Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy Volume 1: Head, Neck, Upper Limb

Atlas of Human Anatomy Edited by R. Putz and R. Pabst

In collaboration with Renate Putz

Translation by S. Bedoui

Volume 1 Head, Neck, Upper Limb 14th edition, newly edited

727 colour plates with 1070 figures Booklet (tables of muscles, joints and nerves)

ELSEVIER

LJR[A I N &: FISCHER

URBAN & FISCHER Munchen . Jena

Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy Volume 1 Head, N eck, U pper Li m b

Correspondence and feedback should be addressed to:

Elsevier G m b H , Urban & Fischer Verlag, Department for Medical Student Info rmation, Alexa nder Gattn a rzik, Karlstrafle 45, 80333 Munich, Germany e - m a i l: medizinstudi u m@e lsevier.d e

Addresses o f the editors:

Professor Dr. med. R e i n h a rd Putz Vorstand des Anatomischen I nstituts der Ludwig- Maximilian s - U n iversitat Pettenkoferstrafle 11 80336 Munchen Germany e-mail: rei [email protected] n i -muenchen.de Professor D r. med. Reinhard Pabst Leiter der Abteilung Fu nktionelle und Angewandte Anatomie Medizinische Hochschule H a n n over Carl-Neu berg-Strafle 1 30625 H a n n over Germany e-mail: pabst . [email protected]

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek

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All rights reserved 14'h edition 2006 ©2006 Elsevier G m b H , M un ic h

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All rights, including translation, are reserved N o part of this p u b lication may be reproduced, stored i n a retrieval system, or transm itted in a ny other form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.

The 1 4'h edition of the Sobotta Atlas consists of two volumes and a booklet conta i n i n g tables (enclosed in Volume 1): Volume 1: Head, Neck, Upper Limb Volume 2: Trunk, Viscera, Lower L i m b

Translation: Dr. med S a m m y Bedoui, H a nnover Editorial staff a t Elsevier: Dr. med. Dorothea H e n nessen Alexa nder Gattnarzik Dr. rer. nat. Andrea Richarz I llustrators: Ulrike Brugger, M u n ich; Rud iger H i m melhan, Heidelberg; Horst Run, M u n i c h; H e n riette R i ntelen, Velbern Book production: Renate Ha usdorf, Munich Com posed by: Typodata, M u n i c h Printed and bound by: A p p l , Wem d i n g Cover design: Carsten Tsc hirner, M u n i c h Printed o n N opacoat 115 g

Printed in Germany I S B N-13: 978-0-443-10348-3 I S B N - l 0: 0-443-10348-8 Current information by www.elsevier.com a nd www elsevier.de

This atlas was founded by Johannes Sobottat, former Professor of Anatomy and Director of the Anatomical Institute of the U niversity of Bonn, Germa ny, German Editions:

1" Edition: 1904-1907 J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, M unich 2nd_ll 'h Edition: 1913-1944 J. F, Leh m a n n s Ve rlag, M u nich 12'h_20'h Editi on: 1948-1993 Urban & Schwarzenberg, M u n i c h 13'h Edition: 1953, e d i t o r H Becher 14'h Edition: 1956, editor H , Becher 15'h Edition: 1957, ed itor H. Becher 16'h Edition: 1967, editor H Becher 17'h Edition: 1972, editors H. Ferner and J, Stau besand 18'h Edition: 1982, e ditors H. Ferner and J. Staubesand 19'h Edition: 1988, editor J . Staubesand 20th Edition: 1993, ed itors R. Putz and R. Pabst 21" Edition: 2000, editors R. Putz and R Pabst, U rban & Fischer Verlag,

Munich

22nd Edition: 2006, editors R. Putz and R Pabst, Elsevier G m b H, M u n i c h

Foreign Editions: Arabic Edition Modern Tec h n ical Center, Damascus C h i nese Edition (com plex characters) H o - C h i Book Publishing Co, Taiwan Chin ese Edition ( s i m plified Chi nese edition I Elsevier, Health Sci ences Asia, Singapore Croatian Edition Na klada Slap, Jastrebarsko Dutch Edition Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, Houten E n g lish Edition (with nomenclature i n Eng lish) Atlas of Human Anatomy Lippi ncott Willi a m s & Wilki ns English Edition (with nomenclature i n Latin) Atlas of Human Anatomy Elsevier GmbH, Urban & Fischer French Edition Atlas d'Anatomie Humaine Tec & Doc Lavoisier, Paris Greek Edition (with nomenclature i n Greek) Maria G, Parissianos, Ath e n s Greek E d i t i o n (with nomenclature i n Latin) Maria G. Parissia nos, Athens H u n garian Edition az ember anatomiajanak atlasza Alliter Kiadai, Bud a pest I ndonesian Edition Atlas Anatomi Manusia Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Ja karta Italian Edition Atlante d i Anatomia U mana UTET, Torino Ja panese Edition Igaku Shoin Ltd . . Tokyo Korean Edition S h i n g H e u n g MedScience, Seoul Polish Edition Atlas anatomii cztowieka U rban & Partner, Wroclaw Portuguese Ed i tion (with nomenclature i n English) Atlas de Anatomia H u mana Editora G u a n a bara Koo g a n , Rio de Janeiro Portuguese Edition (with nomencla ture in Lat i n ) Atlas de Anatomia H u m a n a Editora Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro Spanish Edition Atlas de Anatomia H u mana Editorial Med ica Pa namericana, Buenos Aires/Madrid Turkish Edition Insan Anatomisi Atlasi Beta Basim Yayim Dag itim, Ista nbul

Preface

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General anatomy , . .

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Parts and reg ions of the body . . . . . . . . Passive locomotor system . . . . . . . . . . . Active locomotor system . . . . . . . . . . . . Digestive and respiratory system . . . . . Urinary a n d gen ital system . . . . . . . . . . Su rface p rojection of i nternal orga ns . . Card i ovascular system . . . . . . . . .. Central and peripheral n e rvous system Endocrine organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Skin a n d a ppendages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Contents ,

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Head, Caput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

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1-5 6-10 11-13 14 15 16-17 18-23 24-29 30 31

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Regions o f head a n d neck, Regiones capitis et colli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bones of the s ku ll, Ossa cra n i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temporoma n d i b u la r j o i nt, Articulatio temporomandibularis, and masticatory m uscles . . . . . . . . . . Facial muscles . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vessels a n d nerves of head a n d neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nose, Nasus extern us, and nasal cavity, Cavitas nasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pa ranasal s i n uses, S i n u s paranasa les . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oral cavity, Cavitas oris, and teeth, Dentes . . . . . . . . . Palate , Palatu m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Tongue, L i n g ua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . Hyoi d bone, Os hyo i d e u m , and hyoidal musc les . . . . . . S u p rahyoid m uscles, M usculi s u p rahyoid e i , and external muscles of the tongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M ajor saliva ry g lands, G la n d u lae saliva riae m a jores . , Arteries and n e rves of the oral cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vessels and nerves of the tongue . . . . .. . . . . . . . . , . . . Frontal sections through the head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

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Neck, Collum .

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M u scles of the neck . . . . . . . . . . . Larynx, Larynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thyroid gland, Glandu la thyroidea Pha rynx, Pharynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vessels and nerves of the neck . . Sections t h ro u g h head and neck . .

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32 33-61 62-69 70-73 74-85 86-88 89-91 92-101 1 02 103-104 105 1 06-108 109-112 113 114-115 116-117

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. 118-121 . 1 22-131 1 32- 1 35 . 136-141 . 142-1 53 . 154-156 .

Upper limb . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 57-257

S u rface a natomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bones, jo ints, ligaments . . . . . . . . M u sc les of the u pper l i m b . . . . . . . . . Vessels a n d n e rves of the upper limb Sections t h rough the arm . . . . . . . . . .

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157 158-177 1 78-213 214-251 252-257

Brain, Encephalon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258-351

Vessels of the head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258-261 C ranial cavity, Cavitas cra n i i , c ranial d u ra mater, D u ra mater c ra n ia lis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262-263 .

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C ranial base. Basis cra n i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C ranial nerves, Nervi cra n ia les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parasympathetic g a n g lia of the head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C ranial n e rves, topog ra phy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Cranial base, vessels a n d nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C ra n ial d u ra mater, D u ra mater c ra n ialis, and c ranial a rachnoid mater, Arachnoidea mater c ra n ialis . . . . . Structure of the bra i n a n d b ra i n d evelopment . . . . . . Telencephalon, Tele ncephalon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D i e ncephalon, D i encephalon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M esencephalon, Mesencephalo n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B ra i nstem, Tru ncus encephali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N u c le i of the c ranial nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebellum, Cerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Association a n d commissura l tracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internal capsule, Capsula i nterna, pyramidal tract and basa l ganglia . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Ventricular system and s u ba rachnoid space . . . . . . . . . Vessels of the b ra i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mag netic resonance tomographic images of the bra i n . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frontal sections t h rough the bra i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H o rizontal sections through the b ra i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sag itta l sections t h rough the bra i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spinal cord, Med u lla spinalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Eye, Organum visus . . . .

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264-265 266-273 274-275 276-277 278-279 280-283 284 285-294 295-296 297 298-299 300-30 1 302-305 306 307-309 310-317 318-322 323-325 326-329 330-336 337-339 340-351

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Eyelids, Palpebrae, and orbit, O rbita . . . . . . . . . . . . Lacrimal appa ratus, Apparatus lacrimalis . . . . . . . Extra-ocula r muscles, M usculi externi bulbi oculi . Eyeball, Bulbus oculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vessels of the eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ris, Iris, and p u p i l, Pupilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lens, Lens, and ocular fundus, Fu ndus oculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optic nerve, N e rvus opticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optic tract, Tractus o pticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M u scles, vessels and n e rves of the o rbit . . . . . . . . . Sections t h ro u g h the orbit . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .

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352-355 356-35 7 358-361 362 363 364-365

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Ear, Auris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379-400

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Au ricle, Auricula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auricula r m uscles, Musculi a u ri c u la res . . . . . . . . . . . . External acoustic meatus, Meatus acusticus externus, and tympa n i c membrane, M e m b rana tympanica . . . Auditory ossic les, Ossicula auditoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tympanic cavity, Cavitas tympani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auditory tube, Tuba a uditiva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ntern a l ear, Auris interna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auditory and e q u i li brium o rgan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auditory and e q u i librium pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N e rves and vessels of the ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C o m puted tomogra p h i c sections t h rough the ear . . . . .

Appendix

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379 380 381 382 383-384 385-387 388-389 390-393 394-396 397 398-399 400

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I n d ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401-419 .

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Preface It was just over a hundre d years ago that Johan nes S obotta set out to p u b lish the fi rst edition of his Atlas of H u m a n Anatomy. S i nce then, this piece of work has evolved step by step as a re­ s u lt of the constant i nteraction between students, lecturers a n d edito rs . It has not o n ly b e e n the most mod ern basis fo r the com­ plex subject of macroscopic a natomy t h roughout many genera­ tions of d octors, but has a lso develo pe d i nto a lasting work of reference for both clin ical t ra i n i n g and advanced medical educa­ t i o n . All in all, it has become a book for a medical doctor's life. Once a g a i n , in this new edition the additional fig u res have been d rawn strictly on the basis of o ri g i na l spec i mens. The 14th edition has been p a rticula rly designed to meet the de­ mands of a refo rmed medical c u rriculum, emphasizing the i nte­ g ration of clinical medicine i nto the preclinical curriculum. Fo r this purpose, the new edition has been extended to include the followi ng feat u res: - S u rface a natomy including p rojection of i nternal o rgans (45 colo u r p hotos) - Anatomical d i a g ra m s next to i m a g i n g fig u res - I ntegration of imaging tec h n iques to a g reater extent {u ltrasound, X-ray, CT, M R I ; 119 f i g u resl - Endoscopic, i nt raoperative colour images a n d figures exem plifyi n g tec h n iques o f p u ncture a n d exa m i nation (54 figu resl - Images of patients p resenting with typical palsies - Diagra m s of the most important a rteria l va riations (93 figures) - Frequent va riations in the location of i nternal o rgans {24 figu resl - I ntegration of h i stology at low magnification of i mportant i n­ ternal o rg a n s ( i ntestine, liver, k i d ney, etc.1 I n o rder to i m p rove the presentation of the knowledge, the fol­ lowing features have been i nt roduced : - Clea r-cut a rra ngement of the chapters accord i n g to the differ­ ent reg i o n s of the body - Thematically corresponding figures p resented on double pages - A concise, separate booklet ( i ncluded in Volume 1) conta i n s ta b les o f m uscles, joi nts a n d n e rves, enabling t h e reader t o place it next t o a n y figure i n t h e atlas One particular aim of the new edition i s to faci litate f i n d i n g of specific structures. The SOBOTTA depi cts anatomical structures p re c isely without the rea d e r loosin g the g reater p i cture . There­ fore, specific didactic tools have been i m p roved and new aspects included: - Each c ha pter has been a llocated to a p a rticula r colo u r - A " m e n u bar" o n each dou ble p a g e e n s u res precise orientation within a g iven chapter - The n u mber of outlines depicting spatial orientation has been s i g nifica ntly i ncreased (270 figures) - Overviews of tota l body reg i o n s ensure genera l o ri entation - New d i a g ra m s of p a rt i c u la r m uscles cla rify their location a n d course (24 figures)

- Confusion i s kept to a m i n i m u m by o n ly depicting limbs of the right side of the body - "Compass roses" point to adjacent figures, thus facilitating following a given structure over several pages - Continuous lea d e r lines faci litate f i n d i n g of structu res - Colo u red dots at the end of leader lines i n topographic diag ra m s mark a rteries. veins, n e rves, a n d m uscles - The figures in the booklet relate d i rectly to the figures in the atlas - The larger d i mensions of the book i m p rove cla rity With the exception of d iscussions about the gene ra l concept of the atla s a n d mutual correction, the editors have worked sepa­ rately o n i ndivi d u a l cha pters, with the work d ivided as follows: R. Putz: General a natomy, upper limb, b ra i n , eye, ear, back, lower l i m b ; R. Pabst: Head, n e c k , thoracic a n d a b d o m i n a l walls, thoracic, abdominal a n d pelvic viscera. The inclusion of a large n u mber of new figures i s the result of the extraord i n a ry capabi lity of the following medical i llu strators : U lr i ke Brugger, Rud iger H i mmelhan a n d Horst Rurl. It is to t h e i r cred it that the classic "SOBOTTA style" has been retained. Several of the d iagrams have been generated on the computer by H en riette R i ntele n . We also g ratefully a cknowledge our clini­ cal colleagues for making clinical i llustrations ava ilable to u s (see picture credits]. We owe a debt o f g ratitude t o o u r col­ leagues from the i nstitutes for their understa n d i n g and helpfu l suggestions. D r. N. Sokolov a n d A. Buch horn have put meticu­ lous efforts i nto g e n e rating the specimen preparations. S. Fryk a n d G. Hoppmann have s u p p o rted us in text p rocessing. The staff of the e d itorial office of Elsevier pu blishers, i n particu­ lar D r. D . H e n nessen a n d A. Gattna rzik, has our s i ncere thanks. Some of the crea tive development of the work i s a result of very fruitful discussions. We would a lso like to thank R. H a u sdorf for tremendous efforts in the p roduction of the atla s. R. Putz to­ gether with G. Meier were responsible for the p roofreading a n d s i m plification of page design a n d legends. O u r special thanks g o to D r. U . Oste rka mp-Ba ust for generating the index, a n d all others i nvolved i n the corrections. With our j o i nt efforts, the SOBOTTA has been once more modernized both i n contents a n d deSi g n . We have included many o f t h e helpful suggestions m a d e over the years by students and colleagues, and would therefore ask all readers of t h i s edition to pass o n to u s any criticism o r sug­ gestions on the new format of this atlas.

M u nich and Ha nnover, September 2005 R. Putz a n d R. Pabst

Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Reinhard Putz Born in Innsbruck/Austria 1962-1 968 Stud i ed medicine at the Leopold- Franzens- U niversity of I n nsbruck Received a doctorate 1968 1 968- 1 982 U n iversity assistant at the Institute of Anatomy at the U n iversity of I n nsbruck 1 978 Lect u rer in anatomy 1 979 Consultant fo r anatomy 1982- 1 989 C ha i r of the Anatomical I nstitute at the Albert-Ludwigs-University of Fre i b u rg since 1989 Chair of the Anatomical I nstitute at the Ludwig- Maxi m i lian s - U n iversity of M u n ich 1 992-1994 President of the E u ropean Association of Cli nical Anatom ists 1 993 Reg istration to p ractise medicine 1998-1 999 C hai rman of the Anatomical Soc iety 1999 Member of the Akademie der Natu rforscher und A.rzte ( Leopold i na] 2002 D r. h.c. of the U niversity of Constanta, R o mania 2003 Prorector I of the Ludwig - Max i m i lians-University of M u n ich

Research and fields of interest

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Fu nctional anatomy of the passive locomotor system Evolution and f u n ctional anatomy of the vertebral col u m n Form -function-relations o f joints Applied anatomy (anatomical basics of ortho paed ics, s u rgery, radiology] Questions about the contents and organisation of the med i cal cu rriculum Development of d idactic trai n i ng programmes at u niversities

Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Reinhard Pabst Born i n Posen, g rown u p i n Luneburg 1 965-1 970 Studied medicine at the Hannover M ed ical School, and in G lasgow/Scotland 1 970 U n iversity degree and doctorate 1 971 Registration to p ractise medicine 1971 -76 Scientific associate in the Department of Clin ical Physiology, U n iversity of Ulm 1976 Lecturer for Clin ical Physiology, U n iversity of Ulm, and new lectu reship at the Han n over Medical School 1 976-80 Senior assistant i n the Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School 1978 Extension of the Venia leg e n d i to include anatomy 1 980-1 992 H ead of the Department of To pograph i c Anatomy and B iomechanics since 1 992 Head of the De partment of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Han nover M e d i cal School 1 986-1990 Prorector for studies and ed ucation, Hannover Medical School 1993- 1 997 Dean of the Hannover Medical School 1997-1 998 Chai rman of the Anatomical Society 1 999-2003 Prorector of Research of the Hannover M e dical School Member of the Akademie der Naturforscher u n d A.rzte ( Leopold i na] 2001

Research and fields of interest

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Functional anatomy of lymphatic organs Proliferation and m i g rat ion of lymphocytes Development of the i ntestinal i m m u n e system Function of the pulmonary i m m u n e system Questions of a c l i n i cally orientated anatomy i n the med ical curriculum Evaluation of teac h i ng

Picture credits The editors sincerely thank all clin ical colleagues that made u L­ trasou n d , computed tomogra p h i c a n d mag netic resonance i ma­ ges a s well a s endoscopic and intraoperative pictures ava i lable: Prof. ALta ras , Centre for Radiology, U niversity of G ieflen [Fig. 1 009, 1031 , 1032) D r. B a u me i ster, Department of Radiology, U niversity of Fre i b u rg ( F i g . 1 1 57J P O D r. B u rg ka rdt, O rthopaedic CLinic, Tech n ical U n iversity of M u nich [Fig. 1 431] Prof. B ruckmann & D r. L i n n , Neuro radiology, Institute for D i a g nostic Radiology, U n iversity of M u n ich [ F i g . 662, 726 a , b, 727 a , bJ Prof. Daniel, Department of Card iology, U n iversity of ErLa ngen [ F i g . 899, 900, 901, 973J Prof. Degenhardt, BieLefeld ( F i g . 1 133, 1 1 35J Prof. Gala nski & D r. K i rch hoff, Department of Diag nostic Radiol­ ogy, Han nover Med ical SchooL ( F i g . 962, 964, 1 2 1 2, 1 2 1 3J Prof. Galanski & D r. Schafer, Department of Diagnostic Radiol­ ogy, H a n nover Med icaL School [ Fi g . 8 7 1 a, b, 927, 971, 9 9 1 , 1194, 1204, 1 207, 1209J Prof. Gebel, Department of GastroenteroLogy, H e patology a n d Endocrinology, Han nove r MedicaL S c h o o l [Fig. 2 4 2 , 1 011 , 1 026, 1027, 1 038, 1039, 1074, 1 092J Dr. Goei, RadioLogy, HeerLen , The Nether la n d s [Fig. 11 50,1 1 5 1 J [with permission from Rad ioLogy 173; 1 37- 1 4 1 : 1989J D r. Greeven , St.- Elizabet h - H ospitaL, Neuwied [Fig . 1 50, 1238J Prof. Hoffmann & PO D r. Bektas, Clinic for Abd ominal a n d Tra nspLa ntation S u rg e ry, H a n nover Med icaL School [ Fig. 1 028, 1040J Prof. H o h lfeld, C l i n i c for Pneumology, Hannover M e d i ca l SchooL [ Fi g . 929, 930J Prof. Jonas, U rology, H a n nover Med ical School [Fig. 1 102 a , b, 1 1 03J Prof. Kampik & Prof. Muller, Ophtha lmology, U niversity of M u nich [ Fig. 657J D r. Kirc h h off & D r. Weidemann, Department of Diagnostic R a d iology, H a nnover M e d ical SchooL [ Fi g . 104 1 , 1 093, 1 1 0 2 , 1196, 1 1 98, 1 2 0 0 , 1202, 1205J Prof. Kremers, Department for Restorative D e ntistry and PeriodontoLogy, U n iversity of M u n ich [Fig. 169J Prof. Kunze, von H a u n e rsches C h iLd ren's Hospita l, U n iversity of M u nich [ Fi g . 327-330J D r. Meyer, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology a n d Endocri noLogy, H a nnover Med ical School [ Fig. 944, 987 a , b , 992, 1 145, 1 1 46J Prof. Muller-Va h L, Neu roLogy, H a n nover Med icaL SchooL [Fig. 128 a , bJ Prof. Pfeifer, Radio logy, I n stitute for Diag nostic Radiology, U n iversity of M un i c h [ F i g . 293, 294, 3 1 0 , 312,449, 451, 769-772, 807-8 10, 1255, 1286, 1 287, 1 3 1 7, 1 3 1 8J PO D r. R a u , Department of Radiology, U n iversity of Freiburg [Fig. 9 1 2, 925, 926J

Prof. Ravelli t, formerly Institute of Anatomy, U niversity of I n n sbruck [Fig. 767J PO D r. Rieger, R a d iology, I n stitute for Diag nostic Radiology, U n iversity of M u nich [Fig. 1395 J Prof. Reich, O rofac i a l S u rgery, U niversity of Bonn (Fig. 1 1 3 a , bJ Prof. Reiser & D r. Wagner, I nstitute for Diag nostic Radiology, U niversity of M un i c h (Fig. 436 , 449, 451, 453, 571, 572, 573, 576, 577, 792J Prof. R udzki-Ja n son, Department of O rthodontics, U n iversity of M u n ich (Fig. 72, 73J D r. Scheibe, Department of S u rgery, Rosman H ospital, B re i sa c h [Fig. 1289 a-cJ Prof. Scheu mann, Clinic for Abdominal a n d Transpla ntation S u rgery, H a n n over Med icaL School (Fig. 243, 244, 245J Prof. Schillinger, Department of Gynaecology, U n iversity of Fre i b u rg (Fig. 11 34J Prof. Schliephake, O rofacial S u rgery, Gottingen (Fig. 152, 1 96, 197) Prof. Schlosser, C e n tre for GynaecoLogy, H a nnover M e d i ca l School ( F i g . 1 1 32 a , b , 1140, 114 1 , 1 1 78J Prof. Schumacher, NeuroradioLogy, Department of RadioLogy, U n iversity of Fre i b u rg (Fig. 461 a, bJ D r. Sommer & P O D r. Bauer, Radiologists, M u n ich [Fig. 662, 1290- 1292J Prof. Stotz, Paediatrics, U niversity of M u ni ch [ Fi g . 1239, 1 240J PO D r. Vogl, Radiology, U n iversity of M u n ich [Fig. 436, 453, 644, 645) Prof. Vollrath, Ear-Nose-T h roat Department, Monchengladbach (Fig. 229, 230 , 231 J Prof. Wag n e r t, Diag nostic Radiology I I , H a n nover Med ical SchooL [Fig. 952, 1064, 1065, 1069, 1072, 1 1 52J Prof. Wenz, formerly D e pa rtment of R a d iology, U niversity of Fre i b u rg [Fig. 768J Prof. Witt, D epartment of Neurosurgery, U n iversity of M u n ich [ F i g . 405J D r. Wi llfuhr, formerly Clinic for Abdom i n a l a n d Tra n s plantation Su rgery, H a n n over Medical School [Fig. 105 1) PO D r. Wi m mer, Department of Radiology, U niversity of Fre i b u rg [Fig. 799) Additional i llustration s were obta ined from the following text­ books : B e n n i n g hoff- O re nc k h a h n : Anatom i e, B a n d 1 [ O renckhahn D., H rs g . l . 16. Auft., Urban & Fisc her, Munchen 2003 [ Fig . 823, 824, 848, 849, 850J WeLsch , U .: Lehrbuch H istoLogie, Urban & Fischer, Munchen 2003 [Fig. 922, 1020, 1 097, 1 1 22, 1 1 23J WeLsch, U. [ H rsg .): Sobotta, Atlas H istologie, 6. Auft., U rban & Fischer, Munchen 2002 [Fig. 1037, 1085, 112 5 a, bJ Wicke, L.: Atlas d e r Rontgenanatomie, 3. Aufl., Urban & Schwarzenberg , Munchen-Wien-Ba ltimore 1 985 [ Fi g . 943 a J

S u rface

Loco motor syste m ...

�

Genera L anatomy

Planes and axes 1 Sagittal plane 2 Median sagittal plane 3 Frontal plane 4 Transverse plane

a

5

6 7

Sagittal axis Transverse axis Longitudinal axis

c

b

Fig. 1 a-c Planes a n d axes. a Sagittal pLane, Pla n u m sag ittale, sag ittal and longitudinal axes b

Transverse p la n e [= horizontal plane!. Planum t ransversale, t ransverse and sagittal axes

c Frontal plane [= coronal p lane!. Pla n u m frontale, longitudinal a n d transverse axes

Linea mediana anterior

Linea mediana posterior Linea paravertebralis

Linea sternalis ---,,.,a--;---n Linea parasternalis -+-----'-..... Linea axillaris anterior --.f--i Linea medioclavicularis ---I--j-l,,.....,

o--'-�- Linea scapularis

Linea axiliaris posterior

dlstalls

palmaris

dorsalis proximalis dlstalls

caudalis (= inferior)

fibularis

tibialis

a

b

Fig. 2 a, b O rie ntation lines of the human body and terms of d i rection and posit i o n . a VentraL view [ve n tralis. anterior! b Dorsal view [ dorsalis, posteriori

plantaris

00:1

�

Ge n e ra L a natomy

Su rface

Loco motor syste m

Parts of the human body

.rr---- caput

!------ Collum

Brach�um

Membrum superlus

Thorax

Abdomen

Anle- --+­

brachium

Pelvis

Manus ---4..'1

Femur -----y.

Membrum Inlerius Crus ------oi!

Pes

--= ......

-----

Fig. 3

S u rface a natomy of t h e male.

Fig . 4

Surface a natomy of the female.

Truncus

Co ntrol systems

M eta b o l i c systems

Skin

Parts of the human body

i----- Caput

i'-;-----

Collum

Brachium

.------ Truncus. Dorsum Membrum superius

..

-\--< . . Ante- -

brachium

Manus---��

Femuf-----�_4.

Membrum

Inlerlus Crus

Pes

---......

---

.-.!!'*='--

-----

Fig . 5

Su rface a natomy of the male.

Fig. 6

S u rface anatomy of the female.

�

Gene ra l anatomy

Su rface

Regions of the human body

Regio deltoidea Regio axillaris Regio mammaria ----t--t�,... Regio brachii anten<>r --...... Regio cubitalis anterior, Fossa cubitalis

Regio antebrachii posterior Regio antebrachii anterior

Dorsum manus

Regio pectoralis Regio inframammaria Regio epigastrica Regio hypochondriaca Regio umbilicalis Regio abdominalis lateralis Regio inguinalis Regio pubica [Hypogastrium] Regio urogenitalis

Trigonum femoris

Regio femoris anterior Regio genus anterior Regie cruris posterior Regio cruris antenor

Fig.7

Regions of the human body, Regiones corporis.

Loco m o t o r syste m

M etabolic syste m s

Contro l syste m s

Skin

Regions of the human body

Regio parietalIs

Regio occipitalis

Regio deltoidea

Regio scapularis -----r-f-.....

