u m a x i l L a r[ a etera[e M omohyoideus, Venterinferior M levator scapulae
Acromion
Bursasubdeltoidea
Angulussuperior
M, deltoideus
M rhomboideus mtnor
M deltoideus
M supraspinatus
Humerus, Collumchirurgicum
M trapezius humeri, Articulatio Capsulaarticularis
Spinascapulae M rhomboideus malor M infraspinatus
M triceps brachii, Caput longum
l\4.teresminor M. triceps brachii, Caput laterale
M teresmajor Angulusinferior l\4.latissimus dorsi lvl serratusanterior
F i g .3 3 9 S h o u l d e ra n d m u s c t e so f t h e s h o u t d e r . + T r i a n g u Lsapra c eS, p a t i u m a x i l t a rm e ediate ** Quadrangutar axittare laterale space,Spatium
tt
scles Arm
Musclesof theshoulder
Lig coracoacromiale
Lig. acromioclaviculare l\il biceps brachii,Caput longum, Tendo
Bursasubacromialis
Lig trapezoideum
Lig coracohumerale
M supraspinatus*
M, deltoideus
Fasciapectoralis
Acromion Fascia pectoralis, (Hiatus venae cephalicae)
Lig conoideum Proc coracoideus M intraspinatus*
(Bursamusculicoracobrachialis) Bursasubtendinea musculisubscapularis
Capsulaarticularis
M coracobrachialis
M teresminor*
M. bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve
Cavitas glenoidalis
Labrum glenoidale
M lricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
F i g .3 4 0 S h o u L d ej o r i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ; LateraIview. T o g e t h e rt,h e m u s c [ et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h * f o r m t h e s o - c a l t e dr o t a t o rc u f f .
Lig coracoacromiale
Acromion Proc coracoideus
M supraspinatus
M, infraspinatus
Tuberculum majus
M subscapularis
M. biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo
M teresminor Humerus, Corpus
F i g , 3 1 1 M u s c l e so f t h e s o - c a [ L erdo t a t o rc u f f ; LateraIview
To pogr a p h y Forearm Hand
Musclesof the arm
M supraspinatus M. trapezius
M deltoideus Fascia infraspinata
M. pectoralismajor M teresmajor
M latissimus dorsi
M. bicepsbrachii
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
M brachialis
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
Septumintermusculare brachiilaterale
M brachioradialis
M. tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
M. tricepsbrachii,Tendo
M. extensorcarpiradialislongus
Epicondylus lateralis
M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
Fig.3l,2 Musclesof the arm; s u p e r f i c i al[a y e r ; dorso[ateraIview.
> U p p e rl i m b Overview Shoulder
0riginsand insertionsof the musclesof theshoulderand thearm
M subclavius M sternocleidomastoideus M pectoralis minor M deltoideus
lvl pectoralismajor, Parsclavicularis
lvl coracobrachialis M biceps brachii, Caput breve
Lig costoclaviculare
M supraspinatus l\4 omohvoideus. Venterinferior
M subscapularis M biceps brachii, Caput longum
lvl latissimus dorsi M tricepsbrachii, Caputlongum
M subscapularis
l\4 teresmajor M pectoralismajor M deltoideus
M serratusanterior
M coracobrachialis
M brachialis
M brachioradialis
lvl pronator teres,Caputhumerale M flexorcarpi radialis
M extensor carpiradialislongus Epicondylusmedialis
M brachialis,M articulariscubiti
M palmaris longus
M llexorcarpiulnaris,Caputhumerale M extensor carpi radialisbrevis
M flexordigitorum superficialis, Caputhumeroulnare M pronator teres,Caputulnare M brachialis M biceps brachii
M flexorcarpiulnaris,Caputulnare
Fig.343 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c L e as t t h e c [ a v i c t e C[ a v i c[ua ,t h e s c a p u t aS, c a p u l aa, n dt h e h u m e r u s H , umerus l a sw e t La s u t n a ro r i q i n so f m u L t i - h e amd u s c t e s J .
Arm
Topog r a p h y Forearm Hand
of the musclesof theshoulderand thearm
l\il omohyoideus,Venter inferior
M trapezius
M. sternocleidomastoideus
M subclavius
M deltoideus
M sternohyoideus lvl pectoralis major,Parsclavicularis M supraspinatus M levatorscapulae
M inlraspinatus M supraspinatus M rhomboideus minor
l\il teres minor M triceps brachii, Caput longum
M infraspinatus
M. triceps brachii, Caput laterale
M rhomboideus major
M. deltoideus
M brachialis
M teresminor
M teresmajor
Foramen nutricium
M latissimus dorsi (Origoscapularis, Var)
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
l\/ triceps brachii,Caput mediale
M brachioradialis
SeDtumintermusculare brachiimediale M triceDsbrachii:M articulariscubiti M triceps brachii Epicondylusmedialis
Mm llexores. CaDUtcommune
SeDtumintermusculare brachiilaterale
l\4 extensorcarpiradialislongus Epicondylus lateralis M extensor carDiradialisbrevis
M. extensordigitorum
lvl anconeus M extensorcarpiulnaris
F i g . 3 1 1 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e sa t t h e c t a v i c l e , C l a v i c u t at h , e s c a p u l . aS,c a p u t aa, n d t h e h u m e r u s ,H u m e r u s ( a sw e t I a s u l n a r o r i g i n so f m u [ t i - h e a dm u s c t e s J .
> U p p e rt i m b
Musctes
Musclesof the arm
Parsclavicularis Parsacromialis
Parsspinalis
r i c e p sb r a c h i i t r i c e p sb r a c h i i .
D e t t o i dm u s c l e .M . d e l t o i d e u s .
M coracobrachialis
M brachialis
B i c e p sb r a c h i im u s c t e ,M . b i c e p sb r a c h i i
F i g . 3 4 8 B r a c h i a I a n cdo r a c o b r a c h i a I m u s c [ e s , M m . b r a c h i a [ i se t c o r a c o b r a c h i a L i s
Topography Forearm Hand
of the
Clavicula M subclavius Lig coracoclaviculare
M supraspinatus
Proc coracoideus M pectoralis minor
M omohyoideus, Venterinferior
M. coracobrachialis
Lig.transversum scapulae superius
M. deltoideus
M biceps brachii, Caput breve, Tendo
M subscapularis
M pectoralismajor,Tendo M. teresmajor M, bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum,Tendo
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum
M. bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve
M triceps brachii,Caput mediale
M. brachialis
Septumintermusculare brachiimediale M. brachialis
M biceos brachii.Tendo
Epicondylus medialis M. brachioradialis
Aponeurosis musculibicipitis brachii
M extensorcarpiradialislongus M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
Fasciaantebrachii
F i g . 3 4 9 M u s c t eosf t h ea r m ; ftexoraspect,superficia[ layer. * T r i a n g u [ a rs p a c e ,S p a t i u ma x i t l a r em e d i a [ e * * Q u a d r a n g u t asr p a c e ,S p a t i u ma x i l t a r el a t e r a [ e
'Upper timb Musclesof thearm
M. trapezius
M. subscapularis
Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
M bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve
M. bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum
M coracobrachialis
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
M. triceps brachii,Caput mediale
M. brachialis
Septum intermusculare brachii mediale
Epicondylus medialis M. brachialis,Tendo
Fasciaantebrachii M brachioradialis M. extensorcarpiradialislongus
Aponeurosis musculibicipitis brachii
M bicepsbrachii,Tendo M. biceps brachii
F i g . 3 5 0 M u s c l e so f t h e a r m ; ftexoraspect,deep layer.
To p o g r a p h y Forearm Hand
Musclesof the arm
M deltoideus
l\4 infraspinatus Bursa subdeltoidea
tricepsbrachii, Caputlongum
M teresminor Collumchirurgicum
[/ teresminor M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum, Tendo lvl pectoralismajor,Tendo l\4 teresmajor lvl deltoideus
Sulcus nerui radialis M triceps brachii,Caput laterale
M biceps brachii l\4 triceps brachii,Caput mediale l\4 brachialis
Septum intermuscularebrachii laterale M brachioradialis
l\4 triceps brachii,Tendo
M extensor carpiradialislongus Olecranon
l\il anconeus
M extensor carpiradialisbrevis Fascia antebrachii
l\4 extensordigitorum
F i g . 3 5 1 M u s c L eosf t h e a r m ; e x t e n s o ra s p e c t d , e e pl a y e r . x T r i a n g u t sapr a c eS, p a t i u m a x i l t a rm e ediate x * Q u a d r a n g ust apra c eS, p a t i u m a x i t t a rlea t e r a l e
tt
0verview
)rigins and insertionsof the ventralmusclesof the forearm
M brachialis M brachioradialis
l\4 extensor carpiradialislongus
M articularis cubiti M extensor carpiradialisbrevis
icialis, M. f lexordigitorum superf Caputhumeroulnare M supinator M pronator teres, Caputulnare
M brachialis M biceps brachii M flexor pollicislongus
M flexor digitorumsuperficialis,Caput radiale Chorda obliqua
lvl pronatorteres
Membrana interosseaantebrachii
M flexorpollicislongus
M llexor digitorum profundus
lvl pronatorquadratus
M, brachioradialis
quadratus M pronator
F i g . 3 5 2 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c l e s a t t h e r a d i u sR , a d i u st ,h e u l n a ,U L n aa, n dt h e d i s t a lp a r t o f t h e h u m e r u s ,H u m e r u s .
Shoutder Arm
Topog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s Forearm
Hand
l\4 flexorcarpiulnaris M palmaris longus l\il pronatorteres M flexorcarpiradialis
F i g .3 5 4 V e n t r a Im u s c l e so f theforearm; m i d d [ el a y e r .
F i g .3 5 3 V e n t r a Im u s c t e so f theforearm; crrnorf irirl
lrrror
M flexor digitorum prolundus M flexor pollicislongus
M supinator
M pronator quaoralus
F i g .3 5 5 V e n t r a Im u s c t e so f theforearm; deep layer.
sf F i g .3 5 6 V e n t r a lm u s c L e o theforearm; deepestlayer.
Surface lSkeletonl Muscles Shoutder Arm
Musclesof the forearm
M. biceps brachii
M tricepsbrachii, Caputmediale
Septum intermusculare brachii mediale
M brachialis
Aponeurosis musculibicipitis brachii
1-
Epicondylus medialis
M biceps brachii,Tendo
M palmarislongus
M brachioradialis
lvl.flexorcarpiradialis
M flexorcarpiulnaris M extensor carDi radialis brevis
M flexordigitorum superficialis M extensorcarpiradialislongus
M. flexordigitorum superficialis
M abductor pollicislongus M brachioradialis,Tendo
'i T----
M. flexor pollicislongus
M flexorcarpiulnaris,Tendo
l
M, abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
M palmarislongus,Tendo
quadratus M pronator l\4 flexorcarpiradialis, Tendo Retinaculum musculorum extensorum
F i g . 3 5 7 M u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; f t e x o ra s p e c t s, u p e r f i c i alLa y e r .
Topogr a p h y Forearm
Hand
Muscles
M brachialis
M. tricepsbrachii, Caputmediale
M brachioradialis
M. brachialis, Tendo
Epicondylus medialis
M supinator Bursabicipitoradialis
M bicepsbrachii,Tendo
M. palmarislongus M. extensorcarpiradialislongus
M. flexorcarpiulnaris
M pronatorteres
M. flexorcarpiradialis M flexordigitorum superficialis, Caouthumeroulnare
M flexordigitorum superficialis, Caoutradiale
M. flexordigitorum superficialis
M abductorpollicislongus
M flexorpollicislongus Tendo M. flexorcarpiulnaris, M pronatorquadratus M. flexorcarpiradialis,Tendo M extensorpollicisbrevis, Tendo M. palmarislongus,Tendo M brachioradialis, Tendo
F i g .3 5 8 M u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; f lexoraspect,middle layer.
Shoutder Arm
Musclesof the forearm
M brachialis
l\4 tricepsbrachii Caputmediale Septumintermusculare brachiimediale
M brachioradialis
Epicondylus medialis l\4 supinator M. pronatorteres M bicepsbrachii, Tendo
l\4 flexor carpi radialis
M extensor carpiradialislongus
M palmaris longus
Mm flexores.CaDUtcommune
M, flexor carpi ulnaris
lvl pronatorteres M flexordigitorum superficialis
M abductorpollicislongus
M flexorcaroiulnaris. Tendo M tlexor pollicislongus
quadratus M. pronator abductorpollicislongus,Tendo M brachioradialis, Tendo
Fig, 359 Musclesof the forearm; ftexoraspect,middtetayeraftersectionof t h e p r o n a t otre r e sm u s c [ e .
M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo l\4 palmaris longus,Tendo
To p o g r a p h y Forearm
Hand
Septumintermusculare brachiimediale M brachialis
Caputradii medialis Epicondylus brachioradialis
M pronator teres,Caputulnare
M biceps brachii,Tendo
lvlmflexores, Caputcommune M supinator posterior A,; V interossea Radius, Facies anterior
profundus M flexordigitorum M extensor carpiradialislongus M flexorpollicislongus,Caputhumerale (Var) M pronatorteres M flexorcarpiulnaris
M flexorpollicislongus M flexordigitorum superficialis, Caputradiale
profundus, Tendines l\4flexordigitorum M flexor pollicislongus,Tendo
Tendo M flexorcarpiulnaris, M brachioradialis,Tendo
Tendines M flexordigitorum superficialis,
M. pronatorquadratus
Radius, Facies anterior
M. palmarislongus,Tendo M flexor carDiradialis.Tendo
F i g .3 6 0 M u s c t e os f t h e f o r e a r m ; flexoraspect,deeplayer.
t t
at"t Shou[der Arm
)rigins andinsertionsof the dorsalmusclesof theforearm
Septumintermusculare brachiimediale
M tricepsbrachii;M articularis cubiti M extensor carpi radialis longus N4 triceps brachii Epicondyluslateralis Epicondylusmedialis
l\4.extensor carpi radialisbrevis
Mm llexores. CaDUtcommune
M extensordigitorum
M anconeus M flexor carpi ulnaris
M supinator profundus flexordigitorum lvl extensorcarpiulnaris Membrana interossea antebrachii M pronatorteres M extensorpollicislongus M abductorpollicislongus
M extensor pollicisbrevis M extensor indicis
M abductor pollicislongus
M extensor digitiminimi lvl extensordigitorum
M extensorpollicisbrevis l\4 extensorpollicislongus M extensor carpiradialislongus
l\4 extensor carpiulnaris l\4 extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
F i g .3 5 1 0 r i g i n sa n di n s e r t i o nosf t h e m u s c L e s a t t h e r a d i u sR , a d i u st ,h e u L n aU, L n aa, n dt h e d i s t ap I a r to f t h e h u m e r u sh, u m e r u s .
Topography Forearm
Hand
M brachioradialis M extensorcarpi radialislongus Fasciaantebrachii
M extensor carpi radialisbrevis
lvl extensor digitorum
M extensordigiti mtntml
M extensor carpi u tn a n s
Fig.362 RadiaL muscLeo sf t h e f o r e ar m
F i g .3 6 3 D o r s a Im u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; cr rnorf iriel
lvl extensor pollicislongus
lvl abductor pollicislongus
M extensor indicis
M extensor pollicisbrevis
F i g . 3 6 / r D o r s a Im u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r m : m i d d [ el a y e r .
lerror
M supinator
F i g , 3 5 5 D o r s a Im u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; oeep rayer.
>>l
Surface lSkeletonl Musctes S h o u t d e r Arm
Musclesof the forearm
M. biceps brachii
M.tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
M. brachialis
Septumintermusculare brachiilaterale M brachioradialis
M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale M triceos brachii.Tendo
M extensor carpiradialislongus
Olecranon
lateralis Epicondylus
M anconeus
M flexor carpi ulnaris
M. extensor carDiradialisbrevis
M brachioradialis, Tendo M. extensor carpiradialislongus,Tendo M. extensor carpiradialisbrevis,Tendo
extensorpollicisbrevis M extensordigitorum, Tendines
M e)densordigitiminimi, Tendo
M. extensor carpiulnaris Ulna M extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
M abductorpollicislongus
M abductor pollicis longus, Tendo M extensor pollicis brevis, Tendo
M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis,Tendo M. extensor carpiradialislongus,Tendo
Betinaculum musculorum exlensorum
Radius
F i g .3 6 6 M u s c L e os f t h e f o r e a r ma n d t h e d i s t a tp a r t o f t h e a r m ; lateraIview; intermediate o o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n s u p i n a t i o na n d p r o n a t i o n .
To pogr a p h y Forearm
Hand
Muscles
M tricepsbrachii, Caputlaterale
M. brachialis
Septumintermusculare brachiilaterale
M brachioradialis
M. triceps brachii,Caput mediale
M triceosbrachii.Tendo
M. extensorcarpiradialislongus
Epicondyluslateralis
Olecranon
M anconeus Fasciaantebrachii
M. extensorcaroiradialisbrevis M. flexorcarpiulnaris
digitorum M. extensor M. extensor carDiulnaris
M extensor digitiminimi
M. extensor carpiulnaris, Tendo
M. abductorpollicislongus
M. extensoroollicisbrevis
M. extensordigitorum,Tendines M. extensorcaroiradialisbrevis,Tendo M extensorcarpiradialislongus,Tendo Radius
F i g . 3 6 7 M u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r ma n d t h e d i s t a tp a r t o f t h e a r m ; extensoa r s p e c t s, u p e r ifc i a [l a y e r ; intermediate o o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n s u o i n a t i o na n d o r o n a t i o n .
tt
Musclesof the forearm
Seotumintermusculare brachiilaterale M triceps brachii,Tendo M brachioradialis lvl triceps brachii,Caput mediale
Epicondylus lateralis Olecranon
M extensor carpiradialislongus M anconeus
Fasciaantebrachii
M flexorcarpiulnaris
lvlm.extensoresdigitorumet digiti minimi
M extensor caroi radialisbrevis M extensor carpi ulnaris
M supinator Radius
M pronatorteres,Tendo
M abductor pollicislongus
M extensor digitorum, Tendines M extensor pollicislongus
M extensor caroiulnaris. Tendo M extensor indicis M extensor pollicisbrevis
Radius
M extensor caroiradialisbrevis.Tendo M extensor carpi radialislongus,Tendo M extensor carpi ulnaris.Tendo M, extensor pollicisbrevis.Tendo M extensor digiti minimi,Tendo
l\4 extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
F i g . 3 6 8 M u s c L eos f t h e f o r e a r m ; e x t e n s o ra s p e c t ,m i d d t eL a y e r ; intermediate p o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n s u p i n a t i oann d p r o n a t i o n .
Forearm
Hand
Olecranon Epicondyluslateralis
Lig. collateraleradiale Lig anulare radii lvl extensor carpi radialis brevis
l\4.anconeus
M supinator lvl flexorcarpiulnaris
Corpusulnae Corpusradii teres,Tendo M, pronator pollicislongus M extensor
[/ abductorpollicislongus M extensor indicis M extensor pollicisbrevis
Membrana interossea antebrachii
Radius M abductorpollicislongus, Tendo
l\4 extensor carpiulnaris, Tendo Caputulnae Retinaculum musculorum extensorum*
extensor caroi radialis brevis,
Tendo M. extensorpollicisbrevis, Tendo
extensorum* musculorum Betinaculum carpiradialislongus, M extensor Tendo
Ligg carpometacarpaliadorsalia M extensor indicis.Tendo
M interosseus dorsalislll M interosseus dorsalislV
M extensorpollicislongus, Tendo dorsalisll M interosseus
M extensor digitorum, Tendines
dorsalisI M interosseus ll Os metacarpi
F i g . 3 6 9 M u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r ma n d t h e h a n d ; e x t e n s o ra s p e c t d , e e pl a y e r ; p o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n intermediate supination andpronation * Thetendoncompartments retinacutum formedbytheextensor h a v eb e e no p e n eldo n g i t u d i n a t t y
tt
Shoutder Arm
Musclesof the forearm
HUmerus Humerus
M, brachioradialis M. brachioradialis lvl biceps brachii
N. medianus
M biceps brachii Aponeurosismusculi bicipitisbrachii
Lig collateraleradiale
Lig collateraleradiale
NI biceps brachii, Tendo
N radialis,R profundus
N medianus Aponeurosis musculi bicipitis brachii
N radialis, B profundus
lvl pronatorteres, Caputulnare
biceps brachii, Tendo
M supinator lvl pronatorteres, Caputhumerale
M supinator
M palmaris longus
M pronator teres M palmarislongus M llexor carpi radialis
M. flexor carpi radialis
lvlembrana interossea antebrachii Ulna pronator quadratus M pronator quadratus Articulatio radioulnaris distalis, Capsula articularis
F i g . 3 7 0 F o r e a r mi n s u p i n a t i o n ; v e n t r o p a t m avri e w A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c t i o no f f o r c eg e n e r a t e d b y t h e m a i n s u p i n a t o rm u s c L e s .
>132,T33,T35
F i g . 3 7 1 F o r e a r mi n p r o n a t i o n ; v e n t r a Iv i e wo f t h e e t b o wr e q i o n .d o r s a Iv i e wo f t h e d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d . A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c i i o no f f o r c eg e n e r a t e d b y t h e m a i n p r o n a t o rm u s c l e s .
)T32,T33,T35
To p o g r a p h y Forearm
Hand
andinsertionsof the musclesof the hand
M flexor pollicislongus
M tlexorcarpiradialis
2'\',€g
superficialis, 2 3 4 5 M flexordigitorum Tendines*
{{ !t
M brachioradialis
M. flexorcarpiulnaris
M abductor pollicisbrevis
M. abductor digitiminimi l\4 flexorpollicisbrevis, Caputprofundum M opponens digiti minimi
pollicis M opponens M flexor digiti minimi brevis
lvl flexor carpi radialis
f,
M. flexor carpi ulnaris
I
I
M. extensor carpiulnaris
t I
,
il M flexorpollicisbrevis, Caputprofundum
M adductor pollicis, Caput transversum
M. opponens digiti minimi
pollicisbrevis M abductor
Mm interossei dorsales M adductor pollicis, Caput obliquum
M abductor digitiminimi
l\4flexorpollicislongus
M flexor diglti minimi brevis
M flexordigitorum superficialis
profundus M flexordigitorum
palmares Mm interossei
F i g . 3 7 2 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e so f t h e h a n d a t t h e b o n e so f t h e h a n d . * Theftexorsinsertat thesecond to fifthdiqit
> U p p e rl i m b
>>l
Surface lSkeletonl Muscles Overview Shoutder Arm
Musclesof thehand
M palmaris brevis palmaris Aponeurosis
Fasciculi transversi
Mm lumbricales
) T 3 1 ,T 3 6 - T3 8
F i g . 3 7 3 M u s c t e so f t h e p a [ m ; s u p e r f i c i al[a y e r .
Topography Forearm Hand
Musclesof the hand
Membrana interosseaantebrachii
quadratus M pronator M brachioradialis, Tendo Ulna
M flexorpollicislongus,Tendo
Proc styloideus Tendo M flexorcarpiulnaris,
Vaginatendinismusculiflexoriscarpiradialis
profundus, Tendines M flexordigitorum
Vaginatendinummusculorum abductoris longiet extensoris pollicisbrevis
Os pisiforme
Retinaculum musculorum flexorum
lvl abductor digitiminimi
M abductor pollicisbrevis
M tlexor digiti minimi brevis
M flexor pollicisbrevis, Caput superficiale
M opponens digiti minimi
M opponens pollicis
Mm lumbricales M abductor digiti minimi
M abductor pollicisbrevis M flexor pollicisbrevis, Caput profundum
metacarpophalangea Articulatio V Capsulaarticularis
l\4 llexor pollicisbrevis, Caput superficiale
Mm interossei dorsales
M adductor pollicis, Caput transversum Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicislongi
M flexordigitorum Tendines superficialis, palmares Mm interossei M flexordigitorum superf icialis,Tendines
F i g . 3 7 1 M u s c L eos f t h e p a t m ; middteLayer.
> T 32, T 36-T 38
tt
Tendon sheaths of thehand
Vaginatendinismusculiflexorispollicislongi Vaginatendinummusculorum abductoris pollicisbrevis longiet extensoris
M flexorcarpiulnaris, Tendo
Vagina tendinis musculillexoris carpi radialis
pollicis M opponens
Betinaculum musculorum flexorum
M flexor pollicisbrevis
M abductor digiti minimi
M abductor pollicisbrevis
Vaginatendinismusculi flexorispollicislongi
M flexor digiti minimi brevis
M opponens digiti minimi
M. adductor pollicis, Caput transversum
Vaginacommunis tendinum musculorum flexorum
M lumbricalisI
F i g . 3 7 5 T e n d o ns h e a t h sV , a g i n a et e n d i n u m , o f t h eh a n d .
b
5o/o
c
<1%
Fig. 376 a-d Frequentv a r i a t i o nosf t h ep a t m a r t e n d o ns h e a t h s .
11o/o
T o p o g r a p h yI S e c t i o n s Forearm Hand
Radius M abductorpollicislongus,Tendines
Canaliscarpi
M, flexorcarpiradialis, Tendo
l\/ llexorpollicisbrevis,Caputprofundum
Retinaculum musculorum f lexorum
Os pisiforme
M abductorpollicisbrevis M abductordigiti minimi M flexor pollicisbrevis, Caput superficiale
Retinaculum musculorum f lexorum
M flexorpollicis brevis,Caputprofundum
pollicis M opponens
M opponens digitiminimi
M abductor pollicisbrevis
lvl flexor digiti minimi brevis
M flexor pollicisbrevis, Caput superficiale
M interosseus dorsalislV M interosseus oalmarislll
l\4 adductor pollicis
M abductordigiti minimi
l\/l flexor pollicis longus,Tendo
M interosseus dorsalisI
M lumbricalis Mm lumbricales
M flexordigitorum Tendo superficialis,
M flexor digitorumsuperficialis,Tendo
Vincula Ionga
V i n c u ltae n d i n u m
profundus, N4flexordigitorum Tendo
Fig.377 Musctesof the paLm; deep layer.
M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo
Retinaculum musculorum flexorum Retinaculummusculorumflexorum
M. flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputprofundum
pollicis M opponens
M adductorpollicis, Caputobliquum
palmarisll M interosseus M abductor pollicisbrevis
l\4 adductorpollicis, Caputtransversum M flexor pollicisbrevis
M interosseus dorsalislll
M adductor pollicis
F i g .3 7 8 M u s c t e so f t h e p a [ m ; doanaql
M interosseus dorsalisI palmarisI M interosseus
M interosseus dorsalisll
lt\/ar
'Upper timb
Surface lsketetonl
Muscles
Overview Shoutder Arm
Musclesof thehand
M extensor digitorum, Tendines
Caputulnae
M extensorcarDi radialisbrevis.Tendo
M extensor carpiradialislongus,Tendo lvl extensor carpiulnaris, Tendo Os trapezium M extensor Dollicisbrevis.Tendo
l\4 extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
M extensor digiti minimi
Os metacarpi ll
M interosseus dorsalisll
l\4 inlerosseusdorsalisI Connexus intertendinei
Articulationes interphalangeae
)T34,T35,T37
F i g . 3 7 9 M u s c l e so f t h e d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d .
To p o g r a p h y Forearm Hand
Vaginatendinismusculi pollicislongi extensoris
musculorum extensorum Retinaculum
Vaginatendinismusculi extensoris carpiulnaris
Vaginatendinummusculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis
Vaginatendinismusculi extensoris digitiminimi
Connexus intertendinei M interosseus dorsalisI
M extensor digitorum,Tendines
F i g . 3 8 0 D o r s a Ic a r p a lt e n d o ns h e a t h s .
Fascia antebrachii
f lexordigitorum icialis, superf Tendines Betinaculum musculorum flexorum
A ; N. ulnaris
N medianus lvl flexor pollicis longus,Tendo
Vaginatendinismusculi flexorispollicislongi M flexor carpi radialis, Tendo
Vaginacommunis tendinummusculorum flexorum
Os trapezium Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis Ligg carpometacarpaliapalmaria
Os trapezoideum
Os hamatum
Os capitatum profundus, M flexordigitorum Tendines
F i g . 3 8 1 P a t m a rc a r p a It e n d o ns h e a t h s ; t r a n s v e r s es e c u o n
n f t h e m e d i a nn e r v e T h ec o m p r e s s i o o i n t h e c a r o a Lt u n n e Ii s k n o w na s "carpaL t u n n e Ls y n d r o m e " .
t t
at"t Shoutder Arm
Musclesof thehand
M interosseus dorsalisI
Mm.interossei palmares
F i g ,3 8 2 D o r s aiIn t e r o s s e om u su s c t e s , M m .i n t e r o s s de oi r s a t e s ; dorsaIview.
M interosseus palmarislll M. interosseus palmarisll
F i g .3 8 3 P a t m a ri n t e r o s s e o um s usctes, M m . i n t e r o s s epi a t m a r e s ; p a t m a rv i e w . T h e t e n d o n so f t h e i n t e r o s s e o uasn d t h e I ' u m b r i c am I u s c l e sr a d i a t ei n t ot h e s o - c a t l e d d o r s a Ia p o n e u r o s ios f t h e f i n g e r sl a r r o w s J .
M. interosseus palmarisI
To pogr a p h y Forearm Hand
profundus, M flexordigitorum Tendines M lumbricalis lV M lumbricalisll
M lumbricalis lll M lumbricalisI
l\/lllexordigitorum Tendines superficialis,
l\4llexordigitorum superficialis, Tendines
profundus, M flexordigitorum Tendines
F i g .3 8 4 L u m b r i c a m I usctes, M m .[ u m b r i c a [ e s ; p a t m a rv i e w
Os metacarpill M extensorindicis,Tendo M interosseus palmaris M. interosseus dorsalisI l\4 lumbricalis I
M interosseus palmarisI
M interosseus dorsalisI
M flexordigitorum profundus, Tendo M lumbricalis I
Articulatio metacarpophalangeall, Capsula articularis
M. flexordigitorum superficialis, Tendo
Vagina tendinis, Stratum fibrosum
Vaginatendinis, Stratumsynoviale
Vincula longa
Vinculatendinum Vinculum breve Lig collaterale
Lig. collaterale
b F i g . 3 8 5a , b T e n d o ni n s e r t i o n sa t t h e i n d e x ; t h e t e n d o n so f b o t hf l e x o r sh a v eb e e nd i s s e c t e d from t h e t e n d o ns h e a t h . a P a L m avr i e w b L a t e r a Iv i e w
Tuberositas phalangis distalis
> U p p e rt i m b
M us c l es Overview Shoutder Arm
Brachialplexus
* Nn spinales, Rr.ventrales + a Truncussuperior b Truncusmedius c Truncusinferior o a Fasciculus lateralis posterior b Fasciculus c Fasciculus medialis
Pars supraclavicularis
Pars infraclavicularis
(C5-C7) N musculocutaneus (C5-T1) N medianus
N cutaneus brachii medialis (Tl ) N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis (C8, T1)
(C5,C6) N. axillaris
N ulnaris(C7-Tl)
N radialis(C5-T1)
(Plexuscervicalis) 1 N. phrenicus 2 N dorsalisscapulae(C5) 3 Rr.musculares (C5,CO) 4 N suprascapularis (C5,C6) 5 N subclavius (C5-C7) lateralis 6 N, pectoralis (C5-C7) 7 N. subscapularis (C6-C8) I N thoracodorsalis medialis(C8,Tl ) 9 N pectoralis longus(C5-C7) 10 N thoracicus (T1) 1.1 N intercostalis
p t e x u sP , l e x u sb r a c h i a I i s . Fig.386 BrachiaL
Topography CubitaIfossa
Forearm Hand
Nervesof the upperlimb
Plexusbrachialis, Parssupraclavicularis
Radix lateralis
A axillaris
Badix medialis
N cutaneus brachii medialis
N medianus N axillaris N cutaneus brachiilateralis supenor
N cutaneus antebrachii medialis
N musculocutaneus N. radialis N cutaneus brachii n^ciari^r
cutaneusbrachii lateralis inferior
N ulnaris
N cutaneus antebrachii lateralis
R. superficialis R. profundus
N. interosseus antebrachii anterior
N. cutaneus antebrachii posterior R. dorsalis(N.ulnaris) R palmaris(N ulnaris) R communicans cum neryoulnarl (N ulnaris) R prolundus Nn digitales parmares communes
R. superficialis(N. ulnaris) Nn digitales palmares communes Nn digitales palmares propril
Nn digitales palmares propfll
F i g .3 8 7 N e r v e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ; OVETVIEW.
'Upper timb
Surface lskeletonl
Cutaneous innervation
s n e r v a t i o[ dne r m a t o m eosf]t h eu p p e rL i m b . F i g .3 8 8 S e g m e n t ca uI t a n e o ui n
n e r m a t o m eosf]t h eu p p e rL i m b . F i g . 3 8 9 S e g m e n t ca u[ t a n e o ui n s n e r v a t i o( d
Musctes
CubitaIfossa
Forearm
innervation Cutaneous
N musculocutaneus, N cutaneus antebrachiilateralls
N cutaneus N. radialis, brachiilateralisinlerior
N. cutaneusbrachii N. axillaris, lateralissuperior N medianus
N radialis, R superficialis
Nn.suoraclaviculares Rr.cutanei anteriores pectorales Nn.intercostales Rr.cutanei laterales pectorales
N ulnaris
N curaneus antebrachii 1 R anterior medialis\ R posterior
F i g . 3 9 0 C u t a n e o unse r v e o s f t h eu p p e rt i m b .
N cutaneus rs brachiiposterior oosterior N. cutaneusbrachiilateralisinlerior
.l | ru.radiatis
posterior I N. cutaneusantebrachii J R.s N. musculocutaneus, N cutaneus antebrachii lateralis
Nn. thoracici, Rr. cutanei
posteriores
N radialis. N cutaneusbrachiioosterior N. cutaneusbrachiimedialis
N cutaneusantebrachii medialis
s f t h eu p p e r[ i m b . F i g . 3 9 1 C u t a n e o unse r v e o
> U p p e rt i m b
Muscles Overview Shoulder Arm
Musculocutaneousnerve
M coracobrachialis
M biceps brachii M brachialis
Fig.393 Musculocutaneousnerve, N musculocutaneus; s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n .
F i g , 3 9 2 M u s c u t o c u t a n e o un se r v e , N. muscutocutaneus; -,,^^t.,;^^ ruyPryilr9
^-^^^ dr sd>.
T h e s k i n b r a n c h e sa n d t h e c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o a nr e i l t u s t r a t e di n b t u e .
) 4 6 ,3 8 6 ,I 2 t , , T 2 5
Cubitalfossa
Forearm Hand
N medianus
Septumintermusculare brachiimediale
F i g .3 9 5 M e d i a nn e r v e ,N . m e d i a n u s ; s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n
M pronator teres
F i g .3 9 4 M e d i a nn e r v e , N.medianus; crrnnl\/rnn
aralc
) t + 6 , 3 8 6 ,2T4 , T2 5
F i g .3 9 5 M e d i a nn e r v e ,N . m e d i a n u s ; proximap L a L s yt:y p i c a Ip o s t u r e .
'Upper limb
Muscles Overview Shoulder Arm
Ulnarnerve
N. cutaneusantebrachii medialis
VI
N. cutaneusbrachii medialis
vtl
I
Septumintermusculare brachiimediale
F i g .3 9 8 U t n a rn e r v eN , .u t n a r i s ; s e g m e n t ao Ir g a n i s a t i o n .
M flexor carpi ulnaris
R superficialis
F i g . 3 9 7 U L n anr e r v e , N .u l n a r i s ; s u p p l y i nagr e a s .
, 2 4 , T2 5 ) 4 6 ,3 8 6 T
F i g . 3 9 9 U t n a rn e r v e ,N . u l n a r i s ; p r o x i m ap I atsy
C u b i t afIo s s a F o r e a r m H a n d
Radialnerve
N cutaneusbrachii posterior
M tricepsbrachii, Caputlaterale l\i\,triceps brachii, Caput longum
M tricepsbrachii, Caputmediale
N cutaneus antebrachii posrenor
Fig.401 Radian I e r v e ,N . r a d i a t i s ; s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n .
R superficialis
F i g . 4 0 0 R a d i anI e r v e , N .r a d i a t i s ; s u p p l y i nagr e a s .
) 4 6 ,3 8 6 ,| 2 t , , T2 5
nerve, Fig.t02 RadiaL N.radiaLis; proximaIpatsy.
'Upper timb Axillarynerve
N cutaneusbrachii lateralis superior
Fig. 101 AxiLLary nerve,N axiLtaris; s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n
F i 9 . 4 0 3 A x i t l . anr ye r v eN, .a x i L [ a r i s ; ruPPLyilr9 dtsd>.
The axiltarynerve passesto the d o r s a Is i d eo f t h e a r m t h r o u g ht h e q u a d r a n g u L asrp a c ea [ o n gw i t h t h e posteriorcircumflex humeraIartery. ) I + 6 , 3 8 6 , I 2 t + ,2T5
Fig.405 Axitlarynerve, N .a x i t t a r i s ; p a t s y :d e t t o i dm u s c [ ea t r o p h y .
CubitaIfossa
Forearm Hand
Arteriesof theupperlimb
A thoracoacromialis
A axillaris
A. brachialis
A circumflexa humerianterior A profunda brachii
A collateralismedia A brachialis
A collaleralisradialis
R anterior A radialis
B posterior
A, recurrens radialis
A recurrens ulnaris
interossea recurrens
A. ulnaris A interossea communts
A, interosseaposterior A radialis
A interossea anterior A comitans nervimediani
R carpalis palmaris
B carpalisdorsalis R palmaris superficialis Arcuspalmaris profundus Arcuspalmaris superficialis A princeps pollicis Aa digitales palmares communes A radialisindicis
Aa digitales palmares propriae
F i g .4 0 6 A r t e r i e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ; overytew. A r t e r i e sa d j a c e n t o t h e e l b o wj o i n t f o r m t h e cubitaIanastomosis.
' Uppertimb
M us c tes 0verview Shoulder Arm
Lymphatics of the axilla
V axillaris V thoracoepigastrica
Vasa lymphaticasuperficialia
V cephalica
Nodi lymphoidei axillares
(Plexuslymphaticus axillaris)
Papilla mammana
Vasa lymphatica superficialia
Vasa lymphatica superlicialia
V, basllica
Nodi lymphoideicubitales
V cephalica
F i g . 1 0 7 S u p e r ifc i a LL y m p h a t i c sl y, m p hn o d e sa n d v e i nt r u n k s i n t h e r e g i o n so f t h e a r m , t h e [ a t e r a It h o r a c i cw a t I a n dt h e a x i t l a .
CubitaIfossa
Forearm
Fasciaof the chest,theshoulderand theaxilla
Nn,supraclaviculares intermedii o Nn.supraclaviculares laterales r I Nn.supraclaviculares mediales
M deltoideus, Fasciao
A thoracoacromialls, R. pectoralis O
o M. pectoralismajor, Fascia
Fascia brachii
Nodilymphoidei axillares superficiales A. thoracica lateralis O
a M. obliouusabdominis externus,Fascia
V thoracoepigastrica a M. latissimus dorsi,Fasciaa Rr.cutaneilateralesoectorales& (Nn.intercostales)
Vaginamusculirecti abdominis
M serratusanterior, Fasciaa
F i g . 4 0 8 V e s s e tasn dn e r v e isn t h er e g i o nos f t h eu p p e a r r m a sw e t [a st h es h o u l d e ar ,n dt h e c l a v i p e c t o rt raiIa n g [ eT,r i g o n u m ctavipectorale.
407
M us c [es 0verview Shoutder Arm
.t Fasciculus posterior ,,i Fasciculuslateralis i, Fasciculusmedialis Clavicula O A subclavia
a V subclavia
M deltoideus,C Pars clavicularis
a M subclavius
M deltoideus,a Pars acromialis
Fasciaclavipectoralis V cephalica O
* Nn pectorales mediales
O A thoracoacromialis, Rr pectorales a M pectoralismajor, Parsclavicularis
I M pectoralismajor, Parssternocostalis
254
258
408
t rIi a n g t e , F i g .4 0 9 C t a v i p e c t o r a T r i g o n u mc l a v i p e c t o r a t e
Rete acromiale A subclavia
R deltoideus
F i g . l r 1 0 B r a n c h i n gp a t t e r no f t h e t h o r a c o - a c r o m i a Ir t e r y , A thoracoacromiatis.
T opog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s CubitaIfossa
Forearm F{and
V thoracoepigastricaO
N intercostobrachialis
V axillarisa
lateralis O o A ; V thoracica
V subscapularis a
s l\4 pectoralismajor
A ; V circumflexa humeriposterior a a W brachiales o Plexus brachialis, : Pars inlraclavicularis
', Nn thoracici, Nn intercostales, Rr mammarii laterales t.
-
/cM.serratusanterior
N intercostobrachialis N axillaris
lvl teresmajors A ; V c i r c u m f l e x aO a scapulae l\il latissimus dorsi O
A;VthoracodorsalisOo
Nn thoracici,Nn intercostales,a.: Rr cutanei lateralesoectorales W thoracoepigastricae O
F i g .t 1 1 A x i L t a rfyo s s a ,F o s s aa x i l t a r i s .
R acromialis
A suprascapularis
R clavicularis Rete acromiale
A thoracica superior
R deltoideus
A circumflexa humeri posterior A circumflexa humeri anterior
A. thoracoacromialis
A thoracica lateralis A, subscapularis
F i g . 1 1 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e s h o u t d e r e g i o n
> Uppertimb
Surface lSketetonl Musctes Shoutder Arm
Neckandaxillaryfossa
A subclavia a V axillaris o
Parssupraclavicularis & Plexusbrachialis, *u N phrenicus anterior o M scalenus
l\4,omohyoideus, a Venterinferior
a Truncusthyrocervicalis
A transversacollio
o A, vertebralis o A. carotiscommunis
A. axillaris O
I Ansa cervicalis
Plexusbrachialis, & Parsinfraclavicularis A. thoraco-i Rr.pector a acromtalslR. acromia \
a M sternothyroldeus O M sternohyoideus t N, vagus[Xl
M deltoideus a
a V brachiocephalica * M sternocleidomastoideus I lvl.pectoralis malor
V cephalica a
& Nn,thoracici, Nn,intercostales, Rr.cutanei anteriores pectorales
A. axillarisa
pectoralisa malor V axillarisO
M. pectoralis minort
N intercostobrachialis {t N. thoracodorsalis ,, A ; V, thoracicalateralisa a
A;VthoracodorsalisaO
N.thoracicus longusm
thoracicus $ [T4],N. intercostalis, R. cutaneuslateralis oectoralis lV.latissimus dorsia V thoracoepigastrica a Rr.mammarii laterales *
F i g .4 1 3 L a t e r atth o r a c iw c a t [ ;i n f r a c t a v i c uf[oasr s a , Fossa i n f r a c t a v i c u [ aar insd,a x i t l a rfyo s s aF, o s s a a x i I t rai s .
Topography I Sections Cubitatfossa
Forearm Hand
and axillaryfossa
Nodi lymphoidei cervicales anteriores, Nodi superficialeset profundi
V jugularis externaa M sternocleidomastoideus o
o M scalenusmedius Nodi lvmohoideicervicales laterales. Nodi suoerf iciales
M, omohyoideus, a Ventersuperior
aoA;Vsuprascapularis a A. subclavia
a M. trapezius
A;VtransversaaO colli, R superficialis
* Nn supraclaviculares laterales 6 N. suprascapularis
Nodilymphoidei cervicalesant, superfic et prof. a M. pectoralis mtnor
M scalenusa anterior
a V cephalica
Truncus jugularis sinister
Nodi lymphoidei subscapulares
Noduslymphoideus cervicalislateralis, Nodusprofundus inferior
o M. pectoralis maJor
Bulbusinferiora venaejugularis
a N radialis I N. musculo-
Ductus thoracicus, Parscervicalis
CUIANEUS
a A circumtlexa humeriposterior a N. medianus
Arcusa venosusjugularis
a V cephalica a V brachialis
V jugularis externao
o N. ulnaris Nodi lymphoidei axillares laterales
Truncisubclavius et bronchomediastinalissinister
e N. cutaneusbrachii medialis
M subclavius a
o V brachialis Nodi lymphoideiintercostales
M pectoralismajora
longus I N. thoracicus
Costa ll
M pectoralis minoro
V axillariso
Nodi lymphoidei deltopectorales
A thoracica suDerior a Nodi lymphoideiaxillarescentrales
Nodi lymphoidei pectorales
lateralis a aA : V thoracica t N. intercostobrachialis
258 Fig. 111 Axi[[aryfossa,F o s s aa x i t t a r i sa, n d d e e pc e r v i c a rI e g i o n ; e x e m p [ a r yi t t u s t r a t i o o n f l y m p h a t i c sa n d L y m p h nodes.
Surface lSketetonl Muscles Overview Shoutder Arm
Nn supraclaviculares laterales&
& N intercostobrachialis
V cephalica o
N. musculocutaneus, & cutaneus antebrachii lateralis
V medianacubitia
N, radialis,N cutaneus $ antebrachii posterior
* N cutaneusbrachiimedialis
& N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis O V basilica
N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis. R posterior
i N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis, R anterior
V mediana antebrachiia
a V basilica
I+17 407 I+21
F i g . 4 1 5 E p i f a s c i avIe s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s h o u t d e r , R e g i od e t t o i d e at ,h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ia n t e r i o r a , n d t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a L iasn t e r i o r .
Topography C u b i t afIo s s a F o r e a r m H a n d
O Rete acromiale
Nn supraclaviculareslaterales
& N axillaris, N cutaneusbrachiilateralis superior
Rr cutaneia a (A ;V circumflexa humeriposterior)
N axillaris, N cutaneusbrachiilateralis suDerior ,
a V cephalica N cutaneus brachii medialis {.
I N radialis,N cutaneus antebrachiioosterior
Olecranon
Epicondylus lateralis
ry 119
F i g . 1 1 6 E p i f a s c i avIe s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s h o u t d e r , R e g i od e l t o i d e at ,h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ip o s t e r i o ra, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a t i sp o s t e r i o r .
422
'Upper timb
>>l
Surface lSketetonl Musctes S h o u t d e r Arm
Vessels andnervesof the arm
o N. suprascaoularis o N. subscaDularis M. subclavius O medialis a Fasciculus M deltoideus a
posterior e Fasciculus
M pectoralis minora
a M. subscapularis
Fasciculus lateralisI
o A. circumflexa humeriposterior
A axillariso o M teresmajor M coracobrachialis o M. pectoralis majora aA subscaDularis A circumllexa humerianteriorO 8 N. thoracodorsalis N. musculocutaneus a V basilicao
Caputlongumo
3 N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis a M tricepsbrachii, Caputlongum
dorsi a M latissimus
3 N. cutaneus brachii medialis
M biceps brachii
Caputbrevea
I N. radialis
oA profundabrachii
8 N ulnaris
a M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
N musculocutaneus I brachiimediale Septumintermusculare A brachialisa
Aponeurosis musculia bicipitis brachii
l+15
Fig.417 Vessetsand nervesof the anterior region o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ia n t e r i o r .
424
CubitaIfossa
Forearm H a n d
Arteriesandnerves
a M. coracobrachialis M deltoideus o a A axillaris M bicepsbrachii,a Caputbreve a N. axillaris M. pectoralismajorO
a M. teresmajor
M coracobrachialis a a N radialis N. musculocutaneus a a N. medianus
M biceosbrachiio
a A. profundabrachii
o M. tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
o N. ulnaris ulnarissuperior O A. collateralis M. brachialis a
N musculocutaneus, a N cutaneusantebrachiilateralis
I M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
a A. collateralisulnarisinferior
A. brachialis O
N. medianus i
medialis Epicondylus
M. brachioradialis a a Mm.flexoresantebrachii
F i g ,4 1 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ia n t e r i o r .
M us c tes S h o u t d e r Arm
Arteriesandnervesof thearm
o M deltoideus
M teresmajorI
N axillaris, N cutaneusbrachii& lateralis superior
A profunda brachii,R deltoideus O
M tricepsbrachii.Caputlongumt N radialis& A prolundabrachiia A brachialis a
N cutaneusbrachiiposterior * N radialis,
a M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale o M bicepsbrachii SeDtumintermusculare brachiilaterale a M brachialis a A collateralisradialis
c N cutaneusbrachiilateralis inferior N, cutaneusantebrachii & N radialis, Dosterior A collateralis ulnarisinferiorO
a M, tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale ' N musculocutaneus, N cutaneusantebrachii lateralis Epicondylus lateralis
{t N ulnaris
a M brachioradialis
Retearticularecubitia a M anconeus Olecranon carpiradialislongus a M extensor o M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
120 F i g , 1 1 9 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ip o s t e r i o r .
Topography I Sections CubitaIfossa
Forearm
Arteriesand nervesof thearm
Lig.transversumscapulaesuperius O A suprascapularis N suprascapularis a
O Rete acromiale
Lig transversum scapulaeinferius
A. circumflexaO scapurae
a N. axillaris
o A. circumflexa humeriposterior
A brachialis o
N radialisa
A. Drolundabrachii O
a N. cutaneusbrachii posterior (N.radialis) a N. cutaneusbrachii lateralisinferior (N.radialis)
A collateralisradialis,R posteriorO
O A collateralis radialis, R anterior a N. cutaneus antebrachiiposterior (N radialis) a N. cutaneus antebrachiilateralis (N. musculocutaneus)
A collateralisulnarisinferiorO
Fig.120 Arteriesand nervesof the scaputarregion, R e g i os c a p u [ a r i sa, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ip o s t e r i o r .
Surface
lSkeletonl
Veinsand nervesof the forearm
N radialis, :, N cutaneus brachii posterior
a V basilica N cutaneus * brachii medialis
V cephalica a
N musculocutaneus,
N cutaneus antebrachii lateralis V medianaa cubiti
a, N cutaneus brachii medialis
N. radialis, , N, cutaneus antebrachii
., N cutaneus antebrachii medialis
h^cta/i^.
a V cephalica
, N cutaneus antebrachii medialis, R posterior Olecranon
V medianao antebrachii
,t N cutaneus antebrachii medialis, R. anterior
o (v mediana "nFPjlglli basirica) n.'otlil1iJ; o V basilica
a V mediana antebrachii
N musculocutaneus, : N cutaneus antebrachii lateralis .&N. radialis, N cutaneus antebrachii posterior
V cephalica a
N radialis,a superficialis a A radialis
,, N radialis, R. superficialis
V basilica a
a, R, palmaris (N ulnaris) * R. palmaris (N medianus)
o V cephalica
R dorsalis& (N,ulnaris)
416
439 F i g . 4 2 1 V e i n sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; e p i f a s c i al [a y e r .
Fig. lr22 Veinsand nervesof the posteriorregion o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h ipi o s t e r i o r ; ^^;{--^i-t spild>Lrdr
t^.,^Ldygt.
Muscles
Topography I Sections Cubitatfossa
Forearm
Hand
of the cubitalfossa
V cephalica
V basilica
V mediana cubiti V mediana antebrachii
V cephalica
V basilica
V mediana cubiti
V cephalica
V basilica (A. brachialis superficialis,Var )* (V, mediana cephalica) (V mediana basilica)
V mediana antebrachii
V basilica
V cephalica
F i g . 4 2 3a - c V a r i a t i o n isn t h e e p i f a s c i avIe i n so f t h e c u b i t a If o s s a .
W i t h r e g a r dt o i n t r a v e n o u si n j e c t i o n st,h i s r a r e v a r i a t i o ni s p a r t i c u t a r t y i m p o r t a n t ,a s a s u p p o s e d [ yi n t r a v e n o u si n j e c t i o nc a n m i s t a k e n [ y b e c o m ei n t r a - a r t e r i a [ .
M us c tes Arm
Arteriesandnervesof the forearm
qo^iIm
intermusculare brachiimediale
Fascia brachii M biceps brachii 6 M brachialis* N medianus * A brachialisa
Aponeurosis musculibicipitis brachii M supinators A radialisa
M pronator S teres
$ M tricepsbrachii, Caputmediale i N ulnaris; a A collateralis ulnarissuperior Septum intermusculare brachiimediale
Fascia antebrachii s M biceps brachii,Tendo
M brachio-s radialis
A brachialisa N radialis ?
M brachioradialiss
Humerus, Epicondylus medialis
o A ulnaris
a A collateralis ulnaris supenor
A collateralisa radialis N. radialis,* R prolundus
M biceps* Tendo brachii,
* N ulnaris a A collateralis ulnarisinferior * l\4 brachialis
,, N medianus
o A ulnaris
A radialisO A recurrens a radialis
l\4 supinator*
M flexorcarpi s radialis @ M flexor carpi ulnaris M extensor S carpi radialis brevis
s M palmaris longus M flexor digitorums superficialis
* l\4 flexor digitorum superficialis M brachioradialis, G Tendo
M flexor S pollicislongus M abductor * pollicislongus
', N ulnaris A radialisO R dorsalis (N ulnaris)
o A. ulnaris
A radialisa
N medianus* M pronator S quavr
O A ulnaris
druJ
Fascia antebrachii
M extensor* pollicisbrevis, Tendo
R palmaris, (N medianus) A radialis, a R palmaris superficialis
r: B palmaris (N ulnaris) , R dorsalis (N ulnaris) a A ulnaris, R carpalis dorsalis
421
F i g . 1 2 1 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; subfasciaILayer.
F i g , 1 2 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; c o u r s eo f t h e r a d i a Ia r t e r y ,A . r a d i a t i s
CubitaIfossa
Forearm
Hand
Arteriesandnervesof the forearm
l\/l biceps t brachii N radialis : N radialis,, B profundus A ulnariso
o A collateralis ulnarissuperior A brachialisa
.., N, ulnaris o A brachialis
a A collateralis ulnarisinlerior
N radialis:,
A collateralis a & M brachialis radialis (R anterioo
: ,
Epicondylus medialis
, N medianus A, radialisO
A recurrensa radialis N radialis, , R superficialis M supinator *
N radialis, ; R profundus
A recurrens O radialis S M pronator teres, M biceps& Caput Tendo utnare brachii,
M llexor * pollicislongus A radialisa
s N. medianus
A interosseaa * lvl pronator communrs teres
M brachioradialis * A interosseaa communrs
a A recurrens ulnaris
O A recurrens ulnaris * M flexor carpiradialis
M pronator* teres A interosseaO posterior N interosseus * antebrachii anterior
& M flexor digitorum superficialis, Caputradiale
o A comitans nervimediani a A interossea anlenor
a A ulnaris N radialis,i R superficialis
N radialis, R superficialis
a A ulnaris
A radialisa
i.. N ulnaris
., N ulnaris
A radialisa) € l\4 flexor carpi ulnaris,Tendo R palmaris (N medianus) M flexor carpi g radialis.Tendo
A radialis, a R palmaris superticialis
t, R dorsalis (N ulnaris) a A ulnaris, R carpalis dorsalis
M pronator * quadratus M flexor 6 pollicis rongus
I M.Ilexor carpiulnaris, Tendo
lvl palmaris* longus,Tendo
!+19
12
F i g .t 2 6 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; oeep rayer.
F i g . 1 2 7 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; deep layer after partiaI removaIof the f lexor s uscte. d i g i t o r u ms u p e r f i c i a t im
Shoutder Arm
Arteriesand nervesof thecubitalfossa
N. radialisa
A. collateralisa (R.anterior) radialis, M brachioradialis a
a M. biceps brachii
a A. brachialis a N. medianus
Mm extensoresa carpiradiales
o N. radialis, R. superficialis
N radialis,a R. profundus
O A. radialis M extensor O digitorum
o A. recurrens radialis
M. supinator a o M. extensorcarpi radialisbrevis
N. radialis,a R. profundus A interosseaa recurrens
Fig.428 Arteries and nervesof the anterior region o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a L iasn t e r i o r ; a f t e rr e m o v a o I f t h e r a d i a tm u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m : l a t e r a [( r a d i a Uv i e w .
O A collateralis ulnaris inferior
a A. collateralis ulnarissuperior
N medianus a Septum intermusculare brachiimediale
A brachialis a M. bicepsbrachiia
Epicondylus medialis
M. brachialis a a N. ulnaris
Aponeurosis musculi bicipitisbrachii
Olecranon M. brachioradialis a M flexor carpiulnaris
N. radialisa Mm flexoresO antebrachii A ulnarisa A radialisO M. pronatorteresO N medianus a
a N ulnaris a M flexor profundus digitorum
Fig.129 Arteries and nervesof the anterior region o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a t i sa n t e r i o r ; after partiaIremovatof the f lexor musctesof the forearm; m e d i a [( u L n a rv] i e w .
Topography I Sections Cubitatfossa Forearm Arteriesand nervesof the forearm
A. collateralis O radialis A collateralis o ulnarisinferior
M triceosbrachiia N. ulnarisa A recurrensO ulnaris
o M. brachioradialis O M. extensorcarpi radialislongus
Olecranon Retearticularea cubiti
Epicondylus lateralis M. anconeus a
M anconeus a
o M extensor carpiradialis orevrs
A. interosseaO recurrens O M supinator
M extensorO carpiulnaris
a N. radialis, R. profundus a N radialis, R profundus
o M. extensorcarpi radialisbrevis
O A interossea posterior
a M. extensor digitorum
M. extensorO carpiulnaris, Tendo M. extensoro digitiminimi, Tendo
RetecarpaleO dorsale R. dorsalisa (N. ulnaris)
o M abductorpollicis longus a M. extensorpollicis brevis
a Rr. musculares
M extensora digitorum
R. profundus o nerviradialis, N. interosseus antebrachii posterior
a M. abductor pollicislongus
M. extensora pollicislongus
a N. radialis, R. superticialis
o N. radialis, R superficialis
M extensora carpiulnaris, Tendo
o A. interosseaanterior
Retinaculum musculorum e)densorum R. dorsalisa (N. ulnaris)
Retinaculum musculorum extensorum
Membranainterossea
O M extensor pollicisbrevis
o M. extensor pollicislongus,Tendo
31
F i g . 4 3 0 A r t e r i ea s n dn e r v e o s f t h ep o s t e r i orre g i o n o f t h ef o r e a r mR, e g i oa n t e b r a c hpioi s t e r i o r ; superficia[ layer.
Fig. 431 Arteries and nervesof the posteriorregion o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h ipi o s t e r i o r ; deep layer.
> U p p e rt i m b
Surface lSkeletonl
Muscles
Shoutder Arm
Arteriesof the
A ulnaris
A radialis
R carpalispalmaris
R carpalis palmaris
B carpalisdorsalis R palmarisprofundus
R palmarissuperficialis
Arcuspalmarisprofundus
palmares Aa metacarpales
A princeps pollicis
Arcuspalmaris superf icialis
A radialisindicis
palmares Aa digitales communes
Aa digitalespalmares propriae Aa digitalespalmares propriae
F i g . 1 3 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e p a t m ,P a L m a ; overytew.
F i g .4 3 3 a - d V a r i a t i o n o s f t h e d e e pp a l m a ra r c h , A r c u so a L m a r i o s r o fu n d u s . 'Textbook a c a s e " ,s i m p L ec, L o s e d arch b D o u b l . i noqf t h e u L n a ro a r r
A n a s t o m o s iw s i t h t h e a n t e r i o ri n t e r o s s e o uasr t e r y , A . i n t e r o s s e a n t e r i o r[ * ] T h e r a d i a Ia r t e r y ,A r a d i a I i ss, u p p I i e sb o t h r a d i a t f i n g e r s , w h e r e a st h e u l n a ra r t e r y ,A . u t n a r i s s, u p p l i e st h e t h r e e u I n a rf i n o e r s .
Cubitatfossa
Forearm Hand
Arteriesandnervesof the hand
N medianus, R palmarisa N. musculocutaneus, I N cutaneus antebrachii lateralis
Fascia antebrachii
& N ulnaris palmaris Aponeurosis a M palmarisbrevis
a N digitalispalmarisproprius
A princepspollicisO
Rr.palmares , N medianus,
E N ulnaris,Rr.palmares proprii palmares t Nn digitales palmaris communis a A digitalis propriae palmares a Aa digitales
transversum Lig metacarpale superficiale
Fig. 13t, Arteries and nervesof the paLm,Palma; s u o e r f i c i al[a v e r .
M us c [es Arteriesand nervesof the hand
a A. ulnaris
A radialisa N medianusS
I M. flexorcarpiulnaris
l\4 flexorcarpiradialis, Tendoi , r N u l n a r i s , Rp a l m a r i s
A radialis,R palmaris superficialis a
Os pisiforme
N medianus, R palmaris&
* N ulnaris,R. profundus lvl abductorpollicisbrevisI
o A ulnaris,R caroalisdorsalis {, N ulnaris,R, superficialis a A ulnaris,R palmarisprofundus
M flexorpollicisbreviss proprius e N digitalispalmaris
cum nervoulnari *i B communicans suDerficialis O Arcuspalmaris
proprius s N digitalispalmaris
palmares communes a Aa digitales
palmares propriae Aa digitales a
Nn. digitalespalmares proprii
I+26
l t". .:,_ {
lr37 , alma; F i g .4 3 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p a L m P middteLaver.
43t,
37 Yo
35o/o
F i g , 4 3 6 a - c V a r i a t i o no s f t h e s u p e r f i c i apI a t m a ra r c h , A r c u so a I m a r i ss u o e r f i c i a t i s . a " T e x t b o o ck a s e " ,c t o s e oa r c n b T h e u t n a ra r t e r y ,A u t n a r i s s, u p p t i e st h e t h r e e u t n a rf i n g e r s . c A L If i n g e r sa r e s u p p t i e db y t h e u t n a ra r t e r y ,A u t n a r r s
13o/o
Cubita[fossa
Forearm Hand
Arteriesandnervesof the hand
l/ pronatorquadratusa
A radiallsa
R carpalispalmarisa
o A. ulnaris
O M flexorcarpiulnaris
M flexorcarpiradialis, Tendoo R palmaris superficialis a Retinaculum musculorum f lexorum
a A. ulnaris,R. carpalis parmafls R. palmaris c N ulnaris,
M llexorpollicislongus,Tendoa a N. ulnaris,R. superficialis
polliciso M opponens
a N. ulnaris,R profundus
M. flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputsuperficiale O profundus Arcuspalmaris O
o M abductor digitiminimi
M. adductorpolliciso
O A ulnaris, R. palmarisprofundus
A. princepspollicisO M abductoroollicisbrevisa
palmares o Mm.interossei
palmares propriaea Aa digitales o M adductorpollicis l\4.interosseus dorsalisI O O Aa. metacarpales palmares a Mm.tlexoresdigitorum, Tendines
o Mm.lumbricales
o Nn.digitales palmaresproprii . Aa. digitales O parmares propnae
427 , atma; Fig.137 Arteriesand nervesof t h ep a t m P deep layer.
435
M us c tes Arteriesandnervesof the hand
Rr superficiales & N radialis, a A radialis Retinaculum musculorum extensorum posterior radialis, N cutaneus antebrachii a
Vaginatendinismusculiflexoriscarpiradialis B palmaris superticialis a A radialis,
Rete carpale dorsale O
a A radialis A radialis,B carpalis dorsalis O
i M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo t M extensor pollicisbrevis,Tendo
M extensor carpi radialisbrevis,Tendo O lvl extensor carpi radialis longus,Tendo c
0 M. abductorpollicisbrevis
A radiatisa pollicis I M opponens M extensordigitorum, Tendines 0
* M extensor pollicislongus, Tendo
Os metacarpi ll
dorsales s Nn digitales dorsalis a A digitalis
Aa metacaroalesdorsales a
s M adductorpollicis
M interosseusdorsalis I Q
l\4.lumbricalis It
palmarisproprius* N digitalis palmarispropriaO A digitalis N. digitalisdorsalis *
l-lV Vaginae tendinummusculorum extensorum: I Vaginatendinummusculorum longi abductoris et extensoris oollicisbrevis ll Vaginatendinummusculorum carpiradialium extensorum pollicislongi lll Vaginatendinismusculiextensoris lV Vaginatendinummusculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis
F i g . 4 3 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h a n d .
To p o g r a p h yi Se cti o n s CubitaIfossa
Forearm
Vessels andnervesof the hand
posterior N radialis, N cutaneusantebrachii
N radialis. R suoerficialis
Retevenosumdorsalemanus
W intercapitulares
Nn digitales dorsales
F i g . 4 3 9 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d ,D o r s u mm a n u s s u p e r f i c i al[a y e r .
'Upper timb
Surface lSketetonl Musctes Shoutder Arm
Arteriesand nervesof the hand
M. extensor carpiulnarisO
A interossea anteriora
s, N . r a d i a l i sR, . p r o f u n d u& posterior N interosseusantebrachii
Membrana interossea
a M extensorpollicisbrevis
a M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
a Retecarpaledorsale
a A radialis
a R perlorans
A. radialis, R carDalis dorsalisa
a A princepspollicis
I M. extensorpollicislongus, Tendo
a M adductor pollicis
dorsalis o M. interosseus
Aa metacarpales dorsalesO
439
Fig.440 Arteries and nervesof the dorsum of t h e h a n d ,D o r s u mm a n u s ; deep layer.
Cubitalfossa
Forearm Hand
Topographic spacesof the hand
Canalis carpi M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo N medianus
Fasciaantebrachii A ulnaris N ulnaris
M, palmarislongus,Tendo Retinaculum musculorum f lexorum Thenar Canaliscarpi
Os pisiforme
Hypothenar Ligg metacarpaliapalmaria
Tendo M extensordigitorum, Ossa metacarpi profundus, M tlexordigitorum Tendines
palmaris Aponeurosis Tendines M flexordigitorum superficialis, Mm lumbricales (Aponeurosis dorsalis) Phalanxproximalis prolundus, lvl flexordigitorum Tendo M llexordigitorumsuperficialis, Tendines Vaginatendinum
N. digitalispalmarisproprius
F i g . 1 1 1 F a s c i a Ic o m p a r t m e n t s o f t h e h a n d . * C [ i n i c atIe r m : [ i g a m e n ot f G R A Y S O N + * C t i n i c atIe r m ; [ i g a m e n ot f c L E L A N D * * * C t i n i c atIe r m : u l n a rc a n a [ C , a n a t i su t n o c a r p a t il st o g ed e G U Y O N I
> U p p e rl i m b
M us c tes
Hand,sagittalsection
Membrana interossea a A interosseaposterior
A interossea anteriora
a M extensordigitorum
quadratus M pronator O
a M, abductorpollicislongus,Tendines a M extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
profundus, M flexordigitorum Tendines a
Radius Articulatio radiocarpalis
Retinaculum musculorum llexorum
Os lunatum l\4flexordigitorum superficialis, Tendines t o Retecarpaledorsale Rete carpale oalmare a
Os capitatum
Aooneurosis oalmaris Os metacarpi lll, Basis
palmarislll O A metacarpalis Arcuspalmaris superficialis a
palmarisll t M, interosseus
palmaris A digitalis communislll a
dorsalislll a M interosseus dorsalislll a A. metacarpalis
M l u m b r i c a l i sl l l , T e n d oa A digitalispalmaris propria O O A digitalisdorsalis
Phalanx proximalis
Vagina tendinum
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
F i g . 1 1 2 H a n d ,M a n u s ; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e u t n a r p t a n eo f t h e m i d d t ef i n g e r . * C t i n i c at eLr m :I i g a m e notf c L E L A N D * +C [ i n i c at eLr m :[ i g a m e notf G R A Y S O N
Topography CubitaIfossa
Forearm H a n d
Cutaneous innervation
F i g . t t 3 P o i n t so f i n j e c t i o nf o r r e g i o n a I conduction a n a e s t h e s ia t t h e m i d d L ef i n q e r .
Fig. 111 Pa[m,Patma; s e g m e n t a cI u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n .
F i g . 1 1 5 D o r s u mo f t h e h a n d ,D o r s u mm a n u s ; s e g m e n t acI u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n .
M us c l es Shoutder Arm
Arm, transversesections
Fascia brachii
V cephalica a
a M bicepsbrachii
& N musculocutaneus
a A. brachialis
M brachialisI
O V brachialis
M coracobrachialisc
s N medianus
Humerus
o V basilica
Septumintermusculare brachiilaterale
N radialis {}
s N. ulnaris
A profunda brachii a
SeDtumintermusculare brachiimediale
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlateraleo a lvl.tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
a M triceps brachii,Caput mediale
F i g .1 1 5 A r m , B r a c h i u m ; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o n .
V cephalica
lvl bicepsbrachii
V brachialis M brachialis Humerus
V basilica Septumintermusculare brachiimediale
Septumintermusculare brachiilaterale M tricepsbrachii
Fig.117 Arm, Brachium, m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i ci m a g el M R l ) ; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e m i d d t eo f t h e a r m : distaIview.
T o p o g r a p h yI S e c ti o n s C u b i t afIo s s a F o r e a r m H a n d
Arm, transversesections
s l\,4bicepsbrachii M. brachialis o
Fascia brachii
V cephalica a
o A brachialis N cutaneusantebrachii medialis
lvl brachioradialis*
a V brachialis
* N medianus N radialis , t N, cutaneus brachii medialis A profunda brachii a
a V basilica
M extensor carpi radialislongus i,
ulnarissuperior a A collateralis Cristasupraepicondylaris lateralis Seotum intermuscularebrachii mediale
HUmerus
* N ulnaris
M triceps brachii O
Fig. 118 Arm, Brachium t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e l o w e rt h i r d o f t h ea r m .
M, biceps brachii
A brachialis V cephalica V basilica
M brachialis l\,4brachioradialis Humerus
Ulna
M triceps brachii
F i g .t t 9 A r m , B r a c h i u m m a g n e t r rce s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e l o w e rt h i r d o f t h e a r m : distaIview.
Surface lSketetonl Musctes Arm
Forearm, transversesections
Fascia antebrachii o A brachialis V mediana cubiti o
r N medtanus V brachialisa
g M pronatorteres M biceps brachii.Tendo * * M flexor carpi radialis V cephalica o a V basilica
superficialis 0 l\4.flexordigitorum
t M palmarislongus M extensor carpi radialislongus $
ii N ulnaris M supinator * * M llexorcarpiulnaris lvl extensor carpi radialis brevis €!
Radius,Caputradii M brachialisS
proximalis radioulnaris Articulatio * Nl anconeus
Fig.450 Forearm,Antebrachium; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e o r o x i m a rI a d i o - u L n ai ro i n t
V basilica V mediana cubiti l\4 brachialis lvl biceps, Tendo M pronator teres V cephalica M flexor carpi radialis l\4 brachioradialis M flexor digitorumsupedicialis M extensor carpi radialislongus Ulna
l\4 extensor carpi radialisbrevis
Radius,Caputradii
M anconeus
Fig.451 Forearm,Antebrachium; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e l e v e Lo f t h e e t b o wi o i n t : distalview.
To pogr a p h y )ubital fossa
Forearm
Hand
Forearm, transversesections
M. palmaris longus,Tendoo a V mediana antebrachii
M flexordigitorum superficialis o M flexorcarDiradialisa
a M flexorcaroiulnaris
N. medianus a
a A ulnaris
M. flexorpollicislonguso O N. ulnaris
M. brachioradialisa
A radialiso N, radialisa M pronatorteres a M extensor carpiradialislongusa N interosseusantebrachiianteriorc O M. extensorcarpiulnaris
l\4 extensorcarpiradialisbrevisO
a M. extensorpollicislongus M extensordigitorum a M abductorpollicislongusa
digitiminimi a M extensor posterior antebrachii a N interosseus
Membranainterossea
Fig.452 Forearm, Antebrachium; t h el o w e rt h i r do f t r a n s v e r ssee c t i o tnh r o u g h t h ef o r e a r m .
M. palmarislongus,Tendo M flexorcarpi radialis
M, flexor carpiulnaris
l\/ flexordigitorum superficialis M brachioradialis
M. llexor prolundus digitorum
M llexorpollicis longus Radius
Ulna
Mm extensores
Membranainterossea antebrachii
Fig.453 Forearm,Antebrachium; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h i ci m a g eI M R l ) ; cross-sectionat the Levelof the middl.eof the forearm: distaIview.
Shoutder Arm
Forearmand hand,transversesections
M palmarislongus,Tendo|| M flexordigitorum superficialis, Tendines* a
Fascia antebrachii
t M flexordigitorum superficialis*
N medianus, R palmaris *r N medianus !,
a*A;N
M flexor carpi radialis.Tendo* C
ulnaris
a M. flexorcaroiulnaris
M flexor pollicislongus.Tendo* C
profundus* a M flexordigitorum
A r a d i a t ias tlN
N musculocutaneus, ) N cutaneusantebrachii lateralis M abductorpollicislongus,Tendines* o
ulnaris,R dorsalis
O M pronatorquadratus Articulatio radioulnaris distalis, Recessus sacciformis
V,cephalica; N, radialis, R superticialis o * Fascia antebrachii
M extensor pollicisbrevis.Tendo* e
Ulna
M brachioradialis,Tendo a
a lvl extensorcaroiulnaris.Tendo*
Mm extensores caroiradialesi longuset brevis,Tendines*
Articulatio radioulnaris distalis Radius
a M extensordigitiminimi*
Fascia antebrachii
Telasubcutanea M extensor pollicis longus,Tendo* a
V basilicao
a M extensor indicis*
c lvl extensordigitorum* Retinaculum musculorum extensorum
F i g . 1 5 1 F o r e a r mA , ntebrachium; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e d i s t a Ir a d i o - u t n ajro i n t . A t t h i s l e v e [ t, h e m u s c L et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h + r u n w i t h i n t e n d o ns h e a t h sV, a g i n a tee n d i n u m
l\4.palmarislongus,Tendoa Retinaculum musculorum llexorum Thenar
Hypothenar
N medianus * !*
l\rlflexorpollicislongus,Tendoa
O**A;N ulnaris**
M, flexor carpi radialis,Tendo a
a Mm flexoresdigitorum, Tendines
Os trapezium l\/ abductorpollicislongus,Tendoa
Os triquetrum
l\4 extensorpollicisbrevis,Tendoa
a lvl extensor caroiulnaris. Tendo
V cephalica a
Os hamatum
A radialisa Mm extensores carpiradiales. Tendines a M extensor pollicislongus,Tendo a
Os trapezoideum
a M extensor digitiminimi,Tendo o V basilica Os capitatum digitorum, a M extensor Tendo Tendo a M extensorindicis,
F i g .4 5 5 W r i s t ,C a r p u s ; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Lo f t h e h o o ko f t h e h a m a t e b o n e ,H a m u t u so s s i sh a m a t i . * C a r p at L unneI * * u t n a rc a n alIt o g ed eG U Y O N ]
To p o g r a p h yI Se c ti o n s CubitaIfossa
Forearm
Hand
Hand, transversesections
palmares communes; a Aa digitales r, N medianus Mm.lumbricales a M flexorpollicisbrevis,a Caputsuperficiale l\4 flexor pollicislongus,Tendo, O Vagina tendinis
M. abductorpollicislongusa
superficialis, a M. flexordigitorum Tendines O lV abductor digitiminimi a M opponens digitiminimi Os metacarpiV
polliciso M opponens
profundus, o M flexordigitorum Tendines
pollicis Os metacarpi [,l1extensorpollicisbrevisa
O M extensor digiti minimi
lvl extensorpollicislonqus,a Tendo,Vaginatend-inis M flexorpollicisbrevis,a Caputprofundum
palmarislll a M interosseus dorsalislV o M. interosseus
M adductor polliciso
M interosseus dorsalisI O A metacarDalis oalmarisO Os metacarpiindicis palmarisI a M. interosseus M interosseus dorsalisll O
Os metacarpilV a M. interosseus oalmarisll dorsalislll a M interosseus
F i g . 4 5 6 M e t a c a r p u sM, e t a c a r p u st ;r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e t h i r d m e t a c a r p abI o n e . Corpusphalangis N digitalisdorsalis c
o M extensordigitorum, Tendo* dorsalis & N digitalis
Periosteum
profundus, Tendo o l\/ flexordigitorum Mesotendineum a A digitalispalmarispropria
N digitalispalmarispropriusI Vaginatendinum digiti
M flexordigitorum superticialis, TendoO
Fig.457 Middte fi n g e rD , i g i t um s e d i u sI l l l l ; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s h a f to f t h e p r o x i m a p l haLanx.
* S o - c a t t e d o r s a Ia p o n e u r o s iisn t ow h i c ht h e b r a n c h i n g tendon o f t h e e x t e n s o rd i g i t o r u mm u s c t e ,a s w e t l a s t h e t e n d o n so f t h e i n t e r o s s e o u sa n d [ u m b r i c a Im u s c t e sr a d i a t e
Corpusphalangis Mesotendineum
palmarisproprius* N digitalis
a A digitalispalmarispropria
Vagina tendinum digiti
profundus, M flexordigitorum Tendoa
F i g . 4 5 8 M i d d L fei n g e r D , i g i t u sm e d i u sI l l l l ; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s h a f to f t h e m i d d t ep h a t a n x
* S o - c a t l e dd o r s a Ia p o n e u r o s t s
Brain
Bloodvessels C r a n i a bI a s e
Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Arteriesof the head
A.temporalis J superficialis I
B frontalis
\ F parietalis
A. carotisinterna, Parscavernosa ( R.frontatis A. menrngea .l meoraI \ R parietalis A temporalis superficialis
A suPraorbitalis n,opntnat-f micaI \ A supratrochlearis Aa temDoralesorofundae
A basilaris
A angularis A sphenopalatina
A infraorbitalis A. vertebralis
A. palatina oescenoens A infraorbitalis A meningea media
A auricularis posterior
A labialissuperior A buccalis A transversa faciei
A occipitalis
A alveolarisinferior A maxillaris
A pharyngea ascendens A labialisinferior A facialis
A submentalis
A. vertebralis
A carotisexterna A thyroidea superior A carotiscommunis
A carotisinterna,Sinuscaroticus
F i g . 4 5 9 E x t e r n aaI r t e r i e so f t h e h e a d .
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n act o r d
Pathways Arteriesof the head
A callosomarginalis
A cerebrimedia A carotisinterna, Parscerebralis A cerebrianterior A. communicans posterior A cerebriposterior A inferioranteriorcerebelli A ophthalmica A basilaris A. inferioroosterior cerebelli
Siphoncaroticum
A carotisinterna.ParsDetrosa A carotisinterna, Parscavernosa
A vertebralis
A carotisinterna.Parscervicalis A carotisexterna A. carotiscommunis
Fig.460 Internaa I r t e r i e so f t h e h e a d .
F i g . 4 6 1a , b I n t e r n a Ic a r o t i da r t e r y ,A . c a r o t i si n t e r n a ; r a d i o g r a p h as f t e r u n i t a t e r aiIn j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m [ an gi o gr am s ) .
T h e c o n t r a s tm e d i u ma t s od i s t r i b u t e st o t h e v e s s e t so f t h e c o n t r a t a t e r asti d ev i a t h e a r t e r i a Ic i r c t e . a A P - r a d i o g r a p hd,i g i t a ts u b t r a c t i o na n g i o g r a p hIyD S A ] b L a t e r a Ir a d i o g r a p hd, i g i t a Ls u b t r a c t i o na n g i o g r a p htyD S A )
Bl,oodvessels
Craniab I ase
Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
V thalamostriata suoerior parietalis V emissaria inferior Sinussagittalis W superiores cerebri V interna cerebri
Foramen interventriculare
Sinussagittalis superior
(V emissaria frontalis)
V magna cerebri*
V basalis"*
Sinus sphenoparietalis
Sinusrectus
V.ophthalmica supenor
V angularis
V.emissaria occipitalis
Confluens sinuum V occipitalis V emissaria mastoidea
Sinussigmoideus Bulbussuperior venaejugularis
V facialis
V retromandibularis
V jugularisinterna
F i g ,t 6 2 I n t e r n a a I n d e x t e r n a vLe i n so f t h e h e a d . * Veinof GALEN * * R O S E N T H A L 'VSe i n *+*Vein of LABBE
Emissaryveins,Vv.emissariae- Passagesthroughthe skutt \v/ . d s rmr ii .l J. .J. oi rr
r d ^P ror ri ^r+c ^Lld; -u J
Fnremo t tns t I n olE p torti ot lsrLl o
V e m i s s a r im a a s t o i d e-aF o r a m e m n astoideum V e m i s s a r ioac c i p i t a t-i sP a s s a gien t h e r e g i o no f t h e P r o t u b e r a n toi ac c i n i t a Lei sx t e r n a V .e m i s s a r i ca o n d y t a r i-sC a n a t i cs o n d y l a r i s
P t e x u sv e n o s u sc a n a L inse r v ih y p o g t o s-s iC a n a [ i sn e r v i hypoL gossi P t e x u vs e n o s u sf o r a m i n i so v a l i s- F o r a m e no v a L e P t e x u vs e n o s u sc a r o t i c u isn t e r n u s- C a n a t i cs a r o t i c u s
Ve nt ric [ e s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d
Pathways Veinsof the head
Sinussagittalis superior parietalis V emissaria
Suturasagittalis Granulationes arachnoideae
.\
Eproermrs
I
I cutis
Dermis[Corium]J
Lacunaelaterales
Galeaaponeurotica Os parietale
Laminaexterna
Vv diploicae
Diploe
""*." Laminainterna
]
Duramatercranialis Spatium
Arachnoidea mater cranialis Piamatercranialis Spatium subarachnoideum
Substantia alba
F i g . 4 6 3 C a l v a r i aC, a t v a r i am , e n i n g e sa, n d d u r a I ; e n i n g e sM v e n o u ss i n u s e s S , i n u sd u r a em a t r i s . I n t h e a d u [ t ,t h e c e r e b r o s p i n af Lt u i di s m a i n [ yr e a b s o r b e di n t o t h e v e n o u ss y s t e mt h r o u g ht h e a r a c h n o i dg r a n u t a t i o n s . A d d i t i o n a L trye,a b s o r p t i o on c c u r st h r o u g ht h e t y m p h a t i c s h e a t h so f s m a [ Lv e s s e t so f t h e c r a n i a Lp i a m a t e ra n d t h r o u g h t h e p e r i n e u r asI h e a t h so f t h e c r a n i a La n d t h e s p i n a Ln e r v e s .
Suturasagittalis
Suturacoronalis
Vv diploicae occipitales
W diploicae frontales
Vv diploicae temporales anteriores
W diploicae temporales posteflores
F i g . 1 6 1 D i p t o i cc a n a [ s C , a n a t e sd i p L o i cai ,n d d i p t o i cv e i n s , V v .d i p l o i c a eo, f t h e c a l v a r i a ;
t h e e x t e r n a tI a b t eo f c o m o a c tb o n eh a s b e e nr e m o v e df r o m the catvaria.
Bl.oodvessels
C r a n i a Ib a s e
Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s
Par tsof the br ai n
Duralvenousslnuses
Sinusoetrosusinferior superior Sinussagittalis inferior Sinussagittalis Sinussphenooarietalis
W superiorescerebri
A carotisinterna N opticuslll
V magnacerebri
Sinuscavernosus Hypophysis
Sinustransversus
Sinusintercavernosi
Sinussigmoideus
Plexusbasilaris
Sinusrectus Confluens sinuum Sinusoccipitalis Sinusmarginalis Foramenmagnum
Sinusoetrosus suDerior
F i g ,4 6 5 C r a n i a d t u r a m a t e r ,D u r am a t e r c r a n i a l i s a n d d u r a lv e n o u ss i n u s e s S , i n u sd u r a em a t r i s ; a f t e r o a r t i a Ir e m o v a o l f t h e t e n t o r i u mc e r e b e t l i .
Cranialduramater,Duramatercranialis T h ec r a n i a dI u r am a t e rL i n e tsh e c r a n i acI a v i t yc o m p L e t e L y a n dt i g h t t ya d h e r e st o t h e s k u Lbl .o n e T . h ec e r e b r afIa [ x p r o t r u d e isn t h e s a g i t t apl .L a n e i n a s i c k l e - L i kseh a p ea n d s t r e t c h efsr o mt h e c r i s t ag a L ttio t h e r i d g eo f t h e t e n t o r r u m c e r e b e Lw L ih, i c h ,i n t u r n ,o v e r s t r e t c h e t hse p o s t e r i ocr r a n i a l f o s s aa n d i s a t t a c h e d a [ o n qt h e t r a n s v e r ssei n u sa n dt h e
p y r a m i d ael d . g e T h em a r g i n so f t h e t e n t o r i anI o t c he n v e t o p t h e m i d b r a i an n dt a p e ro f f i n t oi h e a n t e r i oar n dp o s t e r i o r clinnid nrncpcc Thc ecrcIpaLfa[x and the tentorium
c e r e b e [d[ i v i d e t h ec r a n i a L c a viint yt ot h r e es p a c e tsh a ta r e i n c o m p t e t est ye p a r a t efdr o m o n ea n o t h e rc, o n t a i n i n g t h e t w o c e r e b r ahI e m i s p h e r easn dt h e c e r e b e t l u m .
Vent ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o n d
Pathways
V ophthaimica superior Sinussphenoparietalis
Sinusintercavernosi Sinuscavernosus V meningea media
Plexusbasilaris Plexusvenosus foraminis ovalis
Sinuspetrosus inferior
Sinusmarginalis
Sinuspetrosus supenor
Bulbussuperior venaejugularis
Sinus occipitalis
Sinussigmoideus
Sinusrectus
Confluens sinuum
Sinustransversus
Sinussagittalis superior
F i g . 1 6 6 D u r a Lv e n o u ss r n u s e sS, i n u sd u r a em a t r i s ; corrosron cast. T h e s i n u s e sc o n t a i nn o v a t v e sa n d f e a t u r er i g i dw a t l . s . + V e i no f r a g s Et o t h es u p e r f i c im a ti d d t ce e r e b r av Ie i n s
DuraIvenoussinuses, Sinusduraematris T h ed u r a vL e n o u s i n u s e as r er i g i dv e n o u cs h a n n e L s T h et w o c a v e T n o ussi n u s e sa s s u m ea c e n t r a pI o s i t i o nb y w i t h o u vt a L v edsr a i n i n gt h e v e n o u sb l o o df r o mt h e b r a i nv i a b e i n gs i t u a t e idn t h e m i d d Lcer a n i a L f o stsoat h e r i g h t s o - c a L [ ebdr i d g i nvge i n s a n dt h e l e f to f t h e s e [ a t u r c i c aT. h e yc o m m u n i c a twer t h T h em a i nd r a i n a gfer o mw i t h i nt h es k u Lol c c u r sv i at h e t h e i n t e r c a v e r n osui ns u s e as n de i t h e r e a c ho t h e rt h r o u g h sigmoid s i n u s e isn t ot h e i n t e r n a L l u g uv[ aeri n sA. d d i t i o n a L L d y ,i r e c t Loyr i n d i r e c t Lwyi t h m o s to t h e rs i n u s e sa n dw i t ht h e t h es u p e r i oor p h t h a t mvi ce i n sa n dt h eh i g h Lvya r i a b Leem i s s - v e i n so f t h eo r b i ta n dt h e i n f r a t e m o o rfaoLs s a a r yv e i n sf o r ma s e r i e so f s m a L [ e L r ,i k e w i svea l v e l e svse, n o u s c o n n e c t i o nb se t w e etnh e i n t r a -a n de x t r a c r a n iraeLq i o n s
> Brain
B l o o dv e s s e [ s
CraniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s
P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
Externalsurfaceof the cranialbase
Foramina incisiva
'.; Foramenpalatinum majus
Contentsof the foraminaof the external surfaceof the cranialbase Foraminaincisiva u sm a x i L L a[rVi s/ 2 ] l N . n a s o p a L a t i n( N Foramenpatatinummajus s a j o rI N . m a x i L t a r[i V s /2]) N p a l a t i n um ^ ^ - r ^ + i - -^^ ; ^ - lt H^ ^ - L a t i ndae s c e n d e n s ] H. PdLdLil rd r rdJUr Po
Foramina palatina minora
Fissuraorbitalisinferior
Foraminapatatinaminora n ii n o r e {sN .m a x i L L a [rV i s/ 2 ] l Nn paLatim e i n o r e (sA p a t a t i ndae s c e n d e n s l A a p a t a t i n am Foramen ovale
Fissuraorbitatisinferior s .m a x i t l a r i s ] A i n fr a o r b i t a L[iA V o p h t h a L m iicnaf e r i o r i s/ 2 l l N i n f r a o r b i t a l{. N i s m a x i L L a rl V N z y g o m a t i c uI sN m a x i t l a r i[sV / 2 ] ) Foramenrotundum(seeFiq ?1,?3J N m a x i L L a r[ iVs/ 2 ] Foramenovale N m a n d i b u l a r[iVs / 3 ] P L e x uvse n o s ufso r a m i n iosv a L i s
Fissura sphenopetrosa; Foramen lacerum
Foramen sprnosum
Foramenspinosum i s/ 3 ] l R . m e n i n g e uI sN m a n d i b u L a [rV A m e n i n g em a e d i a[ A m a x i L t a r i s )
Apertura exlerna canails carotici
et Foramenlacerum Fissurasphenopetrosa u sJ ) s i n o rI N g t o s s o p h a r y n g Iel X N p e t r o s um s a j o rI N .f a c i a L li V s ll]l N . p e t r o s um N p e t r o s upsr o f u n d uIsP l e x ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u s J Aperturaexternacanaliscarotici+ Canaliscaroticus , a r sp e t r o s a A c a r o t i si n t e r n aP P l e x u vs e n o s ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u s P L e x ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u [sT r u n c ussy m p a t h i c u s , su G a n g L i oc n ervicaL eperius)
Canaliculus mastoideus Meatus acusticus externus Foramen stylomastoideum Foramen JUgUlare
Foramenstylomastoideum N f a c i a L [i V s ll] Foramenjugulare Anteriorpart:
Canalisnervi hypoglossi
Qinrrq notrncr rc inferinr
N g L o s s o p h a r y n gI e l Xuls part: Posterior r p h a r y n g eaas c e n d e n s l A m e n i n g epao s t e r i ol A jugutaris) S i n u ss i g m o i d e u( sB u l b u s u p e r i ovre n a e N v a g u s[ X l R m e n i n q e u(sN v a-q u s[ X ] ) N a c c e s i o r i u tsX l l Canalicutusmastoideus R a u r i c u t a r ni se r vvi a g i{ N v a g u sI X J )
Canaliscondylaris
Foramen magnum
Canalisnervi hypogl.ossi N h y p o g t o s s u[ X slll P l e x u sv e n o s u sc a n a t i sn e r v ih y p o g L o s s i Canatiscondylaris V .e m i s s a r i ca o n d y l a r i s Maxilla
osfrontate Osparietale
I ffi
Os palatinum
Os sphenoidale
vor",
Os temporale
Oszygomaticum
Os occipitale
F i g . 1 6 7 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e c r a n i a Ib a s e , B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n aa. n d f o r a m i n a
F o r a m e nm a g n u m M e nin g e s P [ e x uvse n o s uvse r t e b r a [iinst e r n u IsS i n u sm a r q i n a L i s ] A a v e r t e b r a L e[ As a s u b c L a v i a e J A s p i n a l ' iasn i e r i o r[ A a v e r t e b r a [ e s J M e d u t lo a b L o n g a t a / M e dsupLi ln. a L i s R a d i c esso i n a L eI N s accessoriu l Xsl ] l
Ven t ric [e s T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s
S p i n a Ic o r d
Pathways lnternalsurfaceof the cranialbase
C o n t e n tso f th e fo ra mi n ao f th e inter nal surfaceof the cranialbase Laminacribrosa N n .o t f a c t o rIili] A e t h m o i d a Iai sn t e r i o(rA o p h t h a L m i c a ] Canatisopticus N o p t i c u Isl l l A o p h t h a L m i(cAa c a r o t i si n t e r n a ) M e n i n g eV s ;a g i n anee r v oi p t i c i Fissuraorbitatissuperior Mediatpart: N n a s o c i l i a r{iN s .o p h t h a L m i c[uVs/ 1 ] J N o c u l o m o t o r i Iul sl l ] N a b d u c e n[sV l ] Lateralpart: N t r o c h t e a r iIsl V ] C o m m o nt r u n ko f t h e : - N f r o n t a L Ii N s o p h t h a L m i cluVs/ 1 ] - N L a c r i m a lIiN s o p h t h a L m i cluVs/ 1 ] R o r b i t a L{i A s .m e n i n g em a edial V o p h t h a t m i cs au p e r i o Foramenrotundum N m a x i L L a rl V i s/ 2 1 Foramenovale N m a n d i b u L a r[iVs / 3 ] P L e x uvse n o s u sf o r a m i n i so v a L i s Foramenspinosum R m e n i n g e uI sN m a n d i b u L a [rV i s/ 3 ] ) A m e n i n g em a e d i a( A .m a x i L t a r i s )
Laminaet Foramina cribrosa
Canalisopticus
Fissuraorbitalis supeflor
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovate ForamenIacerum; Fissura sphenopetrosa Foramen sprnosum
Fissurasphenopetrosa et Foramenlacerum s i n o rI N .g L o s s o p h a r y n gI e N p e t r o s um l Xu]s) s a j o r{ N f a c r a L[iV N p e t r o s um s ll]) N p e t r o s upsr o f u n d uIsP l e x ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u s ] Aperturainternacanaliscarotici+ Canaliscaroticus A c a r o t i si n t e r n aP , a r sp e t r o s a P l e x u sv e n o s u sc a r o t i c uisn t e r n u s P l e x u sc a r o t i c u isn t e r n u s[ T r u n c ussy m p a t h i c u s , G a n g L i oc n e r v l c a [seu p e r i u s ) Porus+ Meatusacusticusinternus N f a c i a t i[sV l l ] N v e s t i b u L o c o c h L[eVal rl li ]s A L a b y r i n t(hAi b a s i L a r i s J Vv labyrinthi ForamenjuguLare Anteriorpart: Qinrrc noirncr
Porus acusticus internus
Foramen Jugulare
Canaliscondylaris
Canalisnervihypoglossi
rc infaninr
N g t o s s o p h a r y n g Iel u XsJ Posteriorpart: A m e n i n g epao s t e r i o[ rA p h a r y n g eaas c e n d e n s ] jugu[aris] S i n u ss i g m o i d e uI B s u t b u s u p e r i ovre n a e N . v a g u s[ X l N a c c e s s o r i u[ sX l ] R m e n i n g e u{sN .v a g u sI X J ) Canalisnervi hypogtossi N h y p o g l o s s u[ X s llJ P L e x uvse n o s u sc a n a L inse r v ih y p o g L o s s i Canatiscondylaris \/ v
Apertura tnterna canalrs carotici
Foramenmagnum
Os frontale
Os sphenoidale
Os parietale
Os temporale
Os ethmoidale
Os occipitale
^-;-^--i^ ^^^f,.,r^-isr ril5>dr ro LUIuyLdt t5
F o r a m e nm a g n u m Me n i n g e s P L e v e n o s uvse r t e b r a Li ni st e r n u {sS i n u m s arqinatis} A a . t e b r a L e[sA a .s u b c t a v i a e ] A spinatia s n t e r i o r[ A a v e r t e b r a t e s ] Medullo a b L o n g a t a / M e dsupLi L na L i s R a d i c essp i n a L el N s accessoriu [ Xs l ] J
F i g . 4 6 8 I n t e r n a sL u r f a c eo f t h e c r a n i a lb a s e , B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a . n df o r a m r n a .
> Brain
B t o o dv e s s e [ s
C r a n i ab I ase
CraniaInerves M e n i n g e s
Par tsof the br ai n
Cranial nerves,overview
Fila olfactoriall
N, opticus!ll
N, facialis[Vll]
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
N hypoglossus[Xll]
C r a n i a ln e r y e s N . n.crania[es.
Ve n t ric te s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d
Pathways
N oculomotorius llll, R superior M. obliquussuperior
Radix sensoria N. nasociliaris
Fissuraorbitalis superior oculomotorius illll Tectum mesencephali
N trochlearislvl
M. rectuslateralis
N. triqeminus [Vl. GanglioitrigeminalA
Nn ciliaresbreves Ganglion ciliare
ophthalmica; N caroticus internus
N abducens[Vl] Pons
N oculomotorius ull, R inferior
Pyramismedullae oblongatae
Radix parasympathica Radlx sympathica
F i g . 4 7 0 O c u L o m o t onre r v e ,N . o c u t o m o t o r i u[sl l l l , t r o c h [ e a rn e r v e ,N . t r o c h [ e a r i sI l V ] ,a n d a b d u c e n sn e r v e ,N . a b d u c e n s[ V l ] ; v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t . * C o n n e c t i otnost h et r i g e m i n a g ta n g t i o n
M obliquusbulbiinferior (e N oculomotorius llll, B inferior)
M obliquusbulbisuperior (- N. trochlearis lvl)
M rectusbulbimedialis (+ N oculomotorius illll, R superior) M rectusbulbiinferior (e N oculomotorius illll, R inferior) M. rectusbulbisuDerior (e N. oculomotorius llll, B. superior)
(e N. abducens M rectusbulbilateralis [Vl]) ( e
M. levatorpalpebrae superioris N. oculomotorius llll, R. superior)
F i g . 4 7 1 I n n e r v a t i o on f t h e o c u l a rm u s c l e s ; s u p e n o rv r e w .
Btoodvessets C r a n i abI a s e CraniaInerves M e n i n g e s
P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
N. supraorbitalis R lateralis
N ethmoidalis anterior N ethmoidalisposterior
R medialis
N. frontalis
N. supratrochlearis
N lacrimalis
R tentorius
N infratrochlearis
N, nasociliaris N ophthalmicus [V/1] Ganglion trigeminale (
N triseminus I
Radix motoria
\Radix sensoria
Pons N zygomaticus Nn. ciliares Iongi Ganglion ciliare
cumgangliociliari R. communicans Fissuraorbitalis superior
s /11; F i g . 1 7 2 0 p h t h a l . m inc e r v e ,N . o p h t h a l . m i c u[ V v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t
Rr orbitales
laterales et mediales suoeriores Rr.nasalesDosteriores
Rr ganglionares
N. lacrimalis
Foramenrotundum N maxillaris [V/2]
(R communicans cum nervolacrimali)
Gangliontrigeminale
N zygomaticus N infraorbitalis Canalis infraorbitalis Foramen infraorbitale R zygomaticofacialis R zygomaticotemporalis
B meningeus
Nn.alveolares superiores pterygopalatinum Ganglion Nn nasopalatini Nn palatiniminores
Fig.473 Maxitlarynerve,N. maxil.Laris [V/2]; v i e w e df r o m t h e r i o h t .
Ve nt ric t e s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d
Pathways
Radixmotoria / N trigeminus [Vl I \ Radixsensoria..
Nn.temoorales orofundi N pterygoideus lateralis N. mandibularis [V/3]
medialis N. pterygoideus
R. meningeus
N. buccalis
Foramen spinosum Rr.ganglionares N. auriculotemporalis
Ganglion submandibulare
A meningea media
Rr.linguales
Chordatympani(N facialis)
N. mylohyoideus Plexusdentalisinferior
Fig. 17t, MandibuLarnerve,N. mandibutaris[V/3]; v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
Nn.supraorbitales
N infraorbitalis
Incisura suoraorbitalis
Forameninfraorbitale
F i g , 1 7 5 E x i tp o i n t so f t h ec u t a n e o ubsr a n c h eosf t h et r i g e m i n anIe r v e , N .t r i g e m i n u[sV i . CtinicaLty, theyarereferredto as nerveexitpoints.
Btoodvessets C r a n i a Ib a s e
Cranialnerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Pedunculus cerebellaris medius
Ganglion geniculi
N facialis [Vll]
N. stapedius R communicans cumplexutympanico Chordatympani Canalisnervifacialis
N lingualis
Foramenstylomastoideum R. communicans cumnervovaoo
Rr temporales Rr.zygomatici
R communicans cumnervoglossopharyngeo
Rr buccales
Plexus intraparotideus
(R. lingualis) N auricuiarisposterior
R marginalismandibularis R. colli
Fig. 176 FaciaInerve,N. facial.is[Vll]; t h e f a c i a Lc a n a Ia n d t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t yh a v eb e e no p e n e d ; viewedfrom the right. * CtinicaI term:cerebetlopontine angte
Gyrusprecentralis
Fibrae corticonucleares M frontalis Nucleusnervifacialis Rr.temporales
Nucleusnerviabducentis
M. orbicularis oculi M. levatorlabiisuperioris M. zygomaticusmajor M. zygomaticus minor
N. facialis [Vll]
F i g . 1 7 7a , b N e u r o n a sl t r u c t u r eo f t h e m o t o r p a r t o f t h e f a c i a In e r v e ,N . f a c i a t i s[ V l l ] . a Overview b R e p r e s e n t a t i oonf t h e f a c i a Im u s c t e si n t h e m o t o r n u c t e u s o f t h e f a c i a In e r v e T h o u g ht h e n u c t e io f t h e u p p e rf a c i a tm u s c t e sr e c e i v e
b
M orbicularis oris
innervationfrom both hemispheres,those of the lower facial m u s c l e sa r e o n l yi n n e r v a t e fdr o m t h e c o n t r a l a t e r asl i d e . Therefore,patientswith centrat patsy[*l are sti[[ able to frown the brow and to ctosethe eyetidsjust sufficiently.However,in p a t i e n t sw i t h p e r i p h e r apl .a l . s y[ * * l a [ [ f a c i a tm u s c [ e sa r e paralyzed.
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d
Pathways
l\4eatusacusticusinternus Ganglion spirale cocnleae
Pedunculus cerebellaris medius
t
lateralis et anterior tn ampullares I Pars supenor I N. utriculoampullaris )
\ ' N vestibularis N cochlearis N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
N. utricularis
\
N. saccularis ) I Parsinferior posterior N. ampullaris J Ganglion vestibulare
F i g . 4 7 8 V e s t i b u t o c o c h L enaerr v e ,N . v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ; t h e m e m b r a n o u st a b y r i n t hi s g r e a t l ye n t a r g e d ; p o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e r i g h t * C [ r n i c taeI r m :c e r e b e L [ o p o natni nge[ e
Medullaoblongata, Sulcus retroolivaris
N mandibularis [V/3] Ganglion oticum
N glossopharyngeus lXl
N petrosusminor jugulare Foramen Plexustympanicus Ganglion superius(lX) communtcans cumramo nervivagi auriculari
N tympanicus
Ganglion inlerius
R musculi stylopharyngei R sinus carotici A carotis interna,Sinus
caroticus
Rr.linguales
Glomuscaroticum carotrscommunrs
F i g . 1 7 9 G t o s s o p h a r y n g enaeI r v e ,N . g L o s s o p h a r y n g eIul Xs l ; v i e w e df r o m t h e r i q h t .
Brain
Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase CraniaInerves M e n i n q e s Par tsof the br ai n
Cranialnerves
Sulcusretroolivaris jugulare Foramen Ganglion superius(X) Ganglioninferius(X)
R. auricularis R. meningeus R. communicans cum nervoglossopharyngeo Rr.pharyngeales
N. vagus[X]
A carotiscommunis A subclavia Truncusbrachiocephalicus Alcus aortae Plexuscardiacus
Truncusvagalisposterior Parsthoracicaaortae
N laryngeus superior
Rr. cardiaci cervlcales supenores
N. laryngeus recurrens cardiaci
cervicalesinferiores Rr cardiacithoracici N. laryngeus recurrens Rr.bronchiales Plexuspulmonalis Truncusvagalisanlerior
Hiatusoesophageus Plexusoesophageus
Rr.gastricianteriores
(Rr.splenici)
(Rr.pancreatici)
(Rr.intestinales)
F i g . 4 8 0 V a g u sn e r v eN , .v a g u s[ X J ; bothnerves; comi-crhematin'
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s
S p inaIcor d
Pathways
Rr.musculares
, .a c c e s s o r i u [ Xsl ] ; Fig.481 Accesson r ye r v eN viewed f r o mt h er i q h t .
Radixsuperior (Plexuscervicalis)
nerve,N Fig.182 HypogtossaI v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
Brain
BLoodvesse[s
Cr aniatbase CraniaInerves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
N nasociliaris
Fissuraorbitalis superior
A. ophthalmica
N oculomotorius llll N ophthalmicus[V/1]
N trigeminus [V] pupillae M. sphincter Ganglion trigeminale
M ciliaris Nn ciliares breves
Plexuscaroticus Ganglion ciliare Radix sensoria
Ganglion cervicale supenus
Radix parasympathica
Medullacervicalis
Radix sympathica
Nuclear egion: A c c e s s o r yn u c l e u so f t h e o c u t o m o t o rn e r v e N u c L e u sa c c e s s o r i u sn e r v io c u t o m o t o r i i
F i 9 . 4 8 3 C i t i a r yg a n g L i o nG, a n g L i ocni I i a r e ; overvtew.
I I
Specificviscerat-efterent fibres(SVE)
I I
Generaland specificvisceral-afferent fibres(G/SVA)
sympatheticfibres
I
Generalsomatic-afierent f ibres(GSA)
N maxillaris [V/2] N trigeminus [V]
N. inlraorbitalis* N zygomaticus Glandula lacrimalis
Gangliontrigeminale
N facialis[Vll]
Fissuraorbitalisinferior Rr.orbitales'
Rr. nasalesposteriores superiores laterales* N pharyngeus* Foramen sphenopalatinum N. nasopalatinus* Plexus caroticus
Br. nasalesposleriores superiores mediales* Ganglion ceruicale supenus
Medulla ceruicalis
N. palatinus major, Rr. nasalesposterioresinferioresi N canalis pterygoidei
F i g . 1 8 1 P t e r y g o p a t a t i ngea n g L i o nG, a n g L i opnt e r y g o p a L a t i n u m ; overvrew. * lnnervation f t h eg t a n dos f t h en o s ea n dt h ep a L a t e
Nn palatiniminores*
N [ e a rr e q i o n : S e r i o r s J t i v a t o r yn u c [ e u s , N u c l e u ss a t i v a t o r i ussu p e r i o r
Ventrictes T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s
Pathways
S p i n a Ic o r d
Gangliontrigeminale
N trigeminus [Vl
Foramenovale
N lacialis [Vll]
N glossopharyngeus flXl
N. mandibularis [V/31 Rr ganglionares Radixsensoria:
Plexustympanicus Radixparasympathica: N petrosus minor
N buccalis N. musculitensorisvelioalatini
N. musculitensoristympani oticum Ganglion Glandula oarotidea N lingualis
Chordatympani inferior N. alveolaris N auriculotemporalis Medulla ceruicalis
Radix sympathica
Ganglion cervicale superius
A. meningea media
Nuclear eqron: yucteus, In f e r i o rs a t - v a t o r n N u c [ e u ss a t i v a t o r i u si n f e r i o r
F i g .4 8 5 O t i ca a n g t i o nG , a n g t i o no t i c u m ; overvtew.
I I
General visceral-efferentf ibres (GVE) Specific visceral-efferentf ibres (SVE)
I I
fibres(G/SVA) Generaland specilicvisceral-afierent
sympatheticfibres
I
fibres(GSA) Generalsomatic-afterent
N trigeminus [Vl Ganglion trigeminale N facialis[Vll] Foramen ovale N mandibularis [V/31
N. lingualis
Radixsensoria: Rr.ganglionares
N. lingualis
Glandulae salivariae mrnores
Plexuscaroticus sublingualis Glandula Ganglion submandibulare
Ganglion cervicale superius
Medulla cervicalis
Badix sympathica
F i g . 4 8 5 S u b m a n d i b u t a r g a n g t iG oa nn , g t i osnu b m a n d i b u t a r e ; overvtew.
Glandula submandibularis
Nuctearegion: S u p e r i o rs a L i v a t o rnyu c t e u s , N u c L e u s a t i v a t o r i us u P e r r o r
B [ o o dv e s s e t s
C r a n i ab I ase
Cranialnerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
topography
Corpuscallosum, Genu
Septumpellucidum Sinussagittalis superior Laminaterminalis
Falx cerebri
Commissura anterior Fornix
A cerebrianterior
Forameninterventriculare Sinussagittalis inferior Bulbusolfactorius Infundibulum Tractusolfactorius CorDus callosum. Truncus Chiasmaopticum Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii
N opticuslll A ophthalmica
Adhesio interthalamica
Tractusopticus Venkiculus tertius
N oculomotorius llll (Plicapetroclinoidea anterio0 N trochlearis lvl
Substantia nigra Nucleusruber Corpuscallosum, Splenium
N abducens [Vl]
V magnacerebri
N. trigeminus [V] Tentorium cerebelli
Glandulapinealis
N facialis[Vll] vestibulocochlearis vilrl grossopnaryngeus
Pedunculus cerebri Colliculus superiorsinister
lxl
Colliculiinleriores
N vagus[X]
Sinusrectus
N accessorius [XI]
Velummedullare superius
N hypoglossus [Xll]
Pedunculi cerebellares
A basilaris
Vermis cerebelli
Velummedullare inferius
quartus Ventriculus N. accessorius[Xl], Radices spinales
Confluens sinuum Plexuschoroideus ventriculi ouadi ADertura mediana venviculiouarti gracile Tuberculum Tuberculum cuneatum Medulla spinalis
F i g . 1 8 7 C o u r s eo f t h e c r a n i a Ln e r v e s N , n .c r a n i a t e s , i n t h e s u b a r a c h n o si dp a c e ; t h e l e f t h e m i s p h e r eo f t h e c e r e b r u ma n d t h e c e r e b e t l u ma s w e t l a s t h e t e n t o r i u mc e r e b e l t i havebeen removed.
Ventric[es Topography S e cti o n s S p i naIcor d
Pathways
Capsulainterna
Ventriculuslateralis, Cornufrontale
A. carotisinterna, Parscerebralis
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale A. cerebriposterior
A cerebrianterior Cisternaambiens; Pedunculus cerebri N-opticusflll
N. trochlearis ilVl N trigeminus [V]
A. ophthalmica N. oculomotorius illll Sinuspetrosus superlor
A. carotisinterna, Parscavernosa
N. abducens[Vll N. ophthalmicus [V/11
Sinuscavernosus Ganglion trigeminale
N mandibularis [V/3]
N maxillaris[V/2]
Fig.488 Courso e f t h ec r a n i anI e r v e sN, n .c r a n i a t e s , c r a n im i edia. i n t h em i d d t ec r a n i aflo s s aF. o s s a
\a
a,z-\
A cerebrianteriordextra, Parspostcommunicalis Chiasmaopticum Infundibulum Substantia nigra N. opticusilll Pedunculus cerebri, Cruscerebri A. carotisinterna, Parscerebralis
N oculomotorius fllll N.trochlearis IV]
A ophthalmica
(Plicapetroclinoidea anterior) N. trigeminus M, Radixmotoria
N. ophthalmicus [V/1] trigeminale* Ganglion
N trigeminus [Vl, Radixsensoria
N. maxillaris[V/2]
N. abducens [Vll N.tacialis[Vll] N vestibulocochlearis [Vlll]
N mandibularis [V/31
F i g . 4 8 9 A r t e r i ea s n dn e r v e isn t h er e g i o no f t h es e [ [ at u r c i c a , , i n u sc a v e r n o s u s . S e l t at u r c i c aa,n dt h ec a v e r n o ussi n u sS * C t i n i c atIe r m : G A S S E R |gaann g l i o n
Brain
ffil.und vesse{.E C r a n i a b t ase
Craniatnerves Menin ges F a r t s o f t h e b r a i n
Vessels andnervesof the cranialbase
Nn oltactorii ill A communicans anterioro
Foramina cribrosa Hypophysis
N opticuslll : A carotisinterna,a Parscerebralis
Canalisopticus Proc clinoideus anterior
A ophthalmrcaa A cerebri media O N trochlearis[tV] :
Proc clinoideus posterior
N frontalis ; V ophthalmicasuperior a N lacrimalis.
Fissuraorbilalis supeflor
N abducens [Vl] r N nasociliaris :
Foramenrotundum
N oculomotorius[lll] i
aA cerebriposterior
A carotis interna, a Pars cavernosa N maxillaris[V/2] ,
Sulcuscaroticus
A communicans posterior O Plexus caroticus internus .,
Foramenlacerum
Plexus venosus caroticus internus a plexus venosus a foraminisovalis N mandibularis[V/3] ,
Foramen ovale Sulcusarteriae meningeae mediae Apexpartispetrosae
r_ pars a I A. cerebriJ precommunicalis pars a posteriorI I postcommunicalis
\
Foramen spinosum
R meningeus, A meningea mediao N petrosus minor
Canaliscaroticus oA superiorcerebelli
N petrosusmajor A basilaris a
Hiatuscanalis nervipetrosiminoris
N f a c i a l i[sV l l ],
Hiatuscanalis nervipetrosimajoris
N vestibulocochlearis [Vlll],, N accessorius [Xl]'.
Porusacusticus Internus aA labyrinthi
A meningea posterior a N vagus[X] I N glossopharyngeus [lX] ,
jugulare Foramen Sulcussinussigmoidei
S i n u ss i g m o i d e uas
o A inferioranterior cerebelli Canalisnervihypoglossi
N hypoglossus [Xll] a A vertebralis O A inferiorposterior
l\4edullaoblongata
cerebelli Pia mater cranialis Spatium subarachnoideum
Foramen magnum o Sinus occipitalis
Arachnoideamater cranialis
Duramatercranialis
F i g , 1 9 0 P a s s a g eo f v e s s e t sa n d n e r v e st h r o u g ht h e i n t e r n a I s u r f a c eo f c r a n i a Lb a s e ,B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a . n dt h e c e r e b r a I a r t e r i aLc i r c t e ,C i r c u t u sa r t e r i o s u sc e r e b r i[ w t r u S ]: s u p e n o rv r e w .
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i natcor d
Pathways sinusandpituitarygland Cavernous
Dorsumsellae posterior Sinusintercavernosus
Neurohypophysis
Infundibulum Diaphragmasellae
Adenohypophysis N. opticusflll Sinusintercavernosus anterior Sellaturcica,Fossahypophysialis
Sinussphenoidalis
Corpus Os sphenoidale,
F i g .1 9 1 P i t u i t a r9yl . a n dH, y p o p h y s[ iGs t a n d u p L iat u i t a r i a l .
Diaphragmasellae
Sinusintercavernosi
Chiasmaopticum N. opticusilll A. ophthalmica
Sinuscavernosus
A. carotisinterna, Parscerebralis
N oculomotorius illl A carotisinterna, Parscavernosa
Proc.clinoideusanterior lnlundibulum
N trochlearislvl N abducens[Vl] N ophthalmicus [V/1] Duramatercranialis
Sellaturcica, Fossahypophysialis
N. maxillaris [V/21
Sinussphenoidalis Septumsinuum sphenoidalium
Apexpartispetrosae Fissurasphenopetrosa (Fibrocartilago basalis)
,d , y p o p h y s[ iGs t a n d u p F i g . 4 9 2 P i t u i t a rgyt a n dH t ai t u i t a r i aal n c a v e r n o ussi n u sS , i n u sc a v e r n o s u s .
(Procclinoideus medius) N. opticusilll A carotisinterna,Parscerebralis A. ophthalmica
Sulcusorechiasmaticus Diaphragma sellae
pituitaria] Hypophysis [Glandula N. abducens[Vl]
N. oculomotorius illll Fissurasphenopetrosa N. trochlearislVl N ophthalmicus [V/11 N maxillaris[V/2]
A carotisinterna,Parscavernosa
N mandibularis [V/3]
Ganglion trigeminale
F i g , 4 9 3 C a v e r n o u s i n u s ,S i n u sc a v e r n o s u s ; t h e p a r t o f t h e c r a n i a Id u r a m a t e rf o r m i n gt h e l a t e r a Iw a [ [ o f t h e c a v e r n o u s i n u sh a s b e e nr e m o v e d ; t h et r i g e m i n ag I a n g l i o nh a s b e e nr e fl e c t e dt o t h e s i d e .
Brain
B to o dv essets C r a n i a bI a s e
Cr aniaIner ves Menin ges Par tsof the br ai n
CraniaL duramaterandsuperiorsagittalsinus
Galea aponeurotica
Laminaexterna Sinussagittalis superior
Lamina interna
Granulationes arachnoideae
A, meningea medra, R frontalis
Lacunae laterales
Granulationes arachnoideae
Duramater cranialis
A. meningea media,
F i g .t + 9 t + C r a n i a d I u r a m a t e r ,D u r a m a t e rc r a n i a [ i s , a n d s u p e r i o sr a g i t t a t s i n u S s ,i n u ss a g i t t a Lsi su p e r i o r , w i t h s o m e l a t e r a [[ a c u n a eL. a c u n a e[ a t e r a L e s .
Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i nalcor d
Pathways Superficialvesselsof the brain
Duramatercranialis
Vv.superiores cerebri, W frontales
A callosomarginalis
W mediae superficiales cereon
A. sulci precentralis
V anastomotica supenor
A sulci centralis
Vv superiores cereofl, W parietales
Rr.paracentrales
A sulci postcentralis Granulationes arachnoideae
A parietalis posterior R. gyriangularis
R precunealis
W superiores cerebri, W, occipitales
R parietooccipitalis
F i g . 4 9 5 S u p e r f i c i a t a r t e r i easn d v e i n so f t h e b r a i n ; t h e c r a n i a I d u r am a t e r h a s b e e nr e m o v e da n d t h e s u p e r i o r s a g i t t a sI i n u sh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e d ; a f t e r r e m o v a I o ft h e c r a n i a L a r a c h n o m i da t e r .
B t o o dv e E s e t s C r a n i a b I ase
Gr aniatner ves Menin ges Par tsof the br ai n
CraniaI arachnoidmater
Fissuralonoitudinalis cerebri
Arachnoideamater cranialis
w superiores cerebn, W parietales
Granulationesarachnoideae*
F i g . 1 9 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a [ o nw,i t h c r a n i a L a r a c h n o m i da t e r , Arachnoidem a a t e rc r a n i a L i s ; s u p e f l o rv r e w * A t s oP : A c c H t 0 Ngt ar ann u t a t i o n s
Vent ric le s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s
S p i naIcor d
Pathways Cranialarachnoidmater
Bulbusolfactorius Cisterna chiasmatica
Tractusolfactorius
N opticuslll
A carotisinterna
interDeduncularis Cisterna N oculomotorius l[] N abducens [Vl]
N trigeminus [V]
N facialis[Vll]
N intermedius (N facialis[Vll])
N vestibulocochlearis
[vilr] N glossopharyngeus
ilxl N vagus[X] i
r .' y'
\ N. accessorius [Xl] \ Arachnoideamater cranialis
Pia mater cranialis
lvledullaoblongata
Hemispheriumcerebelli
A vertebralis
cerebellomedullaris Cisterna
F i g . 1 9 7 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L ow n i, t h c r a n i a Ia r a c h n o i dm a t e r , A r a c h n o i d em a a t e rc r a n i a L i s
> Brain
B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e
C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s
Partsof the brain
Hindbrain Cerebrattracts
0rganisation of the brain
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon* Encephalon
Rhombencephalon
F i g . 4 9 8 O r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e c e n t r a In e r v o u ss y s t e m ; m e d i a ns e c t i o ns: c h e m a . P a r t sm a r k e dw i t h + t o g e t h e rf o r m t h e b r a i n s t e m , T r u n c u se n c e p h a L i .
Sulcuscentralis
N oculomotorius illll
Foramen interuentriculare
Lobusparietalis
Operculumparietale
Mesencephalon
Insula[Lobus insularisl Medullaspinalis
Fig. 199 Devetopmentof the brain; m o d e lo f t h e b r a i no f a n a p p r o x 2 . - m o n t h - o t de m b r y o ; m e d i a ns e c t i o n .
F i g .5 0 0 D e v e t o p m e notf t h e b r a i n ; b r a i no f a n a p p r o x 4 - m o n t h - o l df o e t u s( c r o w n - r u m p t e n g t h2 0 c m l ; viewedfrom the teft.
Ven t ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a cI o r d
Pathways
suDerior Sulcusfrontalis
Gyrusfrontalis superior inferior Sulcusfrontalis
Gyrusfrontalis medius
Sulcusprecentralis
Gyrusprecentralis Sulcuscentralis
Gyrus postcentralis Sulcus postcentralis
Gyrus supramarginalis
Gyrusangularis Sulcusintraparietalis Lobulusparietalis superior
Lobulus parietalisinferior
Sulcuscinguli
Sulcusoarietooccioitalis
F i g . 5 0 1 C e r e b r u mC, e r e b r u m ; a f t e r r e m o v a L otfh e c r a n i a Ia r a c h n o i dm a t e r ; S U D E T I OVTI C W
F o r m a t i o no f t h e g y r iv a r i e sc o n s i d e r a b t y .
Brain
B L o o dv e s s e [ s
C r a n i ab I ase
CnaniaI ner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain Hindbrain Cerebnattracts
of the
Inlundibuium
Polus frontalis
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri
Sulci orbitales
Sulcusolfactorius
Gyriorbitales
Bulbusolfactorius N o p t i c u lsl l \
\
.
Tractusolfactorius
Hypophysis Polustemporalis
Chiasmaopticum
perforata Substantia anterior
Stria ollactorialateralis
Tubercinereum N maxillaris [V/2]
Gyrusparahippocampalis, UNCUS
N ophthalmicus [V/1]
Corpusmamillare Fossa interpeduncularis
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis
N, trigemlnus [V], Radixmotoria
Sulcus temporalis inferior
N. mandibularis [V/3]
Pedunculus cerebri
Ganglion trigeminale
Gyrus parahippocampalis
N trochlearisilVl
N trigeminus [V]
Pons
N intermedius N trigeminus [V], Radixsensoria
N. facialis lvill
N abducens [Vl] N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
Hemispherium cerebelli
LOOUS
flocculonodularis, Flocculus Hemispherium cerebelli
Oliva
Pyramismedullae oblongatae
Piexuschoroideus quarti ventriculi
Medulla oblongata, Fissura mediana anterior
N glossopharyngeus lXl N vagus [X]
Tonsillacerebelli
N hypoglossus [Xll] Polus occipitalis
N accessorius [Xl] Fila radicularianerui ceruicalis
lcll pyramidum Decussatio
Medulla spinalis Vermis cerebelli
F i g .5 0 2 C e r e b r u m C , erebrum; b r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a Lwi ,i t h c e r e b e t L u m , CerebeL[um a ,s w e [ La s c r a n i a Ln e r v e s N , n.craniaLes; i n f e r i o rv i e w
Ventrictes Topography S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d
Pathways Baseof the brain
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Polusfrontalis
Sulcusolfactorius Chiasmaopticum
Sulciorbitales
Polustemporalis
Tubercinereum
Fossalateraliscerebri
Gyrus parahippocampalis, Uncus
Trigonumolfactorium Sulcustemporalis inferior
Fossa interpeduncularis
Corpus mamillare
Gyrioccipitotemporales medialis el lateralis
Pedunculus cerebri
Substantia nrgra
Gyrus temporalis inlerior
Sulcus hippocampalis
Substantia perforata posterior
Sulcus collateralis
Gyrus parahippocampalis Sulcus occipitotemporalis lsthmusgyricinguli Tegmentum.. mesencepnarl Tectummesenceohali, Colliculus superior Aqueductusmesenc€phali Splenium Corpuscallosum, Polusoccipitalis
Sulcuscalcarinus
F i g . 5 0 3 G y r iG , y r ia, n dg r o o v e sS,u t c i , o f t h ec e r e b r ahLe m i s p h e r e s ; t h em i d b r a i h n a sb e e ns e c t i o n e d .
B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e
C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r attr a c t s Lobesof thetelencephalon
Polusfrontalis Sulcuscentralis Fissuralongitudinalis cereorl
Lobusfrontalis
Lobusparietalis Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Lobusfrontalis
Sulcuscentralis Polus frontalis Polus occipitalis
Lobusparietalis Lobustemporalis
LOOUS occipitalis
Fossalateralis cerebri
Sulcus parietooccipitalis
Inctsura preoccipitalis
Lobustemporalis
Polustemporalis
Sulcuslateralis
Lobusoccipitalis Polus occipitalis
F i g .5 0 4 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; s u 0 e n o rv t e w .
F i g .5 0 5 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; viewedfrom the Left.
Polusfrontalis Lobusfrontalis Corpuscallosum
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri
Gyruscinguli Sulcuscinguli Sulcuscentralis
Polustemporalis
Lobusfrontalis
Fossalateraliscerebri
Lobuslimbicus
Lobustemporalis Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Diencephalon Polus frontalis
Lobuslimbicus, Gyrus parahippocampalis
Sulcus catcannus
Sulcuscollateralis
Polus occipitalis
Sulcushippocampalis
Fossa lateraliscerebri
preocciDitalis Incisura N4esencephalon
Lobusoccipitalis
LOOUS occipitalis
Polustemporalis Gyrusparahippocampalis, uncus Diencephalon Sulcus hippocampalis
Lobustemporalis Sulcuscollateralis
Polus occipitalis
F i g . 5 0 5 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; i n f e r i o rv i e w .
F i g .5 0 7 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; m e d i a Iv i e w .
preIncrsura occipitalis
Ve n t ric l e s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d
Pathways
parietale Operculum frontale; Operculum
Sulcusprecentralis Gyrusprecentralis
Gyrusfrontalis inferior, Parsopercularis
Sulcuscentralis** Gyruspostcentralis Sulcusoostcentralis
Gyrusfrontalis superior
Sulcuslateralis. R oosterior Sulcusintraoarietalis Gyrusfrontalismedius
Gyrussupramarginalis Gyrusangularis Lobulusparietalis supeflor
Polusfrontalis
Lobulusparietalis inferior
Gyrusfrontalis inferior, Parstriangularis
Sulcus parietooccipitalis
Gyrusfrontalisinferior, Parsorbitalis B. anterior f Sulcuslateralis*I I B ascendens
Sulcustemporalis supeflor Sulcuslunatus
Polustemporalis Gyrustemporalis superior
Polusoccipitalis
SulcustemDoralis suoeriot
inferior Gyrustemporalis
Gyrustemporalis medius
lncisuraoreocciDitalis
inferior Sulcustemooralis
F i g . 5 0 8 G y r i ,G y r i ,a n d g r o o v e sS, u [ c i , o f t h e c e r e b r ah I emispheres; viewedfrom the teft. * Sulcusof SYLVIUS *+Sutcusof RoLANDo Lobusparietalis
Sulcuscircularis insulae
Sulcuscentralis tnsulae
Gyruslongusinsulae
Lobusfrontalis
Lobusoccipitalis Limeninsulae
Gyribrevesinsulae
preoccipitalis Incisura Lobustemporalis
F i g . 5 0 9 G y r i ,G y r i ,a n d g r o o v e sS, u t c i , of thecerebrah Lemispheres; exposureof the insulaafter removalof the frontat, p a r i e t a aI n d t e m p o r a Io p e r c u [ a ; viewedfrom the Left
> Brain
B to o dvessets C r a n i abI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebraltracts
Gyriof the cerebralhemispheres
Margosuperior Sulcuscentralis
Sulcusintraparietalis
Sulcus parietooccipitalis
Sulcuset Fossalateralis cerebri
preoccipitalis Incisura
F i g . 5 1 0 G y r i ,G y r i ,o f t h e c e r e b r a h I emispheres; viewedfrom the teft.
lsthmusgyricinguli
F i g .5 1 1 G y r i ,G y r i ,o f t h e c e r e b r a h I emispheres; m e d i a Iv i e w .
Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s
S p i n a Ic o r d
Pathways
Gyrusfrontalls inferior, Parsopercularis
Gyrustemporalistransversusanterior
F i g .5 1 2 F u n c t i o n acI o r t i c a a I r e a so f t h e c e r e b r a t h e m i s p h e r eas c c o r d i n gt o F O E R S T E R ; viewedfrom the teft.
I
ffi
T h e s o m a t o t o p ioc r g a n i s a t i oins i t l u s t r a t e ds c h e m a t i c a t [ y . The primary receivingarea for auditoryimpulses(fl extends o v e rt h e u p p e re d g eo f t h e t e m p o r a ll o b eo n t o i t s i n n e rs u r f a c e .
Motorprojectionarea
Auditoryprojectionarea
Motorassociationarea
Auditoryassociationarea
Sensoryprojectionarea
,'i't'ti:;i;,,.Sensoryassociationarea
r
ffi
Visualprojection area Visualassociationarea
Sulcuscalcarinus
F i g .5 1 3 F u n c t i o n acl o r t i c a a l r e a so f t h e c e r e b r a l h e m i s p h e r e as c c o r d i n gt o F 0 E R S T E R ; mediaLview.
T h e s o m a t o t o p ioc r g a n i s a t i oins i [ [ u s t r a t e ds c h e m a t i c a t l y
B[oodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Brain
H i n d b r a i n CerebraItracts
Gyrusrectus Bulbusolfactorius N. opticusilll Tractusolfactorius Chiasmaopticum Trigonum olfactorium Fornix,Columna
Tractusopticus
Corpus mamillare
Corpus
Uncus
amygdaloideum
Gyrus paranrppocampalis
Fornix, Corpus
Gyrus dentatus
Corpus callosum, Truncus
Fornix,Crus
Corpuscallosum, Splenium Fornix, Commissura Gyruscinguli Gyrusfasciolaris
Fig.514 FornixF , ornix; I f t h e b a s a tp a r t so f t h e b r a i n ; a f t e rr e m o v ao i n f e r i o rv i e w .
Fornix,Corpus Truncus Corouscallosum.
Sulcuscinguli
Septumpellucidum
Corpuscallosum, Splenium
Fornix,Columna(Parslibera)
Fornix,Crus
Forameninterventriculare
SulcusDarietooccioitalis
Corpuscallosum, Genu
Cuneus Sulcuscalcarinus
Rostrum Corpuscallosum, Polusfrontalis
Bulbusolfactorius Polusoccipitalis
anterior Commissura
Lobusoccipitalis
Tractusolfactorius N. opticuslll
Thalamus
Laminaterminalis
Fimbria hippocampi
Fornix,Columna(Parstecta)
Gyrusdentatus
Corpusmamillare
Fasciculus mamillothalamicus
Uncus Gyrusparahippocampalis,
F i g . 5 1 5 F o r n i x ,F o r n i x ; i n f e r o m e d i avIi e w .
Ve nt ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n acI o r d
Pathways and anterior commissure
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuf rontate
(Centrum semiovale)
N. oculomotorius llll
Commissura anterior
Chiasmaopticum
N. trochlearis ilVl
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale
N.trigeminus [V]
N abducens [Vl]
N facialis[Vll]
Flocculus N vestibulocochlearis [Vllll N. glossopharyngeus ilXl
Plexuschoroideus quarti ventriculi
N vagus[X] Hemisoherium cerebelli
N. accessorius [Xll
Medulla oblongata
N hypoglossus [Xlll
F i g ,5 1 6 A n t e r i o rc o m m i s s u r eC, o m m i s s u r a n t e r i o ra, n d b r a i n s t e m , T r u n c u se n c e p h a L i : a f t e r p a r t i a Ir e m o v a I o ft h e b a s a Ip a r t so f t h e c e r e b r u m ; a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w
Fornix,Corpus
Fornix,Commissura Corpuscallosum, Splenium Gyrusfasciolaris
Corpusamygdaloideum
Fimbria hippocampi
Corpusmamillare
Gyrusdentatus Pes hippocampi
F i g , 5 1 7 B o t hf o r n i c e s F , o r n i c e sa, n d a n t e r i o rc o m m i s s u r e , C o m m i s s u r aa n t e r i o r ; viewedfrom the Left.
Btoodvessets C r a n i a bI a s e
Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrattracts
Sinussagittalis superior inferior Sinussagittalis V thalamostriata superior
Falx cerebri A callosomarginalis A pericallosa
Truncus Corpuscallosum,
W superiores cerebri, W parietales
lateralis, Parscentralis Ventriculus
Caputnuclei caudati
Fornix,Corpus Plexuschoroideus lateralis ventriculi
V internacerebri Thalamus
Capsulainterna Capsulaexterna
Putamen
Capsulaextrema Globi pallidilateralis et medialis
Aa. insulares
W mediae superficiales cereorl
A cerebrimedia, Br terminales
Insuta
Claustrum
Aa centrales anterolaterales
Ventriculus tertius Corpus amygdaloideum
V mediaprofunda cerebri
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale
Hippocampus
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii
VV inferiores cerebri V basalis Plexus basilaris A basilaris
A cerebriposterior
A cerebri media, Pars sphenoidalis
Cisterna oontocerebellaris
Pons
F i g .5 1 8 B L o osdu p p t oy f t h e b a s a Ig a n g L i a ; frnntal scctinn.
t h e a r t e r i e sa r e s h o w no n t h e r i g h t a n d t h e v e i n so n t h e l e f t ; p o s t e r i o vr i e w .
Nucleuscaudatus, Corous Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis
Putamen Thalamus G l o b u sp a l l i d u s
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornulrontale
lateralis, Ventriculus Cornuoccipitale
Nucleuscaudatus, Caput
Corpus amygdaloideum
Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale
F i q . 5 1 9 B a s a Ig a n g t i a n d t h a [ a m u sT. h a [ a m u s : viewedfrom the Left.
Ve n t ric l e s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d
Pathways
Septumpellucidum Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii Corpuscallosum, Rostrum Forameninterventriculare
Fornix,Corpus Fornix,Commissura Corpuscallosum, Splenium Telachoroideaventriculitertii
Fornix,Columna Gyrusparaterminalis
Thalamus Striamedullaris thalami
Commissura anterior Areasubcallosa Laminaterminalis
Sulcushypothalamicus Commissura habenularum
Hypothalamus
Recessus suprapinealis
Recessus supraopticus Recessus infundibuli
pinealis Becessus pinealis Glandula
Chiasmaopticum Corpusmamillare sinistrum
Commissuraposterior Tectummesencephali
Cisterna chiasmatica
Tegmentum mesencephali
A cerebriposterior
Aqueductus mesencephali
Sinusintercavernosus
Cisternainterpeduncularis
Adenohypophysis
Lobuluscentralis
Neurohypophysis
Velummedullare superius
A basilaris Pons
Plexusbasilaris
F i g .5 2 0 T h i r dv e n t r i c [ eV, e n t r i c u L ut e s rtius; m e d i a ns e c t i o n
Fornix,Corpus Corpuscallosum. Rostrum Columnafornicis
Foramen interventriculare
interthalamica
Thalamus Plexuschoroideus
Commissura anterior
Striamedullaris thalami
Laminaterminalis
Nucleusdorsomedlalis
Nucleiparaventriculares
Nucleusdorsalis hypothalami
Areahypothalamica lateralis
Areahypothalamica lateralis
Nucleipreoptici
Fasciculus mamillothalamicus
Nucleusanterior hypothalami
Sulcushypothalamicus
Tractusparaventriculohypophysialis
Nucleusposterior hypothalami
Nucleus suprachiasmaticus
Fasciculus mamillotegmentalis
Becessus supraopticus
Nucleitegmentales
Chiasmaopticum Nucleussupraopticus
(Nucleicorporis mamillaris)
N opticusilll
Nucleusruber
A hypophysialis superior (A carotisinterna, Parscerebralis)
Substantiaperforata posterior
Tractushypothalamohypophysialis
Nucleusventromedialis hypothalami
Adenohypophysis Nucleituberales et arcuati
W portales hypophysiales A hypophysialis inferior(A carotisinterna,Parscavernosa)
Neurohypophysis
F i g . 5 2 1 H y p o t h a L a m uH s ,y p o t h a L a m u s ; overview;n uctei a re i ltustratedtra nstucentLy; mediaIview.
Tractussupraopticohypophysialis
> Brain
B l o o dv e s s e [ s
Craniab I ase Forebrain
Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain Midbrain H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r a t t r a c t s
Thalamicnuclei
Capsula interna
b Left cerebraIhemisphere;viewedfrom the Lefl
Nucleireticulares Nucleianteriores Nucleimediales Nucleimediani; Adhesio interthalamica Nucleiventrales: Nucleusventralis anterior; Nucleusventralis intermedius; Nucleusventralis posterolateralis; Nucleusventralis posteromedialis
; e d i a lv i e w c R i g h tc e r e b r a h [ e m i s p h e r em
Nucleusparafascicularis Nucleuscentromedianus
a H o r i z o n t asIe c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e l e f t c e r e b r ahI e m i s p h e r e F i g . 5 2 2a - c N u c t e ia n d c o r t i c a lp r o j e c t i o nos f t h e t h a t a m u s , Thatamus C o r r e s p o n d i nngu c l e ia n d c o r t i c a Ip r o j e c t i o nas r e i n d i c a t e d b v t h e s a m ec o l o u r .
F i g .5 2 3 T h a L a m i nc u c t e i ; o b L i q u vei e wf r o m p o s t e r i o r . F o r c o l o u rc o d i n gs e e F i 1 . 5 2 2 .
Fibrae corticorubrales; Fibrae corticospinales; Nucleuscaudatus. Corous
Fibrae corticoreticulares; Fibrae corticothalamicae;Fibrae thalamoparietales
Genucaosulaeinternae. Fibraeiorticonucleares Thalamus
Radiationesthalami centrales Fibrae temporopontinae
Crus anterius capsulae tnlernae
Fladiationes thalami anteriores
Radiationes thalami posteriores
Tractus frontopontinus
Fibrae parietooccipitopontinae Radiatiooptica Radiatioacustica
Tractusopticus
Pedunculus cerebri
, a d i a t i o n et hs a L a m i , F i g .5 2 1 T h a t a m i cr a d i a t i o nR a n d i n t e r n a Ic a p s u L eC, a p s u t ai n t e r n a ,h a v eb e e n d i v i d e db y a f r o n t a Is e c t i o n ; viewedf rom the [eft.
Crus posterius capsurae internae
Ven t ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d
Vermis cerebelli
Tectum,Colliculus superior
Pathways
Glandula pinealis
mesenceDhali Aoueductus grisea Substantia centralis
Hemispherium cerebelli
Fissurahorizontalis N, trigeminus [V]
Cruscerebri N oculomotorius !lll
F i g .5 2 5 M i d b r a i nM , esencepha[on; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e Io f t h e s u o e r i o rc o t l i c u L i : a n t e n o rv i e w .
Chiasmaopticum
Trigonum olfactorium
Substantiaperforataanterior Corpusmamillare Tractusopticus
Substantiaperforataposterior
I
HATS
SubstantiaI reticularis nrgrat Hars I \ compacra Nucleusruber
Pulvinarthalami
griseacentralis Substantia mesencephali Aoueductus
Fig.526 Midbrain,Mesencephaton, a n d d i e n c e p h a l oD n i, e n c e p h a t o n ; a f t e r o b I i q u es e c t i o no f t h e m i d b r a i n ; i n f e r i o rv i e w
> Brain
B l o o dv e s s e [ s
C r a n i ab I ase
Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrattracts
Midbrainand medullaoblonqata
Ventriculus tertius Recessus suprapinealis
posterior Commissura Striaterminalis
Trigonum habenulare G l a n d u l ap i n e a l i s
Taeniachoroidea
Thalamus, Pulvinar thalami
Brachium colliculi superioris
Metathalamus,
Brachium colliculiinlerioris
Corpus geniculatummediale l/etathalamus, Corpus geniculatumlaterale
Trigonumlemniscilateralis
Colliculus superior
Frenulum velimedullaris superioris
Colliculus interior N trochlearis lvl Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Pedunculus cerebellaris suoerior Fossa rhomboidea,Eminentiamedialis
Velummedullare suoerius
F i g . 5 2 7 M i d b r a i nM , e s e n c e p h a L oann,d p i n e a Ig | ' a n d , G [ a n d u t pa i n e a L i s ; p o s t e r i o r - s u p e r i ov ri e w . 527 528
Septumpellucidum Corouscallosum. Truncus
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Fornix,Columnae
Nucleuscaudatus, Caput
(Becessus triangularis)
Forameninterventriculare
Commissura anterior
Tuberculum anterius thalami Nucleuscaudatus. Corous
Ventriculus tertius
Striaterminalis
Brachium colliculi superioris
Laminaaffixa Colliculus superior
Taeniachoroidea
Corpusgeniculatum mediale
Trigonum habenulare posterior Commissura
Brachium colliculiinferioris
G l a n d u lpai n e a l i s
Corpusgeniculatum laterale Thalamus, Pulvinarthalami
Colliculus inferior Pedunculus cerebri N trochlearis lvl
Frenulum velimedullaris suoerioris Vermis cerebelli,Lingulacerebelli
Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Flocculus Telachoroidea ventriculiouarti Fossa rhomboidea,Sulcus medianus
Aoerturamedianaventriculi ouarti Tuberculum cuneatum Fasciculus cuneatus
Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior Pedunculusfloccculi
ADertura lateralis ventriculi ouarti Plexuschoroideus ventriculi ouarti gracile Tuberculum gracilis Fasciculus
F i g .5 2 8 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a L i ; t h e p o n sa n d m a j o r p a r t so f t h e c e r e b e l t u mh a v eb e e nr e m o v e d ; t h e t e t ac h o r o i d e ao f t h e f o u r t hv e n t r i c t eh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e di n t h e m e d i a np l a n ea n d r e fL e c t e d to the right; posterior-superio v ire w
Ve n t ric te s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d
Pathways Midbrainandmedullaoblongata
Frenulum veli superioris medullaris
Brachium colliculi inferioris Colliculus inferior
Velummedullare supenus
Pedunculus cerebri
Locuscaeruleus
N trochlearislvl Eminentia medialis Colliculus facialis
Pedunculus cerebellaris superior
Foveasuperior
Pedunculus cerebellaris medius
Sulcuslimitans Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior Aperturalateralis quarti ventriculi
Sulcusmedianus quarti Striamedullaris ventriculi Velummedullare inferius
Areavestibularis Fovea inferior
Trigonum nervihypoglossi Trigonum neruivagi Areapostrema Obex Sulcusposterolateralis posterlor Sulcusintermedius Sulcusmedianus
Tuberculum cuneatum lateralis Funiculus medullae oblongatae gracile Tuberculum Fasciculus cuneatus gracilis Fasciculus
Fig.529 Rhomboidfossa,Fossarhomboidea; view on the floor of the fourth ventricteafter s e c t i o no f t h e c e r e b e l t apr e d u n c l e s ; posterior-superiorview.