�.

Regio axillaris ---...

....1--

,...-

Regio brachii posterior

Regio cubitalis posterior

Regio infrascapularis Reglo lumbafis

Regio antebrachii anterior -+-+>:1 Regio antebrachii posterior

\ ...r----l . '--.....-

Reglo sacralls

Regio analis

Regio femoris posterior ---:....-- . . .

Reglo genus posterior. Fossa popfilea Reglo suraa

Reglo cruris posterior

Regio cruris anlerlor

Fig.8

Regions of the h u man body, Regiones corporis.

005

�

Ge n e ra L a n atomy

S u rface ���

Loco motor system

Passive locomotor system

Skeleton �Ir------ Cranium --------,7-

'JId�I_----- Mandibula -------'i�::lI;

�----- Columna vertebralis ------_�;;,;.]� cervical is) -- -(Pars ��U�r-::�Y'\ - - Clavicula -------"'" �.__!HI__---- Scapula ----+--ft'r.-t'If----- Humerus;

nr-\------ Costae -

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-�rL����m�;

-

'-lb"!'E:--'t--- Columna vertebralis -jN'-IlJ-----I--:.....a:;n:,

(Pars lumbalis)

"r-'r----- Radius ---�. +-7.\----- Ulna ---�." �f. ..E----'\---;,..'--+--- Os coxae --""'<-;"":IIf---!"""" 1- " �-- Ossa carpi -------'!'i'i:.

Patella 11:1___--------- Fibula ------i:--

oUl....----. ---- Tlbla

Ossa digltorurn --4!��r [Phafang esj

-t--f-'-''II

--------

;----- Ossa metatarsi -----"

Fig. 9 Overview of the skeleto n , Systema skeletale.

Fig. 1 0 Overview of the skeleton, Systema skeletale.

Parts of the h u m a n body Head, Caput Neck, CoLLum Trunk, Truncus

Thorax , Thorax Ab dome n , Abdome n Pelvis, Pelvis Up per limb, Membrum superius

Shoulder g i rd le , C i n g u lum pectorale [ C i n g ulum membri s u p e riorisl; Arm, Pars li bera memb ri s u perioris Lower limb, Membrum inferius

Pelvic g i rd le , C i n g u lu m p e lv i c u m [C i n g u lum memb ri i nfe riorisL Leg, Pa rs l i b e ra membri i nferioris

Os sacrum

Metabolic syste m s

C on t rol systems

Skin

Active loco m ot o r syst e m

Skeleton

Parts of the skeleton that can be felt through the skin Distribution of haematopoietic bone marrow b

a

Fig. 1 1 a, b

(Extremitas proximal is)

I

Metaphysis { (proximalis)

Skeleton. Systema skeletale.

(Cartilago articularis) Substantia spongiosa; Medulla ossium rubra

...,:.__-- Substantia compacta IJlf--- Vasa nutritia

..;#----

Corpus

Metaphysis (distalis)

a

(Extremitas distalis)

{ 1r

Dlaphys,s

b

Structure of tubula r bones. Ossa long a ; long itudina l sections. a H u merus, H u merus, of a n adult Ossified e p iphyses lepiphyseal linesl are only poorly visible. b H u merus, H u merus, of a c h i ld The epiphyses con sist of hyaline cart i lage. Fig. 12 a, b

SubstanUa spongiosa; oss,um rubra

Medulla

*

E p i p hysis, e p i physeal plate

�

G e n e ra l a n atomy

Su rface ���

Locomotor system

Passive locomotor system

Bone development 13.-15. Y

18.-19. Y

15.-18. Y

-----

15.-16.Y

-_--zr"� �

1. Y

18.-2 1 . Y

�_

�

2.-5.M 5.Y

2.-3.Y 2.-4. Y

1 3.-15.Y J- ----+-;-- ---1 0.-12.Y 5.-8.M

'f---1----1+1+- 8.Y 1r---1--- 8.-19.Y

3.- 5.Y 1 7.-20.Y

20.-25.Y

10.-13. Y

6.-7. EM 1 6.-18.Y

--+--

'--4�-1- 3.-15. Y

--"r---H]i

7.-8.EW

1 6.-20. Y

EW EM M Y

� 5.Y

- -9

__

5.-7.Y 1 4.-18.Y 1 0.-12.Y --�

- 12.Y 8.-12. Y

--'t---- 8. EW

Embryonic week Embryonic month Month of life Year of life

16.-24.Y 9.EM

_-1'-:::�::>---

..-.....,...-- 3.-4. Y

�-+-- 13.-1 7.Y

,,-,,0.-- 17 .-18. Y 7.EW 8.EW

7.EW

7.-8. EW -----l-+-lf--

20.-24.

�f-- 7.-8.Y 5.-7 Y

Y 6.M 17.-18.Y

--;'�__1- --tc::=r.......

17.-18.Y

2.-4.Y

� l_-3. Y � 9.EW

11.-����

;:=1/1"

2.-3 Y

3.-4.Y

,

9.EW---H-1-I

1 5.-2 1 .Y 5.EM

7.-8. E W

9.EW

Os Os Os Os

scaphoideum 3.-6.M lunatum 3.-6.Y trapezium 3.-8.Y trapezoideum 3.-7.Y

Os Os Os Os

pisiforme 8.-12. Y triquetrum 1 .-4.Y hamatum 2.-5.M capitatum 2.-4.M

Fig. 13 Appearance of ossification centres a n d synossification at the epiphyses of t h e upper limb ( means accord i ng to v. LANZ, 1956; EXNER, 1990; HEUCK a n d BAST, 1994].

Talus 7.EM Calcaneus 5.-6.EM Os naviculare 4.Y Os cuboideum 10. EM

Os cuneiforme mediale 2.-3.Y Os cuneiforme intermedium 3.-4.Y Os cuneiforme laterale 12.M

Fig. 1 4 Appea ra nce of ossification centres a n d synossification at the epiphyses of the lower l i m b ( m e a n s accord i ng to v . LANZ, 1956; EXNER, 1990; HEUCK a n d BAST, 1994].

M etab olic systems

Skin

C o ntrol systems

Active locomotor system

Bone joints

Fig.15 Fibrous joint, Articulatio fibrosa, exem plified by the sutures of the sku ll.

Fig.16 Cart i lag inous joint, Articulatio ca rtilaginea, exem plified by the pubic bone symphysis.

1 Synovial membrane la Synovial intima, Intima 1 b Subintimal layer, Subintima Fibrous membrane 3 A-cells (macropha ges) 4 8-cells (fibroblasts) 5 Fat cells 6 Capillary vessels with fenestration 7 Venules B lymphatics 9 Nerves 10 Collagen fibres

Fig.17 Osseous j o i nt, Articulatio ossea, exemplified by the sacru m .

2

Membrana fibrosa [Stratum fibrosum]

Capsula articularis

.t-�;::;�:4;J�:.II!!�!Il-- Labrum arllculare b

Linea epiphysialis

----I.fII...,. ..::.,c...

���=�iIii=-- (Carfllago articularls) a--\>;:;;;� ; ..�:t-- Cavilas articulans' .(..��e!!3�-- Labrum articulare

Vagina synovialis

---��

Membrana synovialis [Stratum synoviale] Membrana fibrosa [Stratum fibrosum]

a

Fig. 18 a, b Synovial joint, Art i c u latio synovialis, exemplified by the shoulder j o i nt. a Section i n the sca pular plane b Struct u re of the join t capsule • The joint cavity, Cavitas articularis, is illustrated broader to enhance visibility.

Capsula artlcularis

�

Genera l a natomy

LI ___S_u_rf_a_c_e

��

�� �

a d

g

c

Fig. 19 a-g J o i nts, J u nctu rae synovi ales. H i nge j o i nt , Articu lat i o cyl i n d r i c a b Conoid j o i nt , Articu latio conoidea c Pivot j o i nt , Articu lat i o troc h o i d e a

d Condylar j o i nt, Art i c u lat i o ovoidea e

Sad d le j o i nt , Art i c u latio se llaris

f Sphero i d al j o i nt , Articulatio sphero i d e a

g Plane j o i nt, Art i cu lat i o p lan a

ExtenSlo,

Adducho

Relroversio

Planum sagittale, Axis transversalis

Abductfo Flexio, Anteversio

Fig. 20 Sphero i d al j o i n t [ h i p joi nt)' Articulatio sphero i d e a [Articulatio coxae I.

(j)

Rolatio externa

\

Rotatio intern a

I

I

Planum Irentale, Axis sagittalis

Planum transversale, Axis longitudinalis

__

__

Passive locomotor system

Joints

a

L_o _c o m o_t _ s_t e_m o r s� y_ _

__ -L

__

__

Metabolic systems

Control systems

[J 01

Skin

Active locomotor system

Muscles 1

Stratum Ilbrosum Stratum synoviala. Pars parletaliS

Line of force of the muscle

2 Virtual lever arm

of the muscle 3 Axis of rotation of the jOint

)

Stratumsynovlale. PatS lendlnea

����i�'� IS

Vagina r

(Cavitas synovialis)

1

Vagina

landlnls

Mesolendineum Tendo Epitendineum

:3

2

Fig. 2 1 O rg a n isation princi ple of skeletal m uscles. exe m p lified by the brachial muscle. M . b rachialis.

a Musculus fusiformis

e

M usculus i ntersectus

b

Musculus biceps

f Musculus semipennatus

Fig. 22 Stru ctu re of a tendon s h eath, Vag i n a tend i n i s , exe m p lified by a finger.

M u sc u lu s biventer

d Musculus planus

g M usculus pennatus

Fig. 23 a-g Types of m uscles . a S i n g le head, para llel m uscle fibres b Double head, para llel muscle fibres c Dou ble belly, para llel muscle fibres d M u lti-head, flat m uscle e M u lti-belly m u scle with tendinous i ntersectio n s U n i pennate m uscle g B i p e n nate m u scle

c

�

��

General a n a tomy

Surface ���

Locomotor system

Passive locomotor syste m

Skeletal muscles

Mm

capitis et colli

I � I/pp. 64ft, 7011,1051, 118ft I

Mm thoracis et Mm. abdominis

I � II/pp. 52 If I

Mm.

membn superions

I � I/pp. 178ft I

M m.

membri Inferioris

I � II/pp. 306 If I

Fig . 24

Overview of the s keletal m uscles.

Metabolic systems

Control systems

Skin

Active locomotor system

Skeletal muscles

Mm nuchae et Mm. dorsi

I � II/pp. 26ft I

Mm membn superlons

I � I/pp. 178ff I

Mm. membri Inferioris

I � II/pp. 306ff I

Fig. 25

Overview of the skeleta l m uscles.

(]'3

�

Surface

General a natomy ���

Digestive system

Digestive and respiratory system

Glandulae salivariae

malores

(

Os

(

Cavltas 0"5 propria

Vestibulum oris

Aima oris --_..?'

Glandula

Pars omlls pharyngls

parottdea

'R .J----l ..-

Glandula subllngualls

•

Glandula submandlbularis

Oesophagus

Pars laryngea pharyngis

)

Pharynx

-------+

----+-.fII.Hepar --1\-+---- Gaster -\---\l Pancreas e.-....� . ---'f-tllil! �_"'E��c,:,�=-.;;-f---- Duodenum Vesica biliaris [fellea] Colon transversum Colon ascandens

Intestinum crassum

Colon descandens

Colon

Intestlnum

:::;lil-li--\---- Jelunum

tenus

_..L.-'-�"""' 4-""", -+----- Ileum '.J,:;,;,� . jj� ....:.i! �F-..L� -/--'\-.:l,

sigmoldeum Caooum --If----"' _

Appendix vermtlormls -jr----��h.....? Rectum

Canalis analis Anus Fig. 26

Overview of the digestive system.

Sinus paranasales Pars nasalis pharynglS

M.m-t---\--- Pars lary�gea pharyng's Pars oralls pharyngls

---¥<�.

{

)

Pharynx

Bronchi prlncipa1es

Pulmo dexter

,

lnbus supenor

Lobus Lobus

n lenor

medius

---\-��:-:;;-:-�liI1 --�I--+-

Fig. 27

Lobus superior 11 ..1--+--•

Overview of the respiratory syste m .

Lobus inferior

)

Pulmo simster

Locomotor system Respiratory system

Metabolic systems Urinary tract

C o n t ro l systems

Genital system

Skin

O rga n proje c t i o n s

Urinary and genital system Ren !Nephros]

PelvIs renalis

--J------#_ +

-

"'1...

-------

Ureter --+------\

Organa unnaria

(

Vesica urinaria

---;--�.

Urethra masculina

Penis U Organa genitalia masculina externa rethra masculina

-----1-\-\::--';---,--.--1--!hf---+-{(t'--f-'I0.1�ihl----T-+-j-t--+---1----1 :>"--;--��H---/--,j'--

Ductus deferens Glandula vesiculosa Ductus deferens Prostata Organa genitalia Glandula masculina interna bulbourethral is

s",l-II+-=--='=-----/-- Epididymis if-------.f- Ductus deferens �fH'------+-- Testis

Scrotum -----t."'-/

Fig. 28 Overview of the u rinary a n d genita l system of the male.

Ren (Nephros] --+------F-� PelvIs renalls ---t---- -----,H...

Organa unnana

Ureler Ves ca unnana

"",M

g'",",,, feminina externa

(

i Urethra femlnlna Clitoris Labium minus pudendi Labium majus pudendi

Fig. 29 Overview of the uri nary and g e n ital system of the female.

Tuba utenna (Salpinx! OWlfiurn

Uterus

Vagina

Organa genitalia feminina interna

�

Surface

Genera l a natomy ���

Locomotor system

Digestive system

Internal organs, projection

Oesophagus

�����E��+---�

-I---�\--� ������� -----����

���iI'l1-l--- Gaster S len [Lien] ------viII - ---__ P Diaphragma

�����----

_____ 'd(?��f�-j'+-L--?:"':7 ���� dI.ql_+-

Hepar

--r\100� 1j�..r� :t� 4,..w� ��� �

- _ _

Pancreas --Duodenum -------J "--"-----p -c ..H----- Jejunum

-----f-���lI 'I L'lr:-I--' --- Colon -----+ -::;-...... ..,-- ..

-�I--"-.������II�

Ren

Appendix vermiformis

V""'-"�n..�'"

---f---'T'---I'I�-IL----'--+ftr.'

I"i�r----,--�--"'---I-+--- Rectum ----+-.-...::.-.,.::....--f-----''ffI

Fig. 30 Projection of the i nternal o rgans onto the s u rface of the body.

Fig. 31 Projection of the i nternal organs onto the surface of the body.

Res p i ratory system

Meta bolic systems U r i na ry tra ct

Control systems

Ge n i t a l syst e m

Skin

Organ projections

Internal organs, projection

��_\_---- Pulmo ------/.:..zj� �r_---C -- or-----��\4 - Dlaphragma �Qlo.,.....J_\_---

-----t�5�E:;;��2�

"-f>.--I--- Hepar -----+-4' 'U---'+---- Gaster -----I---I1i�='�� �___+-- Vesica biliaris Splen [Lien] ----1HI-"j�q..::; _.>--/--- Colon

------\---"-��:::::J

������-+_---Ren -----+----���� ">--1---- Intestinum tenue ----I-<�

"�';;':::"""'_""";"---1---- Appendix vermlformls '-'*'-"-T---';--!,---+--I--- Rectum -------\-���---"=h/D,

Fig. 32 Pro jection of the i nternal organs onto the s u rface of the body.

Fig. 33 Projection of the i nternal organs onto the surface of the body.

017

�

Ge n e ra l a n atomy

Surface ���

Locomotor system

Ca rdiovascular system

N e rvous system

Arteries

A. Inlema A. caratis extern

A. carotis communis A subclavia Arcus aortae "1�fJ -t �..��LTruncus brachiocephalicus 1iiE;b:�---:r-�-t\\ :-- [Par staascendens aortae A or ascendens] i\::�'...lt-H.l-->--i;lI-� Cor ParParss descend thoracicaensaoraorttae a[Aeort[Aaortthaordescendens] acica] , Truncus coeliacus A. -,, A mesenterica superior A renalis A ParParss descendens abdominalis'aoraorttaaee [[AAororttaadescendens] abdominalis], testicularis A. = = [ � � , A. t Bi furcatio aortae � � t � t � � � � erica inferior :�§t�1���11ii���;}���������'����1�����AA�mesentil aca communi s • A iliaca externa A. il aca interna carol.s

a

7

---+1"

'- -

----

::::"

A axillarls ----t---'f---lI brachlalLS

profunda brachll

---

'<'t::I

---�

�L1I..,\rt-'t--'H--

ulnarls -----,,4'-41

A. Inlerossea

communIs

A.

profunda

femoris A. paplltae

------'F,-'--H

A. tibialis posterior A tibialis anterior

----1+11-11

A dorsalis pedis

Fig. 34 Ove rv iew of the arte ries of the syste mic c i rc u latio n . *

I n t h e fema le: ova rian a rtery, A. ova rica

-�"'f:.-A't'il

Metabolic systems

C o ntrol system s

Skin

E n d o c r i n e o rga n s

A rteries

c 12 10

ar"'-- 8

2 --IIi."

8

5 13

3

b

2 AA.Trutsubcl ncushoraciatvihcyraaoincertervniacalis 1

3

4

5

1

7

1 3 4 2

TrA uverncustebrcostalisocervicalis

5 6

c

A.A.A. carcarcaroootttiiisss communi s ext e r n a i n t e r n a A.ascendens A.A. tpharlhinyrgualoyidngeaieas superior

7

8

9

10 11

A.A.A, focciauraciicapulliitsaalriiss posterior A.super tA. maxiemporficliiaarlaiisslis

15 19

9

a 1 2

3 4

5 6

7

9

8

10 11 12

13 14

15 16 17

19

18

BulAa.ArParcbusscorusascendens aoraoronartataeiaee aortae TrA.AIstuhsubcl ncusmusotiasaorbrvicommuni aatchiasienoiscephal icisustra car s si n t r a AA.A carcarsubcloottiaissvicommuni aintedextrnaras dextra AParParcarss abdomi ohortisaextcicnaealraornisa aortaetae t isaortmediaeanas A.A.ABiA.fuiiisacrllliraaaccacacaataiolcommuni iextnteernrnaa

1 3 4 2

e

TrAA ugasthepat ncusricicoelcaasicommuni inaiscustra s A. splenica

1 2

3 4 5

6 7 8

10 11

9

2

2

Fig. 35 a-g Aorta , Aorta, a n d g reater a rteries; schema of the bra n c h i n g pattern. a Aorta, Aorta b Su bclavia n a rtery, A. subclavia c External carotid a rtery, A. carotis externa d Coeliac tru n k , Tru ncus coeliac us e Superior a n d i nferior mese nteric a rtery, Aa. mesente ri cae superior et i nferior Externa l iliac a rtery, A. i liaca externa g I nternal i liac a rtery, A. i liaca i nterna

A.super mesent A.Aa.duodenal pancrjeijournaleiatseeriisncico'faerior Aa.A. ileileocolaleisca

A.A.A. mesent colcoliiccaa dextmediericraaa inferior neaeistraior Aa,A.A. colresictigcamoialissidsuper 6

4

t-""'- 12

2 A.A.A. iiillliaaacacaca communi iextnteerrnnaa s 1

3 4 A. 5 6

A. ciepipubircgumfastcuslreicxaa inilifuemrioprr ofunda R.

1 2 3 4

5

6 7

A.A.A.A. obtiiillliiiaaacacacauracommuni extintotereiranrnaa s A.A.A. glipudenda lioutluembala infeiinsrtioerrna

8

9

10

12

11

Aa.A.A. umbiglsacrutealiacsuper lalesisl,atieorrales ParA.A. vesiresctpataclaliesinssmediinfearior

�

Genera L a natomy

Surface ���

Cardiovasc ular system

Veins

V. brachiocephalica sinistra V subclavicavaa superior V thoracica interna Vv. hepaticae renalis V. testicularis sinistra' portae hepatis splenica V. mesenterica inferior V. mesenterica superior cava inferior

V. brachiocephal V ica dextra azygos

Cor

V. axil aris V. cephalica V. basilica Vv brachiales ----j;-t�.Jl';U V. mediana cul)iti testicularis dextra' V il aca communis V. il aca interna --IJ.J..cf.-:J¥----'lf1\:"1

V

---+..-''''1:,....,1'0·6

-----1f--,oolA

---4+-t"-i

-+....,.:.t.lrJJj

v,

V

L.--IF'r---

11;:T---tH!.\--*- V.

V.

---i-I.�HiWF---""'=i!JlWI\iII

--....--.W+M�--4�..--!jf.H

V.

v,

saphena parva tibialis anterior tibialis posterior

M-m-ta-- v.

V.

Fig. 36 Overview of the veins of the syste m i c ci rcu lation. Su perficial vei n s a re i llustrated on the right leg and deep veins o n the left. •

In the fema le: ovarian vein,

V.

ovarica

Locom o t o r system N ervou s syst e m

M et a b o l i c syste m s

Skin

C o n t rol syst e m s

E n d o c r i n e orga n s

6

5

14

1

2 3

4 5

ior dextra V.V.V. cava brbraachichisuper ocephal cephahca o V.V. jsubcl ugulaarviisainternicaa sinistra

6 7 8

9

Vv.V.V. azygos interczygos ostalesaccessor posterioiares V. hemi hemiaazygos

Fig. 37 Superior vena cava. V. cava superior; schema of the tri butaries.

(Sinus valvulae)

Valvulae venosae

2 3 4

5

6 7

14

VV.V. cava i n f e r i o r sacr a l i s medi V.V.V. iiiphrllliiiaaacacacaenicommuni iextcntaeeirnrnfnaearaionasr Vv. hepaticae

8

9

10

11 12 13

14

V.V.V.Vv.trsupreeinstnalteicariulscreostanalrisa/ilsoevars posticaeriores Vv.V.V. iluliloumballmbalumbaliseascendens sis

Fig. 38 Inferi o r vena cava, V. cava i nferior; schema of the trib utaries.

(Sinus valvulae)

1

2

Fig. 39 Functional principle of ve nous valves. The arrows pointing u pwards i n d i cate the flow of b lood. The valves close upon backflow of the blood [arrows pointin g d ownwardsl.

3 4 5 6 7

8

rhepatis V.V.V. porgastgastdextsintisarretieoecroment a dext r a a lis dextiorra ijejcuanaldexteersicetraasuper V.Vv.V. colmesent ilei R. R.

Fig. 40

9

10

12 11

13 14 15

16

V.V.Vv.cohca resictgamoilissidsuper i o r eae medienriisctaaraainlifsesirionristra V.V.V. mesent gastcolicraooment V.V. splgasteniriccaasinistra

H epatic portal ve i n , V. portae hepatis.

�

Genera l a natomy

S u rfa ce ���

L o c o m o t o r system

Cardiovascular system

Nervous system

Foe ta l circula tion

Truncus brachiocephalicus --...... .. V. cava superior Foramen ovale' Atrium cordis dextrum

"

Ductus aneriosus "

Truncus pulmonalls Atrium

cordis slnlstrum

....-4l,,..

---n

..-

Ventriculus cordis sinister Septum interventriculare Ventriculus cordis dexter Pars thoracica aortae [Aorta thoracica) Truncus coeliacus .101--- A mesenterica superior ���t---

--1

-

V. cava inferior

Vv. hepaticae Hepar --1';-'-­ ---F-

I I

I

: .. -=:::;;;:�

-

-

I

f--....:.:... :.. J-(___ -

I

I I I

Ductus venosus '"

-

I

Vesica biliaris ---.-----1V. umbilicalis V cava inferior V iliaca communis -------, V umbilicalis Aa umbil cales

Aa lumbales Pars abdominalis aortae [Aorta abdominalis) A. mesenterica inferior Bifurcatio aortae A. iliaca communis ......,---. -- A. il aca externa A. iliaca interna

---+..----nl.

-"""",-;;llll'!:;.ir

__-=---

Fig. 41 Schema of foetal c i rc u lation . The differe nt co lou rs i n d i cate the oxyge n content i n the blood : red rich i n oxyg e n , blue poor i n oxyg e n , p u rple m ixed blood. Arrows i n d i cate the d i rection of the blood flow. =

=

=

••

ot

S h o rt·circuit between the right and the left atrium S h r - c i rc u i t between t h e p u l m o n a ry tru n k and the a rc h of aorta

" ' Short-circuit between t h e umbilical vein a n d t h e inferior vena cava

Convers i o n from foeta l to postnatal c i rculation: T h e va lve- l i ke connection between the right a n d the left a t r i u m v i a the fora m e n ovale i s passively closed a t the onset of res p i rato ry activity the lungs. The d u ctus a rteriosus the other h a n d , closes only d u r i n g the f i rst months of life as its lumen g ra d u a lly obliterates by e p i t h e l i a l prolife ra tion a n d i n creased tension of the wa ll. " ' The d u ctus ve nosus obliterates after b i rth a n d becomes the ligamentum venosum i n the p rt a l a rea o f the liver.

in

[BOTALLO[, on [ARANTIUS[ o

M eta b o l i c systems

Skin

Control systems

E n d o c r i n e o rga n s

Lymphatic system V j u gul a r i s i n t e r n a Ductus Iymphaticus dexter (Angulus venosus) V. subclavia Truncus bronchomediastinalis

Nodi

Iymphoidei

cervicales

Arous ductus thoraClci

.1---.,;;-le�ibd1l--

HM-'Q-'-W"""4'I'4--

NOdllymphoidelet viscerales panetales

abdomlnls

--1�..;:.:>.1..,:.;a.�

parietaIylemphoi s et vidseicerpelalveiss ---.J���4�JI�'irl NOdi Iymphoidei inguinales -Nodi

Pars

thoraclca

CiParstserabdomi na nalis Trunci intestinales Trunci lumbales

Ductus thoracicus

chyli

....'-1-411...

Vasa Iymphatica

-----1IK-�

Fig. 42 Overview of the lym p hatic system.

Nodi Iyantmpholeriordeels

axil arIyemphoi s dei

cervicales

Nodi

Nodi

IyInmphol guinaldeels -7S....f--+rt-� a

Nodi Iymphoi axil ardeeis

-10,..

_ _

Fig. 43 a, b D ra i nage a reas of reg ional lymph nodes. The d ra i nage of reg ional lym p h nodes varies considera b ly between i n d ividuals. They overlap in d ra i n i n g to lymph n odes of the ipsi lateral as well as of the contralatera l side of the body.

cerNodivicIyalmphoi es latdeeirales --.r-+-�-\--

b

NOdl lympholdel ingUlnales

�

Genera l a natomy

�� ���

�1___S_u_r_fa__c e

L o c o m o t o r s� st e m __ _ _y__ __ _

�__

__

Ca rd i ovasc u la r system

__

Systema nervosum

centrale

periphericum

-J Cerebrum ------c,,Cl

Truncus cerebri

2

-=I::-.4-.:; 4.:!1..!

3

-

tlHl------

4

Nn. aervlcales

5 6 7

Medulla spinalis --,r.;:;:;;;;;7j; tf��:'�7.-

8 Tl 2

�;..J,.Ii�r-+--- Nn. thoraclcl

Plexuscalis cervi

brPleaxuschialis

3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10

costNn ianlteesr­

11 Cauda

12

equlna - ++t--+--,II'-- -+-�-+J'_++-r-I->;�;O .. -

-

Ll 2

Nn. lumbales

3 4 5 S1 2 3 4

Cc

Fig. 44 Overview of the central and periphera l n e rvous system.

5 1 2

I Plexus exusis lPlumbal

sacralis

1

Plexus

_ __

Nervous system

Nervous sys tem

Systema nervosum

__

coccygeus

M e ta bolic systems

C o n t rol syst e m s

Skin

E n d oc r i n e o rga n s

Peripheral nervous system Cerebrum

Nn. craniales

Nn. olfiacusctori III I N.N.opt IVV N.N. ttocutrroigchlemiomotearnusisorius VIVIVIII N.N.N. vestfabducens aciaiblisulocochlearis N. glossopharyngeus XXIIX N.N.vagus hypoglossusius XII N. accessor

Medulla oblongata Medulla spinalis N. hypoglossus [XI )

Fig. 45 Overview of the b ra i n and the c ranial nerves.

Cl

C2

Plexus cervicalis

N. auricularis magnus -�'I--� N.. Raditransverx supersusiocolr li Ansa cer v i c al i s Ansa cervicalis.(RRaditraxpeziinfeurs)ior ---/-----,.>£--,y dorsNalisphrscapulenicusae-=-�"---�"""'-:h''-IfiI---: I' Nn. supraclaviculares --E.",.,.(I Plexus brachialis N.Nsuprsubscapul ascapulaarriiss -----::;.>f Tr u ncus FasciN.culaxiusl apostris Ne"�,riosubcl r::...:;�avi�us����� ���=t-,I-�-h�Ii(:--=---- Trsuperuncusior medius thorculaucocor sralaliiss ---;::'9�-hr..(l�f. Fasci s l a t e N. thoraciNcusralodingusalis Trinfuencusrior musculocutaneus N medlanus C3

.::;; """'.,.. ----nf---....::;;,.:

C4

-­

--n-----,'"

C5

N.

----vii�--If

C6

---7T.¥ iiVlrP,f--1"'77'-------

--'7<''T'-'''-"7'1

C7

-

N

C8

A::lP'l--I'+�"".d�==-----

N.

-- f----:"..._=::.� ---7-'----:1

Tl

T2

N.

N. Intercostal s

N. lhoraclcus IT1),

Fig. 46 Overview of the cervical and bra c h i a l plexus. Plexu s cervicalis et b rachia lis.

�

Gen e ra l a natomy

S u rface ���

Loco m o t o r syste m

C a rd i ovasc u l a r system

Peripheral nervous system R.

N. subcostalis ----,�� cutaneus lateralis --S;?:;Il' N.N iilliioohypogast us -::;;&'-,i' inguinalisric---------,,y

gen,tofemora ls ( ====7.-L�-n�I:=i/ N. N. femoralis TrNuncusglutelusumbosacr lis ::::::;:: ;;:J� superioar---<1: N. gluteus inferior hbulans N. { N.oommun N N.

R femorans R gen italis

•

T12

L1

L2

L3

Plexus lumbalis

vn__.c""'__

cuta.neus femoris lateralls

L4

-----=-....-:;"r

------#:"..<,..�

s

Ischladious

1I0lall5

L5

S1

S2

S3

S4

Co

Nn.

Plexus sacralis

Pllumbosacr exus alis

Plexus coccygeus

Overview of the lum bosacral plexus, Plexus l u mbosacra lis [Plexu s l u m balis et sacralis), and the coccygeal plexus. Plexus coccygeus. Fig. 47

Ru

c taneus

Nn. spinales

Nn.Nn.Nn. certluhmbal orvaiccialecesi s sacrales N.Nn.coccygeus

R.

lateralls

cutantaneus e rior

Fig. 48 Schema of spinal nerves exe m p lified by two thora c i c nerves.

Ganglsympat ion truhnciici N splanchnimajcusor

Trspiunncusalis nervi N

Intercostalis

R. communicans

GangliohnlctlruncI sympat

Nervous system

M eta b o l i c syste m s

Control systems

Skin

E nd ocr i n e o rga n s

Autonomous nervous system Pons -Medulla oblongata

��

N. oculomotorius [I IJ ;ri�-s����:\\-- N. facialis [VI J ���-/,- ��=l!.!,.! !>r.f.-),-r:;, N.IXJglossopharyngeus [N vagus [XJ

__ __ __ __ __ __

Ganglion cersupenus vicale

0:+--+/""";1-"0:"""'\---

cervicN.aliscarsuperdiacusior

., � cervicoth[sorGangl ateliciatcuiumomJn -....c:::��� Ansa subclavia

�+---

--T'\. .... 1l./.... III ,1II1

--;o�_""

sympathfcus; --

Trunc<Js Ganglll\

__..

samaha

Nn. splsacranchnialecsi Ganglion impar

....� ... 2(

_�.,....�_-t-:.'"

-----;��..ll.V

Pars thoracica aortae

---=-+=-� ----'::.:Iij,.....,..\;.

---1..

ift""4II;t-----

�Ik--'l�---

l�o<;==It+---

\Jt.�OO��

-------,L-+�-4

... •..L::._

N. laryngeus

recurrens sinister

Truncus vagalis anterior Truncus vagalis posterior Plexus oesophageus

�..u�4--

------.l...�..L

---tlit-;:rr

_ _

-----f-04�.,.j

------..:..,;;...:.J:.':Q

Plexus hypogastricus inferior--.J4"""."h'

Fig. 49 Sympathetic part of the autonomous nervou s system, Pars sympathica . The entire system of sympathetic ganglia and their connections located a long the vertebral colu m n a re referred to as sympathetic t ru n k , Truncus sym pathicus [ g reen!.

CJ-.+--ril-="--

TrPluencusxus coelcoeliaiacuscus; iarcaenalis A.A. mesent reGangl nalis;ieaPlricoelecaxussuper ior;ior PleParxussmesent e r i c us super abdomi is aortnaale;is PleA.xusmesent aorticeusrnicalabdomi PlPleexusxushypogast mesenterraiiccusiusnfesuper inrifoerr;ioior r A. il aca communis N. hypogastricus

..-I-:k-----

TruncusGanglsympat ia lumbalhicus;ia Nn. splanchnici lumbales

-1IiIJ...'�

'--

H-I'IJ----

N splanchnicus minor

\-4-\.1.--

-

A. subclavia N. laryngeus recurrens dexter Arcus aortae; Plexus cardiacus Pars ascendens aortae

....'..t'IiJaIl!::.----

;:=

-

A. carotis communis

1Ifr----

...,._��-

IIJI[1 'II...... '_

ParParss crpelavniicaalis

[RadiNn xsplparanchniasympatci pelhivciaci[ '3":���-- Ganglia pelvica

Fig. 50 Parasy m pathetic part of t h e autonomous nervous system, Pars parasympath ica . Parasympathetic f i b res [violetl usually travel a Lo n g with other nerve fibres.

�

Genera l a natomy

S u rface ���

Locom o t o r syste m

C a rd iova s c u la r system

Autonomous nervous system Pars parasympathica

Pars sympathica

N. oculomotorius [I IJ NN.vagusglossopharyngeus [XJ [IXJ

Truncus sympathicus

Ganglion coeliacum

Ganglion mesentsuperericumius --=---�f--JH-+-"""'�i1il�JiC!1 ........ . .,... ... O:""'FI----+'----:::---

Peri p h e ra l parts of the a utonomous nervous system. Sympathetic fi bres of the limbs travel a lo n g with arteries. Fig. 5 1

Nn. splanchnici pelvici

Nervous system

M e t a b o l i c syst e m s

Skin

Control systems

E n d o c r i n e o rga n s

Autonomous nervous system Pars parasympathica

Pars sympathica

s [I I] N. fgloculaocissophar aolmotis oryiungeus [ I X ] vagus [X]

N.

[VII]

N.

N.

sympatTruhncusicus pelvsplici anchnici Nn

Overview of the functions of the autonomous nervous system. Fig. 52

.. General a natomy

S u rface .. .. ..

C a rd i ovasc u l a r syste m

Endocrine organs

Hypothalamus -4���;;;;:'!J..J------[GlaHypophysi ndula pituitsariaj

-=:t::.���.,.�

_ _ _ _ _ _

Glandula thyroidea ---7""''-----' Thymus

----�-��--�---- COr ----�--�-----+

Gaster iii'"�;_t-supr _+_----_ Glaandul renalais------+---Ah-.... Insulae pancreaticae Ren Ovarium -----I--'�[----ti'L-.JI\ Intestinum �-t_-----

o;H-------I------

Fig. 53

Endocrine organs of the maLe.

----l----\--.\--,,£_

y

Test.s

Fig. 54

Locomotor syste m

Endocrine organs of the femaLe.

N ervous system

M e t a b o l i c syst e m s

Control systems

Skin

E ndocrine organs

Skin and fingernails Stra(stutrmictcoru sensu) neum Stratum lucidum ���::: ( Stratum granulosum nosume -7���iR-:�:::�-_...! Stratum { StrStaturamtuspim basal [DCorermiuism] { StStrarattuummrpapieticull aarree VasasuperIymphatficiaicliaa Nn. cutanei

Epidermis

(Plexus vasalis dermalis)

germlnatlvum

Vas Iymphaticum profundum (A" V.

(Plexusmvasal subder alis) is

(Plexusaneus) vasalis subcut epi(Plefaxussciavasallis) is

Intramuscularls)

(A ; V. subfascialis) (A.; V. intraseptalis)

Fig. 55 Section t h ro u g h the s k i n ; approximately 1 1 -fold magn ification .

=-.,----

---iA---

Valium -----r�

unguis Lunula Eponychium'

---,,---.:::-

Margo liber Corpus unguis

Hyponychium Matrix unguis Valium unguis

Fig. 56 D ista l phalanx of a d i g it with fingernail. •

known

of

--, ,;::..:. •

_ _

---+--'-!r":-

Fig. 57 D i stal p ha la n x of a d i g i t ; t h e nail h a s been partly removed .

The epidermis the n a i l is also as cuticle.

Hyponychium

;ii]���ii� Aponeurosis dorsalis

MargO l ber =1 Phalanx distalis Epidermis Cutis

Matrl� unguIs

Ardistticaullisatio interphalangea C:--���E'S==::-- Capsula articularis

.;;JI __"';--�!I I-..�

M.profundusdiglTendo torum nexor

Fig. 58 D istal p h a la n x of a d ig it, Phalanx d istalis; sagittal section.

�

H ea d

Su rface

Skeleton

Regions

Regio 'rontalis RegiRegioo izygomat nfraorbitiaclais

Reglo temporal s Regio

)

TrTriiggonum onum subment ableulare submandi cerantRegievirocioalris TrTrigionum car o t i c um gonum musculare [omotrachealej Fossa supraclavicularis minor Tromocligonumaviculare } cerlRegialevrlaaclalisis

mentalis

Regions of the head and the neck, Regiones capitis et colli.

Fig. 59

Regio Tramalls .---5'---o nasalis RegioRegizy£lafrlabc:a-----:f-:::;:+--· Regio infRegir�nlo·hiort,.ali.lis-RegiRegioabuccal mentailsis submandi. bulare cerviantcealrioisr ( TrTri.iggonum onum carotlcum Trigonum musculare [omotrachealej Fossa supraclavicularis minor

Regia temporalis Regia

---­

---'--fo­

Regia

J...:....

---++_ _ _ _

"j••!!Z::;:======l;---

Regions of the head a n d the neck. Reg iones capitis et colli.

Fig. 60

paratldeomasseterica

Regio deltoidea

) cerRegiviocalis

lateralis

M uscles

To pog ra p hy

O rg a n a re a s

Sections

Skull

--------lr- Frons

�.-+-- Nasion

Orblta

---t-i..,-+-���

' --4.--

Apertura piriformis

Fig. 61

Skull. C ra n i u m .

Arcus zygomaticus

... H ea d Bones o f the

S u rface

Skeleton

skull Os frontale, Squama frontalis Sutura frontonasalis

Sutura frontolacrimalis Sutura frontomaxillaris Sutura sphenofrontal is Foramen supraorbitale

Margo supraorbital is Sutura coronal is Os parietale, Angulus sphenoidal is Os sphenoidale, Ala major

Sutura sphenoparietalis

Os frontale, Pars orbitalis Os frontale, Proc zygomaticus

Os sphenoidale, Ala major, Facies orbital is

Fissura orbitalis superior

Os temporale

--\--:4��""7���

W'--+-- Sutura frontozygomatica

Os sphenoidale, Ala minor

Os lacrimale

Os sphenoidale, Ala major Sutura sphenozygomatica

Os zygomaticum

Sutura nasomaxillaris

Fissura orbitalis inferior Margo infraorbitalis

Foramen infraorbitale

Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris Septum nasi osseum

{

Concha nasalis media Os ethmoid ale Vomer

Concha nasalis inferior

Maxilla, Proc alveolaris Ramus mandibulae Spina nasalis anterior Sutura intermaxillaris

Foramen mentale Corpus mandibulae

_

..

Os frontale

Os temporale

Os nasale

Concha nasalis inferior

Maxilla

Mandibula

Os parietale

Os zygomaticum

Os lacrimale

Os sphenoid ale

Fig . 62

Bones of the skull, Ossa c ra n i i .

Vomer Os ethmoidale

M uscles

To pog raphy

O rg a n a reas

03 ·5

Sect i o n s

Bones of the skull

Os parietale

Sul\lra sphenofrontalls

lSutambdoiura dea

Os nasalSuteura maxinaso­ l aris

antnasalSpiernioiasr zygomat maxiSutl aiucrro­ias Sutuicroaa­ tempor zygomat

Protument berantaliias

Linea temporali s superior Linea temporalis inferior Tuber parietale

Porus acusticus externus Proc styloideus Foramen mentale

Os frontale Os parietale Os occiprtale Os nasale

Os lacrimale Os zygomaticum Os sphenoidale .. Os ethmoidale

.. ..

FiQ_ 63

Bones of the skull, Ossa cra n i i .

Sutura occipitomastoidea

Os temporale Maxil a Mandibula

�

H ea d

S u rface

Skeleton

Bones of the skull O s nasale

Tuber frontale

Os fronlaJe

Sutura coronalis

Linea temporalis supenor

Linea temporalis inferior

Os

parlatale

Tuber parietale

Vertex

Sutura sagittal is

Foramen parietale

Os occlpltals

Os nasale

Os parietale

Os frontale

Os occipitale

Fig. 64 Bones of the skull, Ossa c ra n i i ; s u pe rior vi ew.

M u scles

Topography

(]37

Sect i o n s

O r g a n a reas

Bones of the skull

Foramen parietale

Sutura sagit alis

�-"'_' �

Sutura lambdoidea

as

(Strutansver ura occisa,pVaritalis.) squamosa parietomastSutoidueara -�rto"�"'f7'V· occipitomastSutoidueara --'\=-"----
Ossa suturalia

--- t".:�

as parietale

temporale Os occipltale maslO,deus Os

_ _ _

..

parletale

Procciotupberitalisantextiaerna

lnoan as temporale

Fig. 65 Bones of the skull, Ossa c ra n i i ; posterior view.

as occipitale

�

H ea d

I Skeleton I

Surfac e

Bones of the s kull

Foramen parietale

Sulura

squamosa

Sinus frontalis

Eminentia arcuata

-'�"-I...,-..;.::r::..�

Foramen caecum Crista galli

���'--l-- Suture

lambda­ idea

oS-:�Ii�����St�

ethmoidale, Lamina perpen­ dicularis

•

Squama occipitalis Protuberantia occipitalis externa Sulcus sinus transversi

. Canalis --+Y�--cj:.....-.cr.1'P.'.K':,�� ,O#'·�r.::"fJ:r.<: Incisivus

Sulcus sinus sigmoidei Foramen mastoideum Porus et Meatus acusticus internus

styloideus pterygoideus, Lamina medialis Proc pterygoideus, Lamina lateral is Proc. pterygoideus, Fossa pterygoidea

Os frontale

Os sphenoidale

Os parietale

Os temporale

Os occipitale

Maxilla

Os nasale

Vomer

Os ethmoldale

Os palatinum

Bones of the sku ll, Ossa c ran i i ; medial view.

Fig. 66

Muscles

r Top o g ra p hy

Org a n areas

Secti o n s

Bones of the skull Crista frontalis

Sulcus sinus sagit alis superioris

Os

[rontale

Sutura coronalis anenoslel

Sulci

Os parletale

venosl

.•,.c.I-- Lamina Intema Lamina e)(lema

Sutura lambdoidea Os

lrontale

..

Os parietale

Fig. 67 Calva ria, Calva r i a ; internal aspect.

Os occipitale

.. 9

.. H ea d

Skeleton

S u rface

Bones of the skuLL Crista frontalis Sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris

Lamina et Foramina cribrosa Impressiones gyrorum

Os sphenoidale, Corpus

Proc clinoideus posterior

Canalis opticus

Fissura orbitalis superior Sutura sphenofrontalis Os sphenoidale, Ala minor Fossa hypophysial is Foramen rotundum

Proc. clinoideus anterior Sulcus caroticus

Lingula sphenoidalis

Sutura sphenosquamosa

Foramen lacerum

Sulcus arteriosus

Foramen ovale

Fissura petrooccipitalis

Foramen sp,nosum

Spina ossis sphenoidal is Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris

Os temporale, Pars squamosa

Fissura petro­ squamosa

Sulcus nervi petrosi minoris

Porus acusticus internus

Sulcus nervi petrosi majoris

Margo superior partis petrosae

Margo superior partis petrosae

Foramen jugulare

Os temporale, Pars petrosa Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris

Canalis condylaris Foramen mastoideum Fossa subarcuata

Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Foramen jugulare Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Sulcus sinus transversi

Protuberantia occipitalis interna

Foramen magnum (Crista occipitalis internal

Os frontale

Os ethmoidale

Os temporale

Os parietale

Os sphenoidale

Os occipitale

I nternal su rface of the base of the skull, Basis c ra n i i i nterna,

Fig. 68

M u scles

Top o g ra p hy

O rg a n a re a s

Sections

Bones of the skull

Canalis opticuS

Fissura orbitalis superior

Fossa cranii anterior

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramen lace rum ; Fissura sphenopetrosa Fossa cranii media

Foramen spinosum

Canalis caroticus, Apertura interna

Porus acusticus internus Foramen jugulare Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Fossa cranii posterior

Foramen magnum

Fig. 69 I nternal su rface o f the base o f t h e skull, Basis c ra n i i i nterna, and foramina, Foramina .

�

Surface

H ea d

S keleton

Bones of the skull

Foramen incisivum Sutura palatina mediana

Vomer, Alae vomeris

Maxilla, Proc. palatinus Os palatinum, Proc. pyramidalis

Sutura palatina transversa Os palatinum, Lamina horizontalis

Proc pterygoideus, Lamina medialis

Foramen palatinum majus

Hamulus pterygoideus Fissura orbitalis inferior

Proc pterygoideus, Lamina lateralis

Arcus zygomaticus

Crista infratemporalis Proc. pterygoideus, Lamina medialis

Os temporale, Proc zygomaticus

Foramen ovale Tuberculum pharyngeum

Foramen lacerum Foramen spinosum

Spina ossis sphenoidal is

Tuberculum articulare

_--,l-.-".,���fJ'�--:�j�!:�l!���

CanaliculuS mastoideus

Proc. slyloideus Foramen stylo· mastoideum

Meatus acusticus externus Fossa jugularis

Proc. mastoideus Incisura mastoidea

Foramen jugulare

Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Os parietale Foramen mastoideum

Foramen magnum

Linea nuchal is superior Linea nuchalis inferior

Protuberantia occipitaliS externa

Maxilla as frontale as parietale

.. ..

as palatinum

as sphenoidale

Vomer

as temporale

Os zygomaticum

as occipitale

Fig. 70 Exte rnal s u rface of the base of the skull, Basis c ra n i i externa.

M u scles

Top o g ra p hy

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

Bones of the skull Palatum durum

Foramen palatinum majus Foramina palmiantorinaa Foraovalmene spiFornaosummen Forsphenopet amen laFicersrsurousam;a

Arcus zygomaticus

Fossa infratemporalis -- Choana

�....� ...; -.,...;..

----,.:�....:.;.;..;::::I

Porus acust exterincusus

Proc.

masto ldsus

Canal Apertisurcara extotiecrus,na stylomastForoidaeummen

Condylus

occipitalis

Foramen jugulare Canalis nervi hypoglossi Foramen magnum Fig. 71 External su rface of the base of the skull, Basis cra n i i externa. and fora m ina, Fora m i na .

�

Hea d Skull,

Surface

Ske Leton

radiography

Sutura lambdoidea Sutura sagittalis

Cellulae ethmoidales Sinus frontales

Crista galli

Margo supraorbitalis Meatus nasi medius Fissura orbital is superior Os temporale, Pars petrosa

Meatus nasi superior Septum nasi

Meatus acusticus externus

Concha nasalis media

Cellulae mastoideae

Sinus maxillaris Concha nasalis inferior

Proc, mastoideus

Spina nasalis anterior Palatum durum

Ramus mandibulae

Axis, Dens Meatus nasi inferior Dens incisivus

Cavitas nasi

Corpus mandibulae

Fig. 72 Skull, C ra n i u m ; AP-telerad i o g ra p h .

* I n n o m i nate l i n e , L i n ea i n n o m i nata, a projection l i n e without a natomical correlate

Muscles

To p o g r a p h y

O rg a n

a re a s

D�5

Secti o n s

Skull, radiography

Lamina externa Diploe Lamina interna

Proc clinoideus anterior

Sutura coronalis

Proc. clinoideus posterior Fossa hypophysial is Os frontale, Pars orbitalis Sutura lambdoidea Fossa mandibularis

Sinus frontalis Cellulae ethmoidales

Cellulae mastoideae

Os nasale Sinus sphenoidal is

Meatus acusticus externus

Sinus maxillaris Caput mandibulae

Atlas, Arcus anterior

Palatum durum

Atlas, Tuberculum posterius Axis. Dens Corpus mandibulae Cartilago epiglottica Os hyoideum, Corpus

Fig. 73 Skull, C ra n i u m ; lateral telerad iograph . •

Posterior wall of the maxillary s i n u s

\ ''''''''

mBl'ldibula,a

Proc. splnosus vertebrae cervical is II Ramus mandibulae

�

H ea d

S u rface

Skeleton

Skull, development Fonticulus anterior (Sutura frontalis) Os frontale, Tuber frontale Maxil a, Proc. frontalis Os nasaIe Os sphenoidale, Ala major Septum nasi osseum ForamenDensinfraordecibitadlueus Foramen mentale

Fig. 74

�

Os lacrimale Os frontale Os parietale

Sutura coronalis Foramen supraorbitale Os temporale Os zygomaticum S k u ll, C ranium, of a neonate.

occipitale Maxil a, Os incisivum Os zygomaticum

Os

Sutura coronalis Os frontale, Tuber frontale Fonticulus sphenoidalis Os sphenoidale, Ala major Os zygomaticum Apertura piriformis Os temperale, Pars

Os ethmoidale Os sphenoidale Os nasale, Os temporale, Mandibula Os parietale, Tuber parietale Fonticulus posterior Squama occipitalis

Fonticulus mastoideus

squamo6a Fig. 75

Skull, Cra n i u m , of a neonate.

M u scles

To pog rap hy

O rg a n a rea s

Secti ons

Skull, development Sutura frontalis

Fonticulus anterior

Os frontale, Squama frontalis Sutura coronalis

----:::;"""
--+-----:-'--_--,-�t--4

Os parietale, Tuber panetale Fonticulus posterior

Sutura sagit alis Fig. 76

Os occipitale, Squama occipitalis

Skull, C ranium, of a n e onate .

..

Vomer Os frontale .. Os parietale Os occipitale, Squama occipitalis (Sutura occipitalis transversa, Var.) Fonticulus mastoideus Os temporale, Pars pel(ro';a -_--II!!':::::!\.....:...!.., Os temporale, Pars

Maxil a, Os incisivum Os occipitale, Os palatinum Os zygomaticum Os temporale Os sphenoidale Mandibula Fonticulus posterior

Os occipitale. Pars lateralis Foramen magnum

ChOana

Os sphenoidale, Proc. pterygoideus Fig. 77

Os parietate

Maxil a, Proc. palatinus S ku ll, C ra n i u m . of a neonate.

(] 4 7

,. H ea d

SkeLeton

S u rface

Frontal and ethmoidal bone

Margo parietalis

Squama frontalis, Facies externa

Tuber frontale

Facies lemporalis

Margo supraorbltalis

Proc.

Incisura

supraorbltalis

Pars

orbllahs. Facies orbltalis

Fig. 78

Lamina et Foramina cribrosa Fossa glandulae lacrimalis Margo supraorbitalis

Os frontale

Pars nasalis

Os

Spina nasalis

zygomaticus

Incisura frontalis

Glabella

Fro ntal bone, O s frontale.

Os frontale, Squama frontalis

nasa Ie

Lamina et Foramina cribrosa

...

Os ethmoidale

Incisura supraorbitalis Margo supraorbitalis Labyrinthus ethmoidalis Proc zygomaticus

Lamina perpendicularis

Fig. 79 Frontal bone. Os frontale; ethmoidal bone, O s ethmoidale, and nasal bones. Ossa nasalia.

Os nasa Ie

M u scles

Top o g ra p hy

O r g a n areas

Sect i o n s

Maxil a and paLatine bone

Proc. frontalis, Crista lacrimalis anterior

Incisura laMarcrimgaloislacrimalis Margo infraorbitalis Facies orbitalis Sulcus infraorbitalis Facies infratemporalis Foramina alveolaria Proc zygomaticus Tuber maxil ae

Foramen infraorbitale

__...:.:!o... --_

I

Fig. 8o

Maxil a, Proc. frontalis ----:-:":Sulcus lacrimalis Crista conchalis ----...Maxil a, Facies nasalis

--=-;----''----1(

Maxil a, Proc. palatinus Maxil a Os palatinum

Fig. 81

Maxi lla , Maxilla.

Margo lacrimalis

ncisura nasalis Spina nasalis anterior Juga alveolaria

Facies

anterior

Crista ethmoidalis sphEtnopalatlna Incisura

[��,��,-.--

Maxi lla, Maxi lla, a n d palatine bone,

a s palat i n u m .

-

Sinus maxillaris

OsLamipalnaatperinum.pendl­

cularls

sta conchal SpinCra inasal is postiesrior Sutura palatina transversa

�

H ea d

S u rface

S keleton

Nasal ca vity

Crista

as fronlale

gal

II

Lamina et Foramina cribrosa

froSintnauslis Suturias frontonasal

----+_�

Cnsta sphenoidal Sinus sphenoidalis Fossa hypophysialis asCorsphenoi pus dale, Ala vomeris

Lamina peras petendihmoiculdaalreis, as lacrimale Canalis

Incisivus

IS

....

-

Vomer

PrLamioc.npta elartyegoiraldiseus, Spina nasalis posterior Hamulus pterygoideus as palnaathorinum,izontalis PrMaxioc.l apal, atinus Lami

Maxil a as frontale nasale as sphenoidale AS

Fig. 82 Bony nasaL septum, Septum nasi osseum.

as palatinum as ethmoidale .. Vomer .. lacrimale AS

M uscles

To pog ra phy

Organ a reas

Sect i o n s

Nasal cavity Lamina et Foramina cribrosa Concha nasalis superior Sinus sphenoidalis Foramen sphenopalatinum Os sphenoidale, Corpus ��tt..���tUJ&,t.l!A�\'--- Hiatus maxil aris Clivus Os occi p i t a I e Os palnaatperinum,pendicularis Lami PrLamioc.npta emedirygoiadliseus, Hamulus pterygoideus Os palatinum, Lamina horizontalis

Crista galli Os nasale

Concha nasalis media Concha nasalis inferior Spina nasalis anterior Canalis incisivus Proc, palMaxiatinlusa,

Fig. 83 Lateral wall of the nasal cavity, Cavitas nasi.

Os parietale Maxil a Os frontale Os nasale

Concha nasalis inferior Os sphenoidale Os occipitale palatinum Os

Sinus frontalis

Conchasupernasalioisr Os nasale lacrimalOse -

Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Sinus sphenoidalis Foramen atinum sphenopal CrOsispalta etathinmoium,dalis Concha Proc ethnasalmoidisaliinsferior,

___�

-

antnasalSpiernioiasr InCanal cislvusis

... Os ethmoidale ... Os lacrimale

••L-�4-.----

Lateral wa ll of the nasal cavity, Cavitas nasi; the m i d d le nasal concha has been removed. Fig. 84

*

from

Probe located in the passage the frontal s i n u s to the middle nasal meatus

�

S u rfa c e

H ea d

S k e Leton

Hard palate Proc .

ptsrygoldsus

{lamina

Spina

madialis

Lamina laleralis

nasalis posterior Sutura palatine

Iransversa

---7"""---

(

Sinus maxil aris

Canalis nasolacrlmalis

��•.:,.,,;q..--

Foramen

Apertura piriformis

Spina nasaliS anterior

Incislvum

Fig. 85 H a rd palate. Pa latu m d u r u m ; maxi llary s i n u s , Sinus maxillaris, and i nferior n a s a l c o n c h a , Concha nasalis inferio r.