Brachium colliculi superioris Corpusgeniculatum mediale Brachium colliculiinferioris
Pulvinarthalami
Corpusgeniculatum laterale
Tractusopticus Pedunculus cerebri Pons t'^,,
Haolxmolona N trioeminus [Vl '-l I I Badixsensoria
Glandula pinealis
Colliculus superior inferior Colliculus N. trochlearis lvl Velummedullare superius superior Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Pedunculus cerebellaris
N facialis [Vll] N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll] Pyramis medullaeoblongatae
inferior Pedunculus cerebellaris Fossarhomboidea, Sulcusmedianus
N. glossopharyngeuslxl N hypoglossus[Xll] N vagus [X]
Tuberculum cuneatum I Badicescraniales N accessonusJ rx[ ' '\ | Badicesspinales I Fadixanterior N cervicalis [C1]1 \ Radixposterior
gracile Tuberculum
F i g ,5 3 0 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a [ i ; o b t i o u ev i e wo n t h e f t o o ro f t h e f o u r t h v e n t r i c t ea f t e r s e c t i o no f t h e c e r e b e l t a r pedu nc[es; [ateraIview.
> Brain
B [ o o dv e s s e t s
C r a n i ab I ase
Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrattracts
Nucleiof the cranialnerves
Nucleusaccessorius nervioculomotorii Nucleusnervioculomotorii
Nucleusmesencephalicus nervitrigemini
Nucleusnervitrochlearis
(Nucleus pontinusneruitrigemini*)
Nucleusmotoriusnervitrigemini
Nucleusnerviabducentis Nucleusnervifacialis Nucleussalivatorius superior
Nucleuscochlearisoosterior
Nucleussalivatorius inferior Nucleusvestibularis suoerior Nucleusvestibularis lateralis Nuclei vestibulares Nucleusvestibularis inferior Nucleusvestibularis medialis
Nucleusambiguus Nucleusdorsalisnervivaoi
Nucleusspinalisnervitrigemini
Nucleusnervihypoglossi
Nucleussolitarius
Nucleus nerviaccessorii F i g . 5 3 1 C r a n i a [n e r v e s N , n.craniates; t o p o g r a p h io c v e r v i e wo f t h e n u c t e i ; posteriorview.
I MK
O n t h e l e f t t h e m o t o r n u c t e ia n d o n t h e r i g h t t h e s e n s o r yn u c t e i areshown. * C t i n i c at eI r m :p r i n c i p a I n s o rnyu c l e uosf t h et r i g e m i n a se n Ie r v e
Generalsomatic-efierent nuclei(GSE)
,rlsffi
ffi
nuclei(G/SVA) Generaland specificvisceral-atferent
Generalvisceral-efierent nuclei(GVE)
General somatic-atferentnuclei (GSA)
Specificvisceral-efferent nuclei(SVE)
Specific somatic-atferent nuclei (SSA)
':rt':
Sulcusmedianus Sulcuslimitans
vil, tx,x Oliva
F i g . 5 3 2 C r a n i a In e r v e s N , n.crania[es; s c h e m a t i cc r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e r h o m b o i d f o s s ad e m o n s t r a t i n tgh e n u c t e r .
vil, tx,x v vil, rx,x, xl ilt,tv,vt,xtl
Ventricles T o p o gra p h y S e c t i o n s S p inaIcor d
Pathways Nucleiof thecranial
pinealis Glandula Nucleusruber Nucleusaccessoriusnervioculomotorii Pedunculus cerebri,Cruscerebri Nucleusnervioculomotorii
N. oculomotorius llll
N trochlearislvl Nucleusnervitrochlearis nerui Nucleusmesencephalicus trigemini N trigeminusIVI --------pontinusnervitrigemini*) (Nucleus Nucleusmotorius nervi trigemini
Nucleusnerviabducentis
pons Nucleivestibulares Nucleusnervifacialis
Nucleussalivatoriussuperior
N abducens [Vl]
Nucleicochleares
N. facialis[Vll]
Nucleussalivatorius inferior
N.vestibulocochlearis [Vllll N. glossopharyngeus lXl
Nucleusdorsalisnervivagi
N vagus[X] Nucleusnervihypoglossi N hypoglossus [Xll]
Nucleusambiguus Nucleussolitarius
N accessorius[Xl]
Nucleusspinalisnervitrigemini
Nucleusnerviaccessorii
N accessorius [Xll,Radicesspinales
I I
ceneratsomatic-efierent nuctei(csE) ceneratviscerat-etferent nuclei(cvE) Specificvisceral-efferentnuclei (SVE)
nuclei(G/SVA) Generaland specificvisceral-afierent
W
nuclei(GSA) Generalsomatic-afferent nuclei(SSA) Speciticsomatic-afferent
Fig.533 Cranian I ervesN , n.craniates; t o p o g r a p h i oc v e r v i e wo f t h e n u c t e i n t h e m e d i a np t a n e . * CtinicaI term:principaL nerve sensory nucteus of thetrigeminaI
Brain
B to o dvesse[s C r a n i a Ib a s e
Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain CerebraItracts
Cerebellum
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii
Ventriculus tertius Tela choroideaventriculitertii
Adhesio interthalamica
Fornix,Columna
Corpuscallosum
Forameninterventriculare Corpuscallosum, Rostrum
pinealis Glandula
Commissura anterior
V magnacerebri
Laminaterminalis
Tectummesencephali
Hypothalamus
Culmen
Corpusmamillare
Aqueductus mesencephali
Chiasmaopticum Recessus infundibuli
Declive
Fossainterpeduncularis Hypophysis
Lobuluscentralis
Tegmentum mesencephali
Lingulacerebelli
Pons Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
Foliumvermis Velummedullare superius
A basilaris
quartus Ventriculus
Fastigium
Decussatio oedunculorum cerebellarium suDeriorum
Tubervermis
Sulcusbulbopontinus Plexuschoroideus quarti ventriculi
Fossarhomboidea A vertebralis
Pyramisvermis
quarti Aperturamedianaventriculi Canaliscentralis Tonsillacerebelli
F i g , 5 3 4 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u sc e r e b r i w , ith t h e c e r e b e t l u mC, e r e b e t l u ma, n d t h e f o u r t h v e n t r i c t eV, e n t r i c u t uqs u a r t u s ; m e d i a ns e c t i o n .
Lingulacerebelli I Lobuluscentralis Lobuscerebelli I anterior Culmen )
Tectummesencephali, Laminatectalis Fissuraprima Aqueductus mesencephali Declive
quartus Ventriculus
Folium vermis Lobus cerebelli poslenor
Tubervermis Pyramisvermis Uvulavermis Medullaspinalis
Fissurasecunda Nodulus
LOOUS
flocculonodularis
F i g .5 3 5 P a r t so f t h e c e r e b e t t avr e r m i s ,V e r m i sc e r e b e t l i ; m e d i a ns e c t i o n ; overvtew
li
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a Ic o r d
.:r.:ii-
Pathways Cerebellum
Lobuluscentralis
L i n g u l ac e r e b e l l i
Lobulusquadrangularis anterior, Parsanterior Fissuraprima
Lobulussimplex, Lobulusquadrangularis posterior
Lobulussemilunaris supenor
inferior Lobulussemilunaris Foliumvermis
F i g .5 3 6 C e r e b e l t u mC, e r e b e t t u m ; posterior-superio v ire w .
Hemispheriumcerebelli
Vermis cerebelli Linoula cerebelli) '
Ala lobuli centralis
I Lobus Lobuluscentralis I cerebelli I antenor Culmen )
Lobulusquadrangularis anterior Fissuraprima Lobulussimplex, Lobulusquadrangularis Posterior
Declive
Lobulussemilunaris supeflor
Foliumvermis
Fissurahorizontalis
Tubervermis
Lobus cerebelli posterior
Lobulussemilunaris inferior Pyramisvermis Lobulus gracilis
Uvulavermis
Lobulusbiventer Fissurasecunda
(Fissuranodulolloccularis)
Tonsillacerebelli
Flocculus
Nodulus
F i g .5 3 7 C e r e b e t l u mC, e r e b e t t u m ; d i a g r a mo f t h e c e r e b e t [ acr o r t e xo u t s t r e t c h e d ; overvtew.
Lobus flocculonodularis
B to o dv essets C r a n i a bI a s e
C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s
Partsof the brain
Overview Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r atIr a c t s
Cerebellum
Velummedullare superius quarti Tegmenventriculi
Lobuluscentralis Ala lobuli centralis Lingulacerebelli
Velummedullare inferius
Pedunculus cerebellaris suoerior
Hemispheriumcerebelli
Pedunculus medius cerebellaris Flocculus
Fissurahorizontalis Recessus lateralis quarti ventriculi Fissuraoosterolateralis Hemispheriumcerebelli
Pedunculus flocculi Valleculacerebelli
Uvulavermis
Nodulus
Fig.538 CerebeILum C,e r e b e t L u m ; a f t e r s e c t i o no f t h e c e r e b e t L aore d u n c L e s : a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Lobulussemilunaris superior
Tubervermis Pyramisvermis
Fissura horizontalis
Uvulavermis Nodulus
Lobulusbiventer
Hemisoheriumcerebelli
Tonsillacerebelli
Flocculus
F i g .5 3 9 C e r e b e I L u m C,e r e b e l L u m ; p o s t e r i o r -ni f e r i o rv i e w .
Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p l n a lc o r d
Pathways Cerebellarnuclei
Lamina tecti
suoeriot Pedunculus cerebellaris Lingula cerebelli
quartl ventriculi Plexuschoroideus quartus Ventriculus
Nucleusdentatus Corpus medullare cerebelli
Hilum nuclei dentati
Cortex cerebelli
Velummedullare inferius
F i g .5 4 0 C e r e b e t l u m Ce , rebeLtum; nhlinrro coetinn'
p o s t e r i o vr i e w .
Decussatio oedunculorum cerebellarium suoeriorum
quartus Ventriculus Velummedullare suoerius
Fasciculuslongitudinalismedialis
Lingula cerebelli
Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Cortex cerebelli
Stratummoleculare Stratumgranulosum
(Laminae albae)
Hilumnucleidentati Fissuraecerebelli
Corousmedullare cerebelli
F i g .5 4 1 C e r e b e L l u mC,e r e b e t l u m ; o b l i q u es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e rc e r e b e t l apr e d u n c t e s ; oosteriorview.
> Brain
Btoodvesse[s Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n Cerebrat tracts
Association and commi ssuraI tracts
Fibraearcuataecerebri Cingulum Fasciculus longitudinalis supenor
Fasciculus uncinatus Fasciculus longitudinalis inferior
Fig. 5lr2 Associationtracts, Neurofi brae association is; p r o j e c t i o no n t ot h e c e r e b r a h Lemisphere; overytew; viewedfrom the Left.
Radiatio corporis callosi
F i g .5 4 3 C o m m i s s u r atIr a c t s ,N e u r o f i b r a ce o m m i s s u r a l e s ; topographicoverviewafter extensiveremovaIof the corpus c a t l o s u mi n t h e p a r a m e d i a np l a n e ; s i n g t ef i b r e so f t h e c o r p u sc a [ t o s u ma r e s h o w n ; viewedfrom the teft.
Ventrictes Topography S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d
Pathways
Corouscallosum.Truncus Gyruscinguli Sulcuscorooriscallosi Corpuscallosum, Genu
Gyrusprecentralis
Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Corpuscallosum, Splenium Caosulainterna.Crusanterius Corpusgeniculatum laterale
Capsulainterna,Genu
Sulcuscalcarinus
Pedunculuscerebellarismedius
Tractuspyramidalis,Fibraecorticospinales Pyramis
Fig.544 Projection tracts,Neurofibraeprojectionis ; t h ei n t e r n acl a p s u [aen dt h ep y r a m i d at rta c th a v eb e e ne x p o s e d ; viewedfromthe Left. Sulcuscentralis
thalaml Radiationes centrales
Tractusf rontooontinus
Fibraeparietopontinae; Fibraeoccipitopontinae
Radiatio optica
Cerebellum
Medullaoblongata Oecussatiopyramidum
lateralis Tractuscorticosoinalis Tractuscorticosoinalis anterior
Fig.545 InternaI tract, capsute, Capsula interna, andpyramidaI Tractuspyramidatis; functionaI overview; viewedfromthe Left.
* F i b r e st o t h e t e c t a Ip l a t ea n d t h e n u c l e io f t h e h i n d b r a i n + * P e r i k a r y ao f t h e p y r a m i d a It r a c t * * * P e r i k a r y ao f a r e a s6 a n d 8 ( p r e m o t o rc o r t e x )
> Brain
Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain Overview Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n Cerebral tracts
lnternalcapsule
Nucleuscaudatus, Caput
Radiationes thalami anteriores
Tractustrontooontinus Capsulainterna, Crusanterius
Mm. bulbi
Mm.laryngis Mm.pharyngis Mm palatiet faucium Mm.masticatorii
Capsulainterna, Genu
Mm linguae Mm faciei
Insula[Lobusinsularis]
Mm. colli
Mm.digitorum manus
Claustrum
Mm manus Putamen
Mm.antebrachii
Globuspalliduslateralis
Mm.brachii
--'.\
Globuspallidusmedialis
\'
Capsulaexterna
'i
lvlmthoracis
Capsulae)drema Capsulainterna, Crusposterius
\
Mm vesicaeurinariae;Mm. recti
Crusposterius; Fibraecorticospinales; Fibraecorticorubrales; Fibraecorticoreticulares; Fibraecorticothalamicae; Fibraethalamoparietales: Radiationes thalamicentrales
F i g . 5 4 6 I n t e r n acIa p s u t eC,a p s u tian t e r n a ; functiona o Ir g a n i s a t i o n .
Ventrictes T o p o g r a p h y
S e cti o n s S p i n a cI o r d
Pathways
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri
Fornix,Columna Septumpellucidum
Gyrusfrontalis superior
mamillothalamicus Fasciculus
Corouscallosum. Truncus
Nucleussubthalamicus
Radictiocorooriscallosi
Lobusparietalis
Ventriculuslateralis, Parscentralis
Capsulainterna
Nucleuscaudatus, Caput
Nucleuslentiformis
Ventriculus tertius
Laminamedullaris lateralis
Globuspallidus lateralis
Capsulaexterna Claustrum
Gyriinsulae
Capsulaextrema
Sulcuslateralis
Laminamedullaris medialis
Putamen Globuspallidus medialis
Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale
Tractusopticus
Pes hippocampi
Lobustemporalis
Corporamamillaria
Substantia nigra, Parscompacta
Pedunculus cerebellaris medius
Pedunculus cerebri, Cruscerebri
N facialis Nill
medialis Fasciculus lonoitudinalis
vestibulocochlearis [Vllll
Flocculus
N glossopharyngeus ilXl
ventriculi Plexuschoroideus ouarl
N vagus[X]
Hemisoheriumcerebelli
Nucleusolivarisinferior
FossainterDeduncularis
Hilumnucleiolivarisinferioris Decussatio ovramidum
l-lll= l= ll= ilt =
Amiculum olivare Medulla spinalis
Thalamic nuclei, Nuclei thalami: Median nuclei, Nuclei mediani Anterior nuclei, Nuclei anteriores Ventral nuclei, Nuclei ventrales
Fig.517 PyramidaL tract, Tractuspyramidatis,and , u c t e ib a s a l e s ; b a s a Ig a n g t i aN o b l . i q u e lsyt a g g e r e ds e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e p o s t e r i o rL i m bo f t h e i n t e r n a Ic a p s u [ et,h e c e r e b r a p I e d u n c t e sa,n d t h e m e d u [ [ a obtongata.
> Brain
B [o o dvesse[s Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Ventri cles,p rojection
Sulcuscentralis Lobusparietalis Forameninterventriculare Parscentralis Cornufrontale
Ventriculus tertius Cornuoccipitale Lobus occipitalis
Aqueductus mesencephali Cerebellum Lobustemporalis Aperturamediana
Cornutemporale
Canaliscentralis Medulla oblongata
F i g .5 4 8 V e n t r i c t e o s f t h e b r a i n ,V e n t r i c u Iei n c e p h a t i .
Lobusfrontalis
Forameninterventriculare Parscentralis Ventriculus tertius
Sulcuslateralis
Aqueductus mesencephali Lobustemporalis Cornutemporale quartus Ventriculus
Aperturalateralis
Canaliscentralis
Medulla oblongata
F i g .5 4 9 V e n t r i c [ e o s f t h e b r a i n ,V e n t r i c u lei n c e p h a I i ; a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Ventrictes T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n acI o r d
Pathways
Adhesio interthalamica
Forameninterventriculare
Ventriculus tertius Parscentralis Ventriculus lateralis. Recessus suoraoinealis pinealis Becessus
Commissura anterior
Aoueductus mesenceohali Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuoccipitale
Recessus supraopticus Chiasmaopticum Recessus infundibuli
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale
Colliculus facialis
quartus Ventriculus
Striaemedullares quarti ventriculi
Fastigium quarti Recessus lateralis ventriculi
Sulcusmedianus Aoerturalateralis ventriculi ouarti
quarti Apertura medianaventriculi Canaliscentralis
F i g , 5 5 0 I n n e r[ i q u o rs p a c e sV, e n t r i c u tei n c e p h a t i ; c o r r o s i o nc a s ts p e c i m e n ; o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m t h e t e f t .
Granulationesarachnoideae
Parscentralis Cornufrontale
superior Sinussagittalis Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis
Cisternaoericallosa Spatiumsubarachnoideum
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii
* Forameninteruentriculare
occipitale
Ventriculus tertius Cornutemporale Cisterna chiasmatica V magnacerebri
Cisternainterpeduncularis
Sinusrectus
** Aqueductus mesencephali
quartus Ventriculus Conlluens sinuum Cisternaoontocerebellaris
Plexuschoroideus quarti ventriculi quarti Aoerturamedianaventriculi posterior cerebellomedullaris Cisterna Aperturalater€lis
Fig.551 Ventricleo s f t h e b r a i n ,V e n t r i c u tei n c e p h a [ i , a n d s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c e ,S p a t i u ms u b a r a c h n o i d e u m ; s c h e m ao f t h e c i r c u L a t i o[na r r o w s o ] f the cerebrospinat f L u i dL, i q u o rc e r e b r o s p i n a t if sr o, m t h e i n n e rt o t h e o u t e r [ r o u o rs o a c e s . * CLinicaI term:foramenof N40NR0 ** CtinicaI term:cerebraL aoueduct of SYLVIUS
> Brain
B L o o dv e s s e [ s
C r a n i abI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Brain,topography
A cerebrianterior, A pericallosa
Gyrusfrontalis medius
Strialongitudinalis I mediatis I tndusium Strialonoitudinalis I gnseum lateralis )
(Cenkum semiovale)
Polusoccipitalis
553 F i g .5 5 2 C o r p u sc a l t o s u mC , o r p u sc a l t o s u m ; after removaIof the upper parts of the c e r e b r a Ih e m i s p h e r e s ; s u p e n o rv r e w .
Ventricles
Topography S e cti o n s S p i naIcor d
Pathways
Gyruscinguli
Genu Corpuscallosum, callosum. Rostrum CorDus
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornulrontale Nucleuscaudatus. Caout Forameninterventriculare V. thalamostriata suoerior Striaterminalis
Insula[Lobusinsularis]
Lamina affixa
Ependymum Truncus Corpuscallosum,
Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis
Fornix,Crus
Fimbriahippocampi Glomuschoroideum
Hippocampus Trigonum collaterale
Gyrusfasciolaris Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuoccipitale
Sulcuscalcarinus
554 F i g .5 5 3 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c [ e sV, e n t r i c u Ll ai t e r a t e s ; a f t e rr e m o v ao I f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I hemispheres; s u p e n 0 rv r e w .
> Brain
B to o dvessets Cr aniaIbase C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n Brainvessets
Truncus Corouscallosum.
Ventriculus lateralis. Parscentralis
V thalamostriata supenor
Nucleuscaudatus. Corous
Capsulainterna
Fornix,Crus
InsulaILobusinsularis] Calcar avis
Ventriculus lateralis. CornutemDorale Fimbria hippocampi Eminentiacollateralis
Trigonum collaterale
556 F i g ,5 5 4 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c L e V s ,e n t r i c u tlia t e r a t e s ; I f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I a f t e rr e m o v ao hemispheres; o o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e t e f t .
553
Pes hippocampi
Hippocampus
Alveus hippocampi
Trigonumcollaterale
Sulcushippocampalis
Gyrusdentatus Gyrusparahippocampalis
Sulcus collateralis
F i g .5 5 5 L e f tt e m p o r a Lh o r n ,C o r n ut e m p o r a [ e , o f t h e l a t e r a Iv e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t u [sa t e r a t i s ; f r o n t a Is e c t i o na f t e r r e m o v a I o ft h e t e m p o r a L w a t [ : posterior-superio v ire w .
Ventricles Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d
Pathways
Genu Corpuscallosum, Gyruscinguli
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale
Rostrum Corpuscallosum,
Cavumseptipellucidi Septumpellucidum
Nucleuscaudatus, Caput
Fornix,Columna Forameninterventriculare
V thalamostriata superior
Capsulainterna Striaterminalis
Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis Fornix,Corpus
Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus
InsulaILobusinsularis] Laminaaffixa Fornix,Crus Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis
Fimbriahippocampi
ventriculi tertii Telachoroidea
Hippocampus Trigonum collaterale
Glomuschoroideum Splenium Corpuscallosum,
Calcaravis
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuoccipitale
Vermiscerebelli
558 F i g .5 5 6 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c t e sV, e n t r i c u L[ ai t e r a t e s ; I f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I a f t e rr e m o v ao h e m i s p h e r e as n d t h e c e n t r a lp a r t o f t h e c o r p u sc a t l o s u m ; s u p e n o rv t e w
55/.
Plexus choroideusventriculilateralis
Ependymum Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale
Fimbria hippocampi
Sulcushippocampalis
Alveushippocampi Peshippocampi grisea Substantia Substantia alba
Gyrusparahippocampalis Sulcuscollateralis
* Gyrusoccipitotemporalls medialis
F i g ,5 5 7 T e m p o r a hI o r n ,C o r n ut e m p o r a t e , o f t h e [ a t e r a vI e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t u [sa t e r a [ i s ; s c h e m a t i cf r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
Brain
B l o o dvessets C r a n i abI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n Brainvessets
Corouscallosum. Genu Fissura longitudinalis cerebri
Rostrum Corpuscallosum,
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Cavumsepti pellucidi
Nucleuscaudatus, Caput
Septumpellucidum Fornix,Columna
V thalamostriata superior
Foramen interventriculare Striaterminalis Insula ILobusinsularis] Laminaatfixa Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis Taeniafornicis Capsulainterna Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii
Fornix,Crus ventriculi Telachoroidea tertii Hippocampus V internacerebri
Trigonum collaterale
pinealis Glandula
Calcaravis Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuoccipitale
V magnacerebri
Vermiscerebelli
560 F i g ,5 5 8 L a t e r a vI e n t r i c l e sV, e n t r i c u tLi a t e r a l e s ; a f t e rr e m o v ao I f t h e c e n t r a Lo a r t o f t h e c o r o u s c a l t o s u ma n d t h e c o l u m n so f t h e f o r n i x : s u 0 e n 0 rv r e w .
556
Fissuralonoitudinalis cerebri Ependymum Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis Nucleuscaudatus. CorDUs
Lamina affixa
Thalamus
griseum Indusium Corpuscallosum Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis V thalamostriata superlor Fornix,Corpus
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii Ventriculus tedius
Tela choroideaventriculitertii
F i g .5 5 9 C e n t r a Lp a r t s ,P a r t e sc e n t r a t e so, f t h e [ a t e r a vI e n t r i c [ e s a n d t h i r d v e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u L ut se r t i u s ; s c h e m a t i cf r o n t a Is e c t i o n
Ventrictes Topography S e c t i o n s
S p i n a lc o r d
Pathways
Genu Corpuscallosum,
Venkiculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Cavumseptipellucidi
Septumpellucidum Nucleuscaudatus, Caput
(Recessus triangularis) Fornix,Columna
Commissura anterior Recessus supraopticus
Forameninterventriculare
Recessus infundibuli
Adhesiointerthalamica*
thalamostriata superior
Thalamus Taeniathalami
Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus
Striaterminalis
Sulcushypothalamicus
Taeniachoroidea Aqueductus mesencephali Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda
posterior Commissura pinealis Recessus
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii
habenularum Commissura G l a n d u lpai n e a l i s
Telachoroidea ventriculi tertii V magna cerebri
Recessus suprapinealis
V internacerebri
F i g .5 6 0 L a t e r a vI e n t r i c L e V s ,e n t r i c u I[ia t e r a t e sa, n d t h i r dv e n t r i c [ eV, e n t r i c u L ut se r t i u s ; p a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a h , e c e n t r a Ip a r t o f t h e L e m i s p h e r e st h c o r p u sc a t t o s u ma s w e t l a s t h e f o r n i xa n d t h e c h o r o i dp t e x u s h a v eb e e nr e m o v e dt,h e t e t a c h o r o i d e ao f t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c l e h a s b e e nr e f t e c t e d ; s u p e n o rv t e w . * T h ei n t e r t h a [ a maidch e s i ohna sb e e ns e c t i o n ei ndt h em e d i a p nlane
Fornix,Columna Forameninterventriculare Taeniathalami (Fissura telodiencephalica)
Fornix,Crus
F i g .5 6 1 T a e n i a eT, a e n i a eo, f t h e c h o r o i dp l e x u s , P t e x u sc h o r o i d e u o s f thecerebrum: s u p e n o rv r e w .
> Brain
B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Arteriesof the baseof thebrain
A. communicans anterior
Bulbusolfactorius
Chiasmaopticum
A frontobasalismedialis
A frontobasalislateralis
Tractusolfactorius N opticuslll
A cerebrianterior, Parsprecommunicalis A'l] [Segmentum
A carotisinterna A communicans oosterior
Areasubcallosa N oculomotorius llll A, cerebrioosterior. Parspostcommunicalis P2] [Segmentum
A cerebrimedia, Parssphenoidalis M1] [Segmentum
A, superiorcerebelli
Insula[Lobus insularisl
N trigeminus [V] A labyrinthi
A. cerebrimedia, Parsinsularis M2] [Segmentum
N facialis[Vll]
Lobus temporalis
N. vestibulocochlearis
lvilrl
A choroidea anterior
Plexus choroideus quarti ventriculi
Substantia perforata posterior A cerebriposterior, Parsprecommunicalis P1l lsegmentum
N glossopharyngeus
ttxl
A. superior cerebelli
A. inlerior anteriorcerebelli
A basilaris N
abducens [Vll
N
hypoglossus [Xll]
Hemispheriumcerebelli
N vagus[X] N accessorius [Xl] A inferiorposterior cerebelli Medulla spinalis
F i g . 5 6 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e b r a i n .
Ventric[es Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d
A cerebrianterior f
Pathways
earsOostcommunicalis
I P"r"pr""orrrnicalis:-
anterior A. communicans Aa. centralesanteromediales
A carotisinterna,Parscerebralis A. cerebrimedia
I Parssphenoidalis I \ Parsinsularis-
Aa centralesanterolaterales A choroidea anteriol
posterior A. communicans I Parspostcommunicalis A cerebriposterior l Parsprecommunicalis I
R chiasmaticus
R nervioculomotorii A thalamotuberalis R hypothalamicus Aa.tuberiscinerei A. superiorcerebelli Aa centralesoosteromediales Aa mesencephalicae Aa. pontis A labyrinthi A. inferioranteriorcerebelli
cerebelli A. inferiorDosterior
F i g .5 6 3 A r t e r i a Ic i r c t eo f t h e b r a i n , Circutusarteriosuscerebri [wtt-t-ts].
F i g .5 6 4 a - g A r t e r i a Ic i r c t eo f t h e b r a i n , C i r c u [ u sa r t e r i o s u sc e r e b r i . a - c V a r i a t i o no s f t h e a n t e r i o rp o r t i o n d-f Variationo s f t h e p o s t e r i o rp o r t i o n g V e r yf a r i n f e r i o ru n i o no f t h e v e r t e b r a aI r t e r i e s
B L o o dv e s s e l s
Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s
C r a n i ab I ase
P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
Arteriesof the brain
Adhesio interthalamica
Corpuscallosum, Truncus
Fornix,Corpus Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii
Forameninterventriculare
Tela choroideaventriculitenii
Septumpellucidum
Sulcuscentralis Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuf rontale
G l a n d u l ap i n e a l i s
Corpuscallosum, Splenium V magnacerebri A cerebriposterior
A cerebrianterior, Parspostcommunicalis, A pericallosa Corpuscallosum, Genu
Corpuscallosum, Rostrum Commissura anterior Lamina terminalis
A communicans anterior
Sulcus calcaflnus
Hypothalamus Chiasmaopticum A carotisinterna Infundibulum Sulcushypothalamicus Hypophysis Corpusmamillare sinistrum Ventriculus tertius
Commissura posterior Aqueductus mesencephali Tectum mesencephali Vermis cerebelli
A basilaris
Thalamus
quartus Ventriculus
Pons A vertebralis
\;)
Hemispheriumcerebelli, Tonsillacerebelli Canalis centralis
oblongata
F i g . 5 6 5 M e d i a Is u r f a c eo f t h e b r a i n ,F a c i e sm e d i a t r s h e m i s p h e r ici e r e b r i ;d i e n c e p h a | . oDni,e n c e p h a t o a nn ,d b r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a I i ; s t a g g e r e dm e d i a ns e c t i o n ; viewedfrom the [eft.
A cerebriposterior
F i g .5 6 5 A r t e r i a L s u p p toyf t h e b r a i n ; viewedfrom the [eft.
F i g .5 5 7 A r t e r i a ls u p p t yo f t h e b r a i n ; m e d i a Iv i e w .
Ve nt ric [ e s Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d
Pathways Arteriesand veinsof the brain
A. trontobasalis medialis
A cerebrianterior lateralis, Ventriculus Cornufrontale
V. anteriorsepti pellucidi
A cerebri media Lamina affixa
V thalamostriata supenor
A choroidea anterior
V interna cereorl
R choroideus posterior
V magnacerebri Glomuschoroideum
inferior Sinussagittalis A. cerebriposterior
Tentorium cerebelli superior Sinussagittalis
F i g . 5 6 8 A r t e r i e sa n d v e i n so f t h e b r a i n , A r t e r i a ee t V e n a ec e r e b r i .
B[oodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n q e s Partsof the brain Ventricteprojection
Veinsof the brain
Forameninterventriculare
V anterior septipellucidi V thalamostriata suoerior
Thalamus V choroideasuperior
V basalis Vv.internaecerebri
V magnacerebri
V lateralisventriculi lateralis
F i g .5 6 9 D e e pv e i n so f t h e b r a i n ,V v .p r o f u n d a ec e r e b r i . T h e i n t e r n a lc e r e b r avI e i n sr u n w i t h i nt h e t e t a c h o r o i d e ao f t h e t h i r dv e n t r i c t e .
Vv.internae cerebri Pulvinarthalami
V magnacerebri
V choroidea inferior
V basalis
N. trigeminus [Vl
F i g . 5 7 0 D e e pv e i n so f t h e b r a i n ,V v .p r o f u n d a ec e r e b r i ; p o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e r i g h t .
l"es Ventnie
Topography Sections
S p l r n , *r {: n r d
$}nthwut5rs; Brain,sections
Cellulaeethmoidales
Bulbusoculi
N o p t i c u lsl l Chiasmaopticum
lnfundibulum
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale
Cisternainterpeduncularis
Pedunculus cerebri
Hippocampus
mesencephali Tegmentum Vermis cerebelli
mesencephali Aqueductus
Sulcus calcarinus
Tectummesencephali
Fig.571 Brain,Encepha[on; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ; h o r i z o n t asLe c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e m i d b r a i na n d t h e t e m p o r a Lh o r n so f t h e L a t e r a t v e n t r i c l e s ; S U p e r o rv r e w .
572 573 571
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Nucleuscaudatus, Caput pellucidum Septum Fornix.Columna InsulaILobusinsularis] Ventriculus tertius Thalamus Fornix,Crus Ventriculuslaterahs, Cornu occipjtale F i s s u r al o n g i t u d i n a l i s cereDrl
F i g . 5 7 2 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e c e n t r a Ip a r t s o f t h e L a t e r avI e n t r i c [ e s ; s u p e n o rv r e w
Fig.573 Brain,Encephaton; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R I J ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c t e a n d t h e o p e n i n go f t h e t e m p o r a hI o r n so f t h e L a t e r avI e n t r i c t e s ; s u p e f l o rv r e w .
Brain
B l o o dv e s s e l s
G y r u sc i n g u l i
C r a n i ab I ase
Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s
P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
pellucidum' Septum Ventriculus tertius;Thalamus" Corpuscallosum, Splenium
Commissura anterior C o r p u cs a l l o s u mG,e n u
Aqueductus mesencephali
Corpusmamillare Tectummesencephali Chiasmaopticum Sulcuscalcarinus
Hypophysis S i n u ss p h e n o i d a l i s
Vermiscerebelli A basilaris quartus Ventriculus
pons Parsnasalispharyngis
Cisterna cerebellomedullaris Lrngua
M e d u l l as p i n a l i s
Parsoralispharyngis
Pars laryngea pnaryngrs
Densaxis
F i g . 5 7 1 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g el M R l ) ; m e d i a ns e c t i o nT h e s t r u c t u r e sm a r k e dw i t h + a o o e a r p a r t L yf a t s i ife d a s a c o n s e q u e n coef t h e " p a r t i a t - v o I u m e effect".
575
Sulcuscentralis
Insula[Lobusinsularis]
Ventriculus lateralis. CornutemDorale Bulbuo s culi
S i n u sm a x i l l a r i s
Cerebellum
F i g . 5 7 5 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g e{ M R l l ; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o n .
Ventric[es T o p o gra p h y Sections
S p inaIcor d
Pathways
Spatiumsubarachnoideum
Gyrusfrontalismedius
Truncus Corpuscallosum, Gyrusfrontalis inferior Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Gyriinsulae
Caputnucleicaudati
Septumpellucidum Fossalateraliscerebri Nucleuslentiformis Gyrustemporalis superior Capsulainterna
A cerebrimedia
Gyrustemporalis inferior
F i g . 5 7 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h i ci m a g e{ M R l ) ; f r o n t a Is e c t i o n
Truncus Corpuscallosum, Gyrusfrontalis medjus Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis
Corpusnucleicaudati
Gyrusfrontalisinferior
Fornix
Thalamus Fossa lateralis cerebri
Ventriculus tertius
Gyrustemporalis superior
lateralis, Ventriculus Cornutemporale
Hippocampus
Gyrustemporalis inferior
Pedunculus cerebri FossainterDeduncularis
F i g . 5 7 7 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ; t o m o g r a p h i ci m a g eI M R l l ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
Brain
B[oodvessel.s C r a n i a b I ase
O n e l n i anIe r v e s M e n i n q e s
P a r t so f t h e b n a i n
l\ilargosuperior
Gyrusfrontalis superior Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri
A callosomarginalis A cerebri anterior.A oericallosa
S u l c u sc i n g u l i
Corpuscallosum, Truncus
G y r u sc i n g u l i
S e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m
Gyrusfrontalismedius
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale
Sulcuscorporiscallosi
Badiatiocorporis callosi
Arachnoideamater cranialis
Corpuscallosum, Rostrum
Gyrusf rontalisinferior
Capsulainterna V anterior septipellucidi
Capsulaexterna
Nucleuscaudatus, Caput
Capsulaextrema V media superficialis cerebri
Putamen
A cerebrimedia
Fossalateralis cerebri
Cisternapericallosa
Gyriinsulae
Areasubcallosa Polus temporalis
A cerebrianterior, Parspostcommunicalis
Gyri orbitales
Gyrustemporalis interior Tractusolfactorius
Margoinferolateralis Gyrusrectus
l\4argoinferomedialis
Fig.578 Brain,EncephaLon; f r o n t a Ls e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e a n t e r i o rp a r t s o f t h e f r o n t a Lh o r n so f t h e L a t e r avLe n t r i c [ e s
Gyruslrontalissuperior
l\4argosuperior A pericallosa
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri S u l c u sc i n g u l i Gyruscinguli
Cisterna pericallosa
Truncus Corpuscallosum,
Gyrusfrontalismedius Radiatiocorporis callosi
Sulcuscorporis callosi
Septumpellucidum
Nucleuscaudatus. Caout Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Gyrusfrontalis inferior
Capsulainterna, Crusanterius
Putamen
Capsulaexterna Sulcus circularisinsulae
Sulcuslateralis
Corpuscallosum, Rostrum Capsulaextrema V mediasuperficialis cerebri
cereDrl
Claustrum Gyriinsulae Gyrus temporalis supenor Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri Gyrusparaterminalis Gyrustemporalis inferior Cisterna pericallosa; Cisterna laminab terminalis
A cerebri media, Pars insularis
A communicans anterior lvlargointerolateralis A cerebrianterior, Parsprecommunicalis
Gyrusrectus Tractusollactorius
l\4argoinferomedialis
F i g . 5 7 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ; f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e p o s t e r i o rp a r t s o f t h e f r o n t a Ih o r n so f t h e [ a t e r a L ventricLes.
V e n t n i a [ E s T o p *g ra p h y S e cti o n s $ p l n a Ie m r d
Fathlu'mys Brain,frontal
Gyrusfrontalis superior Gyruscinguli Gyrusfrontalismedius Fornix,Corpus
Fissura longitudinaliscerebri A pericallosa
Truncus Corpuscallosum,
Nucleuscaudatus, Capul
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale
Putamen
S e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m
Globuspalliduslateralis
Capsulainterna,Genu
Gyrus frontalisinlerior
(Recessus triangularis)
Claustrum
Capsulaexterna
Cisterna fossaelateralis cerebri
Capsulaextrema
Gyrustemporalis superiol
Laminaemedullares medialis et lateralis
Gyriinsulae s edialis G l o b u sp a l h d um
Fornix,Columna, (Parslibera) F o r n i xC, o l u m n a , (Parstecta) anterior Commissura
Cisterna fossaelateralis cerebri Gyrustemporalis medius Nucleuscaudatus. Cauda Corpusamygdaloideum
Chlasma opticum
Gyrustemporalis inferior Gyri occipitotemporales
Hypophysis Gyrusparahippocampalis
Hypothalamus posterior A communicans
Becessus infundibuli
Tractusopticus Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale Laminaterminalis Becessus supraopticus
Fig.580 Brain,EncephaLon; f r o n t a L s e c t i oant t h e L e v eoI f t h e i n t e r v e n t r i c u Lfaorr a m t n a
Gyrusfrontalis superior
A pericallosa
Fissura longitudinaliscerebri
Truncus Corpuscallosum,
Gyruscinguli
Septumpellucidum
Gyrusfrontalis medius Fornix,Corpus
Parscentralis Ventriculus lateralis. Plexus choroideus ventriculilateralis
Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus
Tela choroidea ventriculitertii
Striaterminalis
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii
Putamen
Stria medullaristhalami
Gyrus f rontalisinferior
Capsulaextrema
Gyri nsulae
Ventriculus tertius Clauslrum Capsulaexterna
Gyrustemporalis superior
Laminaemedullares medialis et lateralis Capsulainterna
Globuspalliduslateralis s edialis G l o b u sp a l l i d um Gyrustemporalis medius
Tractusopticus
Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda
Corpusmamillare
Corpusamygdaloideum
A cerebriposterior, Parsprecommunicalis
Gyrustemporalis
Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale
inferior Hippocampus
N oculomotorius llll
Gyrus occipitotemporalis
Pons lnatamus
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Gyrusparahippocampalis
Cisternainterpeduncularis
(Cisterna pontis) pontocerebellaris, Cisterna Hypothalamus A basilaris
Fig.581 Brain,Encephaton; f r o n t a L s e c t i oant t h e L e v e L ot hf e m a m i t L a r by o d i e s
Btoodvesse[s Cr aniatbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Gvrusfrontalis suoerior Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri
griseum,Striaelongitudinales Indusium medialis et lateralis Corouscallosum. Truncus
Gvrusfrontalis medius
Ventriculuslateralis,Parscentralis
Gyruscinguli
Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis
Cisternaoericallosa Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus V thalamostriata superior
Striaterminalis
Tela choroidea Lamina affixa
Thalamus
Fornix,Crus
Gvrusfrontalisinferior
V internacerebri Plexuschoroideus Striamedullaris thalami
Putamen Sulcuslateralis Insula[Lobusinsularis] Gyrustemporalis superior Claustrum Gyrustemporalis medius Corpusgeniculatum laterale Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda Corpusgeniculatum mediale Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale Gyrustemporalisinterior Nucleusruber Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Gyrusparahippocampalis Ventriculus tertius
Fig.582 Brain,Encepha[on; f r o n t a ts e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e c e n t r a Io a r t o f t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c t e . R i g h ta n d l e f t t h a l a m u sa r e f r e q u e n t l yc o n n e c t e db y t h e i n t e r t h a [ a m iac d h e s i o na t t h i s [ e v e [ .
Gyrusprecentralis
Capsulaextrema Capsulaexterna Capsulainterna Sulcushypothalamicus Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis Alveushippocampi Fimbriahippocampi Gyrusdentatus A. cerebriposterior Cisterna ambiens cerebellorubralis) Tractuspyramidalis Pons Medullaoblongata
griseum, Indusium Striaelonoitudinales medialis et lateralis
Gyruscinguli
Truncus Corouscallosum. lateralis,Parscentralis
Cisterna oericallosa
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis
Gyruspostcentralis
Fornix,Crus Striaterminalis V thalamostriata superior Lamina atfixa
Gyruspostcentralis
Telachoroidea ventriculi tertii Plexuschoroideus ventriculitertii
Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus Cisternafossae lateraliscerebri
Capsulainterna
Thalamus
Capsulaenrema
Gyrustemporalissuperior
Tegmentum mesencephali
Putamen
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis
Gyrustemporalis medius
Alveushippocampi Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda
Fimbriahippocampi Ventriculuslateralis, Cornutemporale Cisternaambiens
Gyrustemporalis inferior Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis
A. cerebrioosterior
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Gyrusparahippocampalis Cerebellum
Ventriculustertius Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Aoueductus mesenceohali
F i g . 5 8 3 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ; frontaI sectionat the leveIof the oosteriorwa[[ of the third ventricte.
posterior Funiculus
Ventric[es Topography Sections
S p i naIcor d
Pathways
Gyruspostcentralis Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri A pericallosa
Lobulusoarietalisinferior Gyruscinguli
Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis Corpuscallosum, Splenium
Cisternaoericallosa
Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis
Gyrus
supramarginalis A. cerebrimedia Cisternafossae lateraliscerebri Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda Gyrustemporalis superor Pulvinar thalami
Fornix,Crus v thalamostriata supenor Capsulainterna Tela choroidea
Fimbriahippocampi
Gyrustemporalis medius Cisternaambiens Colliculus superior Gyrustemporalis inferior Gyrusparahippocampalis Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Hemisoherium cerebelli Colliculus inferior Flocculus Vermiscerebelli
Fig.584 Brain,Encephalon; f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e p i n e a tg t a n d a n d t h e f o u r t hv e n t r i c t e . Lobulusparietalis superior R precunealis
Alveushippocampi Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis Gyrusdentatus Ventriculuslateralis, Cornutemoorale internacerebri Glandula pinealis Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Pedunculus cerebellarissuperior Velummedullare suoerius quanus
Substantiagrisea Substantia alba
Sulcussuboarietalis Lobulusoarietalisinferior
Cisternaquadrigeminalis
Precuneus Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Corpuscallosum,Tapetum
Gyrusangularis
Ventriculuslateralis, Cornuoccipitale
Sulcustemporalis supeflor Calcaravis
A. occipitalismedialis
Gyrustemporalis medius Sulcuscalcarinus
V magnacerebri
Gyrustemporalisinferior Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis Vermiscerebelli Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Gyruslingualis Nucleusdentatus HemisDherium cerebelli Tonsilla cerebelli
Fig.585 Brain,Encephalon; f r o n t asI e c t i o n a t t h el e v eoI f t h eo c c i o i t ahIo r n s of the tateraIventricles.
Bl.ood vessets Cr aniaIbase Cranialnerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Gyrusfrontalissuperior
Arachnoidea matercranialis
Gyrusfrontalismedius A. cerebrianterior, R. frontalisDosteromedialis
Gyruscinguli Gyrusprecentralis Sulcuscentralis A cerebrianterior, A. pericallosa
Gyruspostcentralis
Gyrussupramarginalis
Sulcuslateralis, Ramusposterior
A cerebrianterior, R precunealis
A. occipitalis medialis, Rr. parietales
F i g . 5 8 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nj u s t a b o v et h e c o r p u sc a l t o s u m . I n F i g . 5 7 8 - 5 9 8t,h e s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c ea p p e a r s s o m e w h a te n t a r g e dp, a r t i c u t a r tiyn t h e r e g i o no f t h e h e m i s p h e r i sc u t c i ,d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s es p e c i m e n s w e r e t a k e nf r o m e t d e r l vi n d i v i d u a t s .
Ventrictes Topography Sections S p inaIcor d
Pathways Brain, horizontal section
Gyrusfrontalissuperior
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri A. cerebrianterior,A. callosomarginalis A. pericallosa
Sulcuscinguli
Corpuscallosum,Truncus
Gyruscinguli Corpuscallosum,Forcepsminor
Nucleuscaudatus, Caput
Ventriculuslateralis,Cornu lrontale Septumpellucidum, Cavumseptipellucidi
Gyrusprecentralis Caosulainterna Sulcuscentralis Ventriculuslateralis, Parscentralis
Gyruspostc€ntralis
V lhalamostriata supenor Striaterminalis Lobulusparietalis inferior
Corpuscallosum, Truncus Laminaatfixa
Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus
Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis
Gyrusangularis
Corpuscallosum, Forcepsmajor Corpuscallosum,Tapetum (Gyrioccipitales)
SulcussubDarietalis Precuneus Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri
Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Fig.587 Brain,Encephalon; horizontaIsectionat the leveIof the centraIoart of the lateraIventrictes.
Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Gyruscinguli Gyrusfrontalismedius
Aa. cerebri anteriores. Aa. oericallosae
griseum Indusium CorDus callosum. Genu
pericallosa Cisterna
Ventriculuslateralis,Cornufrontale Septumpellucidum Ventriculuslateralis, Parscentralis
Gyrusfrontalis inferior
Plexuschoroideusventriculi lateralis
Nucleuscaudatus. Caout Fornix,Columna
Striaterminalis
Gyrusprecentralis
V.thalamostriata suDerior
Sulcuscentralis
Fornix,Corpus
Gyruspostcentralis
Capsulaextrema
lnsula[Lobusinsularis]
Capsula elderna
Claustrum
Capsulainterna A. cerebrimedia, Rr.terminales
Putamen Thalamus
Tela choroidea
Cisternafossae lateralis cerebri
Fissuratransversa cerebri
Gyrustemporalis supeflor
Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis
Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda
Fornix,Crus
Corpuscallosum, Splenium Ventriculuslateralis, Bulbuscornusoccioitalis
Sulcustemporalis supenor
Corpuscallosum,Tapetum Gyruscinguli Sulcussuboarietalis (Gyrioccipitales) Precuneus Sulcuslunatus Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri
F i g . 5 8 8 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e t e v e Io f t h e f l o o r o f the centraIoart of the lateraIventric[es.
Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Ventrictes Topography Sections
S p inaIcor d
Polusfrontalis Gyruscinguli Gyrusfrontalisinferior
Pathways
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri A cerebrianterior,A. Dericallosa griseum Indusium Genu Corpuscallosum, Ventriculuslateralis,Cornufrontale
V anteriorseptipellucidi
Septumpellucidum Fornix,Columna
Nucleuscaudatus,Caput
Capsulainterna, Crusanterius Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis V thalamostriata suoerior
Gyrusfrontalisinferior
Caosulainterna.Genu
InsulalLobusinsularis]
Caosulae)drema
Cisternatossae lateraliscerebri
Forameninterventriculare Capsulaexterna
Claustrum
Capsulainterna, Crusposterius
Putamen Gyrustemporalis supenor Thalamus
tertius Ventriculus Recessussuprapinealis V. internacerebri
Telachoroidea ventriculitertii
Capsulainterna, Radiatiooptica
Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda
Fimbriahippocampi
Sulcustemporalis supenor
Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis Fornix.Commissura
Gyrustemporalismedius Ventriculuslateralis, Cornuoccioitale
Gyruscinguli
Corpuscallosum, Forcepsmajor (Gyrioccipitales)
Calcar avis
Splenium Corpuscallosum,
Sulcuslunatus Polusoccipitalis
Sulcuscalcarinus Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri
F i g . 5 8 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; h o r i z o n t asl e c t i o na t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e u p p e rp a r t of the third ventricte.
> Brain
Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Craniatnerves Menin ges Partsof the brain
horizontalsection
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Polusfrontalis Gyruscinguli
A. cerebrianterior,A callosomarginalis A. cerebrianterior,A. pericallosa
Cisternapericallosa Corpuscallosum,Forcepsminor Gyrusfrontalisinferior Ventriculuslateralis.Cornufrontale
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Nucleuscaudatus,Caput
Corpuscallosum, Rostrum
Cisternapericallosa
Capsulainterna,Crusanterius 'Areasubcallosa
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri
Laminaterminalis
Commissuraanterior
Fornix.Columna
Insula[Lobusinsularis]
Capsulainterna,Genu Laminaemedullares medialiset lateralis Ventriculustertius
Claustrum Gyrustemporalissuperior Adhesio interthalamica
Caosulaextrema CaDsulaexterna
Putamen Sulcustemporalis superior Globipallidi medialiset lateralis
Capsulainterna, Crusposterius
Thalamus
Hypothalamus Commissura posterior
Gyrustemporalis medius
Habenula
Cisternaambiens
Capsulainterna, Radiatiooptica Fimbriahippocampi
Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda Recessus oinealis
Alveushippocampi Glandula oinealis
Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Trigonumcollaterale Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuoccipitale Sulcuscollateralis
Calcaravis lsthmusgyricinguli
A cerebrioosterior Sulcuscalcarinus
V magnacerebri
Sulcuslunatus
Vermiscerebelli
Polusoccipitalis
F i g . 5 9 0 B r a i nE , ncephaton; horizonta se I c t i o tnh r o u g h t h ec e n t r eo f t h et h i r d v e n t r i c [aet t h el e v eoI f t h ei n t e r t h a [ a mai d chesion.
Ventrictes T o p o g r a p h y Sections
S p i naIcor d
Pathways
cerebri Fissuralongitudinalis Gyruscinguli
Aa. cerebrianteriores,Aa pericallosae Areasubcallosa
Cisterna oericallosa
Gyrusparaterminalis Caosulainterna,Crusanterius
Gvrusfrontalisinferior Laminaterminalis Nucleuscaudatus, Caput
Commissuraanterior
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri
Fornix,Columna
Putamen Fasciculus mamillothalamicus
Gyrustemporalissuperior Claustrum
Sulcushypothalamicus
Sulcustemporalis superior Capsulainterna, Crusposterius
Hypothalamus
Tegmentum mesencephali
Gyrustemporalis medius Nucleusruber
Capsulainterna, Radiatiooptica
Corporageniculata lateraleet mediale
Fimbriahippocampi
Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda
Alveushippocampi Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis
Gyrustemporalis medius
Eminentia collateralis
Hippocampus
Ventriculuslateralis, Cornutemporale
Cisternaambiens
Gyrusdentatus
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Sulcushippocampalis Sulcuscollateralis
Gyruslingualis
F i g .5 9 1 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ; horizontaIsectionthroughthe third ventric[eat the leveI o f t h e o p e n i n go f t h e c e r e b r a aI q u e d u c t .
Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Gyrusrectus Gyriorbitales
A cerebrianterior
t"rna chiasmatica
I
I
A communicans anterior Laminaterminalis A cerebrianterior Becessussupraopticus Recessus intundibuli
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri A cerebri media
Ventriculus tertius
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Tractusopticus
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
Corpusmamillare
lateralis
Corpusamygdaloideum
A. communicansoosterior
(Gyrusambiens) Pedunculus cerebri, Cruscerebri
Hypothalamus Fossainterpeduncularis
Pes hippocampi
Cisterna interpeduncularis
Hippocampus
Substantia nigra
Ventriculuslateralis, Cornutemporale
A. cerebriposterior Nucleusruber
Eminentia collateralis
Cisterna ambiens
Sulcushippocampalis
Tegmentum mesencephali
Sulcuscollateralis Hemisoherium cerebelli
Tectummesencephali, Colliculus inferior
Aqueductusmesencephali Frenulum velimedullaris suoerioris
Vermiscerebelli Gyrusllngualis
longitudinalis cerebri
F t g . 5 9 2 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; s t a g g e r e dh o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e f l o o r o f t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c l ea t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e m a m i l t a r vb o d i e s .
Vent ric t e s T o p o gra p h y Sections
S p i n a Ic o r d
Pathways Brain, sagittalsections
Forameninterventriculare Gyrusfrontalis superior Sulcuscinguli Hypothalamus
Gyruscinguli Corpuscallosum, Truncus Septumpellucidum Corpuscallosum, Genu Glandula pinealis
Corpuscallosum, Rostrum
Corpuscallosum, Splenium
Gyrusparaterminalis
V magnacerebri Sulcusoarietooccioitalis
Commissura anterior Laminaterminalis A cerebrianterior A, communicans anterior
Tectum Aqueductusmesencephali
Gyrusrectus N opticusill A carotisinterna
Sulcuscalcarinus
Hypophysis Corpusmamillare posterior A communicans
Vermiscerebelli
A basilaris Hemispherium cerebelli Pons
quartus Ventriculus
Tegmentum mesencephali
Fig.593 Brain,Encepha[on; m e d i a ns e c t i o n .
quarti Plexuschoroideus ventriculi Aoerturamedianaventriculiouarti
A vertebralis Medulla oblongata
Ventriculus lateralis. Parscentralis V thalamostriata superior Corouscallosum. Truncus
Canaliscentralis
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis Thalamus Gyruscinguli
Nucleuscaudatus, Caput
Sulcuscentralis
Capsulainterna
Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii
Fornix,Crus Fornix,Commissura Corpuscallosum, Splenium Corpuscallosum, Genu
Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Commissura anterior N trochlearislvl
Corpuscallosum, Rostrum Gyrusparaterminalis Bulbusolfactorius A cerebrianterior Gyrusrectus A carotisinterna N. opticusilll N. oculomotorius llll
Sulcuscalcarinus
Cisterna ambiens
A cerebriposterior A superiorcerebelli A. basilaris Pons
Pedunculus cerebellaris medius
N. abducens [Vl] N. hypoglossus [Xll]
Fig.594 Brain,Encephalon; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e t e f t h e m i s p h e r ea t t h e L e v eo[ f t h e h e a do f t h e c a u d a t en u c l e u s .
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll] A vertebralis
N. glossopharyngeus lXl N vagus[X]
Vermiscerebelli quartus Ventriculus Hemisoherium cerebelli quarti Plexuschoroideus ventriculi Aperturalateralisventriculiquarti N facialis[Vll]
N accessorius [Xl]
Brain
Cr aniaIbase Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
BLoodvesse[s
Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus Caosulainterna.Crusanterius Globusoalliduslateralis
lateralis, Cornutemporale Ventriculus ventriculi Plexuschoroideus lateralis
Fornix,Crus Hippocampus
Sulcuscalcarinus Commissura anterior Globusoallidusmedialis A carotisinterna N oculomotorius llll Uncus Gyrusparahippocampalis, A cerebrimedia A. communicans oosterior Pons A cerebriposterior Gyrusparahippocampalis medius Pedunculus cerebellaris
Fig.595 Brain,Encephaton; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e t e f t h e m i s p h e r e a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e b o d vo f t h e c a u d a t en u c [ e u s
Globus Dalliduslateralis
Capsulainterna
Sulcuscentralis
Globus oallidus medialis
Cauda Nucleuscaudatus, Glomuschoroideum Trigonumcollaterale Putamen
Tapetum
Ventriculuslateralis Cornuoccipitale Insula[Lobus insularisl Commissura anterior A cerebrimedia Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri Corpusamygdaloideum Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis Gyrusparahippocampalis Hippocampus Fimbria hippocampi
A. cerebriposterior
F i g . 5 9 5 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e L e f th e m i s p h e r e body at the [eve[of the amygdal.oid
Hemispheriumcerebelli
Ventric[es Topography Sections
S p i natcor d
Pathways Brain, sagittaI sections
Sulcuscentralis
ventriculi Plexuschoroideus lateralis collateralis Eminentia
Insula[Lobusinsularisl Claustrum Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri A cerebri media
Putamen Ventriculuslateralis,CornutemDorale Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda Hippocampus
Fig.597 Brain,Encephalon; sagittal.sectionthroughthe teft hemisphere a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e a p e xo f t h e t e m p o r a Ih o r n .
Sulcuscentralis
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri Insula[Lobusinsularisl A. cerebri media
Hemisoherium cerebelli
Fig.598 Brain,Encephalon; t h et e f th e m i s p h e r e s a g i t t aste c t i o tnh r o u g h a t t h el e v eoI f t h ei n s u [ a .
Brain
B l o o dv e s s e t s
5itus
Craniab I ase
C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s
cord
Encephalon
Medulla oblongata
Ganglion sensorium nervi spinalisll Intumescentiacervicalis
Os occipitale
Nn thoracici,Radices oosteriores
Gangliasensorianeruorum spinalium cervicalium
Nn intercostales Nn thoracici
Rr posteriores M e d u l l as p i n a l i s
Rr cutaneilaterales
Conusmedullaris
Intumescentia lumbosacralis
Gangliasensorianeryorum s p i n a l i u lm umbalium Ben
Cauda equina
AIaossisilium
F i g . 5 9 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a [ o snp; i n a l c o r dM , e d u t t as p i n a t i s , a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N , n.spina[es; b r a i na n d s p i n a Ln e r v e si n a n e o n a t e . I n t h e n e o n a t et,h e s p i n a Ic o r de x t e n d st w o v e r t e b r a l . s e g m e n t sf u r t h e rc a u d a t l yc o m p a r e dt o t h e a d u [ t .
Par tsof the br ai n
Ventricles T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s
S p i naIcor d
Pathways Seamentalstructureof the spinalcord
Segmenta ceruicalia[C1-C8]
Segmenta thoracica ff1-T12l Radicesnervorum thoracicorum
Segmenta lumbalia [11-15]
Segmenta sacralia [S l-S5]
Radicesnervorum lumbalium
Segmenta coccygea [Co1-Co3]
Caudaequina
Radicesneruorum sacralium Radicesnervorum coccygeorum
F i g .6 0 0 S p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t s S , e g m e n t am e d u t l a es p i n a t i s , a n d s p i n a In e r v er o o t s ,R a d i c e sn e r v o r u ms p i n a t i u m ; s c h e m a t i cm e d i a ns e c t i o n . A s t h e s p i n a Ic o r dd o e sn o t f o t t o wt h e g r o w t ho f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o t u m n , t h e c o u r s eo f t h e s p i n a Ir o o t st o w a r d st h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i nsge g m e n t a L i n t e r v e r t e b r af ol r a m i n ab e c o m e ss t e e p e rf r o m c r a n i a lt o c a u d a LI .n t h e n e o n a t et,h e s p i n a lc o r de n d sa t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s p i n o u sp r o c e s so f t h e , h e r e a si n t h e a d u L ti,t e x t e n d sn o r m a t l yo n [ y f o u r t h[ u m b a rv e r t e b r aw t o t h e s e c o n d[ u m b a rv e r t e b r a .
Brain
glossopharyngeus !Xl N vagus[X]
B to o dvesse[s C r a n i a bI a s e
Pons Fossarhomboidea
Medullaoblongata
Radixposterior (c 1)
N hypoglossus [Xll]
N. hypoglossus lxill
Arcusanterior atlantis
2
Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
N accessorius[Xl] pyramidum Decussatio Fissuramediana anteflor
3 Nn cervicales
lc 1-c 8l
Sulcusanterolateralis
Gangliasensoria nervorum spinalium
5 6 7
Radixposterior (c 8)
Arcusvertebrae cervicalis Vll
8
Radlxposterior (r 1)
Arcusvertebrae thoracicaeI
1 2
Duramater spinalls
Costalll
Duramaterspinalis
Sulcus posterolateralis Nn. thoracici lT 1-T 121
Duramater spinalis
Sulcusmedianus posterior
Radix posterior (r 12)
Arcusvertebrae thoracicae Xll
Intumescentia lumbosacralis
Arcusvertebrae lumbalisI Radixposterior ( L1 )
Ganglion spinale
lumbales lL 1-L sl
Conusmedullaris Radicesposteriores (L 1-5, S 1-5) Caudaequina Filumterminale Gangliasensoria nervorum spinalium (s 1-5) Filumterminale, Parsduralis
Os sacrum Filumterminale, Parsduralis
Nn. sacrales
ls 1-s 5l
Filumterminale, Parsduralis 5
N coccygeus
Fig.602
Fig.603
Os coccygls [Vertebrae coccygeae l-lV]
F i 9 . 6 0 1 S p i n a cI o r d ,M e d u t Lsap i n a L i s , a n d s p i n a ln e r v e s N , n .s p i n a t e s ; s i t u so f t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ; dorsaIview. A s s p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t sa r e n u m b e r e da c c o r d i n g t o t h e s p i n a ln e r v e s a, n d t h e u p p e r m o s st p i n a Ln e r v e i s c o u n t e da s t h e f i r s t c e r v i c a nL e r v e ,t h e r ea r e a c t u a t t ye i g h tc e r v i c asLe g m e n t s .
F i g . 6 0 2 S p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a l i s , a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N , n .s p i n a [ e s ; t h e s p i n a Id u r a m a t e r h a s b e e no p e n e d ; dorsaIview. F i g .6 0 3 S p i n a lc o r d ,M e d u l t as p i n a [ i s , a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N , n.spinales; t h e s p i n a ld u r a m a t e r h a s b e e no p e n e d ; v e n t r a Lv i e w
Ventric[es T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s SpinaIcord
Pathways
Fissuramedianaanterior Sulcusmedianus posterior
Fissuramediana anterior
Duramater spinalis Nn lumbales
Lig denticulatum
Sulcus posterolateralis
Conusmedullaris
Radixposterior, Filaradicularia
Filumterminale Duramater spinalis
Arachnoidea mater spinalis
Duramaterspinalis
Gangliasensoria nervorum spinalium
Caudaequina
Duramaterspinalis
coccygeus
F i 9 .6 0 4 S p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u L Lsap i n a L i s , a n d s p i n a lm e n i n g e sM , eninges pina[es; dorsaIview.
Fig.605 SpinaLcorM d ,e d u l . t a s p i n a I i s ; c a u d a pL a r tw i t h t h e c a u d ae q u i n aC , a u d ae q u i n a ; ventraIview.
Duramaterspinalis
F i g . 6 0 6 a - c S p i n a In e r v er o o t s , N n . s p i n a t e sR , adices; typicaIcoursw e i t h i nt h e s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c e . a C e r v i c asLe g m e n t S , e g m e n t u mc e r v i c a [ e b T h o r a c i cs e g m e n t S , e g m e n t u mt h o r a c i c u m c L u m b a rs e g m e n t S , e g m e n t u m[ u m b a t e
Duramater spinalis
> Brain
Btoodvessels C r a n i a Ib a s e
Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
Arteriesof the spinalcord
A. basilaris A vertebralis
Os occipitale ATIAS
Rr spinales A spinalisanterior A. cervicalis ascendens A vertebralis
Parsascendensaortae
R spinalis posterior intercostalis A spinalisanterior
Arcusaortae
Parsdescendensaortae
N. spinalis, Radixanterior posteriores Aa intercostales Ganglion sensorium neruispinalis Truncusnervispinalis (A radicularis magna)*
Caudaequina
F i g .6 0 7 A r t e r i e so f t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a [ i s . * CtinicaI term:arteryof ADA|,4KtEWtcZ
Aa. spinalesposteriores
A spinalisanterior
(A spinalislateralis)
F i g ,6 0 8 A r t e r i e so f t h e s p r n a cI o r d ,M e d u [ [ as p i n a I i s .
Ventric[es
T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d
Pathways Spinalcord,structure
posterior Sulcusmedianus Sulcusintermedius Dosterior
Fasciculus oracilis
) posterior . I Funiculus Cunealus,/ / FaSclCuluS Radix posterior,Fila radicularia Substantiagelatinosa
Substantia oelatinosa centralis
Columnaanterior, Cornuanterius
Canaliscentralis
Fila radicularia
Funiculus anterior Commissura alba Fissuramedianaanterior Sulcusmedianus oosterior posterior Sulcusmedianus
Radixposterior
posterior Funiculus
gelatinosa Substantia
Columnaposterior, Cornuposterius
Funiculus lateralis Columna posterior, Cornu posterius
Substantia gelatinosa centralis Columnaanterior, Cornuanterius Commissura albaanterior Fiss
t medianal anterior
b
Columnaposterior, Cornuposterius
Substantiaalba
grisea Substantia Substantia oelatinosa centralis
Columnaanterior, Cornuanterius
Canalis centralis Fissura mediana anterior
F i g .6 0 9 a - d S p i n a tc o r d ,M e d u L t sap i n a t i s ; c r o s s - s e c t i o n sm; y e L i ns t a i n ;a p p r o x 5 . 00%. a C e r v i c apLa r t ,P a r sc e r v i c a t i s b T h o r a c i cp a r t ,P a r st h o r a c r c a c L u m b a rp a r t ,P a r s[ u m b a L i s d S a c r a Ip a r t ,P a r ss a c r a u s
> Brain
B to o dvessets C r a n i a Ib a s e
C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s
Functionalorganisation of thespinalcord
Nucleusmarginalis
gelatinosa Substantia
Columnaposterior, Cornuposterius
Nucleusproprius
tl ill
Nucleusthoracicus oosterior Columnaintermedia, Cornulaterale Nucleus intermediolateralis Columnaanterior, Cornuanterius Canaliscentralis (Substantia griseaintermedia centralis)
F i g . 6 1 0 S p i n a cI o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a t i s ; [ a m i n a ro r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e g r e ym a t t e ra c c o r d i n gt o i t s c y t o a r c h i t e c t u rI e 1 ,9 5 2 )e, x e m p t i fe d a c c o r d i n tgo R E X E D b y t h e t e n t ht h o r a c i cs e g m e n tl T 1 0 l . F o r m a t i o na n d n u m b e ro f t h e [ a m i n a ev a r y i n d i f f e r e n t s p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t s
\
Ganglion spirale
I
r
I
I
I
I
tQ2I
I I
L
l
I
\l
\l
1 = Skin 2 = Interneurons 3 = Motoneuron of anteriorhorn 4 = Motorend-plate 5 = Musclespindle
F i g . 6 1 1 R e f t e x e as t t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ; l e f t : m o n o s y n a p t irce fl e x I b i n e u r o n a p e ,y o s t a t i ce, . g . , t ,r o p r i o c e p t i v m p a t e L [ atre n d o nr e f t e xA , c h i t l . etse n d o nr e f l e x ,e t c . l ; r i g h t :p o t y s y n a p t ri ce f l e x( p o l y n e u r o n aet ., g . ,a b d o m i n arI e f l e x , cremastericreflex,ptantarreftex,etc.J.
Par tsof the br ai n
Ventric[es T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s
SpinaIcord
Pathways Functionalorganisation of thespinalcord
Fasciculusgracilis***
Fasciculus interfascicularis+
Fasciculus cuneatus**** tl
posterior* Tractusspinocerebellaris
I
Fasciculipropriiposteriores
, , ,
r)Ar \
\\ \\ll
l,
Tractus corticospinalis (pyramldalis) lateralis Tractus rubrospinalis
Tractusspinocerebellaris anlerior**
Tractusreticulospinalis
Tractusspinothalamicuslateralis Tractusspinoolivaris Tractusreticulospinalis; Tractustectospinalis
Tractussoinothalamicus anlerior: TractussDinotectalis
Tractusvestibulosoinalis medialis Tractuscorticospinalis (pyramidalis) anterior
propriianteriores Fasciculi Fasciculuslongitudinalismedialis
F i g . 6 1 2 S p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u l . tsap i n a t i s ; s c h e m a t i co r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e w h i t e m a t t e re x e m p t i f i e d b y a l o w e rc e r v i c asLe g m e n t A f f e r e n t( = a s c e n d i n gpl a t h w a y si n b l u e ; e f f e r e n t( = d e s c e n d i n gpl a t h w a y si n r e d . * Ctinicalterm F L: E o H S |tG r a' sc t ** CtinicaI term:GOWER's tract *** CtinicaI term:GOLL's tracr **** CtinicaI term:BURDACH's tract **x** TheactuaIexistence of thesefibreshasnotdefinitety oeen documented
T h e r e g i o n s i n d i c a t e db y + , + + , a n d + + + d e s i g n a t ed e s c e n d i n g c o t l a t e r a Lt r a c t s o f t h e p o s t e r i o r f a s c i c u t i .
+ SCHULTZ sE commatract lcervicaL partl ++ FLEOHSIG o 'vsa Ib u n d t e( t h o r a c i cp a r t ) + + + T r i a n g t eo f P H I L I P P E - G O N 4 B[ A [ uUmLbTa ra n d s a c r a tp a r t s )
Brain
B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr anial. ner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n of the
Gyruspostcentralis Gyruspostcentralis
Fibrae thalamoparietales
Fibrae thalamoparietales
Lemniscus medialis
Thalamus
N trigeminus [V]
Nuclei nervi trigemini
Decussatio lemniscorum Nucleusgracilis Fasciculusgracilis
Nucleuscuneatus -
Tractusspinothalamicus lateralis Tractusspinothalamicus anterior (Fasciculus Tractusspinoreticularis anterolateralis) Tractusspinotectalis Tractusspinoolivaris
Fasciculuscuneatus
N spinalis
Ganglion sensorium nervispinalis
Nucleuscentralis
F i g .6 1 3 P a t h w a y sf o r e p i c r i t i cI b t u e )a n d p r o t o p a t h i Icg r e e n )s e n s i b i t i t y .