Proc. p lerygo,d eus

Os

(

Maxil a Os palatinum Lam,na

Os sphenoidale Concha nasalis inferior

medialis

lamina lataralls

palatlnum, Proc. pyramidalis

Foramen palatinum

---r:'-L''"'''Ii

Foramen

minus

palatinum malus

Maxil a, Proc. zygomaticus

Sulci palatinl

Spinae palatlnee

Maxilla, Proc. palatlnus

(Os incisivum) Foramen incisivum Fig. 86

Sutura pala!ina mediana

H a rd palate, Palatum d u r u m .

M uscles

To pog ra p hy

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

Orbit and pterygopalatine fossa Os palatinum, Proc. orbitalis Fissura orbitalis inferior Os sphenoidale, Ala major

ethmoidales lamiOs ethmoi na orbdta s Cellulae

ale, i li

Os lacrlmale

sacci lacrFossa imalis

SulUfa Fig. 87

_ Os zygomaticum

Os temporale Os palatinum Os sphenoidale

zygomaticomaxillaris

Base of the orbit, O rbita .

Maxil a .. Os lacrimale Os ethmoidale Os frontale Arcus zygomaticus

zygomaticForofaacimenale

zygomaticoalveol(Craisritsa)

Fossa inForfrataemenmporovalalise Foramen spinosum AlSpianmaja ossior, s sphenoidalis Proc. pterygoideus OsLami endicaultianrais, Fossapalnaapttperienrum,ypgopal Os palatinum, Proc. pyramidalis OsHamul Proc.sphenoi ptuserptygoidealrydegoieus,, deus Ii..::::�'----

----�

Foramina alveolaria Fig. 88

PterygopaLati ne fossa, Fossa pterygopaLatina.

�

H ea d

S u rface

S keleton

Orbit

antForearmiiusnaetetposthmoierdiualsia

Canalis opticus orFisbsuritalias superior (Sutura icofrontalis) zygomat Ala minor 1 AlFacia majes ororb, italis Os sphenoidale OsFacizygomat es orbitaiclium,s Foramenicofaciale zygomat Fissura orbitalis inferior Sulcus infraorbitalis Sutura zygomaticomaxil aris

Incisura frontalis LamiOs etnahmoiorbditalaleis, Sutura frontomaxil aris Os nasale ---ICrista lacrimalis anterior Crista lacrimalis posterior OsPropalc, oratbinitum,alis

Fig . 89 Orbit, O rbita; probe located i n the i nfra-orbital canal, Canalis i nfraorbitalis .

Os nasale Os frontale Os palatinum Os ethmoidale

(

Ala minor sp�\enOld�: FacieAls aormajbltaolirs,

--+';-;';----'-'�T>,'!tI ---.---:�r--;.

Os palatinum

Maxil a, Proc, alveolaris Dens molaris

.. Vomer .. Os zygomaticum

Maxil a

Os temporale Concha nasalis inferior Os sphenoidale .. Os lacrimale

Cellulae ethmoidaleCrs ista galli Os ethmoidale, Lamina perpendicularis Os frontale, Pars orbitalis Fissuriaororbitalis super OsPartsesquamosa mporale, _�--- Fissura orbitalis inferior Os zygomaticum inlraorbltal s Concha nasalis media zygomaticomaxil aris Concha nasalis inferior Cavitas nasi, Meatus nasi inferior Maxil a, Proc. palatinus Canalis

Sutura

Fig. 90 Fac i a l skeleto n , Viscerocra n i u m ; frontal section.

M u sc le s

To p o g ra p hy

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

all 5.,15··. ,.

Orbit fSquama roiFacinnttearlenisas,

_

Os parietale Sutura sphenofrontalis Os temporale, Pars squamosa Ala minor AlFacia maes ororb, italis } Os sphenoidale Corpus ForamenSinusrosphenoi tundumdalis Canalis pterygoideus Fossa pterygopalatina Proc, pterygoideus Hamulus pterygoideus Canalis palatinus ma or �.,..---

...tr.:r.-----

j

--

zygomaticForoorabmiitanliaa Canalis infraorbitalis Sinus maxil aris

Alveoli dentales

j

Fig. 91 Orbit, Orbita ; lateral wall.

Os frontale .. Os lacrimale Os sphenoidale Os nasale

Crista lacrimalis antMaxierlioar, Crista lacrimOsalislapostcrimealrioer, Sulcus infraorbitalis Maxil a, Proc. zygomaticus

Os nasale Os palatinum Os ethmoidale

____��...L_.....

Maxil a Os temporale _ Os zygomaticum

Sutura ethmoidolacrimalis Foramen ethmoidale anterius Os ethmoidale, Lamina orbitalis Foramen ethmoidale posterius Os palatinum, Proc. orbitalis Foramen sphenopalatinum Fossa pterygopalatina

Fig . 92 Orbit, O rbita ; medial wall.

Proc. pterygoideus, Lamina lateralis Hamulus pterygoideus Maxil a, Proc. alveolaris

--

),

. '

-- �. -4

,.

.. H e a d

Skeleton

S u rface

Sphenoidal bone Apersphenoi tura sidnalusis Ala

Corpus

Crista sphenoidalis AlFacia majes ororb, italis AlFacia majes toermpor , alis

major

Margo zygomaticus

Foramen rotundum Facies maxil aris Proc pterygoideus, Lamina medialis

Crista infratemporalis Concha sphenoidalis Spina ossis sphenoidalis PrLamioc,npta elarytegoiraldiseus, Incisura pterygoidea Hamulus pterygoideus

Fig. 93 Sphenoidal bone, Os sphe noidale ; a nterior view.

Sulcus caroticus Foramen rotundum Fissurioar orbitalis super Margo squamosus

Dorsum sellae Proc, clinoideus posterior Proc. clinoideus anterior

parMariegtoalis cerAlFaciaemajebrsaolisr, -.--- Sulcus arteriosus Li n gul a sphenoi d al i s �= L �' � � ;� i � ; � f� Sulcus tubae auditivae ������� Spina ossis sphenoidalis Fossa scaphoidea Proc pterygoideus, Lamina lateralis plerygoldeus E::��'-'-��"""--

Canalis pterygoideus

Rostrum sphenoidale ProLamic. ptenraygoimedideus,alis

Incisura

Hamulus

Fig. 94 Sphenoidal bone, Os sphenoidale ; posterior view.

plerygoldea

�-'----'-.I---

M uscles

To pog ra p hy

O rg a n a reas

,057

Sect i on s

Sphenoidal and occipital bone

Ala major, Margo frontalis

MargoAlpara majietaolirs,

Fissurioar orbitalis super

(Proc clinoideus medius) Proc. clinoideus posterior Proc. clinantoideeusrior

Sulcus prechiasmaticus

....--: .. r1��....L

Ala major, Margo squamosus

Incisura jugularis Proc. jugularis Foramen magnum Sulcus sinus sigmoidei

Fossa cerebellaris

AlOsasphenoi major dale, men rForotuandum SelFossala tuhypophysi rcica, alis Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Sulcus caroticus Lingula sphenoidalis Tuberculum jugulare Os occipitale, Pars lateralis Margo mastoideus _ _ _

....� ., r-..t§.---

---��-"""::;-

-'L------

�__-

------,��

Sulcus sinus transversi (Crista occipitalis internaj Eminentia cruciformis Protuberantia occipitalis interna Fig. 95 Occi pital bone, Os occipita le, and sphenoidal bone, Os sphenoidale.

Margo lambdoideus

�

H ea d

S u rfa c e

S keleton

Temporal bone Sulcus arteriae temporalis mediae Foveola suprameatica Crista supramastoidea Incisura parietalis (Spina suprameatica) Pars petrosa Foramen mastoideum Fissura tympanomastoidea �:!C:-':Ii;;�rt�4i

/ Margo parietalis

Pars squamosa, Facies temporalis Margo sphenoidalis Proc zygomaticus

_ _

Proc, mastoideus

Fig. 96

Rssura

TubercUlum articulare

mandlbularis, Facies perrotympanica

Fossa Fissura

Meatus acustlcus

exlernus

Temporal bone. Os temporale.

Pars squamosa

petrosquamosa

Pars pe l rosa

Pars tympalllca

Fig. 97

Tem poral bone. Os temporale. of a neonate.

artlcularis

M u sc les

To p o g ra p hy

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

Temporal bone Margo parietalis Pars squamosa, Facies cerebralis partMargisopetsuperrosaeior Foramen mastoideum Margo occipitalis Sulcus sinus sigmoidei Apertura canaliculi vestibuli Proc. inlrajugularis styloideus

Sulcus arteriosus Margo

sO�lenIJidllllsFossa subarcuata

Apex partis petrosae Porus acusticus internus

Fig. 98

Te m poral bone, as temporale.

Canalis musculotubarius Margo soh,enclldallis 1

Proc. zygomaticus Tuberculum articulare Fossa mandibularis Fissura petrotympanica Meatus acusticus externus Incisura mastoidea Fig. 99

Apex petrosaepartis Canalis caroticus Fossula petrosa ��_:--_ Apertura canaliculi cochleae processus slyloidei styloideus

Tem poral bone, as temporale.

�

Head

S u rface

S ke leton

Mandible Proc coronoideus ea

a1v

ol ria

menta Ie

Basis mandibulae

Fig. 1 00

Protuberantia mentalis

Arcus Pals

alveolaris

Ramus mandibulae Angulus

mandibulae

M an d i ble, M a n dibula.

Proc coronoideus

Incisura

--.,..:.,.

mandibulae

--F-'II'"

--!,;.:.-,:'O-----'-....:

Prcc.

condylans

alveolaris ---m-

Foramen mentals Protuberantia menlalls

Corpus mandibulae Fig. 1 01

M a n d i ble, M a n d ib u la .

Fovea sublingualis Spina

Ramus mandibulae

mentalis

d a

Fossa igastric

(Tuberositas masseterica) Angulus mandibulae

Linea

mylohyoidea

Fig. 1 02

M a n d i b le , M a n d i bula .

(Tuberositas pterygoidea)

Fovea submandibularis

M uscles

To pog ra p hy

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

Mandible Proe. condylarls

Collum mandibulae

�----
Lingula mandlbulae Sulcus

(Tuberositas pterygoidea) Fovea submandibularis Fovea sublingualis Spina mentalis corona

o a

Proc. c ndyl rls

mylohyoideus

n.J+--l---

Caput mand.bulae

Foramen mandibulae

Angulus mandibulae Linea mylohyoidea I ngllBle) (SymphysIS mandlbulae) Fossa digastrica (Foramen

Fig. 1 03

Mandi ble, M a n d i bu la.

Proc.

ideus Foramen mentaIe

Fig. 1 04

'il.ii.li..iiIi...III....;�'.i";;.••I!I!�Mandi ble, M a n d i b u la, of an e lderly i n d ividual.

Fig. 1 05

Corpus mandibulae

Dens deciduus (Symphysis mandibulae) Foramen mentale

Mandible, Mandibula, of a neonate.

�

H ea d

Surface

S kelet o n

Temporomandibularjoint as temporale, Proc, zygomaticus

Capsula articularis Porus acusticus externus

temporomandiLiArg, tlbaicultuleaarratiisloe,

PrLamiocnpta elartyegoiraldiseus,

-....,;:-�,;.,...:.tII...

Proc, coronoideus

Proc. condylaris Lig. stylomandibulare

malndiitbeullriaca)e:­ (TuberAngulositaussmassE, Fig. 1 06 Temporomandi bular j o i nt , Art i c u latio temporomandi b u laris.

Septum

nasi. ossel,m

( OsperpetendihmOIcldIlalarels. Lamina

Vomer

Cavitas nasi, Choana Proc. pterygoideus { LamiLaminnaamedilateraalliiss --��*i�iiE� Hamulus pterygoideus -

Fossa

l1ypophys,alfs

Os

sphenOidate, CorpLlS

Lig. pterygospinale Canalis nervi hypoglossi P,;���� Proc. styloideus Lig. sphenomandibulare Lig stylomandibulare Ramus mandibulae Lingula mandibulae Sulcus mylohyoideus Angul uossimandi brulyagoie;dea) ( T uber t a s pt e Linea mylohyoidea

Fig. 1 07 Pte rygospinous a n d sphenoma n d i b u la r ligaments, Ligg. pterygospinale et sphenoma n d i b u la re.

Muscles

To p o g ra p hy

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

Temporomandibular joint

(]6,3

Fossa mandl articulbaulrisans, Discus articularis Caput mandibulae Porus acusticus externus ....... ...... -.. Collum mandibulae Facies

Os zygomaticum Proc. coronoideus

Capsula articularis

Proc. mastoldeus

Ramus

Proc. slyloideus mandibulae

Fig. 1 08 Temporomandibula r joint, Articulatio temporo m a n d i bularis; sagittal sect i o n ; mouth a lmost closed .

Os zygomaticum

FaciFossaesmandi articulbaulrisaris, Discus articularis Caput mandibulae Porus acusticus externus Collum mandibulae

Proc coronoideus

Proc. mastoideus Proc. styloideus

Capsula articularis

Ramus mandibulae

Fig. 1 09 Temporomandibula r j o i nt, Articulatio temporomandibularis; sag ittal sect i o n ; m o u t h opened.

--

0 6·4.

�

Su rfa ce

Head

S keleton

Temporomandibularjoint and masticatory muscles medial

superior

anterior

posterior

postenor

anterior

a

b laleral

Inferior

Fig. 1 1 0 a, b Articula r disc, Discus a rticularis, of the temporoma n d i b u la r j oint, Articulatio temporomand i b u la ris. a Superior view b Lateral view

Arcus zygomaticus M. pterygoldeus lateralls M. pterygoldells medialis

M.

masseter, Pars superficial Is

Abb. 1 1 1 Masticatory m u scles, M m . masticatorii. Arrows indicate the d i rection of m u scle traction when closing t h e mouth.

M u scles

To pog ra p hy

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

Temporomandibular joint Dlsous articularls

M

plei)'goideus

latera lis

Caput mandibulae _--oc1��h:-Ul

Ramus mandibulae

-----Y-

Fig. 1 1 2 Temporomandibula r joint, Articulatio temporoma n d i b u la ris.

b

a 1 2 3 4

Meatus acusticus externus Proc. condylaris Discus articularis as temporale, Fossa mandibularis

Fig. 1 1 3 a, b Temporomand i b u la r joint. Articulatio tem poroma nd i bu laris; tomography; lateral projection after i njection of a contrast medium i nto the joint cavity [arthrography!. a Mouth c losed b Mouth opened

5 6 7

as temporale. Tuberculum articulare Incisura mandibu[ae Proc coronoideus

The a rticular d isc sh ifts forward d u ring opening of the mouth.

I � 108, 109 1

S u rfa c e

.. H ea d

Masticatory muscles M.

temporalls

Arcus zygomaticus

Mandlbula

Fig. 1 1 4 Masseter and temporal m uscle, Mm. masseter et temporalis.

Os zygomaticum, Proc temporal is major, Crista infratemporalis

M. pterygoideus lateral is Tuberculum articulare Os temporale, Proc. zygomaticus ��r.--- Discus articularis

Caput mandibulae

Capsula articularis

M

pterygoideus medialis

medialiS, Insertlo: [Tuberositas pterygoldea) M.

pterygOideus

Fig. 1 1 5 Temporoma n d i b u la r j o i nt, Articulatio temporoma n d i b u laris; medial and lateral pterygo i d m uscles, M m . pterygo i d e i med ialis et lateralls.

I Skeleton I

M u scles

To p o g ra p hy

O rg a n a reas

Sections

Masticatory muscles

N.

trochlearis [IV] N. oculomotorius [III]

N.

A temporalis, R, frontalis M.

abducens [VI]

A. carotis interna

temporalis

Fossa mandibularis

,������.-- Discus articularis

Capsula articularis

....Mgllt--- Caput mandibulae

pterygoideus lateralis, --,...-.-1,-.;&;:� Caput superius M pterygoideus lateralis, --"""'r-_� Caput inferius Palatum molle

M.

Lig. sphenomandibulare

N. N

M. pterygoideus medialis

lingualis

alveolaris inferior

Hamulus pterygoideus Angulus mandibulae

M

Os hyoideum, Cornu majus M

M, geniohyoideus thyrohyoideus

Fig. 1 1 6 M a sticatory muscles, M m . masticatorii ; frontal section t h ro u g h the temporoma n d i b u la r j o i nt a n d horizontal section thro u g h the ca lva ria ; posterior view.

mylohyoideus

0 67

�

H ea d

S ke leton

S u rfa ce

Masticatory muscles --

Cellulae ethmoidales 'J!I..lJ[!!,ir.,..:;,�r--- • M. temporalis

temporalis • • superficialis, R frontalis R. temporal is .. -+�"'i?II (VII)

v ; A.

N. infraorbitalis

R. zygomati(VII)cus

!!:t.W&..-'c-f--..

_-I-...L�

Sinus maxillaris ----'IT-.-....\il, ..

Concha nasalis media

JWz:�����t.J.J.-1 -- inferior

_ _

Concha nasalis

�a-.....--#'--- • M. masseter,

Pars profunda

�41---,--I--• M. masseter,

Glandula parotidea ----l--II-­ accessona

Pars superficialis

Maxilla

Ductus parotideus

• M. buccinator

Dens molaris II

lingua

Mandibula • M. digastricus, Venter anterior

Fig. 1 1 7 Mast i catory m uscles, M m . masticato ri i ; frontal section; a nterior view.

M u scles

To pog ra phy

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

Masticatory muscles

Cartilago alaris major Septum nasi

Cavitas nasi Sinus

V.

maxlllaris

fac,al,s •

• M. zygomaticus major

M. masseter, Pars profunda • M. masseter, Pars superficialis +-:O-'-1r-- • M. pterygoideus lateralis, Caput inferius •

N

alveolaris .. inferior N. lingualis A alvealaris . _�I--t� �i.!���ij§'ra� inferior A.

N

•

M. pterygaideus lateralis, Caput superius •

maxiliaris •

M. pterygoideus medialis

Glandula paratidea

facialis [VII]

Proc. slyloideus • A.

e a

carobs I nt rn

Fig. 1 1 8 Masticatory mu scles, M m . masticatori i ; h orizontal sect i o n .

�

S keleton

S u rfa ce

H ea d

Facial and masticatory muscles

Galea aponeurotica

corrugator supercilii

M. epicranius, M occipitofrontalis, Venter frontalis

Lig palpebrale mediale

M depressor supercilii M temporoparietalis M levator labii superioris

M. orbicularis oculi, Pars palpebralis

M

orbicularis oculi, Pars orbitalis M. levator --;;lr-4Iff���� labii superlorls alaeque nasi M zygomaticus minor M levator labii superioris

M

zygomaticus minor

M. zygomaticus major

--����U��������§ ���J:

� ____-- M levator �'!'--- anguli oris Glandula parotidea

M, zygomaticus major M

Ductus parotideus

levator anguli oris M, orbicularis oris, Pars marginal is

M. risorius

M. depressor anguli oris M. depressor labii inferioris M. mentalis M

1-7

T 1 a, c - f ,

HI

M depressor anguli oris M. depressor labii inferioris M. sternocleidomastoideus

orbicularis oris, Pars labialis

Platysma Fascia cervical is, Lamina superficialis

Fig. 1 1 9 Fa c i a l mu scles, M m, fac i e i , a n d masticatory mu scles, M m . masticatorii .

M u sc les

Top o g ra phy

O rg a n a reas

(]il 1

Secti o n s

Facial muscles

M. auricularis anterior M epicranius, M. occipitofrontalis, Venter frontalis

���

M. epicranius, M. temporoparietalis Galea aponeurotica

M orbicularis oculi, Pars palpebralis M. depressor supercilii

M. epicranius, occipito­ frontalis, Venter occipitalis M.

M M. levator labii superiorrs

M. auricularis posterior

M. sternocleido­ mastoideus

M. orbicularis oris M depressor anguli oris

M. trapezius Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis

M

Fascia parotidea

121

Fig. 1 20

Facial muscles, Mm. fac iei.

��253

�

H ea d

Skeleton

S u rfa ce

Facial and masticatory muscles

Galea aponeurotica Pericranium

M. corrugator supercilii

M. orbicularis { pars palpebralis; oculi Pars orbitalis

Fascia temporalis, Lamina superficialis M. epicranius, M. temporo­ parietalis

Lig. palpebrale mediale

M. epicranius, M.frontalis, occipito­ Venter

M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi M. levator labii superioris �-'-'!!' �l� , M. nasalis -t ; ""' l

occipitalis

....� . --

�!7---

Articulatio temporo­ mandibularis, Capsula articularis, Lig. laterale

Glandula parotidea

Glandula parotidea accessoria Ductus parotideus

M. sternocleidomastoideus

M. M. depressor anguli oris

I -7 T 1• T 4 1 1 22 1 20 20l 6

Glandula submandibularis

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis M. digastricus, Venter anterior

Fig. 1 21 Fac ia l m usCles, M m . faciei, a n d masticatory m uscles, M m . masticato r i i .

M uscles

Topog raphy

O rg a n a reas

0 j1:3

Sect i o n s

Facial and masticatory muscles

Pericranium

Galea aponeurotica

M, epicranius. M, occipitofrontalis. Venter frontalis

Arcus zygomaticus

M. corrugator supercilii

Articulatio temporomandibularis. Capsula articularis. Lig, laterale

M, orbicularis oculi

M, depressor supercilii M, levator labll superioris

M, epicranius. M, occipito­ frontaliS. Venter occipitalis Meatus acusticus externus cartilagineus

�!1�������il

M, masseter. Pars profunda M, orbicularis oris -----'l�..:::�

Proc, styloideus A. temporalis superficialis

M. sternocleidomastoideus

M, depressor --l:"'�(!;����6:c:' labii inferioris M. depressor anguli oris M, digastricus. Venter anterior

N.

M. digastricus. Venter posterior V. jugularis interna

hypoglossus [XII]

M, constrictor pharyngis inferior

A. carotis communis

Facial m uscles. M m . faciei. a n d masticatory m u scles. M m . masticatorii.

Fig. 1 22

..J� 1 21 � 256

.. ..

.. H ea d

S k e leto n

S u rface

Arteries of the head

A temporalis superficialis, R. parietalis

A. temporalis media A. temporalis superficialis, R frontalis

A. temporal is superficialis

A. zygomaticoorbitalis

A. stylomastoidea

Aa. temporales profundae anterior et posterior A transversa faciei

A. occipitalis, Rr. occipitales

A meningea media

auricularis posterior, R. occipitalis

A.

auricularis posterior

A.

'.:...�_-

A. infraorbitalis

... -.'" A. alveolaris --�....__ superior posterior

R. sternocleidomastoideus

A. labial is superior A. occipitalis .-IHHr-- A. palatina ascendens . ..I .......fI--- A. facialis

A. palatina descendens A. buccalis A labialis inferior A. facialis

A. carotis externa

A. carotis interna

A. submentalis

A. occipitalis

A. alveolaris inferior A. thyroidea superior

Bifurcatio carotidis

A carotis communis

Fig. 1 23 ExternaL carotid a rtery, A. caroti s externa.

M u scles

r

To pography

O rga n a reas

Di1S

Sect i o ns

Veins of the head

V. dlplolca Ironlalls

V. emissaria parietalis

V. Is

dlplolca temporal anterior

V. temporalis

superficialis

V. diploica

temporalis posterior

V. Sllpratrochlearis V.

V.

V.

V. dlplolca occipitalis

nasofrontalls ---li��

angulans ---�d--:-""�C

labialis superior

*--- V. emissaria

.�---- V. occipitalis

-:':��-::�

-

Plexus pterygoideus

V. cervicalis profunda

V.

labialis inferior

V

V. pharyngea

retromandibularis

V. jugularis externa V. facialis V. Ihyroidea superior

V. jugularis interna

Fig. 1 24 I nternal j u g u la r vein, V. j u g u la ris i nterna.

masto/dea

�

Head

I S ke leto n I

S u rfa ce

Lymphatics of the head and the neck

Nodi Iymphoidei parotidei superficiales Nodi Iymphoidei --","l>,; occipilales Nodus Iymphoideus buccinalorlus

Nodi Iymphoidel faciales

Nodi Iymphoidei cervicales profundi

Nodi Iymphoidei submandibulares

Nodi Iymphoidei cervicales mediales Nodi Iymphoidei cervicales lalerales

I � 26 1 , 4 1 4 1

Lym p h nodes and lym phatics of the head and the neck, Nodi lymphoidei capitis et cervic i s ; a r rows i n dicate d ra inage areas. Fig. 1 25

M u sc les

Topogra p hy

O rg a n a reas

(] fl'7

Sect i o n s

•

Lymphatics of the neck

M. sternocleidomastoideus

Nodi Iymphoidei parotidei profundi Nodi Iymphoidei cervicales laterales, Nodi profundi superiores

M.

M. splenius capitis ---if,,""'"

M. digaslricus,

Venter anterior

M levator scapulae ----I":;

Nodl lympholdel sub mentales

Nodi Iymphoidei retropharyngeales

Nodi Iymphoidei cervicales laterales, ----:It­ Nodi profundi inferiores

A.

V.

M. scalenus medius M.

mylohyoideus

carotis communis

jugularis interna

Glandula thyroidea

scalenus anterior

Nodi Iymphoidei thyroidei

Nodi Iymphoidei cervicales anteriores, Nodi profundi inferiores

M trapezius

V.

A

subclavia dextra

V.

subclavia dextra

Fig. 1 26 Deep lymph nodes of the neck, Nodi lym phoidei cervicales p rofu n d i .

brachiocephalica dextra

�l

_

�

H ea d

Facial

S u rface

nerve

Rr. zygomatici N, auricularis posterior Rr. buccales N.

facialis [VII)

R marginalis mandibularis

R, Colli

Fig. 1 27

a

Facial nerve, N. facialis [VI I].

b

Fig. 1 28 a. b Palsy of the left facial nerve, N. facialis [VI I]. a The concerned eye cannot be closed upon request I lagophthalmus). b The teeth of the concerned side can not be shown upon req uest.

S ke leto n

M u scles

Topogra p hy

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

Cutaneous innervation

N.

N frontalis N

ophthalmicus [V/t]

N.

Ganglion trigeminale N

N.

N

maxillaris [V/2]

mandibularis [V/3]

supraorbitalis

-:;-.:--�r-�f----!.,-!-....� ..!

supratrochlearis

-

-----������r- �:t�l�,�

N. infraorbitalis

...

_ _

Foramen infraorbitale

temporalis profundus N

N.

auriculotemporalis N

palatinus major

N.

alveolaris inferior

N.

lingualis

N.

Ganglion submandibulare

I � 472 - 4 75 1

Trigeminal nerve, N . tri g e m i n u s [Vl.

Fig. 1 29

�..;,--- N. ophthalmicus [V/t] -.:,...--- N. --.;c...----

Jo-., '---

Plexus

Fig. 1 30 C u taneous i n n e rvat i o n of the head and t h e n e c k.

cer\llcaJis

maxillaris

IVl2j

N. mand,bularis [V13]

buccalis mentalis

(]i7 9

�

H ea d

S keleton

S u rface

Vessels and nerves of the head and the neck • M. epicranius, M. occipitofrontalis N. A.

temporalis superficialis• • R. frontalis

supraorbitalis

A. temporalis superficial is, • R. parietalis M temporalis •

N.

auriculotemporalis (V/3)

• A.

Rr. temporales (VII)

angularis

Rr. (VII)

zygomatlci

ill

�t�=��iilt-- parotideus

occipitalis minor, (Plexus cervicalis)

N.

R. buccalis (VII)

V. jugularis externa •

M. levator scapulae .

auricularis magnus, (Plexus cervical is) N. accessorius [XI] N

Ductus

--_..II..i

R. marginalis mandibularis (VII)

•

•

132 254

Fig. 1 3 1 Vessels and nerves of the head and the neck; s u pe rficial lateral reg i o n s .

M uscles

To p o g ra p hy

O rg a n a reas

DB 1

Sect i o n s

Vessels and nerves of the head and the neck

A

tempcralis superficialis •

N. supraorbitalis (VII )

N. auriculotempcralis (V/3)

N. occipitalis major

N. infra· orbitalis (V/2)

Plexus intraparotideus (VII)

N. occipitalis minor M

splenius capitis . ---iHtII�._ :

N. auricularis magnus

(V/3)

R. colli (VII)

N. accessorius [XI] , V.

'" N. mentalis

jugularis externa •

N. transversus colli

Nn supraclaviculares

• M. sternocleidomastoideus

M. trapezius .

133 256

Fig. 1 32 VesseLs and nerves of the head a n d the neck; deep LateraL reg ions.