Ascendingpathways Pathwayfor epicriticsensibitityltactitepathwayl d i f f e r e n t i a t i o nf p r e s s u r a e n dt o u c h ) lPrecise 1 . n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ] F r o mr e c e p t o rI se x t e r o c e p t oi rnst h ] es k i na n dt h e m u c o s aa, s w e LaLs t h e p e r i o s t e u m t h,ej o i n t sa n dt h e m u s c L e s p i n d l eest c , t o t h ec u n e a t ae n dg r a c i Lneu c L e ui n s t h e m e d u L Loab L o n g a t a : g r a ac n i tdec u n e a t fea s c i c u L Iupse r i k a r y a i n t h es p i n agLa n g L i ad)e: s c e n d i ncgo l L a t e r a( Ls se eF i g .6 1 2 ) 2 n e u r o n[ c r o s s e d ] F r o mt h e m e d u t l a o b [ o n g a t(ac u n e a taen dg r a c i Lneu c l e u st o l t h et h a t a m u Ism e d i a L l e m n i s cpuesr,i k a r yian t h e c u n e a t ae n dg r a c i Lneu c L e u s ] 3 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s eFdr] o mt h et h a l a m u tso t h ec e r e b r a L c o r t pe ax r, t i c u t a rtloyt h e p o s t c e n t r a L g y(rtuhsa L a m o c o r t i c a L f i b r e sp, e r i k a r yian t h et h a L a m u s l Pathwayfor protopathicsensibititylpain pathwayf IP a i n t, e mp e r a t ur e ,g e n e r apI r e s s u r se e n s a t i o n ) 1 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ] F r o mr e c e p t o rIse x t e r o c e p t o o r sf ]t h e s k i na n dt h e m u c o s ae t c , ,t o t h e p o s t e r i ohr o r n ,L a m i n ale- V I p e r i k a r yian t h e spinaLgangLia) 2 n e u r o n[ c r o s s e ds,o m ef i b r e sp o s s i b Luyn c r o s s e d ] F r o mt h e p o s t e r i ohro r nt o t h et h a L a m uisn,t h e r e t i c u L a f or r m a t i oann dt o t h e m i d b r a i tne c t u mI a n t e r i oarn d[ a t e r a L spinothaLam t riacc t ss, p i n o r e t i c u t a r ar c t ,s p i n o t e c t a l t r apc et ;r i k a r yian t h e p o s t e r i ocro l u m n l 3 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d l F r o m t h e t h a L a m u sa m o n g o t h e r st o t h e c e r e b r a L c o r t e px a , r t i c u L a r tLoyt h e p o s t c e n t r a L g y r u[ tsh a L a m o c o r t i cf a i bI r e s , p e r i k a r y ai n t h e t h a L a m u s )
Vent ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s
Spinalcord
Pathways Pathways
Pedunculus cerebellaris suDerior
Vermis cerebelli
inferior Pedunculus cerebellaris
posterior Tractusspinocerebellaris
Nucleusthoracicus posterior Cornuanterius
Tractussoinocerebellaris anterior Tractusspinoolivaris
N spinalis
F i g . 6 1 1 P a t h w a y sf o r u n c o n s c i o udse e ps e n s i b i L i t y .
Ascendingpathways Pathwayfor unconscious deepsensibitity e r m o v e m e nct o o r d i n a t i obny t h e c e r e b e t t u m ] I U n c o n s c i o ubsu, t p r e c i s es p a t i adLi f f e r e n t i a t i oa ns a p r e r e q u i s i ft o V i at h e a n t e r i o rc e r e b e t l atr a c t '1 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ] F r o mr e c e p t o r{sp r o p r i o c e p t o irns m l u s c L e st e, n d o n sa, n dt h e c o n n e c t i vtei s s u et o t h e n u c L eoi f t h e i n t e r m e d i a tzeo n e a n dt h ea n t e r i ocr o [ u m nI p e r i k a r yi n a t h es p i n agLa n g t i a ) 2 n e u r o nI c r o s s e d ] F r o mt h e a n t e r i o h r o r nw i t h i nt h e a n t e r i o sr p i n o c e r e b e [ [t a i at h e a c tt o t h e c e r e b e | ' L uvm r ar c to f t h e a n t e r o [ a t e rtar L s u p e r i ocr e r e b e L Lpaerd u n c L( pe e r i k a r yi na t h ei n t e r m e d i azt eo n ea n dt h ea n t e r i ohr o r n J . V i at h e p o s t e r i ocr e r e b e t t at r a c t 1 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ] F r o me n do r g a n s{ p r o p r i o c e p t o irns m l u s c L e st e, n d o n sa, n dt h e c o n n e c t i vtei s s u et o t h e n u c t eoi f t h e p o s t e r i ocr o L u m n a n dt h et h o r a c i nc u c L e uI sp e r i k a r yi n a t h es p i n agLa n g t i a ) 2 . n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ] F r o mt h e p o s t e r i ohr o r na n dt h e t h o r a c i cn u c L e uws i t h i nt h e p o s t e r i osr p i n o c e r e b e t ltar ar c to f t h e [ a t e r atIr a c tt o t h ec e r e b e t l uvmi at h o i n f o r i nnr a n a h o l l ^r r^ d u n c [ (ep e r i k a r yi nat h et h o r a c i nc u c t e uas n da t t h e b a s eo f t h e p o s t e r i o r c o Lm u nl
Bl.oodvesseIs
Craniab I ase
Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Gyrusprecentralis
Fibrae corticospinales
Thalamus Corpus striatum
(Tractusrubrothalamicus) Thalamus
Nucleusruber (Tractus cerebellorubralis)
Substantia nigra
Nucleusdentatus Cerebellum,
Nucleipontis Fibrae oontocerebellares
Tractusbulboreticulosoinalis etc
-
Tractusrubrospinalis Tractusreticulospinalis Tractusvestibulospinalis Tractustectospinalis
Cornuanterius Radixanterior Imotoria]
N spinalis
Fig. 615 Pathwaysof the motor system. * Moton r u c t eoi f c r a n i anI e r v e s
pathways Descending T h em o t o rs y s t e mc o m p r i s eas L a r g n eu m b e o r g i o nas n dt r a c t sT. h e" m o t o rf i n a L p a t ha"r et h e m o t o n e u r o n s r f n u c L e ar e D e s p i tteh ee x t r a o r d i n acroym p t e x iot yf t h e s ec i r c u i t st h, et r a d i t i o n a L o r g a n i s a wtiiLob lne m a i n t a i n ef o d r d i d a c t irce a s o n s I S o - c a t l e dPly r a m i d at rI a c t 1 [ c e n t r a Ln]e u r o nl c r o s s e d ) F r o mt h e c e r e b r acLo r t e xt h r o u g ht h e i n t e r n acLa p s u Laen dt h e c e r e b r apI e d u n c l etso i n t e r n e u r o nwsi t h i nt h e a n t e r i o r a n dp o s t e r i ocro I u m n{ [ a t e r a L c o r t i c o s p i n a Lat n r aI c t ,p e r i k a r yian t h e p r e c e n t r a L g y r u s ) . r at ec rt ,i ocr o r t i c o s p i nt a B r a n c h i nogf fo f f i b r e st o t h e n u c l eoi f t h ec r a n i a L n e r vIecso r t i c o n u c Lfei barre sa n db u L b acro r t i c o n u c t ef iabrr e s J . 2 [ p e r i p h e r anLel u r o nI m o t o re n dp a t h w a ya,- m o t o n e u r o n s ] F r o mt h e a n t e r i o rh o r nt o t h e m o t o re n dp t a t e so f t h e s k e t e t am I u s c u t a t u rIem o t o n e u r o npse, r i k a r y ian t h e a n t e r i o r nornJ aL o t o rs y s t e m I S o - c a t l e dEJx t r a p y r a m i dm 1 c e n t r a nL e u r o n s[ c r o s s e a d n du n c r o s s e d ] F r o mt h e c e r e b r acI o r t e xp, a r t i c u L a rtlhye p r e c e n t r agLy r u sa n dt h e a d j a c e nct o r t i c aaLr e a si n c L u d i nsgy n a p s etso t h e b a s a L g a n g Itihaa, L a m ussu, b t h a [ a mni cu c t e u sr e , dn u c l e u ss,u b s t a n t inai g r ac, e r e b e [ L uemt c, .a n df e e d b a cLko o ptso t h ei n t e r n e u r o n o sf t h ea n t e r i ocr o L u m lnr u b r o s p i n a L t r amcet ,d i aaLn dL a i e r av Le s t i b u t o s p i n a L t r ae ct itc, u L o s p itnr a L ct, t e c t o s p i ntar L act). 2 . p e r i p h e r anIe u r o n{ m o t o re n dp a t h w a ya,- m o t o n e u r o n s ] F r o mt h e a n t e r i o rh o r nt o t h e m o t o re n d - p L a t eosf t h e s k e t e t am I u s c L e(sm o t o n e u r o npse; r i k a r y ian t h e a n t e r i o rh o r n ]
Vent ric t e s T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s
S p inaIcor d
Pathways
F i g , 6 1 6 D y s f u n c t i o n a I c u t a n e o u s i n n e r vdaut e i oton paLsyof c e r t a i n f, r e q u e n t [ ya f f e c t e ds p i n a In e r v e s
Fig. 617 Compteteparaplegiaat the leveIof the eleventh t h o r a c i cs e g m e n t P a r a L y s iosf t h e c o m p L e t m e o t o rand sensorysystem.
F i g .5 1 8 P a r a l y s i o s f t h e t r a c t so f t h e r i g h t p o s t e r i o fr u n i c u t u s a t t h e L e v eol f t h e e l e v e n t ht h o r a c i cs e g m e n t . L o s so f f i n e t a c t i t es e n s a t i o na s w e t Ia s [ o s so f s e n s eo f p o s i t i o n a n d v i b r a t i o nI r o u g ht o u c hs e n s a t i o nr e m a i n sf u n c t i o n a t ] .
e tj o d i s r u p t i o no f F i g .6 1 9 H e m i p L e g iIaB R o W N - S E Q U AdRu D t h e h a L fo f t h e s p i n a Ic o r do n t h e r i g h t s i d ea t t h e l e v e Io f t h e e L e v e n tthh o r a c i cs e g m e n t . 0 n t h e r i g h t s i d e I i p s i L a t e r a t t [yo) s: so f m o t o rf u n c t i o nI i n i t i a l . t y f t a c c i dL , a t e rs p a s t i c l [; o s so f f i n e t a c t i t es e n s a t i o na s w e I La s [ o s so f s e n s eo f p o s i t i o na n d v i b r a t i o nI r o u g ht o u c hs e n s a t i o n r e m a i n sf u n c t i o n a U . 0 n t h e L e f ts i d eI c o n t r a L a t e r a t t[yo)s: so f p a i na n d t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s a t rno.
Lac r i m aIappar atus Eyelids
(Sulcuspalpebralis superio0 Angulusoculilateralis Supercilium
(Raphepalpebralis lateralis)
Tunica conjunctiva bulbi Angulusoculi lateralis; Commissura lateralis palpeDrarum
Caruncula lacrimalis
Rima parpeorarum
Angulusoculi medialis
Citiae Palpebra inferior (Sulcuspalpebronasalis) Angulus oculimedialis; Commissura medialis
Sulcussclerae Pupilla
Palpebra inferior Limbusposteriorpalpebrae Limbusanterior
Fig.620 Eyetids,Palpebrae.
(inferior) Papillalacrimalis
Fig.621 Eye,Ocutus, andeyel.ids, Palpebrae.
Limbusanteriorpalpebrae Sulcussclerae
Plicasemilunaris conjunctivae
Papilla lacrimalis (superior)
Tunicaconjunctiva palpebrarum
palpebrae Limbusposterior Punctum lacrimale:Paoilla lacrimalis (superior)
Caruncula lacrimalis
Tunicaconjunctiva bulbi Fornixconjunctivae inferior Tunicaconjunctiva parpeorarum Plica semilunaris conjunctivae
Limbusposterior palpebrae Limbusanterior palpebrae Plicasemilunaris coniunctivae Punctumlacrimale (inferioo Papillalacrimalis Caruncula lacrimalis
F i g . 6 2 2 E y e , O c u l u sa,n d e y e l i d sP , alpebrae.
Lacuslacrimalis
Punctumlacrimale; (inferior) Papillalacrimalis
F i g . 6 2 3 E y e , O c u [ u sa,n d e y e t i d sP, a t p e b r a e . E v e r s i o no f t h e u p p e re y e t i d( e x t r o p i o n i s a t i oi ns Jh i n d e r e d b y t h e s t i f f n e s so f t h e t a r s u s ,b u t c a n b e f a c i t i t a t e w d ith t h e a i d o f a s m a t lh o o k .
Mu s c t e os f t h e e y e
Eyebatl.
pathway CIptie
lvlargo supraorbitalis
TopnEr aphy
Foramen supraorbitale*
Incisura frontalis*
Os sphenoidale,Ala minor
Faciesorbitalis Os frontale.Parsorbitalis. Fovea trochlearis Canalis opticus
Fossaglandulae lacrimalis
Foramen ethmoidaleposterius
Os frontale,Proc zygomaticus Foramen ethmoidaleanterius
Os sphenoidale, Alamajor,Faciesorbitalis
Margo medialis Os lacrimale
Margolateralis
Sulcus Iacrimalis
Os zygomaticum, Proc frontalis Crista lacrimalisanterior
Fissuraorbitalis superior
Fossa sacci lacrimalis Crista lacrimalisposterior
Os zygomaticum, Faciesorbitalis
Maxilla,Proc frontalis
Foramenzygomaticofaciale Incisuralacrimalis
Fissuraorbitalis inferior
Os ethmoidale,Lamina orbitalis Os palatinum,Proc orbitalis
Sulcusinfraorbitalis ; Canalisinfraorbitalis Forameninfraorbitale
Margo infraorbitalis
Maxilla,Facies orbitalis
F i g . 6 2 1 0 r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; o b L i q u vei e wf r o m [ a t e r a t . + Thesestructures as canbepresent f o r a m i noar n o t c h e s .
Foramina ethmoidalia anterius et posterius Os ethmoidale,Lamina orbitalis
Fissuraorbitalis superior Canalisopticus Os sphenoidale, Ala minor
l/argo lateralis
Os nasale Os lacrimale
Os sphenoidale, Ala major
Maxilla, Proc frontalis Canalis nasolacrimalis
Fissuraorbitalis inferior
Facies ) orbitalis I
I vaxitta CorpusI
pterygopalatina
Foramen zygomaticoorbitale
':
Fissuraorbitalis superior Os zygomaticum, Faciesorbitalis Alamaior ' ) I Os sphenoidale Corpus J
maxillae /
Fissuraorbitalisinferior
Os sphenoidale, Proc pterygoideus
Fissurapterygomaxillaris Sinusmaxillaris
os patatin um f orutt"'"ti""' I Proc.orbitalis Fig.625 MediatwatL P ,a r i e sm e d i a t i s , nf tho
nrhi+
flrhi+r.
lateraIview.
Maxilla,Faciesorbitalis Sinusmaxillaris Canalisinfraorbitalis
Fig.626 LateraIwa[t, Paries[atera[is, o f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; m e d i a Iv i e w
: r] r r r . , , , , , ,.i t:ri.r. t',r,ra,.,.r .rrrr.rrr,.
t Eye
a
5urface
appar atus S k e l e t o n Eyetids Lac r i m aI
Eyelids
M occioitofrontalis. Venterfrontalis
M procerus
lvl depressor supercilii
M, corrugator supercilii Os nasale
M orbicularis oculi, Parspalpebralis
Lig palpebrale mediale M orbicularis oculi, Parsorbitalis
L4 levator labiisuperioris alaequenasl
l\il levator labiisuperioris ataequenasl
M orbicularis oculi, Parsorbitalis
M. nasalis
lvl.levator labiisuperioris
M levator labiisuperioris M. zygomaticus malor
M zygomaticus mtnor
M zygomaticus mtnor M, zygomaticus maJor M levator anguli oris
M orbicularis oris,Parsmarginalis
Fig.62l
T ,1a , c ,d ,e ) 119,120
lvl deDressor seDti nasi
M levatorangulioris
Faciam I u s c l e s ,M m . f a c i e i .
M levatorpalpebrae superioris
Fornix conjunctivae supeflor
lvl obliquus superior, Tendo
Corpusadiposum orbitae Glandula lacrimaiis, Parsorbitalis
Lig palpebralemediale
Tarsussuperior Saccus lacrimalis (Raphe palpebralis lateralis);Lig palpebralelaterale
Lig palpebralemediale
Rimapalpebrarum Fornixconjunctivae inferior
Tarsusinferior lV1obliquus inferior
F i g . 6 2 8 0 r b i t a Lo p e n i n gA, d i t u so r b i t a L i sw, i t h e y e l . i d s , Patoebrae.
M u s c l e so f t h e e y e
Eyebatt
0 p ti cp a th way Topography Eyelids, structure
l/ orbicularis oculi, Parspalpebralis
Tunicaconjunctivapalpebrarum
Tarsussuperior Glandulaetarsales* + Facies anterior +
Facies posterior palpebrae
ParPEerdv
Limbusposterior palpebrae M. orbicularis oculi, Parspalpebralis Limbusanteriorpalpebrae
F i g . 6 2 9 U p p e re y e t i d P , a t p e b r as u p e r i o r ; photograph o f a m i c r o s c o p iscp e c i m e n ; a z a ns t a r n ; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o n m , agnified. * C t i n i c at eI r m :M E l B 0 M igatna n d s
Tarsussuperior
Glandulaetarsales
Angulusoculilateralis Angulusoculimedialis
medialis Commissura palpebrarum Commissura lateralis palpebrarum Rimapalpebrarum Glandulae tarsales Tarsusinferior
F i g . 6 3 0 E y e l ' i d sP, a t p e b r a e ; t r a n s t u c e nst p e c i m e ni l t u s t r a t i n g t h e e x c r e t o r yd u c t u l e s o f t h e t a r s a Ig L a n d s ; oosteriorview.
r Eye
Sketeton Eyetids Lacrimalapparatus
Surface
Lacrimalapparatus
Septumorbitale
M levator palpebrae superioris,Tendo
Tarsussuperior
Lig. palpebralemediale
Ductuliexcretorii
Maxilla,Proc frontalis Septumorbitale
Tarsusinferior
F i g .6 3 1 0 r b i t a Io p e n i n gA , d i t u so r b i t a t i sw , itheyel.ids, P a l p e b r a ea, n d [ a c r i m a tg [ a n d ,G t a n d u [ a[ a c r i m a [ i s .
N lacrimalis
A. lacrimalis
Glandula lacrimalis. Parsorbitalis
R. communicans cum nervozygomatico Suturasphenozygomatica Palpebra superior
M. rectuslateralis N. opticuslll
Palpebrainterior
R. communicans cum nervozygomatico
Foramenzygomaticoorbitale
Fig.632 Innervationof the lacrimat gLand, G t a n d u [ a[ a c r i m a t i s ; mediaIview.
M u s c l e so f t h e e y e
E ye b a tt 0 p ti cp a th way Topogr aphy Lacrimalapparatus
Fornixconiunctivae suoerior
Papilla lacrimalis:Punctum lacrimale Plica semilunarisconiunctivae
lacrimalis Canaliculus suoerior Glandulalacrimalis, Ductuliexcretorii
M orbicularis oculi Fornix sacci lacrimalis
lacrimalis Caruncula Saccuslacrimalis lacrimalis inferior Canaliculus Papillalacrimalis; Punctumlacrimale Conchanasalismedia Ductusnasolacrimalis Fornix conjunctivaeinferior
Plicalacrimalis Meatusnasiinferior Conchanasalisinferior N. infraorbitalis
Sinusmaxillaris, Tunicamucosa
F i g .6 3 3 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u s[ a c r i m a t i s ; t h e e y e l i d sh a v eb e e np u t l e da w a yf r o m t h e e y e b a L t ; t h e n a s o l a c r i m adI u c t h a s b e e no p e n e du p t o t h e i n f e r i o rn a s a Im e a t u s .
Canaliculus lacrimalis superior
Papilla lacrimalis; Punctum lacrimale
Caruncula lacrimalis Canaliculus lacrimalis superior
Ampulla canaliculilacrimalis
Saccus lacrimalis
lacrimalis Caruncula
Fornix saccl lacrimalis Lig. palpebrale mediale
Saccus lacrimalis Maxilla, Proc trontalis
M orbicularis oculi Papilla lacrimalis; Punctum lacrimale
Canaliculus lacrimalis inferior
Ductus nasolacrimalis
l\4 obliquusinlerior
F i g . 6 3 4 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u s[ a c r i m a I i s .
M orbicularis oculi / Canaliculus lacrimalis inferior M obliquus interior
Sinusmaxillaris
Maxilla,Proc frontalis
Ductusnasolacrimalis
F i g .6 3 5 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u sL a c r i m a t i s ; the nasoLacrima d Iu c t a n d t h e n a s o l a c r i m acIa n a I h a v eb e e no p e n e d .
Surface
appar atus Skeleton Eyel.ids l - ac r i m aI
M obliquus Trochlea superior,
M rectusmedialis M obliquusinferior M rectusinlerior l\4 rectussuperior
M obliquus superior M. levatorpalpebrae superioris
M rectuslateralis
Anulustendineus communis
F i g .6 3 6 E x t r a - o c u l m a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ; scnema; supeflorvrew.
M orbitalis
M levatorpalpebraesuperioris
Os frontale M obliquus superior Fissuraorbitalissuperior N opticuslll Lacertusmusculirectilateralis M rectusmedialis Os sphenoidale,Ala major
Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectuslateralis
N oculomotorius llll, R inferior
N opticuslll, Vaginaexterna M rectusinferior
Periorbita N infraorbitalis
F i g . 6 3 7 E x t r a - o c u [ am r u s c t e sM , m e x t e r n ib u l b i ; a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Musclesof the eye Extra-ocularmuscles
M rectusmedialis
M rectuslateralis M. obliquusinferior
Tunicaconjunctiva bulbi
M rectusinferior
F i g .6 3 8 E x t r a - o c u l am r usclesM , m . e x t e r n ib u [ b i .
M. rectussuperior M obliquus superior, Tendo
N opticusilll
M. rectuslateralis
M rectusmedialis M. obliquusinlerior
F i g .6 3 9 E x t r a - o c u [m a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ; oosterior view.
M rectussuperior M obliquus superior, Tendo
M rectuslateralis
M obliquusinferior
M. rectusinferior
N opticuslll
F i g .6 4 0 E x t r a - o c u tm a ru s c l e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ; p o s t e r i o r - s u p e rviioerw .
Sur face
Sketeton EyeLids Lac r i m atappar atus
Extra-ocular muscles
M levatorpalpebrae superioris M rectussuperior Periorbita M. rectuslateralis
N. opticusilll
Os sphenoidale, Ala major
M rectusinferior
M obliquusinferior
Fossainfratemooralis Fissuraorbitalisinferior Sinusmaxillaris
F i g . 6 1 1 E x t r a - o c u lm a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u l b i ; [ateraIview.
M rectussuoerior. Tendo Margosupraorbitalis
M levatorpalpebrae superioris
Os frontale,Proc zygomaticus
M obliquus superior, Tendo
lacrimalis, Glandula Parsorbitalis
Tendo M. rectusmedialis,
M rectuslateralis,Tendo Tunicaconjunctiva bulbi
Margo lateralis
Margomedialis
M obliquus inlerior,Tendo
M obliquusinferior
Os zygomaticum Margoinfraorbitalis Forameninfraorbitale
F i g , 6 1 1 2 E x t r a - o c u [ am r u s c L e sM, m e x t e r n ib u I b i ; o b t i o u ev i e wf r o m a n t e r i o r .
muscles Extra-ocular
M obliquussuperior, Trochlea M obliquus supenor, Tendo
Bulbusoculi M. levator palpebrae supenons
M levator parpe0rae supenofls
M obliquus supeflor, Tendo
Glandula lacrimalis, Parsorbitalis
Os sphenoidale, Ala major
Corpus adrposum orbitae
M rectusmedialis
M obliquus supenor M. rectuslateralis M rectus lateralis M rectus supenor
M. rectussuperior lvl obliquus superior M levatorpalpebrae superioris Chiasmaopticum
N. opticusilll
F i g ,6 4 3 E x t r a - o c u Lmaur s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u L b i ; s u D e f l ovrt e w .
Lobusfrontalis, Gyriorbitales l\il.levatorpalpebraesuperioris M rectussuperior
Pariessuperior
M obliquus superior
Pariesmedialis
N opticusilll
Parieslateralis
M rectuslateralis
Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectusmedialis
Pariesinferior
M rectusinferior
Sinusmaxillaris Cavitasnasi
F i g . 6 1 1 E x t r a - o c u t am r usclesM , m . e x t e r n ib u t b i ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g e( M R l ) ; f r o n t a Is e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m i d d L eo f t h e o r b i t ; a n t e r i o rv i e w
Lens Bulbusoculi,Corpusvitreum
Pariesmedialis Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectuslateralis N opticusilll M. rectusmedialis
Parieslateralis Canalisopticus Lobustemporalis
F i g . 6 4 5 E y e b a l .Bt ,u l b u so c u L ia, n d e x t r a - o c u t am , m . e x t e r n ib u t b i . r u s c t e sM m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e o p t i cn e r v e : s u p e f l o rv r e w .
Lac r i m aIappar atus Eyeball,structure
Axlsexternusbulbi Vertexcorneae:Polusanteriorbulbi Polusanteriorlentis Laminalimitansanterior' ** LaminalimitansDosterior '''t, ,'rbu" "orn"u" Angulus iridocornealis Sinusvenosussclerae***
Epithelium anterius Cameraanteriorbulbi Faciesanterior
rri"I [Facies posterior\ Cornea Reticulum trabeculare
Tunicaconjunctiva
Tunicaconjunctiva bulbi
Fibraecircularesl Cameraposterior bulbi
.
ciliaris Fibrae lM meridionales ,/ Pars ciliaris retinae
Orbiculus ciliaris
Polus'Dosterior lentis
Ura serrala
Parsopticaretinae
Camerapostremalvitrea]bulbi; Corpusvitreum
Choroidea
Spatiumperichoroideum
Excavatio disci Lamina cribrosa sclerae
Macula lutea, Fovea centralis
Polusposterior bulbi Vaginaexternanervioptici Spatium intervaginalesubarachnoidale
Fig.61,6 Eyebal.t, Butbusocuti; s c h e m a t ihco r i z o n t sa eI c t i o n a t t h eL e v eolf t h e e x i to f t h eo o t i cn e r v e .
* C t i n i c a tI e r m : B O W M A Nm ' se m b r a n e * * C t i n i c atIe r m : D E S o E M E m T 'es m b r a n e * * * C t i n i c atIe r m : c a n a Io f S c H L E M M
Dimensions of the eyebatt literature) lAverageva[uesaccordingto the anatomicand ophtha[mol.ogic E x t e r n abI u t b a ra x i s , A x i se x t e r n u sb u L b i Internab I u L b aar x i s , A x i si n t e r n u sb u l b i T h i c k n e s so f t h e c o r n e a D e p t ho f t h e a n t e r i o rc h a m b e r
240mm
T h i c k n e s so f t h e t e n s D i s t a n c eb e t w e e nl e n sa n d r e t i n a T h i c k n e s so f t h e r e t i n a
3 . 6m m '1 5 6 mm 03mm
R a d i u so f c u r v a t u r eo f t h e s c t e r a R a d i u so f c u r v a t u r eo f t h e c o r n e a
13.0 mm 78mm
Powerof the entireeye vision] Idistance P o w e ro f t h e c o r n e a P o w e ro f t h e l e n s[ d i s t a n c ve i s i o n l
5 9d i o p t r e s
22.5mm 05mm 36mm
I n t e r p u p i L l adr yi s t a n c e
4 3d i o p t r e s 1 9d i o p t r e s 61-69 mm
Bloodvesselsof the eveball
Sinusvenosussclerae* Circulusarteriosus iridismajor V conjunctivalis anterior A conjunctivalis anterior
A. ciliarisanterior Circulusarteriosus iridisminor Ora serrata V. ciliaris antenor
longa A. ciliarisposterior
Vasasanguinea retinae Choroidea
V vorticosa Lamina choroidocaoillaris Lamina vasculosa **
V centralis retinae V episcleralis A episcleralis
A centralis retinae
A ciliarisposterior longa Aa ciliaresposteriores breves
F i g . 5 1 7 B t o o dv e s s e l so f t h e e y e b a t tB, u L b u so c u t , . * C [ i n i c at eI r m :c a n a t oSf c H L E M M * * C t i n i c at eI r m :u v e a
Layersof the eyebat[,Tunicaebutbi Fibrous tayer of the eyebatl, Tunica fibrosa bul.bi - C o r n e aC , o r n e aI p r o n o u n c ecdu r v a t u r et,r a n s l u c e n t ] - S c [ e r aS , c t e r aI L e s s ecru r v a t u r eo, p a q u e b ; L u i s h - w h i ti e n i n f a n c yy, e l l o w i s h - w h i ti e n senescenceJ Vascular layer of the eyeba[[, Tunica vasculosa butbi - l r i s ,l r i s ,w i t h t h e c e n t r a Ic i r c u t a ro p e n i n gt,h e p u p i l , PupiLl.a - C i t i a r yb o d y ,C o r p u sc i t i a r ew , i t h t h e c i t i a r ym u s c L e , M c i t i a r i st,h e c i t i a r yp r o c e s sP, r o c e s s u cs i L i a r i st h ,e c i [ i a r yz o n u L eZ, o n u l ac i I i a r i sw , i t h t h e z o n u t a rf i b r e s , F i b r a ez o n u L a r e a s ,n d t h e z o n u t a rs p a c e s , C^-+;^ -^^,,1--;^ JPoLro 4urruLorro
- C h o r o i dC . horoidea
lnner tayer of the eyebaU,lretinal, Tunica interna butbi (Retinal - N o n v i s u arIe t i n a ,P a r sc a e c ar e t i n a eI f r o mt h e p u p i L L a r y - i r i d i a l m a r g i n ,M a r g op u p i t L a r i sr i d i s ,t o t h e o r a s e r r a t a , 0 r as e r r a t a l l r i d i a Lp a r t o f t h e r e t i n a ,P a r si r i d i c ar e t i n a e( s i n g | . e - L a y e r e d , h e a v i t yp i g m e n t e d )C, i t i a r yp a r t o f t h e r e t i n a ,P a r sc i I i a r i s r e t i n a e{ s i n g [ e - L a y e r eu dn ,p i g m e n t e d l - 0 p t i c p a r t o f t h e r e t i n a ,P a r so p t i c ar e t i n a eI s t r a t i f i e d J 1 n e u r o n v: i s i o nc e I t sI r o dc e t t s- b r i q h t n e s s : c o n ec e l L s- c o L o u r l 2 n e u r o n :b i p o L agr a n g I i o nc e l [ sw i t h i nt h e r e t i n a { g a n g L i oonf t h e r e t i n a ,G a n g L i orne t i n a e J 3 n e u r o n :m u L t i - p o t agra n g L i ocne I t sI o p t i ca a n g I i o n , , h o s e[ o n ga x o n sf o r m t h e o p t i c G a n g L i oonp t i c u m iw n e r v ea n d c o n t i n u ei n t h e o p t i ct r a c t
\ l
L a c r i m aaI p p a r a t u s Ciliarybodyand iris
Cameraanterior -l--^---
to'n"" l
pupillae M sphincter Stromairidis
posterius Faciesposterior, Epithelium Faciesanterior. Eoithelium anterius proDria Substantia corneae Sinusvenosussclerae* Angulusiridocornealis
Beticulum trabeculare
Cameraposterior
zonulares zonularia Procc, ciliares
Corpusciliare
I zonur" .itiu,.i.--
F i g .6 4 8 E y e b a t LB,u L b u so c u t i ; s c h e m a t i ch o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f thepupit. * C l i n i c at eLr m :c a n aoI f S c H L E M M * * C [ i n i c at eI r m :z o n u [ oe f Z I N N
Lens, Facies anterior
lris,Margopupillaris Beticulum trabeculare
Lens, Polus anterior M ciliaris
lris,Faciesanterior
Anulus iridismajor
Anulusiridisminor
F i g . 6 4 9 l r i s , l r i s ,a n d p u p i t ,P u p i l . l . a ; a f t e rr e m o v a o I f t h e s c t e r aa n d c o r n e a : a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Mu s c t e os f t h e e y e
Anulusiridisminor
Margopupillaris
Anulusiridismajor
Reticulum trabeculare
Margo ciliaris
Lens,Faciesanterior
Parsiridicaretinae
F i g . 6 5 0 l r i s ,l r i s ; a f t e rr e m o v aoIf t h ec o r n e a ; anteriorview.
Pars ciliarisretinae
Procc.ciliares
Fibraezonulares: Soatiazonularia Plicae ciliares
Cornea,Faciesposterior
F i g . 6 5 1 l r i s ,l r i s ; posterior view.
lris.Faciesoosterior
Parsopticaretinae
Procc ciliares Plicae ciliares
Orbiculus ciliaris
F i g .6 5 2 l r i s ,l r i s ; section o f F i g .6 5 1 ; posterior view.
L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u s
Faciesanterior
Polusanterior
Polusposterior
Faciesposterior
F i g . 6 5 4 L e n sL, e n s ; viewedf romthe equator.
F i g . 6 5 3 L e n sL, e n s ; a n t e r i ovr i e w .
Aequator+
F i g . 6 5 5 L e n s ,L e n s ; o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m a n t e r i o r
F i g . 6 5 6 L e n sL, e n s ; schema o f t h e[ e n sf i b r e si n a n e o n a t e : viewed f r o mt h ee q u a t o r .
M u s c t e so f t h e e y e
Eyebatt
0 p ti cp a th way Topogr aphy
retinaesuperior Venulatemporalis
Discusnervioptici**
Macula lutea *
Venulatemooralis retinaeinferior
Arteriolatemooralisretinaeinferior
F i g . 6 5 7 O c u t a rf u n d u s ,F u n d u so c u t i ; o p h t h a [ m o s c o p pi ci c t u r eo f t h e c e n t r a Ir e g i o n ; a n t e r i o rv i e w . * C[inicaI term:yetlowspot * * C t i n i c at eI r m :p a p i t [oar b I i n ds p o t
Venulamacularis superior
Arteriolatemporalisretinaesuperior Venulatemporalis retinaesuperior Venulanasalisretinaesuperior
Arteriola macularis suDerior nasalisretinaesuoeriol Arteriola Discusnervioptici Fovea centralis, Foveola
(Venulamedialis retinae)
(Arteriolamedialisretinae) Arteriolamacularisinferior Arteriolanasalisretinaeinferior
Venulamacularis inferior
Arteriola temooralis retinaeinferior
F i g ,6 5 8 B L o o dv e s s e t so f t h e r e t i n a V , a s as a n g u i n e ar e t i n a e ; s c h e m ao f t h e c o u r s eo f t h e v e s s e t s : anteriorview.
Lac r i m aIappar atus
Excavatio disci
Laminacribrosasclerae
Stratum nervosum
) _ I Ha.ls I opuca Stratum I retinae p19menrosum /
Lamina fusca sclerae
Choroidea propria Substantia screrae
Spatiumintervaginale subarachnoidale
N opticuslll
F i g . 6 5 9 0 p t i cn e r v eN, .o p t i c uIsl l 1 ; h o r i z o n t sa eI c t i o n a t i t se x i tf r o mt h ee y e b a L I
Spatium intervaginalesubarachnoidale
Vaginainternanervioptici
Vagina externa nerui optici
F i g . 6 6 0 0 p t i cn e r v eN , . o p t i c u Isl l l ; c r o s s - s e c t in oe n a rt h ee y e b a L [
M u s c l e sC I tf h e e y e
Eyebatt
pathwmy ffi6rtic
Topography
Vagina interna
Periorbita
Vagina externa
N o p t i c u lsl l ,
Pars canalis
N opticuslll, Parsintracranialis
A n u l u tse n d i n e ucso m m u n i s M levatorpalpebrae supenofls
Dura mater cranialis
M rectussuperior
Hypophysis
Chiasmaopticum
N opticuslll, Parsorbitalis
Tractusopticus A ophthalmica A ophthalmica orbitae Corpusadiposum A carotisinterna, Parscerebralis
M rectuslateralis
Sinuscavernosus
M rectusinferior
F i g . 6 5 1 0 p t i cn e r v eN, .o p t i c uIsl l J ; t h eo p t i cc a n ahI a sb e e no p e n e d ; viewed f r o mt h er i g h t .
Sinusfrontalis
M levatorpalpebrae superioris l\4 rectussuperior Corpusadiposum orbitae
Corpusciliare N opticuslll
Palpebra superior Lens
M rectusinterior
Cameraanterior Sinussphenoidalis
inferior Palpebra Bulbusoculi,Camera postrema [vitrea]
Sinusmaxillaris
F i g . 6 6 2 0 r b i t ,O r b i t a ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h i cm a g eI M R l ) ; v e r t i c a sL e c t i o na [ o n gt h e o p t i cn e r v e ; v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
Surfaqe
Sketeton E y e L i d s L a c r i r n a at p p a r a t u s
0pticpathwayand bloodvessels
Bulbuo s culi Aa ciliares
A centralisretinae
Chiasma opticum
A ophthalmica
Tubercinereum* A carotis inlerna
A choroidea anterior
Tractusopticus
A cerebriposterior
Tractusopticus, Radixmedialis Tractusopticus, Radixlateralis Mesencephalon, Pedunculus cereDrl
Corpus geniculatum mediale Corpus geniculatum laterale
Tectum mesencephali, Colliculus superior
Radiatiooptica
Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis V magna cerebri Brachium colliculisuperioris
Sulcuscalcarinus R calcarinus (Area striata)
F i g .6 6 3 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L oann, d b | . o o d suppLo y f t h e p a r t so f t h e o p t i cp a t h w a y ; i n f e r i o rv i e w . T h e p i t u i t a r yg t a n dh a s b e e nr e m o v e da t i t s i n f u n d i b u t u m [ * 1 .D u e t o t h e c [ o s ep r o x i m i t yo f t h e p i t u i t a r yg L a n da n d t h e o p t i cc h i a s m , p i t u i t a r vt u m o u r sc a n c a u s ev i s u a Ld i s t u r b a n c e s
0ptic pathway 1 n e u r o nr: o dc e L Lasn dc o n ec e L Losf t h e r e t i n a 2 n e u r o nb: i p o l . agra n g [ i ocne [ L os f t h e r e t i n aI p e r i k a r yi n a t h er e t i n a L g a n g l . i o n ) n e u T Om n :u L t i - p o Lgaarn g L i ocne L Losf t h e r e t i n aI p e r i k a r y a i n t h eo p t i cg a n g t i o n ) T h ea x o n so f t h eo p t i cg a n g t i ocne L Lesx t e n dp r i m a r i ltyo 4 t h e l a t e r ag L e n i c u L abt eo d yl L a t e r ar L o o t )a, L t h o u gshe v e r a I f i b r e sa L s oe x t e n dt o t h e p r e t e c t aaLr e aa n dt h e s u p e r i o r c o L L i c u Ll m u se d i a L r o oat ls,w e [ La s t o t h e h y p o t h a L a m u s
T h e yr u n w i t h i ni h e o p t i cn e r v et o t h e o p t i cc h i a s mw , here t h ef i b r e sf r o mt h e n a s a pL a r to f t h eo c u L af ru n d u sc r o s s L ot h eo p p o s i tsei d e E a c ho p t i cL r a ccLo n t a i nfsi b r e sw, h i c h t r a n s m iitn f o r m a t i of rno mt h ec o n t r a L a t ehr a lLof f t h e visuaLfieLd n e u r o nl:t s a x o n st r a v e L p r i m a r i l yf r o mt h e l a t e r a I 'l g e n i c u L a bt eo d yt o a r e a s 7 a n d 1 8o f t h e c e r e b r acI o r t e x q ec a L c a r i n e I s t r i a ta e r e a iJn t h e r e q i o ns u r r o u n d i nt h s uL c u s
Mus c le o s f t h ee y e
Eyebatt
Opticpathway
Topogr aphy
'1 Commonvisualfield ' 1 aVisualfieldof the lett eye 1 b Visualtieldof the righteye 2a Projectionon the left retina 2b Projectionon the rightretina
1a
Bulbusoculi
Ganglion ciliare
N. opticuslll
A carotis interna,A. ophthalmica
Chiasmaopticum Ganglion cervicale supenus Tractusopticus
N oculomotorius illll Corpusgeniculatum laterale
Radiatio optica
Colliculus superior Sulcuscalcarinus
3b
3a Projection on the left calcarine cortex 3b Proiectionon the rioht calcarinecortex Coriscious visual fi6ld as a result of the integrative achievement of the brain
Fig.554 0ptic pathway; schematicoverview; s u 0 e n o rv r e w . T h e c e n t r a Iv i s i o nf i e t dh a s a fietd. d i s p r o p o r t i o n a tLLayr g ep r o j e c t i o n * Ptaneof refraction of light
Sr:rfase
SketetonHyet i dsl .- ac r i m appar aI atus
a A supraorbitalis Fl lateralis t N suoraorbitalis. superioris o [4 levatorpalpebrae N suoraorbitalis.R medialis': Glandula lacrimalis, Pars orbitalis
N supratrochlearis , Corpusadiposum orbitae
t M rectus superior
R meningeus anteriora A ethmoidalis anteriora
a A lacrimalis
l\4 obliquus superior€f , N lacrimalis
, N nasociliaris A o p h t h a l m i caa
o lvl rectus lateralis
N frontalis , N abducens [Vl]
N trochlearis lVl N o p h t h a l m i c[uVsi 1 ]
Canalisopticus
x N maxillaris[V/2]
N opticuslll ,l media O A meningea
A ophthalmica a A carotisinternaa
, N mandibularis [V/3], R meningeus N oculomotorius llll : , N mandibularis [V/3] N trochlearis lvl ,t N abducens [Vl].,
r, Gangliontrigeminale
R tentorius: ;, N trigeminus[V]
666
,-,
F i g . 6 6 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t , 0 r b i t a ; s u 0 e n o rv r e w .
Mu s c le o s f t h ee y e
Eyebatt
0pticpathway Topography
R. lateralis a N supraorbitalis, O M levatorpalpebraesuperioris
A supraorbitalis a
Parsorbitalis Glandulalacrimalis, N supraorbitalis, R. medialisa O M. rectussuperior N. supratrochlearis o
a A. lacrimalis
A. ophthalmica O a N. lacrimalis
M. obliquussuperiora
ciliare a Ganglion
a N. abducens[Vl] a M rectuslateralis N oculomotorius illll, R. superiora
a N nasociliaris
a N ophthalmicus [V/11 N. opticusilll a
a N maxillaris[V/21
A. ophthalmica a o N. mandibularis [V/3]
A carotisinternaa N oculomotorius llll a
trigeminale o Ganglion
N trochlearis[V] a N abducens [Vl]r
o N trigeminus [V]
F i g . 6 6 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,O r b i t a ; after removaIof the roof of the orbit: SUOeflOr VteW.
Surface
Ske[eton Eyet i dsLac r i m aI appar atus
\F
/,6\ (-)
A supraorbitalis M obliquussuperior, Tendoa
o M levatorpalpebraesuperioris a M reclussuperior
A. supratrochlearis a)
M. obliquussuDerior a A dorsalisnasia Bulbusoculi
meningeus anteriora
a N. opticuslll
M rectusmedialisa N infratrochlearis a
a N lacrimalis
A ethmoidalis anteriora
a A lacrimalis
N. ethmoidalis anteriora
a M rectuslateralis
N nasociliarisa
a Nn ciliaresbreves
posterior A ethmoidalis O posterior N. ethmoidalis 3
o Aa ciliares
N. ciliarislonguso
o N abducens[Vl]
M. obliquus superiora
a N oculomotorius rull,R.interior
N. trochlearis [V] o
ciliare a Ganglion
N. oculomotorius llll, O R superior
a Radixparasympathica (lll) loculomotorial
M. levatorpalpebrae a supenofls
a Radixsensoria(V/1)
M rectussuperiorO
a Radixsympathica (N.caroticus internus)
N opticusilll O A ophthalmica O
a N. ophthalmicus [V/1]
A carotisinternaO N. oculomotorius llll a N.trochlearis lvl a
a N. trigeminus [V],Radixsensoria , N. abducens[Vll
F i g . 6 6 7 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,O r b i t a ; a f t e r p a r t i a Lr e m o v a o I f t h e l e v a t o rp a l p e b r a es u p e r i o r i s , t h e r e c t u ss u p e r i o ra n d t h e o b l i q u u ss u p e r i o rm u s c t e ; s u 0 e n o rv t e w .
Mu s c t e s
superioris a M. levatorpalpebrae a M. rectussuDerior a M rectuslateralis
M obliquus superior, a Trochlea M. obliquussuperior, Tendoa
a N. opticusilll
M obliquussuperiorO R meningeus anteriora
a M obliquusinferior o M rectusinferior
N intratrochlearis e ethmoidalis anteriora N ethmoidalis anterior3
posterior A ethmoidalis o O N zygomaticus
N ethmoidalisposteriora
aA infraorbitalis
M rectusmedialisa A ophthalmica O
a N infraorbitalis
M. obliquussuperiora t N oculomotorius illl, R. inferior
M levatorpalpebraea supeflons
a M rectuslateralis M. rectussuperiora) a N abducens [Vl]
N opticusl|] a
a N maxillaris[V/2] Canalisopticus t N. ophthalmicus [V/1]
A. ophthalmicaO
I N. mandibularis [V/3]
N, oculomotorius illll a N abducens [Vl]a
, N trigeminus [V]
F i g .6 6 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; a f t e r s e c t i o no f t h e o p t i cn e r v e ; suoeflorvtew.
667
t Eye
Surface
5 k e [ e t o n Eyeti dsL a c r i m aaI p p a n a t u s
Blood yesselsof the orbit
A supraorbitalis
A supratrochlearis
A carotis interna
A dorsalisnasi
A ophthalmica
Aa ciliaresposteriores
A lacrimalis
F i g . 6 6 9 A r t e r i e so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; [ateraIview.
F i g . 6 7 0a , b V a r i a t i o n o s f t h e o p h t h a t m i ca r t e r y ,A . o p h t h a t m i c a ; S U p e f l ovr t e w .
V nasofrontalis N opticustlll
V supraorbitalis
\ A carotisinterna
Sinuscavernosus
V ophthalmica superior
F i g . 6 7 1 V e i n so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; LateraIview.
M u s c l e so f t h e e y e
Eyebal.l. 0 p ti cp a th way Topography
R communicans cumnervozygomatico
Ganglionciliare
N maxillaris
lvt2l
N zygomaticus
Ganglion pterygopalatinum
R communicans cum nervofaciali
F i g . 6 7 2 O r b i t ,O r b i t a ; viewedfrom the right.
M rectusmedialis
Cellulaeethmoidales
t
I {
I
F i g . 6 7 3 O r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n ; s u p e f l o rv r e w .
...Eyebatt | 0pticpathw ayI T opogr aphy
M epicranius a
Os trontale Periorbita
& N frontalis superioris t M levatorpalpebrae
Supercilia <-
M orbicularisoculi a
I M, rectussuperior
Fornixconjunctivae superior a A ophthalmica
Palpebra superior Tarsussuperior
Vaginaexternanervioptici
Cornea & N opticuslll
Cilia
Palpebra inlerior
$ M rectusinferior
Tarsusinferior Fornixconjunctivae inferior a M obliquusinferior
Sclera Septum orbitale
& N infraorbitalis
Corpusadiposum orbitae Maxilla
Sinusmaxillaris
F i g .6 7 t + 0 r b i t , O r b i t a ; v e r t i c a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e e y e b a [a[ n d t h e o p t i cn e r v e ; m e d i a Iv i e w Os frontale
O A supraorbitalis & N supraorbitalis
M levatorpalpebraesuperiorise
superior a l\4.obliquus
l\4 rectussuperiorI
I M rectusmedialis
Glandula lacrimalis
M rectuslateralis, Tendoa
Os ethmoidale
Bulbus oculi. Sclera
Meatusnasisuperior Os zygomaticum Cellulaeethmoidales
Corpusadiposum orbitae M rectus inferior C
Concha nasalis media
N zygomaticus & Periorbila
(V);A infraorbitalis o O Sinus maxillaris
N infraorbitalis &
Fi9.675Orbit,0rbita; f r o n t asI e c t i o a n t t h el e v eoI f t h e p o s t e r i o rp a r t o f t h e e y e b a [ t ; a n t e r i ovr i e w . Os frontale
$ N frontalis
M levator palpebrae superioris*
.', N nasociliaris
I M obliquussuperior & N trochlearis lvl
M rectussuperior0 A ophthalmicaa
f M rectusmedialis
N lacrimalisa
N oculomotorius ul], B. superiorg V ophthalmica superiora N abducens [Vl] 3,
Meatusnasisuperior Os ethmoidale Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectuslateraliso N opticuslll * Os zygomaticum
Concha nasalis media
N oculomotorius illll, R inferior* l\4 rectusinferiorc
6 N infraorbitalis
(V);A infraorbitalisO a
Sinus maxillaris
F i g . 6 7 6 O r b i t ,O r b i t a ; f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e m i d d t eo f t h e e x t r a c r a n i a I c o u r s eo f t h e o p t i cn e r v e ; a n l e n o rv t e w .
Os temporale Ossiculaauditus Cavitastympani
Labyrinthus vestibularis
Labyrinthus cochlearis
Membrana tympanica
Tubaauditiva
Proc mastoideus
Proc styloideus
Fig.677 Ear,Auris.
Canalessemicirculares
N vestibulocochlearistVllll
Stapes
Cavitastympani
Membrana tympanica
Tubaauditiva
Fig.678 MiddLe a n d i n n e re a r ,A u r i s m e d i ae t i n t e r n a ; sectiontrom Fig. 677; a n t e r i o rv i e w .
,:::
'::.
t'
> Ear
*an $t4icidL*
Auricle
Helix Crura antihelicis
Scapha Fossa triangularis
Cymba conchae
(Tuberculumauriculare)
Crus helicis Incisuraanterior
Antihelix
Cavitas conchae
Helix
Tragus
Concha auriculae
Cavitas conchae Helix Incisuraintertragica Antitragus
Lobulus auriculae
Fig.679 AuricLe,AuricuLa.
S p i n ah e l i c i s
Parssquamosa Os temporale,
Incisuraecartilaginismeatus acustici
Os temporale, Pars tympanica
Proc styloideus
Proc mastoideus
F i g .6 8 0 A u r i c u t a rc a r t i l a g eC , a r t i [ a g oa u r i c u t a r i s
l n n e re a r
M. helicismajor
M. helicis minor
Cauda helicis
F i g .6 8 1 A u r i c u [ a rm u s c t e s M , m.auriculares.
M obliquus auriculae Lig.auriculare superius
M transversusauriculae
Meatusacusticus externus
posterius Lig.auriculare
F i g . 6 8 2 A u r i c u t amr u s c l e sM, m .a u r i c u t a r e s .
Externalacousticmeatusand tympanicmembrane
Lig malleisuperius
Caput mallei
Recessus epitympanicus
Os temporale
Recessus Pars epitympanicus, cupularis
l\il tensor tympani
Meatusacusticus externus
Chorda tympanr
Os temporale, Parspetrosa
Cartilago auriculae
N cochlearis
Ductuscochlearis
Porusacusticus externus
M tensor tympani, Tendo
lvleatusacusticusexternus cartilagineus
Membrana tympanica
Tragi
Bulbussuperior venaejugularis Meatusacusticus externus Os occipitale Articulatio atlantooccipitalis
Cartilago auriculae Atlas
Cellulae mastoideae
F i g .6 8 3 E x t e r n a aI c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,M e a t u sa c u s t i c u se x t e r n u s ; t y m p a n i cc a v i t y C , n d c o c h L e aC, o c h t e a ; , a v i t a st y m p a n i a f r o n t a Is e c t i o n ; p o s t e r i o vr i e w .
\a
l,z-
posterior Plicamallearis Pars flaccida'
Meatusacusticus externus, (Pariesposterio0 Plica mallearis anterior
Prominentia mallearis Pars tensa
Stria mallearis
Anulus fibrocartilagineus
Umbomembranae rympanrcae
F i g .6 8 4 T y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e M , e m b r a n at y m p a n i c a ; ninqcnnie
imeno.
lateraIview. * C L i n i ctaeLr m :S H R A P N Em L Le'm s brane ** TypicaLty occurring reftection of Iight
I n o r d e rt o o b t a i na c o m p L e toet o s c o p iocv e r v i e w ofthe c u t a n e o ussu r f a c o e f t h et y m p a n im c e m b r a n et h, ee x t e r n a I a c o u s t im c e a t u sm u s tb e s t r e t c h ebdy p u L L i nt hgea u r i c t e u p w a r d sa n d p o s t e r i o r [ y . T of a c i t i t a toer i e n i a t i o nt h, e t y m p a n i cm e m b r a n ei s u s u a L t y d i v i d e idn t of o u rq u a d r a n tIsl - l V )
F i g .6 8 5 T y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e M , e m b r a n at y m p a n i c a ; q u a d r a nst c h e m a : Lateratview.
T h eL o n g edri a m e t eor f t h et y m p a n im c e m b r a n ien t h e a d u Li ts ' 1 0 - 1 m 1 m ,t h es h o r t edr i a m e t ei sr a p p r o x9 m m T h et i g h ts o u r c ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c apLrLoyd u c eas t r i a n g u [ ar re f l e c t i oonf L i g hat t t h e u m b oi n t h e r e g i o n o f q u a d r a nl tl
I n n e rea r I Pa t h w a ysI T o p o g ra p h y
Caputmallei
Collummallei
F i g .6 8 6 M a l t e u sM, a t l e u s ; [ateraLview.
Caputmallei
Matleus; Fig.587 Ma[[eus, a n t e r i ovr i e w .
(Faciesarticularis) Crusbreve
Collummallei
Proc. lateralis
Proc lenticularis Manubrium mallei
F i g .6 8 8 M a L t e u sM, a t l e u s ; oosteriorview.
F i g . 6 8 9 I n c u s I, n c u s ; lateraIview
Corpusincudis
(Facies articularis)
Caputstapedis
Crusbreve
Crusposterius Crusanterius
Basisstapedis
F i g . 6 9 0 I n c u sI ,n c u s ; m e d i avI i e w .
Fig.591 Stapes,Stapes; supeflor vrew.
> Ear
Over view |
Ou terear
Auditoryossicles
incudomallearis Articulatio Caput mallei
Corpusincudis
Crusbreve Proc lateralis
Cruslongum
Proc anterior
Articulatioincudostapedialis
Manubrium mallei
Crusposterius
Crusanterius Basisstapedis
F i g . 6 i 2 A u d i t o r yo s s i c t e sO , s s i c u Laau d i t u s ; s u o e r o m e d i avIi e w .
Recessus epitympanicus
Lig incudisposterius
Lig mallei laterale
Articulatioincudomallearis
Chordatympani
Lig mallei anterius
posterior A tympanica M tensor tympani,Tendo
Articulatio incudostapedialis l\4 stapedius,Tendo
Manubrium mallei
Membrana stapedialis Membrana tympanica
Lig anularestapediale Anulusf ibrocartilagineus
F i g ,6 9 3 J o i n t sa n d l i g a m e n t so f t h e a u d i t o r yo s s i c t e s , A r t i c u l a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t ao s s i c u [ o r u m auditus; c o v e r e dw i t h m u c o s a ; suoeromediaIview
I M i ddteear
Innerear I PathwaysI Topography
-\ Lig.malleisuperius Pariestegmentalis, Parscupularis
4a-'
Pariestegmentalis,Recessusepitympanicus Chordatympani;Plicamallearisanterior Manubrium mallei
Corpusincudis
M. tensortympani, Tendo
Lig malleilaterale
M tensortympani
Recessusmembranae tympanicaesuperior
Proc.cochlearilormis
Chordatympani Promontorium Meatusacusticusexternus Cavitastympani Stapes Umbomembranaetympanicae
Canaliscaroticus
Membranatympanica
Anulusf ibrocartilagineus
Fig.594 Tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani; f r o n t a Is e c t i o n : anteriorview.
Pariesmastoideus
Parieslabyrinthicus Pariesmembranaceus
Fig.595 WatLsof the tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani; s c h e m af o r o r i e n t a t i o n .
> Ear
0u terear
Over view |
Tympaniccavity
Antrummastoideum Cellulae mastoideae
Fenestra vestibuli Canalis nervi facialis
Proc cochleariformis lmpressio trigeminalis Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae Canalis caroticus
vestibuli Fossulafenestrae Promontorium Sulcuspromontorii
Canalis nervi facialis
Fossulafenestraecochleae
Foramen stylomastoideum Parieslabyrinthicus
Fenestra cochleae
promontorii Subiculum
F i g .6 9 6 M e d i a L w a t P t , a r i e sL a b y r i n t h i c uosf,t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y , C a v i t a st y m p a n i ; a f t e rr e m o v a o I f the [ateraw L a t [a n dt h e a d j a c e np t a r t so f t h e a n t e r i o ra n d s u p e r i o rw a t L , t h e f a c i a Lc a n a Ia n d t h e c a r o t i dc a n a Ih a v eb e e no p e n e d ; anteroLateratview.
Antrummastoideum
Prominentiacanalis semicircularislateralis Eminentia pyramidalis Prominentiacanalis nervi facialis
Fenestra vestibuli Canalis nervi facialis Proc cochleariformis
Semicanalis musculi tensoristympani lmpressio trigeminalis Cellulae mastoideae
Canaliscaroticus Septumcanalis musculotubarii
Paries mastoideus
Ostiumtympanicum tubaeauditivae
Fossaincudis
Sulcuspromontorii Sinusposterior
Promontorium
Meatusacusticus
Cellulaetympanicae
exlernus
Fossulafenestrae cochleae Sinus tympani
Sulcustympanicus
promontorii Subiculum Proc mastoideus
Proc styloideus
Fig.697 MediaLwatP l . ,a r i e sL a b y r i n t h i c uosf,t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y , f- rrri+:c +rrmnrni.
v e r t i c a sI e c t i o na L o n gt h e [ o n g i t u d i n aaIx i so f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a bI o n e : a n t e r o L a t e rvaiIe w
I M i ddteear
l nnere a r I P a t h w a ysI T o p o g ra p h y Tympanic
Plica mallearisanterior
Proc
Recessus epitympanicus
M tensor tympani
Caputmallei Lig malleisuperius Lig incudissuperius Corpusincudis
Septumcanalis musculotubarii
Chordatympani
Tubaauditiva
Incus,Crusbreve Lig incudisposterius
Ostiumtympanicum tubaeauditivae
Fossaincudis Canaliscaroticus Incus,Cruslongum Anulusf ibrocartilagineus posterior Plicamallearis M a n u b r i u mm a l l e i
lvlembrana tympanica
N facialis [Vll] Proc lenticularis
F i g ,6 9 8 L a t e r a Iw a | . tP , a r i e sm e m b r a n a c e u so,f t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y C , a v i t a st y m p a n i ; m e d i a Iv i e w .
l\4alleus,Proc lateralis
Incisura tympanica
Spinatympanica minor C o l l u mm a l l e i
major Spinatympanica
Plica mallearisanterior;Chorda tympani
M tensortympani,Tendo Plica mallearisposterior; Chorda tympani
mallei Manubrium
M tensortympani pyramidalis Eminentia
Stapes
Incus,Cruslongum
Incus.Proc,lenticularis
Fossulafenestrae cochleae
M stapedius, Tendo
Promontorium Anulus{ibrocartilagineus
F i g .6 9 9 T y m p a n i c a v i t y C , a v i t a st y m p a n i ; a f t e rr e m o v ao L f t h e t y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e ; [ateraLview.
> Ear
0ver view |
0uterear
Auditorytube
Lamina Os palatinum, horizonlalis Os sphenoidale, Ala major, Facies temporalis
Laminamedialis \ I Os sphenoidale, I Proc.otervooideus Laminalateralis./ Lamina lateralis )
L Cartilago .. .. I tubae auditivae - Lamtna meorails /
Os temporale, Parspetrosa
Condylus occipitalis
F i g .7 0 0 C a r t i t a g eo f t h e a u d i t o r yt u b e ,C a r t i l a g ot u b a ea u d i t i v a e ; e x p o s e da t t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ L ; i n f e r i o rv i e w .
M uvulae M tensor veli palatini Aponeurosispalatina
pterygoideus Proc pterygoideus, Hamuluspterygoideus Foramenlacerum Foramen ovale
M tensor veli palatini
M tensor veli palatini,Origo Lamina lateralis\
I Cartilaoo tubae I auditivie Lamina medialis,
M levatorveli palatini
Fossamandibularis Cartilago tubae auditivae
Semicanalistubae auditivae M. levator veli palatini,Origo
Canaliscaroticus.Aoerturaexterna
F i g ,7 0 1 L e v a t o ra n d t e n s o rv e l i p a l a t i n m i usctes, M m l e v a t o re t t e n s o rv e L p i a L a t i nai ,n d t h e c a r t i l a g e o f t h e a u d i t o r yt u b e ,C a r t i t a g ot u b a ea u d i t i v a e .
I M i ddteear
In nerea r I Pa t h w a ysI T o p o g ra p h y
(Tendocentralis) Duramatercranialis
M tensortympani
M tensortympani, Fascia
Parsosseatubae auditivae
Tubaauditiva
Tunicamucosa
Cellulaepneumaticae
F i g . 7 0 2 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a ; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e o s s e o u sp a r t : [ateraIview.
lmpressio trigeminalis Duramatercranialis Ganglion trigeminale
Duramatercranialis
A carotisinterna Cartilago tubae auditivae, Lamina lateralis
Faciesposterior partispetrosae
Plexus venosus foraminis ovalrs N. mandibularis lv/31
Os temporale, Parspetrosa Fissura spnenopetrosa
Foramen ovate Tubaauditiva M. tensor veli palatini
Plexusvenosus carottcus internus M tensor velipalatini M levatorveli palatini
F i g . 7 0 3 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a ; cross-sectionat the levetof the lateraIasoect o f t h e c a r t i [ a g i n o upsa r t ; lateraIview.
Tubaauditiva, Parscartilaginea, Laminamembranacea
pharyngeus Recessus
M levatorveli palatini
Lamina medialis
, u b aa u d i t i v a ; F i g . 7 O 4 A u d i t o rtyu b e T c r o s s - s e c t iaotnt h el e v eoLf t h em e d i aaI s p e c t o f t h ec a r t i t a g i n opuas r t ; lateraIview.
Ear
Over view |
Outerear
ear I M i ddl .e
BonyIabyrinth
Cochlea
N cochlearis
N vestibularis
Canalissemicircularis lateralis
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
Canalissemicircularis posterior
Porusacusticus internus
F i g . 7 0 5 I n n e re a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a a , n dv e s t i b u L o c o c h Ln ee ar v e , N v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ; c a s ts p e c i m e np r o j e c t e do n t ot h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e i l t u s t r a t i n gi t s n a t u r a Lp o s i t i o n ; s u p e n o rv t e w Foramenrotundum
A carotisinterna, Parscavernosa
Foramen ovale Foramenlacerum Foramen spinosum N petrosusmajor Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa Cochlea Porusacusticus internus N facialis[Vll], geniculi Ganglion
N facialis[Vll]
Ductussemicircularis anterior I N. cochlearis N. vestibuloJ cochlearis [Vlll] I lN. vestibularis
Ductussemicircularis lateralis
jugulare Foramen
Sulcussinussigmoidei posterior Ductussemicircularis
F i g . 7 0 6 I n n e re a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a w , i t h t h e f a c i a In e r v e ,N . f a c i a L i[sV l l ] , a n d t h e v e s t i b u L o c o c h [ enaerr v e ,N . v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ; p r o j e c t e do n t ot h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e ; SUDCTIOV TIEW
.::
Bonylabyrinth
Cellulaetympanicae
Canalis nervi facialis
Canalis semicircularis anterior Canalis semicircularis lateralis
Foramenovale
Crus osseum commune
Apexpartispetrosae
Canalis semicircularis posterior
Meatusacusticus internus
Aqueductusvestibuli
Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis Sulcussinuspetrosi inlerioris
S u l c u ss i n u ss i g m o i d e i Foramen jugulare
Semicanalistubae auditivae
Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa
Cavitas tympani
Sulcusnervipetrosi maJofls
Cochlea
Foramenlacerum
Canalis nervi tacialis
Canaliscaroticus Canalis semicircularis lateralis
Synchondrosis spnenopetrosa
Fenestravestibuli
Apexpartispetrosae Meatusacusticus internus
Canalis semicircularis anterior
F i g . 7 0 7 a ,b B o n y[ a b y r i n t hL, a b y r i n t h u o ssseus; h o t l o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e a P o s t e r i o r - s u p e r i vo ire w b S u p e r i o rv i e w * 0 p e n i nogf t h ep o s t e r i ocra n a L i c u L u s
Canalisspiralis modioli Scala vestibuli
Tractusspiralisforaminosus
Cupula cochleae Lamina modioli
Area nervi facialis
Areavestibularis supeflor Crista transversa
Lamtna spiralls secunoana
Modiolus cocnteae
Lamtna spiralis ossea
Canalis spiralis cochleae
Area vestibularis inferior
Scala tympani
Canalis longitudinalis modioli
Fundusmeatus acusticiinterni
Foramen srngulare
Meatus acusticus Internus
Tractusspiralis foraminosus
F i g . 7 0 8 S p i r a cI a n a Io f t h e c o c h t e aC , a n a L issp i r a t i s c o c nL e a e ; o p e n e da l o n gt h e a x i so f t h e m o d i o l u s ; s u p e f l o rv r e w
Area cochlearis
Meatusacusticus internus
Fundusmeatus acusticiinterni
F i g . 7 0 9 I n t e r n a I a c o u s t im c e a t u s ,M e a t u s a c u s t i c u si n t e r n u sa, n d f u n d u so f t h e i n t e r n a I a c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,F u n d u sm e a t u sa c u s t i c i n t e r n i ; r a[t; Lf t h e p o s t e r i ow a f t e r p a r t i a Lr e m o v a o mediaLview.
Ampullaosseaanterior Maculacribrosasuperior
Canalis semicircularisanterior
Crusosseumcommune
Cristatransversa
Crusosseumsimplex posterior Canalissemicircularis
Area cochlearis
Iateralis Canalissemicircularis
Ampullaosseaposterior Vestibulum labyrinthi
Cochlea Macula cribrosa media
Fenestra cochleae
F i g . 7 1 O B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o ssseus; t h e o s s e o u s[ i n i n go f t h e m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hh a s b e e n h o l l o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a lb o n e ; o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m p o s t e r i o r .
anterior Canalissemicircularis Crusosseumcommune
Ampullaosseaanterior Ampullaossealateralis
Cupulacochleae Canalissemicircularis lateralis labyrinthi Vestibulum Canalissemicircularis posterior Ampullaosseaposterior Fenestra cochleae
Basis cochleae
vestibuli Fenestra
ssseus; F i g . 7 1 1 B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o t h e o s s e o u sL i n i n go f t h e m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hh a s b e e n h o l t o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Lb o n e ; [ateraLview.
Fenestravestibuli
Cristavestibuli
sphencus Lamina spiralisossea Scala vestibuli
Recessus ellipticus
Scala tympani L a m i n am o d i o l i Macula cribrosa media
Hamuluslaminae spiralis Laminaspiralisossea
Ampullaosseaposterior Lamina sDiralissecundaria
Recessus cochlearis Fossulafenestraecochleae
Crista fenestrae cochleae
F i g . 7 1 2 B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o s sseus; c a v i t i e sh a v eb e e nh o t l o w e do u t : antero[ateraLview.
Membranous labvrinth
Nn ampullareslateraliset anterior
Utriculus
Ductussemicircularis anterior
Ampulla membranacea anterior
N utricularis Ampulla membranacea lateralis N saccularis Crus membranaceum commune N utriculoampullaris Ductus semicircularis
D uc t u s cochlearis
Ductus endolymphaticus
Ductus semicircularis lateralis
N cochlearis
N vestibularis
Crus membranaceum srmplex
ampullaris posterior
Ampulla memoranacea Ductus cochlearis
vestibularis Sacculus
F i g . 7 1 3 V e s t i b u l o c o c h L enaerr v e ,N v e s t i b u L o c o c h L e a s embranaceus; [ Vr ilsl l ] ,a n d m e m b r a n o u sL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u m s e m i - s c h e m a t ioc v e r v i e w . p o s t e r i o vr i e w Parspetrosa, Os temporale, partispetrosae Faciesposterior
Ductusendolymphaticus Saccus endolymphaticus Dura mater .-.................cranialis
Utriculus Crus membranaceum commune
Sacculus vestibularis Cupula cocnleae
Caecum vestibulare
Caecum cupuIare
Ductus semicircularis lateralis
Ductus cochlearis Canalis semicircularis
Scala vestibuli
Ductus reuntens
Ductus semicircularis postenor
Scala tympani Canaliculuscochleae
Fenestravestibuli
F i g . 7 1 1 M e m b r a n o u sL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h um sembranaceus; overvtew
Ampulla membranacea posterior
> Ear
Middtear
Cochlea
Laminaspiralisossea Caecumvestibulare Ductusreuniens Cupulacochleae
Cavitastympani anterioret Nn.ampullares lateralis
Scala tympani
Ductussemicircularis lateralis Canalissemicircularis lateralis Ductuscochlearis Ampullamembranacea lateralis N utricularis Amoullamembranacea antenor
N saccularis
Utriculus
posterior N ampullaris
Canalissemicircularis anterior
Sacculus vestibularis
anterior Ductussemicircularis
F i g .7 1 5 V e s t i b u t o c o c h l enaer r v e ,N . v e s t i b u l o c o c h L e a[rVi sl l l ] , a n d m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hL, a b y r i n t h u sm e m b r a n a c e u s ; s u p e n o rv r e w .
Ductuscochlearis
Scalavestibuli
Ductuscochlearis, Pariesexternus
Ductuscochlearis, Pariesvestibularis**
Striavascularis
Membrana tectoria
Organumspirale*, Membrana reticularis
Sulcusspiralisinternus Labiumlimbivestibulare
Prominentia spiralis Sulcusspiralisexternus
Laminaspiralisossea
Cristabasilaris
(R.nervicochlearis) Ganglion spiralecochleae
Ductuscochlearis, Pariestympanicus Laminabasilaris
Limbusspiralis Labiumlimbitympanicum Scalatympani
F i g . 7 1 6 C o c h l e aC,o c h l e a w,i t ht h es p i r a I o r g a n , Organum spira[e. * C [ i n i c a tLe r m : o r g a n o f c 0 R T l + * C [ i n i c atle r m : R E | S S N E R m' es m b r a n e
Ductussemicircularis anterior N ampullaris anterior N amDullaris lateralis N utricularis
Ductussemicircularis lateralis
N. vestibularis
Ganglionvestibulare
N saccularis Ductus semicircularis posterior
Ductus cochlearis
Cupulaampullaris
N ampullaris
* Sensory ce[[s *+Supporting ceLts
Restingstate
R o t a t i o no f t h e h e a dt o t h e r i g h t s i d e
F i g . 7 1 7a - d E q u i t i b r i u m o r g a n ;L a b y r i n t h uvse s t i b u l a r i s . a A n t e r i o rv i e w b H i g h e rm a g n i ifc a t i o no f t h e a r e ai n d i c a t e di n a : t h e a n t e r i o r p a r t o f t h e p o s t e r i o rm e m b r a n o u sa m p u t l a A , mpulta p o s t e r i o rh, a s b e e no p e n e d . membranacea
S t o po f r o t a t i o n
t h ea m p u l t a rcyr e s tC c C r o s s - s e c t itohnr o u g h , r i s t aa m p u [ a r i s d F u n c t i oonf t h ec u p u l ao f t h el a t e r asI e m i c i r c u l a d ru c t , D u c t u s e m i c i r c u [ a lrai st e r a t i sd,u r i n gr o t a t i o on f t h eh e a d
Middte
.1 lo
o
:;::
'..:.ii
N cochlearis
Corpus geniculatummediale
inferior Colliculus
Nucleuslemniscilateralis
Nucleicochleares
Nuclei olivares
Nucleus corporistrapezoidei
Fig.718 Hearing. P r i m a r yn u c t e i :p u r p t e ;r e m a i n i n gn u c t e i : Drown. T h e c h a i no f t h e a u d i t o r yo s s i c t e sa m p I i if e s t h e a m p t i t u d eo f t h e s o u n dw a v e sp h y s i c a [ L y
Nuclei nervi oculomotorii Nucleus nervi trochlearis Fasciculuslongitudinalis medialis Nucleus nervi abducentis
Nucleivestibulares Nucleusgracilis Nucleuscuneatus
(Nucleus centralis posterioris) columnae (Nucleicornusanterioris musculorum colli)
F i g . 7 1 9 C o n t r o lo f e q u i t i b r i u ma n d s t a b i t i s a t i oonf t h e v i s u a If i e t d . A f f e r e n tf i b r e so r i g i n a t ei n t h e m u s c L e o sf t h e e y e ,t h e e q u i L i b r i uomr g a na n dt h e muscLeo s f t h e n e c k ;e f f e r e n ft i b r e s m o d u l a t et h e m u s c l e so f t h e e y ea n d t h e p l a y sa p r e d o m i n a n t b o d yT . h ec e r e b e L t u m r o t ei n t h i s c o o r d i n a t i o n .
Auditoryand equilibriumpathway
Auditorypathway Colliculus inferior
n e u r o nB: i p o L acre I L isn t h e s p i r a cI o c h [ e a r g a n g t i o nA. f t e re x i t i n gt h e s m a t [a p e r t u r e s o f t h e f o r a m i n o ussp i r a Lt r a c t w i t h i nt h e i n t e r n aaI c o u s t im c e a t u st,h ef i b r e sf o r mt h e c o c h l e anr e r v ea n du n i t ew i t ht h ev e s t i b u L a r n e r v ea t t h e f t o o r o f t h e i n t e r n a L acoustic m e a t u st o f o r mt h ev e s t i b u t o c o c h Lneearrv e [ V l l l ] .F i b r e sf r o m t h e b a s a Ic o c h l e a pr a r t s t r a v e r s et o t h e o o s t e r i ocr o c h t e a nr u c L e u s a n d t h o s ef r o m t h e a p i c a Lp a r t st e r m i n a t e i n t h ea n t e r i ocr o c h L e a n ru c L e u s
--'-n""'"?,oil,Yi mediale
Lemniscus lateralis
g ra n g L i ocne L Los f t h e n e u r o n :M u t t i - p o L a c o c h l e anr u c t e iT h ef i b r e sf r o mt h ea n t e r i o r c o c h t e a rn u c l e u sp a s s m a i n t yw i t h i n t h e t r a p e z o ibdo d yt o t h eo p p o s i tsei d ea n df o r m s ,h i c hp r o v i d eas c o n t h e L a t e r aLIe m n i c u w nection t o t h e i n f e r i ocr o L L i c u t A u sf e wf i b r e s j o i nt h e [ a t e r aLI e m n i s c uosf t h e s a m es i d e T h ea x o n so f t h e p o s t e r i ocro c h L e anru c t e u s c r o s ss u p e r f i c i a LtLoyt h e r h o m b o i df o s s a a n d e n t e r t h e [ a t e r a LL e m n i s c uosf t h e o p p o s i tsei d e .
N vestibulocochlearis [Vlll], N cochlearis Nucleus posterior cochlearis
Nucleuscochlearis anterior Nucleuscorporis trapezoidei
Ganglion spirale cocnteae Labyrinthus cochlearis
3 . o r 4 n e u r o n :F r o m t h e i n f e r i o rc o t [ i c u [ u s c o n n e c t i o na sr em a d ew i t ht h em e d i aqI e n i c ul a t eb o d y o r 5 n e u r o nT: h e a c o u s t i cr a d i a t i o cn o n eody to n e c t s t h e m e d i a Lg e n i c u L a t b H E S C H L ' st r a n s v e r s e q v r u s a n d w i t h W E R N I C KcEe' sn t r ei n t h e i e m o o r aLt o b e
pathwav; Auditorv 5i?;lil,, pathway Equitibrium Thalamus -=\
1 n e u r o nB: i p o L acre L t isn t h ev e s t i b u Lgaar n g L i o nT. h e i rn e u r i t e sp a s st h e i n f e r i oar n d s u p e r i ovr e s t i b u l aarr e a st o f o r mt h ev e s t i b u t a r n e r v ea t t h e f l o o r o f t h e i n t e r n a L a c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,w h i c h t o g e t h e rw i t h t h e c o c h L e anr e r v et h e n f o r m s t h e v e s t i b u L o c o c h L e anre r v e[ V l l l ]T h e s ef i b r e st e r m i n a t e a t t h e v e s t i b u t anru c L ei ni t h e l a t e r aaLn g l e Nucleus nervioculomotorii o f t h e f L o oor f t h e r h o m b o i df o s s a Nucleus 2 a n ds u b s e q u e n et u r o n sF:i b r e os r i g i n a t i n g neruitrochlearis i n t h e L a t e r avLe s t i b u L a r n u c L e ulsO f t f f n S ' n u c l e u stlr a v e r s ew i t h i nt h e [ a t e r a L v e s t i b u L o s p i n a L t rtaoct ht ea n t e r i ocro l u m no f t h e Nucleusvestibularis s p i n acI o r d . supenor F i b r e so r i g i n a t i ni ngt h es u p e r i ovre s t i b u t a r n u c l e u s{ n u c l e uosf B E C H T E R Et hWe)m, e d i a L Nucleusvestibularis 's lateralis v e s t i b u t anru c l e u sI S C H w n f s f n u c t e u sa] s w e L La s t h e i n f e r i o rv e s t i b u L anru c L e u s Nucleus vestibularis inferior { R o L L EsR n u c L e u st}r a v e r s et o t h e c e r e Nucleus betLum a n d c o n n e ctto t h e m o t o rn u c [ eoi f neruiabducentis t h e c r a n i anLe r v e sl l l , l V a n dV l , m o s t l yv i a t h e m e d i aLt o n g i t u d i nf aasLc i c u L u s Nucleus vestibularismedialis T h em e d i a L v e s t i b untuacr L e uasn dt h e i n f e r i o rv e s t i b u L n au r c l e u s e n df i b r e sa t o n gt h e Nucleus cuneatus m e d i a L v e s t i b u l o s pt ri na ac Itt o t h e a n t e r i o r c o L u monf t h es p i n acI o r d
Fig.721 Equil.ibriumpathway; OVETVIEW. + C o n n e c t i o n st o t h e c e r e b e l t u m
(Tractus vestibulothalamicus)
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis Ganglion vestibulare
Labyrinthus vestibularis N vestibulocochlearis [Vlll], N vestibularis
Midd[e Nervesin thepetrouspart of the temporalbone
Chorda tympani
N tympanicus Plexustympanicus (Plexuscaroticus internus) N caroticotympanicus N facialis[Vll]
N petrosusmajor N petrosus minor Ganglion inferius(lX)
A carotisinterna
posterior (N facialis) N auricularis
N. glossopharyngeus flXl
(N vagus) R auricularis N facialis[Vll]
N vagus [X]
Chordatympani
Fig.722 FaciaL n e r v e ,N . f a c i a l . i[sV l l ] ; g t o s s o p h a r y n g enaeI r v e ,N . g L o s s o p h a r y n g eIul Xs l; a n d v a g u sn e r v e ,N . v a g u s[ X l ; t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a lb o n eh a s b e e np a r t t ys e c t i o n e d ; t h e n e r v e sa r e i t t u s t r a t e d transLucentLv: a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Crurastapedis
M tensortympani,Tendo
N facialis[Vll], Geniculum
Proc cochleariformis
N petrosusmajor Ductus semicircularislateralis
I\4 tensortympani
Canalis semicircularis lateralis
Semicanalis musculi tensoristympani
Septum canalis musculotubarii
Membrana stapedialis
Semicanalistubae auditivae
Eminentiapyramidalis
Promontorium l\4 stapedius,Tendo N tympanicus Caputstapedis Cavitastympani N facialis[Vll] Sinustympani Canalis nervi facialis
, a v i t a st y m p a n i ; Fig.723 FaciaL n e r v e ,N . f a c i a t i s[ V l l ] ,a n d t y m p a n i cc a v i t y C v e r t i c a sL e c t i o na t o n gt h e [ o n g i t u d i n aatx i so f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e ; t h e f a c i a cL a n a Ih a sb e e no p e n e d : a n t e r i o rv i e w .
N maxillaris[V/21a N, petrosus majoro N ,o p h t h a l m i c[uVs/ 1 ] a Ganglion geniculi a
a N mandibularis [V/3] Chordatympani Malleus
Ganglion trigeminale a N oculomotorius llll a A carotisinternaO N. trigeminus [V] O N.tacialis[Vll]o
N abducens[Vllo N. vestibulocochlearis [Vlll]a Stapes N glossopharyngeus IXl o Proc.mastoideus
N. vagus[X] o
a R. digastricus
N. accessorius[Xl] a
o M stylohyoideus
Sinustransversusa
Canalis nervl facialis
o R stylohyoideus O M. digastricus,Venterposterior
Foramenstylomastoideum N facialis[Vll] a
Fig.72l. FaciaInerve,N. faciatis[Vll],within the petrous p a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a [b o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a t eP , a r sp e t r o s a ; t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n ea s w e [ [ a s t h e f a c i a l c a n a Ia n d t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t yh a v eb e e np a r t i a l t yo p e n e d ; oosteriorview.
Canaliculi semicirculares
Cochlea
Sinustransversus N lacialis [VllJ
Sinussigmoideus
interna V jugularis
Fig.725 Lateral projectionof the inner ear.
> Ear Petrouspart of thetemporalbone,imaging
Cochlea
Cavitastympani;Ossicula auditus Porusacusticus externus
Cellulae mastoideae
Canalissemicircularis lateralis
Apexpartispetrosae Os occipitale, Clivus
Porusacusticus internus Canalissemicircularis Dosterior
Tubaauditiva Caputmandibulae
Os occipitale, Clivus
Cellulae mastoideae
Cavitastympani; Ossicula auditus
Apexpartispetrosae Fissura pekooccipitalis
Cochlea
Porusacusticus internus posterior Canalissemicircularis
F i g . 7 2 6a , b P e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e , 0 s t e m p o r a [ eP , a r sp e t r o s a ; h i g h - r e s o l u t i ocno m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i ch o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n sI H R C T ) ; inferiorview. a T h r o u g ht h e l a t e r a ls e m i c i r c u L acra n a t , C a n a [ i ss e m i c i r c u t a r iLsa t e r a t i s b I n f e r i o rt o t h e [ a t e r a Is e m i c r r c u [ acra n a t , C a n a l i ss e m i c i r c u [ a r ilsa t e r a I i s
F i g . 7 2 7a , b E a r ,A u r i s ; h i g h - r e s o t u t i ocno m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cf r o n t a ls e c t i o n sI H R C T J ; a n t e r i o rv i e w . a T h r o u g ht h e b a s eo f t h e c o c h l e a b T h r o u q ht h e e x t e r n a a I c o u s t i cm e a t u s
lndex
tnoex ll
T h e n u m b e r sr e f e r t o t h e p a g en u m b e r s T h e n u m b e r sw i t h , T " r e f e rt o t h e n u m b e r so f t h e t a b l e si n t h e s e p a r a t eb o o k l e te n c t o s e di n V o [ u m e1
A A b d o m e n2 , 6 A b d u c t i o[ A r t l c u [ a t i o coxael10 A - c e [ [ s9 A c h i t t e st e n d o nr e f l e x 3 4 6 o ri n t s A r t i c u A c r o m i o c l a v i c u Lj a L a t i oa c r o m i o c l a v i c u L a r i s A c r o m i o n 1 2 0 ,16 0 ,16 2 - 16 5 , 179-184,226 A D A M K I E W IA CrZt e, r yo f 3 4 4 A d d u c t i o[ A r t i c u [ a t i o coxael10 A d e n o h y p o p h y s i2s7 9 ,2 9 5 A d h e s i oi n t e r t h al a m i c a 2 76 , 295-296, 302,311, 317, 320,328, 334,337 Aditus - L a r y n g i s1 0 4 ,1 3 0 - o r b i t a L i 3s 5 4 A e q u a t o r3 6 2 , 3 6 6 Ata - c r i s t a eg a [ [ i 4 0 - [ o b u t ic e n t r a L i s3 0 3 - 3 0 4 - m a j o r 3 1 r4, 2 ,4 6 , 5 3 - 5 7 ,6 6 ,3 5 3 , 3 5 8 ,3 6 1, 3 7 7, 3 8 8 - m i n o r 3 4 ,4 0 ,5 4 - 5 7 , 3 5 3 - nasi 86 - o s s i si t i u m 3 4 0 - v o m e r i s5 0 ,1 3 6 A l v e oI u s [ -i i - d e n t a t e s5 5 ,1 0 6 - h i p p o c a m p i3 1 4 - 3 1 5 3 , 28-329, 334-335 AmicuLum oLivare 309 Ampul[a - c a n a L i c uLtai c r i m a t i3s5 7 - membranaceanterior393-395 - - l a t e r a t i s3 9 3 - 3 9 4 - - p o s t e r i o r3 9 3 , 3 9 5 - o s s e aa n t e r i o r 3 9 2 - - [ a t e r a t i s3 9 2 - - p o s t e r i o r3 9 2 A n g ut u s ( - i J - a c r o m i i1 6 0 - i n f e r i o r1 6 0 ,1 8 3 - i r r d o c o r n e a t i3 s 6 2 ,3 6 4 - L a t e r a t i s1 6 0 - m a n d i b u l a e4 5 , 6 0 - 6 2 ,6 7 - o c u L[ia t e r a L i3s 5 2 , 3 5 5 - - m e d i a t i s3 5 2 ,3 5 5 - s p h e n o i d a I i3s4 - s u p e r i o r1 6 0 ,1 8 3 - v e n o s u s2 3 Ansa - c e r v i c a t i s2 5 ,8 4 , 1 6 4 - 1 1 + 19 5, 1 , 2 2 8 , 2 7 3T , 7 ,T 9 - T 1 0 - t i n g u a L i1s 4 4 - s u b c l a v i a2 7 ,1 5 3 - t e n d i n i s{ M d i g a s t r i c u s1i 0 6 A n t e b r a c h i u m2 - 3 , 1 5 7- 1 5 8 ,16 9 , 179, 192,194-198,236,238-241 - c r o s s - s e c t i o n2 5 4 - f a s c i a1 7 8 - i n n e r v a t i o sn e, g m e n t a 2[ 1 6 - MRr254-255 - m u s c l e s1 8 0 - 1 8 11, 9 2 - 1 9 3 , 198-204,T31-T35 - t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o n 2 5 5 - 2 5 6 A n t e v e r s i o[ A r t i c u L a t icoo x a e l 1 0 A n t i h e t i x3 8 0 A n t i t r a g u s3 8 0 A n t r u m m a s t o i d e u m3 8 6
AnuLus - f i b r o c a r t i t a g i n e u3s8 2 ,3 8 4 - 3 8 5 ,
Arcuspalmaris - - s u p e r f i c i a t i2s2 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 L 4 , 387 250 - i r i d i sm a j o r 3 6 4 - 3 6 5 - s u p e r c i l i a r i s4 8 - - minor364-365 - v e n o s u jsu g u t a r i s1 1 8 ,1 3 6 ,1 4 3 , - t e n d i n e u cs o m m u n i s3 5 8 , 14 8 , 2 2 9 - v e r t e b r a e3 4 2 360-361,369,T57 - t y m p a n i c u s4 6 - 4 7 - z y g o m a t i c u s3 3 , 4 2 - 4 3 ,5 3 , 6 4 , Anus 14 7 2 - 7 3 , 8 3 , 9 1, 1 0 0 ,1 3 7 Aorta 149 Area{-ael - a b d o m i n a t si s P a r sa b d o m i n a t i s - c o c h l e a r i s3 9 1 - 3 9 2 - h y p o t h a t a m i claa t e r a t i s2 9 5 a or t ae - a s c e n d e nss P a r sa s c e n d e n s - n e r v if a c i a l i s3 9 1 - p o s t r e m a2 9 9 aortae - d e s c e n d e n s P a r sd e s c e n d e n s - p r e t e c t a t i s3 7 0 - striata 370 a or t a e - t h o r a c i c as P a r st h o r a c i c a - subcatlosa 295,318,326, aortae 334-335 - v e s t i b u t a r i s2 9 9 Apertu ra - c a n a I i c uv[ ie s t i b u I5i 9 - - i n f e r i o r3 9 1 - e x t e r n ac a n a l i c u tci o c h l e a e5 9 - - s u p e r i o r3 9 1 - - c a n a l i sc a r o t i c i4 3 , 2 6 4 , 3 8 8 A r m , m u s c t e s1 8 5 - 1 9 1T, 2 9 - T 3 0 - i n t e r n ac a n a [ i sc a r o t i c 4 i 1 ,2 6 5 A r t e r i a( - a eI - L a t e r a t i s2 9 8 - 2 9 9 3, 1 0 - 3 11 , 3 3 7 - a t v e o [ a r i isn f e r i o r 6 9 , 71 , ,8 2 - 8 4 , - m e d i a n a2 7 6 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 23 ,1 0 - 3 11 , 1 0 9, 1 1 1 ,1 1 6 - 1 1 7 ,258 - - s u p e r i o rp o s t e r i o r7 4 ,8 3 337 - p i r i f o r m i s3 3 , 4 6 , 5 2 - a n g u t a r i s74 , 8 0 ,8 2 - 8 / . ,2 5 8 - s i n u sf r o n t a L i 5s 1 - a u r i c u L a r pi so s t e r i o r1 9 ,7 4 , q1 cnhonnirl:li< 6A 82-84,142,145,258 - t h o r a c i s u p e r i o r1 4 9 - - p r o f u n d a8 3 - a x i t t a r i s1 8 ,1 1 8 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 7 1 , 52, Apex - l C o r n up o s t e r i u s3) 4 5 214, 223,226,228, 232-233 - c u s p i d i s9 4 - basiLaris258-259,276, 278, 283, - L i n g u a e1 0 3 ,1 0 7 - 1 0 8 2 94 - 2 9 5 ,3 0 2 ,3 18 - 3 2 0 ,3 2 4 ,3 2 7 , - p a r t i sp e t r o s a e5 9 , 2 7 8 - 2 7 9 , 337,3/.4 - b r a c h i a t i s1 8 ,1 7 0 ,2 2 3 ,2 2 7 3 9 1 ,4 0 0 ,T 5 7 - r a d i c i sd e n t i s9 4 232- 235, 238-240, 252-254 - - s u p e r f i c i a l i s2 3 7 Aponeurosrs - d o r s a t i s3 1 ,2 4 9 - b u c c a t i s74 , 8 2 - g L ,2 5 8 - [ i n g u a e1 0 4 - c a t t o s o m a r g i n a L2i s5 9 ,2 8 1 , 2 9 4 , - m u s c u t bi i c i p i t i bs r a c h i i1 7 8 , 326,331-334 - c a r o t i sc o m m u n i s1 8 - 1 9 , 2 7 , 18 9 - 19 0 , 1 9 4 , 2 0 4 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 82,4 0 - p a L a t i n a3 8 8 7 3 - 7L , 7 7, 8 4 , 1 1 5 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 1 , - palmaris 178,206, 243,249-250 133- 134,1L0-1 41, 144-155,228, A p p a r a t u sl a c r i m a l i s3 5 7 258-259, 271-27 2 - - e x t e r n a1 8 - 1 9 , 7 4 , 8 2 - 8 3 , 8 5 , A p p e n d i xv e r m i f o r m i s 14 , 16 - 1 7 , 51, A q u e d u c to f S Y L V T sU S 115 , 1 3 4 ,14 0 ,14 4 - 1 4 7 1 Aqueductus mesencephali 258-259 - - i n t e r n a1 8 - 1 9 , 1 , 1 , 4 3 , 6 7 , 6 9 , A qu e du c t u s - m e s e n c e p h a t2i 8 7 ,2 9 5 ,2 9 7 , 74 , 8 2 ,8 5 , 1 0 1 ,10 9 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 , 302,310-3 11. 317,320,323-32/\ 146- 1/,7, 258-259,262, 2 64 , 2 6 5 ,2 71- 2 72 , 2 77- 2 79 , 3 2 8 ,3 3 5 - 3 3 7 - v e s t i b u I i3 9 1 2 8 3 ,2 9 5 ,3 18 - 3 2 0 ,3 3 7 - 3 3 8 , 3 6 9- 3 74 , 3 76 - 3 7 7, 3 8 9 - 3 9 0 , A r a chn o i de a - m a t e rc r a n i a t i s1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 2 6 1 , 3 9 8 - 3 9 9T , 57 ---angiography259 278,282-283,326,330 - - s p i n a l i s3 4 3 ---AP-radiograph259 ---DSA259 Arcus - a l v e o [ a r i(sM a n d i b u t a6j0 - 6 1 - c e n t r a L easn t e r o t a t e r a l e 2 s94, - a n t e r i o ra t t a n t i s 4 5 ,3 4 2 319 ^^+^-^-^l;-l^al O - a o r t a e 1 8 ,2 2 ,2 7 , 1 2 1 ,1 3 6 ,1 5 3 , nncrornmadi:le< ?19 272,344 - c a r t i l a g i n icsr i c o i d e a e11 8 , - centraLis retinae116,363,368, 122-126,129,136 370 - costaLi1 - cerebri anterior259,276-278, s 79 - d e n t a l i si n f e r i o r 9 3 326,330-337 312,318-321, - - media259,278,294, - - s u p e r i o r9 3 - d u c t u st h o r a c i c 2 i 3 318-321 ,325-326,329,332, - patatogLossus92, 102-103 336,338-339 - p a l a t o p h a r y n g e9 - - posterior259,277-278, u2 s ,1 0 2 - 1 0 3 , 320-321, 294-295,318, 1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1 - p a f m a r i sp r o f u n d u s2 2 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 5 327-328,334-338,370
Arteria[-ae] - c e r v i c a l i sa s c e n d e n s1 4 5 - 1 4 7 , 152,154-155,344 - - profunda 152-153 - - s u p e r f i c i a [ i s1 4 5 - 1 4 7 , 1 5 2 - c h o r o i d eaan t e r i o r3 1 8 - 3 ' 1 9 , 321,370 - c i [ i a r i s { - e s3 ] 70,374 - - anterior363 - - p o s t e r i o r ( - e s3l 7 6 ---breves363 ---tonga363 - c i r c u m f l e x ah u m e r ia n t e r i o r 223,227,232 - - - p o s t e r i o r2 2 3 , 2 2 7 , 2 2 9 , 231-232,235 - - i t i u mp r o f u n d a1 9 - - s c a p u l a e2 2 7 , 2 3 5 - c o l i c ad e x t r a 1 9 - - m e d i a1 9 - - s i n i s t r a1 9 - c o l l a t e r a t i sm e d i a 2 2 3 - - r a d i a l i s2 2 3 , 2 3 4 - 2 3 5 , 238-241 - - u t n a r i si n f e r i o r 2 2 3 , 2 3 3 - 2 3 5 , 238-241 ---superior223,233, 238-240,253 - c o m i t a n sn e r v im e d i a n i2 2 3 , 2 3 9 - c o m m u n i c a nasn t e r i o r2 7 8 , 318-320,326,336 - - p o s t e r i o r2 5 9 , 2 7 8 , 3 1 8 - 3 1 9 , 327,336-338 - c o n j u n c t i v a l iasn t e r i o r 3 6 3 - c o r o n a r i a e1 9 - d i g i t a t e sd o r s a L e s2 4 6 ,2 5 0 - - p a t m a r e sc o m m u n e s 2 2 3 , 242-244,250,257 - - - p r o p r i a e2 2 3 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 6 , 250,257 - d o r s a t i sn a s i 8 5 , 3 7 4 , 3 7 6 - - p e d i s1 8 - e p i g a s t r i ci an f e r i o r1 9 - e p i s c l e r a t i s3 6 3 - e t h m o i d a l iasn t e r i o r4 1 ,2 6 5 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 4 - 367 - - posterior 374-376 - f a c i a [ i s 1 9 , 6 8 ,74 , 8 1 - 8 5 , 1 0 9 - 11 0 ,11 6 - 11 8 ,1 4 0 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 9 , 151,258 - f e m o r a [ i s1 8 - f i b u t a r i s1 8 - f r o n t o b a s a L[i a s t e r a L i s3 ' 1 8 - - mediati3 s 18,321 - g a s t r i c as i n i s t r a 1 9 - g t u t e ai n f e r i o r1 9 - - s u p e r i o r1 9 - h e p a t i c ca o m m u n i s1 9 - h y p o p h y s i a t i sn f e r i o r 2 9 5 - - superior295 - i l e a l e s1 9 - i t e o c o t i c1 a9 - i t i a c ac o m m u n i s1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 7 - - externa18-19,22 - - interna 18-19,22 - i t i o l u m b a t i1 s9 - i n f e r i o r a n t e r i o r c e r e b e2t 5t i9 , 278,318-319 - - p o s t e r i o r c e r e b e t t2i 5 9 . 2 7 8 , 318-319 - i n f r a o r b i t a l i s74 , 8 3 - 8 4 ,2 5 8 , 264,315,378
Index
Arteria[-ae] Arterial-ael - i n s u [ a r e s2 9 4 - r e c t a t i sm e d i a 1 9 - i n t e r c o s t a [ i s l - ep - - s u p e r i o r1 9 s lo s t e r i o r e s - T e c u T T e nr asd i a L i s2 2 3 ,2 3 8 - 2 4 0 152,344 - - s u p r e m a1 5 2 - - ulnaris 223,235,239-241 - i n t e r o s s eaan t e r i o r2 2 3 , 2 3 9 , - r e n a t i s1 8 , 2 2 , 2 7 - s a c r a L i[sa t e r a L i 1 21+1, 248,250 s9 - - c o m m u n i s1 8 , 2 2 3 , 2 3 9 - - m e d i a n a1 9 - - p o s t e r i o r1 9 7 , 2 2 3 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 1 , - s c a p u t a r i s d e s c e n d e1n5s2 - s i g m o i d e a1e9 250 - - T e c u T r e n 2s 2 3 , 2 4 0 - 2 L 1 - sphenopalatina 74 , 8 L , 2 5 8 - i n t r a m u s c u t a r i3s1 - s p i n a L iasn t e r i o r4 1 ,4 3 , - i n t r a s e p t a t i s3 1 264-265,318-319, 3LL - j e j u n a L e1 - - l a t e r a l i s3 4 4 s9 - [ a b i a I i si n f e r i o r 7 4 ,2 5 8 - - p o s t e r i o r3 4 4 - - s u p e r i o r 7 4 ,2 5 8 - spLenic1 a9 - t a b y r i n t h i4 1 ,2 6 5 ,2 7 8 ,3 18 - 3 19 - [ a c r i m a l i s1 1 6 ,3 5 6 ,3 7 2 - 3 7 / + , - s u b c l a v i a1 8 - 1 9 , 2 7 , 7 71,2 1 ,1 4 1 , 376 144-147, 149,152-153,226-229 - [ a r y n g e ai n f e r i o r 1 3 0 - s u b f a s c i a t i3s1 - - s u p e r i o r1 0 8 , 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , - s u b t i n g u a l i s8 4 , 1 1 3 - 1 1 5 1 , 3/+ - s u b m e n t a l i s74 , 8 3 - 8 4 ,1 1 0 , 130-131,131,137,141, 144-146,151 145-1/+7,258 - [ i e n a L iss A r t e r i as p L e n i c a - s u b s c a p u [ a r i s2 2 7 ,2 3 2 - [ i n g u a [ i s1 9 ,7 4 ,8 2 , 8 4 - 8 5 1, 1 0 , - s u [ c ic e n t r a L i s2 8 1 - - p o s t c e n t r a l i s2 8 1 113-117 , 1 3 4 ,14 0 ,1 4 5 ,1 5 1, 2 5 8 - [ u m b a l e s2 2 - - p r e c e n t r a l i s2 8 1 - m a s s e t e r i c a8 3 ,8 5 - s u p e r i o cr e r e b e t t2i 7 8 ,3 1 8 - 3 1 9 , - m a x i L L a r1 i s9 , 6 9 , 7 4 , 8 3 - 8 52 ,5 8 337 - m e n i n g e am e d i a 4 1 , 4 3 , 7 4 , - s u p r a o r b i t a l i s8 1 , 116 , 2 5 8 , 8 3 - 8 4 ,2 5 8 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 2 , 6 9 ,2 75 , 3 7 2 - 3 74 , 3 76 , 3 7 8 - s u p r a s c a p u [ a r i s14 4 , 14 6 - 14 7 , 2 7 8 ,2 8 0 , 3 7 2 - - p o s t e r i o r4 1 , 4 3 , 1 4 0 , 1 5 2 ,2 2 7, 2 2 9 , 2 3 5 - s u p r a t r o c h l e a r i s8 2 - 8 3 ,2 5 8 , 264-265,278 - m e s e n c e p h a l i c a3 e1 9 374,376 - m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , - t e m p o r a t i s6 7 - - m e d i a7 4 , 8 3 - 8 5 27 - - s u p e r i o r1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 7 - - p r o f u n d aa n t e r i o r 7 4 ,2 5 8 - m e t a c a r p a l ed - - - p o s t e r i o r7 4 , 8 3 - 8 4 , 2 5 8 s o r s a t e s2 4 6 ,2 4 8 , - - s u p e r f i c i a I i s1 9 , 6 8 ,7 3 - 74 , 250 - - p a t m a r e s2 4 2 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 7 8 0 - 8 5 ,10 9 ,2 5 8 - n a s o p a l a t i n1a1 3 - t e s t i c u L a r i1s8 - n u t r i c i a7 - t h a [ a m o t u b e r a t3i s1 9 - o b t u r a t o r i a' 1 9 - t h o r a c i c ian t e r n a1 9 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 8 , - o c c i p i t a l i s1 9 ,74 , 8 2 - 8 4 ,1 0 9 , 15 2 - 15 3 - - l a t e r a l i s1 4 7 , 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 - 2 2 9 1/,1-1 /+/+, 146- 11+7,259 - - m e d i a l i s3 2 9 - 3 3 0 - - s u p e r i o r2 2 7 , 2 2 9 - ophthaLmica - thoTacoacromiatis144-1L7, 223, L \ , 2 5 8 - 2 5 92 , 65, 2 6 7, 2 74 , 2 76 - 2 7 9 , 3 6 9 - 3 7 8 226-228 - o v a r i c a1 8 - t h o r a c o d o r s a l i s2 2 7- 2 2 8 - p a l a t i n a { - aaesJc e n d e n s7 4 , 8 4 , - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r ' 1 3 01, 3 3 , 113,130,140 1 3 9 - 1 4 1, 1 4 6 - 1 4 7, 1 5 2 - - d e s c e n d e n 7s 4 ,2 5 8 - - s u p e r i o r1 9 , 7 4 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 5 , - - major 43,102,113,264 13 3 - 13 4 , 1 3 6 ,1 4 0 ,1 / . / + - 1 4, 7 - - minores 264 1 4 9 , 1 5 1 ,514 ,2 5 8 - p a n c r e a t i c o d u o d e niantfies r i o r - t i b i a t i sa n t e r i o r1 8 - - p o s t e r i o r1 8 19 - p a r i e t a t i sp o s t e r i o r2 8 1 - t r a n s v e r s ac o l l i 1 4 4 - 1 4 5 , 1 4 9 , - p e r i c a l t o s a2 9 4 ,3 1 2 ,3 2 0 , 152,228-229 - - f a c i e i7 / + , 8 3 , 1 1 6 , 2 5 8 326-327,329-330, 334-335 - p h a r y n g eaas c e n d e n s1 9 , 4 1 , - t u b e r i sc i n e r e i3 1 9 - t y m p a n i c a n t e r i o r8 3 43,140,258 - p o n t i s3 1 9 - - p o s t e r i o r3 8 4 - p o p t i t e a1 8 - u t n a r i s 1 8 ,1 7 0 ,2 1 1 ,2 2 3 , - p r i n c e p sp o t l i c i s2 2 3 ,2 4 2 - 2 4 3 , 238-210, 242-215,248- 2 49, 245,248 255-256 - p r o f u n d ab r a c h i i1 8 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 7 , - u m b i t i c a t i1s9 ,2 2 - v e r t e b r a t i s [ - e s1l 9 , 4 1 ,4 3 , 6 9 , 232-235,252-253 - - f e m o r i s1 8 10 9 , 1 3 3 ,1 4 6 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 52, 2 8 , - - linguae 113,115 258-259,264-265, 278, 283,302, - p u d e n d ai n t e r n a1 9 318-320,337,344 - p u L m o n a L2i s2 - v e s i c a t iisn f e r i o r1 9 - r a d i a L i s1 8 ,1 7 0 ,2 2 3 ,2 3 6 , - z y g o m a t i c o o r b i t a t7 i s4 ,8 2 - 8 3 238-240,242, 244-246,248, A r t e r ie s - b r a i n3 1 8 255-256 - - i n d i c i s2 2 3 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 3 - hand242,246 - r a d i c u t a r im - head 258-259 s a g n a3 4 4
Arteries - o f A D A M K I E W IsCAZr t e r i ar a d i c u l a n sm a g n a -
cirerrl:rion
lR
- u p p e rt i m b 2 2 3 ArterioLa(-ael - m a c u t a r i si n f e r i o r3 6 7 - - s u p e r i o r3 6 7 - m e d i a t i sr e t i n a e3 6 7 - n a s a l i sr e t i n a ei n f e r i o r3 6 7 ---superior367 - t e m p o r a I i rse t i n a ei n f e r i o r3 6 7 ---superior367 ArticuLatio{-nesl - a c r o m i o c L a v i c u L a15r i8s,1 6 0 , 162,165,182-183,T23 - a t t a n t o a x i a tmi se d i a n a9 2 -
-+l-^+^^^-i^:+-lio(ro,,(uuLL,P,(ouJ
tot ruz
- carpi 174 - c a r p o m e t a c a r p a L i s ( -1e5s8l , 1 74 , T 2 3 - - p o t t i c i s1 7 2 - 1 7 L , I 2 3 - c a r t i l a g i n e 9a - c i n g u lp i e c t o r a t i s1 5 8 T , 23 - c o n o i d e a1 0 - c o x a e1 0 - c r i c o a r y t e n o i d e1a2 2 ,1 3 1 - c r i c o t h y r o i d e1a2 5 - c u b i t i1 5 8 , 1 6 8 , T 2 3 - - A P - r a d i o g r a p 1h 7 0 - - frontaIsection 170 - - l a t e r a t r a d i o g r a p1h7 0 -
-
--^il+^l 5d9rr(or
^^-r:^^
ce[[s 347 Association A s s o c i a t i o tnr a c t s 3 0 6 Attas121,136,344,382 Atrium - c o r d i sd e x t r u m 2 2 - - s i n i s t r u m2 2 A u d i t i o n3 9 6 .- association area 291 - p r o j e c t i o na r e a 2 9 1 A u d i t o r yo r g a n 3 9 4 ,T 5 7 A u d i t o r yp a t h w a y3 9 7 A u r i c u [ a3 7 9 - 3 8 0 Auris 379 - interna379,390 - m e d i a3 7 9 A x e so f t h e h u m a nb o d y 1 Axilta 227-229 A x i [ [ a r yf o s s as F o s s aa x i t L a r i s Axis 45 - e x t e r n u sb u t b i3 6 2 - i n t e r n u sb u [ b i3 5 2 - {Lensl366 - L o n g i t u d i n a l[i A s r t i c u L a t icoo x a e l 10 - o f r o t a t i o nj,o i n t 11 - o p t i c u s3 6 2 - s a g i t t a [ i sI A r t i c u [ a t i o coxael10 - t r a n s v e r s a t ilsA r t i c u L a t icoo x a e l 10
B
1 7n
- c y t i n d r i c a1 0 - d i g i t i 1 7 5 ,T 2 3 - h u m e r i 9 , 1 5 8 ,1 6 2 - 1 6 / . , 18 3 - 18 4 ,T 2 3 - - A P - r a d i o g r a p 1h 6 5 --cT165 - - j o i n t c a v i t y s, t r u c t u r e 9 - - s e c t i o nl i n t h e s c a p u [ apr l a n e l 9,164 - h u m e r o r a d i a t i1s5 8 ,T 2 3 - h u m e r o u t n a r i 1s 5 8 T , 23 - i n c u d o m a L L e a r3i s8 4 - i n c u d o s t a p e d i a3t i8s4 - i n t e r p h a [ a n g em a ea n u s 1 7 5 , 210,T23 - - - d i s t a l e s3 1 , 1 5 8 ,1 7 5 - - - p r o x i m a l e s1 5 8 ,1 7 5 - manus 173 - m e d i o c a r p a t i1s5 8 ,1 7 4 , f 2 3 - m e m b r is u p e r i o r i sT 2 3 ---tiberiT23 - m e t a c a r p o p h a t a n g e a [ -1a5e8l , 1 7 3 ,1 7 5 , 2 0,72 1 3 ,r 2 3 - - p o t t i c i s1 7 2 , 1 7 5 - ossiculorum a u d i t u s3 8 4 - o v o i d e a1 0 - p t a n a 1 0 ,T 2 3 - r a d i o c a r p a t i s1 5 8 ,1 74 , 2 5 0 ,f 2 3 - radioutnard i si s t a t i s1 5 8 ,1 6 9 , 173-171,,204,256,r23 - - p r o x i m a L i1s5 8 , 1 6 9 , 2 5 4 , I 2 3 - s e t t a r i s1 0 ,T 2 3 - s p h e r o i d e a1 0 ,T 2 3 - s t e r n o c L a v i c u t a r1i s5 9 - 16 0 ,T 2 3 - s y n o v i a L i9s - t e m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r6i2s - 6 3 , 6 5 - 6 67 , 2-73,83 - - t o m o g r a p h y6 5 - t r o c h o i d e a1 0 ,T 2 3 A s s o c i a t i oa nr e a s - a u d i t i o n2 9 1 - m o t o r i c i t y2 9 1 - s e n s o r y s y s t e m2 9 1 - v i s i o n2 9 1
B a s a Ig a n g t i a3 0 9 B a s eo f t h e s k u [ [ .- external surlace L2 - - c o n t e n t s2 6 4 - - Foramina 43,26L - i n t e r n a Is u r f a c e 4 0 , 2 7 8 - - c o n t e n t s4 1 - - F o r a m i n a4 1 ,2 6 5 Basis - c o c h l e a e3 9 2 - l C o r n up o s t e r i u s l3 4 5 - c r a n i ie x t e r n a4 2 ---ForaminaL3,264 - - interna 40-41,278 ---Foramina265 - m a n d i b u l a e6 0 - o s s i sm e t a c a r p 1 i 71,176,250 - p h a [ a n g i s[ M a n u s l 1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 1 7 5 - s t a p e d i s3 8 3 - 3 8 4 B - c e [ [ s9 B I C H AsTf a t p a ds C o r p u sa d i p o sumbuccae Bi f ur c a t o i - a o r t a e1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 - c a r o t i d i s7 4 , 1 1 5 , 1 3 4 B [ i n ds p o ts D i s c u sn e r v io p t i c i B o d y ,s u r f a c e p , r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r n a Io r g a n s16 - 17 Bones - o f t h e h a n d 17 2 - o f t h e s k u L [3 4 - 3 5 ,3 8 , 4 6 - t u b u l a rb o n e ,s t r u c t u r e 7 B o T A L Lsod u c t ,t i g a m e n ts D u c t u s arteriosus BoWN4A sN m e m b r a n es L a m i n a I i m i t a n sa n t e r i o r B r a c h i u m 2 - 3 , 1 5 7- 1 5 8 ,16 1 , 18 5 - 18 7 , 18 9 - 19 1 , 2 3 0 ,2 3 3 - 2 3 4 - arteries 223,235 - c o L L i c ui tni f e r i o r i s2 9 8 - 2 9 9 - - s u p e r i o r i s2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , 3 7 0 - c r o s s - s e c t i o n2 5 2 - f a s c i a1 7 8 - i n n e r v a t i o sn e, g m e n t a 2[ 1 6
Index
Canalisl-esl Caputlongum - [ o n g r t u d i n a tmi so d i o t i3 9 1 - - { M t r i c e p sb r a c h i i l1 6 3 - 1 6 4 , - m a n d i b u t a e9 9 - 1 0 0 1 7 8 - 1 7 9 1, 8 3 - 19 0 , 2 3 2 - 2 3 4 , - m u s c u l o t u b a r i u5s9 252,r30 - n a s o t a c r i m a L5i s2 , 3 5 3 - m a l l e i3 8 2 - 3 8 5 , 3 8 7 - n e r v if a c i a l i s2 7 0 , 3 8 6 , 3 9 1 , - m a n d i b u t a e4 5 , 6 0 - 6 1 ,6 3 , 3 9 8 - 3 9 9T , 57 65-67,400 - - h y p o g l o s s3i 8 . L 0 - 4 3 , 6 2 . - m e d i a t eI M t r i c e p sb r a c h i i J1 7 0 , 264-265,273,278,T57 1 7 8 - 1 7 9 1, 8 5 ,1 8 7- 1 9 1 ,1 9 4 - 1 9 6 , - n u t r i c i u s7 198 , 2 0 0- 2 0 2 ,2 3 2 - 2 3 4 2 , 3 8 ,2 5 2 , - o p t i c u s 4 0 - 4 1 ,5 4 - 5 5 ,5 7 , 2 6 5 , T30 2 7 8 , 3 5 3 , 3 6, 1 3 6 9, 3 7 2 , 3 7 5 , 3 7, 7 - ( N u c t e u sc a u d a t u s l2 9 4 , 2 9 8 , T57 3 0 8 - 3 0 93, 1 3 ,3 1 5 - 3 1 73, 2 3 , - p a t a t i n um s ajor55 325-327,331-335,337 - p t e r y g o i d e u s5 5 - 5 6 - o b t i q u u ml M a d d u c t opr o t t i c i s ) nrrinit:lic aa? - r a d i c i sd e n t i s9 4 2 0 s ,2 0 9 ,1 3 6 - i n f e r i o vr e n a ej u g u t a r i s - s e m i c i r c u l a r i s l - e3s7l 9 , 3 9 9 - - anterior390-392,394 - p h a t a n g i sl V a n u s l 1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 1 7 5 110-141,145,229 - l M e d u L Loab t o n g a t a2) 8 4 - - t a t e r a L i s3 9 0 - 3 9 2 , 3 9 4 , 3 9 8 , - p r o f u n d u mI M f l e x o rp o l l i c i s - ocuti 323-324,359,361-364, 400 b r e v i s l 2 0 5 ,2 0 7 ,2 0 9 ,2 5 7 . T 2 4 , - - p o s t e r i o r3 9 0 - 3 9 3 , 4 0 0 3 6 9 - 3 71, 3 74 , 3 7 7- 3 7 8 T36 - - M R t3 6 1 - s p i r a t i s c o c h t e a3e9 1 - r a d i a [ e 1 9 2 ,1 9 5 ,1 9 7 ,2 3 9 , I 3 1 - o t f a c t o r i u s8 8 , 2 76 , 2 8 3 ,2 8 6 , - - m o d i o t i3 9 1 - radii 167, 170,197,254 - u L n o c a r p a t i2s 4 9 - s t a p e d i s3 8 3 , 3 9 8 292,318, 337, r57 - s u p e r i o vr e n a ej u g u t a r i s4 1 , - s u p e r f i c i a t e2 0 7 ,2 0 9 ,2 4 5 ,2 5 7 , p oMi n tT 5 7 CANN0N-B0H 14 0 - 14 1 ,2 6 0 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 3 , 82 Capitulum h u m e r i 1 6 1 ,1 6 8 ,1 7 0 T24,T36 - s u p e r i u s6 7 ,6 9 BURDAC s tHr a c t s F a s c i c u L u s C ap s u[ a - a r t i c u [ a r i sl A r t i c u t a t i oa t t a n t o a x - - t r a n s v e r s u ml M a d d u c t o rp o t t i cuneatus Bursal-ael i a l i sI a t e r a L i s1j 2 1 c i s l 2 0 5 ,2 0 7 - 2 0 9 , 1 3 6 - b i c i p i t o r a d i a t1i s6 8 ,1 7 0 ,1 9 5 , - - (Articulatio - u L n a e16 6 ,1 7 2 ,1 74 , 1 7 8 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 0 car- u l n a r e( M f l e x o rc a r p iu l n a r i s l T29 p o m e t a c a r p a tpi so t t i c i s 1l 7 3 - i n f r a h y o i d e a1 2 4 ,1 2 9 ,1 3 2 - - ( A r t i c u t a t ci ou b i t i l 1 6 8 186,192,240,T31 - m u s c u t ci o r a c o b r a c h i a l i s - - [ A r t i c u [ a t ihou m e r i l9 , - - [ M p r o n a t otre r e s ] 1 7 0 ,1 8 6 , 18 3 - 18 4 162-163,183-184 1 9 2 ,1 9 7, 2 0 4 , 2 3 9 , 1 3 1 - s u b a c r o m i a t i s1 6 3 - 1 6 4 , - - (Articu[atin oterphalangea C a r d i o v a s c u t as ry s t e m - arteries 18 18 3 - 18 4 0 r s t a U sJi I - s u b c u t a n eoat e c r a n 1 - - [ A r t i c u L a t im - o v e r v i e w1 8 , 2 0 , 2 3 i 7 0 ,1 7 8 o etacarpopha- s u b d e t t o i d e1a8 3 ,1 9 1 - veins 20 t a n g e a l1 7 3 ,1 7 5 ,2 0 7 ,2 1 3 - s u b t e n d i n em a u s c u t si u b s c a p u - - - l A r t i c u t a t i or a d i o u [ n a r i so r s C a r p ajIo i n t ' 1 6 9 , - d i s t a t sA r t i c u t a t i o t a r i s 1 6 2 ,1 8 4 ,T 1 8 tatisl 173,20L - synoviaLi1 - - l A r t i c u l a t i os t e r n o c t a v i c u L a r i s ] m e di o c ar p aI i s s 62 - p r o x i m a sI A r t i c u L a t iroa d i o 159 - - l A r t i c u t a t itoe m p o r o m a n d i b u c ar p aI r s t a r i s l 6 2 - 6 3 ,6 6 - 6 1 ,7 2 - 7 3 C a r p atIu n n e l 2 5 6 .r;.^.n/t6hnidor l?? C a r p o m e t a c a r p jaoti n t o f t h e - - c r i c o t h y r o i d e1a2 3 , 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 C a e c u m1 4 t h u m bs A r t i c u t a t icoa r - c u p u l a r e3 9 3 - externa 294,308-309,326-328, p o m e t a c a r p a Lpi so [ [ i c i s '1'1) -2't /, - v e s t i b u t a r e3 9 3 - 3 9 4 j oI i n t s l l - V s A r Carpometacarpa - extrema 294, 308-309,326-328, C a l c a n e u sd, e v e L o p m e n8t t i c u [ a t i o n e cs a r p o m e t a c a r p a t e s C a L c aarv i s 3 1 3 - 3 1 63, 2 9 ,3 3 3 - 3 3 4 332-334 C a r p u s 15 8 ,2 5 6 - i n t e r n a 2 7 7 ,2 9 / . ,2 9 6 ,3 0 7- 3 0 9 , - t T a n s v e r ssee c t i o n 2 5 6 CaLvaria 39,261 Ca[x 5 3 14 - 3 16 , 3 2 1 ,3 2 5 - 3 2 9 3, 3 1- 3 3 5 , C a r t i L a g i n oj uo si n t 9 Camera 3 3 7 - 3 3 8 3, 5 0 C ar t iL a go( -ine s J - anteriob - - o r g a n i s a t i o3n0 8 - a t a r i s ( - e sml a j o r 6 9 , 8 6 - 8 81, 3 6 r u t b i3 6 2 , 3 6 4 - p o s t e r i o rb u t b i 3 6 2 ,3 6 4 - tentis366 - - m i n o r e s8 6 - p o s t r e m ab u t b i 3 6 2 , 3 6 9 - a r t i c u t a r i s7 , 9 C a p u t2 - 3 , 6 , 3 2 , 1 3 6 - v i t r e as C a m e r ap o s t r e m ab u I b i - brevelMbicepsbrachi1 - a r y t e n o i d e a1 2 2 - 1 2 8 1 , 3 1 ,1 5 4 i l7 8 , - auricuLae C a n a lo f S c H L E N 4sMS i n u sv e n o s u s 182-184,186, 188-190, 232-233, 10 9 ,3 8 0 ,3 8 2 - c o r n i c u l a t a1 2 2 - 1 2 3 1 s c[ e r a e r29 , 25-128, - c o m m u n el M m f t e x o r e s 1l 7 0 , Canaticutusl-ii 139 - c o c h t e a e3 9 3 - c o s t a t i s1 5 9 1 96 - 1 9 8 - [ a c r i m a t i s ( - e3 - c r i c o i d e a1 1 4 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 2 ,1 2 7 , s ]5 3 - - i n f e r i o r3 5 7 - h u m e r a t eI M f l e x o rc a r p iu t 133,154,156 - - s u p e r i o r3 5 7 - c u n e i f o r m i s1 2 7 , 1 3 9 n a r i s ] 1 8 6 ,1 9 2 , 2 4 0 , f 3 1 - mastoideu4 - - ( M f l e x o rp o L L i c [i so n g u s ] - e p i g L o t t i c a4 5 ,1 0 4 ,1 2 2 - 1 2 / + , s2,264 C an aI is [ - e s l 1 9 7, 1 3 2 129,133, 136 - a n a l i s1 4 - - ( M p r o n a t o r t e r e s1) 7 0 , 1 8 6 , - L a r y n g i s1 2 2 - 1 2 3 , 1 2 5 - c a r o t i c u s4 1 - 4 3 ,5 9 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 . - m e a t u sa c u s t i c i3 8 0 192,204,T31 - humeri161,164-165 - nasi86 278,385-389,391 - carpi209,219,249 - humerouLnare - - a c c e s s o r i a e8 6 1 8 6 ,1 9 2 ,1 9 5 , f 3 1 - c e n t r a L3i s0 2 . 3 1 0 - 13 13 2 0 , 3 3 7 , - i n f e r i u s6 7 , 6 9 - - [ a t e r a I i s8 6 , 8 8 ,1 0 9 - l a t e r a [ e{ M t r i c e p sb r a c h i i J - s e p t in a s i 8 6 - 8 7 345-346 - c o n d y l a r i s4 0 - 4 2 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 - t h y r o i d e a1 0 4 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , 1 7 8 - 1 7 91, 8 3 ,1 8 5 ,1 8 7 - 1 8 81, 9 1 , - d i p t o i c2 i 61 , 36-137 200-201,221,234,252,130 11 8 ,1 2 2 - 1 2 7 , , 1 2 9 - 1 3 41 - i n c i s i v u s3 8 ,5 0 - 5 1 8 - [ o n g u m{ M b i c e p sb r a c h i i ) , 7 , 11 3 1 3 9 ,1 1 9 ,1 5 4 ,1 5 6 - i n f r a o r b i t a t i5s4 - 5 5 ,1 0 0 , - t r a c h e a t e s1 2 3 - 1 2 4 1 16 2 - 16 5 ,1 8 2 - 1 8 4 1, 8 6 , 18 8 - 19 1 , , 26-127, 268-269.353 232,r29 129,132-134,137,156 Brachium - t y m p h a t i c s2 2 4 - N4R2 t 52-253 - m u s c t e s 1 7 9 - 1 9 21 , 94-198, 200-204, 206-213, T29-T30 - nerves232,235 - t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o n 2 5 3 - v e s s e [ s2 3 2 B r a i ns E n c e p h a t o n Brainstem 286,293, 298-299,320 B r e g m a3 6 B r o n c hpi r i n c i p a t e 1 s4 B R O W N - S E o U AhReDm' si p l e g i a 351 Butbusl-il - a o r t a e1 9
c
Cartitago[- ines) - triticea 123,126-127 - t u b a ea u d i t i v a e14 1, 3 8 8 - 3 8 9 C ar u nc u [ a - L a c r i m a l i s3 5 2 , 3 5 7 - sublinguali1 s 1 1 - 1 1 21, 1 4 C au d a - equina24,340-344 - h e l i c i s3 8 0 - 3 8 1 - ( N u c t e ucsa u d a t u s 2l 9 4 , 3 0 9 , 3 16 - 3 1 7, 3 2 7- 3 2 9 , 3 3 2 - 3 3 5 . 338-339 c a u d a I i Is= i n f e r i o r1l C a v i t a s- (t e s J - a r t i c u L a r i s[ A r t i c u t a t i o c u b i t i ] -
170 - (Articutath i ou m e r i i 9 , 1 6 5
c o n c h a e3 8 0 c o r o n a e9 4 dentis 94 g L e n o i d a t i1 s 6 0 ,1 6 4 - 1 6 5 1 , 84 i n f r a g t o t t i c a1 2 9 ,1 3 3 m e d u l l a r i s7 , 1 7 5 n a s i 1 4 ,5 1 , 5 4 ,6 2 , 6 9 ,8 8 ,9 1 , 10 9 ,3 6 1 - oris 14,92,102-103 - - p r o p r i a1 4 ,1 0 3 - p h a r y n g i s1 3 1 - s y n o v i a t i s11 - t y m p a n i 1 0 1 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 23, 8 5 - 3 8 7 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 4 , 3 9 84, 0 0 C a v u ms e p t ip e L t u c i d3i1 5 , 3 1 7 , 3 3 1 C e L I[uae - ethmoidales 44-45,53-54, 68, 8 9 , 1 16 , 3 2 3 ,3 5 8 ,3 6 1 ,3 7 7- 3 7 8 - - a n t e r i o r e s8 8 , 9 0 - 9 1 ,T 5 7 - - m e d i a e9 0 - - p o s t e r i o r e s9 0 - 9 1 , T 5 7 - m a s t o i d e a e4 4 - 4 5 ,1 0 1 ,3 8 2 , 3 8 6 ,4 0 0 ,T 5 7 - p n e u m a t i c a e3 8 9 - tympanicae 386,391 C e m e n t u m9 4 C e n t r u ms e m i o v a [ e2 9 3 ,3 1 2 C e r e b e t t o p o n tei na n g L e2 70 - 2 71 , T57 C e r e b e t t u m2 5 ,2 8 4 ,2 8 6 ,3 0 2 - 3 0 5 , 3 0 7 ,3 10 , 3 2 4 ,3 2 8 , 3 3 5 3 , 4 0 ,3 5 0 , 396 Cerebrah I e m i s p h e r e s2 8 9 - c o r t i c a t a r e a2 s91 - gyri 287,289-290 - sulci 287,289 Cerebrum 24-25, 285-286, 288, 3 4 0 ,3 7 0 Cervix - { C o r n up o s t e r i u s l3 4 5 - cT 135 - d e n t i s9 4 -saneck C h i a s m ao p t i c u m2 76 - 2 7 7 ,2 7 9 , 286-287, 292-293,295,297, 302, 311, 318, 320, 323-324,327, 361, 369-371,T57 C h o a n a4 3 , 4 7 , 9 3 , 1 3 9 Ch o r da[ - a e ] - o b l i q u a1 6 8 - 1 6 9 , 1 9 2 - tympani 8/+,269-270, 275,382, 3 8 4 - 3 8 53 , 8 7 ,3 9 8 - 3 9 9 T , 57 Choroidea362-364,368 C i t i a3 5 2 ,3 5 5 , 3 7 8 Cingutum - l L e r e D r u m iJ U o - m e m b r ii n f e r i o r iss C i n g u t u m pe[vicum - - s u p e r i o r is C i n g u t u m pectoraLe
Index
Cingulum Crista[-aeJ Commissura Corpusl-ora) - p e c t o r a t e6 , 1 5 8 ,1 6 0 - t u b e r c u tm - l F o r n i x l2 9 2 - 2 9 3 , 2 9 5 , 3 3 3 , 3 3 7 - c i l i a r e3 6 2 - 3 6 5 , 3 6 9 i a j o r i s1 6 1 - 1 6 2 - p e l v i c u m6 - - minoris 161-162 - h a b e n u l a r u m2 9 5 , 3 0 6 , 3 1 7 , 3 3 7 - c l a v i c u t a e1 5 9 - t a t e r a t i ps a t p e b r a r u m - {Fornix2 Circulation 352,355 l 9 2 - 2 9 5 , 3 1 5 - 3 1 6 , 3 2 0 . v e s t i b u t3i 9 2 - foelal 22 - z y g o m a t i c o a t v e o l a r4i s9 , 5 3 - m e d i a l i sp a l p e b r a r u m3 5 2 ,3 5 5 327,332 - p o s t n a t a l2 2 - g e n i c u t a t u ml a t e r a l e 2 9 7 - 2 9 9 , - p o s t e r i o r2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 6 , 3 1 7 , C r u s { - r a l2 - 3 , 3 8 4 - a n t e r i u sl C a p s u t ai n t e r n a l 2 9 6 , Circulus 307,328,335,370-371,f57 320,334,337 - a r t e r i o s ucse r e b r (i W t L L t S2 l7 8 , - - m e d i a l e2 9 7 - 2 9 9 , 3 2 8 , 3 3 5 , 307-308,326,333-335,338 C o m m i s s u r at rl a c t s 3 0 6 - - ( S t a p e s J3 8 3 - 3 8 4 318-319 C o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h y[ C T l ,s h o u l 370,396-397 - - i r i d i sm a j o r 3 6 3 - a n t i h e t i c i 3s 8 0 - humeri7,161,168,170,184, d e rj o i n t 1 6 5 - - - minor363 - b r e v e3 8 3 - 3 8 4 , 3 8 7 Concha(-ae) 190 - c e r e b r i2 7 7 , 2 9 7 , 3 0 1 , 3 3 6 - a u r i c u l a e3 8 0 - i n c u d i s3 8 3 - 3 8 5 , 3 8 7 Circumferentia - a r t i c u l a r i s l R a d i u1 - [Fornix2 - n a s a l i s i n f e r i o3r 4 , 4 4 , 5 1 - 5 2 , - l i n g u a e1 0 3 , 1 0 7 s l6 7 - 1 6 9 ] 92-293,302,313-317, - - lutnal 166 - mamillare 286-287,292-293, 323,328-329,331-332,337-338 5 4 , 6 8 , 8 7 - 8 8 ,9 0 , 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 1 3 9 , Cisterna 357 2 9 5 , 2 9 7 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 9 , 3 2 0 , 3 2 4 , 3 2 7 -, h e l i c i s3 8 0 - a m b i e n s2 7 7 , 2 8 3 , 3 2 8 - 3 2 9 , - laterate{Cartilagoatarismajorl - - m e d i a 3 4 ,1 , 4 , 5 1 , 5 L , 6 8 , 336-337,370 - m a n d i b u l a e3 4 , 4 4 - 4 5 , 6 0 - 6 1 334-T7,f57 86,88 8 7 - 8 8 ,9 0 ,1 0 9 ,1 3 9 ,3 7 8 , T 5 7 - c e r e b e l t o m e d u t l a2r8i s3 , 3 1 1 , 3 2 4 - - s u p e r i o r5 1 , 8 8 ,T 5 7 - l o n g u m3 8 3 - 3 8 4 , 3 8 7 - m a x i L L a3e5 3 - chiasmatica 283,295,311,336 m e d i a t e{ C a r t i l a gaol a r i sm a j o r l s p h e n o i d a t i5s6 m e d u l l a r ec e r e b e t t3i 0 5 - chyti 23 - ( N u c l e u sc a u d a t u s ]2 9 4 , 2 9 6 , C o n d u c t i o na n a e s t h e s i af i,n g e r 85-87 - f o s s a el a t e r a l i sc e r e b r i 2 8 3 , 251 2 9 8 , 3 1 4 - 3 1 7 , 3 2 7 - 3 2 8 , 3 3 1 , 3 3 8 - m e m b r a n a c e u mc o m m u n e - ( O sh y o i d e u m )1 1 5 , 9 2 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 7 , 3 2 6 - 3 2 9 , 3 3 2 - 3 3 63,3 8 - 3 3 9 393 Condytus - i n t e r p e d u n c u l a r2i s8 3 , 2 9 5 , 3 1 1 , - h u m e r i 1 6 1 - - s i m p l e x3 9 3 126,132 - o c c i p i t a t i3s 5 , L 2 - 4 3 , 1 3 7 , 3 8 8 - ( O ss p h e n o i d a t e5J0 - 5 1 , 5 5 - 5 6 , 323,327,T57 o s s e u mc o m m u n e3 9 2 - l a m i n a et e r m i n a l i s3 2 6 - - s i m p L e x3 9 2 C o n ec e t t s 3 6 3 , 3 7 0 6 2 ,1 3 6 , 3 5 3 - p e r i c a [ [ o s3a1 1 , 3 2 6 , 3 2 8 - 3 2 9 , C o n f t u e nssi n u u m 2 6 0 ,2 6 2 , 2 7 6 , - p o s t e r i u {sC a p s u [ian t e r n a ]2 9 6 , - o s s i sm e t a c a r p 1 i 71 - p h a l a n g i sl V a n u s l 1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 2 5 7 332,334-335 308,333-335 311,322 - p o n t i s3 2 7 - p i n e a l es G [ a n d u l p - - ( S t a p e s3) 8 3 - 3 8 4 , 3 9 8 C o n i o t o m y1 1 8 ai n e a l i s - p o n t o c e r e b e t t a r i2s8 3 , 2 9 4 , 3 1 1 , C o n n e x u si n t e r t e n d i n e2i 1 0 - 2 1 1 - radii 167-168,203 C r y p t a et o n s i t l a r e s1 0 3 - s t r i a t u m3 5 0 327,f57 C u b i t a1 5 8 Conus - q u a d r i g e m i n a t3i s2 9 - trapezoideum - e t a s t i c u s1 2 4 - 1 2 5 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 3 397 C u t m e n3 0 2 - 3 0 4 - ulnae 166,168,203 C l a u s t r u m 2 9 4 , 3 0 8 - 3 0 9 , 3 2 6 - 3 2 8 , - m e d u l l a r i s3 4 0 , 3 4 2 - 3 L 3 C u n e u s2 9 0 , 2 9 2 , 3 3 1 - 3 3 3 - u n g u i s3 1 332-335,339 C u p u t ac o c h t e a e3 9 1 - 3 9 4 Cor 16-18,20,30 C t a v i c lse C l a v i c u l a C o r i u ms D e r m i s v e r t e b r a e1 3 5 ,1 5 4 - 1 5 5 C u s p i sd e n t i s9 4 - vitreum 361-362 CtavicuL6 a , 1 0 5 ,11 8 - 1 2 0 ,1 3 5 , C u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n C o r n e a3 5 9 ,3 6 2 - 3 6 5 , 3 7 8 , f 5 7 - h e a d7 9 1 L / + , 1 4 7 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 2 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 8 - 1C6o0r, n u Cortex - c e r e b e l t3i 0 5 - neck 79 1 6 2 - 1 6 5 , 1 7 8 - 1 8 0 , ' 1 8 2 - 1 8 3 , 1 8 5- , a n t e r i u sl M e d u t t a spinatis) - s e g m e n t a tu, p p e rt i m b 2 1 6 - cerebri261 189-190,226 345-346,349-350 - dextra 135 - frontale277,293-294,296,298, - tentis366 C u t a n e o u sn e r v e s ,u p p e rL i m b C t a w h a n d , u l n a r n e r vpea l s y2 2 0 3 1 0 - 3 1 1 , 3 1 3 , 3 1 5 - 3 1 7 , 3 2 0 - 3 2 1C, o r t i c a l a r e a s 216-217 - c e r e b r ahl e m i s p h e r e 2s 9 1 C L E L A N DLS i g a m e n2t 4 9 - 2 5 0 323,326-327,331-334,337 C u t i s3 1 , 2 5 2 , 2 5 6 , 2 6 1 - i n f e r i u s( C a r t i t a g o - f u n c t i o n aal c c o r d i n gt o F O E R S T E RC y m b ac o n c h a e3 8 0 C t i t o r i s 15 thyroideal C t i v u s4 0 , 5 1 ,6 2 , 1 3 8 - 1 3 9 4 , 00,f57 1 2 2 - 1 2 31 , 26-127 291 , 130 - l a t e r a t el l t l e d u l t as p i n a t i s l C o c h l e a3 7 9 , 3 8 2 , 3 9 0 - 3 9 2 , 3 9 1 + , C o s t a t - a e ]6 , 1 3 5 , 1 4 7 , 1 4 9 , 399-400 D 345-346 152-153,155,229,31,0,342 - m a l u s 6 7 , 9 2 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 8 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 3 ,C r a n i anl e r v e s2 5 - 2 6 , 2 6 6 , ColLicutus[-iJ - [Cartitagoarytenoide 1a 2 )2 123,126-127,130,132,137-139, 276-277,301,T55,T57 D e c i d u o u s t e e t9h7 - 9 8 - f a c i a t i s2 9 9 , 3 1 1 - f i b r eq u a l i t i e sT 5 6 141 D e c l i v e3 0 2 - 3 0 4 - i n f e r i o r2 7 6 , 2 9 6 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , 3 2 9 , - m i n u s 9 2 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 8 , 1 2 3 , - n u c l e i3 0 0 - 3 0 1 Decussatio(-nesl - - motor 350 - L e m n i s c o r u m3 4 8 336,396-397,f57 126-127,132 - s u p e r i o r2 7 6 , 2 8 7 , 2 9 6 - 2 9 9 , 3 2 9 , - o c c i p i t a t 2 - peduncutorumcerebetLarium e9 4 , 2 9 6 , 3 1 0 - 3 1 1 , c r a n i a t i s { = s u p e r i o1r J 335,370-371 3 1 3 - 3 1 6 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 3 - 3 3 4 , 3 3 8C r a n i u m6 , 3 3 - 3 4 , 3 6 - 3 8 , 4 4 - 4 7 s u p e r i o r u m3 0 2 , 3 0 5 - p y r a m i d u m2 8 6 , 3 0 7 , 3 0 9 , 3 1 + 2 C o t t u m 2 - 3 , 6 , 3 2 , 1 3 6 , 1 1 + 8 - 1 1 , 9 , - p o s t e r i u s( M e d u t t as p i n a t i s ) C r e m a s t e r i cr e f l e x 3 4 6 154-156 D e e ps e n s i b i l i t yu, n c o n s c i o u s3 4 9 345-3L6 Crista{-ael - a n a t o m i c u m1 6 1 - s u p e r i u sl C a r t i t a gtoh y r o i d e a ) - a m p u t t a r i s3 9 5 D E I T E RnSu'c l e u s3 9 7 - chirurgicum - a r c u a l a1 2 2 161,183,191 122-127,130,132,139 Densl-tesJ - mallei 383,387 - t e m p o r a t e2 7 7 , 2 9 3 - 2 9 L , - b a s i t a r i s3 9 4 - axis 44-45,324 - m a n d i b u t a e6 1 , 6 3 - c a n i n u s9 3 - 9 5 , 9 7 , 9 9 - 1 0 0 , 1 0 2 , - c o n c h a L i s { M a x i t4t a9 l 309-311,314-315,323-325, - radii 167-170 - e t h m o i d a t i4 112 327-329,335-336,338-339 s 9 ,5 1 - s c a p u l a e16 0 , 16 5 - f e n e s t r a ec o c h l e a e3 9 2 - d e c i d u i 4 6 ,6 1, 9 4 - 9 5 , 9 8 - 9 9 Corona - c l i n i c a9 4 - f r o n t a l i s3 9 - 4 0 - i n c i s i v i4 4 , 9 3 - 9 5 , 9 7 , 9 9 - 1 0 A , C o t o n1 6 - 1 7 - a s c e n d e n s1 4 - d e n t i s9 4 - g a t t i3 8 , 4 0 , 4 4 , 5 0 - 5 1 , 5 4 102,112,156 - d e s c e n d e n 1s 4 - r a d i a t a3 3 0 - m o l a r i s ( - e s5l 4 , 6 8 , 9 3 - 9 5 , - infratemporal4 i s2 , 5 6 , 6 6 - s i g m o i d e u m1 4 - L a c r i m a t ai sn t e r i o r4 9 , 5 1 + - 5 5 , C o r o n a r py l a n es f r o n t a p l tane 97-100,102,112,116-117 - t r a n s v e r s u m1 4 - - lll 93,99,102,112 Corpusl-oral 353 - a d i p o s u mb u c c a e7 0 , 7 2 ,1 0 9 , - - p o s t e r i o r5 4 - 5 5 , 3 5 3 - p e r m a n e n t e9 Columnal-ael s4-99 - anterior345-3/.6 - p r e m o t a r e s9 3 , 9 7 , 9 9 - 1 0 0 , 1 0 2 , - m u s c u t is u p i n a t o r i s1 6 6 117 - fFornix2 - n a s a l i s( M a x i [ L a8l7 ] 9 2 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 9 , - - o r b i t a e1 1 6 , 3 5 4 , 3 6 1 , 3 6 9 , 112 - s e r o t i n u s D e n sm o l a r i sl l l - - [ 0 s p a t a t i n u m3) 8 315-317,323,327,332-335 372,378 - i n t e r m e d i a3 4 5 - 3 t 6 - - p r e e p i g l o t t i c u m1 2 3 - 1 2 4 , - occipitalisextern3 D e n t i n u m9 4 a7 - p o s t e r i o r3 4 5 - 3 4 6 - - i n t e r n a4 0 , 5 7 126,129,136 D e r m a t o m e s2 1 6 - vertebrati6 - amygdaloideum - s p h e n o i d a l i5s 0 , 5 6 s 292-294,327, D e r m i s2 6 1 - s u p r a e p i c o n d y t a rLi sa t e r a t i s Commissura 336,338 DESCEN4E mTe' m s b r a n es L a m i n a - a t b aa n t e r i o r3 4 5 - c a l l o s u m2 7 6 , 2 8 7 - 2 8 8 , 161,170,253 L i m r t a npso s t e r i o r - a n t e r i o r2 7 6 , 2 9 2 - 2 9 3 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 2 9 2 - 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 6 - 3 0 7 , 3 0 9-, - m e d r a l i s1 6 1 , 1 6 8 , 1 7 0 D e s m o d o n t i u m sP e r i o d o n t i u m - s u p r a m a s t o i d e5a8 302,306,311,317,320,324.327, 312,314-317,320,32L-329, D i a p h r a g m a1 6 - 1 7 , T 7 - t r a n s v e r s a3 9 1 - 3 9 2 - sellae 279 334-335,337-338,345 331-334,337