131

�

H ea d

I S keleton I

S u rface

Lateral region of the face

A.

temporalis superficial is, • R parietal is

V. temporalis media . N

supraorbital is, R. lateralis • N . zygomaticus, R. zygomaticotemporal is N.

A. temporalis supemclalis

R.

•

supraorbitalis, lateralis

• A. supratrochlearis

supraorbitalis, R, medialis

'If N.

A. zygomatico- • orbltalt5

,. N.

N

aunculo­ temporal,s

N.

supratrochlearis

infratrochlearis

occ'pltalis

maior

A

occipitalis . ---.:--c"A

N. infra­ orbitalis

auricularis posterior A. auricularis posterior . N

N. lacialls

fI

[VII]

N. occipitalis minor

M sternocleidomastoideus . R digastricus (VII) R.

alveolaris inferior alveolaris inferior N.

stylohyoideus (VII) A. lingualis • V retromandibularis .

• V. facialis

1 34

132

J 262

Fig. 1 33 Vessels a n d nerves of the hea d ; deep lateral reg ions.

N.

massetencus

M u scles

To p o g ra p hy

O rg a n areas

S e ct i o n s

Maxillary artery A.

A.

A

• A. masseterica

N. massetericus;

temporal is media .

temporalis superficialis, • R. parietal is

• A. temporalis profunda posterior; N. temporal is profundus

•

M. pterygoideus lateralis N.

zygomatico· . orbitalis

supraorbitalis, R. lateralis

N.

• A. supratrochlearis N

Meatus acusticus externus

A.

supratrochlearis . N.

N. meatus acustici N

supraorbitalis, R. medialis

externi N. vagus [X], R. auricularis auriculotemporalis N. facialis [VII]

infratrochlearis

N.

auricularis posterior .

infraorbitalis

Rr. alveolares superiores posteriores A. alveolaris • Rr. dentales; • Rr. peridentales ���;:;?�r " N. buccal is

}

N.

N. N.

lingual is

mylohyoideus

•

N.

mentalis

• R. mentalis

alveolaris inferior • M pterygoideus medialis • A. facialis

mylohyoideus

Fig. 1 34 Arteries a n d nerves of the head; deeper lateral reg i o ns.

A ;

N

133

136

�

255

temporalis A meningea media superficialis Discus M. pterygoideus lateralis articularis ., ;;:� : '"'-� Proc ---....J,;< --...... condylaris A. auricularis posterior N. alveolaris inferior A. maxillaris A. occipitalis A.

""-

A. alveolaris inferior A, carotis externa

a

Fig. 1 35 a-c Va riations of the middle meningeal artery, A. meni ngea media.

b

3%

c

3%

a The m i d d le meningeal a rtery, A. meni ngea media, branches off p roximal to the i nferior alveola r a rtery, A. a lveolaris i nferior. b The m i d d le meni ngeal artery, A. meni ngea media, branc hes off across from the i nfe rior alveola r artery, A. a lveolaris i nferior. c The middle meni ngeal a rtery, A. meningea med i a , branc hes off distal to the i nferior alveolar a rtery, A. a lveolaris i nferior.

�

H ea d

Skeleton

Surface

Lateral region of the face N.

N.

A. temporalis superficialis, • R. parietalis

auriculotemporalis •

meatus acustici externi

A. temporalis profunda posterior; N , temporalis profundus N, rnandibularis [V/3] • N . ; M pterygoideus lateralis

A ; N auricularis . posterior

N

supratrochlearis Rr. alveolares superiores posteriores N. infratrochlearis

A. temporalis • superficial is

N

infraorbitalis

N.

R auricularis (X)

facial is [VII]

N

auriculo· temporalis R digastricus

•A

angularis N. infra· orbitalis

N. N.

N.

hypoglossus [XII] .

N

buccal is

massetericus

alveolaris inferior

, N. lingualis N vagus [X] Ansa cervicalis

•

Glandula sublingualis

N. hypoglossus [XII] Ganglion submandibulare N mylohyoideus

N.

••

hypoglossus [XII]

Fig. 1 36 Arte ries a n d nerves o f the h e a d , dee pest lateral reg ions.

�� 1 3 48 256 13

J�

6%

3%

4%

18%

a

b

c

d

Fig. 1 37 a - d Va riations in the course of the maxillary a rtery, A. maxillaris .

a The maxi llary a rtery, A. maxillaris, passes medially to the lateral pterygoid m uscle,

M . pteryg o ideus lateralis, the lingual n e rve, N . lingua lis, and the i nferior alveolar n e rve, N. a lveolaris i nferior. b The maxillary a rtery, A. maxillaris, passes between the lingual nerve, N. lingualis, a nd the i nferio r a lveolar nerve , N . a lveolaris i nferior. c The maxillary a rtery, A. maxillaris, passes t h rou g h a loop formed by the i nferio r alveolar nerve , N . a lveolaris i nferior. d The m i d d le m e n i ngeal a rtery, A. meni ngea media, bra n c hes off d istal to the i nferior alveolar artery, A. a lveolaris i nferior.

Muscles

Topogra phy

O rg a n a reas

0 85

Sect i o n s

Lateral region of the face N.

massetericus; A. masseterica • •

• V. temporalis media • A. temporalls superficlalls, A. frontalis

A. temporalis superficialis, • R. parietalis N, auriculo· • temporal is

• N, supraorbitalis, R

lateralis

• N, supraorbitalis, R, medialis

auriculo· • temporalis

N.

v, temporalis •

superficial is Meatus acusticus externus R

• N. infraorbitalis

auricularis . posterior N, facial is • [VII] A temporalis . superficialis A. auricularis . posterior A. maxillaris • V, maxillaris • N.

A.

N

• N, buccalis

carotis externa •

;

A. alveolaris inferior • • • Plexus dentalis inferior

V, facialis •

Fig. 1 38 Vessels and nerves of the head; deeper lateral reg ions.

1 33

�.�

l

255

.1 36

�

Head

S u rface ���

S ke leton

Nose/Nasal cavity

Skeleton of the nose

Os nasale

Cartllago

Nares

alaris major,

Crus medlale

(Cartilago ----Ifllf::"':t­ nasi lateralis)

Cartllago alarls major, Crus lalerale

Cartilago alaris major, Crus laterale

Cartilagines -----;--1' - __� nasI accessonae Cartilago .-CJ2!':;iiIrr;:-;;: '-'O septi nasi _ _

Cartilago alaris major, Crus mediale Cartilago septi nasi

Fig. 1 39

S keleton of the nose.

Fig. 1 40 nasI.

Nasal cart i lages, Cartila g i nes

Sutura frontonasalis

Sutura frontomaxillaris

SUlura nasomaxillans Os nasala

Maxilla, Proc. frontalis Cartilagines -....� ..:. �=T---'....O::;"'" .. alares minores

-�(\--

Cartilago alaris major, Crus laterale

Cartilago alaris major, Crus mediale

Cartilago septi nasi Fig. 1 4 1

S ke leton o f t h e nose.

Ala nasi

M u sc les M o u t h/O ra l cavity

To pog ra p hy S a livary gla n d s

Organ a reas

Sect i o n s

Topogra phy

NasaL septum

Lamina et Foramina cribrosa Sinus sphenoidalis

Os ethmoidale, Lamina perpendicularis ::::��_

Cartilago septi nasi ago septi nasi, ---'l�\- Cartil Proc. posterior

_

Cartilago alaris major, Crus mediale Hamulus pterygoideus

Fossa inclslva; Canalis Inclsivus

Sutura palatina transversa

(Sutura vomeromaxillaris) Fig. 1 42

Nasal septu m, Septum nasi.

Concha nasalis med,a

Os ethmoidale, Lamina perpendicularis

�..".+-- Plexus cavernosus

Cartilago septi nasi --4L'!I!'.fI--

....._ . -- Meatus nasi inferior

'tt ��Mti�Ii�J.l��£
Vomer

Glandulae nasales

Maxilla, Proc palatinus, Crista nasalis Fig. 1 43

I nferio r nasal concha. Concha nasalis i nferior.

08;7

.. H e a d

S keleton

S u rface .. .. ..

Nose/Nasal cavity

Nasal cavity

Concha nasalis media

Sinus sphenoidalis

Concha nasalis inferior Limen nasi

Tonsilla pharyngea

_-IJ-J-9-"r- Vestibulum nasi

Torus tubanus

Ostium pharyngeum ----n�....,77'�'/t1I, lubae

aiJditivae

Recessus pharyngeus

Fig. 1 44

Lateral wa ll of the nasal cavity, Cavitas nasi.

Sinus frontalis Os frontale

Concha nasalis superior

Cellulae ethmoidales posleriores

Sinus sphenoidalis Tonsilla pharyngea

Concha nasalis media

t ���i�=�

--- --:

If��!!���i;;;��;;;�

Urnen nasi

-

Palatum molle ------,.�(n,�h

Openings of: 1 Sinus frontalis 2 Ductus nasolacrimal is 3 Cellulae ethmoid ales anteriores 4 Sinus maxillaris 5 Cellulae ethmoidales posteriores 6 Sinus sphenoidalis

�.,.'m\1iJ .''::''';�-+++-+- Vesbl>ulum nasi

��� �

Palatum durum N. nasopalatinus

Cartllago major, laterale

alaris Crus Concha nasalis inferior

Maxilla

Fig. 1 45 Nasal cavity, Cavitas nasi, a n d openings of the para nasal sinuses, S i n u s para nasales.

M uscles M o ut h/OraL cavity

Top o g ra phy Sa livary gla n d s

O rg a n a reas

Secti o n s

Topogra phy

Paranasal sinuses

Sinus frontalis

Sinus maxilians

----:-='--.J.:::--

Fig. 1 46

Projection of the para nasal sinuses, Sinus paranasales.

Sinus frontalis

Sinus maxillaris

Sinus sphanoldalis

Fig. 1 47

Projection of the p a ranasal si nuses, Sinus para n asales.

.. H e a d

S u rface ���

Skeleto n

Nose/NasaL cavity

Paranasal sinuses

Meatus nasi superior

Sinus frontalis

Meatus nasi medius Cellulae ethmoidales

..:.-_-- Hiatus semilunaris Concha nasalis media

Sinus maxillaris

Meatus nasi inferior

Septum nasi

Concha nasalis inferior Fig. 1 48

Paranasal s i n uses, S i n u s para nasales .

._____

20.Y _� 12 Y � B.Y Y

���:::::...--==--_-

Os ethmoidale Orbita, Paries inferior Concha nasalis media ---�'=====:::r-=��� Meatus nasi inferior Concha nasalis inferior Sinus maxillaris

4,

__

_ _ _ _

-

Y

Y BY 12. Y 20. Y >60. Y

_------

Fig. 1 49 Development of the maxi lla ry a n d frontal s i nuses. year of life

Y

1.

_ -_ _

_ _ _ __

Maxilla, Proc. palatinus --------:--j�:=::::'J:.� �Maxilla --

4.

M u scles M ou t h/Ora l cavity

To p o g ra p hy S a livary gla n d s

O rg a n a reas

(] 9 1

Sect i o n s

To pogra phy

Paranasal sinuses, radiography

Sinus fronlales Cellulae elhmoidales anleriores �r-----'<""-- Sulura fronlozygomatica

Os zygomalicum, Prcc. fronlalis Cavitas nasi

---+-ffr-/----'....,h;lf""V\--1/

1\f'i:---,'Y-o�-"',-----1- Foramen infraorbilale

Sinus maxillaris ---.�---=�""r-

Cellulae ethmoidales posteriores Sinus maxillaris

Arcus zygomaticus Proc. condylaris

� � LingUa

Fig. 1 50 Paranasal s i n uses. Sinus paranasales; PA-radiogra p h .

Margo superior partis petrosae Sinus sphenoidalis

�

H ea d

S u rfa c e

S ke leton

N ose/Na s a l c avity

Oral cavity Proc pterygoideus, Lamina medialis Hamulus pterygoideus Raphe pterygomandibularis

pharyngea pterygoideus lateralis M pterygoideus medialis

M orbicularis oris -�"""-i'$J��

Glandulae labiales -+-.di�

Ramus mandibulae

M. buccinator ----7:-:

Mandibula

M. styloglossus M stylopharyngeus Lig. stylohyoideum Lig. stylomandibulare

tc.--''-'r---f-r.-

-

Os hyoideum

(

Fig. 1 51

M. hyoglossus M. thyrohyoideus M sternocleidomastoideus O ra l cavity. Cavitas oris .

.......------- Labium SUp9r1LiS

Palatum durum --":""--oA--""" Palatum molle

----=-....6i

-

Tonsilla palatina -----'-' Uvula palatina -----'-'----'+_�

__---'_:;;.;....-:. . -'-_ -c ___

4"----

Jc"'------

- -___ __-IIJI"1iiIoo--'-o-

Labium inferius ------'-----<

Fig . 1 52

O ra l cavity. Cavitas oris.

Dens inclslvus I

Arcus palatoglossus

Arcus palatopharyngeus

Dorsum linguae

M uscles Mouth/Oral cavit�

Topography Sa l i v a ry g la n d s

S e ct i o n s

Org a n areas To p o g r a p hy

Dental arcade Dentes incisivi Maxilla, Proc. palatinus

Dens caninus

Sutura palatina mediana

Dentes premolares

Maxilla, Proc alveolaris

Dentes molares

iii --,: . � Foramen palatinum ---iii.... majus

Sulcus palatinus major

Os palatinum, Proc pyramidalis

Foramina palatina minora Os palatinum, Lamina horizontalis

Fig. 1 53 Upper dental arcade, Arcus dentalis s u perior, and bony palate, Palatum osseu m .

Dens molaris III [serotinus] Dens

molarJs I I

Tunica mucosa oris, Gingiva

Dens molaris I

Dens premolaris II

Dens premolaris I

Dens caninus

Dens incisivus lateralis Fig. 1 54 *

Dens incisivus medialis

Lower dental a rcade, Arcus d entalis i nfe rior.

In the mandi ble oral is synonymous with lingual, and in t h e maxilla it i s synonymous w i t h palatinal

�

H ead

S u rface ���

S keleton

N ose/N a s a l cavity

Teeth, structure oral

vestIbular

Corona denlis

Corona clinica

Denlinum Cavitas coronae: Pulpa ooronalls

Cervix denlis

Margo gingivalis ����r--:-'ii::r-:

Cavltas Pulpa

dentls; dentis Radix clinica

Cementum

Radix denlis

Periodontium [Desmodontium] Canalis radicis denlis: Pulpa radicularis Apex radicis denlis Fig. 1 55

-- mesial distal

Incisor tooth, Dens i n c isivus.

__ mesial Facies vestibularis

Cusp

is dentis

(Facies conlactus); Facies mesialis

Cuspis dentis -.-..;;-\- Apex cuspid is

' (FaCieS contactus);

Facies distal is Cuspis dentis

Tuberculum denlis

, Facies lingualis Fig. 1 56 Permanent lower canine toot h , Dens ca n i n u s permanens. Fig. 1 57 Deciduous second molar tooth, Dens molaris deciduus.

Fig. 1 58 Perma nent upper fi rst molar tooth, Dens molaris pri mus.

M uscles Mouth/Ora l cavitl

To pog ra p hy S a l iva ry gla n d s

O rg a n areas

(] :5

Sections

To pogra p hy

Deciduous teeth Dentes incisivi

Dens canlnus

Dens molaris I

Dens molaris II

Dentes incisivi

Dens caninus

Dens molaris I

Dens molaris II

superior

inferior

Fig. 1 59 Deciduous teeth, Dentes decidui, of a 3-year-old c h i l d ; vestibular view.

Maxi lla right

55 54 53 52 51

85

84

83

82

81

61

71

62 63 64 6 5 left 72 73 74 7 5

M a n d i b le

Dens Dens incisivus lateralis caninus

Dens molaris I

Dens molaris II

Dens Dens incisivus lateralis caninus

Dens molaris I

Dens molaris II

mferlor

Fig. 1 60 Deciduous teeth, Dentes decidui, of a 2-year-old c h ild; top row viewed from vest i b u lar; bottom row vi ewed obliquely from i nferior.

.. H e a d

S u rface ���

N ose/N a s a l cavi ty

Teeth

B

7

6

4

5

2

3

Fig. 1 6 1 Permanent teeth, Dentes permanentes; o ra l view. [See p. 97 for identification of the n u mbers.1

M ax illa right

18

4.8

17

47

16

46

15

45

14

44

1 1

21

22

23

24

25

26

43 42 41

13

12

31

32

33

34

35

36 37 38

27

28

left

M a n d i b le

Ad u lt dentition

B

7

6

5

4

Fig. 1 62 Permanent teeth, Dentes perma nentes; d istal view. [See p. 97 for identification of the n u m bers.1

3

Skeleton

2

M uscles Mouth/Oral cavity

To pog ra p hy S a l i va ry gla n d s

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o ns

Topogra phy

Teeth

4

3

2

6

5

8

7

Fig. 1 63 Permanent teeth. Dentes permanentes; vestibula r view.

1 D e n s i ncisivus I 2 Dens incisivus I I 3 Dens caninus 4

2

3

5

Dens pre molaris I I

6 Dens mola ri s I 7 Dens mola ris I I 8 Dens molaris I I I

Dens premolaris I

[serotin us]

4

5

6

Fig. 1 64 Perma nent teeth. Dentes permanentes; mesial view.

7

8

�

H ea d

S u rface ���

Teeth. development

20.-30.

M

-'''''_-I

5

Fig. 1 65 Maxilla, Maxi lla , with deciduous teeth, Dentes decidui, and the fi rst permanent tooth; left: median time of eruption i n months I M I ; right: orde r of eruption.

6

5.-7.

Y

1 1 .-1 4. Y 7

1 8.-40.

Y

---r-''''

B

Fig. 1 66 Maxilla, Maxilla, with permanent teeth, Dentes permanentes; left: median time of e ruption i n years IYI ; right: order of eruption.

S ke leton

N ose/Nasal cavity

M u sc les Mouth/Oral cavity

To p o g ra phy Sa liva ry gla n d s

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

Topogra phy

Teeth, development

Canalis mandibulae

Dens caninus (decidu us)

Dentes molares (decidui)

Dentes molares (decidui)

Dens caninus (permanens)

Dens molaris (permanens) II Dens molaris (permanens) I Dentes premolares (permanentes) Fig. 1 67 Maxi lla , Maxilla, and mandible, M a n d i b u la , of a 5-year-old c h i l d ; d e c i d u o u s teeth and a n lage of permanent teeth.

Dens molaris III [serotinus] Dentes premolares Dens caninus Dens molaris III [serotinus]

Dentes premolares, Radices Foramen mentale

Dens molaris I Fig. 1 68 Maxi lla , Maxi lla , and mandib le , Mand i b u la , of a 20-yea r-old male.

D 9 '9

�

S u rfa ce

H ea d

.. .. ..

S ke let o n

N o se/ N a s a l cavity

Teeth, radiography

Arcus zygomaticus

Meatus acusticus � extern us �

Canalis infraorbitalis

Tuberculum articulare

Sinus maxillaris

Proc. condylaris Palatum molle [Velum palatinum]

Dens molaris II

Canalis mandibulae

as hyoideum

Dens caninus

Foramen mentale Fig. 1 69 Maxi lla, Max i lla, a n d mandi ble, M a n d i bula; panora m i c radiogra p h ; without wisdom teeth.

M u scles Mouth/Oral cavity

To pog ra p hy Salivary gla n d s

Organ a reas

Secti o n s

Topogra p h y

Innervation of the teeth N

ophthalmicus [V/1]

N.

N. trigeminus [V] Ganglion trigeminale

maxillaris IVl2j

Nn alveolares superiores

N mandibularis [V/3]

N.

N. infraorbital is

alveolaris inferior

Plexus dentalis inferior Fig. 1 70 Maxilla ry and m a n d i b u la r nerve, N n . maxillaris [V/2) et mandibularis [V/3).

N.

1 � 473. 474 1

Ganglion trigeminale petrosus profundus [Radix sympathica] N.

petrosus minor

N. petrosus major [Radix parasympathica]

N

facialis [VII]

Cellulae mastoideae

N.

glossopharyngeus [IX]

Ganglion pterygopalatinum Fig. 1 7 1

Rr alveolares superiores anteriores, Plexus dentalis superior Rr alveolares superiores medii FI alveolaris superior medius Rr alveollres superiores posteriores

Pterygopalatine ganglion. Ganglion pterygopalat i n u m .

.. H e a d

.. � �

M u scles

S keleton

S u rface

N ose/ N a s a l cavi ty

Mouth/Oral cavity

Pa la te

Dens incisivus (medialis) Dens incisivus (Iateralis) Dens caninus Dens premolaris I ---'''It-';;:�U''r.iI'''' Dens premolaris II -----'�...., Dens molaris I _...-;"1"'oil'"...:iil Dens molaris II

Fig. 1 72 Hard and soft palate, Palatum durum et molle ; i nferior view.

Papilla incisiva

Plicae palatinae transversae Palatum durum

Dens molaris III [serotinus]

Rr.

alveoiares superlores

anteriores

N. nasopalatinus

Palatum durum

Palatum molle

Rr. alveolares superiores posteriores

Raphe palati Palatum molle l�rt�f:1�;-�.'--- pal [Velum atinum] o:..-_,....I!i'--- Arcus

palatoglossus Arcus palatopharyngeus Uvula palatina

Fig. 1 73 Sensi ble i n n e rvation of the palate, Palatu m , and maxi lla, Maxi lla. Overlapping a reas of i nn e rvation a re i n d icated by t ransition of colou rs.

Nn. palatini

--;,..--­

Raphe palati Glandulae palatinae Hamulus pterygoideus M. uvulae . Arcus palatopharyngeus Arcus palatoglossus Isthmus faucium

Fig. 1 74 O ra l cavity, Cavitas oris, and musc les of the pa late, M m . palati .

• A. palatina major

Foramen palatinum majus : :..,,___-

Hamulus pterygoideus

• M. constrictor pharyngis superior,

Pars glossopharyngea • M. buccinator

Raphe pterygomandibularis

• M. palatoglossus

• M. constrictor pharyngis superior,

Pars glossopharyngea

To pog ra p hy S a livary gla n d s

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

To pogra phy

Tongue Plica glossoepiglottica mediana Tonsilla lingual is; Cryptae tonsil ares

EpIglottis

Plica glossoepiglottica lateralis

Radix linguae M. palatopharyngeus

Foramen caecum linguae

Sulcus terminal is linguae

M palatoglossus

Fossulae tonsillares, Cryptae tonsillares Dorsum linguae, Pars posterior

Papillae vallatae ---�!Iii;i;�7.:' ;

Arcus palatoglossus

Dorsum linguae, Pars anterior

Papillae fungiformes

Corpus linguae

Apex linguae

�f

'---

Sulcus medianus linguae Fig. 1 75

Tongue. Lingua.

N. glossopharyngeus [IX]

Bitter Sour Salty Sweet

_ _

Fig. 1 76 I n nervation a n d taste categories at the dorsum of the tongue.

Palatum molle [Velum palatinum]

Labium superius --r-....,.'

Vestibulum _Ir-M'I'iJ�1

Fossa supratonsillaris

Maxilla

Plica salpingopharyngea

,rtllr-'---4,W-- Tonsilla palatina

Dorsum linguae

Labium inferius

." ..��-

Papilla foliata Cavitas oris propria Fig. 1 77

O ra l cavity, Cavitas oris.

Arcus palatopharyngeus

�

Head

S u rface ���

N os e/ N a s a l cavity

Muscles of the tongue M. longitudinalis superior Tunica mucosa linguae -������

M. transversus linguae Septum linguae Foramen caecum linguae

LabIum inrerlus

Vestibulum OriS --r--'''JF--+ Mandibula

Cartilago epiglonica Aditus laryngis

M. genioglossus

I .-? T 2 a i

Ventriculus laryngis

Fig. 1 78 To ngue, Lingua, and muscles of the tongue, M m . linguae; median section.

M. transversus linguae

Glandula lingualis

Plica rimbriata Facies inferior linguae

Fig. 1 79 Tongue, Lingua, and muscles of the tongue, M m . linguae; cross-section t h ro u g h the t i p of the tongue.

M longitudinalis superior

M. transversus linguae

M. longitudinalis inferior Fig. 1 80 Tongue, Lingua, and muscles of the tongue, M m . linguae; c ross-section at the level of t h e middle of the tongue.

Skeleton

M uscles M o uth/Oral cavity

To pog ra p hy S a livary gla n d s

O rg a n a reas

Sect i o n s

Topogra phy

Hyoid bone and infra-and suprahyoid muscles

:, �.-- Cornu minus .,..."",:" . _...."..... �....� �- Corpus

Fig. 1 8 1

Hyo i d b o n e , a s hyoideum.

Corpus

Fig . 1 82

H yoid bone, as hyoideum.

Proc. styloideus --,��---

�L-I-."L______ Ug. stylohyoideum

M. mylohyoideus

A,..----

M. geniohyoideus --.f---_ M digastricus, Venter anterior

Proc. mastoideus

M. digastricus, Venter posterior

\.a,.t\-.L.�---- M. thyrohyoideus �i-.,I------ M. omohyoideus, Venter superior -...:i-------- Costa

M. sternothyroideus

��L-'-

_ _ _ _ _ _

I

M. omohyoideus, Venter inferior

..... � .r.:;:.... --- Scapula

Fig. 1 83

M uscula r suspension of the h yoid bone.

1 -7 T9. T 1 0 I

1 05

�

H ea d

S ke leton

S u rfac e ���

N ose/ N a s a l cavity

Suprahyoid muscles

,....-I-- Alveolus dentalis

molaris III (Dens extractus) §1�f-- Foramen mentale

(Raphe mylohyoidea)

{

Venter anterior; M. digastricus Venter posterior

--\,,...,,.Ff--

M digastricus. (Ansa tendinis)

---",..,,,,�.-��

Os hyoideum, Cornu majus

Lig. stylohyoideum

M. digastricus. Tendo intermedius

Fig. 1 84 M a n d i ble, M a n d i b u la . a n d su pra hyoid m u scles, Mm. s u p rahyoidei.

Spina mentalis superior M genioglossus

M geniohyoideus

Os hyoideum. Cornu minus

Foramen mandibulae

Os hyoideum, --+H"�.------I" Cornu majus Fig. 1 85 M a n d i b le , M a n d i bula; s u prahyoid muscles, Mm. suprahyo i d e i , and hyoid bone, Os hyo i d e u m.

Ramus mandibulae

M u sc les Mouth/Oral cavit)

-

Top o g ra p h y Saliva ry gla n d s

O rg a n a reas

0 07

Sect i o n s

Topogra phy

Muscles of the tongue

Tunica

mucosa oris

Papilla vallata

Corpus linguae

Radix linguae

Apex linguae

M. styloglossus

M. stylopharyngeus

Mandibula --t-1l'!lta�l;f M. longitudinalis inferior

M. constrictor pharyngis medius Os hyoideum, Cornu majus

Os hyoideum, Corpus Membrana thyrohyoidea Fig. 1 86 Tongue, Lingua, and muscles of the tongue, M m . linguae.

M. palatoglossus M. styloglossus M.

constrictor pharyngis superior, Pars glossopharyngea

Mandibula

M. constrictor pharyngis medius, Pars ceratopharyngea

M. longitudinalis inferior

M.

conslrictor pharyngls medius, chondropharyngea

Pars

Os hyoldeum, Cornu minus Fig, 1 87 Tongue, Lingua, a n d muscles of the tongue, M m . linguae.

·

�

Head

S u rface ���

S keleton

N ose/ N a s a l cavity

Muscles of the tongue and the pharynx Frenulum linguae

Apex linguae

Facies inferior linguae, Plica fimbriata Tunica mucosa oris

M. longitudinalis inferior

Septum linguae M. palatoglossus

����_- M. styloglossus M chondroglossus

Os hyoideum, Cornu majus

M. constrictor pharyngis medius, Pars chondropharyngea

M. hyoglossus Fig. 1 88

M. geniohyoideus

M. sternohyoideus

Muscles of the tongue, M m . linguae.

Papillae fol latae TUnica mucosa oris

M. styloglossus

Proc. styloideus

M. longitudinalis inferior M.

Lig. stylohyoideum

genioglossus

Membrana thyrohyoidea Cartilago thyroidea

M. stylopharyngeus M. constrictor pharyngis superior, Pars glossopharyngea M. constrictor pharyngis medius, Pars chondropharyngea M. constrictor pharyngis medius, Pars ceratopharyngea Os hyoideum, Cornu majus A.; V. laryngea superior; N. laryngeus superior M. constrictor pharyngis inferior, Pars thyropharyngea

Fig. 1 89 M uscles of the tongue, M m . linguae, and m uscles of the pharynx, Tunica m u scula ris pharyng is.