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Diaphysi7 s - ( R a d i u s1 l 77 - ( U t n a l1 7 7 D i e n c e p h a l o n2 8 4 ,2 8 8 ,2 9 7 Digestive t r a c t ,o v e r v i e w1 4 D i g i t u s( M a n u s|) 1 5 8 - a n u [ a n s1 5 7 ,1 7 1 - m e d i u s1 5 7 , 1 7 1 , 2 5 7 - m i n i m u s1 5 7 ,1 7 1 - p r i m u ss P o t t e x - q u a r t u ss D i g i t u sa n u [ a r i s - q u i n t u ss D i g i t u sm i n i m u s - secundus lndex - t e r t i u ss D i g i t u sm e d i u s D I Pl d i s t a itn t e r p h a L a n g jeoai In t l 175 D i p t o e3 9 , 4 5 , 2 6 1 , 2 8 0 Di s cu s - a r t i c u [ a r i s[ A r t i c u t a t i o radioutn a r i sd i s t a [ i s 1 l 74 - - l A r t i c u t a t i os t e r n o c l a v i c u t a r i s l 159 - - (Articulatio temporomandibut a r i s J6 3 - 6 7 ,8 3 - i n t e r v e r t e b r a [ i s1 5 3 - n e r v io p t i c i 3 6 2 , 3 6 7 distat 93-94 d i s t a I i s1 Di v i s i o n e s - d o r s a L el sP t e x u sb r a c h i a t i s2l 1 4 - v e n t r a L elsP t e x u sb r a c h i a t i s l 214 D o r s a La p o n e u r o s i s2 5 7 dorsalis1 D o r s u m3 - [ i n g u a e9 2 . 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 1 , 0 7 ,1 1 3 , 141 - m a n u s4 , 1 5 7 , 2 4 7 - 2 4 8 - - c u r a n e o uIsn n e r v a u o n , gse m e n t a L2 5 1 - p e d i s4 - 5 - s e l l a e3 8 ,4 0 ,5 0 ,5 6 ,6 2 , 2 7 9 D u c t u [ ie x c r e t o r iIiG t a n d u t a t a c n m a t r sJt c 6 - J c / Du c t u s -( u s l - a r t e r i o s u s[ B o r A L L o 2 ]2 - c o c h l e a r i s3 8 2 ,3 9 3 - 3 9 5 - d e f e r e n s1 5 - e n d o l y m p h a t i c u3 s93 - l y m p h a t i c u sd e x t e r 2 3 - nasolacrimat8 i s8 , 3 5 7 - p a r o t i d e u s6 8 ,7 0 ,7 2 - 7 3 ,8 0 , 109-110,116,137 - r e u n i e n s3 9 3 - 3 9 4 - s e m i c i r c u l a r ai sn t e r i o r3 9 0 , 393-395 - - [ a t e r a I i s3 9 0 ,3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , 3 9 8 - - p o s t e r i o r3 9 0 ,3 9 3 , 3 9 5 - s u b t i n g u a t i s { - emsai j o r 1 1 1 , 1 1 4 - - m i n o r e s1 1 1 , 1 1 / + - s u b m a n d i b u t a r1i1s 0 - 1 1 11,1 1 ' , 116-117 - t h o r a c i c u s2 3 , 2 2 9 - u t r i c u l o s a c c u [ a r i3s9 3 - v e n o s u s[ A R A N T I u s2]2 14,16 Duodenum D u r am a t e r - c r a n i a l i s 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 2, 6 1- 2 6 2 , 2 7 8 - 2 8 1 , 3 6 93, 8 9 ,3 9 3 ,T s 7 - s p i n a I i s 1 3 6 ,1 5 4 ,3 4 2 - 3 4 3
Eminentia - a r c u a t a3 8 , 5 9 - c o t t a t e r a l i s3 1 4 ,3 3 5 - 3 3 6 3 , 39 - c r u c i f o r m i s5 7 - h y p o t h e n a rsi s H y p o t h e n a r - mediatis 298-299 - pyramidali3 s86-387,398 - thenaris Thenar E n a m e t u m9 4 E n c e p h a L o2n8 2 ,2 8 4 ,3 2 3 - 3 2 L . 327,332,340,370 - a r t e r l e s3 1 8 - d e v e l o p m e n t2 8 4 - f r o n t a Is e c t i o n 3 2 6 - 3 2 9 - h o r i z o n t a t s e c t i o3n3 0 - 3 3 1 , 333-336 - m e d i a ns e c t i o n3 3 7 - MRr 323-325 - s a g i t t a Is e c t i o n3 3 7 - 3 3 9 - v e n t r i c t e3 1 0 E n d o c r i n eo r g a n s 3 0 Ependymum 313,315-316 Ep i c o nd y L u s - l a t e r a l i sl H u m e r u s l1 6 1 ,1 6 8 , 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 - 1 7 9 1 , 8 5 , 18 7 , 1 9 6 ,1 9 8 , 2 0 0 - 2 0 32 , 31,234,241 - m e d i a l i s( H u m e r u s l1 5 7 , 1 6 1 , 16 8 ,17 0 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 6 - 1 8 78, 19 - 19 0 , 19L-195, 197-198, 233,238-21+0 E p i c r i t i cs e n s i b i t i t yp, a t h w a y so f s
E p i d e r m i s3 1 ,2 6 1 Epididymi1 s5 E p i g L o t t i s1 0 3 ,1 2 6 - 1 2 8 1 , 3 0 ,1 3 9 , 141,156 E p i p h a r y n1 x39 p tl a t e ,H u m e r u s7 Epiphysea E pi ph y si s - d i s t a l i s7 - - [ R a d i u s ]1 7 7 - - ( U t n a l1 7 7 - p r o x i m a l i s7 11 Epitendineum Epithetium - a n t e r i u s( C o r n e a l3 6 2 , 3 6 4 - p o s t e r i u sI C o r n e a l3 6 4 31 Eponychium EquiLibrium - contro[396 - p a t h w a y3 9 7 - - a f f e r e n t / e f f e r e n3t 9 6 E t h m o i d abI o n es 0 s e t h m o i d a t e E x c a v a t idoi s c i 3 6 2 ,3 6 8 c o x a e lT 3 9 E x t e n s i o[ A r t i c u [ a t i o E x t r a - o c u [ am r u s c t e s3 5 8 - 3 6 1 - t'/Rt 361 E x t r a p y r a m i d amI o t o r s y s t e m 3 5 0 E x t r e m i t a to, b e r e ,m u s c l e s 2 0 4 Extremitas - a c r o m i a t i s1 5 9 ,1 6 2 - 1 6 3 - d i s t a [ i sI H u m e r u s 7 l - p r o x i m a t iIsH u m e r u s )7 - s t e r n a t i s1 5 9 Eye - s OcuLus{-il E y e b a t t3 6 2 - 3 6 4 - d i m e n s i o n s3 6 2 - layers363
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F a c i a [m u s c l e s 7 0 - 7 2 ,3 5 4 ,f 1 , f 5 7 Facies - a n t e r i o r[ C o r n e a i3 6 4 - - (lrisl 362,364 - - {Lensl362,364-366
Fasciculus[-i] - [ a t e r a l i sI P L e x ubs r a c h i a L i s2J5 , 214-215,226,232 - [ o n g i t u d i n a ti insf e r i o r3 0 6 - - m e d i a t i s3 0 2 , 3 0 53, 0 9 , 3 4 7 , 396-397 - - s u p e r i o r3 0 6 - m a m i l l o t e g m e n t a t2i s9 5 - m a m i L t o t h a [ a m i c u2s9 2 ,2 9 5 , 3 0 9 ,3 3 5 - m e d i a [ i sI P l e x u sb r a c h i a [ i s l2 5 , 147, 214-215,226, 232 - m u s c u L a r i s a c c e s s o r 1i u3s8 - p o s t e r i o rI P t e x u sb r a c h i a t i s ]2 5 , 2 1 / , - 2 1 52,2 6 , 2 3 2 - p r o p r i ia n t e r i o r e s3 4 7 - - l a t e r a l e s3 4 7 - - p o s t e r i o r e s3 4 7 - s e p t o m a r g i n a t i3 s47 - t r a n s v e r s i2 0 6 , 2 4 3 - u n c i n a t u s3 0 6 F a s t i g i u m3 0 2 F e m u r 2 - 3 ,6 , 3 0 8 - d e v e l o p m e n8 t Fenestra - c o c h l e a e3 8 6 , 3 9 2 - 3 9 3 - v e s t i b u t3i 8 6 ,3 9 1 - 3 9 3 F ibr a e - a T c u a t a cee r e b r i 3 0 6 - c i r c u [ a r e s3 5 2 - c o r t i c o n u c t e a r e2s7 0 ,2 96 , 3 5 0 - - b u t b i3 5 0 - c o r t i c o r e t i c u l a r e2s9 6 ,3 0 8 - c o r t i c o r u b r a l e2s9 6 , 3 0 8 - c o r t i c o s p i n a L e2s9 6 ,3 0 7 - 3 0 8 , 350 - c o r t i c o t h a L a m i c a2e9 6 ,3 0 8 - m e r i d i o n a l e3s 6 2 - occipitopontin3 a0 e7 - o t i v o s p i n a L e3s4 7 - p a r i e t o o c c i p i t o p o n t i n2 a9 e6 - p a r i e t o p o n t i n a3e0 7 - p o n t o c e r e b e l l a r e3s5 0 cr vo/ ,o rw o/ !j - t e m p o r o p o n t i n a2e9 6 , 3 0 7 P dr u5 P slrvJoc - t h a t a m o p a r i e t a l e2s96 , 3 4 8 - - { R a d i u s1 j 67,169 - z o n u [ a r e s3 6 3 - 3 6 5 - - l S c a p u t a1) 6 0 - - [ U t n a ]1 6 6 , 1 6 9 F i b r o c a r t i l a gboa s a t i s2 7 9 - t e m p o r a l i sI O sf r o n t a t e ]4 8 F i b r o u jso i n t 9 - - ( O ss p h e n o i d a t e5l6 , 3 8 8 F i b u l a6 - d e v e l o p m e n 8t - - { O st e m p o r a t e5l 8 - v e s t i b u l a r i s9 4 f i b u L a r i s1 Frtumt-at F a t xc e r e b r i 116 - 11 7 ,2 6 1 ,2 76 , - o f f a c t o r i al l l 2 6 6 , I 5 7 2 9 4 , 3 2 1 , 3 2 5r,5 7 - r a d i c u t a r iIaN s p i n a t i s 2l 8 6 , F a s c i a11 - a n t e b r a c h i1i 7 8 ,1 8 5 ,1 8 9 - 1 9 1 , 343,31,5 1 9 9, 2 0 1- 2 0 2 , 2 0 6 , 2 1 1 . 2 3 8 , 2 4 3 , - terminale 342-343 Fimbria hippocampi 292-293. 2 4 9, 2 5 4 , 2 5 6 - arm 178 3 13 - 3 15 , 3 2 8 - 3 2 9 3. 3 3 - 3 3 5 , - a x i t t a r i s2 2 4 , 2 2 7 338 - brachii 178,225, 238,252-253 F i n a Im o t o r p a t h 3 5 0 - cervicaLi7 F ing e r s 0 - 7 2 ,1 0 9 - 1 1 0 , - s Digitus(-i) 11 8 - 11 9 ,13 3 - 13 4 , 1 3 6 ,11 + 31, 5 6 - c o n d u c t i oann a e s t h e s i 2a 5 1 - c L a v i p e c t o r a l i2s2 6 - j o i n t ss A r t i c u t a t i o ( - n edsi g - i n f r a s p i n a t1 Jiti a7 9 , 1 8 5 - masseterica F i s s ur a[ - a e ) 1 0 9 - 11 0 ,1 1 9 - a n t i t r a g o h e t i c i n3a8 0 - n e c k1 1 9 - c e r e b e t t i3 0 5 - p a r o t i d e a7 1 ,1 0 9 - h o r i z o n t a [ i IsC e r e b e L t u m2]9 7 , - p e c t o r a [ i s1 8 4 - p h a r y n g o b a s i l a r1i s3 7 - 1 3 81, 4 1 303-301* - [ o n g i t u d i n a [ icse r e b r i 2 8 2 . - t e m p o r a l i s7 2 285-288,293,309,312, 316, 323, F a s c i acI o m p a r t m e n t so f t h e h a n d 326-336 249 - m e d i a n aa n t e r i o rl M e d u t l ao b Fasciculus{-il - a n t e r o l a t e r a l i s3 4 8 t o n g a t a )2 8 6 - - - [Meduttaspinatisl - cuneatus 298-299,345,347-348 - graci[is 298-299,31+5, 342-343,345 347-31'8 - n o d u t o f [ o c c u t a r i3s0 3 - i n t e r f a s c i c u t a r i3s4 7
Faciesanterior - - l M a x i t t a4) 9 - - p a t p e b r a e3 5 5 - - p a r t i sp e t r o s a e4 0 - - [ R a d i u s )1 6 7 - 1 6 9 , 1 9 7 - - [ U t n a ]1 6 6 , 1 6 8 - 1 6 9 - a n t e r o l a t e r a tl iHsu m e r u s ]1 6 1 - a n t e r o m e d i a l(iH s u m e r u s ]1 6 1 - a r t i c u l a r ias c r o m i a t i s1 5 9 - - a r y t e n o i d e a1 2 2 - - c a r p a l i s1 6 7 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 4 - - c t a v i c u [ a r i1s6 0 , 1 6 4 - - ( l n c u s l3 8 3 - - l M a t t e u s3l 8 3 - - s t e r n a L i s1 5 9 - - t h y r o i d e a1 2 2 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 6 - c e r e b r a t i(s0 s s p h e n o i d a t e5l6 - - [ 0 s t e m p o r a t e )5 9 - c o n t a c t u s9 4 - c o s t a t i s( S c a p u L a1l 6 0 - d i s t a t i s9 4 - e x t e r n a[ 0 s f r o n t a t e ]4 8 - i n f e r i o [r i n g u a e1 0 4 ,1 0 8 , 1 1 2 - i n f r a t e m p o r a [ 4i s9 - i n t e r n a[ 0 s f r o n t a t e ]5 0 ,5 5 - l a t e r a L i{sR a d i u s 1 l 6 7 ,1 6 9 - [ i n g u a L i9s4 - m a x i L L a r (i s0 s s p h e n o i d a t e5l 6 - m e d i a t i sh e m i s p h e rci ie r e b r i 320 - - [ U t n a ]1 6 6 , 1 6 9 - m e s i a l i s9 4 - n a s a [ i s{ M a x i L t a4l 9 - o r b i t a L il sM a x i L [ a4l 9 , 3 5 3 - - [ 0 s f r o n t a l e ]4 8 , 3 5 3 - - l O ss p h e n o i d a t e3l 4 , 5 1 ' - 5 6 , 353 - - [ O sz y g o m a t i c u m l5 4 ,3 5 3 - p o s t e r i o r{ C o r n e a l3 6 4 - 3 6 5 - - l H u m e r u s 1l 6 1 - - llris] 362,364-365 - - [ L e n s )3 6 2 , 3 6 6 - - p a t p e b r a e3 5 5
Index
Fissura[-ae] - o r b i t a I i si n f e r i o r 3 4 , 4 2 - 4 3 5 3 - 5 4 ,2 6 4 ,2 74 , 3 5 3 ,3 5 6 ,3 6 0 - - s u p e r i o r 3 4 ,4 0 - / + ,14 4 , 5 / + , 5 6 - 5 7, 2 6 5 , 2 6 7- 2 6 8 , 2 74 , 2 7 8 , 3 5 3 , 3 5 8T, 5 7 - p e t r o o c c i p i t a [4i s0 , 3 9 9 - p e t r o s q u a m o s a4 0 , 5 8 - p e t r o t y m p a n i c a5 8 - 5 9 - p o s t e r o l a t e r a [ i3s0 4 - prima 302-303 - p t e r y g o m a x i [ a r i s3 5 3 - s e c u n d a3 0 2 - 3 0 3 - s p h e n o p e t r o s a4 1 ,4 3 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 9, 3 8 9 - t e l o d i e n c e p h a L 3i c1a7 - t r a n s v e r s ac e r e b r i 3 3 2 - t y m p a n o m a s t o i d e5a8 F L E C H SO I Gv,a b t u n d t eo f s F a s c i -,,1,,^ ^^^r^*^--:-^r^ Lu(ur JEPrUItdt gilrdU5
FLECHSIG t r'asc t S T r a c t u S s p i n o c e r e b e l t apr ioss t e r i o r F t e x i ol A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e l 10 F l o c c u l u s2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 8 ,3 0 3 - 3 0 4 , 309,329 F o [ i u mv e r m i s 3 0 2 - 3 0 3 F o l l i c u t i n g u a t e s1 1 3 Fonticutus - anlerior 46-47 - m a s t o i d e u s4 6 - 4 7 - p o s t e r i o r4 6 - 4 7 - s p h e n o i d a l i4s6 Foramen(-inal - a t v e o l a r i a4 9 , 5 3 - a p i c i sd e n t i s9 4 - c a e c u mt i n g u a e3 8 , 4 0 , 1 0 3 - 1 0 1 - c r i b r o s a3 8 , 4 0 , 4 8 , 5 0 - 5 18,7 , 265,278 - e t h m o i d a taen t e r i u s5 4 - 5 5 , 3 5 3 - - p o s t e r i u s5 4 - 5 5 , 3 5 3 - i n c i s i v u m3 8 ,4 2 - 4 3 ,5 2 ,2 6 4 - i n f r a o r b i t a L3e4 ,4 6 ,5 4 , 7 9 ,9 1 , 268-269,353,360 - i n t e r v e n t r i c u tr ae 2 6 0 ,2 76 , 2 8 4 , 292-2932 , 9 5 ,2 9 8 ,3 0 2 ,3 10 _ 311 , 3 13 , 3 15 - 3 17 , 3 2 0 ,3 2 2 ,3 2 7 ,3 3 3 , 337 - ; u g u l a r e 4 0 - 4 3 ,14 0 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 1- 2 1 3 , 2 7 8 , 3 9 0 - 3 9,1r 5 7 - l a c e r u m 4 0 - 4 3 ,2 6 L - 2 6 5 2 , 78, 3 8 8 ,3 9 0 - 3 91 - t i n g u a t e6 ' 1 - m a g n u m 4 0 - / 1 3L,7, 5 7, 2 6 2 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 8T, 5 7 - m a n d i b u L a6e0 - 6 1 ,9 3 ,1 0 6 - m a s t o i d e u m3 7- 3 8 ,L 0 ,L 2 , 58-59, 264 - m e n t a l e 3 4 - 3 5 ,4 6 , 6 0 - 6 1 ,7 0 , 9 3 , 9 9 - 1 0 01, 0 6 , 2 6 9 - N 4 0 N Rs0 F o r a m e ni n t e r v e n t r i c utare - n u t r i c i u m 1 5 9 ,1 6 6 - 1 6 7 1 , 87 - ovale 22, 40-43, 53, 57, 264-265, 2 6 9 ,2 75 , 2 78 , 3 8 8 - 3 91 , r 5 7 - p a [ a t i n am i n o r a 4 3 , 5 2 , 9 3 , 2 6 4 - p a t a t i n u mm a j u s / + 2 - 4 3 , 5 2 , 9 3 , 102,264 - p a r i e t a t e3 6 - 3 8 - r o t u n d u m 4 0 - 4 1 ,5 5 - 5 7 , 264-265,268,274, 278, 390,r57 - s i n g u l a r e3 9 1 - s p h e n o p a L a t i n u5m 1 ,5 5 ,2 74 - s p i n o s u m4 0 - L 3 ,5 3 ,5 7 , 2 6 / + - 2 6 52,6 9, 2 7 8 ,3 9 0 - s t y l o m a s t o i d e u m4 2 - 4 3 ,5 9 , 1 0 1 ,2 6 1 ,2 7 0 ,3 8 6 ,3 9 9 ,T 5 7 - s u p r a o r b i t a t e3 4 , 4 6 ,3 5 3
Foramenl-inal - z y g o m a t i c o f a c i a t5e3 - 5 4 ,3 5 3 - z y g o m a t i c o o r b i t a5t5e,3 5 3 , 3 5 6 F or c e p s - m a j o r 3 0 6 ,3 3 1 ,3 3 3 - m i n o r 3 0 6 ,3 3 1 ,3 3 4 FoTearm - s Antebrachium - m u s c L ess A n t e b r a c h i u m , musctes F o r m a t i or e t i c u t a r i s3 4 5 ,3 1 + 8 Fornix 276, 292-295,298,302,309, 313-317,320,323-325,327-329, 3 3 1- 3 3 5 ,3 3 7 - 3 3 8 - c o n j u n c t i v ai nef e r i o r3 5 2 , 3 5 4 , 357,378 - - superior354,357,378 - s a c c il a c r i m a t i s3 5 7 F o s s a| - ae l - a x i [ [ a r i s1 5 7 - 15 8 ,2 2 7- 2 2 9 - c a n i n a4 9 - c e r e b e L L a r5 i s7 - coronoidea 161,170 - crania i n t e r i o r4 1 - - media41,277,f57 - - p o s t e r i o r4 1 , T 5 7 - c u b i t a t i s4 - d i g a s t r i c a6 0 - 6 1 - g l a n d u L al e a c r i m a t i s4 8 , 3 5 3 - h y p o p h y s i a [ 4i s0 ,L 5 , 5 0 ,5 7 ,6 2 , 279 - i n c i s i v a8 7 - i n c u d i s3 8 6 - 3 8 7 - i n f r a c l a v i c u t a r i1 s 7 8 ,2 2 8 - i n f r a s p i n a t1 a6 0 - i n fr a t e m p o r a I i s4 3 , 5 3 ,3 6 0 - i n t e r p e d u n c u t a r i 2s 8 6 - 2 8 7 3 , 02, 3 0 9 ,3 2 5 ,3 3 6 l u g u t a r i s4 2 ,5 9 - lateralis cerebri 287-288,290, 314,325-326 - m a n d i b u l a r i s4 2 , 4 5 ,5 8 - 5 9 ,6 3 , 65-67,388 - o t e c r a n i1 6 1 , 1 7 0 - p o p L i t e a5 - p t e r y g o i d e3a8 ,5 6 , 8 7 - p t e r y g o p a L a t i5n3a,5 5 , 3 5 3 - r a d i a t i s1 6 1 - r h o m b o i d e a2 9 8 - 2 9 9 3 , 0 2 ,3 4 2 , 397 - s a c c i[ a c r i m a t i s5 3 , 3 5 3 - s c a p h o i d e 5a 6 - s u b a r c u a t a4 0 , 5 9 - s u b s c a p u [ a r i1s6 0 - s u p r a c t a v i c u t am r i si n o r 3 2 , 119 - s u p r a s p i n a t 1a 6 0 - s u p r a t o n s i t t a r 1i s0 3 - t r i a n g u l a r i s3 8 0 Fossutal-aeJ - f e n e s t r a ec o c h t e a e3 8 6 - 3 8 7 , 392 - - v e s t i b u t3i 8 6 - p e t r o s a4 2 , 5 9 - t o n s i [ [ a r e s( T o n s i t t p aatatina) 103 FoveaI-a eJ - a r t i c u t a r i s1 6 7 - c e n t r a t i s3 6 2 , 3 6 7 - inferior 299 - o b t o n g a1 2 2 - p t e r y g o i d e a6 0 - s u b t i n g u a t i6s0 - 6 1 - s u b m a n d i b u t a r 6i s0 - 6 1 - superior299 - t r i a n g u t a r i s1 2 2 - t r o c h L e a r i s3 5 3
F o v e o t a [ - a e3] 6 7 - g r a n u [ a r e s3 9 -
crrnr:mo:+irr
6Q
Frenutum - [ i n g u a e1 0 4 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 2 - v e l im e d u t t a r issu p e r i o r i s 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , 3 0 53, 3 6 Frons 33 F r o n t a Ib o n es 0 s f r o n t a l e F r o n t a lp l a n e 1 Fundus - m e a t u sa c u s t i ciin t e r n i3 9 1 T57 - o c u t i3 6 7 Funicu[us - a n t e r i o r3 4 5 - l a t e r a t i sI M e d u t t ao b t o n g a t a ] 299 - - ( M e d u t t sap i n a t i s3l 4 5 - p o s t e r i o r3 2 8 , 3 4 5 - - palsy 351
G
G A S S E R igaann g t i o sn G a n g t i o n t r i g e mi n a[ e G a s t e r1 4 ,1 6 - 1 7 , 3 0 G e n i c u L u nme r v if a c i a t i s3 9 8 Genu - { C a p s u tian t e r n a i2 9 6 , 3 0 7 - 3 0 8 , 327,333-334 - ( C o r p u cs a [ [ o s u m 2l 7 6 , 2 9 2 , 3 0 6 - 3 0 73, 1 3 ,3 1 5 - 3 1 73, 2 0 , 3 2 4 , 3 3 2 - 3 3 33 , 37 G i n g i v a9 3 , 1 1 1 - 1 1 2f,5 7 G i n g t y m iT 2 3 Gtabetta 48 G[ an du l a[ - a e ] - b u l b o u r e t h r a t i1s5 - L a b i a l e s9 2 - [ a c r i m a L i1s 1 6 - 1 1 72, 6 8 ,2 7 4 , 3 5 4 ,3 5 6 - 3 5 7 3 , 6 0 - 3 6 13 , 72-374, 3 7 7- 3 7 8 ,T 5 7 - [ a r y n g e a l e1s 3 1 - L i n g u a l e s1 0 4 ,1 1 4 , f 5 7 - n a s a t e s8 7 ,T 5 7 - p a t a t i n a e1 0 2 , f 5 7 - p a r a t h y r o i d ei naf e r i o r3 0 , 1 3 0 , 133,138-139,141 - - s u p e r i o r3 0 , 1 3 0 ,1 3 8 - p a r o t i d e a1 4 , 6 9 - 7 0 ,7 2 , 7 7 ,8 0 , 10 9 - 110 , 1 1 8 ,1 2 0 ,1 3 8 - 1 3 9 1, 4 2 , 1 4 8 - 1 / 1 9 , 1 5T15, 7 - - a c c e s s o r i a6 8 , 7 2 , 1 0 9 - 1 1 0
G a l e aa p o n e u r o t i c a7 0 - 7 3 , 1 1 6 - 1 1 7, 2 6 1 , 2 8 0 G A L E NV,e i no f s V e n am a g n a cereDrl Gangtion[-iaJ - c e r v i c a lm - nh:rvnno:lo< l?a-1?a e e d i u m2 7 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 , - p i n e a L i s3 0 ,2 76 , 2 9 5 ,2 9 7 - 2 9 9 , 147,153-151 - - s u p e r i u s2 7 , 4 1 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 , 3 0 1- 3 0 2 ,3 16 - 3 1 7 ,3 2 0 ,3 2 9 ,3 3 4 , 14 7, 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 337 - cervicothoracicum - p i t u i t a r i as H y p o p h y s i s 27,133, - s a t i v a r i am 1 4 0 - 1 / , 11, 5 3 e a j o r e s1 4 ,1 1 0 , 1 1 4 - c i L i a r e7 9 , 2 6 7- 2 6 8 ,2 74 , - - m i n o r e s2 7 5 - s u b l i n g u a [ i 1s 4 ,8 4 ,1 1 0 - 1 1 1 , 3 7 0 - 3 7 1, 3 7 3 - 3 7 4 , 3 7 7 , T57 - c o e t i a c u m2 7 - 2 8 114 - 11 7, 2 7 5 ,1 5 7 - G A S S F R isa nG a n g l i otnr i g e m i - s u b m a n d i b u t a r i1s4 ,6 8 , 7 2 , n a[ e 11 0 - 111 , 1 1 4 1 , 181 , 38-139, - g e n i c u [ i1 0 1 ,2 7 0 , 3 9 03, 9 9 1 4 4 - 1 4 61 , 4 8 ,1 5 1, 2 7 5 , 1 5 7 - tmpar 27 - s u p r a r e n a [ i s3 0 - i n f e r i u sl N g L o s s o p h a r y n g e u s l - t a r s a l e s 3 5 5 - t h y r o i d e a1 6 ,3 0 , 7 7 , 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , 140,271,398 - - l N v a g u s l1 1 0 - 1 / + 1 , 2 7 2 1 1 8 ,1 2 0 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 2 - 1 3 51, 3 8 , - [ u m b a [ r a2 7 140-1/+1,145-1/,6, 1L9, 156 - mesentericum - v e s i c u L o s1a5 i n f e r i u s2 8 - - s u p e r i u s2 8 G t o b u sp a t t i d u s2 9 4 - o p t i c u m3 6 3 ,3 7 0 ,T 5 7 - [ateratis 294, 308-309,321, 334, - o t i c u m 2 6 9 ,2 7 1 ,2 7 5 ,f 5 7 338 - p e l v i c a2 7 - m e d i a [ i s2 9 4 ,3 0 8 - 3 0 9 3 , 27,334, - pterygopa[atinum 1 0 1 ,2 6 8 ,2 7 4 , 338 377, J57 Glomus - r e t i n a e3 6 3 , 3 7 0 - c a r o t i c u m2 7 1 - sacralia 27 - c h o r o i d e u m3 1 3 ,3 1 5 ,3 2 1 ,3 3 8 - s e n s o T inae r v o r u ms p i n a l i u m G n a t h i o n3 3 26, 3 40, 312-343, 3 48-349 G 0 L L ' st r a c t s F a s c i c u l u g s racitis c e r v i c a t i u m3 4 0 G o W E Rt' rsa c t s T r a c t u ss p i n o c e r e lumbailum340,344 b e L L a r iasn t e r i o r sacraLium 340 Granutatione a sr a c h n o i d e a2e6 1 , - s p i n a [ e3 4 2 280-282,311 - s p i r a l ec o c h t e a e2 7 1 , 3 9 4 , 3 9 7 G R A Y S o Nl i'gsa m e n t 2 4 9 - 2 5 0 - s t e t t a t u ms G a n g l i o nc e r v i G S Al g e n e r a ts o m a t i ca f f e r e n c e J c 0 t n oT a ccrum 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0T15, 6 - s u b m a n d i b u t a r7e9 ,8 4 ,1 1 A , G S E{ g e n e r a sl o m a t i ce f f e r e n c e l 1 1 4 ,2 6 9 , 2 7 5 r, 5 7 3 0 0 - 3 01, T 5 6 - s u p e r i u s{ N g t o s s o p h a r y n g e u s ) G U Y o Nl o, g ed e s L o g ed e G U Y O N 2 71 - 2 7 2 G V A{ g e n e r avI i s c e r a a I f f e r e n c e J, - - [ N v a g u s J1 4 0 , 2 7 2 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0T15, 6 ' 1 4 7 - sympathicum accessorium G V EI g e n e r a vI i s c e r a e I fference] - t h o r a c i c a2 7 2 7 1 + - 2 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0T15,6 - t r i g e m i n a t e7 9 ,1 0 1 ,2 6 7 - 2 6 9 , Gyrus[-i] 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 , 2 7, 72 7 9 ,2 8 6 , 3 7 2 - 3 7 3 , - a m b i e n s3 3 6 - a n g u [ a r i s2 8 5 ,2 8 9- 2 9 0 , 3 2 9 , 3 8 5 ,3 8 9 ,3 9 9 ,T 5 7 - t r u n c is y m p a t h i c2i 6 331 - v e s t i b u l a r e2 71 , 3 9 5 ,3 9 7 - b r e v e si n s u t a e2 8 9
lndex
Gyrus(-i) - cerebraI hemispheres 287, 289-290 - c e r e b r2i 6 1 - cinguti287-288,290,292,307, 3 12 - 3 1 33, 15 ,3 2 4 - 3 3 3 53 ,7 - dentatus292-293, 314, 328-329,335 - fasciotaris 292-293, 312-313 - frontaLis inferior289-291, 325-328,332-335 - - medius285,289-290,312, 325-328,330,332 - - superior285,289-290,309, 312,325-328, 330-33 1, 337 - insuLae309,325-327 - tingualis287,329,335-336 - [ o n g uisn s u t a e 289 - o c c i p i t a t3 e3 s 1-3333 ,5 - occipitotempora[is [ateraLis 286-287, 290,327-329,336 - - medialis287,290,315, 327-329 - orbitales286-287, 290,326, 3 3 63, 6 13, 7 0 - p a r a h i p p o c a m p2a8t 6 i s- 2 8 8 , 290,292, 314-315,325,327-329, 334-336,338-339 - paraterminaLis 290,295,326, 335,337 - postcentralis 285,289-291,312, 328-332,348 - precentraIis 270,285,289-291, 307, 312,328, 330-332, 350 - rectus287,292,326,336-337 - supramarg inalis 285,289-290, 329-330 - temporatis inlerior287, 289-290,325-329 - - medius289-290,327-329, 333-335 - - superior289-290,325-329, 332-335 - - transversus anterior291
Hi[um - n u c L edi e n t a t i 3 0 5 - - o t i v a r i si n f e r i o r i s3 0 9 H i p p o c a m p u s2 94 , 3 1 3 - 3 16 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 5 ,3 2 7 ,3 3 3 - 3 3 6 3 , 38-339 H u m e r o r a d i aj o Li n t s A r t i c u l a t r o humeroradia[is H u m e r o u t n aj or i n ts A r t i c u l a t r o h um er ouL n ar i s H u m e r u s6 , 1 5 8 ,1 6 1 ,1 6 3 - 1 6 1 - , 168, 170,182-184,204,238, 252-253 -
oninhw
nlrto<
7
- g r o w t hp t a t e s 7 H y o i db o n es O s h y o i d e u m Hyponychium 31 H y p o p h a r y n x1 3 9 H y p o p h y s i s3 0 , 2 6 2 ,2 7 8 - 2 79 , 2 8 3 , 286, 302, 320, 323-324, 327, 337, 369 Hypothatamus30, 295,302,320, 327,334-337 - o v e r v i e w2 9 5 H y p o t h e n a r1 5 7 ,1 8 0 ,2 0 6 ,2 4 9 , 2 5 6 ,T 3 8
l n t e r n e u r o n s3 4 6 I n t e r p h a t a n g ej oaitn t ss A r t i c u l a t i o n e si n t e r p h a t a n g e a e l n t e s t i n u m3 0 - c r a s s u m' 1 4 - t e n u e 1 4 ,1 7 l n t i m a9 lntumescentia - c e r v i c a t i s3 4 0 , 3 4 2 - [ u m b o s a c r a t i s3 1 + 03,4 2 lris 352,362-365 lsthmus - a o r t a e1 9 - faucium 102,f57 - g [ a n d u t ateh y r o i d e a e1 1 5 , 1 2 9 , 132-134,136,148,155 - g y r i c i n g u L i2 8 7 , 2 9 0 , 3 3 / .
J J e j u n u m1 4 , 1 6 J o i n t ,t r u e 9 J u gu m [ - a J - a l v e o [ a r i al M a x i t t a ]4 9 - s p h e n o i d a [5e7 J u n c t u r a es y n o v i a t e s10
I
I t e u m1 4 , 1 6 lmpressio[-nesl - gyrorum 40 - [ i g a m e n tci o s t o c l a v i c u t a r i5s9' ] - trigeminatl3 s 8 6 ,3 8 9 Incisural-aeJ - a n t e r i o r3 8 0 - c a r t i L a g i nm i se a t u sa c u s t i c 3 i 80 - f r o n t a t i s4 8 ,5 4 , 3 5 3 - i n t e r a r y t e n o i d e1a2 8 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 9 , 141 - i n t e r t r a g i c a3 8 0 - j u g u t a r i s( 0 s o c c i p i t a t e5l 7 - [ a c r i m a l i s4 9 ,3 5 3 - m a n d i b u t a6e0 , 6 5 - m a s t o i d e a3 7 , 4 2 ,5 8 - 5 9 - n a s a l i s4 9 - p a r i e t a L i s5 8 - 5 9 H - preoccipitatis288-290 - p t e r y g o i d e a5 6 H a b e n u l3a3 4 - r a d i a [ i s1 6 6 , 1 6 8 Hamu[us - lrminro cnirrlic ?42 - s c a p u t a e1 6 0 , 1 6 2 - o s s i sh a m a t i 1 7 1 - 1 7 3 , 1 7 6 , 2 1 1 - s p h e n o p a l a t i n4a9 - p t e r y g o i d e u3s8 , 4 2 , 5 0 - 5 15. 3 , - s u p r a o r b i t a [ i s4 8 , 3 5 4 - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r 1 2 2 5 5 - 5 6 ,6 2 , 6 7, 8 7 , 9 2 , 1 0 2 ,1 3 7, - - superior 122-123,125-126 388 - t r o c h L e a r i s1 6 6 ,1 6 8 - 1 7 0 H a n ds M a n u s '136 - t y m p a n i c a3 8 7 H e a d3 2 , - arteries 258-259 - u l n a r i s1 6 7 - c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n7 9 I n c u s3 7 9 , 3 8 3 , 3 8 7 - r e g i o n s3 2 I n d e x1 5 7 1 , 71 - veins 260 l n d u s i u mg r i s e u m 3 1 2 ,3 16 , 3 2 8 , H e L i x3 8 0 332-333 H e m i p L e g[i B aRowN-sEouAR 3D 5 1l I n f r a -a n ds u p r a h y o im d usctes Hemispherium 10 5 - 10 7 ,118 , 12 0 ,T 9 - T 10 - c e r e b e [ [ i2 8 3 ,2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 7 , I n f u n d i b u [ u ImH y p o p h y s i s ) 3 0 3 - 3 0 4 3, 0 9 ,3 18 , 3 2 0 , 3 2 9 , 2 76 - 2 7 7, 2 7 9 , 2 8 6 , 2 8 9 , 2 9 , 372 0 , 336-339 323 - ( C e r e b r u m j3 4 0 l n i o n3 7 H e p a r1 4 , 1 6 - 1 7 , 2 2 Innervatioo nf musctesu , p p e r[ i m b H E S C H Lt'rsa n s v e r s eg y r u s 3 9 7 205 Hiatus Insertioo n f m u s c [ e s{ l n s e r t i o 1] 1 - c a n a l i sn e r v ip e t r o s im a j o r i s / m i - I n s u l a [ - a e j2 8 4 ,2 9 4 ,3 0 8 ,3 13 - 3 16 , noris278 318, 323-321,,328, 332-334, - m a x i t t a r i s5 1 338-339 - o e s o p h a g e u2s7 2 - p a n c r e a t i c a e3 0 - s e m i l u n a r i s9 0 lntornrl erncrrlo ?aA - v e n a ec e p h a t i c a 1 e84 l n t e r n aeI a r 3 9 0
L L A B B EV, e i no f s V E I NO fL A B B E Labium - i n f e r i u s9 2 , 1 0 3 - 1 0 4 - L i m btiy m p a n i c u m3 9 4 - - v e s t i b u t a r e3 9 4 - m a j u sp u d e n d i1 5 - m i n u sp u d e n d i1 5 - s u p e r i u s9 2 ,1 0 3 LADTUM
- a r t i c u t a r e9 - g t e n o i d a l e16 4 - 16 5 ,1 8 4 L ab y r in t h - b o n y3 9 1 - 3 9 2 - m e m b r a n o u s3 9 3 - 3 9 4 L ab y r in t hu s - cochLeari3 s 79,397 - ethmoidaL4 i s8 - m e m b r a n a c e u3s9 3 - 3 9 4 - osseus 391-392 - v e s t i b u l a r i s3 7 9 ,3 9 5 ,3 9 7 L a c e r t u sm u s c u t ir e c t iL a t e r a l i s3 5 8 | ---i-^t ^^^^--+..LdLr rrrrdtdPPdr d(ur
2E? uJl
L a c r i m agI l a n ds G [ a n d u L a [ ac r i m at l s Lacunae laterales 261,280-281 L a c u s[ a c r i m a t i s3 5 2 ,3 5 7 L a mi n a[ - a e ] - a f f i x a2 9 8 ,3 1 3 ,3 1 5 - 3 1 73, 2 1 , 328,331 - a t b a e3 0 5 - a n t e r i o r( V a g i n am u s c u [ ir e c t i a b d o m i n i s 1l 7 9 - b a s i t a r i s3 9 4 - c a r t i t a g i n ci sr i c o i d e a e1 2 2 124-125,129,131, 136 - c h o r o i d o c a p i l t a r i3s6 3 - c r i b r o s a3 8 , 4 0 - 4 1 , 4 8 5 , 0-51, 8 7, 2 6 5 , r 5 7 - - s c l e r a e3 6 2 , 3 6 8 - d e x t r a{ C a r t i l a g ot h y r o i d e a l 122-124,127,132 - e p i s c [ e r a [ i s3 6 8 - e x t e r n a 3 9 ,L 5 , 2 6 1 ,2 8 0 - f u s c as c l e r a e 3 6 8 - h o r i z o n t a t i s4 2 ,4 7 , 5 0 - 5 2 ,9 3 , 388
Lamina[-ae] - i n t e r n a 3 9 , 4 5 ,2 6 1 ,2 8 0 - l a t e r a [ i sl C a r t i t a g ot u b a ea u d i t i vael 388-389 - - l P r o c p t e r y g o i d e u s3 )8 , 4 2 , 5 0 ,5 2 ,5 5 - 5 6 ,6 2 , 1 3 7 , 3 8 8 - L i m i t a nasn t e r i o r3 6 2 - - p o s t e r i o r3 6 2 - m e d i a t i sI C a r t i t a gtou b a ea u d i t i vael 388-389 - - ( P r o c p t e r y g o i d e u s3l 8 , 4 2 , 5 0 - 5 2 , 5 66,2 , 9 2 , 3 8 8 - m e d u t l a r i sl a t e r a L i {sN u c l e u s t e n t i f o r m i s l3 0 9 ,3 2 7 ,3 3 4 - - m e d i a t i sI N u c l e u s[ e n t i f o r m i s l 3 0 9, 3 2 7, 3 3 4 - m e m b r a n a c e a3 8 9 - modioli391-392 - o r b i t a l i s5 3 - 5 5 , 3 5 3 - p e r p e n d i c u [ a rl i0ss e t h m o i d a t e ] 3 8 , 4 8 ,6 2 , 8 7 - - l O s p a l a t i n u m4l 9 - 5 1 , 5 3 - 5 4 - p r e t r a c h e a L i1s 1 8 - 1 1 9 1 , 33-134, 136 - p r e v e r t e b r a l i1s1 9 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 6 - s i n i s t r a{ C a r t i t a g o thyroideaJ 1 2 2 - 1 2 31, 2 6 - 1 2 71, 3 0 - 13 1 , 13 7 - s p i r a l i so s s e a3 9 1 - 3 9 2 , 3 9 4 - - s e c u n d a r i a3 9 1 - 3 9 2 - s u p e r f i c i a t i lsF a s c i ac e r v i c a L i s J 7 0 - 7 2 ,1 0 9 - 1 1 01,1 9 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 6 , 156 - - { F a s c i at e m p o r a L i s7l 2 - tecti302,305 - t e r m i n a l i s 2 76 , 2 9 2 ,2 9 5 ,3 0 2 , 320, 327, 334-337 - tragi 380 - v a s c u t o s a3 6 3 of REXED L a m i n a ro r g a n i s a t i o n 346 L a r y n g e am I u s c l e ss L a r y n x , musctes L a r y n g o p h a r y n x1 3 9 L a r y n g o s c o p y1 2 8 L a r y n x 1 4 , 1 1 / + - 1 1 51,2 3 - 1 2 4 1, 2 7 , 129_132,13/.,141 - a r t e r i e s1 3 0 - [ a r y n g o s c o p y1 2 8 - m u s c l e s1 2 5 , f6 , 1 5 7 - nerves 130 L a t e r a tv e n t r i c l e ss . V e n t r i c u t u s lateraLis [ a t e r a t i s1 L a y e r so f t h e e y e b a t t3 6 3 - e x t e r n a [3 6 3 - i n t e r n a l3 6 3 - m i d d L e3 6 3 L e mnIs c u s - [ a t e r a t i s3 4 8 , 3 9 7 - m e d i a t i s3 4 8 L e n s 3 6 1- 3 6 6 ,3 6 9 L e v e ra r m , m u s c l e s1 1 Ligament - of CLELAND249-250 - of GRAYSoN 249-250 L i g a m e n tm u[-al - a c r o m i o c t a v i c u t a r1e6 2 - 16 4 , 184 - a n u t a r e l - i a )1 2 3 - 1 2 1 ' - - radii 168-170,203 - - s t a p e d i a t e3 8 4 - a u r i c u [ a r ep o s t e r i u s3 8 1 - - s u p e r i u s3 8 1 - c a r p ir a d i a t u m1 7 3 - c a r p o m e t a c a r p a [ di ao r s a t i a1 7 3 , 203 - - p a t m a r i a1 7 3 ,2 1 1
Index
Ligamentum[-aJ - coLLaterale(-ial - - [Articutatio metacarpopha-
Limb - l o w e r ,e p i p h y s e apI L a t e sI - - o s s i f i c a t i o cne n t r e s 8 - - s y n o s t o s i s8 - upper158 - - a r t e r i e s2 2 3 , 2 3 5 - - c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o ns,e g -
t a n g e a l1 7 3 ,1 7 5 , 2 1 3 - - c a r p ir a d i a t e1 7 4 ---utnare174 - - radiate168,170,203-204 - - u t n a r e 1 6 8 ,1 7 0 m e n t a l2 1 6 - c o n o i d e u m1 6 2 ,1 6 4 ,1 8 3 - 1 8 4 - - c u t a n e o u ns e r v e s2 1 6 - 2 1 7 - coracoacromiale - - f a s c i a1 7 8 1 6 2 - 16 4 , - - joints 158,T23 182-184 - c o r a c o c t a v i c u t a r1e6 2 ,1 6 4 ,1 8 3 , - - t y m p h a t i c s2 2 4 - - N 4 R t2 5 2 189 - c o r a c o h u m e r a l e16 2 - 16 4 , 1 8 4 - - muscles 179,182-187, - c o s t o c l a v i c u t a1r e5 9 ,1 8 6 1 8 9- 1 9 2 , 1 94 - 1 9 8 ,2 0 0 - 2 1 3 - cricoarytenoideum - - n e T v e s2 1 5 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 5 122-125 - c r i c o p h a r y n g e u m1 2 3 - 1 2 4 - - o r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o nos f m u s - c r i c o t h y r o i d e umme d i a n u m118 , c t e s 18 6 - 18 7 , 1 9 2 ,1 9 8 - - o s s i f i c a t i o cne n t r e s 8 1 2 3 - 1 2 41 , 2 6 ,1 2 9 ,1 3 2 ,1 3 4 ,1 3 6 , - - s y n o s t o s i s8 156 - c r i c o t r a c h e a [ e1 2 3 ,1 3 3 - - v e s s e L s2 3 2 - d e n t i c u t a t u m3 4 3 Limbus - g t e n o h u m e r a i[nef e r i u s1 6 2 - anteriop r a t p e b r a e3 5 2 ,3 5 5 - - m e d i u m1 6 2 - c o r n e a e3 6 2 - - s u p e r i u s1 6 2 - p o s t e r i opr a l p e b r a e3 5 2 , 3 5 5 - hyoepigtotticum - s p i r a t i s3 9 4 1 2 4 ,1 2 6 ,1 2 9 , 136,156 Lrmen - i n c u d i sp o s t e r i u s3 8 4 , 3 8 7 - i n s u l a e2 8 9 - - s u p e r i u s3 8 4 ,3 8 7 - nasi 88 - i n t e r c a r p a L e { - idaol r s a [ i a 1 7 3 L i n eo f a c t i o n m , u s c t e s1 1 - - i n t e r o s s e u m1 7 4 L in e a{- a e J - i n t e r c t a v i c u L a1r1e8 ,1 3 6 ,1 5 9 - a x i t t a r i sa n t e r i o r 1 - [ateraLe - - p o s t e r i o r1 l A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o - e p i p h y s i a t i7s, 9 m a n d i b u t a r i s7l2 - 7 3 - L o n g i t u d i n aa[net e r i u s1 3 6 ,1 5 3 - i n n o m i n a t a4 4 - - p o s t e r i u s1 3 6 - m e d i a n aa n t e r i o r1 - m a t t e ia n t e r i u s 3 8 4 - - p o s t e r i o r1 - - l a t e r a t e3 8 4 - 3 8 5 - mediocLavicutaris'l - - s u p e r i u s3 8 2 ,3 8 4 - 3 8 5 3 - m y l o h y o i d e a6 0 - 6 2 , 87 - manus173 - n u c h a [ i si n f e r i o r 3 7 ,4 2 - m e t a c a r p a t e [ -d - - superior 37,L2 i ao]r s a t i a1 7 3 - - i n t e r o s s e a1 7 4 - obLiqua l C a r t i l a g ot h y r o i d e a ) - - palmaria 173,249 122,126 - - t r a n s v e r s u mp r o f u n d u m 1 7 3 - - [ M a n d i b u t a6l 0 --- p a r a s t e r n a L i 1s superficiale243 - ossiculorum - p a r a v e r t e b r a I i s1 a u d i t u s3 8 4 - p a l m a r i a1 7 3 , 1 7 5 - s c a p u [ a r i s1 - patpebra[e - s t e r n a t i s' 1 t a t e r a l e3 5 4 , 3 5 6 - - m e d i a [ e7 0 , 7 2 , 3 5 4 , 3 5 6 - 3 5 7 - t e m p o r a l i isn f e r i o r3 5 - 3 6 - p i s o h a m a t u m1 7 3 - - s u p e r i o r3 5 - 3 6 - pisometacarpate - t r a p e z o i d a1 5 9 173 - p t e r y g o s p i n a [6 e2 L i n g u a 6 8 ,9 1 , 1 0 3 - 1 0 4 1 , 07, - q u a d r a t u m1 7 0 112-117 , 1 3 4 ,1 3 9 , 3 2 4 - r a d i o c a r p a [deo r s a t e 1 7 3 - innervation 103 - - p a t m a r e1 7 3 - t a s t eq u a L i t i e 1 s03 - s p h e n o m a n d i b u l a5r e 2 ,6 7 ,8 5 , L i n gu[ a - c e r e b e l t i2 9 8 ,3 0 2 - 3 0 5 92,138 - s t e r n o c l a v i c u t a raen t e r i u s 15 9 - mandibutae 60-62 - s t e r n o c o s t a trea d i a t u m 1 5 9 - s p h e n o i d a t i s4 0 ,5 6 - 5 7 ,3 9 0 - s t y t o h y o i d e u 9m2 ,1 0 5 - 1 0 61, 0 8 , L i q u o rs p a c e si,n n e r 3 11 1 1 9 - 1 2 01 , 3 7 - 13 8 Lobutusl-il - s t y l o m a n d i b u t a r 6e 2 ,9 2 , 1 3 9 - a u r i c u L a e3 8 0 - t h y r o e p i g l o t t i c u m1 2 4 ,1 2 9 , - b i v e n t e r3 0 3 - 3 0 4 - centralis 295,302-304 136 - thyrohyoideum - g r a c i t i s3 0 3 l a t e r a l e 1 2 3 ,1 2 6 - - m e d i a n u m1 1 8 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 9 ,- p a r a c e n t r a t i2s9 0 - p a r i e t a t i si n f e r i o r 2 8 5 ,2 8 9 - 2 9 0 , 132,136,156 - t r a n s v e r s u ma t L a n t i s1 3 6 329,331 - - s c a p u t a ei n f e r i u s 2 3 5 - - superior 285,289-290,329 - - - superius162,182-183, - q u a d r a n g u t a rai sn t e r i o r3 0 3 - - p o s t e r i o r3 0 3 18 9 , 2 3 5 - trapezoideum - s e m i L u n a r iisn f e r i o r 3 0 3 - 3 0 4 1 6 2 ,1 6 / . , - - superior303-304 18 3 - 18 4 - u l n o c a r p a [ ep a [ m a r e 1 7 3 - s i m p t e x3 0 3 - vestibutare 124,133 L o b u s-l i i - v o c a [ e1 2 2 ,1 2 1 + - 1 2153, 1 ,1 3 3 , - a n t e r i o rI H y p o p h y s i s JA d e n o 154 h y p o ph y s si
Lobus(-i) - c e r e b e t tai n t e r i o r 3 0 2 - 3 0 3 - - p o s t e r i o r3 0 2 - 3 0 3 - cerebri288 - d e x t e r( G t a n d u t tah y r o i d e a )' 11 4 , 132,134,138 - f l o c c u [ o n o d u t a r i2s8 6 ,3 0 2 - 3 0 3 - frontafis 284,288-289,310,361 - inferiop r u L m o n i s1 4 - insularis lnsuLa - t i m b i c u s2 8 8 - m e d i u sp u t m o n i sd e x t r i 1 4 - occipitatis 28/',288-289,292, 310 - parietaLis284,288-289, 3 0 9 - 310 - p o s t e r i o rl H y p o p h y s i ssl. N e u r o h y p o ph y s si - p y r a m i d a t i s1 1 4 ,1 3 2 - s i n i s t e rl G L a n d u ttah y r o i d e a J 115, 118, 120,132-134,138 - superiop r u t m o n i s1 4 - temporalis 28/,,288-289, 309-310,318,361 L o c u sc a e r u l e u s2 9 9 L o g ed e G U Y O N2 4 9 , 2 5 6 L o n g i t u d i n a Ix i s 1 L u n u t a3 1 L y m p h a t i cs y s t e m ,o v e r v i e w2 3 Lymphatics - arm 224 - axilla 224
M Macula - c r i b r o s am e d i a 3 9 2 - - s u p e r i o r3 9 2 - t u t e a 3 6 2 ,3 6 7
Margo - l a c r i m a l i s1 r 9 - [ a m b d o i d e u3s6 , 5 7 - l a t e r a [ i IsH u m e r u s ]1 6 1 - - ( 0 r b i t a j 3 5 3 ,3 6 0 - - [ S c a p u t a1l 6 0 ,1 6 5 - t i b e rl U n g u i s J3 1 - t i n g u a e1 0 3 - m a s t o i d e u s5 7 - m e d i a l i sI H u m e r u s l1 6 1 - - [ O r b i t a3 ] 53,360 - - l S c a p u t a1)6 0 , 1 8 3 - o c c i p i t a l i sl O st e m p o r a [ e J5 8 - 5 9 - p a r i e t a l i s{ O sf r o n t a t e l4 8 - - l 0 s s p h e n o i d a t e5l6 - 5 7 -
p o s t e r i olrR a d i u s l1 6 7 ,1 6 9 - [ U t n a l1 6 6 , 1 6 9 p u p i t [ a r i s3 6 4 - 3 6 5 s p h e n o i d a L5i s8 - 5 9 s q u a m o s u (sO ss p h e n o i d a t e l 56-57 - s u p e r i o rl C e r e b r u m l2 9 0 , 3 2 6 - - p a r t i sp e t r o s a e4 0 , 5 9 , 9 1 - - I S c a p u t a1l 6 0 * s u p r a o r b i t a [[i0s r b i t a ]3 5 3 , 3 6 0 - - l O s f r o n t a L e 3) 4 , 4 4 , 4 8 - z y g o m a t i c u s5 6 M a t r i xu n g u i s3 1 M a x i t t a3 4 , 3 8 ,4 2 , 4 6 - 4 7 ,4 9 - 5 5 , 6 8 ,8 6 - 8 8 ,9 0 ,9 3 , 9 8 - 9 9 ,10 3 , I 0 9 , 113 , 13 6 , I 5 6 , 2 6 4 , 3 5 3 356-357,378 - p a n o r a m i rca d i o g r a p h 1 y00 M a x i t t a rsyi n u s 5 2 Meatus - a c u s t i c ues x t e r n u s4 2 , 4 4 - 4 5 , 58-596 , 5 ,8 3 ,8 5 , 1 0 0 ,2 6 4 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 1 - 3 8 2 3, 8 5 - 3 8 7 ,4 0 0 ,r 5 7 - - - c a r t i l a g i n e u7s3 , 3 8 2 - - i n t e r n u s3 8 , 4 1 , 2 6 5 , 2 7 0 - 2 7 1 , 391, r57 - n a s ii n f e r i o r4 / + , 5 4 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 1 0 9 , 357 - - m e d i u s4 4 ,9 0 - - s u p e r i o r4 / 1 , 9 0 , 1 0 9 , 3 7 8 m e d i a t i s1 M e d i a ns a g i t t apI t a n e 1 Medu[[a - c e r v i c a t i s2 74 - 2 7 5 ,T 5 7 - o b l o n g a t a2 5 ,2 7 , 4 1 ,2 6 / ' - 2 6 5 , 271, 218, 283-284,286, 293,29I, 3 0 5 ,3 0 7 ,3 1 0 ,3 2 0 ,3 2 8 ,3 3 7 ,3 4 0 , 31+2,3L8,I57 - o s s i u mf l a v a 7 - - rubra 7 - s p i n a t i s2 L - 2 5 ,4 1 ,1 5 4 - 1 5 5 , 264-265,276, 284, 286,298, 302, 3 0 9 ,3 18 , 3 2 4 ,3 4 0 ,3 4 2 - 3 4 7 - - p a t h w a y sa, f f e r e n t3 4 8 - 3 4 9 ---efferent350 - - reflexes 3116 - - s e g m e n t s3 4 6
M a L l e u s3 7 9 ,3 8 3 ,3 8 7 ,3 9 9 M a n d i b u [ a6 , 3 4 - 3 5 ,4 6 - 4 7 , 6 0 - 6 1 , 6 4 , 6 6 ,6 8 , 8 4 , 9 2 - 9 3 , 9 9 , 10/+, 10 6 - 10 8 , 1 1 3 ,1 1 9 - 1 2 0 1, 3 5 - 13 6 , 138 - p a n o r a m i rca d i o g r a p h 1y 0 0 Manubrium - m a t [ e i3 8 3 - 3 8 5 , 3 8 7 - s t e r n i ' 1 3 5 - 1 3 61 ,5 2 ,1 5 9 M a n u s 2 - 3 , 1 5 8 ,1 7 1 ,1 76 , 2 0 5 - 2 1 3 , 242-248,250, 257 - A P - r a d i o g r a p1h76 - 1 7 7 - a r t e r i e s2 L 2 , 2 4 6 - b o n e s1 7 2 - f a s c i a Ic o m p a r t m e n t s2 4 9 - joints173 - [ i g a m e n t s1 7 3 - m u s c t e s2 0 6 - 2 0 7 2 , 0 9- 2 1 0 , T37-T38 - nerves 246 - o r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o nosf m u s ctes 205 - t e n d o ns h e a t h s 2 0 8 - - d o r s a l2 1 1 ctrll.tl,ro eollrn;r 1/,'7 Margo a n d ss G [ a n d u t a e N 4 E l B 0 Mg i a[ n - a n t e r i o (r R a d i u s 1 l 6 7 ,1 6 9 tarsa[es - - { U L n a1 Membrana l 69 - c i t i a r i s3 6 5 - f i b r o s aI C a p s u t a r t i c u L a r i s9J , - f r o n t a t i {s0 s s p h e n o i d a t e5J7 168 - g i n g i v a t i s9 4 - i n t e r o s s eaan t e b r a c h i1i 6 9 , 1 9 2 , - i n f e r o l a t e r a l i s2 9 0 ,3 2 6 198, 203-201+,207, 241,248, 250, - i n f e r o m e d i a t i s2 9 0 ,3 2 6 255 - i n f r a o r b i t a L li M - q u a d r a n g u t a r i1s3 3 s a x i t t a j4 9 - - l 0 r b i t a )3 4 , 3 5 3 , 3 6 0 - r e t i c u t a r i s3 9 4 - i n s u [ a r is l n s u t a - s t a p e d i a l i3s 8 4 , 3 9 8 - i n t e r o s s e ul R - s y n o v i a [ i IsC a p s u t a r t i c u l a r i s l s a d i u s J1 6 7 ,1 6 9 - - l U t n a l1 6 6 , 1 6 9 9
lndex
Musculus[- i] flexor[-esJ Membrana MuscLe[sl MuscuLus(-il - - digrtorum - t e c t o r i aI D u c t u sc o c h L e a r i s3l 9 4 - p r e v e r t e b r a l1 2 1 , I 1 2 - c o r r u g a t osr u p e r c i l i7i 0 , 7 2 - 7 3 , { M a n u s }2 4 5 , 2 5 6 - - - p r o f u n d u s3 1 , 1 8 0 ,1 8 7 , - t h y r o h y o i d e a9 2 , 1 0 7 - 1 0 8 , - s i n g l eh e a d 1 1 3 5 4 ,T 1 - ,t e n d o n1 1 - c r i c o a r y t e n o i d e u[ as t e r a t i s 1 9 2 - 1 9 3 1, 9 7- 1 9 8 , 2 0 7, 11/+-115,123-124,126,132-134 -types 11 209,211,213,239-240, 137 125-127,133,r6 - t y m p a n i c a3 7 9 , 3 8 2 , 3 8 4 - 3 8 5 , - u n i p e n n a t e1 1 - - p o s t e r i o r1 2 5 - 1 2 7 , 1 3 0 - 1 3 1 , 249-250, 255-257, - u p p e rt i m b 1 8 2 - 1 8 7 , 1 8 9 - 1 9 2 , T24-T25,r32 387,157 161,r6 - - - s u p e r f i c i a L 1i s8 0 , 1 8 6 - 1 8 7 , - c r i c o t h y r o i d e u1s1 4 - 11 5 ,11 8 , Membrum 194-198,200-213 - i n f e r i u s2 - 3 ,6 - - o r g i n s a n di n s e r t i o n s 1 9 2 - 1 9 8 , 2 0 5 , 2 0, 7 125-127, 132-134, 137, T6 209, - s u p e r i u s2 - 3 , 6 ,1 5 8 - d e f t o i d e u s1 1 8 ,1 2 0 ,14 4 - 14 7 , 211,213,238-239, 18 6 - 18 7 , 1 9 2 ,1 9 8 - V e n t e r 11 219-250,254-257 , M e n i n g e s2 6 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 1 5 7, 1 6 5 ,1 7 8 - 1 9 1, 2 2 2 , - o f t h e s p i n a Ic o r ds M e n i n g e s - w i t h t e n d i n o u si n t e r s e c t i o n s11 r24-r25,r31-r32 2 2 5- 2 26 , 2 2 8 ,2 3 2- 2 34 , r 2 4- r 2 5 , - - p o l t i c i sb r e v i s 1 7 5 ,1 9 6 , 2 0 5 , s pI n at e s r27 MuscuLusl-il - s p i n a l e s3 4 3 - a b d o m l n i1 - - a t r o p h ya 207-209, 244-245, 257, , x i t [ a r yn e r v ep a t s y s2,308 - a b d u c t odr i g i t im i n i m i( M a n u s l r24-r25,r36 M e s e n c e p h a L o2n8 4 ,2 8 8 ,2 9 7- 2 9 8 , 222 - - - L o n g u s1 7 5 , 1 7 9 , 1 9 2 - 1 9 7 , - d e p r e s s o ra n g u [ io r i s 7 0 - 7 3 , 370 2 0 5 , 2 0 7- 2 0 9 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 7, T 2 4 - r 2 5 , 2 0 5 , 2 0 7, 2 0 9 , 2 1 1 , mesiat 93-94 T38 109,137,T1 - - p o t t i c i s b r e v i2s0 5 , 2 0 7 - 2 0 9 , - - t a b i ii n f e r i o r i s7 0 - 7 3 , I 1 238-239 , 245, 255-257 , M e s o p h a r y n1x 3 9 - - s e p t in a s i 7 0 , 3 5 4T, 1 r24-r25,T32 Mesotendineum 1 1 ,2 1 1 ,2 5 7 24/1-246,I25, 136 - f u s i f o r m i s1 1 - - - l o n g u s 1 1 8 - 1 7 9 , 1 9 4 - 1 9 6 , - - s u p e r c i t i i7 0 - 7 3 , 3 5 4 , f l M e t a c a r p a L si a O s s am e t a c a r p i - g e n i o g l o s s u s6 7 , 9 2 , 1 0 1 , , - d i g a s t r i c u s6 8 ,7 2 - 7 3 ,8 4 , 9 2 , oa i nl t I s l M e t a c a r p o p h a [ a n gj e 19 8 - 2 0 3 ,2 0 9 . 2 3 8 , 2 4 1 - s A r t i c u t a t i o n em 1 0 5 - 1 0 81,1 0 - 111 , 1 1 3 - 1 1 71, 3 4 , 1 ,1 6 - 1 2 0 , s etacarpopha1 0 5 - 1 0 61,1 0 - 111 , 1 1 1 + 246,248,250,255-257, 136,156,T2,r57 tangeae T24-r25,r35 137- 141, 144-146, 148-151,399, - o f t h e t h u m bs A r t i c u t a t i o - geniohyoideu6 - a d d u c t opr o t t i c i s17 9 ,2 0 5 , s 7 ,9 2 , 1 0 4 - 1 0 8 , 19, T57 - d i g i t o r u mm a n u s 3 0 8 11 0 - 111 , 1 1 3 - 1 1 71, 3 5 ,1 5 6 ,T 9 m e t a c a r p o p h a t a n gpeoat l i c i s 208-209,214-246,248,257 - h e t i c i sm a j o r 3 8 1 - - pedis308 M e t a c a r p u s15 8 T24-r25,r36 - - minor381 - c r o s s - s e c t i o n2 5 7 - dorsi 13 - a n c o n e u s1 7 8 - 1 7 9 1 , 8 1 ,1 8 7 , - hyogtossus92, 107-108, M e t a p h y s i 7s 1 9 1 ,1 9 8 ,2 0 0 - 2 0 3 2, 3 4 , 2 4 1 , 2 5 4 , - e p i c r a n i u s7 0 - 7 3 ,8 0 , 14 2 , 3 7 8 , - d i s t a [ i sI H u m e r u s J7 11 0 - 111 , 11 3 - 11 5 , 1 1 8 ,1 3 1 ,1, 3 7 , r24,r30 T1 - p r o x i m a l i{sH u m e r u s 7 - e T e c t o r s p i n a1e3 5 - antebrachi3 11+8-149, 151,12, r57 i 08 l - i n f r a h y o i d e 1i 3 4 - 13 5 ,T 7 - a n t i t r a g i c u3s 8 1 - e x t e n s o r { - e s2l 5 5 M e t a t h a l a m u s2 9 7 - 2 9 8 - i n f r a s p i n a t u s1 6 3 ,1 6 5 ,1 8 1 - 1 8 4 , - a r t i c u [ a r icsu b i t i 1 8 6 - 1 8 71, 9 8 - - c a r p ir a d i a l i sb r e v i s1 7 0 , M e t e n c e p h a L o2n8 4 - a r y t e n o i d e uosb l i q u u s1 2 5 - 1 2 7 , 1 8 7, 1 9 1, 2 0 5 , r 2 4 - r 2 5 , r 2 8 M o d i o l u cs o c h t e a e3 9 1 1 7 8 - 1 7 91, 8 1 ,1 8 5 - 1 8 71, 8 9 , - i n t e r c o s t a t eesx t e r n i 1 8 2 ,T 1 3 M o n k e yh a n d ,M e d i a nn e r v ep a t s y 1 91- 1 9 2 , 1 94 , 1 9 8 - 2 0 3 2, 1 0 , 130-131,133,141,r6 - - interni 182,f13 - - t r a n s v e r s u s1 2 5 - 1 2 7 , 1 2 9 , 219 2 ,4 6 , 2 34 , 2 3 8 ,2 1 , 0 _ 2 4 1 - i n t e r o s s e{iM a n u s lT 2 1 r - T 2 5 N 4 o n o s y n a p rt iecf l e x 3 4 6 131,141,156,r6 25/,-256,r24-I25T , 33 - - d o r s a t e s1 7 9 , 1 8 1 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 5 , - a u r i c u l a r i s l - e s3l8 1 ,T 5 7 M 0 N R 0F, o r a m e no f s F o r a m e n [ o n g u s 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 - 1 8 1 , - - a n t e r i o r7 1 , T 1 207,209-212, 245-246,248, i n t e r v en t r ic u[ ar e 18 5 - 18 7 , 1 8 9 - 1 9 2 , - - p o s t e r i o r7 1 , T 1 250, 257, 126, r37 m o t o n e u r o no f a n t e r i o rh o r n 3 4 6 194-203,210,234, - - p a f m a r e s2 0 5 , 2 0 7 , 2 0 9 , - - s u p e r i o r7 1 , 1 1 9 , I 1 M o t o re n d p a t h w a y3 5 0 21,0-241,246, 253-256, - b i c e p s11 212-213, 245,250,257,r37 M o t o re n d - p l a t e3 4 6 ,3 5 0 r24-r25,T33 - i n t e r s e c t u s11 - - brachii 157,162-165, - - - u L n a r i1s7 8 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 7 , Motoricity - L a r y n g i s1 2 5 - 1 2 7 , 3 0 8 . - a s s o c i a t i o na r e a 2 9 1 168-170, 178-180, 182-186, 198-203,205,210, 2/+1, - t a t i s s i m u sd o r s i 1 5 7 , 1 7 9 , - p a t h w a y s3 5 0 r34 255-256, T24-125, 188- 192, 19/,-197, 200,204, - projectionarea 291 - - digitiminimi178,198-202, 18 1- 1 8 3 , 18 5 - 18 7 , 2 2 5 ,2 2 7- 2 2 8 , 218,232-234,238-240, 232,T24 M R I I m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c et o m o 252-254,rzL-T25, T29 210,241 ,255-257 , r25,r34 - b i v e n t e r1 1 - - digitorum g r a p h i ci m a g e l 1 7 8 - 1 7 9 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 7 ,- l e v a t o r a n g u loi r i s 7 0 , 7 2 - 7 3 , - A n t e b r a c h i u m2 5 4 - b r a c h i a t i s1 1 , 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 - 1 8 0 , 137, 354,11 191, 198-203,210-212, - - t a b i is u p e r i o r i s7 0 - 7 3 , 1 3 7 , - arm 252 246,249-250, 185-192,191+-191 240-2/,1, ,200-201,218, - B r a c h i u m2 5 2 ?70,354,r1 233-234, 238-240, 252-?54, 255-257 ,rzL-r25, r34 - brain 324 - - indicis198-199,202-203, a l a e q u en a s i 7 0 - 7 3 , r24-r25,r29 - Encephalon323-324 - b r a c h i i3 0 8 137,354,11 r35 213,256,r24-r25, - - p a l p e b r a es u p e r i o r i s - forearm 254 - b r a c h i o r a d i a l 1i s5 7 ,1 7 0 , - - potIicb i sr e v i s1 7 8 - 1 7 1 99 , 5, 116 - 11 7 ,2 6 7 ,3 5 4 ,3 5 6 ,3 5 8 , M u s c t es p i n d t e3 4 6 17 8 - ' t8 1 , 18 5 - 18 7 , 1 8 9- 1 9 2 198-203,210, 238,241,21,6, 25, 360-361,369,372-375,378, Musc[eIsl 248,256-257,f 21+-T 19 4-202, 204-205, 207, 233-234, - a r m 1 8 5 - 1 9 1T, 2 9 - T 3 0 T57 T35 238-241, 253-256, r24-r25, - a x i so f r o t a t i o n 11 - - - l o n g u s1 7 8 - 1 7 9 , 1 9 8 - 2 0 0 ,- - s c a p u l a e7 7 , 8 0 , 1 1 8 , T33 - b i p e n n a t e1 1 - b u c c i n a t o r6 8 ,7 0 ,7 2 - 7 3 ,8 2 ,9 2 , 120-121, 142-1/+3,11,6,150, 202-203,210,241,246, - C a p u t 11 15 4 - 15 5 , 1 8 2 - 1 8 3 , 1 8 7 , 1 7 , 248,250,255-257 1 0 2 ,1 0 9 ,1 1 6 ,1 3 7, r 1 , - d o u b t e - b e L 1L 1y - b u L b i3 0 8 , 3 5 8 - 3 6 1 r24 r24-r25,r35 - - v e I i p a [ a t i n i9 2 , 1 3 7 - 1 3 9 - d o u b [ e - h e a d e1d1 - - MRt 361 - externibuLbi358-361 - f a s c i a 11 - f a c i e7i 0 - 7 31, 3 7 , 3 0 8 , 3 5 4 - c a p i t i s1 2 - 1 3 3 8 8 - 3 8 9T , 3 ,T 5 7 - [ i n g u a e' 1 0 41, 0 7 - 1 0 8 , 3 0 T - forearm 192,198 - c h o n d r o g t o s s u1 - faucium 8 ,2 , 308 s 0 7 ,I 2 - hand 206-207 - f t e x o r { - easnl t e b r a c h1i7i 0 - c i t i a r i s 2 74 , 3 6 2 - 3 6 4 , f 5 1 r57 - L o n g i s s i m uc sa p i t i s1 2 1 - - o r i g i na n d i n s e r t i o n s2 0 5 - c i n g u Lpi e c t o r a t i 3 s08 196-197 , 233,240 - [ o n g i t u d i n a l iisn f e r i o r 1 0 4 , - i n s e r t i o 11 - c o t t i 12 - 13 , 118 , 12 0 ,3 0 8 - - c a r pri a d i a t i 1s 7 8 - 1 8 1 08 , 6, - larynx 125 - c o n s t r i c t o rp h a r y n g i si n f e r i o r 107-108,r2 209,211, 192_1 I 7,201,_205, - - s u p e r i o r1 0 4 , T 2 - leverarm 11 7 3 , 10 8 , 110 , 1 1 4 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 0 ,1 3 1, 238-239,244-245,249, - [ o n g u sc a p i t i s 9 2 , 1 1 8 ,1 2 1 ,1 5 3 , - l i n eo f a c t i o n 11 r31 254-256,r24-r25, 1 3 3 ,1 3 7 - 1 3 81, 4 0 ,1 5 4 ,1 5 6 ,T 5 - m u t t i - b e t t y1 1 - - - m e d i u s1 0 7 - 1 0 8 . 1 1 3 , 1 3 1 -, - - u t n a r i s1 7 81, 8 01, 8 6 , r7,112,r24 - - cotti 121,133-134,153-'155, - m u L t i - h e a d e1d1 192-198,200-205, 13 7 - 13 8 , 14 0 , 15 6 ,T 5 - - flat 11 - - - superior 102,107-108, T7.r12-r13,r24 207-208,220,238-21+0, - lumbricaLes - ofmastication 2t 8,254-256, 244-245, IManus]206-209, 70,72,74 137-138,140-141,147, - - f r o n t a Is e c t i o n 6 7 - 6 8 249-250,257, 212-213, 245-2/+6, 15 6 ,T 5 r24-r25,r31 - - h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n s6 9 - c o r a c o b r a c h i a L1i6s5 ,1 8 2 - 1 8 4 , - - d i g i tm T2L,r37 i i n i mbi r e v iIsM a n u s l - masseter61,,66-70,72-73,80, - O r i g o1 1 205,207-209,r 24-T25,131, 186, 188-190, 218,232-233,252, - p a r a t t e fl i b r e s 11 10,116-120,r4 83,109-'1 T38 T24-r25.r29