M u scles Mouth/Oral cavit'

To p o g ra p hy Salivary glands

O rg a n a reas

Sections

Topogra phy

Parotid gland M

7.)Igomattcus

1 09

major

Glandula parObdea, Pars superlicialis Glandula parotidea accessona

Corpus adiposum buccae

M. masseter M. depressor anguli oris

Fascia parotidea M. sternocleidomastoideus; Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficial is

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis

V.; A facialis

Concha nasalis media

Fig, 1 90

Parotid gland, G la n d u la parotidea.

'1!rP!'l!----- Cartilago nasi lateralis

M temporal is • M.

pterygoideus lateralis • N. lingualis N. alveolaris inferior Proc condylaris --t_-I,I.J./,... V. temporalis superficialis . ---l-'-¥."..... ���� A, temporalis superficialis • Cartilago auriculae

Glandula parotidea Proc mastoideus

•A

carotis interna

Proc. styloideus • A, vertebralis Fig. 1 9 1 Parotid g land. G la n d u la parotidea, a n d masticatory m uscles, M m . masticatorii; horizontal section; i nferior view.

�

S u rface

H ea d

M u sc les

Skeleton

N ose/ N a s a l cavity

M o u t h/O ra l cavit�

Submandibular gland A.; V. facialis • •

Nodi Iymphoidei submandibulares Glandula parotidea

'" N. facialis [VII], R. colli • V. jugularis externa

• M. digastricus, Venter posterior N. hypoglossus [XII]

Platysma .

M. digastricus, Venter anterior .

• A. thyroidea superior

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis A.

• M constrictor pharyngis inferior

submentalis •

• M omohyoideus, Venter superior • M. sternohyoideus

Glandula submandibularis Fig. 1 92

S u b m a n d i b u lar g la n d , G la n d u la s u b m a n d i b u la ris.

A.: V. submentalis • • A ; V. facialis • •

M. mylohyoideus .

Glandula parotidea accessoria

Glandula sublingualis

M. digastricus, • Venter anterior

M,

• M. masseter; Fascia masseterica Glandula parotidea Nodus Iymphoideus submandibularis

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis

genioglossus .

1Ii!"'F--:-�-�YI-- • V. retromandibularis

V. sublingualis •

A. lingualis • Ganglion submandibulare

• M. digastricus. Venter posterior

Ductus submandibularis

Glandula submandibularis N. hypoglossus [XII]

M.

hyoglossus .

Glandula submandibularis Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis • M. digastricus, Venter anterior

Fig. 1 93 Major salivary g lands, Gla n d u lae saliva riae majores; inferolateral view.

To pog ra phy Salivary glands

O rg a n areas

Sect i o n s

To pogra phy

Submandibular and sublingual gland

Caruncula

sublingualis

Ductus sublingualis major

Ductus sublinguales minores

-T\��������������

M. pterygoideus medialis

M. genioglossus --J--���"":

M. geniohyoideus --+'1--1,..--.,-'--+-0

M. digastricus. Venter anterior Glandula sublingualis M. mylohyoideus Fig. 1 94 Submandibula r gland, G la n d u la s u b m a n d i b u laris, and s u b l i n g u a l gland, Gland ula sublingualis.

Caruncula sublingualis Ductus sublingual is major

Ductus submandibularis

Glandula sublingualis

Gingiva

M. genioglossus

.�u��-- N. lingualis

M. mylohyoideus -�P'hlfl-�__�'

A. alveolaris inferior N alveolaris inferior

Radix linguae

M. hyoglossus

N. hypoglossus [XII]

Glandula submandibularis

Fig. 1 95 Sublingual g land, Glandu la subling ualis, and subma n d i b u la r gland, G la n d u la s u b m a n d i b u laris; s u perior view.

II>

H ea d

S u rface ���

Skeleton

N ose/Na s a l cavity

Openings of the salivary glands

Papilla ductus parotidei ---j='-'----

Fig. 1 96 Opening of the excretory d uct of the parotid gland, Papilla d u ctus parotidei.

Lingua, Facies inferior Plica fimbriata Frenulum linguae

--;-;:.....I;� ....;-

-

--":------'''+-- Dens molaris III [serotinus]

....� ... ...:.-=. .. �

-

Plica sublingualis ---;...----..,,...;:,---:--::---"'-,

Caruncula sublingualis --+---=:<:.....--'-::=-:----1Iz"'!r"""--� Gingiva

---::----'- Dens molaris II

--7--,....,..---�=-,II(I

--+----:--:-:::--=-..�:..-...

Dens molaris I ..;:... ---r - Dens premolaris II Dens premolaris I -+ ....;---1 ........ ;';O;" ..; ,.=-.. �f_- Dens caninus .. .,.-- Dens incisivus II -----�-=:--...,.,....__: -....;--..:---..-

-

Dens Incislv us I

Fig. 1 97 O p e n i ng of the excretory d uct of the submand i b u la r gla n d , Caruncula s u b li n g ualis.

-

M uscles M o ut h/Oral cavity

To pog ra phy Salivary glands

O rgan areas

113

Sections

Topography

Arteries and nerves of the oral cavity

N. lingualis

M, palatoglossus . -__,J M styloglossus .

������1m;""-'1"- • A. profunda linguae

Mm pharyngis .

'iftl�t-+I\.-""""r-- Mandibula

N. glossopharyngeus [IX]

F::::"':"" :'- .JL- • M, mylohyoideus

o

M, hyoglossus .

M, constrictor pharyngis medius, • Pars chondropharyngea

geniohyoideus

N. hypoglossus [XII]

A sublingualis

Fig. 1 98 Arteries and nerves of the tongue, Lingua; medial view.

N. palatinus major

Nn, palatini minores Uvula palatina Tonsilla palatina R. tonsillaris

N, glossopharyngeus [IX]

A. palatina ascendens, • R, tonsil aris N. glossopharyngeus [IX], Rr linguales

. t � � � � � � � � � � � � � ���i

(A.

ft-- Canalis incisivus .;.�l\\\lll.Q�Iftl�

nasopalatina)

=""'-"-- Dorsum linguae, Pars anterior

",*WI-�,--- Papillae vallatae

mHI:--I'G.�4--- Mandibula

Fig. 1 99 Arteries and nerves of the pa late, Palatum, and the root of the tong u e , Radix linguae; medial view.

�

H ea d

S u rface ���

S ke leton

N ose/ N a s a l cavity

Vessels and nerves of the tongue and the larynx

Ductus sublingualis major

Caruncula sublingualis

Ductus sublingualis major

Ductus submandibularis

Glandula lingualis

Plica fimbriata Ductus sublinguales minores Plica sublingualis •

Septum linguae

N ; A ; V. sublingualis

M. genioglossus •

••

A lingual is; • V. comitans nervi hypoglossi .

M. geniohyoideus Glandula sublingual is M. styloglossus • M. hyoglossus

•

N. lingualis

•

Ganglion submandibulare N hypoglossus [XII]

'�_�-,�.----•

M mylohyoideus .

M. mylohyoideus

Glandula submandibularis

•

M digastricus, Venter anterior

l1 .IId!I�- • M. stylohyoideus O'.........._!'IiIl�

Os hyoideum

Glandula submandibularis

•

A.; V. laryngea superior; • • N. laryngeus superior

M. omohyoideus, Venter superior

Membrana thyrohyoidea

Cartilago thyroidea

• M. constrictor pharyngis inferior (Lobus pyramidalis, Var.)

Cartilago cricoidea

1 -7 204, 2 1 8, 234, 237 1

Fig. 200 Vessels a n d n e rves of the tongue, Lingua; major salivary glands, Glandulae salivariae majores, and larynx , Larynx; a nterior- i n ferior view.

M uscles M o u t h/Oral cavity

To pog ra p hy Sa liva ry gla n d s

O rg a n a reas

Sections

Topogra phy

Vessels and nerves of the tongue and the thyroid gland

Glandula sublingualis

• • A.; V. sublingualis

• N lingualis

N. lingualis • ---d::::� M hyoglossus .

�;;'!fl��

• V. profunda linguae

• M. styloglossus

A. profunda linguae .

•

A. sublingualis • A lingualis .

'---

_ -

N. hypoglossus [XII]

• V. lingualis

• M. hyoglossus

1--- • A. carotis externa

• N. laryngeus superior,

R. internus

A. thyroidea superior .

• Bifurcatio carotidis

•A

laryngea superior

Membrana thyrohyoidea Cartilago thyroidea

A thyroidea superior, • R. glandularis anterior

Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister

M cricothyroideus . Isthmus glandulae thyroideae

Fig. 201 Vessels and n e rves of the tongue, Lingua, and the thyroid gland, G la n d u la thyroidea; a nterior-inferior view.

I � 238. 264 1

005

.. H e a d

S u rfa ce

S keleton

Head, frontal section

Sinus saginalis superior

Falx cerebri Spatium subarachnoideum N. supraorbitalis, R. medialis Arachnoidea mater cranialis Galea aponeurotica •

Dura mater cranial is

supraorbitalis • M obliquus superior • M. levator palpebrae superioris; M. rectus superior • A. lacrimalis -411Ii;.-+--- Glandula lacrimalis .� �';:Ji"'-rfi.it:lt-f4I� II' "-T--- . N. opticus [II]; • • V.; A. centralis retinae • R. zygomaticus (VII) • N.

M. temporal is • Cellulae ethmoid ales --I---if-��(ff!;'4'-., Septum nasi --�iilT----jr-..y;��

.;:..-�

Concha nasalis inferior

N. supraorbitalis. R lateralis Sinus frontalis • A. supraorbitalis

• M. rectus lateralis

----..;,:..;-"---t\--�I\_

•

Corpus adiposum orbitae

- -':r,:.-=-::... A transversa faciei • --J;:,--

R. buccalis (VII) •

Dens molaris II

Ductus submandibularis Glandula sublingualis

V.; A.; N. alveolaris inferior • • • Platysma .

• • A ; V. lingualis

M. digastricus, Venter anterior .

M. rectus medialis

•

M geniohyoideus

Fig. 202 Frontal section t h rough the head of a 48-yea r-old male at the level of the second u p pe r molar toot h ; a nterior view.

M us c les

Top o g ra phy

O rg a n a reas

Sections

Head, fronta l section

---

Sinus sagittalis superior Galea aponeurotica

(Sutura frontalis)

Dura mater cranialis; Arachnoidea mater cranialis

• M. rectus medialis

M. levator palpebrae . supenoris Glandula lacrimalis

Septum nasi

M. rectus superior . --Jl... .u.......-110 ... Sutura frontozygomatica ---�--IM�.,oJ,�{ M. obliquus superior . -

-

Concha nasalis inferior '"

M. rectus lateralis • Retina

- '"""' �

_ _ _

" _�_-

M. rectus inferior . Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris

.....1----

molaris II

Lingua

Corpus adiposum buccae

Ductus submandibularis Glandula sublingual is

••

M. genioglossus .

M. mylohyoideus .

• M. digastrlcus, Venter anterior

Fig. 203 Frontal section thro u g h t h e h ead of a neonate at the level of the second upper molar toot h ; a nterior view. Note the absence of the maxillary sinus a n d the close proximity of the tooth a nlage to the orbit.

N.: A:

V. alveolarls inferior

�

S u rfa ce p. 3 2

Neck

S kelet o n Vo l. I I

Muscles of the neck and tracheotomy M.

Glandula submandibularis

M.

M. digastricus, Venter posterior

digastricus --�....".t,.L��

Glandula parotidea F--.�--- M. stylohyoideus ---- M. levator scapulae

.. M. splenius cervicis _-..:.�. M levator scapulae -....Hb+<�J Lig thyrohyoideu m medianu m -i--ifIH.Hr7J'-;rf: - :-fl,;-o A. carotis communis; V. jugularis interna ---1rt-of:J:"�I M thyrohyoideus ----iHf.f---
scalenus medius

-

M. pectoralis

minor A BxlllBris M.

M.

pectoralis major, Pars clavicularis

I -7 T8, T9, T l O, T 1 1 I

mylohyoideus

subclavius Fig. 204

Cartilago thyroidea Lig. cricothyroideum medianum

Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae M. sternohyoideus Glandula thyroidea M. scalenus medius M sternocleidomastoideus

Trachea

Clavicula

M. pectoralis major, Pars clavicularis

M uscles of the neck, M m . co lli.

Os hyoideum Trachea

Fig. 205 Surgical access to the trachea with the neck hyperextended. Con iotomy ** U p per tracheotomy [a bove the isthmus the thyroid gland] **. Lower tracheotomy [ below the isthmus of the thyroid g land]

of

Arcus venosus jugularis

Cartilago thyroidea

Cartilago cricoidea

V. jugularis anterior

M u scles

O rg a n s

To p o g ra p hy

Sect i o n s

Cervical fascia

Ramus mandibulae

�--'--"---

M. styloglossus M. digastricus, Venter posterior

Fascia cervical is

M. sternocleidomastoideus Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficial is

Mandibula

M. mylohyoideus --'---':;,...... M. digastricus, --"""1;;:1' Venter anterior

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis

M. sternohyoideus

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis

Fascia cervical is, Lamina superficialis Clavicula ----'=>ii�

Trigonum omoclaviculare

sternocleidomastoideus

Fossa supraclavicularis minor Fig . 206

Cervical fasc ia, Fascia c e rvicalis.

Fa scia cervicalis

Yellow: Lamina superficialis Red: Lamina pretrachealis Green: Lamina prevertebralis

Fig. 207 a, b

Schema of the cervical fascia.

a Transverse section b M e d i a n section

6 -7 24 1 -7 2 9 1 6

Trigonum omoclaviculare V. jugularis externa

S u rface p. 3 2

.. N e c k

Muscles of the neck

M stylohyoideus

Glandula parotidea

Lig. stylohyoideum; M. stylopharyngeus

M. digastricus, Venter posterior

M. sternocleidomastoideus M. semispinalis capitis

M. masseter

Mandibula M. digastricus, Venter anterior M

{----- M. splenius capitis

il9-----

Os hyoideum

M, levator scapulae Mo----M. scalenus anterior tDc----M scalenus medius

M. omohyoideus, Venter superior M sternohyoideus

Nl!1II:lI..---- M. scalenus posterior

M. constrictor pharyngis inferior Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister

M trapezius

M. sternocleidomastoideus M. deltoideus

M. omohyoideus, Venter inferior M, pectoralis major, Pars sternocostalis

I-7 T8, T9, T10, T1 1 1 184 209 204 .., 795

t

.....

Fig. 208

M uscles of the neck, M m . colli,

S ke leton Vo l. I I

M uscles

O rg a n s

Sect i o n s

To pography

Muscles of the neck

M. rectus capitis anterior M. rectus capitis lateralis

M.�-- Proc. mastoideus

---';I-�1crI

M. sternocleidomastoideus M. longissimus capitis M splenius capitis Articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis, Capsula articularis

M. levator scapulae

M. scalenus medius M. longus capitis M scalenus medius M. scalenus anterior

... m�*+>��.--- - M. longus colli IH....-:r.;: ... ="

_

--l\---'r.,*,!e'� jt---- Tuberculum anterius

M. scalenus medius

M scalenus posterior

M scalenus medius M

����

_ _

longus colli --'7it�-�:...... ..

A. subclavia dextra

M scalenus anterior

subclavia sinistra M scalenus posterior

V. subclavia dextra

A. carotis communis sinistra

A.

V. brachiocephalica sinistra V. cava superior

Fig. 209

Preverteb ra l m u scles a n d scale n u s m u scles, M m . scale n i . I - VI I Fi rst to seventh cervical vertebra Fi rst to t h i rd th oracic vertebra 1 -3 = =

I � Tl1, T121

1 22 .

�

S kelet o n VoL I I

S u rface p . 3 2

Neck

���

Larynx

T hyro i d gla n d

Skeleton of the larynx Cornu superius Incisura thyroidea superior

-=----.;J--

Prominentia laryngea

Lamina sinistra

Tuberculum thyroideum superlus

Cornu superius Lamina dextra

Linea obliqua

Prominentia ----·-'1�-----....,, ...Ir � laryngea

Cornu inferius

Linea obliqua

Fig. 2 1 0 Thyroid cart i lage. C a rt i lago thyro i d e a ; viewed fro m the left.

Lamina sinistra

Tuberculum . ��,,;t--- thyroi ....�, deum

__

inferius Cornu inferius

Fig. 2 1 1 Thyro i d cartilage, C a rtila g o thyro i d e a ; ve ntral vi ew.

Crista arcuata

LJg.

crico·

p05tenu9

Lig . vocale

Cartilago arytenoidea; Articulatio cricoarytenoidea

Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae

�

proc. )!L

vo a llS

aryten?ldeum

Fovea oblonga Proc muscularis

Fig. 2 1 2 C a rt i lages of t h e larynx, C a rtila g i nes laryn g i s ; ventro s u perior view.

-....1. --

Tuberculum thyroideum superlus

Cartllago cotnoculata Proc. muscularis

�

Lamina cartllagmis crico,deae

Arcus

Facies art,culans thyroldea

cricoideae

cartllasl nis

Fig. 2 1 3

C a rt i lages of the larynx, Cart i la g i nes laryn g i s ; d o rsal view.

Fig. 2 1 4

Cart i lages of the larynx, C a rtilagi nes laryng i s ; viewed from t h e left.

Cartilago epiglottica

Fig. 2 1 5

\.

Peiiol us

epiglottid,S

E p i g lottic cart i la g e , C a rt i lago e p i g lottica ; d o rsa l view.

Arcus

cartilagln is crlcOIdeae

Fig. 2 1 6

Facies articularis thyroidea

C ricoid cartilage, Cart i la g o c ricoidea ; ve ntrosuperior view.

Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae Fig. 2 1 7 C ricoid ca rti lage, C a rt ilago cricoidea ; d o rsa l view.

P h a rym

M u sc les

O rg a n s

Sect i o n s

To pography

Hyoid bone and skeleton of the larynx Os hyoideum, Cornu minus

----'<;,--"""":::-;.010

���fE1

-

Lig. thyrohyoideum laterale

Membrana thyrohyoidea

._--- Os hyoideum, Cornu majus Cartilago epiglotlica Cartilago triticea

---+---...

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu superius

Lig. thyrohyoideum Cartilago thyroidea, Lamina dextra ---t--Incisura thyroidea superior

......_ .. -- Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu inferius

Lig cricothyroideum medianum

Capsula articularis cricothyroidea

Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae Lig cricotracheale

Cartilagines tracheales

Fig. 2 1 8 Larynx. Larynx, and hyoid bone, Os hyoideu m ; ve ntral view.

Cartilago epiglotlica

Os hyoideum. Cornu minus

Cartilago triticea Corpus adiposum preepiglotlicum Petiolus epiglotlidis Cartilago thyroidea, Lamina sinistra

Cartilago arytenoidea ----1. Lig cricoarytenoideum

Capsula articularis cricothyroidea

Lig. cricotracheale ---=��"'���

Cartilagines tracheales --L1rFig. 2 1 9

Os hyoideum, Cornu majus

_...1--,!----

Lig. thyrohyoideum laterale Membrana thyrohyoidea

+--- Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu superius

Cartilago corniculata Capsula articularis cricoarytenoidea Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu inferius

.;�--- Capsula articularis cricothyroidea

Ug. cricopharyngeum Ligg. anularia

C a rtila g e s of t h e larynx, C a rtilagi nes laryngis, a n d hyo i d bone, Os hyo i d e u m ; d o rsal view.

1 2.4

�

S u rface p . 3 2

Neck

���

Larynx

Hyoid bone and skeleton of the larynx Membrana thyrohyoidea

Os hyoideum Cartilago epiglottica--�+rt--��r;...�

Lig. thyrohyoideum medianum ---Vr-'�I

Petiolus epigllo,ttidi lis ---�t-�t7 Lig. thyroepiglotticum

Cartilago thyroidea Lig. vocale Conus elasticus

Lig. cricopharyngeum

'������i!���)'.JI::�-- Cartilagines arytenoideae Proc vocalis

Lig. cricothyroideum medianum

Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae

Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae

Facies articularis thyroidea

Cartilagines tracheales Fig . 220

Larynx, Larynx, and hyoid bone, 05 hyoideu m ; viewed from t h e left.

Cartilago epiglottica

Lig hyoepiglotticum Bursa infrahyoidea

Membrana thyrohyoidea

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu superius

Lig. thyrohyoideum medianum ---1+-'''''' '

Cartilago thyroidea, Lamina dextra

Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum

Lig. cricopharyngeum

Lig thyroepiglotticum

,..... . _ _ _

L��!---T"'"-I"--

Lig . cricothyroideum medianum

_ _

Cartilago arytenoidea

Lig. cricoarytenoideum

Lig . cricopharyngeum

Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae

Pharynx, Tunica mucosa

Trachea, Paries membranaceus Fig. 221

Larynx, Larynx, and hyoid bone, Os hyoideu m ; m e d i a n secti o n ; m e d i a l view.

S ke leto n Vol. II

Thyro i d gla n d

P h a ryn

M u s c les

Org a n s

To p o g ra p hy

Sections

Laryngeal muscles

Lig. cricoarytenoideum

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu superius

Articulatio cricothyroidea ---!-....�� . �-...• Conus elasticus Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae

Cartilago thyroidea

Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae h��fi.lf--L+-

_ _

Proc. mUSCUlariS Proc. vocalis

)

Cartilago arytenoidea

Conus elasticus Lig. vocale Incisura thyroidea superior

Fig. 222 C a rt i lages of the larynx, C a rt i la g i nes laryngis, a n d vocal ligament. L i g . vocale: ventrosu pe rior view.

a Cricothyroid m uscle, M . cricothyroideus

c

Lateral crico-aryte n o i d m uscle. M. c ri coarytenoideus lateralis

Fig. 223 a-d

Schema showi ng t h e functions of t h e laryngeal m u scles, Mm. la ryngis: yellow a rrows: tension of the voca l ligament: red a rrows: m uscle contra c tio n : blue a rrows: d i rection of rotati o n :

b O b l i q u e a n d transverse a rytenoid m u scles, Mm. a ryten o i d e i o b l i q u u s et t ra n sversus

d Posterior crico-aryten o i d m uscle,

M. c ricoarytenoideus posterior

t h e muscles o n t h e left a re relaxe d : those o n t h e right a re contracte d ; superior view.

�

S u rfa ce p . 3 2

N eck

Larynx

Laryngeal muscles :_,.--- Os hyoideum,

Cornu majus ,�--- Lig. thyrohyoideum laterale Cartilago triticea

Os hyoideum, Cornu minus Os hyoideum, Corpus Membrana thyrohyoidea

----i � ----.,

+ ...-jfr::;-;;;iT1'fftl

-

r.,'---

-

Lig thyrohyoideum medianum

-----"-=-=-.1..---

Incisura thyroidea superior

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu superius

Cartilago thyroidea, Lamina sinistra Linea obliqua

.. . -. 7r--_

Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae

Capsula articularis cricothyroidea

Cartilagines tracheales

M. cricothyroideus, Pars recta

M. cricothyroideus, Pars obliqua Fig. 224

C ricothyroid m u scle, M . c ricothyro i d e u s ; ventral v i e w from t h e left.

Os hyoideum, Cornu majus Cartilago triticea

----rf���5i1(

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu superius Tuberculum cuneiforme

Cartilago corniculata ----t::i.B':"!: Cartilago arytenoidea �rr' M, arytenoideus obliquus --....;.=� M arytenoideus transversus -

M. cricoarytenoideus posterior ---t'--Facies articularis thyroidea ----+��
Fig . 225

-P'<-----�'",,--

Epiglottis

Os hyoideum 'I'.�.,.-Mrl>#--- Lig . hyoepiglotticum Membrana thyrohyoidea ,-1+--- Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum WIWhf--:f--- M. thyroarytenoideus, Pars thyroepiglottica !T--::f---- M. arytenoideus obliquus, Pars aryepiglottica M. thyroarytenoideus

-dlJI---

}

M. cricoarytenoideus lateralis Pars recta Pars obliqua M, cricothyroideus

�--- Cartilago trachealis

Laryngeal muscles, M m . laryn g i s ; dorsal view from t h e right.

S keleton Vo l. I I

Thyro i d gla n d

P h a ryn:

M uscles

Sections

Top o g ra phy

Org a n s

Laryngeal muscles Os hyoideum, Cornu majus

Cartilago triticea Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu superius

thyroarytenoideus, ----i'-:t1i-L..-:-l.iJ) Pars thyroepiglottica M. thyroarytenoideus ----;---::!""""r'"

M.

M

arytenoideus obliquus

--+:tI"

Capsula articularis cricothyroidea Cartilago cricoidea, Lamina

Cartilago cuneiforrnis ....."... .. +. -- M. arytenoideus obliquus, Pars aryepiglottica ,.......'--�--- Cartilago corniculata .;;:....�-7--- Cartilago arytenoidea C'-'--:=--- M. arytenoideus transversus Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu inferius

---"tor!�¥...- "ll

Trachea. Paries membranaceus

-1"'>1;;:--'-_

_ _

M. cricoarytenoideus posterior 4s---- Cartilago tracheal is

Fig. 226

La ryngeal muscles, M m. laryn g i s ; d o rsal view.

Os hyoideum, Cornu minus

Os hyoideum, Cornu majus Epiglottis

Cartilago triticea

Tuberculum cuneiforme Tuberculum epiglotticum

M arytenoideus transversus Ventriculus laryngis M. arytenoideus obliquus

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu superius Cartilago cuneiformis -'<:111-\....

-

M

Cartilago corniculata Plica vestibularis ....,.�.+-- Cartilago arytenoidea Plica vocalis M.

cricoarytenoideus posterior Cartilago cricoidea, Lamina

Fig. 227

Larynx, Larynx; sectioned fro m d o rsal i n the m e d i a n plane and sepa rated with hooks; d o rsal view.

cricoarytenoideus lateralis

Cartilago cricoidea, Lamina

•

S u rface p . 32

N ec k

���

Larynx

S ke leton Vol. I I

T hy ro i d gla n d

Laryngoscopy

Fig. 228 a, b

La ryngoscopy.

(

a I n d i rect laryngoscopy b D i rect, e n d oscopic laryngoscopy

a

b

EplgloHis

Fig. 229

D i rect laryng oscopy; respi ratory posit i o n .

Plica vocal is

Rima glottidis Plica vestibularis

Cartilago arytenoidea; Cartilago corniculata Recessus piriformis

Incisura interarytenoidea

Epiglottis Ventriculis laryngis Plica vocalis

Fig. 230 D i rect laryngoscopy; phonation position.

Rima glottidis Plica vestibularis

Plica aryepiglottica Cartilago arytenoidea; Cartilago corniculata

Incisura interarytenoidea

Epiglottis ----

Plica vocaJls ---Rima giottidls, Pars Intercartllaginea

Fig. 231 D i rect laryngoscopy; whispering posit i o n .

---­

-,-:11-

-

-

Rima glottidis, Pars intermembranacea Plica vestibularis

P h a rym

M u sc les

Org a ns

To pog ra p hy

Sections

Inner contour of the larynx lig. hyoepiglotticum

Cartilago epiglottica

Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum Os hyoideum Lig. thyrohyoideum medianum

Vestibulum laryngis

Tuberculum cuneilorme Tuberculum

Lig. thyroepiglotticum Cartilago thyroidea

Plica vestibularis _J1��l-Ik;;:;����f

Ventriculus laryngis Cavitas infraglottica

cornicutatum

M. arytenoideus transversus

Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae ---:..;IJI-I�-Jl.I/--- Conus elasticus

Lig. cricothyroideum medianum Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae

f -PI+-...

Tunica mucosa

Trachea, Paries membranaceus

Cartilagines tracheales

(Spatium oesophagotracheale)

Isthmus glandulae thyroideae

Trachea Fig. 232

Larynx. Larynx.

Radix linguae Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum Os hyoideum --+.,,JI/ Lig. thyrohyoideum medianum

----'''

Cartllago epiglottica ...- Tuberculum cuneilorme

Tuberculum ccrnlculatum

Lig. thyroepiglotticum

M. arytenoideus transversus

Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae

Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae

Cartilagines tracheales --,-,II Fig. 233 La rynx, Larynx; position of t h e e p i g lottis d u ri n g swallow i n g .