Index
Musculusl-il - m a s t i c a t o r i i6 4 , 6 8 , 7 0 , 7 2 - 7 3 , 308 - - f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n 6 7 - 6 8 - - h o r i z o n t a l s e c t i o n6s9 , 1 0 9 - m e m b r ii n f e r i o r i s1 2 - 1 3 3 , 08 - - s u p e r i o r i s1 2 - 1 3 - m e n t a L i s7 0 - 7 3 ,1 3 7 , T 1 - m u t t i f i d u cs e r v i c i s1 5 4 - m y l o h y o i d e u6s7 - 6 8 , 7 7 , 9 2 1 0 4 - 1 0 61,1 0 - 111 , 1 1 3 - 1 1 1 r , 116-120, 136-137.145-146, 1 4 8 - 1 4 9 , 1 5 1 ,5 6 ,T 9 ,T 5 7 - n a s a t i s7 0 - 7 3 ,3 5 / 1T, 1 - obtiquua s u r i c u l a e3 8 1 - - e x t e r n u sa b d o m i n i s1 7 9 , 1 8 2 , 225 - - i n f e r i o r3 5 4 ,3 5 7 - 3 6 0 , 3 7 5 , 378,r57 - - s u p e r i o r1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 2 6 7 , 3 5 4 , 3 5 8 - 3 6 13 , 7 2 - 3 7 53 , 7 8 ,T 5 7 - o c c i p i t o f r o n t a l i7s 0 - 7 3 ,8 0 , 14 2 , 3 5 4 ,T 1 - o c u l i ,i n n e r v a t i o n2 6 7 - o m o h y o i d e u6s7 , 1 0 5 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 4 , 11 8 - 1 2 0 ,1 3 7 ,1 4 3 - 15 0 , 15 4 - 15 5 , 182-183,186-187, 189,228-229, T10 - o p p o n e nds i g i t im i n i m iI M a n u s ) 2 0 5 ,2 0 7- 2 0 9 , 2 5 7 ,r 2 4 ,T3 8 - - policis 205,207-209, 2 4 5 - 2 4 62 , 5 7 ,r 2 4 - T2 5 ,r 3 6 - o r b i c u [ a r iosc u t i 6 9 - 7 3 , 8 0 1, 0 9 , 2 7 0 ,3 5 4 - 3 5 5 3, 5 7 ,3 7 8 ,r 1 - - oris 70-73,82,92,137,156, 270, 354,r 1 - o r b i t a t i s3 5 8 - patati308 - p a l a t o g l o s s u s1 0 2 - 1 0 3 , 10 7 - 10 8 ,1 1 3 , 1 2 , r 5 7 - patatopharynge1 u0 s 2 - 1 0 31, 4 1 , T 5 ,T 5 7 - p a t m a r i sb r e v i s 2 0 6 ,2 3 8 ,2 4 3 ,
Musculus[-iJ rectus Musculus{-il - - L a t e r a l i s1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 2 6 7 , 3 5 6 , - t h y r o h y o i d e u s6 7 , 9 2 , 1 0 5 , 3 5 8 - 3 6 23 , 69,372-375, 1 0 7 - 1 0 81, 1 0 ,1 1 4 ,11 8 ,1 2 0 ,1 3 3 , 3 7 7- 3 7 8 ,r 5 7 1 3 7, 1 4 9 ,15 4 ,T 1 0 - - m e d i a t i s1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 2 6 7 , - t r a g i c u s3 8 1 - t T a n s v e r s uasu r i c u L a e3 8 1 3 5 8 - 3 6 23 , 74 - 3 7 5 ,3 7 7- 3 7 8 , - - t i n g u a e1 0 4 ,T 2 r57 - - s u p e r i o r1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 3 5 8 - 3 6 1 , - - m e n t i T 1 - t r a p e z i u s7 1 ,7 7 ,8 0 - 8 2 ,1 1 8 , 3 6 9, 3 7 2 - 3 7 5 , 3 7 8r,5 7 - r h o m b o i d e um s a j o r 1 8 3 ,1 8 7 , 1 2 0 ,14 2 - 14 3 , ' 1 4 51,4 8 , 15 0 , T24 15 4 - 15 5 ,1 7 8 - 1 7 91, 8 1 ,1 8 3 , - - m i n o r 1 8 3 ,1 8 7 , f 2 / 1 18 5 - 18 7 , 1 9 0 ,2 2 9 ,1 7 , r 5 7 - r i s o r i u s7 0 - 7 2 ,1 0 9 , f 1 - rri.6^. hr..hi; 1q? 1Aa-1a4, - s a t p i n g o p h a r y n g e1u4s1 T , 5 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 - 1 7 91, 8 1 ,1 8 3 - 1 9 1 , - s c a t e n uas n t e r i o r7 7 ,' l1 8 , 194-196,198,200-202,221. 120-121,133, 144-145, 147, 150, 232-234, 238, 241, 252-253, 153-155,182,229,T11 T24-r25, T30 - - m e d i u s 7 7, 1 1 8 ,1 2 0 - 1 2 - u v u f a e 1 0 2 , 1 4 1 , 3 8 8T, 3 ,T 5 7 - v e r t i c a L [i isn g u a e1 0 4 13 3 , 15 0 , 15 3 - 15 5 , 1 8 2 , 2 2 9 , - v e s i c a eu r i n a r i a e3 0 8 1 7, T 1 1 - - p o s t e r i o r1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 1 5 01 ,5 3 , - v o c a t i s1 2 7 ,1 3 1 ,1 3 3 ,I 6 - z y g o m a t i c u sm a j o r 6 9 - 7 2 . 9 2 , 155,182,T11 - s e m i p e n n a t u 1s 1 1 0 9 ,1 3 7, 2 7 0 , 3 5 4 T ,1 - s e m i s p i n a t ci sa p i t i s7 1 ,1 2 0 ,1 5 4 - - minor 70-72,137,270,354, - s e r r a t u sa n t e r i o r 1 7 9 ,1 8 2 - 1 8 3 , T1 1 8 6 ,2 2 5 , 2 2-72 2 9 , 1 2 4 M y e l e n c e p h a t o2n8 4 - s p h i n c t e rp u p i l l a e2 7 4 , 3 6 2 , 364 - s p i n a L i s1 5 4 N - s p l e n i u sc a p i t t s7 1 , 7 7 , 8 1 , 120-121,143-144,146,150,15/, Nares 86 - - c e r v i c i s1 1 8 , 1 5 4 N a s a Ic a v i t y5 1 ,8 8 - s t a p e d i u s3 8 4 ,3 8 7 ,3 9 8 ,T 5 7 N a s i o n3 3 - sternoc[eidomastoideu 7 s0 - 7 3 , N a s o p h a r y n x1 3 9 7 7, 8 1- 8 2 , 9 2 ,1 0 9 ,1 1 8 - 1 2 11, 3 3 , N e c k 3 2 , 1 3 6 ,1 4 8 - 1 4 9 1 , 54-156 - s a Cervix 1 / , 2 - 14 6 , 1 4 8 - 1 5 1 1 , 5 4 - 1 5 51 , 7 9, - cT 135 182, 186-187, 228-229, T8,157 - s t e r n o h y o i d e u6s7 ,1 0 5 ,1 0 8 , - c u t a n e o uisn n e r v a t i o 7 n9 1 1 0 , 1 1 4 ,118 - 12 0 .1 3 3 , 1 3 7 , 1 4 4 , - f a s c i a11 9 - r e g i o n s3 2 14 7 , 14 9 , 15 4 - 15 5 , 1 8 7 ,2 2 8 ,T 1 0 - s t e r n o t h y r o i d e u1s0 5 ,11 4 ,1 ' 1 8 , N e T V e s '133, - hand 246 1 3 6 ,1 4 / . ,14 7 , 1 5 4 - 1 5 52, 2 8 , - u p p e rt i m b 2 1 5 T10 - s t y l o g l o s s u s9 2 , 1 0 7- 1 0 8 ,1 1 0 , r24,r38 N e r v o u ss y s t e m - - l o n g u s 17 8 , 18 0 , ' 1 8 6 , - a u t o n o m o u s2 8 113 - 1 15 , 1 1 9 ,1 3 7- 1 3 8 ,T 2 ,T 5 7 - s t y t o h y o i d e u7s3 , 9 2 ,1 0 6 ,1 1 0 , - - f u n c t i o n s2 9 192- 197, 204, 206, 238-239, - central 24 2 4 9 ,2 5 4 - 2 5 6 , r 2 4 , r 3 1 1 1 4 ,1 1 8 - 1 2 0 1 , 3 7 - 13 8 , 1 4 5 ,1 4 8 , - p e c t o r a t im - p e r i p h e r a2t 4 s a j o r 11 8 ,1 2 0 , 151,399,T9,T57 - s t y l o p h a r y n g e u9s2 ,1 0 7 - 1 0 8 , 1 4 4 - 1 4 9 1, 7 8 - 18 0 , 18 2 - 18 3 , N e r v u s-l i l - a b d u c e n sl V l l 2 5 , 4 1 ,6 7 , 18 5 - 18 7 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 1 ,2 2 5 - 2 2,9 1 2 0 ,1 3 7 - 1 3 8 1 , 4 0 ,T 5 ,T 5 7 - s u b c t a v i u s118 , 18 2 - 18 3 , 232-233,124,r26 2 6 5 - 2 6 7, 2 76 - 2 7 9 ,2 8 3 , 2 8 6 ,2 9 3 , - - m i n o r 1 1 8 ,1 / 1 5 - 1 4 7 , 1 8 2 - 1 8 3 , 186-187 3 0 1 ,3 18 , 3 3 7 ,3 7 2 - 3 7 5 3, 7 8 ,3 9 9 , , 1 8 9, 2 2 6 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 2T, 2 4 , 18 6 ,18 9 - 19 0 ,2 2 8 - 2 2 92, 3 2 , r26 T 5 5 ,T 5 7 - s u b s c a p u [ a r i s1 6 2 - 1 6 3 1 - a c c e s s o r i u[ sX l ] 2 5 ,4 1 ,8 0 - 8 1 , r24,T26 , 65, - p e n n a t u s11 1 8 2 - 1 8 11 , 8 6 ,1 8 9- 1 9 0 ,2 3 2 , 1L 0 - 1 4 7, 1 4 9 - 1 5 12, 6 4 - 2 6 6 2 , 73, - p h a r y n g i s113 , 13 7 - 13 8 ,3 0 8 r24-r26 2 76 , 2 7 8 , 2 8 3 ,2 8 6 ,2 9 3 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 ,1 - p t a n u s1 1 - s u p i n a t o r 1 7 0 ,1 9 2 - 1 9 3 , 3 1 8 , 3 3 ,73 4 2 , 3 9 9T, 8 ,T 17 ,T 5 5 , - p o p t i t e u sT 4 1 19 5 - 19 9 , 2 0 2 - 2 0 4 , 2 3 8 - 2 4,12 5 4 , r57 - p r o c e r u s7 0 - 7 2 ,1 3 7 ,3 5 4 ,f 1 - a l v e o l a r i s l - e si nJ f e r i o r 6 7 , 6 9 , T24-r25,T35 - p r o n a t o rq u a d r a t u s 1 9 2 - 1 9 7 , - s u p r a h y o i d e1i0 6 7 9 , 8 2 - 8 5 ,1 0 1 ,1 0 9 ,1 1 1, - s u p r a s p i n a t u s1 5 5 ,1 6 2 - 1 6 4 , 204, 207,238-239,245,250,256, 1 16 - 1 1 7, 2 6 9 , 2 7 5 - - s u p e r i o r e s1 0 1 , 2 6 8 f2/1,I32 182-187 , 1 8 9 ,T 2 4 - r 2 5 , r 2 7 - - teres 170,179-180,186, - t e m p o r a l i s6 4 , 6 6 - 6 9 , 7 3 ,8 0 , - a m p u t t a r i s3 9 5 - - anterior 271,393-395 1 9 2 - 1 9 31 , 9 5 - 19 8 , 2 n 2 - 2 0 / + , 109,116,r4 - t e m p o r o p a r i e t a t i7s 0 - 7 2 , f 1 - - l a t e r a l i s2 7 1 , 3 9 3 - 3 9 5 219,238-240,254-255, - t e n s o rt y m p a n i1 0 1 ,3 8 2 , - - p o s t e r i o r3 9 3 - 3 9 5 r24-T25,r31 - p t e r y g o i d e ulsa t e r a t i s6 4 - 6 7 , - a n a l e si n f e r i o r e s2 6 3 8 4 - 3 8 53 , 8 7 ,3 8 9 ,3 9 8 ,T 5 7 - - v e t ip a t a t i n 9 - a n n o c o c c y g e2i 6 6 9 ,8 3 - 8 4 ,9 2 , 1 0 9 ,1 3 8 ,T4 i 2,137,141, - - m e d i a l i s6 4 , 6 6 - 6 7 , 6 9 , 8 3 , 9 2 , - a u r i c u L a rm 3 8 8 - 3 8 9T , 3 ,T 5 7 i sa g n u s2 5 ,8 0 - 8 ' 1 , - t e r e sm a j o r 1 7 8 - 1 7 9 ,811- 1 8 3 , 110-111,138-139,T4 142-1fi,17 - recti 308 18 5 - 18 7 , 1 8 9 ,1 91 , 2 2 7 ,2 3 2 - 2 3 / + , - - p o s t e r i o r7 8 , 8 2 , 8 4 - 8 5 , 1 4 2 , - r e c t u sa b d o m i n i s1 8 2 r24-T25,T28 1 1 5 , 2 7 0 - 217, 3 9 8 - - c a p i t i sa n t e r i o r12 1 ,T 7 , - - m i n o r 1 6 3 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 3 - 1 8 4-, a u r i c u t o t e m p o r a l i7s9 - 8 5 , 2 6 9 , r12 1 8 7, 1 9 1 ,r 2 L - T 2 5 ,r 2 8 2 7 5 ,r 5 7 ---tateratis121 - t h o r a c i s1 2 , 3 0 8 - a x i f f a r i s2 5 ,2 14 - 2 1 5 ,2 1 7 ,2 2 2 , - - i n f e r i o r1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 2 6 7 , - t h y r o a r y t e n o i d e u1s2 6 - 1 2 1 2 2 7, 2 3 1, 2 3 3 - 2 3 5 , r 2 4 , r 2 7- r 2 8 - - palsy 222 3 5 8 - 3 6 13 , 6 9 ,3 7 5 ,3 7 8 ,T 5 7 1 3 0 - 1 3 '.,T] 6
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lssAj 300-301,1056 v i s c e r a l - af fe r e n c eI S V A I 3 0 0 - 3 0 11,0 5 6 v i s c e r a [ - e f f e r e n c{ S e VEI 3 0 0 - 3 0 11, 0 5 6 - c u t a n e u sa n t e b r a c h ilia t e r a t i s 178, 215, 217 -218, 230, 233-236, 243,256 - - - m e d i a l i s2 5 , 1 7 8 , 2 1 4 - 2 1 5 , 2 1 7, 2 2 0 , 2 3 0 , 2 3 22,3 6 , 253,I2/. - - - p o s t e r i o r2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 1 , 2 3 0- 2 3 1 ,2 34 - 2 36 , 246- 2 4 7 - - b r a c h i li a t e r a L i sn f e r i o r2 1 5 , 2 1 7, 2 3 1 , 2 3 4 - 2 3 5 s u p e r i o r2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 2 , 231,234 - - - m e d i a t i s2 5 , 1 7 8 , 2 1 4 - 2 1 5 , 2 1 7, 2 2 0 ,2 2 9 - 2 3 22, 3 6 , 253,r24 - - - p o s t e r i o r1 7 8 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 221,231,234-236 - - f e m o r i sL a t e r a l i s2 6 ---posterior26 - d i g i t a t e sd o r s a l e sl N r a d i a t i s l 2 1 7, 2 4 6 - 2 4,72 5 7 - - - l N u t n a r i s l2 1 7 - - p a t m a r e sc o m m u n e s[ N m e d i a n u s J2 15 , 2 1 7, 2 1 + 4 l N u l n a r i s j2 1 5 ,2 1 7 , 2 / + 4 - - - p r o p r i [i N m e d i a n u s 2] 1 5 , 2 1 7, 2 / + / + - 2 4264, 9 , 2 5 7 l N u L n a r i s2l 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 243-244,246 - d o r s a l i s c a p u L a2 e5 , 2 1 4 , f 1 7 ,
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- e t h m o i d a t i sa n t e r i o r 8 2 - 8 3 , 2 6 8 , 37/+-375 - - p o s t e r i o r2 6 8 , 3 7 4 - 3 7 5 - f a c i a L i lsV l l l 2 5 ,2 7 - 2 9, 4 1, 6 9 , 7 8 ,8 2 - 8 5 ,1 0 1 ,110 , 1 4 3 - 14 4 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 62 , 6 9 - 2 7 0 2, 74 - 2 7 8 , 2 8 3 , 2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 0 9 ,3 18 , 3 3 7 , 3 8 7 ,3 9 0 ,3 9 8 - 3 9 9 T , 1 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 - - m o t o r p o r t i o n ,o r g a n i s a t r o n 270
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Nervus(-iI facialis IVll] Nodus[- i] Iymphoideusl- iI cervicales Nervusl-il Nervus[-i] - - patsy78 ---profundiT6 - nasociLiari4 - supratrochteari7 s 1 ,2 6 5 ,2 6 7- 2 6 8 , s 9 ,8 1 - 8 5 ,2 6 8 , - - - p e r i p h e r a l / c e n t r a2l 7 0 i n f e r i o r e s7 7 372-373 2 74 , 2 78 , 3 72 - 3 74 , 3 78 , T5 7 - f e m o r a t i s2 6 - n a s o p a L a t i n u8s8 ,2 6 4 ,2 6 8 ,2 74 - t e m p o r a t e sp r o f u n d i7 9 , 8 3 - 8 4 , s u p e r i o r e s7 7 - f i b u t a r i sc o m m u n i s2 6 ---superficiaLesT6 - o b t u r a t o r i u s2 6 269,T4 - f r o n t a L i s/ , 1 , 7 9 , 2 6 5 2 - - c e r v i c i s7 6 - o c c i p i t a l im - t h o r a c r c i2 / 1 - 2 62, 1 7 ,2 2 7- 2 2 8 , , 68,278, s a j o r 7 9 ,8 1 - 8 2 . - - c u b i t a l e s2 2 4 372,378,r57 142-144,147 3 1 1 0 , 3 4T21, 5 ,T 1 9 - T 2 0 - g e n i t o f e m o r a L i2s6 - - minor 25,80-82,142-145, - t h o r a c i c ulso n g u s2 5 ,1 4 7 , 2 1 4 , dpltnnaetnrala< )19 - g [ o s s o p h a r y n g e uI lsX ] 2 5 , - - f a c i a t e s7 6 , 1 5 0 1 4 7, 1 7 2 2 7- 2 2 9 ,T 1 7, r 2 4 - - i n g u i n a L e2s3 - o c u L o m o t o r i ul lsl l ) 2 5 , 2 1 - 2 9 , - t h o r a c o d o r s a t i s2 5 , 14 7 , 2 1L , 2 7 - 2 9 ,4 1 ,1 0 1 ,1 0 3 ,11 3 ,1 3 0 , - - i n t e r c o s t a t e s2 2 9 1 3 9 - 1 1 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 6 ,12, 27 7 5 - 2 76 , 4 1, 6 7, 2 6 5 - 2 6 7, 2 74 , 2 76 - 2 7 9, 2 2 7- 2 2 8 , 2 3 2 ,T 1 8 ,T 2 4 ,T 2 8 - - j u g u t o d i g a s t r i c u1s5 0 - t i b i a t i s2 6 2 7 8 ,2 8 3 ,2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 0 9 , 2 8 3 - 2 8 4 , 2 8 62, 9 3 ,2 9 7, 3 0 1 , 3 1 8 , - - juguloomohyoideu - t r a n s v e r s u sc o t t i 2 5 ,8 1 , 3 1 8 ,3 3 7 ,3 4 2 ,3 9 8 - 3 9 9 T 1 s5 0 , 5 5 ,T 5 7 327, 337-338, 358,371-37 5, 378, - g t u t e u si n f e r i o r2 6 - - m a s t o i d e7i 6 ,1 5 0 3 9 9 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 142-1 43, T7 - - s u p e r i o r2 6 - - o c c i p i t a L e7s6 , 1 5 0 - o t f a c t o r li li l 2 5 ,6 1, 8 8 , 2 6 5 , 2 7 8 , - t r i g e m i n u sl V l 2 5 , 6 7 , 7 9 , 1 0 1 , - h y p o g a s t r i c u s2 7 T 5 5 ,T 5 7 2 6 6 - 2 6 ,92 7L - 2 7 7, 2 8 3 , 2 8 6 , 2 9 3 , - - p a r o t i d epi r o f u n d i7 7 - h y p o g t o s s ulsx l l l 2 5 , 4 1 , 7 3 , 8 4 , - - - crrnorfirialpc 7A 150 - o p h t h a t m i c ul V s l l l L 1 , 7 9 , 1 0 ,1 2 9 7 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 18 , 3 2 2 ,3 4 8 , - - p e c t o r a l e s2 2 9 11 0 - 111 , 11 3 - 11 5 ,1 3 / +1, 4 0 - 1 4 1 , 2 6 8 ,2 74 , 2 77 , 2 79 , 2 8 6 ,3 72 - 3 75 , 3 7 2 - 3 7 5 , 3 9 9T, 5 5 ,T 5 7 nolvi< n:riot:loc ?? - - e x i tp o i n t so f t h e c u t a n e o u s 1 4 5 - 1 4 91, 5 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 6 2 ,7 3 , 2 76 , 3 9 9 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 ---viscerates23 - o p t i c u sl l l l 2 5 , 1 , ,16 7 - 6 8 , 1 0 1 , 2 7 8 ,2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 18 , 3 3 7 , b r a n c h e s2 6 9 - - r e t r o p h a r y n g e a t e7s7 - t r o c h l e a r i sl l Y l 2 5 , 6 7 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 7 , 342,12,r55,r57 1 16 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 , 2 67 - 2 7 9, 2 8 3 , - i t i o h y p o g a s t r i c u2s6 - - s u b m a n d i b u t a r e6s8 ,7 6 ,1 1 0 , 2 8 6 ,2 9 2 ,2 9 5 ,2 9 7 ,3 18 , 3 2 3 ,3 3 7 , 276-279, 286,293,298-299, 301, - i l i o i n g u i n a L2i s6 150 3 5 6 ,3 5 8 - 3 6 1 3 , 6 8 - 3 7 8T , 5 5 ,T 5 7 3 3 7 ,3 7 2 - 3 74 , 3 7 8 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 - i n f r a o r b i t a l i s6 8 ,7 3 ,7 9 , 8 1 - 8 5 , - - submentale7 - p a t a t i n u s l -m s7,150 i l a j o r 7 9 , 1 0 2 , 1 1 3 , - t y m p a n i c u s1 0 1 ,2 7 1 ,3 9 8 ,T 5 7 - - s u b s c a p u L a r e2s2 9 - u l n a r i s 2 5 , 1 7 0 ,2 1 1 ,2 1 4 - 2 1 5 , 1 0 1, 1 1 6 - 1 1 7, 2 6 4 , 2 6 8 , 2 74 , 2 6 4 ,2 6 8 ,r 5 7 - - t h y r o i d e i7 7 - - m i n o r e s1 1 3 , 2 6 1 + , 2 6 8 , 2 7 4 , f 5 7 217, 219,229, 232-235,238-241, 356-358,378 - infratrochteari8 - p e c t o r a t iLsa t e r a l i 2s 1 4 , T 2 4 , s 2 - 8 5 ,2 6 8 Nose 243-245,247,249,252-256,r 24, - c a r t i l a g e8 6 374-375 r26 T 31- T 3 2 ,T 3 6 - T 3 8 - i n t e r c o s t a L2i s4 - 2 6 ,2 1 4 ,2 1 7 , - s k e t e t o n8 6 - - m e d i a l i s1 4 7 , 2 1 4 , 2 2 6 , T 2 6 - - patsy 220 - natr^c',< - - s t r u c t u r e s, e g m e n t a [2 2 0 mrinr l'1 1ll1 225, 227-228, 340 Nuc[eus{-i] - i n t e r c o s t o b r a c h i a L2i 5 - a c c e s s o r i un - - s u p p l y i n ga r e a s 2 2 0 s,147 s e r v io c u l o m o t o r t t 264-265,270, 274, 278, 390, - u t r i c u t a r i s2 7 1 ,3 9 3 - 3 9 5 1 7 8 ,2 1 7, 2 2 7- 2 3 0 274, 300-301, T57 3 9 8 - 3 9 9T , 57 - i n t e r m e d i u s1 0 ' 12, 8 6 ,3 0 9 - a m b i g u u s3 0 0 - 3 0 1T, 5 7 - - m i n o r 4 1 , 1 0 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 1 , - u t r i c u t o a m p u L L a3r9i s3 - i n t e r o s s e uasn t e b r a c hai in t e r i o r - a n t e r i o r [ - e shl y p o t h a t a m 2 - v a g u s[ x ] 2 5 , 2 7- 2 9 ,4 1, 6 9 , 7 3 , i 95 2 7 5 , 2 7 8 , 3 9 8T,5 7 - - thalami 296,309 - - p r o f u n d u sL | , 1 0 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 215,239,255,r32 8 3 - 8 4 ,1 0 1 ,1 0 3 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 9 - 1 / 1 1 , - - - p o s t e r i o r2 4 1 , 2 6 8 , 2 5 5 - arcuati295 27/+ 11,/,-1 47, 149,151, 154-155,228, - i s c h i a d i c u 2s 6 - c a u d a t u s2 9 4 ,2 9 6 ,2 9 8 , - p h a r y n g e u s2 6 8 , 2 7 4 2 6 / , - 2 6 6 , 2 t 2 - 2 7 32, 76 , 2 7 8 , 2 8 3 , - j u g u t a r i s1 4 0 - p h r e n i c u s2 5 , 1 4 5 - 1 4 7 1, 4 9 , 308-309,3 13-3 17, 323,326-329, 2 8 6 , 2 9 3 , 2 9 9 , 3 0,13 0 9 ,3 18 , 3 3 7 , - [ a c r i m a [ i s4 1 ,2 6 5 ,2 6 8 ,2 7 8 3 3 1- 3 3 5 ,3 3 7 - 3 3 9 15 3 - 15 5 , 2 14 , 2 2 8 ,1 7 , r 2 1 3 4 2 , 3 9 8 - 3 9 9T, 5 5 ,T 5 7 - c e n t r a t i sc o t u m n a ep o s t e r i o r i s - - a c c e s s o r i u 1s 5 3 - v e s t i b u t a r i s2 71 , 3 9 0 ,3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , 3 5 6 ,3 7 2 - 3 74 , 3 7 7- 3 7 8 ,r 5 7 - [ a r y n g e u sr e c u r r e n s2 7 , 1 3 0 , - p t e r y g o i d e uLsa t e r a t i s8 4 , 2 6 9 T 396 , 4 397, T57 - - lMedutta - - m e d i a l i s2 6 9 , 3 8 9 , f 4 - v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e [aVr li lsl ]2 5 ,1 r 1 , 1 3 3 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 7 ,14 9 ,1 5 5 ,2 7 2 , r6 s p i n a t i s 3) 4 8 - - s u p e r i o r1 0 8 ,1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , - p u d e n d u s2 6 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 , 2 7, 2 1 76 - 2 7 8 ,2 8 3 , 2 8 6 , - c e n t r o m e d i a n u2s9 6 - c e r e b e t t i3 0 5 - r a d i a L i s2 5 , 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 ,2 0 4 , 130- 13 1, 134,137, 140-141, 2 9 3 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 0 9 ,3 1 8 ,3 3 7 ,3 7 9 , - c o c h L e a r i s ( - e3s0l 1 ,3 9 6 146,151,272,T6 , 5 5 ,T 5 7 2 | L - 2 15 . 2 17 , 2 2 1 ,2 2 9- 2 3 6 3 9 0 , 3 9 3 - 3 9 43, 9 7 , 3 9 9 T - L i n g u a l i s6 7 , 6 9 ,7 9 ,8 3 - 8 5 , - - anterior397,T57 - zygomaticus 82, 264,268-269, 238-241,246-248, 252-256,r24, - - p o s t e r i o r3 0 0 , 3 9 7T, 5 7 1 0 1- 1 0 3 ,1 0 9 - 1 1 11, 1 3 - 11 5 ,14 9 , T 3 0 ,T 3 3 - T 3 5 27/,, 356,375,377-378, T57 - c o r n u sa n t e r i o r i sm u s c u l o r u m - - palsy 221 269-270,275,T57 Ne ur o f ib r a e - [ u m b a t e s2 4 - 2 6 ,3 / + 2 - 3 4 3 - - s t T U c t u r see, g m e n t a 2[ 2 1 - association3 c o t L i3 9 6 i s0 6 - m a n d i b u L a rliVs l 3 l L 1 , 7 9 , 8 4 , - c o r p o r i sg e n i c u l a tti a t e r a [ i s2 9 6 - - s u p p t y i n ga r e a s 2 2 1 - c o m m i s s u r a l e s3 0 6 ---mediatis296 - s a c c u L a r i s2 71 , 3 9 3 - 3 9 5 - p r o j e c t i o n i3s0 7 1 0 1, 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 6 92,71, 2 7 5 , - - m a m i l l a r i s2 9 5 - s a c r a t e s2 4 ,2 6 ,3 4 2 , f 2 2 2 7 7- 2 79 , 2 8 6 ,3 72 - 3 7 3 ,3 7 5 ,3 8 9 , N e u r o h y p o p h y s i2s7 9 ,2 9 5 - - trapezoidei 396-397 - s p i n a l e s2 6 , 1 5 4 - 1 5 52, 1 4 ,3 4 0 , 3 9 9 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 NoduLusl-ij - m a s s e t e r i c u s6 9 ,8 2 - 8 5 ,2 6 9 ,f 4 - c u n e a t u s3 4 8 , 3 9 6 - 3 9 7 - { C e r e b e t t u m3J0 2 - 3 0 5 31,2-344,349-350 - m a x i L L a rl iVsl 2 l 1 r,17 9 , 1 0 1 , 1 3 9 , - - p a l s i e s3 5 1 - d e n t a t u s3 0 5 ,3 2 9 ,3 3 8 , 3 5 0 - l y m p h o i d epih a r y n g e a l e1s3 9 - d o r s a l i s l - e shl y p o t h a l a m i2 9 5 2 6 4 - 2 6 52, 6 8 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 7- 2 7 9 , 2 8 6 , - s p L a n c h n i[cuim b a t e s2 7 Nodusl-ij - - nervivag3 - - pelvici 27-28 - t y m p h o i d e u s {a- ibl d o m i n i ps a r i i 00-301,T57 3 7 2 - 3 7 3 , 3 7 5 , 3 7,73 9 9 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 - m e a t u sa c u s t i c e - - thalami 296 - - s a c r a l e s2 7 i xterni83-84 etales 23 - m e d i a n u s2 5 , 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 ,2 0 4 ,2 1 1 , - d o r s o m e d i a L2i s9 5 - splanchnicum ---viscerales23 s ajor 26-27 - e m b o l i f o r m i ss N u c L e u isn t e r - - minor 27 - - a x i t t a r i s ( - e s2 )3 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 9 2 14 - 2 15 , 2 17 , 2 1I - 2 2 0 , 2 2 9 ,2 3 3 , ---centrales229 - s t a p e d i u s2 7 0 p o s i t u sa n t e r i o r 238-21+0,243-244, 249,252-257, - f a s t i g i i3 0 5 - s u b c t a v i u s2 5 , 2 14 , I 2 4 , 1 2 6 ---Laterates229 1 2 4 ,r 3 1 - r 3 2 , T 3 6 - T 3 7 - - p a l s y2 1 9 - g t o b o s u ss N u c l e u si n t e r p o s i t u s - s u b c o s t a I i s2 6 ---superficiates225 - - s t n r c t r r r es e o m c n t a 2 - s u b l i n g u a t i 1s 1 4 - 1 1 5 - - b u c c i n a t o r7i 6i , 1 5 0 l 19 p o s t en o r - g r a c i t i s3 4 8 , 3 9 6 - s u b s c a p u t a r i2s5 ,2 14 , n 2 , f 2 4 , - - c a p i t i s7 6 crrnnlvinn areac )19 - m e n t a l i s7 9 ,8 1 - 8 3 ,8 5 ,1 0 1 , - i n t e r m e d i o l a t e r a l i3s4 6 - - cervicalea T26,T28 s n t e r i o r e s2 3 , 1 3 6 , - i n t e r p o s i t uasn t e r i o r3 0 5 - s u p r a c L a v i c u [ a r e2s5 ,8 1 269 229 - m u s c u tti e n s o r i st y m p a n i2 7 5 - - p o s t e r i o r3 0 5 - - i n t e r m e d i1 p r o f u n d i7 6 , 2 2 9 i 42-143,217,225, - i n t e r s t i t i a t i s3 9 7 - - - v e l ip a t a t i n 2
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Nucteusl-ij - m e s e n c e p h a t i cnues r v it r i g e m i n i
O l i v a 2 7 3 ,2 8 6 , 3 2 8 - 3 2 9 , T 5 7 )s(-sal P a l a t u m 11 3 ,T 5 7 - manus 171-172 - d u r u m 4 3 - 4 5 , 5 2 , 8 8 , 9 21,0 0 , O p e r c u l u m t - a2l8 9 - f r o n t a L e2 8 4 , 2 8 9 - m e t a c a r p 6i , 1 5 8 , 1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 300-301,T57 102 - m e t a t h a t a m i2 9 6 - p a r i e t a t e2 8 4 , 2 8 9 1 7 4 - 1 7 6 , 2 0 3 , 2 1 0 , 2 4 6 , 2 4 9 - 2 5 0 , - m o l t e 6 7 , 8 8 , 9 2 ,1 0 0 ,1 0 2 - 1 0 3 , - m o t o r i u sn e r v it r i g e m i n i - t e m p o r a t e2 8 4 257 136,139,156 - - d e v e t o p m e n8t - osseum93 3 0 0 - 3 0 1T , 57 O p t i cn e r v es N e r v u so p t i c u s - n e r v i a b d u c e n t l3s0 0 - 3 0 1 , - - p o L l i c i s1 7 5 O r a s e r r a t a3 6 2 - 3 6 5 P a t m a5 , 1 5 7 , 2 4 3 - 2 4 5 - m e t a t a r s i6 - c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o ns,e g m e n 396-397,f57 oral 93-94 - - a c c e s s o r i3i 0 0 - 3 0 1 , T 5 7 - - d e v e l o p m e n8t O r a l c a v i t y9 2 , 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 tat 251 - - f a c i a l i s2 7 0 ,3 0 0 - 3 0 1 T - n a s a l e 3 4 - 3 6 ,3 8 , 4 5 - 4 6 ,/ + 8 , , 57 O r b i c u l u sc i t i a r i s 3 6 2 ,3 6 5 P a l m a ra p o n e u r o s is A p o n e u r o - - h y p o g t o s s3i0 0 - 3 0 1T, 5 7 O r b i ts O r b i t a 5 0 - 5 1 ,5 1 - - 5 5 , 8 6 , 8 18 3, 6 , s i sp a l m a r i s - - o c u t o m o t o r 3i i 0 0 - 3 0 1 , p a l m a r i s1 O r b i t a5 3 - 5 5 , 9 0 - 9 11, 0 0 , 3 5 3 , 353-354 - n a v i c u l a r ed, e v e t o p m e n8t 396-397,f57 372-375,377-378 P a t p e b r a l - a e3l 5 2 , 3 5 4 - 3 5 5 - - t r i g e m i n i3 4 8 - a r t e r i e s3 7 6 - o c c i p i t a t3 e 6 - L 0 , 4 2 , / ' 6 - 4 7 , 5 1 , - i n f e r i o r3 5 2 , 3 5 6 , 3 6 9 , 3 7 8 - - t r o c h t e a r i s3 0 0 - 3 0 1 , - frontalsection 378 5 7 , 1 2 1 , 1 3 6 , 2 6 1 * - 2 6 5 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 4- , s u p e r i o r3 5 2 , 3 5 6 , 3 6 9 , 3 7 8 - MRI 369 396-397,f57 382,400 Patsies - of BECHTERE - v e i n s3 7 6 - p a l a t i n u m3 8 ,1 + 2 , 4 7 , 4 9 - 5953, , - h e m i p t e g iIaB R O W N - S E Q U A R D ] 39 W7 - o f D E I T E R3S9 7 - v e r t i c a ls e c t i o n 3 7 8 2 6 4 ,3 5 3 - 3 5 4 3 , 88 351 - o t i v a r i s ( - e s3l 9 6 - p a r i e t a l e3 4 - 4 0 , 4 2 , 1 ' 6 - 4 7 , 5 5 , - m e d i a nn e r v e 2 1 9 O r g a no f c o R T ls O r g a n u ms p i r a t e - - i n f e r i o r3 0 9 , 3 9 7 - N e r v is p i n a t e s3 5 1 Organuml-al 261,261-265 - - s u p e r l o r3 9 7 - g e n i t a l i fae m i n i n ae x t e r n a1 5 - p i s r f o r m e1 7 1 - 1 7 3 , 1 7 6 , 2 0 7 , - paraplegia , m p l e t e3 5 1 co - p a r a f a s c i c u t a r i2s 9 6 - - - interna 15 - r a d i a ln e r v e 2 2 1 209,244,249 - paraventriculare - - m a s c u l i n a e x t e r n1a5 - - d e v e t o p m e n8t - tractsoftheposteriorfunicutus 2 s9 5 - p o n t i n u sn e r v it r i g e m i n i - - - i n t e r n a1 5 - sacrum6,342 351 - spirate394,157 - s c a p h o i d e u m1 7 1 - 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 - 1 7 7 , P a n c r e a s1 1 +1,6 300-301 - p o n t i s3 5 0 - u r i n a r i a1 5 205 Panniculusadiposu 7 s1 - p o s t e r i o rh y p o t h a t a m 2 - - d e v e l . o p m e nI t i 95-296 Orientation lines Papillal-ae) - p r e o p t i c2i 9 5 - h u m a nb o d y 1 - s e s a m o i d e(aM a n u s l1 7 1 - 1 7 3 , - c o n i c a e1 0 3 - p r o p r i u sl C o L u m npao s t e r i o r )3 4 6 - o f t h e h u m a nb o d y 1 - d u c t u sp a r o t i d e i112 175-176 - p u l v i n a r e s2 9 6 - s p h e n o i d a L 3e 1 + , 3 8 , 4 0 , 4 2 , - filiformes103 O r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f m u s c l e s - reticutare2 - hand205 - f o l i a t a e1 0 3 , 1 0 7 - 1 0 8 s96 46-41,50-51,53-57,62,136, - ruber276,295,297,301,328, - u p p e r t i m b1 8 6 - 1 8 7 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 8 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 9 , 3 5 3 - 3 5 4 , 3 5 6 , 3 5 8-, f u n g i f o r m e s1 0 3 - i n c i s i v a10 2 3 3 5 - 3 3 63, 5 0 Origo 3 6 0 - 3 6 13, 7 7 , 3 8 8 - s a t i v a t o r i ui ns f e r i o r2 7 5 , - m u s c t e s1 1 - s u r u r a L r3a7 - l a c r i m a t i s3 5 7 - s c a p u l a r i s { ML a t i s s i m u s d o r s i l - t a r s i 6 - - inferior352 300-301,T57 - - s u p e r i o r2 7 4 - 2 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 , - t e m p o r a t e3 4 , 3 7 - 3 8 , 4 0 , 4 2 , 4 4 , - - s u p e r i o r3 5 2 187 T57 O r o p h a r y n x1 3 9 46-1+7,53-55,58-59,62,65-66, - mammaria 224,227 - s e n s o r i up - v a t t a t a e1 0 3 ,1 0 7 ,1 1 3 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 9 s r i n c i p a l inse r v i O s l - s a )3 5 4 140,264-265,379-380,382, - c a p i t a t u m1 7 1 - 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 - 1 7 7 , t r i g e m i n i3 0 0 3 8 8 - 3 8 93, 9 3 ,3 9 9 - 4 0 0 P a r a n a s asli n u s e s8 8 - 9 ' 1 - s o t i t a r i u s3 0 0 - 3 0 1 , T 5 7 - t r a p e z i u m1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 1 7 4 , 211,250,256 P a r a p h a r y n g e a l s p a1c 4e 0 - 1 4 1 - spinaLisnervitrigemini - - deveLopmen 8t 176-177,210-211,256 P a r a p l e g i a , c o m p l e3t5e1 - carpi 6, 158,172 - - d e v e t o p m e n8t 3 0 0 - 3 0 1T , 57 Parasympathetn i ce r v o u ss y s t e m - - - vagiT57 - c o c c y g i s6 , 3 1 , 2 - trapezoideum 171-174, 27 - s u b t h a l a m i c u3s0 9 , 3 5 0 - c o x a e6 176-177,211,256 Paries - s u p r a c h i a s m a t i c u2s 9 5 - - d e v e t o p m e n8t - - d e v e t o p m e n8t -caroticus385 - s u p r a o p t i c u2s 9 5 - c r a n i i3 4 - 3 8 , 4 6 - t r i q u e t r u m1 7 1 - 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 - 1 7 7 , - e x t e r n u s3 9 4 - t e g m e n t a t e 2s 9 5 - c u b o i d e u md,e v e t o p m e n8t - i n f e r i o r9 0 , 3 6 1 256 - t h a t a m i3 0 9 - c u n e i f o r m ien t e r m e d i u md,e v e l - - d e v e t o p m e n8t - j u g u t a r i s3 8 5 - thoracicusposteri3 - zygomatlcum o4 r 6,349 o p m e n tI 3 1 + , 4 2 , 4 6 , 5 3 - 5 4 , - l a b y r i n t h i c u3s8 5 - 3 8 6 - t u b e r a l e s2 9 5 - - [ a t e r a [ , d e v e l o p m eI n t - L a t e r a t i3s 5 3 , 3 6 1 63,66,91,264,353-354,360, - v e n t r a l i s l - e s J2 9 6 , 3 0 9 - - m e d i a t ,d e v e t o p m e n8t - m a s t o i d e u s3 8 5 - 3 8 6 378 - - a n t e r i o r2 9 6 - d i g i t o r u mf M a n u s l6 , 1 5 8 , 1 7 2 - m e d i a t i s3 5 3 , 3 6 1 O s s e o u s j o i nI t - - i n t e r m e d i u s2 9 6 - - - d e v e l o p m e n8 - m e m b r a n a c e u (sC a v i t a tsy m p a t O s s i c u t aa u d i t u s 3 7 9 ,3 8 4 ,4 0 0 - - p o s t e r o l a t e r a t i2s 9 6 - - (Pesl 6 O s s i f i c a t i ocne n t r e s n i l 3 8 5 ,3 8 7 -- n^crAr^mA.firlic?aA -__ _upper/lowerlimb8 _ - l T r a c h e a1) 2 4 , 1 2 6 _ 1 2 7 , 1 2 9 , developmentS - v e n t r o m e d i a l ihs y p o t h a l a m i2 9 5 - e t h m o i d a t e3 4 - 3 5 ,3 8 , 4 0 ,4 8 , Ostium 133,141 - v e s t i b u t a r i s l - e3s0i 0 - 3 0 1 , - p h a r y n g e u m t u b a e a u d i t i v8a8e, - posteriorIMeatusacusticusex50-51,53-55,62,87,90,265, 396-397 3 5 3 ,3 7 8 136,139,11+1 ternusl 382 - - i n f e r i o r3 0 0 , 3 9 7 , T 5 7 - f r o n t a t e3 4 - 3 6 , 3 8 - 1 ' 0 , L 2 , - tympanicumtubaeauditivae - s u p e r i o r3 6 1 - - l a t e r a l i s3 0 0 ,3 9 7 ,T 5 7 - t e g m e n t a t i s3 8 5 4 5 - 4 8 ,5 0 - 5 1 ,5 4 - 5 5 ,8 8 , 385-387 - - m e d i a L i 3s 0 0 ,3 9 7 ,T 5 7 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 3 5 3 , 3 5365, 8 , 3 6 0 , 3 7 8 O v a [b u n d t eo f F L E c H SsI GF a s c i c u - - t y m p a n i c u s3 9 4 - - s u p e r i o r3 0 0 , 3 9 7T, 5 7 - h a m a t u m1 7 1 - 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 - 1 7 7 , - v e s t i b u l a r r3s9 4 l u ss e p t o m a r g i n a l i s 211,256 O v a r i e s1 5 , 3 0 P a r o t i dg l a n ds . G l a n d u t p aa r o t i d e a --devetopmentS Pars - h y o i d e u m4 5 , 6 7 , 7 3 , 9 2 , 1 0 0 , - a b d o m i n a l iaso r t a e1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , 0 104-109,111,113-115,118,120, P 27 - - l D u c t u st h o r a c i c u s l2 3 O a t hh a n d ,m e d i a nn e r v ep a t s y 2 1 9 123-121',126-127,129-130, - - l M p e c t o r a t im O b e x2 9 9 , 3 4 2 1 3 2 - 1 3 4 , 1 3 6 - 1 3191, , 1 , 1 / + 9 , 1 5 1 ,P A C C H l O Ngl a r ann u l a t i o nss G r a n s a j o r J1 7 9 , f 2 6 - a c r o m i a l i s1 6 5 ,1 8 8 ,2 2 6 - 2 2 7 , O c c i p i t abto n es 0 s o c c i p i t a l e 156 u l a t i o n e as r a c h n o i d e a e - Incae37 t - l c c i p u3t 6 P a i np a t h w a y s s e n s i b i l i t yp, r o t o T27 - i n c i s i v u m4 7 , 5 2 - a l v e o l a r i s6 0 0cutusl-il 352 pathic - a n t e r i o rl C o m m i s s u raan t e r i o r l O e s o p h a g u1s4 , 1 6 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 6 - 1 3 8 , - i n t e r p a r i e t a l3e7 P a l a t e1 1 3 - l a c r i m a t e3 4 - 3 5 , 5 0 - 5 1 , 5 3 - 5 5 , - h a r d 5 2 , 1 0 2 140-141,155 293,306 - m u s c t e sT 3 - - ( D o r s u mt i n g u a e l1 1 3 O t e c r a n o n1 5 7 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 8 - 1 7 0 , 353 - o s s e o u s9 3 - - t l i g c o l l a t e r a luel n a r e ]1 6 8 1 7 8 - 1 7 9 , 1 8 5 , 1 9 1 , 2 0 0 - 2 0 2 , 2 3 1 , l o n g a7 - lunatum171-174,176-177,250 - soft 102 - - llobusquadrangularisanteri234,236,240-241 - - d e v e t o p m e n8t O l f a c t o r yp a t h w a yT 5 7 P a t a t i n eb o n es 0 s p a l a t i n u m or] 303
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Pars Pars orbitalis Peduncutus[-il - a r y e p i g t o t t i c1a2 6 - 1 2 7T, 6 - - [ M o r b i c u l a r iosc u t i ]7 0 - 7 2 , - c e r e b e f f a r i isn f e r i o r 2 7 6 , - a s c e n d e naso r t a e 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 7 , 3 5 4 ,T 1 298-299,319 - - l N o p t i c u s )3 6 9 - - m e d i u s2 7 0 - 2 7 1 , 2 7 6 , 119,344 - a t l a n t r c a1 5 2 - - I O sf r o n t a [ e )3 4 , 4 5 ,4 8 , 5 4 , 3 5 3 298-299,304,307.309, - b u c c o p h a r y n g e1a3 7 - 1 3 8T, 5 - o s s e at u b a ea u d i t i v a e3 8 9 328-329,337-338 - c a e c ar e t i n a e 3 6 3 - p a t p e b r a I (i sG t a n d u tLaa c r i m a [ i s ] - - s u p e r i o r 2 7 6 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , - c a n a t i s3 6 9 356 3 0 4 - 3 0 5 3, 2 9 , 3 4 9 - c a r t i L a g i n e[aT u b aa u d i t i v a l3 8 9 - - { M o r b i c u t a r i s o c u t7i l0 - 7 2 , - c e r e b r i 2 7 6 - 2 7 72 , 86-287, - cavernosa 258-259,277-279, 3 5 4 - 3 5 5T , 1 296-299,30 1, 307, 309, 323,325, - parasympathica 295,390 27-29 3 3 6 ,3 7 0 ,T 5 7 - c e n t r a [ i s[ V e n t r i c u l u lsa t e r a t i s l - p a r i e t a t i s{ S t r a t u ms y n o v i a [ e 1 - f t o c c u t i2 9 8 , 3 0 4 )1 3 1 - p a t e n s1 9 2 9 4 ,3 0 9 1 , 3 13 - 3 16 , 3 2 5 P e t v i s2 , 6 - p e t r o s a{ A c a r o t i si n t e r n a l 2 5 9 , - r e n a l i s1 5 3 2 7- 3 2 9, 3 3 1- 3 3 2 ,3 3 7 - c e r a t o p h a r y n g e1a0 7 - 1 0 8 , 264 P e n i s1 5 - - ( O s t e m p o r a l e l4 0 - 4 1 , 4 4 , 13 7 - 13 8 ,T 5 P e r i c r a n i u m7 2 - 7 3 - c e r e b r a t i s2 5 9 ,2 7 7- 2 7 9 , 2 9 5 , L6-47, 58, 265,382,388-389, 94 Periodontium 319,369 393,399-400 P e r i o r b i t a3 5 8 ,3 6 0 ,3 6 9 ,3 7 8 - c e r v i c a t i s{ A c a r o t i si n t e r n a l - p o s t c o m m u n i c a(l iAs c e r e b r r P e r i o s t e u m7 , 1 5 4 , 2 5 7 259 a n t e r i o r l 2 7 7- 2 78 , 3 19- 3 2 0 , 3 2 6 Pes 2-3 - - ( C o l u m n av e r t e b r a t i s l6 - - [ A c e r e b r ip o s t e r i o r l2 7 8 , - h i p p o c a m p2i 9 3 ,3 0 9 ,3 1 4 - 3 1 5 , - - ( D u c t u st h o r a c i c u s l2 3 , 2 2 9 318-319 336 - - [ M e d u L tsap i n a L i s3)L 2 , 3 4 5 - p o s t e r i o(rC o m m i s s u raan t e r i o r l P e t i o t u es p i g t o t t i d i 1s 2 2 - 1 2 4 - c h o n d r o p h a r y n g e1 a0 7 - 1 0 8 , 293,306 P h at an x [- g e s l - - [ D o r s u mt i n g u a e )1 0 3 ,1 4 1 - d i s t a t i s [ - e (sM 11 3 ,1 3 7 - 1 3 8T, 5 ] a n u s j3 1 , 1 5 8 , - c i I i a r i sr e t i n a e3 6 2 - 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 - - t L i g .c o t t a t e r a LueL n a r e l1 6 8 1 7 1- 1 7 2 ,1 7 5 - 1 6 7, 2 5 0 - c l a v i c u t a r Ii sM d e t t o i d e u s1l 6 5 , - nactl:min:ric - m e d i a l - a e[ M lAR ) a n u s 1l 1 , 1 5 8 , 1 8 8 ,2 2 6 ,r 2 7 p r e c o m m u n i c a t(iAs c e r e b rai n 171-172,175-176,250 - - l M p e c t o r a t im - p r o x i m a [ i s l - elsM] a n u s l1 5 8 , s a j o r )1 1 8 , t e r i o r i 2 7 8 ,3 1 8 - 3 1 9 3, 2 6 - - [ A c e r e b r ip o s t e r i o r l2 7 8 , 1 4 5 - 1 4 61 , 7 8 ,1 8 6 - 1 8 7 1 71- 1 7 2 , 1 7 5 - 1 76 , 2 4 9- 2 5 0 ,226, T26 318-319,327 P h a r y n g e acLo n s t r i c t o r sa n d l e v a - c o m p a c t a[ S u b s t a n t n - p r e [ a m i n a r i 3s 6 8 I usctes i ai g r a ] t o r s s p h a r y n g e am - p r e v e r t e b r a I i s1 4 6 - 14 7 , 1 5 2 2 9 7, 3 0 9 P h a r y n g e am I u s c l e sT 5 - c r i c o p h a r y n g e1a3 7 - 1 3 8T, 5 - p r o f u n d a[ M m a s s e t e r ]6 8 , 7 3 , P h a r y n x 14 , 1 2 4 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 9- 1 4 1 ,I 5 7 - c u p u [ a r i s3 8 2 ,3 8 5 - i n n e r v a t i o sn e, n s i b l e1 3 9 r4 - d e s c e n d e naso r t a e 18 , 1 4 1, 3 4 4 - pterygopharyngea - m u s c t e s1 3 8 T 137-138, , 5 T5 - d i s t a I i s{ A d e n o h y p o p h y s i2s7J 9 - r e c t a 1 2 6 ,1 3 7 T , 6 i aTn, g t eo f P H I L I P P E - G 0 M B ATUr L - d u r a l i s3 4 2 - r e t i c u [ a r i s2 9 7 317 - f t a c c i d a3 8 2 - s a c r a t i s3 4 5 P i am a t e r - q l o s s o p h a r y n g e1a0 7 - 1 0 8 , - s p h e n o i d a t i s2 9 4 ,3 1 8 - 3 1 9 - c r a n i a t i s2 6 1 ,2 7 8 ,2 8 3 - s p i n a t i sI M d e t t o i d e u s1J6 5 , - s p i n a L i 3s 4 5 13 7 - 13 8 ,T 5 - i n f e r i o Ir N v e s t i b u t o c o c h t e a r i s l 1 8 8 , r 2 7 P I PI p r o x i m ai tn t e r p h a [ a n g ej oa iIn t l - s q u a m o s a3 8 , 4 0 ,4 6 - 4 7 ,5 L - 5 5 , 271 175 - i n f r a c l a v i c u l a r i s14 6 - 1/ ' 7 , 5 8 - 5 9 ,3 8 0 P i t u i t a r yg L a n ds H y p o p h y s i s - s t e r n o c o s t a L i1s2 0 ,2 2 6 ,f 2 6 2 14 - 2 15 , 2 2 7- 2 2 8 ,T 2 8 ,T 3 0 - T 3 6 P l a c e n t a2 2 - i n s u [ a r i s3 1 8 - 3 1 93, 2 6 - s u p e r f i c i a t Ii G s [andu[a P[anes - i n t e r c a r t i [ a g i n e1a2 8 ,1 3 1 - h u m a nb o d y 1 p a r o t i d e a1l 0 9 - i n t e r m e d i [aA d e n o h y p o p h y s i s l - - l M m a s s e t e r )6 4 , 6 8 - 6 9 , 7 3 , - o f t h e h u m a nb o d y 1 279 r4 Planta 5 - i n t e r m e m b r a n a c e1a2 8 ,1 3 1 - s u p e r i o rI N v e s t i b u t o c o c h t e a r i s ) P L a n t aar p o n e u r o s is A p o n e u r o - i n t r a c r a n i a t i(sA ,v e r t e b r a I i s ] 271 sis ptantaris - s u p r a c l a v i c u t a r i1s1 8 ,14 4 , 152 P L a n t arre f t e x 3 4 6 - - { N o p t i c u s l3 6 9 I 14 9 - 15 0 ,2 1/ 1 - 2 1 52, 2 8 ,T 1 7 1 8 p [ a n t a r i s1 - i n t r a L a m i n a r3i s6 8 - s u p r a t a r s a l i s3 5 2 PLanum - i r i d i c ar e t i n a e 3 6 3 - 3 6 5 - s y m p a t h i c a2 7 - 2 9 - f r o n t a t e[ A r t i c u t a t rcoo x a e J1 0 - L a b i a L i7s0 ,1 3 7 ,1 5 6 , r 1 - iarsatis352 - m e d i a n u m1 6 0 - [aryngep - s a g i t t a [ e{ A r t i c u t a t i co o x a e ] 1 0 a h a r y n g i s1 4 , 1 3 9 , 3 2 4 - t e c t al F o r n i x j 2 9 2 - 2 9 3 , 3 2 7 - l a t e r a [ i s[ 0 s o c c i p i t a t e4l 6 - 4 7 , - t e n d i n e a( S t r a t u ms y n o v i a t e 1 - s c a p u t a r e1 6 0 )1 - tensa 382 - t r a n s v e r s u m[ A r t c o x a e l 1 0 57 - [ i b e r al F o r n i x J2 9 2 , 3 2 7 - t h o r a c i c aa o f t a e 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 7 , P l a t y s m a6 7- 6 8 ,7 0 - 7 1 ,8 0 , - - m e m b r i i n f e r i o r i s6 272 1 0 9 - 110 , 1 16 - 1 1 7 1 , 1 9 ,1 3 7 , - - - s u p e r i o r i6s , 1 5 8 - - { C o t u m nvae r t e b r a t i s6l 1 4 2 - 1 4 3 1, 4 6 ,1 5 4 , r 1 - [ u m b a t i s( C o t u m n av e r t e b r a l i s ] - - ( D u c t u s t h o r a c i c u2s3) Plarrr: neriet:lic 151? - - ( M e d u t t as p i n a I i s )3 1 + 2 , 3 4 5 6 P t e x us - - { M e d u t t as p i n a [ i s ]3 4 2 , 3 4 5 - t h y r o e p i g t o t t i c1a2 6 - 1 2 7f ,6 - a o r t i c u sa b d o m i n a t i 2s 7 - m a r g i n a L i7s0 , 3 5 3 - 3 5 4T,1 - t h y r o p h a r y n g e1a0 8 ,1 3 3 , - b a s i l a r i s2 6 2 - 2 6 3 2, 91 + - 2 9 5 - m y l o p h a r y n g e1a3 7 - 1 3 8T, 5 - b r a c h i a L i s2 4 - 2 5 ,11 8 ,1L 3 - 14 7 , 13 7 - 13 8 ,T 5 - n a s a L i {s0 s f r o n t a [ e ]4 8 - t r a n s v e r s a r i 1a 5 2 - 1 5 3 14 9 - 15 0 , 1 5 5 ,2 14 - 2 1 5 ,2 2 7- 2 2 8 , - - p h a r y n g i s1 4 , 1 3 9 , 3 2 / 1 - t r i a n g u [ a r i s2 8 9 1 11 ,r 1 7 ,r 2 4 , r 2 8 , T 3 0 - T 3 6 - n e r v o s a3 6 8 - t u b e r a l i sl A d e n o h y p o p h y s i 2s 7 - - b r a n c h e sT 2 4 J9 ^.,^-t.,i^^ ^-^-Tat - o b t i q u a1 2 6 , 1 3 7 , f 6 - t y m p a n i c a4 7 ,5 8 , 3 8 0 >uPPryil19 - opercutari2 - cardiacus 27,272 s89 P a t e L L6 a - o p t i c ar e t i n a e 3 6 2 - 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 , 3 6 8 - d e v e t o p m e n8t - c a r o t i c u s2 7 4 - 2 7 5 - o r a t i sp h a r y n g i s1 4 ,1 3 9 , 3 2 / + - - c o m m u n i s1 4 0 - 1 4 1 Patel[arreflex 346 - o r b i t a L i{sG [ a n d u ttaa c r i m a t i s J - - i n t e r n u s4 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 8 , Pathways - afferent 347-349 3 5 4 ,3 5 5 ,3 6 0 - 3 6 13, 7 2 - 3 7 4 398 - - l G y r u sf r o n t a L i isn f e r i o r l 2 8 9 - e f f e r e n t3 4 7 . 3 5 0 - c a v e r n o s u 8s 7 . 1 0 9
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PIexus - c e r v i c a [ i s2 4 - 2 5 ,7 9 , 1 4 4 , 14 6 - 14 9 ,2 14 , 2 7 3 ,T 8 ,T 10 - T 12 , r17,T21,r57 - - b r a n c h e sT 7 - - m u s c t ei n n e r v a t i o nT 7 -
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- c h o r o i d e u vs e n t r i c u [ [i a t e r a t i s 2 9 4 ,3 1 1 ,3 1 3 ,3 15 - 3 16 , 3 2 1 , 3 2 7- 3 2 9 ,3 31- 3 3 5 ,3 3 7 - 3 3 9 3 , 70 - - - quarti 276,286,293,298, 3 0 2 ,3 0 5 ,3 0 9 ,3 1 ' 13, 1 8 ,3 3 7 - - - tertii 276,294-295,302, 3 1 1 , 3 16 - 3 1 7, 3 2 0 , 3 2 7- 3 2 8 , 3 3 7 - c o c c y g e u2 s4,26,T40 - c o e [ i a c u s2 7 - d e n t a t i si n f e r i o r 8 5 , 1 0 1 , 2 6 9 - - s u p e r i o r1 0 1 - h y p o g a s t r i c uisn f e r i o r 2 7 - - s u p e r i o r2 7 ^ ^o- ,- w ^ +u: ut ^q, u , -r - , , i,^(+o- P
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[ u m b a t i s2 4 ,2 6 [ u m b o s a c r a L i2s6 l y m p h a t i c u sa x i t t a r i s2 2 4 mesentericusinferior 27 - s u p e r i o r2 7 oesophageus27,272 o p h t h a t m i c uTs 5 7 p h a r y n g e u sl N g L o s s o p h a r y n geusl T3 - - (N vaguslT8 - p t e r y g o i d e u s7 5 , 8 5 ,2 6 0 - p u l m o n a l i {sN v a g u s l2 7 2 - r e n a t i s2 7 - sacralis 24,26 - t h y r o i d e uism p a r 1 3 3 ,1 4 9 - t y m p a n i c u s2 7 1 , 2 7 5 , 3 9 8T,5 7 - v a s a L idse r m a t i s3 1 - - e p i f a s c i a I i3s1 - - s u b c u t a n e u3s 1 - - s u b d e r m a t i3 s1 - v e n o s u sc a n a l i sn e r v ih y p o g t o s s i 1,1,264-265 - - c a r o t i c u s i n t e r n u4s1 , 261+-265,278,389 - - f o r a m i n i so v a t i s4 1 ,2 6 0 , 263-265,278,389 - - p h a r y n g e u s1 3 1 - - v e r t e b r a t iisn t e r n u s4 1 ,1 5 4 , 264-265 P t ic aI - a e l - a r y e p i g L o t t i c1a2 8 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1 - a x i l t a r ia s n t e r i o r1 5 7 - - p o s t e r i o r1 5 7 - c i t i a r e s3 6 5 - f i m b r i a t a 1 0 4 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 2 ,1 1 1 , - g t o s s o e p i g t o t t ti a ca teralis'103 - - m e d i a n a1 0 3 - iridis 364-365 - l a c r i m a L i3s 5 7 - m a t t e a r i sa n t e r i o r 3 8 2 ,3 8 5 ,3 8 7 - - posterior 382,387 - n e r v i[ a r y n g esi u p e r i o r i s1 3 9 , 1/+1 - p a t a t i n a e t r a n s v e r s1a0e2 - p e t r o c [ i n o i d eaan t e r i o r 276-277,r57 - - p o s t e r i o rT 5 7 - p h a r y n g o e p i g t o t t i c1a3 9 - s a t p i n g o p a t a t i n1 a3 6 ,1 3 9 - s a L p i n g o p h a r y n g1e0a3 ,1 3 6 , 1 3 9 ,1 4 1 - s e m i t u n a r i sc o n j u n c t i v a e3 5 2 , 357 - s u b I n g u a t i s1 1 2 , 1 1 4 - t r i a n g u t a r i s1 0 3
Index