S u rfa ce p . 3 2

.. N ec k

.. .. ..

Arteries and nerves of

N. glossopharyngeus [IX] •

Thyro i d gla n d

the larynx

Rr. linguales

Papillae vallatae •

A palatina ascendens, R, tonsillaris •

N. glossopharyngeus [IX] •

Rr. tonsil lares Tonsilia palatina

Os hyoideum, Cornu majus N.

Larynx

Epiglottis

laryngeus superior �

-�-.f--1'-:"" -- Vallecula epiglottica

A. laryngea superior . ---<-...

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu superius ----F-

11[;:1>+--''1----

• N

Aditus laryngis

laryngeus superior, Rr interni

Incisura interarytenoidea E-r--'--::iir---

Cartilago thyroidea, Lamina sinistra Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu inferius

. M. arytenoideus obliquus

+---- • M, cricoarytenoideus posterior Glandula thyroidea

A. laryngea inferior •

Glandula parathyroidea superior

N. laryngeus recurrens, Rr oesophageales

Glandula parathyroidea inferior

• N. laryngeus recurrens

Fig. 234 Arteries a n d nerves of t h e larynx, Larynx, and the root of the t o n g u e , R a d i x li nguae .

S keleton Vo l. I I Pha rynx

M us c les

Organs

To p o g ra p hy

S e ct i o n s

Larynx, transverse sections Ventriculus laryngis

Plica vocalis

M thyroarytenoideus .

N. laryngeus superior, R. internus laryngea superior • Vv. laryngeae superiores

e,.".--\.----""r-- . A

Cartilago arytenoidea Cavitas pharyngis

Recessus piriformis

M constrictor pharyngis • medius

M constrictor pharyngis • inferior

235

,

236

•

N

• Plexus venosus pharyngeus

Fig. 235 Larynx, Larynx. The white a rrow i n dicates t h e connection between the laryngeal ventr i c le and the laryngeal saccule.

Cartllago

A

Mm. arytenoidei transversus et obliqui

. Proe. vocalls

Rima glo\tidls. Pars Irrtercartilagmea

laryngeus superior

Vv. laryngeae superiores • ---.'--_L--eI. Cartilago thyroidea, --!--..t.I Lamina sinistra

Articulatio cricoarytenoidea Cavitas pharyngis

Recessus piriformis

M. cricoarytenoideus • posterior

lamina cartllaginis

Fig. 236

cricoideae

Larynx, Larynx.

M. constrictor pharyngis inferior

�

S u rfa ce p . 3 2

Neck

���

La rynx

Thyroid gland Cornu majus

Membrana thyrohyoidea

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu superius

Prominentia laryngea

Cartilago thyroidea, Lamina dextra ---\>t---

Lig. cricothyroideum medianum

M. c ricolh yrold8u s - --f..dl'l ���'

Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister

Glandula ihyroldea, Lobus dexter

Isthmus glandulae thyroideae Tra c

h ea

Fig. 237 Thyroid gland, G la n d u la thyroidea, a n d larynx, Larynx.

Bursae infrahyoideae Lig. thyrohyoideum medianum Cartilago thyroidea, Lamina dextra Lig. cricothyroideum medianum Glandula thyroidea, Lobus dexter --f:'o:, �}

Cartilago triticea Membrana thyrohyoidea Glandula thyroidea; (Lobus pyramidalis, Var.) M. cricothyroideus Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister Isthmus glandulae thyroideae

Fig. 238 Thyro i d g l a n d , Gla n d u la thyroidea, a n d larynx , Larynx.

S ke leton Vol. I I

Thyroid gland

P h a rynx

M uscles

O rg a n s

Top o g ra phy

Sections

Thyroid gland, sections Plexus thyroideus impar •

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina pretrachealis Cartilago tracheal is Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis • Platysma

• M sternothyroideus :S��;rt:: �..., �- • M sternocleidomastoideus Trachea

R cardiacus cervicalis superior

Oesophagus .. N. laryngeus recurrens • V. jugularis interna • A. carotis communis

Glandula parathyroidea inferior

Ganglion cervico· thoracicum [stellatum]

....;:O[O"' i�������;ii�iiiiiii;��I�i��

M. longus colli . M. scalenus anterior . M scalenus medius • -iiiii��

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina prevertebralis

, N. vagus [X]

'T.I:l!l-_�l

Paries membranaceus Vertebra cervicalis VII

Truncus jugularis dexter • • A; V.

Fig. 239

Thyro i d g l a n d , G l a n d u la thyro i d e a ; horizontal secti o n .

Cartilago epiglottica

Membrana q"",',,nm"o.'o . Fascia cervicalis, Lamina pretrachealis Ug. vestibulare Rima vestibuli --t+'�r-+.--t--til'�5 Ventriculus laryngis U-.fi�-f-t-;:�:t�� _ _

�\\--,<-,�-,.--- Vestibulum laryngis

M. arytenoideus obliquus, Pars aryepiglottica

Os hyoideum Membrana thyrohyoidea

Sacculus laryngis Plica vestibularis .m�;l.l---

A; V thyroidea superior

Plica vocalis M. constrictor pharyngis inferior, Pars thyropharyngea M sternothyroideus M vocalis

Cavitas infraglottica

M cricothyroideus

Conus elasticus Ug cricotracheale Cartilago trachealis

Glandula thyroidea

Trachea

:: Glandula parathyroidea inferior ���r:::-Fig. 240 Thyro i d g l a n d , Gla n d u la thyro i d e a ; fro ntal section.

vertebralis

S u rface p . 3 2

.. N eck

.. .. ..

A rteria l

supply of the

N. hypoglossus [XII]

lingualis .

I

_ _

thyroidea superior .

A carollS externa

• V. lingualis

• M. hyoglossus

�--- • A

M hyoglossus . A

Thyroid gland

thyro id g land

A. sublingualis • A

Larynx

carotis externa

- N. laryngeus superior, R. internus

• Bifurcatio carotidis

•

• A. laryngea superior

•A

•A

Membrana thyrohyoidea Glandula thyroidea, Lobus dexter

thyroidea superior

carotis communis

Cartilago thyroidea

A . thyroidea superior, • R. glandularis anterior

Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister

Lig. cricothyroideum medianum

M cricothyroideus . Inferior• • Rr. glandlJlares

Isthmus glandulae thyroideae

A . Ihyroldea

Fig. 241

Vessels a n d nerves of the thyroid g la n d , Glandula thyro i d e a , a n d t h e larynx , Larynx.

Cutis

Mm infrahyoidei

��iII�:Ot--- Isthmus glandulae thyroideae Cartilago trachealis

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina pretrachealis Glandula thyroidea, --.fI!!.��=!llilr.-;;"":;;;""" Lobus dexter A. carotis commUniS

M longus colli

Vertebra cervicalis VII Fig. 242

Thyro i d g l a n d , G lan d u la thyro i d e a ; o b l i q u e u ltra s o u n d i ma g e i n ventrodorsal d i rect i o n ; i nferior view [ r i g ht, 200%). • U ltrasound shadow

of t h e t rachea

S k e leton Vol. I I P h a rynx

M uscles

Organs

Top o g ra phy

Sect i o n s

Pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland

Fig. 243 Thyroid gla n d . G la n d u la thyro i d e a ; e n la rg e ment of t h e thyro i d gland with t h ree obvious nodes. Stru ma nodosa.

Mm intrahyoidei V jugularis externa Trachea

Corpus vertebrae

M. erector spinae --I!.!IIi�:;;

.....:::���iI--- Costa

== :!!!�.-- Proc. spinosus •

Node of the thyroid gland

Fig. 244 Neck, Collu m ; computed tomogra p h i c I CT] secti o n ; i nferior view. The trachea is d is p laced towards t h e right by a pathologically e n la rg e d node of the thyroid g l a n d .

Clavicula dextra

Manubrium sterni

Mandibula V jugularis Costa I

Clavicula sinistra •

Fig. 245

Node of the thyroid gland

Neck, Collum ; 3 - d i mensional reconstruction f ro m c o m p uted tomog ra p h i c I CT] sections showi ng a heavily e n la rg e d left lobe of t h e t hyro i d g l a n d ; s a m e patient as i n F i g . 244.

�

S u rface p. 32

Neck

Larynx

S k e leton Vol. I I

Thyro i d gla n d

Nasal and pharyngeal cavity, paramedian section

-

Septum nasi

as nasale

Ala vomeris sinistra Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae; Torus tubarius Tonsilla pharyngea

Plica salpingopalatina Torus levatorius

Vestibulum nasi

Os sphenoidale, Corpus Plica salpingopharyngea

Maxilla Palatum molle --.l��

Arcus palatopharyngeus

M, genioglossus .

Os occipitale Lig. transversum atlantis II:�':"'-:�i7='--.Jf.� ;rb1tJ ���:JU �-�,ff1?-rr--- Tonsilla palatina

Mandibula

R.

fJj�-.(/.f'l!:=-?��-r- Spatium retropharyngeum

,--- Tuberculum corniculatum �ir1JI-fl�-:\jHlf?r"::' ::-- Lig . longitudinale posterius m..-Wl--4I-itli-.c!:::�h .l\-.\\:it...--\\-\\H���:(,-- Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae

Os hyoideum Lig. thyrohyoideum medianum Lig, hyoepiglotticum Cartilago epiglottica Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum Lig thyroepiglotticum Cartilago thyroidea Plica vestibularis; Plica vocalis

Tuberculum cuneiforme

\\��;;:::::�-- Spatium epidurale �.--w.�����-- Dura mater spinalis

cricothyroideus (A ; V, thyroidea superior); • • Lig. cricothyroideum medianum Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae Fascia cervical is, Lamina superticialis Fascia cervicalis, Lamina pretrachealis Isthmus glandulae thyroideae V. thyroidea inferior . Arcus venosus jugularis • M, sternothyroideus •

J�r.-��;:::::=::---- Lig. longitudinale anterius cervical is, �\t;-'�:::::�:t-- Fascia Lamina prevertebralis (Spatium retrooesophageum)

V, brachiocephalica sinistra • Nodus Iymphoideus cervicalis anterior

1 � 271 1

(Spatium oesophagotracheale) Trachea

Fig. 246 Nasal cavity, Cavitas nasi ; oral cavity, Cavitas o r i s ; p h a rynx. P h a rynx, a n d la rynx. La rynx; paramed i a n secti o n .

Pharynx

M u s c le s

O rg a n s

To p o g ra p hy

Sections

Pharyngeal muscles

Proc. pterygoideus, Lamina lateralis

M

Arcus zygomaticus

M. tensor veli palatini M. levator veli palatini

M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi M. levator --r:::-�==-=--:-�::-.Iifi1Jl���'j labii superioris

Condylus occipitalis Proc. mastoideus

M. zygomaticus minor --�������;������� M levator anguli oris --�!J-.�S�;;':'4t''Y;�� Ductus parotideus; M. buccinator

Proc. styloideus Hamulus pterygoideus Lig. stylohyoideum Raphe pterygomandibularis M. styloglossus M. stylopharyngeus M. digastricus, Venter posterior Pars chondrOPharyngea M. constrictor pharyngis Pars ceratopharyngea medius

M. orbicularis oris, --01';:;';"'","(, Pars labialis

A.�S';i�rJ�f����"1

M. depressor anguli oris -�rl-:dIIooilt'�:;;::

}

Os hyoideum, Cornu majus A.; V. laryngea superior; N. laryngeus superior Membrana thyrohyoidea

M. mylohyoideus

M. digastricus, Venter anterior

M. hyoglossus

M. constrictor pharyngis inferior, Pars thyropharyngea

M. thyrohyoideus Cartilago thyroidea, Lamina sinistra

M. constrictor pharyngis inferior, Pars cricopharyngea Cartilago trachealis

M. cricothyroideus

1

2

3

4

Pars pterygopharyngea Pars buccopharyngea Pars mylopharyngea Pars glossopharyngea

Fig. 247 Pharyngeal muscles, M m . pharyngis, a n d facial m u scles, M m . facie i .

)

M. constrictor pharyngis superior

I

-7 T 1

e.

f.

T

51

138

i

�

S u rface p . 3 2

Neck

Larynx

I

Thyro i d gla n d

Pharyngeal muscles

(Fasciculus muscularis accessorius) Lig. sphenomandibulare Proc. styloideus M pterygoldeu s

faleralls

Gland ulae

M. constrictor pharyngis superior, Pars pterygopharyngea M stylohyoideus M. digastricus, Venter posterior M. constrictor pharyngis superior, Pars buccopharyngea M. stylopharyngeus M styloglossus Lig. stylomandibulare M. constrictor pharyngis superior, Pars mylopharyngea M. pterygoideus medialis

pharyngeales

Lig. stylohyoideum M stylohyoideus M. pterygoideus medialis Glandula parotidea M. digastricus, Venter posterior

M. pterygoideus medialis Mandibula Glandula submandibularis

M. digastricus, Venter posterior M. constrictor pharyngis superior, Pars glossopharyngea M. constrictor pharyngis medius, Pars chondropharyngea

Os hyoideum, Cornu majus

M. constrictor pharyngis medius, Pars ceratopharyngea

M. constrictor pharyngis inferior, Pars thyropharyngea

M. constrictor pharyngis inferior, Pars cricopharyngea

Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister

Glandulae parathyroideae superior et inferior

Oesophagus, Tunica muscularis Glandula thyroidea, Lobus dexter

........'111

-

Oesophagus, Tunica muscularis

Fig. 248

Glandulae parathyroideae superior et inferior �:,!.,.:

-

.,..;

Trachea

Pharyngeal m uscles, M m . p h a ry n g i s.

S ke leton Vol. I I Pharym

Organs

M us c les

Sect i o n s

Topog ra p hy

Inner contour of the pharynx M. levator veli palatini Proc. styloideus

pharyngeus

A

�-.4"'---TClrus tubarius

M, digastricus,,---,,� Venter posterior

Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae

Glandula parotidea ----l�..,l.li ..

Noduli Iymphoidei pharyngeales --'--!�����k¥.!:�:�, Palatum �r,11I -*'\t-�;J�I\'I1j[r [Velum palatinum] Arcus palatopharyngeus _ a _

B

(Plica pharyngoepiglottica)

c

Ihyroidea. Cornu superius

Plica aryepiglottica

Plica nervi laryngei superioris Incisura interarytenoidea "

Tuberculum cuneiforme; Cartilago cuneiformis

Levels of the pharynx:

Glandulae parathyroideae inferiores --""""""'-

A; V. thyroidea inferior

A Nasopharynx, Pars nasa lis p h a ryngis B Oro p h a rynx, Pars oralis p h a ryngis C Lary n g o p h a rynx, hypop h a rynx,

Pars laryngea p h a ry n g i s

Fig. 249

.. Fig. 250

P h a rynx. Pharynx.

N. maxillaris [V/2]

N. glossopharyngeus [IX] N. vagus [X] Sensi ble i n n e rvation of the pharynx. Pharynx.

�

S u rface p . 3 2

Neck

Vessels and nerves of the parapharyngeal space

N , glossopharyngeus [IX] Bulbus superior . venae jugularis Sinus . transversus Sinus . sigmoideus Ganglion superius A carotis interna • R auricularis

constrictor pharyngis superior Os temporale • A. meningea posterior N caroticus internus If..l�'''i� i -mrlf-.��'----::'- '" Ganglion inferius (IX)

N accessorius [XI], R. externus

• A. carotis interna

. Ganglion inferius (X) N. jugularis (Truncus sympathicus)

N hypoglossus [XII] N,

glossopharyngeus [IX] R pharyngealis

Ganglion cervicale superius (Truncus sympathicus) • A. pharyngea ascendens

M. digastricus, Venter posterior • N. laryngeus superior A.

N.

R

N. glossopharyngeus [IX]

pharyngeal is ,

laryngeus superior, R, externus laryngeus superior, R. internus M. constrictor pharyngis medius . A. thyroidea superior .

N

Rr.

N, cardiacus cervicalis superior (Truncus sympathicus)

pharyngeales

M. constrictor pharyngis inferior .

�

Plexus caroticus communis Truncus sympathicus

• Bulbus inferior venae jugularis

1Itl1Of-1'---IL_ • R. pharyngeal is

Ganglion cervicale medium

R. cardiacus cervicalis superior

Ganglion cervicothoracicum [steliatum] cardiacus cervicalis medius (Truncus sympathicus) N.

252

��937

Fig. 251

Vessels a n d n e rves of the p h a rynx, Pharynx, and the p a ra p h a ryngeal space, Spa t i u m latero p ha ryngeum.

S k e leton Vo L. I I

M uscles

O rg a n s

Top o g ra p h y

Sections

Vessels and nerves of the parapharyngeal space Tonsilia pharyngea Fascia pharyngobasilaris

Truncus nervi accessorii, R. internus N. vagus [X] N glossopharyngeus [IX] Sinus transversus . Sinus sigmoideus •

Cartilago tubae auditivae; Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae N. hypcglossus [XII]

N vagus [X] N. accessorius [XI] • Bulbus superior venae jugularis • A. carotis interna N accessorius [XI], R. externus

Ganglion inferius (X)

N hypoglossus [XII]

Torus tubarius --1�li\1f--�l-.J.:-:J�J�fJ M. digastricus, • ----t-��. Venter posterior M uvulae . -_-..J\-,-,4'l

Plica salpingopharyngea ---+:'7.' Tonsilia palatina ---+-,,,, .. .--+.J Arcus palatopharyngeus ----\-..:...:'-t-....�

Plica aryepiglonica Cartilago thyroidea, Cornu superius Tuberculum cuneifarme ---jrl'!�.�""'-II"�" Tuberculum corniculatum -'-U�.�T-tMr-:r,J:I Recessus piriformis, Plica nervi laryngei superioris

• A. occipitalis

Proc. mastoideus Ganglion cervicale superius (Truncus sympathicus) • M. tensor veli palatini • M. constrictor pharyngis superior • M salpingopharyngeus • M. palatopharyngeus '-�--- Sulcus terminalis ...,..'--- Dorsum linguae, Pars posterior

_ _

N. vagus [X]

Oesophagus, Tunica muscularis Ganglion cervicale medium '

Bulbus inferior . venae jugularis Truncus thyrocervicalis •

N, vagus [X]

• M. arytenoideus transversus;

M. arytenoideus obliquus • M. cricoarytenoideus posterior Truncus sympathicus, Plexus caroticus communis Glandula thyroidea Glandula parathyroidea inferior • Truncus thyrocervicalis [X], L!.JWr;.:,..�Hi�-:--- ' R.N vagus cardiacus cervicalis superior

��'j�=!�"�-

Ganglion cervicothoracicum [stellatum]

V. brachiocephalica sinistra • N laryngeus recurrens

N vagus [X]

Pars descendens aortae .

.

A. subclavia

N. vagus [X]

N. laryngeus recurrens

• V. brachiocephalica dextra

Trachea, Paries membranaceus • Truncus brachiocephalicus • V. cava superior

Fig. 252 Vessels a nd nerves of the p h a rynx, Pharynx, a n d t h e p a ra p h a ryngeal space, Spati u m latero p h a ryngeum .

234

251

�

937

S u rface p . 3 2

.. N e c k

S ke leton Vo L. I I

of

Vessels and nerves the neck

• V. auricularis posterior

N. auricularis posterior (VII) • M. epicranius, M. occipitofrontalis, Venter occipitalis

Glandula parotidea

• A. occipitalis

N auricularis magnus, Rr. posteriores N.

N

• V. occipitalis

transversus colli, Rr superiores

N. occipitalis major

auricularis magnus. R. anterior

N, transversus colli.

Rr. inferlores

Platysma .

N. accessorius [XI]

Nn supraclaviculares laterales

Nn. supractavioul ares medlales Nn. s u praclaviculares

Intermedll

1 -7 46, T 7 1 131

t

�t

254

Fig. 253 Vessels and nerves of the anterior and the lateral reg i o n o f the n e c k , R e g i o nes cervicales a nterior et latera l i s ; s u p e rf i c i a l layer.

M uscles

Organs

Topography

Sect i o n s

Vessels and nerves of the neck

N. occipitalis minor

Platysma . ---::"�

• A. occipitalis

N. facialis [VII], R. colli R.

•V

.....

_ -

•

occipitalis

N. occipitalis major

-"--- . N. auricularis magnus

communicans

V. jugularis externa • --7-1t?��?i����

1J'1J�

J

N transversus colli • -----i;f:;2.�7Irj����� V. jugularis anterior • ---+=::";"'�l.I

... 'P M sternocleidornastoideus . ---....-"'

Arcus venosus jugularis • -----:!�,�I I

:!lJ1I.l�1

='------ • M. splenius capitis • N. accessorius [XI] +:-...."... . .. ±--..:;,.... - Nodi Iyrnphoidei cervicales

laterales, Nodi superficiales • Nn. supraclaviculares laterales

1Jl����-----''7'- 0 Plexus brachialis '---+''H..;:,,;..;!-----!...- • V. transversa colli

Nn supraclaviculares mediales

•

Nn� supraclaviculares intermedii

1 -7 46. T 7 1 121

Fig. 254

Vessels a n d nerves of the lateral reg i o n of t h e n e c k , Regia cervicalis latera l i s ; parts of t h e p latysma have been reflected cra n ially a n d t h e s u p e rficial layer of t h e cervical fascia h a s been largely removed.

2 53

�t ,

255

1 44 J

�

Neck

Su rface p . 32

� �

S ke leton Vol. I I

Vessels and nerves of the neck

l

V. jugularis interna • V. retromandibularis • N. facial is [VII], R colli

• V. auricularis posterior

V facialis •

N occipitalis minor • • A.; V.

Glandula submandibularis

N. occipitalis major

M. digastricus, • Venter anterior R. suprahyoideus • (A lingualis) R . infrahyoideus • (A. thyroidea superior) A. carotis externa •

• M sternocleidomastoideus

N. accessorius [XI]

Plexus brachialis. Truncus superior

N vagus [X]

transversa colli, R superiicialis • M. omohyoideus, Venter inferior

• A.

M omohyoideus, • Venter superior

'...c.-���-----:---:-:4�- Clavicula

Ansa cervicalis, Radix superior (Plexus cervicalis)

• A. transversa

colli, R profundus

•

A

A.

•V

M pectoralis major •

I � 46, T 7 [ 254

occipitalis

A. transversa colli .

cephalica

Plexus brachial is, Pars supraclavicularis

thoracoacromialis, R. deltoideus

•A

Fig. 255 Vessels and n e rves of the a nterior and the lateral reg i o n of the neck, R e g i o nes cervicales a nterior e t latera l i s ; the su perfi c i a l a n d the m i d d le layer o f the cervical fascia have been removed.

M. deltoideus

M u scles

Organs

To pogra p hy

Secti o n s

Vessels and nerves of the neck

N hypoglossus [XII]

M. digastricus, Venter posterior

N. cervicalis [C2], R. anterior

Glandula submandibularis

N. auricularis posterior (N. facialis)

N. mylohyoideus

• M. sternocleidomastoideus

M. stylohyoideus . M digastricus, • Venter anterior

N. occipitalis minor

V. facial is • A carotis externa . A. laryngea superior . Ansa cervicalis, Radix superior '.

1--��7:;rt�HrI''''

--l[::!.i�---

_ _

_ _

cervicalis [C4], R. anterior

R sternocleidomastoideus .

Ansa cervicalis, Radix inferior Plexus brachialis, Truncus superior -'.:Jll� lI b------'�- • A. transversa colli, R. superiicialis 1.:.I1lI�-----�- • M. trapeziu s • M. omohyoideus, Venter inferior • A transversa colli, R profundus

A cervical is ascendens • M

N. accessorius [XI]

omohyoideus .

Glandula thyroidea

(A. cervicalis • superiicialis, Var.) N. phrenicus "

• V. jugularis externa

M scalenus anterior .

• V. subclavia

Bulbus inferior . venae jugularis

• M. pectoralis minor

N vagus [X] " M sternocleidomastoideus .

M.

pectoralis malor. Pars clavlcutans

• • A. : V. thoracoacromialis

Fig. 256 Vessels a nd nerves of the latera l reg ion of the neck, Regio cervicalis lateralis; after almost complete removal of the sternocleid omastoid muscle.

• V. cephalica

I � 46 . T 7 1 255

•M

deltoideus

257

�

Su rface p. 3 2

Neck

I Skeleton Vo l . I I I

Vessels and nerves of the neck N. hypoglossus [XII] R.

•

sternocleidomastoideus • (A occipitalis) A. facialis •

V.

jugularis interna .. M

sternocleidomastoideus •A

N mylohyoideus

occipitalis •

A submental is .

M. digastricus, .. Venter anterior Glandula submandibularis

M . splenius capitis

--;"r"'"

N. accessorius [XI]

N laryngeus superior A

cervicalis [e5], R. anterior N. cervical is [e6], R. anterior • (A. cervical is superficial is, Var.) N. cervicalis [e7], R. anterior

omohyoideus, ,, Venter superior

M

A carotis communis . Ansa cervical is (Plexus cervical is) A thyroidea inferior .

A cervicalis . ascend ens Glandula thyroidea

.. M.

deltoideus

A. vertebral is, • Pars prevertebralis N. phrenicus

V. jugularis interna • V. brachiocephalica sinistra • M.

• A. axillaris

pectoralis major, Pars clavicularis ..

• A. thoracoacromialis

1 -7 46 , T 7 1 258 Fig. 257

25 6

Vessels a n d n e rves of t h e latera l reg i o n of the neck. R e g i a cervicalis latera l i s ; deep layer.

Plexus brachialis, Pars infraclavicularis

M u scles

O rg a n s

Topography

Sec t i o n s

Vessels and nerves of the neck and the axil a N. mylohyoideus

N. vagus [X] N hypoglossus [XII] , A. facialis •

• V. jugularis interna

A

Rr. communicantes (Truncus sympathicus) • A. occipitalis

• R. mastoideus

N. occipitalis minor

Ganglion cervicale superius (Truncus sympathicus)

N. occipitalis major

M. omohyoideus, Venter superior .

•A

sternohyoideus 'It R cardiacus cervicalis superior (N. vagus) Ansa cervicalis, Radix superior (Plexus cervicalis) M. constrictor pharyngis inferior N cardiacus cervical is superior M. sternothyroideus (Ganglion sympathicum accessorium) -f-ffilifil"f;n V thyroidea superior . A. thyroidea inferior . ------+mRI-1�� Ganglion cervicale medium ;rF.-""'r.-"i Truncus . thyrocervicalis A. subclavia . --':.-.----t1t:\t1m A thoracica interna . N laryngeus recurrens ' M.

cervical is ascendens • N. phrenicus

_ _ _ _ _ _

N, suprascapularis

� -

-��,.,..,----:!,,-

-======�����I�I��{�

Clavicula

�---=--- •

V thyroidea inferior .

N cardiacus cervical is medius (Truncus sympathicus) V vertebralis, • Pars prevertebralis A. carotis communis .

R. acromialis thoracoacromialis)

(A.

•

M. deltoideus

•

M. pectoralis minor, Tendo

• A. axillaris

• A. thoraco'

V. jugularis interna •

acromialis

V. brachio· . cephalica sinistra M V. cephalica • A.; V. thoracica lateralis • •

• V axillaris

Plexus brachial is, Pars infraclavicularis, Fasciculus medialis

N. thoracicus longus

• Vv. thoracoepigastricae

[ � 46, T 7 [ Fig. 258

Vessels a n d nerves of the lateral reg i o n of the neck, Regia cervicalis latera lis, and the axi llary reg i o n , R e g i a axi llaris. The n u m bers V-VI I I i n dicate ventral b ranches of the corres p o n d i n g cervical n e rves.

t�

2 57 4 13

S u rface p . 32

.. N e c k

S k e leton Vol. I I

Veins of the neck

• A- facial is • V. facialis

Glandula submandibularis

N. hypoglossus [XII] Glandula parotidea

M, stylohyoideus .. V.

occipitalis • -�--<-��If:,O:;::: :: :

• V. facialis

• V. occipitalis

Prominentia laryngea .. M. sternocleidomastoideus Ansa cervicalis, Radix superior (Plexus cervicalis)

M. sternocleidomastoideus ..

V cephalica • .. V. cephalica

R. perforans (A thoracica internaj •

R. cutaneus anterior pectoralis Rr. perforantes (A.; V thoracica internaj • • V. thyroidea inferior .

t- 254

124

7.

• Arcus venosus jugularis

260

Fig. 259

Ve ins of the neck, Collu m .