Plica(-ael Ramus(-i)anterior Processusl-usl Radio-ulnarjoint - vestibulari1 - p r o x i m a t sA r t i c u l a t i o r a d i o u l - - [ N a u r i c u l a r i s m a g n u s1)4 2 s 2 7 - 1 2 9 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 , - t e m p o r a t i s6 6 - - [ N c e r v i c a t i s )1 4 5 - 1 4 6 - t r a n s v e r s u s1 2 1 , 1 5 3 136 n a r i sp r o x i m a t i s - v o c a L i s1 2 7 - 1 2 9 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 6 - u n c i n a t u s ( O s e t h m o i d a5L1e J R a d i u s6 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 7 - 1 7 0 , 1 7 2 - 1 7 4 , - - [ N c u t a n e u s a n t e b r a c h i i - v a g i n a t i s { 0 s s p h e n o i d a5l e P o i n t o f C A N N O N - B OTH5 M 7 m e d i a l i s ]2 1 1 , 2 3 0 , 2 3 6 6) 176-177,179,197,200-204,207, - vocalis122,121-125,131 - - ( S u l c u sl a t e r a l i s l 2 8 9 P o t t e x1 5 7 , 1 7 1 210,250,254-256 - a s c e n d e n s[ S u L c u Ls a t e r a t i s2] 8 9 - z y g o m a t i c u (sM a x i t t a l4 2 , 4 8 , 5 2 , - d e v e l o p m e n It Potus - a n t e r i o (r B u t b u so c u l i l 3 6 2 - a u r l c u l a r ilsN v a g u s )8 3 - 8 5 , - llensl 3oo 55 - - { L e n s f3 6 2 , 3 6 L , 3 6 6 - - f O s f r o n t a l e3l 4 , 4 8 - 1 ' 9 , 3 5 3 , R a d i x ( - c e s ] 11+0,264,272,398 - f r o n t a l i s2 8 5 - 2 8 9 , 2 9 2 , 3 1 2 , - b r o n c h i a l e(sN v a g u s l2 7 2 - a n t e r i o r[ N s p i n a l i s 2 360 ) 5,299, - b u c c a t e s7 8 , 8 0 , 1 1 6 , 2 7 0 - - [ O s t e m p o r a l e1), 2 , 5 8 - 5 9 , 6 2 , 333-334 3L1,350 - o c c i p i t a l i s2 8 5 - 2 8 9 , 2 9 2 , 3 1 2 , - c a l c a r i n u s3 7 0 - c t i n i c a9 4 66 - c a r d i a c ci e r v i c a t e isn f e r i o r e s - c r a n i a t e s2 7 3 , 2 9 9 , f 5 7 333-334 P r o j e c t i o na r e a s - p o s t e r i oIrB u L b uosc u t i l3 6 2 - a u d i t i o n2 9 1 - d e n t i s9 4 272 - - llensl 362,366 - m o t o r i c i t y2 9 1 - f a c i a l i s l Nc a n a l i s p t e r y g o i d e i ) - - - s u p e r i o r e s1 3 3 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 , - t e m p o r a l i s2 8 4 , 2 8 6 - 2 8 7 , 2 8 9 , - s e n s o r ys y s t e m 2 9 1 1/+7,272 398 - - t h o r a c i c [i N v a g u s l 2 7 2 - vision 291 - i n f e r i o rl A n s ac e r v i c a l i s ]2 5 , 314,326 - c a r p a l i sd o r s a l i s[ A r a d i a l i s l P o l y s y n a p t irce f l e x 3 4 6 P r o j e c t i o nt r a c t s 3 0 7 145,273 - l a t e r a l i s[ N m e d i a n u s 2] 1 5 P o n s2 5 , 2 7 , 2 6 7 - 2 6 8 , 2 1 0 - 2 7 2 , Prominentia 246,248 - - - (A utnarisl223,238-239, - c a n a l i s f a c i a l i s3 8 6 - - ( T r a c t u s o p t i c u s3l 7 0 254,286,293-295,297,299, - [ i n g u a e1 0 3 - 1 0 41, 0 7 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 3 , 3 0 1 - 3 0 2 , 3 0 7 , 3 1 0 , 3 2 0 , 3 2 4 - 3 2 5 -, - s e m i c i r c u L a rl ai st e r a t i s3 8 6 242,248 - - p a l m a r i s[ A r a d i a t i s l2 2 3 , 3 2 7 - 3 2 8 , 3 3 7 - 3 3 8 , 3 4 2 , 3 / ' 4 , T 5 7 - l a r y n g e a1 2 2 , 1 3 2 , 1 4 8 129-130,139 - m a t t e a r i s3 8 2 - m e d i a l i sl N m e d i a n u s 2l 1 5 Porus 242,2L5 - a c u s t i c u s e x t e r n u3s5 , 4 3 , - s p i r a t i s3 9 4 - - - ( A u l n a r i s l2 2 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 5 - - l T r a c t u s o p t i c u s3 )7 0 - m o t o r i as a n t e r i o lrN s p i n a t i s ) - c h i a s m a t i c u3s1 9 6 2 - 6 3 , 1 3 7 , 3 8 42 0, 0 Promontorium f C a v i t atsy m p a n i l - - i n t e r n u s3 8 , 4 0 , 5 9 2, 6 5 , 2 7 8 , - - l N t r i g e m i n u s1 385-387,398 l 0 1 ,2 6 8 , 2 7 7 , - c h o r o i d e upso s t e r i o r3 2 1 - c l a v i c u t a r i {sA t h o r a c o a c r o m i 3 9 0 , 4 0 0 ,T 5 7 P r o n a t i ol A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t i ] T 2 3 286,299 - n e r v o T u mc e r v i c a l i u m3 4 1 P o s t e r i o rf u n i c u l u s p , a t s yo f t h e P r o s e n c e p h a l o2 n8 4 atisl 226 - c o e l i a c [i N v a g u s l 2 7 2 - - c o c c y g e o r u m3 4 1 351 P r o s t a t a1 5 - c o t t i8 1 , 1 1 0 , 1 4 3 - 1 4 4 , 2 7 0 - - l u m b a l i u m3 4 1 P r e c u n e u s2 9 0 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 1 - 3 3 2 Protuberantia - m e n t a t i s3 5 . 6 0 . 1 0 6 - - s a c r a l i u m3 4 1 - c o m m u n i c a n s [ - t e 1s 4 Processusl-usj j 2 - a L v e o t a rliM - - c u m g a n g t i oc i l i a r i2 6 8 - o c c i p i t a te - - thoracicorum s a x i t l a 3l 4 , 4 9 , i sx t e r n a3 7 - 3 8 , 4 2 341 - - i n t e r n a4 0 ,5 7 - - c u m n e r v of a c i a t i3 7 7 - p a r a s y m p a t h i lcGa a n g l i o cni l 54-55,93 - a n t e r i o r l M a t t e u s3 l8 3 - 3 8 4 - - cumnervogtossopharyngeo p r o x i m a l i s1 i a r e )2 6 7 , 2 7 4 , 3 7 4 - c i l i a r e s3 6 3 - 3 6 5 - - l G a n g l i oont i c u m ]2 7 5 P t e r y g o p a l a t ifnoes s a5 3 210,272 - c l i n o i d e uasn t e r i o r4 0 , 4 5 , - - l G a n g l i o pn t e r y g o p a l a t i n u m ] - - c u m n e T v oL a c r i m a t2i 6 8 Putmo16-17 - dexter 14 - - c u m n e r v ou t n a r i 2 1 5 , 2 4 4 56-57,278-279 274 - - m e d i u s5 7 , 2 7 9 - s i n i s t e r1 4 - - IGanglionsubmandibutarel - - cumneTvovag2 o70 - - p o s t e r i o r4 0 , 4 5 , 5 6 - 5 7 , 2 7 8 - - c u m n e r v o z y g o m a t i c2o6 8 , Putpa 275 - c o c h l e a r i f o r m3 - c o r o n a l i s9 4 - - lN trigeminus1 i s8 5 - 3 8 7 , 3 9 8 l 01 356,377,f57 - c o n d y t a r i s6 0 - 6 2 , 6 5 , 8 3 , 9 1 , - d e n t i s9 4 - - c u m p l e x u t y m p a n i c2o7 0 - p o s t e r i o r l Ns p i n a l i s 2 l 6,299, - r a d i c u l a r i s9 4 - - c u m r a m o a u r i c u l a r in e r v i 1 0 0 ,1 0 9 342-343,31,5 - c o r a c o i d e u s1 6 0 , 1 6 2 - 1 6 5 , vagi 271 P u t v i n a r t h a t a m2 i 9 6 - 2 9 9 , 3 2 2 , 3 2 9 - s e n s o r i a( G a n g l i o nc i l i a r e l 2 7 4 , - - [N spinalis2 183-184,189 Punctum(-al l 6 374 - c o r o n o r d e u s l N 4 a n d r b6u0t -a6l 3 , - l a c r i m a l i a3 5 2 , 3 5 7 - - lGanglronoticum - - ( T r u n c u s s y m p a t h i c u2s7l. 27 ] 5 - n e r v o s u mT 7 - - [ G a n g l i o np t e r y g o p a l a t i n u m l 6 5 ,8 3 ,9 1 147 - - l U t n a l1 6 6 , 1 6 8 - 1 7 0 - - u L n a r i s2 1 7 P u p i t t a3 5 2 , 3 5 9 , 3 6 3 - 3 6 5 271 - e t h m o i d a l i s5 1 - c r i c o t h y r o i d e ul sA t h y r o i d e as u - - f G a n g l i o ns u b m a n d i b u t a r e l P u t a m e n2 9 4 , 3 0 8 - 3 0 9 , 3 2 6 - 3 2 8 , - f r o n t a t i (sM a x i t t a3l 4 , 4 6 , 4 9 - 5 0 , p e r i o r l1 3 6 3 3 2 - 3 3 53, 3 8 - 3 3 9 275 - - lN trigeminus1 8 6 ,3 5 3 ,3 5 6 - 3 5 7 P y r a m i dt r a c t 3 0 7 ,3 0 9 ,3 5 0 J0 1 ,2 6 7 - 2 6 8 , - - ( V t h y r o i d e sau p e r i o r l1 3 6 - - [ O sz y g o m a t i c u m9] 1 , 3 5 3 - c u t a n e u s ( -[iAl c i r c u m f l e x a Pyramis 277,286,299,374 - i n t r a j u g u [ a r li 0s s o c c i p i t a [ e5J7 - meduItae - s p i n a l e s2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 6 , 2 9 9 , h u m e r ip o s t e r i o r2) 3 1 o b [ o n g a t a 2e 6 7 , 2 8 6 , - - l O s t e m p o r a l e5] 9 - - anteriores(Nn 299,307,T57 301,T57 t h o r a c i c i 2l 6 - j u g u t a r i s4 0 .5 7 - vermis 302-30L - s u p e r i o r{ A n s ac e r v i c a l i s l2 5 , - - - p e c t o r a l e s{ N i n t e r c o s t a l i s l - l a t e r a t i s l M a l l e u3 s l8 3 - 3 8 4 , 3 8 7 148,217,225,228 11,4-145,147-149,273,17 - l e n t i c u t a r i3s 8 3 ,3 8 7 - s y m p a t h i claG a n g t i ocni t i a r e l - - l a t e r a l e lsN n t h o r a c i c i 2] 5 , - m a s t o i d e u s3 7 , 4 2 - 4 4 , 5 8 - 5 9 , 274,374 340 Q - - lGangtionoticum - - - p e c t o r a l e s { Ni n t e r c o s t a l i s l 63,105,109,121,137.140-141, 2 j7 5 - - f G a n g l i opnt e r y g o p a l a t i n u m l 3 7 9 - 3 8 03, 8 6 ,3 9 9 Quadrangula sp r a c e 1 8 3 ,1 8 9 , 217,225,227-228 - m u s c u l a r i s1 2 2 , 1 2 5 - - p o s t e r i o r e s { Ntnh o r a c i c i ] 191 274 - o r b i t a t i s5 3 ,5 5 ,3 5 3 - - l G a n g l i osnu b m a n d i b u l a r e ) 217 - p a t a t i n u s3 8 , 4 2 ,/ ' 7 ,L 9 - 5 2 , 5 4 , - - l V c i r c u m f l e x ah u m e r i p o s t e 275 - - [ N t r i g e m i n u s1l 0 1 87,90,93 R riorl231 - p o s t e r i o r( C a r t i l a g os e p t in a s i ) - - l P t e x u sc a r o t i c u si n t e r n u s l - d e l t o i d e u s( A .p r o f u n d ab r a c h i i l 87 radialis1 267 234 - p t e r y g o i d e u s3 8 , 4 2 , 4 7 , 5 0 - 5 3 , - - [ A t h o r a c o a c r o m i a l i s1 )1 + / + , 2 2 6 Radiatiot-nesl Ramus(-il - a c u s t i c a2 9 6 , 3 0 7 - 3 0 8 , 3 9 7 - a c r o m i a t i s( A t h o r a c o a c r o m i - d e n t a L e(sA a t v e o t a r i s u p e r i o r 5 5 - 5 6 , 6 2 , 9 2 ,1 3 7 ,3 5 3 ,3 8 8 - p y r a m i d a t i4s 2 , 5 2 - 5 3 , 9 3 , 3 5 3 - c o r p o r i sc a t t o s 3 p o s t e r i o r8) 3 i 09,326,330 a l i s l 1 4 7 ,2 2 6 , 2 2 8 - s p i n o s u s4 5 ,1 3 5 ,1 5 4 - 1 5 5 - o p t i c a2 9 6 , 3 0 7 - 3 0 8 - a l v e o l a r essu p e r i o r easn t e r i o r e s - d i g a s t r i c u s8 2 , 8 1 + , 3 9 9 , T 9 3 ,3 3 - 3 3 5 , - s t y f o i d e u s [ O s m e t a c a r1p7i l1 - d o r s a l i s [ Nu l n a r i s ]2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 370-371 101 - - l O s t e m p o r a t e3l 5 , 3 7 - 3 8 , 4 2 , - t h a l a m i2 9 6 - - - medii 101 236,238-239,241,247,256 --- e x t e r n u s ( Na c c e s s o r i u s l 5 8 - 5 9 , 6 2 - 6 3 , 6 9 , 7 3 , 9 2 , 1 0 5 ,- - a n t e r i o r e s 2 9 6 , 3 0 8 posteriores33-84, - - c e n t r a l e s2 9 6 , 3 0 7 - 3 0 8 108-109,119,137-140, 101-102 140-141,273 - - p o s t e r i o r e 2s 9 6 - a n t e r i o r l Ac o [ a t e r a t i rsa d i a t i s ] - - l N l a r y n g e u s s u p e r i o1r ]1 ' 0 379-380,386 - - radii 157,167,169,172-174 Radio-ulnarjoint 235,239-240 f e m o r a l i s 2 6 ,T 4 0 - - u l n a e 1 5 7 , 1 6 6 , 1 7 2 - 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 , - d i s t a t s A r t i c u t a t i o r a d i o u t n a r i s - - l A r e c u r r e n s u l n a r i s2l2 3 , - f r o n t a l i s l Am e n i n g e a m e d i a ] 178,207 distatis 2L0 258,280
Ramus[-iJfronta[is - - [ A .t e m p o r a t i ss u p e r f i c i a t i s l 67-68,74,82,85,258 - - p o s t e r o m e d i a t i3s 3 0 - - [ V .t e m p o r a t i ss u p e r f i c i a t i s l 68 - g a n g L i o n a r (eGs a n g t i oont i c u m l 275 - - l G a n g t i o np t e r y g o p a t a t i n u m ) 268,274, T57 - - { G a n g t i osnu b m a n d i b u t a r e J 269,275 - - lGangtiong pterygopatatinuml
r57 - - [ R a d i xs e n s o r i aN, . t r i g e m i nusl 101 - gastrici anteriores 272 - g e n i t a t i s2 6 - g t a n d u t a r i s a n t e r i o1 r1 5 , 1 3 / r - g y r ia n g u t a r i s2 8 1 - h e p a t i c i2 7 2 - h y p o t h a t a m i c u3s1 9 - i n f e r i o r { - e s(lN . o c u t o m o t o r i u s l 2 6 7, 3 5 8 , 3 74 - 3 7 5 , 3 7 8 - - l N t r a n s v e r s u s c o t t1i l4 2 - i n f r a h y o i d e u s1 4 4 - i n t e r g a n g t i o n a r e1s5 3 - i n t e r n u sl N . a c c e s s o r i u s ) 1/,0-141,273 - - ( N t a r y n g e u s s u p e r i o' r11l 5 , 13 0 - 13 1, 1 3 4 ,1 4 0 - - l T r u n c u sn e r v ia c c e s s o r i i ) 141 - i n t e s t i n a t eIsN v a g u s ) 2 7 2 - l a t e r a [ i s{ N s u p r a o r b i t a t i s l 8 2 - 8 3 ,8 s , 1 16 , 2 6 8 ,3 7 2 - 3 7 3 - [ i n g u a t e sl N f a c i a L i s2J 7 0 - - l N . g l o s s o p h a r y n g e u1s1l 3 , 130,271 - - l N . h y p o g t o s s u s2l 7 3 - - l N . t i n g u a L i s2)6 9 - m a m m a r i it a t e r a t e s2 2 7 - 2 2 8 - m a n d i b u l a e3 4 , 4 4 - 4 5 ,6 0 - 6 3 , 6 5 ,6 9 ,7 3 , 8 5 , 9 2 ,1 0 6 ,14 0 - m a r g i n a t im s a n d i b u L a r7 i s8 ,8 0 , 1 5 1, 2 7 0 - m a s t o i d e u sl A o c c i p i t a t i s 7) 4 , 147 - m e d i a t i sI N s u p r a o r b i t a t i s ) 8 2 - 8 3 ,8 5 , 1 16 , 2 6 8 ,3 7 2 - 3 7 3 - m e n i n g e u sa n t e r i o rl A . e t h m o r o a U sa n l e f l o f l J / 1 , 374-375 - - { N m a n d i b u t a r i s4l1 , 264-265,268,278,372 - - l N m a x i L L a r i s2)6 9 , 3 7 2 - - lN vagus) 264-265,272 - - l T r u n c u sn s p i n a t i s )2 6 - m e n t a t i s 7 4 ,8 3 - m u s c u t a r e s( N . s p i n a t i s l2 1 1 r - - [ P l e x u sb r a c h i a t i s lT 2 4 - - [ P l e x u sc e r v i c a L i sT] 7 - m u s c u l is t y t o p h a r y n g e2i 7 ' 1T, 5 - n a s a t e sp o s t e r i o r e si n f e r i o r e s 274 - - - s u p e r i o r e sl a t e r a l e s2 6 8 , 274 m e d i a l e s2 6 8 , 2 7 1 r - n a s a l i se x t e r n u sI N . e t h m o i d a l i s anteriorl82-83 - n e r v ic o c h t e a r i s3 9 4 - - ocutomotor3 i i1 9 - o c c i p i t a t i s [ - e s[ A l auricutaris p o s t e r i o r )7 4 - - [ A o c c i p i t a t i s7 l 4 - o e s o p h a g e a l eI sN l a r y n g e u s recurrensl IJU
Ramus[-iJ - o r b i t a l i sl A . m e n i n g e am e d i a l 4 1, 2 6 5 - - [ G a n g t i o np t e r y g o p a t a t i n u m l 2 6 8 , 2 74 - p a t m a r i s( N m e d i a n u s 2l 1 7 , 236, 238-239,243-244, 256 - - l N . u t n a r i s l2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 2 3 6 , 238,243-245 - - p r o f u n d u s2 4 2 , 2 4 4 - 2 4 5 - - s u p e r f i c i a t i2s2 3 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 2 , 244-246 - p a n c r e a t i cl iN v a g u s ) 2 7 2 - p a r a c e n t r a l i s2 8 1 - p a r i e t a t i(sA .m e n i n g e a mediaJ 258,280 - - IA occipitatim s e d i a t i s l3 3 0 - - [ A t e m p o r a t i ss u p e r f i c i a t i s ) 74,82-85,258 - p a r i e t o o c c i p i t a l i2s8 1 - pectorates 225-226,228 - p e r f o r a n s l - t e s[lA . r a d i a t i s ] 248 - - [ A t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a l 1 4 8 - - [ V t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a ] 1 4 8 - p e r i d e n t a l e lsA . a l v e o t a r i s u p e r i o r p o s t e r i o r l8 3 - p h a r y n g e a t elsA t h y r o i d e ai n f e riorl 140 - - [ A .t h y r o i d e as u p e r i o r l 1 4 0 - - [ N g t o s s o p h a r y n g e u s1l4 0 , 271,r5 - - { N . v a g u s1l 4 0 , 2 7 2 , 1 0 0 5 , T 5 - p o s t e r i o r{ A .c o l t a t e r a l i sr a d i a l i s J 235 - - l A . r e c u r r e n su L n a r i s l2 2 3 , 240 - - [ N a u r i c u t a r i s m a g n u s1 ]4 2 - - [ N .c u t a n e u as n t e b r a c hm ii ed i a t i s l2 3 0 ,2 3 6 - - [ N t h o r a c i c u s ]2 1 7 , 3 4 0 - - [ S u t c u sl a t e r a L i s2] 8 9 , 3 3 0 - - l T r u n c u sn . s p i n a t i s l2 6 - precuneatis 281,329-330 - p r o f u n d u s[ A t r a n s v e r s ac o l t i l 144-145 - - [ N . m e d i a n u s 2l 2 0 - - [ N r a d i a t i s l2 0 4 , 2 1 5 , 238-241,248 - - lN. utnarisl 215,244-245, T 3 6 ,T 3 8 - p u b i c u sl A e p i g a s t r i c ai n f e r i o r l 19 - r e n a t e sI N . v a g u s J2 7 2 - s i n u sc a r o t i c i2 7 1 - s p i n a t i s [ - e sl lA i n t e r c o s t a t i s p o s t e r i o r l3 4 4 - - {A vertebratis3 j 44 - s p l e n i c il N . v a g u s l 2 7 2 - s t e r n o c l e i d o m a s t o i d eluAs o c c i p i t a t i s7l 4 ,1 4 6 - - l A t h y r o i d e a s u p e r i o r1l 1 + 5 - s t y L o h y o i d e u8s2 , 3 9 9 , T 9 - s u p e r f i c i a L li A s t r a n s v e r s ac o [ [ i l 144-145,229 - - [ N m e d i a n u s2 l 20 - - { N r a d i a t i s l1 7 8 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 1 ,2 3 6 ,2 3 8 - 2 / + 12,4 6 - 2 4 7 , 256 - - lN utnarisl 215,244-245,138 - s u p e r i o r { - e lsNl . o c u t o m o t o r i u s l 267,373-34 7,378 - - [ N t r a n s v e r s u s c o t t1i l4 2 - s u p r a h y o i d e u s1 4 4 - t e m p o r a t e{sN .f a c i a L i s6J8 , 7 8 , 80,270 - t e n t o r i u s2 6 8 , 3 7 2
Ramus[-i] - terminates lA cerebrimedial 294,332 - thyroideus 273 lN hypogtossusl - tonsittarisl-esl [A.patatina ascen0ensl I rJ, rJU
- - [ N g t o s s o p h a r y n g e u1s1l 3 , 130,271 - t r a c h e a l e s[ A t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r ] 130 - t r a p e z i u sI P l e x u sc e r v i c a L i s2l 5 - v e n t r a t e(sN .s p i n a t i s 2l 1 4 , I 1 2 - z y g o m a t i c6i 8 ,7 8 , 8 0 ,1 1 6 , 2 7 0 - zygomaticofaciatis82, 268 - z y g o m a t i c o t e m p o r a t8i s2 , 2 6 8 R ap h e - m y t o h y o i d e a1 0 6 - patati 102 - p a l p e b r a l i sl a t e r a L i s3 5 2 ,3 5 4 , 356 - p h a r y n g i s1 3 8 - p t e r y g o m a n d i b u t a r i9s2 , 1 0 2 , 137 R e c e s ssu - a r t i c u [ a r i s9 - a x i l t a r i s 1 6 2 ,1 6 4 ,1 8 3 - c o c h l e a r i s3 9 2 - e t t i p t i c u s3 9 2 - e p i t y m p a n i c u3 s 8 2 ,3 8 1 + - 3 8358, 7 - i n f u n d i b u t i2 9 5 ,3 0 2 ,3 11 , 3 1 7 , 3 2 7, 3 3 6 - L a t e r a l ivse n t r i c u tqi u a r t i 3 0 4 , 311 - m e m b r a n a et y m p a n i c a es u p e r i or 385 - p h a r y n g e u 8s 8 , 1 3 6 ,1 3 9 , 3 8 9 - p i n e a [ i s2 9 5 ,3 1 1 ,3 1 7 ,3 3 4 - p i r i f o r m i s 1 2 8 ,1 3 1 ,1 4 1 ,1 5 4 - s a c c i f o r m i sl A r t i c u [ a t i or a d i o u t n a r i sd i s t a t i s j2 5 6 - s p h e r i c u s3 9 2 - s u p r a o p t i c u s2 9 5 ,3 1 1 ,3 1 7 ,3 2 7 , 336 - s u p r a p i n e a l i s2 9 5 ,2 9 7 ,3 1 1 , 3 17 , 3 3 3 - triangutari3 s17,327 R e c t u m1 4 , 1 6 - 1 7 RefIexes - A c h i t t e st e n d o nr e f t e x 3 4 6 - c r e m a s t e r i cr e f l e x 3 4 6 - m o n o s y n a p t irce fl e x 3 4 6 - patet[arreftex 346 - p L a n t ar e f l e x 3 4 6 - poLysynaptic reflex 346 - s p i n a lc o r d 3 4 6 - s u p e r f i c i aal b d o m i n a rLe f l e x 3 4 6 R e gi o l- n e s l - a b d o m i n a l i sl a t e r a l i s4 - a n a l i s5 - a n t e b r a c hai in t e r i o r4 - 5 , 1 5 7 , 236,238-239 - - p o s t e r i o r4 - 5 , 1 5 7 , 2 3 6 , 2 4 1 - a x i t l a r i s4 - 5 , 1 5 7 - b r a c h iai n t e r i o r4 , 1 5 7 , 2 3 0 l5t-
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surae 5 t e m p o r a t i s3 2 u m b i t i c a [ i 4s u r o g e n i t a t i s4 v e r t e b r a t i s5 z y g o m a t i c a3 2 R e gi o n s - of the head 32 - - d e e p ,v e s s e l sa n d n e r v e s 8 1 - - [atera[,vessetsand nerves 80 - o f t h e h u m a nb o d y / r - o f t h e n e c k 3 2 ,8 0 - 8 1 f { t t 5 5 N t t s( m e m o r a n es H a n e s vestibu[aris Ren15-17,30 R e s p i r a t o rtyr a c t ,o v e r v i e w1 4 Rete - acromia[e 226-227,231,235 - articu[arecubiti 215, 234-235, 241 - c a r p a t ed o r s a l e 2 4 1 , 2 4 6 , 2 4 8 , 250 - - palmare250 - v e n o s u md o r s a t em a n u s 2 4 7 R e t i c u t u mt r a b e c u t a r e3 6 2 , 364-365 R e t i n a 1 1 7 ,3 6 2 - 3 $ , f 5 7 - v e s s e t s3 6 7 Retinacu[um - m u s c u t o r u me x t e n s o r u m l M a n u s l 17 8 - 17 9 , 1 94 , 2 0 0 - 2 0 3 , 210-211, 241,246, 248,256 - - f L e x o r u ml M a n u s l 1 8 0 , 207-209, 211, 243-245, 249-250,256 R e t r o v e r s i [oA r t i c u t a t i o coxae] 10 R h o m b e n c e p h a t o2n8 4 Rhomboidfossa 299 Rima - gtottidis 128,131, 133 - oris 14 - p a l p e b r a r u m3 5 2 ,3 5 4 - 3 5 5 - v e s t i b u t i1 3 3 R o dc e t l s 3 6 3 , 3 7 0
Index
R 0 L A N D 0F,i s s u r eo f , S u t c u so f 2 8 9 R 0 L L E Rn ' su c t e u s3 9 7 R o S E N T H sAvLe i ns V e n ab a s a L i s Rostrum - [ C o r p u sc a [ L o s u m2l 9 2 , 2 9 5 , 3 0 2 ,3 0 6 ,3 1 3 ,3 15 - 3 16 , 3 2 0 ,3 2 6 , 334,337 - s p h e n o i d a [ e5 6 Rotatio - [ A r t i c u t a t ihou m e r i lT 2 3 - e x t e r n al A r t i c u l a t i oc o x a e ] 10 - i n t e r n a[ A r t i c u [ a t i o c o x a e J1 0 R o t a t o rc u f f 16 3 ,1 8 2 ,1 8 4
5
Septum - i n t e r v e n t r i c u t a r2 e2 - [ i n g u a e1 0 4 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 4 - n a s i 4 4 ,6 8 - 6 98 , 7 , 9 0 - 9 1 1, 0 0 , 116-117,135,139 - - o s s e u m3 4 , 4 6 , 5 0 , 6 2 - o r b i t a [ e3 5 6 ,3 7 8 - peLLucidum 2 76 , 2 9 2 ,2 9 5 ,2 9 8 , 309,3 15-317, 320,323-327 3 3 ' 1 - 3 3 33, 3 7 - s i n u u ms p h e n o i d a L i u2m7 9 S h o u l d egr i r d l es C i n g u t u mp e c tora[e S h o u t d ej ro i n ts A r t i c u l a t i ho u m e r i S h o u L d emr u s c t e s1 8 2 - 1 8 L ,
T26-r28
S h o u t d erre g i o n - arteries235 S a c c uI u s - l a r y n g i s1 3 1 , 1 3 3 - nerves235 - v e s t i b u [ a r i s3 9 3 - 3 9 4 S H R A P N E Lm L ' es m b r a n es P a T s f t ac cid a S ac cu s - e n d o l y m p h a t i c u3s 9 3 Sinus - [ a c r i m a t i s3 5 4 ,3 5 7 - c a r o t i c u s2 5 8 , I 5 7 - v e s t i b u l a r iss S a c c u l u s v e s t i b u - - c a v e r n o s u s2 6 0 ,2 6 2 - 2 6 3 2 , 77, laris 279,369,r57 - d u r a em a t r i s 2 6 2 - 2 6 3 S a g i t t aa t xis 1 - f r o n t a f i s3 8 ,4 4 - 4 5 ,5 0 - 5 1 ,5 4 , S a g i t t a Ip [ a n e 1 S a l i v a r yg t a n d s ,m a j o r s G t a n d u l . a e 87-91,116,369 - - d e v e l o p m e n9 t0 s a t i v a r i a em a j o r e s i n t e r c a v e T n o s lu- i l 2 6 2 - 2 6 3 , S c a[ a - tympani391-394 279,295 - v e s t i b u L3i 9 1 - 3 9 4 - - a n t e r i o r2 7 9 - - p o s t e r i o r2 7 9 S c a l e n u sm u s c l e s 11 8 ,1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , - m a r g i n a t i s4 1 ,2 6 2 - 2 6 5 T 11 - m a x i t t a r i s4 4 - 4 5 ,4 9 ,5 2 , 5 4 - 5 5 , S c a p h a3 8 0 S c a p u t a6 , 1 5 5 ,1 5 8 ,1 6 0 ,1 6 4 - 1 6 5 6 8 - 6 9 ,8 8 - 9 1 ,1 0 0 - 1 0 11, 0 9 ,1 1 6 , 3 2 4 , 3 5 3 , 3 5 73, 6 0 - 3 6 1 3, 6 9 ,3 7 8 , S c a p u t apr t a n e 1 6 0 ScHLEMM C ,a n a oI f s S i n u sv e n o r57 - - d e v e t o p m e n9t 0 susscLerae - o c c i p i t a t i s2 6 2 - 2 6 3 2 , 78 S C H U L T sZ E c o m m at r a c t s F a s c i - paranasales 11+, 88-91 c u [ u si n t e r f a s c i c u l a r i s - p e t r o s u si n f e r i o r 4 1 , 2 6 2 - 2 6 5 s c H W A L BsEn u c L e u s3 9 7 - - superior262-263 , 7 8 ,I 5 7 S c t e r a3 6 2 - 3 6 43 - p o s t e r i o r3 8 6 S c r o t u m1 5 - rectus 260,262-263,276, 311 S e g m e n t so f t h e s p i n a Lc o r d 3 4 1 - s a g i t t a t i si n f e r i o r 2 6 0 ,2 6 2 ,2 76 , Segmentumt-aJ - cervicalia 341-343 294,321 - c o c c y g e a3 4 1 - - superior 116-117,260-263, - l u m b a L i a3 4 1 - 3 4 3 276, 280-281,294, 311, 321 - m e d u [ [ a es p i n a t i s3 4 1 - s i g m o i d e u sL 1 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 2, 6 0 , - s a c r a l i a3 4 1 262-265,278,399 - t h o r a c i c a3 4 1 - 3 4 3 - s p h e n o i d a t i3s8 , 4 5 ,5 0 - 5 1 , 5 5 , S e t t at u r c i c a 3 8 , 5 7 ,8 8 , 2 7 9 6 2 , 8 7- 8 9 , 9 1, 1 3 6 , 2 7 9 , 3 2 4 , 3 6 9 , r57 Semicana[is - s p h e n o p a r i e t a t i2s6 0 ,2 6 2 - 2 6 3 - m u s c u t ti e n s o r i st y m p a n i3 8 6 , - t r a n s v e r s u s14 0 - 14 1 ,2 6 2 - 2 6 3 , 3 8 9 ,3 9 8 - t u b a ea u d i t i v a e3 8 8 - 3 8 93, 9 1 , 3 9 8 399 - t y m p a n i3 8 6 , 3 9 8 Sensibitity - v a l v u l a e2 1 - d e e p ,u n c o n s c i o u3s4 9 - v e n o s u ss c l e r a e 3 6 2 - 3 6 4 - e p i c r i t i c( p a t h w a y so f e p i c r i t i c s e n s i b i t i t y3 l 48 S i p h o nc a r o t l c u m2 5 9 - p r o t o p a t h i cI p a t h w a y so f p r o t o S k e t e t am I u s c l e s ,o v e r v i e w1 2 - 1 3 p a t h i cs e n s i b i t i t y 3 l 48 Sketeton - b o n em a r r o w ,h a e m a t o p o i e t i c , S e n s o r yc e [ [ sI C r i s t aa m p u t t a r i s l distribution 7 395 - o s s e o u sp o i n t s ,p a t p a b l e7 S e n s o r ys y s t e m - association area 2i1 S k i n ,s t r u c t u r e 3 1 - nrniortinn aroz 191 SkuLL 33-38,44-47 Spatiuml-al Septum - c a n a [ i sm u s c u l o t u b a r3i i8 6 - 3 8 7 , - a x i t t a r e t a t e r a t e1 8 3 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 1 - - m e d i a l e1 8 3 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 1 3 8 9 ,3 9 8 - i n t e r m u s c u [ a r e3 1 - e p i d u r a l e1 3 6 , 1 5 L - i n t e r v a g i n a [seu b a r a c h n o i d a L e - - b r a c h iti a t e r a t e1 7 8 - 1 7 91, 8 5 , 362,368 187, 191, 200-202,234,2s2 - - - m e d i a t e1 7 0 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 7 , - lateropharyngeum 140-141 18 9 - 19 0 , 1 9 4 - 1 9 8 , 2 1 9 - 2 2 0 , - o e s o p h a g o t r a c h e a1L2e9 ,1 3 6 - p e r i c h o r o i d e u m3 6 2 232,238,240,252-253
S t r o m ai r i d i s 3 6 4 Spatium(-a) - r e t r o o e s o p h a g e u1m3 6 S t r u m an o d o s a1 3 5 - r e t r o p h a r y n g e u 1m3 6 S u b a r a c h n osi dp a c e3 11 - s u b a r a c h n o i d e u1 m 1 6 , 1 5 L , 2 6 1 ,S u b c u t i3 s1 p r o m o n t o r i3i 8 6 Subiculum 278,311,325 - z o n u l a r i a3 6 3 - 3 6 5 S u b i n t i m a9 S p h e n o i d abto n es O ss p h e n o i d a [ e S u b m a n d r b u tga[ra n ds G l a n d u t a s ub m an di buL ar i s Spinal-ael - h e t i c i s3 8 0 S ub s t an t i a - atba261,315,329,345 - m e n t a t i s6 0 - 6 1 - c o m p a c t a7 - - s u p e r i o r1 0 6 - gelatinosa 345-346 - n a s a l i s4 8 - - a n t e r i o r 3 4 - 3 5 , 1 , 1 , , L 9 , 5 1 - 5 2 , - - c e n t r a L i s3 4 5 - g r i s e a3 15 , 3 2 9 ,3 4 5 87 - - c e n t r a l i s2 9 7 - - p o s t e r i o r1 , 2 , 4 9 - 5 2 - - i n t e r m e d i ac e n t r a t i s3 4 6 - o s s i ss p h e n o i d a t i4s0 , 4 2 ,5 3 , - tentis366 5 6 ,6 2 ,3 8 8 - n i g r a 2 76 - 2 7 7 ,2 8 7 ,2 9 7 ,3 0 9 , - p a l a t i n a e5 2 - s c a p u [ a e1 6 0 ,1 6 2 - 1 6 3 , 336,350 - p e r f o r a t aa n t e r i o r 2 8 6 , 2 9 7 1 7 8 - 1 7 9 1, 8 2 - 18 3 - - p o s t e r i o r2 8 7 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 7 , 3 1 8 - s u p r a m e a t i c a5 8 - p r o p r i ac o r n e a e3 6 4 - tympanicm a ajor387 - - s c l e r a e3 6 8 - - minor387 - s p o n g i o s a7 S p i n acl o r d - s M e d u [ [ as p i n a [ i s Sutcus(-il - a n t e r o l a t e r a l i s3 4 2 ,3 4 5 ,f 5 7 - reflexes 346 - - [ M e d u t t ao b t o n g a t a ]2 7 3 - s e g m e n t s3 4 1 e ediae S p i n a Ln e r v e ss N e r v u s l - i s] p i n a t e s - a r t e r i a em e n i n g e a m 278 S p l e e ns S p l e n - - t e m p o r a t im s e d i a e5 8 S p l e n1 6 - 1 7 - a r t e r i o s i 3 8 - 4 0 ,5 6 ,5 9 , 95, S p t e n i u m2 76 , 2 8 7 ,2 9 2 - 2 9 3 2 306-3073 , 1s , 3 2 0 ,3 2 1 , 3 3 2 - 3 3 3 , - b u t b o p o n t i n u s3 0 2 - c a t c a r i n u s2 8 7- 2 8 8 , 2 9 1- 2 9 2 , 337,370 Squama - frontatis 31+-35, 47-48,50,55,353 - o c c i p i t a t i s3 8 , 4 6 - 4 7 S S AI s p e c iifc s o m a t i ca f f e r e n c e ] 3 0 0 - 3 0 1T, 5 6 S t a p e s 3 7 9 ,3 8 2 - 3 8 3 3 , 8 5 ,3 8 7 , 3 9 3 ,3 9 9 STENSEN { S' sT E N 0 NdIu c ts D u c t u s p ar o tId e us S t e r n o c t a v i c u [ jaori n t s A r t i c u t a t i o s t er n o c [ a vci uI ar is Sternum 6 Stratum - b a s a l e3 1 - c o r n e u m3 1 - - { s t r i c t us e n s u l3 1 - f i b r o s u m[ C a p s u taar t i c u t a r i ss] M e m b r a n af i b r o s a - - [ V a g i n tae n d i n i s ]' 1' 1 , 2 1 3 - germinativum 31 - granulosum { C e r e b e t t u m3l0 5 - - { C u t i s l3 1 - l u c i d u m3 1 - m o l e c u t a r e{ C e r e b e l t u m3l 0 5 - n e r v o s u m3 6 2 , 3 6 8 - p a p i L L a r3e1 - pigmentosum 362,368 - r e t i c u t a r e3 1 - s p i n o s u m3 1 - synoviate I C a p s u t a r t i c u t a r i ss] M e m b r a n as y n o v i a t i s - - l V a g i n a t e n d i n 1i s1l , 2 1 3 S t r i aI - a e J - L o n g i t u d i n a tliast e r a l i s 2 9 3 ,3 1 2 , 328 - - m e d i a l i s2 9 3 , 3 1 2 , 3 2 8 - m a t t e a r i s3 8 2 - m e d u [ [ a r i s ( - etshla t a m i2 9 5 , 327-328 - - ventricuq t iu a r t i 2 9 9 , 3 1 1 - o l f a c t o r i aL a t e r a t i s2 8 6 - t e r m i n a t i s2 9 8 ,3 1 3 ,3 1 5 - 3 1 7 , -332 3 2 7- 3 2 8 , 3 3 1 - v a s c u l a r i s3 9 4
307,313, 320,323-324,329, , 7 0 - 3 71 3 3 3 - 3 3 43 , 3 7 - 3 3 83 - caroticus 1+0,56-57, 278 - centraLislCerebruml 281,-285, 2 8 9 - 2 9 0 , 3 0 73, 10 , 3 1 2 , 3 2 0 , 3 2 4 , 3 3 0 - 3 3 23 , 37-339 - - insulae289 - c e r e b r a lh e m i s p h e r e s2 8 7 , 2 8 9 - c i n g u [ i 2 8 5 ,2 8 8 ,2 9 2 ,3 2 6 ,3 3 1 , 337 - c i r c u L a r i sn s u t a e2 8 9 , 3 2 6 - collateratis 287-288, 314-315, 334-336 - c o r p o r i sc a t t o s i3 0 7 ,3 2 6 - f r o n t a t i si n f e r i o r 2 8 5 - - superior285 - hippocampatis287-288, 314-315,335-336 - h y p o t h a [ a m i c u s2 9 5 ,3 1 7 ,3 2 0 , 3 2 8 ,3 3 5 - i n f r a o r b i t a t i4s9 ,5 3 - 5 5 , 3 5 3 - i n t e r m e d i u sp o s t e r i o r2 9 9 ,3 4 5 - i n t e r t u b e r c u t a r i s16 1- 1 6 2 , 16 5 - intraparietatis 285,289-290 - [ a c r i m a [ i st M a x i t t a J4 9 - - [ 0 s t a c r i m a t e i3 5 3 - l a t e r a L i s2 8 8 - 2 9 0 3, 0 9 - 3 1 0 3 , 26, 3 2 8 ,3 3 0 - [imitans299-300 - lunatus 289,332-334 - m e d i a n u st i n g u a e1 0 3 - - p o s t e r i o r{ M e d u t t ao b t o n g a t a } 299_300, 31,2_343,31,5 - - { V e n t r i c u t uqsu a r t u s l 298-299,311 - m u s c u t si u b c l a v i1i 5 9 - m y t o h y o i d e u6s0 , 6 2 - n e r v ip e t r o s im a j o r i s 4 0 , 3 9 1 ---minoris40 - - r a d i a l i s1 6 1 ,1 9 1 - - u l n a r i s1 6 1 , 1 7 0 - o c c i p i t o t e m p o r a t i2s8 7 - oLfactorius286-287 - orbitales 286-287
ii.iiriirtrl
lndex
S u t c u s-li l - p a t a t i n u s l -5 i l2 - - major 93 - p a t p e b r a Lsi u s p e r i o r3 5 2 -
'16?
nrlnohrnnr
- p a r i e t o o c c i p i t a t i2s8 5 ,2 8 8 - 2 9 0 , 2 9 2 ,3 0 7 ,3 2 0 ,3 2 9 ,3 3 1- 3 3 2 ,3 3 7 - postcentratis285,289-290 - posterolateratis299,342-343, 3 4 5 ,T 5 7 -
nroronfralic
lQq
19,9
- p f e c h i a s m a t i c u s5 7 ,2 7 9 - p r o m o n t o r i i3 8 6 - r e t r o o t i v a r i s2 71 - 2 7 2 ,I 5 7 - s c l e r a e3 5 2 - s i n u sp e t r o s ii n f e r i o r i s4 0 , 3 9 1 ---superioris40 - - s a g i t t a t i ss u p e r i o r i s3 9 - 1 ' 0 - - s i g m o i d e[i0 s o c c i p i t a t e5J7 , 278 - - - ( 0 s t e m p o r a t e )3 8 ,4 0 , 5 9 , 3 9 0 - 3 91 - - t r a n s v e r s i3 8 , / + 0 , 5 7 - s p i r a l i se x t e r n u s3 9 4 - - i n t e r n u s3 9 4 - subparietalis 329,331-332 - temporatisinterior 286-287, 289 - - superior285,289,329, 332-335 - t e r m i n a l i sl L i n g u a J1 0 3 ,1 4 1 - t u b a ea u d i t i v a e5 6 - t y m p a n i c u s3 8 6 - v e n o s i3 9 S u t c u so f R O L A N D208 9 S u p e r c i t i u m3 5 2 , 3 7 8 S u p e r ifc i a La b d o m i n a rI e fl e x 3 4 6 S up in a t i o - l A r t i c u [ a t icou b i t i lT 2 3 - l A r t i c u [ a t i ot a t o t a r s a t i sT ] 39 S u p p o r t i ncge [ [ sI C r i s t aa m p u L t a r i s 3J 9 5 S u r f a c ea n a t o m y - in the female 2-3 - in the mate 2-3 S u t ur a - c o r o n a t i s3 4 - 3 6 ,3 8 - 3 9 ,4 5 - 4 7 , 261 - e t h m o i d o t a c r i m a l5i s5 - f r o n t a l i s4 6 - 4 7 , 1 1 7 - f r o n t o t a c r i m a l i s3 4 - 3 5 - f r o n t o m a x i t t a r i s3 4 , 5 4 ,8 6 - f r o n t o n a s a l i3s4 ,5 0 , 8 6 - f r o n t o z y g o m a t i c3a4 - 3 5 ,9 1 , 1 1 7 - i n c i s i v a5 2 - i n t e r m a x i [ L a r i3s4 - i n t e r n a s a t i s3 4 - [ a c r i m o m a x i [ [ a r i3s 5 - l a m b d o i d e a3 5 - 3 9 ,4 4 - 4 6 - n a s o m a x i l t a r i s3 4 - 3 5 ,8 6 - o c c i p i t a l i st r a n s v e r s a3 7 ,4 7 - o c c i p i t o m a s t o i d e3a5 ,3 7 , 4 0 - p a l a t i n am e d i a n a4 2 , 5 2 , 9 3 - - t r a n s v e T s4a2 , 4 9 , 5 2 , 8 7 - p a t a t o m a x i L L a r9i 3 s - p a r i e t o m a s t o i d e3 a5 , 3 7 - s a g i t t a t i s3 6 - 3 7 ,4 4 ,4 7 , 2 6 1 - sphenofrontali3 s 1 r - 3 5 , 4 05, 5 - s p h e n o p a r i e t a l i3s 4 - s p h e n o s q u a m o s3a5 , 4 0 - s p h e n o z y g o m a t i c3a4 - 3 5 ,3 5 6 - s q u a m o s a3 5 , 3 7 - 3 8 - t e m p o r o z y g o m a t i c3a5 - v o m e r o m a x i t t a r i8 s7 - z y g o m a t i c o f r o n t a t5 i s1 r - z y g o m a t i c o m a x i [ t a r3i s4 - 3 5 , 5 3 - 5 4 .117
T i b i a6 - d e v e l o p m e n 8t t i b i a L i s1 Tongue - s Lrngua - m u s c l e ss M u s c u t u s [ -liiln g u a e T o n stit a[ - a e J - cerebelli 286,302-305,320,329 - [ i n g u a l i s1 0 3 ,1 1 3 - p a t a t i n a9 2 , 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 1, 0 8 ,11 3 , 130,136,139,141,r57 - p h a r y n g e a8 8 ,9 2 , 1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1 , 156 Torus - l e v a t o r i u s1 3 6 ,1 3 9 - m a n d i b u [ a r i6s 0 - t u b a r i u s 8 8 ,9 2 , 1 3 9 ,1 4 1 , 24, T r a c h e a 1 4 ,1 1 5 ,1 1 8 - 1 1 9 1 126-127, 129-130, 132-136,138, 1 4 1 ,1 4 7, 1 5 5 T r a c h e o t o m y11 8 - lower 118 - u p p e r1 1 8 Tracts - o f e p i c r i t l sc e n s i b i t i tsy s e n s i b i [ T i t y ,e p i c r i t i c - o t p r o t o p a t h i sc e n s i b i [ i t sy s e n Taenia - c h o r o i d e a2 9 8 , 3 1 7 s i b i L i t yp, r o t o p a t h i c - fornicis293,316-317 Tractus - t h a t a m i3 ' i 7 - b u t b o r e t i c u t o s p i n a t3i s5 0 - c e r e b e t t o r u b r a t i3s2 8 ,3 5 0 T a t u s ,d e v e l o p m e n 8t - corticospinaa T a p e t u m3 0 6 ,3 1 3 ,3 2 9 ,3 3 1- 3 3 2 , t i ns t e r i o r3 0 7 , 338 3 1 ' 73, 5 0 - - l a t e r a l i s3 0 7 , 3 4 7 , 3 5 0 Tarsus - i n f e r i o r 3 5 1 - - 3 5 63,7 8 - f rontopontinus 296, 307-3Og - h y p o t h a t a m o h y p o p h y s i a2t 9 - s u p e r i o r3 5 4 - 3 5 63, 7 8 i s5 - o l f a c t o r i u s8 8 ,2 76 , 2 8 3 ,2 8 6 , Tectum337 - m e s e n c e p h a l2i 6 7 ,2 8 7 ,2 9 5 , 292,318,326,370 - o p t i c u s 2 76 , 2 9 2 ,2 9 6 - 2 9 7 2 , 99, 297,302, 320,323-324,335-336, 3 0 7 ,3 0 9 ,3 2 7 ,3 3 6 ,3 6 9- 3 71 ,r 5 7 348,370,T57 - paraventriculohyPoPhYsiatis T e e t h ,p e r m a n e n t9 6 - 9 7 Tegmen 295 - tympani400 - p y r a m i d a l i s3 0 7 ,3 0 9 ,3 2 8 - v e n t r i c u tqi u a r t i 3 0 4 - 3 0 5 - r e t i c u t o s p i n a [ i3s4 7 ,3 5 0 - r u b r o s p i n a t i s3 4 7 ,3 5 0 T e g m e n t u mm e s e n c e p h a t2i 8 7 , - r u b r o t h a l a m i c u s3 5 0 295,297,302,323,328,335-337 - s p i n o c e r e b e t t a rai sn t e r i o r 3 1 1 7 , Tela - c h o r o i d e av e n t r i c u tqi u a r t i 2 9 8 349 - - - tertii 295,302,315-317, - - p o s t e r i o r3 4 7 , 3 4 9 - s p i n o o t i v a r i s3 4 7- 3 4 9 320-321,327-329, - s p i n o r e t i c u [ a r i3 s48 3 3 2 - 3 3 33 , 37 - subcutanea - s p i n o t e c t a l i s3 4 7 - 3 4 8 254,256 - s p i n o t h a [ a m i c au ns t e r i o r Tolonronhelnn ?Al 347-348 T e m p o r ab l o n es O st e m p o r a t e - - lateralis 3/.7-348 T e m p o r o m a n d i b ujtoairn ts A r t i c u - s p i r a l i sf o r a m i n o s u s3 9 1 , 3 9 7 l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r i s - s u p r a o p t i c o h y p o p h y s i a2t i9s5 T e n d o { - i n e s1l 1 - t e c t o s p i n a t i3s4 7 , 3 5 0 - i n t e r m e d i u s1 5 1 - vestibulospina3 t i5s 0 , 3 9 7 T e n d o ns h e a t h sh, a n d 11 , 2 0 8 - - l a t e r a l i s3 5 0 , 3 9 7 T e n t o r i u mc e r e b e L t2i 6 2 ,2 76 , 3 2 1 , - - m e d i a t i s3 4 7 , 3 5 0 , 3 9 7 r57 - v e s t i b u l o t h a [ a m i c u3s9 7 T e s t i s 15 , 3 0 T r a g u s3 8 0 , 3 8 2 T h a t a m u s2 8 4 ,2 9 2 ,2 94 - 2 96 , 2 9 8 , exis 1 302,308,316-317, 320,322-325, T r a n s v e r s a plane 1 Transverse 327-328, 332-334,337-338,348, 350,397 T r i a n g L oe f P H I L I P P E - G o M B A3U4L7T - c o r t i c a Ip r o j e c t i o n2 9 6 T r i a n g u t asrp a c e 1 8 3 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 1 - nuclei 296 Trigonum - c a r o t i c u m3 2 T h e n a r 1 5 7 ,1 8 0 ,2 0 6 ,2 1 3 ,2 4 9 , - clavipectoral4 e, 225-226 256 - c o [ [ a t e r a l e3 1 3 - 3 1 6 3 - m u s c l e sT 3 6 , 3 4 ,3 3 8 - femoris 4 T h o r a c i ca p e r t u r eu p p e r 1 4 9 - habenutar2 e98 Thorax 2,6 - [emniscL i a t e r a l i s2 9 8 T h y m u s3 0 - m u s c u L a r [eo m o t r a c h e a t e3] 2 T h y r o i dc a r t i l a g es C a r t i [ a g ot h y - n e r v ih y p o g l o s s2i 9 9 rotoea T h y r o i dg t a n ds G L a n d u ttah y r o i d e a - - vagi 299 S V AI s p e c i f i cv i s c e r a a I fferenceJ 3 0 0 - 3 0 1T, 5 6 S V E{ s p e c i f i cv i s c e r a a I fference] 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0T15, 6 S Y L V I UASq, u e d u c o t f s Aqueductus m e s en c ep h a[ i S Y L V l af n i s s u r es S u L c u sl a t e r a l i s ICerebrum] S y m p a t h e t i cn e r v o u ss y s t e m 2 7 S y m p a t h e t i tcr u n k s T r u n c u s s y mp a r nIc u s Symphysis - m a n d i b u L a4e6 ,6 1 - m a n u b r i o s t e r n a t1i s5 9 Synchondrosi9 s - p e t r o o c c i p i t a t1i s3 8 - 1 3 93, 9 1 - s p h e n o p e t r o s a3 9 0 - 3 9 1 S y n d e s m o s i s9 S y n o s t o s i s9 Systema - n e r v o s u mc e n t r a [ e2 4 - - periphericum 24
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Trigonum - o l f a c t o r i u m2 8 7 ,2 9 2 ,2 9 7 - omoclavicu[are 32,119 - s u b m a n d i b u t a r e3 2 , 1 5 1 - s u b m e n t a t e3 2 TrochLea - humeri161,168,170 - { M o b [ i q u u s u p e r i o r l3 5 8 , 3 6 1 , 375 T r u n c u s l - 2i l- 3 , 6 , 2 5 - b r a c h i o c e p h a t i c u1s8 - 1 9 ,2 2 , 1 2 1 ,1 3 6 ,14 1 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 3 2, 7 2 - bronchomediastinalis 23, 229 - cerebri 24,302 - c o e l i a c u s1 8 - 1 9 ,2 2 ,2 7 - - b r a n c h e s1 9 - ( C o r p u sc a [ [ o s u m ]2 76 , 2 9 2 , , 0 9 ,3 13 - 3 14 , 2 94 , 2 9 8 ,3 0 6 - 3 0 7 3 320,32/+-328,331,337 - c o s t o c e r v i c a t t's1 9 ,15 2 - encephati 284,286,293, 298-299,320 - i n f e r i o r2 5 , 1 5 3 , 2 1 4 - i n t e s t i n a [ i s2 3 - jugutaris23,133,229 - t u m b a t i s2 3 - [ u m b o s a c r a l i s2 6 - m e d i u s2 5 , 1 5 3 , 2 1 4 - n e r v ia c c e s s o r i i1 / ' 1 , 2 7 3 - - s p i n a t i s2 6 , 3 4 4 - p u [ m o n a t i s2 2 - s u b c t a v i u s2 3 , 2 2 9 - s u p e r i o r 1 4 4 - 1 4 51 , 5 3 ,2 1 4 - s y m p a t h i c u s2 7- 2 9 , 4 1 , 140-11,1,147, 153-15/1 - t h y r o c e r v i c a t i s1 9 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 7 , 152-153,228 -
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- - poslerior 27,272 Tuba - a u d i t i v a1 0 1 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 7 3 ,8 9 ,4 0 0 - u t e r i n a1 5 Tuber - cinereum 286-287,297,370 - f r o n t a l e3 6 , 4 6 , / + 8 - m a x i t l a e1 r 9 - parietate 35-36, 1,6-1'7 - vermis 302-304 TubercuLum(-al - a n t e r i u st h a l a m i 2 9 8 - - {Vertebra c e r v i c a l i s l1 2 1 - a r t i c u t a r e4 2 , 5 8 - 5 9 ,6 3 ,6 5 - 6 6 , 100 - a u r i c u t a r e3 8 0 - c a r o t i c u ms T u b e r c u l u ma n terius - c o n o i d e u m1 5 9 - c o r n i c u [ a t u m1 2 9 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1 - c u n e a t u m 2 76 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , f 5 7 - c u n e i f o r m e1 2 6 - 1 2 7 1 , 2 9 ,1 3 6 , 1 3 9 ,1 4 1 - dentis 94 - d o r s a t e1 6 7 , 1 7 4 - epigtotticum 127 - g r a c i [ e2 7 6 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 - i n f r a g t e n o i d a t1 e 6 0 ,1 6 2 ,1 6 5 - j u g u [ a r e5 7 - m a j u s 1 6 1 - 1 6 3 ,1 6 5 ,1 8 4 - m e n t a t e6 0 ,1 0 6 - minus 161,165 - o s s i ss c a p h o i d e1i 7 1 , 1 7 6 - - t r a p e z i i1 7 1 - 1 7 2 - p h a r y n g e u m4 2 - p o s t e r i u sl V e r t e b r ac e r v i c a l i s ] 45 - s e t t a e4 0 ,5 7 - s u p r a g l e n o i d a1 t e6 0
Tuberculum[-a] - t h y r o i d e u mi n f e r i u s 1 0 8 ,1 2 2 - - superius122 Tuberositas [-tesI - d e t t o i d e a1 6 1 - m a s s e t e r i c a6 0 , 6 2 - p h a l a n g i sd i s t a l i sl M a n u s l 1 71- 1 7 2 , 211 - pterygoidea 60-62,66 - radii 167-170 - u l n a e 1 6 6 ,1 6 8 - 1 6 9 T u b u [ a rb o n es t r u c t u r e 7 Tunica - conjunctiva butbi 352,357, 359-360,362 - - p a l p e b r a r u m3 5 2 , 3 5 5 - fibrosa butbi 363 - i n t e r n ab u t b i 3 6 3 - m u c o s al l a r y n x ) 1 3 1 - - l i n g u a e 1 0 4 ,1 3 0 - - o r i s 9 3 ,1 0 7 - 1 0 8 - - l P h a r y n x )1 2 4 - - l s r n u sm a x t l l a n s l J 5 / - - l T r a c h e a )1 2 9 - m u s c u l a r i s( O e s o p h a g u s1) 3 8 , 141 - v a s c u t o s ab u t b i 3 6 3 Tympaniccavity 382, 385-387,399 - watts 385 T y m p a n i cm e m b r a n es . M e m b r a n a tympani Typesof muscles 11
Vagina[-ae] - t e n d i n i s d i gliM tianus1 l 1,180, 208,211,246,257 - - intertubercularis 162-164, 182-183,190 - - m u s c u [ ia b d u c t o r i sp o l l i c i s t o n g i 2 0 7 - 2 0 82 , 11,2/+6 - - - e x t e n s o r i sc a r p iu t n a r i s 211 d i g i t im i n i m i 2 1 1 digitorum211,246 indicis 211,246 potticisbrevis 207-208, 211,2t+6 - t o n g i2 1 1 , 2 / + 6 , 2 5 7 - - - f t e x o r i sc a r p ir a d i a l i s 207-208,211,2t+6 p o t t i c i st o n g i 1 7 5 , 207-208,211,257 - t e n d i n u mm u s c u t o r u me x t e n s o rum 211,246 c a r p i r a d i a t i u m2 1 ' 246 Va[[ecuta - cerebe[[i 304 - e p i g t o t t i c a1 3 0 VaLLum unguis31 V a t v u l a ve e n o s a e2 1 Vasl-a) - t y m p h a t i c u m l - a2l 3 - - p r o f u n d a3 1 - - s u p e r f i c i a l i a3 1 , 1 5 0 , 2 2 / + - s a n g u i n e ar e t i n a e 3 6 3 , 3 6 7 Veinlsl - head 260 U - of GALEN s . V e n am a g n ac e r e b r i - of LABBE260 Utna6, 158,166,168-170, 172-17 4, 176-177 ,200-202,20/+, - s y s t e m i cc i r c u l a t i o n2 0 207,209-210,253-256 Ve[um - development - meduttareinterius 276,299, 8 Utnarcana[256 304-305 - - s u p e r i u s2 7 6 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , u[naris1 Umbomembranae tympanicae 3 0 2 ,3 0 4 - 3 0 5 3 , 29 - p a l a t i n u ms . P a t a t u mm o [ [ e 382,385 Uncus286-288, 290,292,314, 336, V e n a [ - a e ] - a t v e o t a r i si n f e r i o r 116 - 1 17 - a n a s t o m o t i c sau p e r i o r 2 8 1 Upperarms. Arm - a n g u [ a r i s7 5 , 2 6 0 , 3 7 6 Upperthoracic aperture149 - anterior septi peltucidi 321-322, Ureter15 Urethra 326,333 - feminin1 - a u r i c u t a r i sp o s t e r i o r 1 4 2 - 1 4 4 a5 - m a s c u t i n1a5 - a x i [ [ a r i s2 0 , 1 4 6 - 1 4 82, 2 4 ,
Urinary andgenitaI tract - in thefemale, overview 15 - in thema[e,overview 15 Uterus15 Utriculus393-394 Uveas. Lamina vascuLosa Uvu[a - patatina92,102,113,139 - vermis 302-304
V a g i n a l - a e1l 5 - c o m m u n i st e n d i n u mm u s c u L o r u m f l e x o r u m 2 0 8 ,2 11 - e x t e r n an e r v io p t i c i 3 5 8 , 3 6 2 , 3 6 8 - 3 6 93 , 78 - i n t e r n an e r v io p t i c i 3 6 8 - 3 6 9 - m u s c u [ ir e c t ia b d o m i n i s1 7 9 , 225 - nervi optici 265,T57 - p r o c e s s u s t y t o i d e i5 9 - s y n o v i a t ids i g i t o r u mm a n u s 2 0 8 - - t e n d i n i s9 , 1 1
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- azygos20-21 - basatis260,294,322 - basilica20,178,221+, 230,232, 236-237, 247, 252-25/+, 256 - brachiates 20,227,229, 252-254 - brachiocephaLica 228 - - dextra20-21,77,141,149, -
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Vena[-aeJ - c i r c u m f t e x ah u m e r ip o s t e r i o r 2 2 7, 2 3 1 - - s c a p u t a e2 2 7 - c o l i c ad e x t r a 2 1 - - m e d i a2 1 - - sinistra21 - c o m i t a n sn e r v ih y p o g l o s s7i 5 , 114 - c o n j u n c t i v a l iasn t e r i o r 3 6 3 - d i p t o i c a e2 6 1 - - f r o n t a l e s7 5 , 2 6 1 - - o c c i p i t a l e s7 5 ,2 6 1 - - t e m p o r a t e sa n t e r i o r e s7 5 ,
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Venalael mediana - - basitica 236-237 - - c e p h a t i c a2 3 7 - - cubiti 20,170,178,230, 236-237,254 - m e n i n g e am e d i a 2 6 3 - m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r 2 0 - 2 1 - - superior20-21 - n a s o f r o n t a l i s7 5 , 3 7 6 - occipitatis 75, 142-11+/+, 148-149,260,281 - ophthatmicainlerior 260,264 - - superior 41,260,263,265, 278,376,378 - o v a r i c a2 0 - 2 1 zdl - - posteriores75,261 - parietales 281-282, 291+ - p h a r y n g e a e7 5 , 1 4 0 e m i s s a r i a l - a ecl o n d y t a r i s4 1 , - p h r e n i c ai n f e r i o r 2 1 75,264 - frontatis 260 - p o p t i t e a2 0 - m a s t o i d e a7 5 ,2 6 0 - p o r t a eh e p a t i s 2 0 - 2 1 - o c c i p i t a l i s2 6 0 - portales hypophysiates295 - parietalis 75,260-261 - p r o f u n d a l - a ec)e r e b r i 3 2 2 - - faciei 85 e p i s c [ e r a [ i s3 6 3 - - femoris 20 f a c i a L i s6 9 ,7 5 ,8 2 , 8 5 ,1 0 9 - 11 0 , - - l i n g u a e1 1 5 1 1 6 ,1 1 8 ,1 t + 3 - 1 / +154, 8 - 1 t + 91,5 1 , - r e c t a l i ss u p e r i o r 2 1 260,376 - renalis20-21 f e m o r a l i s2 0 - r e t r o m a n d i b u l a r i s7 5 ,8 2 , 8 5 , f r o n t a t e s2 8 1 g a s t r i c a2 1 110, 143-1t+6,148-149, 151, 260 - s a c r a l i sm e d i a n a 2 1 g a s t r o o m e n t a t i s2 1 - s a p h e n am a g n a 2 0 h e m i a z y g o s2 1 - a c c e s s o r i a2 1 - - parva 20 - s i g m o i d e a e2 1 h e p a t i c a e2 0 - 2 2 - spl.enica20-21 itei 21 - subclavia 20-21, 23, 77, 118, iliaca communis 20-22 - e x t e r n a2 0 - 2 1 1 2 1 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 5 ,1 4 9 , 2 2 6 - interna20-21 - s u b f a s c i a l i s3 1 - s u b t i n g u a l i s1 1 0 ,1 1 4 - 1 1 5 i t i o L u m b a t i2 s1 - s u b m e n t a t i s7 5 ,8 2 , 8 5 , 11 0 , inferiores cerebri 294 i n f r a o r b i t a [ i s3 7 8 145,148 - s u b s c a p u l a r i s2 2 7 i n t e r c a p i t u [ a r el M s anus]247 - superiorescerebri 260,262, i n t e r c o s t a l epso s t e r i o r e s2 1 interna cerebri 260,294, 281-282,294 - s u p r a o r b i t a t i s3 7 6 31 6-317, 321-322, 328-329, 333 - s u p r a r e n a [ i s2 1 i n t e r o s s e ap o s t e r i o r 1 9 7 - suprascapu[ari2 i n t r a m u s c u t a r i s3 1 s 29 - supratrochlearis 75 inlra
Labiatis inferior75 tta - superior75 - thoracodorsalis 227-228 - t h o r a c o e p i g a s t r i c a1e4 7 , tabyrinthi 4'1,265 lacrimalis376 224-225,227-228 tcJ laryngea superior108,114,131, - t h y m i c a e 1 4 9 - sinistra20-21,121,136,141, 1 3 7 , 1 4 1 - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r 1 3 6 ,1 3 9 , - [ateraLis 1/+6-147 ventricu[i lateralis322 1 4 7 - 1 4 91 , 55 ,149,153 - [inguaLis - - media 133,149 cavainferior20-22 115-116, 134 - s u p e r i o2r 0 - 2 2 , 1 2 1 , 1 1 + 1 , 1 1- +[umbaLis{-esJ - - s u p e r i o r7 5 ,1 1 0 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 6 , 9, 21 - - ascendens 153 21 145,147-149 '1 - m a g n ca e r e b r2i 6 0 , 2 6 2 , 2 7 6 , - t i b i a l e sa n t e r i o r e s2 0 centra[is retinae 16,363,368 cephalica 20,118,144-149, 178, 302,311,316-317,320-322,329, - - posteriores 20 - t r a n s v e r s ac o t t i 8 1 , 1 4 3 , 22/+-226, 228-231,236, 2t+7, 334,337,370 - maxiLLaris 252-25t+,256 69,75,85 148-149,229 - mediaprofunda - u m b i l i c a l i s2 2 cerebri 294 cerebri294 - v e r t e b r a l i s1 3 3 ,1 5 3 ,1 5 5 profunda75,153 cervicalis 322 - superficiatis - - superficiatis 148 cerebri281,29/+, - vorticosa 363 choroidea inferior322 326 V e n o u ss i n u s e ss . S i n u sd u r a e - superior322 - mediana antebrachii 230, matris citiaris anterior363 236-237 Venousvatves 21
Venter - anterior 68,72-73, 77, 81+,106, 110 - 111 , 1 1 4 ,1 16 - 11 7 ,1 1 9- 1 2 0 , 137,144-146,11+8-1 51, T9, T57 - frontalis 70-73, 354,I1 - i n f e r i o r1 0 5 ,1 1 8 - 1 2 01, 4 / + - 1 / + 6 , 14 8 , 15 0 , 18 2 - 18 3 , 1 8 6 ,1 8 9 , 2 2 8 , T10 - o c c i p i t a t i s7 1 - 7 3 ,1 4 2 ,I 1 - p o s t e r i o r7 3 ,1 0 5 - 1 0 61, 1 0 , 118-120,137-1 41,399,T9, T57 - s u p e r i o r1 0 5 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 4 ,1 1 9 - 1 2 0 , 1 4 4 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 7, 1 5 0 , 2 2 9 , 1 1 0 V e n t r i c t e t ssl V e n t r i c u [ u s [ - i ] V e n t r i c uI u s [ - Ii - c o r d i sd e x t e r 2 2 - - sinister22 - e n c e p h a l3i 1 0 - 3 1 1 - l a r y n g i s 1 0 4 ,1 2 7 ,1 2 9 ,1 3 1 IJJ
- lateratis277,293-294, 296, 298, 309,311,313-317, 320-321 -339 323-329,331 - - w a t t s3 1 3
Ventriculus[-i] - q u a r t u s2 7 6 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 53 ,1 0 - 3 11 , 320,324,329,337 - tertius 276, 294-295,298,302, 3 0 9 - 3 11 ,3 1 6 - 3 1 73, 2 0 ,3 2 3 - 3 2 5 , 327-328,333-334,336 Venu[a - m a c u [ a r i si n f e r i o r 3 6 7 - - s u p e r i o r3 5 7 - m e d i a l i sr e t i n a e3 6 7 - n a s a t i sr e t i n a ei n f e r i o r 3 6 7 ---superior367 - t e m p o r a t i sr e t i n a ei n f e r i o r 3 6 7 ---superior367 V e r m i sc e r e b e t t i2 76 , 2 8 6 , 2 9 7- 2 9 8 ,3 0 2 - 3 0 3 3 , 12 , 3 15 - 3 16 , 320, 323-324, 329, 33/+-337 349-350 Vertebrae - cervicates 133-13/+,152-151+ - c o c c y g e a se. 0 s c o c c y g i s - lhnreeirao
1q? 16q
V e r t e b r acI a n a Is . C a n a t i sv e r t e braLis
Vertex 36 - c o r n e a e3 6 2 Vesica - b i L i a r i s1 1 r1, 7, 2 2 - f e t t e as . V e s i c ab i l i a r i s - u r i n a r i a1 5 , 2 2 v e s t i b u t a r9 3 - 9 4 Vestibutum - L a b y r i n t h3i 9 2 - laryngis129,133 - n a s i 1 4 , 8 8 1, 3 6 - o r i s 1 4 ,1 0 3 - 1 0 4 V i b r i s s a e9 2 Vincu[uml-al - breve 209 - tonga 209 - tendinum209,213 V i s c e r o c r a n i u m5 4 Vision - associationarea 291 - projectionarea 291 V i s u a If i e t d ,s t a b i [ i s a t i o n3 9 6 V i s u a lp a t h w a y3 7 1 - b t o o ds u p p t y 3 7 0
V o c a IL i g a m e nst L i g a m e n t u m vocate Votas. Palma Vomer 34, 38, 42, /+7,50, 54, 62, 87, 264
w WERNICKE ce ' sn t r e 3 9 7 w l L L I SC , i r c l eo f s C i r c u t u sa r t e r i o suscerebri Wrists. Carpus Wrist-drop,radial nerve patsy 221 Yellowspot s. Macula lutea
z Z o nu[ a - ciLiaris 362-364 - Z I N NsI Z o n u [ ac i [ i a r i s