M u scles

O rg a n s

Top o g ra p hy

Sections

Vessels and nerves of the neck and the upper thoracic aperture •

M. digastricus, Venter anterior • M. digastric us, Venter anterior • A. facialis

N. hypoglossus [XII) i.t,..:�":':=:.l.--

V. occipitalis .

M sternohyoideus . ----''i-;-7.*_!.IIL

•

Glandula parotidea

M_ sternocleidomastoideus Ansa cervicalis. Radix superior (Plexus cervicalis)

Plexus thyroideus impar • N. vagus [X]

V. transversa . colli V. jugularis . anterior

N. accessorius [XI) N. phrenicus Plexus brachialis, Pars supra­ clavicularis M. omo­ hyoideus Clavicula •

...

...!. _ .. _

• A, subclavia; • V. jugularis

A. subclavia •

externa

• V.

V. subclavia • brachio- • cephalica dextra

V.

V.

thoracica interna • •

Vv. thymicae

• A. carotis communis;

N. laryngeus recurrens sinister 133

Fig. 260 Vessels a n d nerves of t h e neck. Collum. a n d the u p p e r thoracic a p e rt u re , Apert u ra thora c i s superior.

t

....

259

258

subclavia

�

S urface p . 3 2

Neck

Lymphatics

S ke leton Vol. I I

of the neck

Nodi Iymphoidei parotidel slJper1iclales

Nodus Iymphoideus buccinatorius

Nodl lympholdel

masloidei

Nodi Iymphoidei faciales

Nodus Iymphoideus jugulo­ digastricus

M. digastricus, • Venter anterior

Nodi Iymphoidei ----lI_ submandibulares Nodi Iymphoidei submentales

Nodi Iymphoidei occipitales • M, sternocleidomastoideus

Nodi Iymphoidei cervicales laterales, --+-I�;,;;;:t� Nodi profundi superiores M. omohyoideus, Venter superior .

Nodi Iymphoidei cervicales laterales, --+-IJII--�""� Nodi profundi inferiores

Nodus Iymphoideus _----:)�{le�:t:�.�.� juguloomohyoideus A. carotis communis .

N accessorius [XI] •

V. jugularis interna •

•

Nodus Iymphoideus cervical is lateralis, Nodus profundus inferior •

I � 1 25, 1 26 1

M. trapezius

M, scalenus posterior

Plexus brachialis, Pars supraclavicularis

M omohyoideus, Venter inferior

Fig. 261 Superiicial lym phatics, Vasa lym phatica s u pe rficialia, and lymph nodes, N o d i lym p h o i d e i , of the head a n d the neck of a n 8-yea r-old child.

M uscles

O rg a n s

Topogra p hy

Sections

Vessels and nerves of the submandibular triangle R. marginalis mandibularis

Glandula submandibularis N. mylohyoideus

• M. mylohyoideus •

M. digastricus, Venter anterior

•

M hyoglossus

N. hypoglossus [XII] N. accessorius [XI]

N. hypoglossus [XII]

Ansa cervicalis, Radix superior N vagus [Xl •

M sternocleidomastoideus .

M. digastricus, Tendo intermedius

• A. lingualis

• 4Ii A. laryngea superior; N Fig. 262 Vessels a n d n e rves of the s u b m a n d i b u la r tria n g le , Tri g o n u m s u b m a n d i bula re .

<1%

4%

12 %

30 %

35 %

12%

5%

Fig. 263 Level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, A. carotis com m u n is , in relation to the cervical vertebrae.

1%

laryngeus superior

S u rface p . 3 2

.. N e ck

I S ke leton Vo l.

Subclavian artery A vertebralis, Pars atlantica

A. vertebralis, Pars transversaria

A. cervicalis profunda

A, vertebralis, Pars prevertebralis A cervicalis ascendens A. carotis communis (A. cervicalis superficial is, Var.) Truncus thyrocervicalis A. thyroidea inferior A. subclavia _--- A. carotis communis __.... _1"'�:�....!-1l .. a---- A. suprascapularis

Truncus costocervicalis

Vertebra cervicalis VII Vertebra thoracica I (A scapularis descendens, Var,) A, intercostalis suprema

Truncus brachiocephalicus

Costa I

A. intercostalis posterior II

A. intercostal is posterior I A. thoracica interna

A axiliaris Fig. 264 S u bclavian a rtery, A. su b c lavia.

a

10% b

c

e

Fig. 265 Level of the entry of the vertebral a rtery, A. vertebra lis, i nto the tra n sverse fora m i na , Fora m i n a transversa ria ,

Fig. 266 a-f Va riations in the truncus formed by the i nferior thyroid a rtery, A. thyroidea i nferior, the su prasca pular a rtery, A. su prasca p u la ris, the tra n sverse cervical a rtery, A. transversa colli, a n d the i nternal thoracic a rtery, A. thora c i ca i nterna, when the verte bral a rtery, A. vertebralis, b ranches off separately from the costocervical truncus, Tru ncus costocervicalis.

II

I

M u sc les

Org a ns

Top o g ra p hy

Sections

Vessels and nerves of the neck and the upper thoracic aperture Vertebra cervicalis III

Lig longitudinale anterius

Discus intervertebralis

M R. interganglionaris Truncus sympathicus Ganglion cervicale medium N. phrenicus .. M. scalenus anterior . M. scalenus posterior .

• A. vertebral is.

. •

Pars transversaria

]

Truncus superior Truncus medius Plexus brachialis Truncus inferior

Vertebra cervicalis VII. Proc transversus (Nn phrenici accessorii)

Ansa subclavia

• Truncus brachiocephalicus

V cava superior .

• Vv. brachiocephalicae

dextra et sinistra

Fig. 267 Vessels a n d n e rves at the transition f ro m t h e n ec k to t h e t h o rax. The n u m bers IV-VI I I i n d icate ventral bra n c h e s of the correspon d i n g s p i n a l nerves.

Fig. 268 a-d Variatio n s in t h e o r i g i n of the verteb ra l a rte ry. A. vertebralis.

17

4 6 . T 7. T 24

\

... N e c k

... ....

S u rface p . 32

S ke leton Vol. I I

Neck. tra nsverse sectio n

M

• M.

omohyoideus . M. sternothyroideus • A. carotis communis . Ganglion cervicale medium N vagus [Xl M.

M.

M

constrictor pharyngis inferior • A. thyroidea superior Truncus sympathicus • M. longus colli Nodi Iymphoidei cervicales laterales, Nodi profundi superiores

sternocleido· • mastoideus N phrenicus

• V. jugularis externa

Vertebra cervicalis V, Corpus

Spatium subarachnoideum Spatium epidurale; • Plexus venosus vertebralis internus

splenius cervicis et capitis . M

M

multifidus cervicis • M.

trapezius .

Dura mater spinalis • M. spinalis

Vertebra cervicalis IV, Proc. spinosus

Fig. 269 Neck, Collu m ; t ra n sverse section at the level of the voca l cord .

M uscles

O rg a n s

To p o g ra p hy

Secti o ns

Neck, transverse section

• V. jugularis anterior

M. sternocleidomastoideus • Isthmus glandulae thyroideae Clavicula

M omohyoideus •

--��1���1��r;�5��I ���:

N. vagus [Xl • V. jugularis externa

Nodus Iymphoideus ������'i:!�-- cervi calis lateralis,

Nodus profundus inferior • A. carotis communis

M. scalenus • _--.J;lj) anterior Plexus brachialis

A. cervicalis ascendens; N. phrenicus N. laryngeus recurrens

M. scalenus . medius M longus colli • N. spinalis

Vertebra thoracica I, Corpus Medulla spinalis thoracica

• M.

supra· spinatus

Scapula

Vertebra thoracica I, Proc spinosus

• M. levator scapulae

Fig. 270 Neck, Coll u m ; transverse section at the level of the first thoracic verteb ra.

1 56 1If!'.

•

. . . O rg a n s

Neck

Oral cavity and pharynx, median section

Palatum molle [Velum palatinum]

Tonsilla pharyngea Lig hyoepiglotticum

Maxilla Dens Incisivus I

M

Top o g ra p hy

M. constrictor pharyngis superior Epiglottis

"�-F==t-HH/rh"--j�-,,n.+-- Lig. thyrohyoideum medianum - �- CartilagO thyroidea � � M. arytenoideus transversus

orbicularis oris, Pars labialis

��� ittfr li� !J

", � M genioglossus _Sl��",,,,"e;;

M geniohyoideus

M constrictor pharyngis medius

Lig. cricothyroideum medianum

Glandula thyroidea

Cartilagines tracheales

Fig. 271 Fac i a l part of the h e a d , Caput. a n d neck, C o llu m ; m e d i a n section t h ro u g h t h e h e a d of a neonate.

Fig. 272

Schema illustrati n g t h e d ista nce between the root of the t o n g u e , R a d i x l i n g u a e , and the e p i g lottis, E p i g lottis, i n the a d u lt.

Fig. 273 Schema i llustra t i n g t hat the larynx in the neonate is positioned consi d e ra b ly h i g h e r t h a n i n the a d u lt .

Sections

Su rface

S ke leton

M uscles ...

�

U p per li m b

Surface anatomy

j

Thenar

Pollex [Digitus primus] Index [Digitus secundus] Digitus medius [tertius]

Palma

[Vola]

M.

M. brachioradialis

biceps brachii

Regio deltoidea, M. deltoideus

--....i-... -

Digitus anulafls

[quartus]

Digitus mmlmus [quintus]

Antebrachium, Regio antebrachii Epicondylus anterior medialis

Hypo\J1enar

Fig. 274

Regio deltoidea, M. deltoideus

j

Regio brachll

posterklr

Brachium, Regio brachii anterior

Fig. 275

Regio axillaris, Fossa axillaris

M triceps brachii

Upper limb, M e m b ru m superius.

Olecra non

M. brachioradialis

Plica axillaris posterior --I-"'II1I.1r.......�......It��=!!!I!I.!!!! M. triceps brachii

Plica axillaris anterior

Regio antebrachii posterior U pper limb, M e m brum superius.

Proc. styloideus (Radius) Dorsum manus Pollex [Digitus primus]

[tertius]

Digitus m l nimus {quintus] Proc. styloideus (Ulna) Digitus medius

Digitus anularls (quanus)

�

U p per li m b

S u rface ���

S keleton

Overview

Shoulder

Skeleton of the upper limb C lavicula

Cingulum pectorale

�

Scapula -----q

Brachium

CuMa

Pars libera membri supenons

--::;;;;�;;=::;=\=::;

-

acromioclavicularis

�rr----I--_ Articulatio hUmeri

Humerus ------t--

_ ----_:_-_--_-_--_-_--_--_� __

(- -

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Metacarpus.

Ossa metacarpi

Digiti manus, Ossa digitorum: - Phalanx proximalis - Phalanx media - Phalanx distalis

:::::::dlaIiS humeroulnaris

Articulatio

cubiti

Articulatio

RadIUs ----/Ulna

- - - - - - Carpus Ossa carpi

- �p�f_--C

radloulnarls prox,maliS

Antebrachium

Manus

Articulatio

-1___- - _

---t---;'--t--

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis

- - - - - - J:.,!",����---- Articulatio radiocarpalis

__ _

_

'''A�lkilo.JdF1!r�--- Articulatio mediocarpalis

,�

------

Articulationes carpometacarpales

1f_J:;>---- Articulationes metacarpophalangeae

Articulationes interphalangeae manus proximales _.:>----

Articulationes interphalangeae manus distales

Fig. 276 U p p e r l i m b , M e m br u m s u p e r i u s ; overview, b o n e s a n d j o i nts.

M uscles Arm

To pog ra p hy E lbow

Forea r m

Sections Hand

Cla vicle

Tuberculum canoideum

Carpus

Extremitas acromialis

claviculae

Extremltas

sternalis Fig. 277 C lavicle, C lavicula ; superior view.

Fa�les

artlcularis Is

acromial

Extremitas acromialis

Corpus claviculae

Extremitas sternalis

-----I

Foramen nutricium

Linea

trapexoidea

Tuberculum conoideum

Sulcus musculi subclavii

01----

Impresslo ligamenti costoclavicularis

Fig. 278 Clavicle, C lavicula ; i nferior view.

Ug.

costoclavlculare Capsula

Lig. costoclaviculare

articularis

Lig. sternoclaviculare anterius

Symphysis manubriosternalis Fig. 279 Sternoclavicular j o i n t , Art i c u la t i o sternoclavi c u laris; ventral view.

Cartilago costalis II

Facies articularis sternalis

�

U pper limb

S u rfac e ���

SkeLeton

Overview

S houlder

Scapula

Angulus superior

Acromion

Incisura scapulae Margo superior

"

supraspinata Spina scapulae

\

Acromion Angulus acromfi Cavitas glenoidalis Angulus lateralis

Margo medialis

Tuberculum supraglenoidale Proc, coracoideus

_-,:---

Cavitas glenoidalis

Tuberculum infraglenoidale

Facies posterior

Margo lateralis Angulus inferior Fig. 280 Sca p u la. Sca p u la ; d o rsal view.

Facies

Fig. 281

Scapula, Sca p u l a ; latera l view,

Proc, coracoideus Incisura scapulae

60'

Planum scapulara"

Scapula

=:>t--- Margo superior

articularis claviculans

,,:"",::-:,-....,...;a+-_

...,.

Fossa subscapularis

.,

/"

.

"

.",. "

:

Facies costalis Acromion Proc coracoideus

Fig. 282 Sca p u la , Sca p u l a ; ve ntra l view.

.

\ \ J,.. /�

----"c------;----

Clavicula

Costa I Articulatio sterno­ clavicularis 600 Sternum

Fig. 283 S h o u lder g i rd le , C i n g u l u m pectora le ; s u perior vi ew. The a n g les refer to t h e ave rag e relations in t h e a d u lt. *

Median plane

** Sca pular plane

M uscles Arm

To p o g ra p h y E lbow

Sect i o n s

Fore a rm

Hand

Humerus Caput humeri

Sulcus intertubercularis

Collum anatomicum

Tuberculum

Cnsta tubercull

Crista tuberculi majoris

Tuberositas

deltoidea

minoris

----II!'­

Corpus humeri Sulcus nervi radialis

Margo lateralis

Margo medialis

Facies anterolateral is

Facies anteromedialis

Crista supraepicondylaris lateralis Fossa radialis Epicondylus ----I[JIrl lateralis -............w Capitulum humeri

Crista supra­ epicondylaris medialis

-

Condylus humeri

Epicondylus medialis

Trochlea humeri

Facies posterior

Fossa olecrani ---_...:z: Sulcus nervi ulnaris

Fig_ 284 H u merus, H u merus; ventral view.

Insertions of the tendons of: 1 M. supraspinatus 2 M. infraspinatus 3 M. teres minor

o:§---- Tuberculum majus

Collum anatomicum

Trochlea humeri

Fig. 285 H u m e rus, H u m e ru s ; dorsal view.

!

Collum anatomicum Caput humeri Tuberculum majus

Fig. 286

H u m e rus, H u merus; p rox i m a l view.

.. U p p e r Li m b

S u rface

I S ke leton I

Overview

Shoulder

Shoulderjoint Articulatio acromioclavicularis, Lig, acromioclaviculare Acromion

Lig. coracoacromiale

M, supraspinatus

Proc, coracoideus

Lig, transversum scapulae supenus

Lig, coracohumerale --;.,-�:---=-_-;-_..:.._�

Tuberculum majus M

....-------- Incisura scapulae

---

Bursa subtendinea musculi subscapularis

subscapularis, Tendo ---='----.:,

Vagina tendinis intertubercularis --,:-,---"""; M. biceps brachii, Caput longum

Capsula arlicularis,

Ligg glenohumeralia: - (superius) - (medium) - (inferius)

----

m infraglenoidale

Sulcus intertubercularis

(Recessus axillaris)

Crista tuberculi minoris

Fig. 287 S h o u lder joint, Art i c u latio h u m e r i ; ventral view.

Proc, coracoideus

Spina scapulae ------'--,....:...---.--==--"7"-

Fig. 288 Shoulder joint. Articulatio h u m e r i ; the acro m i o n has been removed ; d o rsal view.

Tuberculum majus

M u sc les Arm

To p o g ra p h y E lbow

Sections

Fore a rm

Hand

Shoulderjoint Lig. acromloclavlculare

Clavicula, Extremitas acromialis

Lig. coracoacromiale

M. supraspinatus

Spina scapulae -=,==:if-- M

infraspinatus

M, teres minor M. triceps brachii, Caput longum

Capsula articularis Humerus Fig. 289 Shoulder j o i n t , Art i c u latio h u me r i ; d o rsal view.

Bursa subacromialis

Lig coracoacromiale

Acromion M

supraspinatus'

Tuberculum majus M.

infraspinatus'

M. supraspinatus

---.I.

------'=:--

M, teres minor'

Proc. coracoideus Lig. coracohumerale

Vagina tendinis intertubercularis M. biceps brachii, Caput longum M. subscapularis'

Fig. 290 Shoulder j o i nt, Art i c u latio h u m e r i ; latera l view.

Together, the m uscle tendons ma rked with rotator cuff.

•

form the so-ca lled

�

S u rface

U p per L i m b

I SkeLeton I

Overview

Shoulder

Shoulderjoint Acromion

Bursa subacromialis

Facies articularis clavicularis

M. supraspinatus

Lig. coracohumerale

""'�"";'�;.Q"",'.,;!,..o;'--- M. biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo

�4"'Tr*�Ir',"""�-- Labrum glenoidale

���i�i-- Cavitas glenoidalis Caput humeri

Vagina tendinis intertubercularis ----'IoU-} M

biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo

Scapula

(Recessus axillaris)

Fig. 291 Shoulder j o i n t , Art i c u latio humeri ; section at the level of t h e sca p u l a ; ventral view.

Lig. acromloclavlculare Acromion

M biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo

�..

.,.,--- Clavicula

Proc.

corElcoldeus

L'9. coracoacromlale

Cavitas glenoidal is Labrum glenoidale* M

triceps brachii, Caput longum Shoulder j o i n t , Art i c u latio h u m e r i ; lateral view. N ext to its o r i g i n at t h e s u p ra g le n o i d a l tu berc le, the tendon of t h e biceps muscle is pre d o m i n a n t ly attached to t h e g lenoid labrum.

Fig. 292

*

}

Lig trapezoideum Lig. coracoclaviculare �!!,�Q1Irr--- Lig conoideum

It forms a fibrocart i laginous collar a r o u n d the glen o id cavity

M uscles Arm

To p o g ra p hy E l b ow

Forearm

S e ct i o n s H a nd

Shoulderjoint, radiography Articulatio acromioclavicularis Acromion Caput humeri

Clavicula

Proc. coracoideus

Tuberculum majus

�-�------ Cavitas glenoidal is .,.------ Collum scapulae

Tuberculum minus

----�-

------

Sulcus intertubercularis

Tuberculum infraglenoidale Margo lateralis

Fig. 293 Shoulder j o i n t , Articulatio h u m e r i ; AP-ra d i o g ra p h .

t M. deltoideus, Pars clavicularis

Sulcus intertubercularis; M. biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo

Tuberculum minus

Tuberculum majus

M. deltoideus, Pars acromialis

M. coracobrachialis Labrum glenoidale

Caput humeri

Cavitas glenoidal is

Articulatio humeri, Cavitas articularis

M. subscapularis

M deltoideus, Pars spinalis

Scapula

M. infraspinatus

Fig. 294 S h o u l d e r joint, Art i c u latio h u me r i ; com puted tomog ra p h i c ICTI cross-secti o n ; t h e j o i nt cavity i s filled w i t h a i r I p ne u m o - CT] ; i nferior view.

�

U pper limb

S u r face

S keleton

Overview

S h o u ld e r

Ulna

Incisura

radialis

���::...-- Proc coronoideus ".�..,....--

Indsu ra froch

Olecranon

Proc. corono,deus

__'---- Incisura radialis

Crista musculi -�IO..:'" supinatoris

Tuberositas ulnae

Tuberositas ulnae

Proc. coronoideus Foramen

--::r---

nutrlclum

"":..L__

Facies anterior

Margo interosseus

Facies ---I­ posterior

Margo interosseus

Corpus --�­ ulnae

Margo posterior Facies medialis ---4Circumferentia articularis

10... .--=i--- Caput ulnae Proc.

Fig. 295 U l n a , U l n a ; ventral view.

stylOldeus ulnae

leans

Capul

ulnae

Proc. styloideus ulnae Facies poslerior

Fig. 296 U l n a , U l n a ; d orsa l view.

Circumferentia articularis Fig. 297 U l n a , U l n a ; rad i a l view.

M u scles Arm

To p o g r a p hy Elbow

Forearm

Sect i o n s H a nd

Radius

Caput radii, Circumferentia articularis

Caput radii, Circumferentia articularis

""""'t---

Collum radii ----l...

Collum radii

Tuberositas radii

..,.--- Caput radii Collum radii

Circumferenl l a

articularis

!II>----

Foramen nutricium Margo interosseus 1':-':---7--- Margo anterior

Facies anterior

Tuberositas radii

Fovea articularis ---�

-f----

Margo interosseus

Corpus radii

--1.1

Margo interosseus

Corpus radii ----�

Facies posterior ----I......

-

Margo posterior ----f_

Facies posterior

Facies anterior

Facies lateralis

Facies articularis carpalis

Proc. styloideus radii Fig. 298 Ra d iu s , Ra d iu s ; ventral view.

R a d i u s , Radius; ulnar view. Fig. 300

Tuberculum dorsale Radius, Rad i u s ; dorsa l view. Fig. 299 •

G rooves a n d crests for the attachment of the extensor tendons

,. U p pe r l i m b

S u rface ���

S keleton

Overview

S h o u ld e r

Elbowjoint

Epicondylus lateralis

Epicondylus medialis

Cap,tulum -.......,�­

-.:::11'--- Trochlea humeri

humeri

Incisura trochlearis ----..-....-

M biceps brach,l, Tendo

Bursa "",--,....- Proc

coronoideus

Llg anulare radii Collum radii

blciP,toradlalis

--t�"pL;#;r-- Incisura rad,alis

.,..,..-- Tuberositas ulnae

Collum radi'

Olecranon

Tuberosrtas __---J�..� radii

Lig . collaterale ulnare, (Pars posterior) Lig. collaterale ulnare, (Pars anterior) Tuberositas ulnae

Ulna

-",,*-- Corpus ulnae, Facies anterior

Corpus radii, Facies anterior

Fig. 302

Fig. 301 Elbow j o i nt, Art i culatio c u b i t i ; ventral view.

Elbow j o i nt, Art i cu la t i o c u b i t i , i n 90° flexion a n d 90° s u p i n a t i o n ; m e d i a l view.

--�--- Humerus

Humerus --- �L-�, Capsula articularis, ---1'-::73� Membrana fibrosa

Epicondylus --_A.of"\ medialis Lig collaterale ulnare

Lig, collaterale radiale ----"._... Collum radii Ulna

M. biceps brachii, Tendo

Epicondylus lateral is

Capsula articularis Olecranon

Lig. collaterale radiale

=.---

-;,----- Collum radii

"'---:1--- Chorda obliqua Fig. 303 E lbow j o i n t , Art ic u la t i o c u b i t i ; ventral vi ew.

Lig. anulare radii

Fig. 304 E lbow j o i n t , Art ic u latio c u b i t i ; dorsal vi ew.

M u sc les Arm

To p o g ra p hy Elbow

Se ctions

Forearm

Hand

Junctions of the bones of the forearm ":--....,..fl---

Circumferentia --\\-�.jj1���� articularis M biceps brachii, Tendo

Incisura trochlearis

,......;.. - Chorda obliqua

Tuberositas radii

Radius

&-+-4-- Membrana

interossea antebrachii

Ulna

Facies articularis carpal is

iI.!Jj;�lt,';;�r-- Articulatio radio­ ulnaris distalis,

Capsula articularis

Proc. styloideus

Fig. 305

Fig. 306 J u nctions of the bones of the forea r m ; i n pronat i o n ; ventral v i e w of the ulna, d o rsal view o f the rad i us.

J u nctions of the bones of the forea rm; i n s u p i nati o n ; ve ntral view.

Membrana interossea antebrachii

-::;--...-- Tuberositas

radii .,...-- Collum radii

Proc --t,�=��.�;o;;;:=�� coronoideus Incisura trochlearis Olecranon Fig. 307 Proxi m a l rad i o - u l n a r j o i n t , Art i c u latio rad i o - u lna ris prox i m a lis; ventroprox i m a l view.

Lig. anulare radii

Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis

Facies lateralis Margo posterior Facies posterior

Ulna Facies

posterior

Fig. 308 Cross-section t h ro u g h the bones of the forea rm; d i stal view.

�

S u rface

U pper limb

���

S keleton

Overview

Shoulder

Elbow join t, sections and radiography

M brachialis N radialis

N, ulnarls

M. brachioradialis

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale M pronator teres, Caput humerale Epicondylus medialis Trochlea humeri Sulcus nervi ulnaris Lig collaterale ulnare Mm. flexores, Caput commune Proc. coronoideus

Epicondylus lateralis

Lig collaterale radiale Capitulum humeri

Lig. anulare radii

___

Ir��������

Caput radii

M. extensor carpi radialis brevis M. supinator

Lig quadratum

M, pronator teres, Caput ulnare

M biceps brachii, Tendo

1 Crista supraepicondylaris 6 Tuberositas radii 7 Proc coronoideus lateral is 8 Trochlea humeri 2 Epicondylus lateralis 9 Olecranon 3 Capitulum humeri 4 Caput radii to Epicondyl u s medialis t 1 Crista supraepicondylaris 5 Collum radii medialis Fig. 3 1 0 Elbow joi nt, Art i c u latio c u b i t i ; AP-rad iogra p h.

Fig. 309 Elbow j o i n t , Art i c u latio c u b i t i ; frontal sectio n ,

Fossa olecrani Fossa

M triceps brachii, Tendo

coronoidea

,Jtfi-fll---- V, mediana cubiti

Bursa subcutanea olecrani

A brachialis IiIll\Hll��-.t- �;��onator --f-I�I;\-'H--

�!\!li:Tr';-- N,

Cavitas articularls Ulna

Trochlea humeri

Fig. 3 1 1

A.

ulnaris

A. radialis

Elbow joint. Articulatio c u b it i ; sagittal section,

medianus Humerus Fossa olecrani Olecranon 4 Incisura trochlearis 5 Ulna 1

2 3

6 Radius 7 Collum radii 8 Caput radii 9 Proc. coronoideus 10 Fossa coronoidea

Fig. 3 1 2 Elbow j o i nt, Art i c u latio c u b i t i ; lateral rad i o g ra p h ,

M u s c les

Arm

Top o g ra p hy Elbow

Secti o n s

Forearm

Hand

Skeleton of the hand Os scaphOideu m

Os lunatum

Tuberculum assis scaphaidei

Tuberculum assis trapezii

;;:;;;Piii ; iiil----

Os trapezaideum

_ _

Os capitatum Os hamatum Hamulus assis hamati Basis assis metacarpi

Os metacarpi I

Corpus assis metacarpi Phalanx proximal is --.1-.

.._..+-

Basis phalangls

'''�k'r-- Corpus phalangls L�_�- Caput pha1angls

Phalanx distalis

Phalanx proximalis ��-- Tuberositas

phalangis distalis

Phalanx madla

Phalanx dlstalls

I II III IV V

Pollex [ D i g i t u s p r i mus] I ndex [ D i g itus secund us] D i g i t u s medius [ D i g itus terti us] D i g i t u s a n u laris [ D i g itus q u a rt us] D i g i t u s m i n i m u s [ D i g i t u s q u i nt u s]

Fig. 3 1 3

Bones of t h e h a n d , Ossa m a n us; palmar view.

�

U p per li m b

S k e leton

S u rface

Overview

Shoulder

Skeleton o f the hand

Radius Os lunatum Proc. styloideus radii Proc styloideus ulnae Os scaphoideum Os capitatum l1li::::--- Os triquetrum Tuberculum ossis trapezii Ossa carpi Os trapezium __Ill 11"'""--- Os hamatum, Hamulus ossis hamatl Os trapezoideum ----'-:"�l��i�!!tJ Os metacarpi ---�... Ossa metacarpi I-V Ossa sesamoidea ----:lIIb. Caput ossis metacarpi _h--- Os sesamoideum Phalanx proximal is -

Os sesamoideum --..'-O\-----tAl.a. Phalanx distalis _--r'.;rr

Ossa digitorum

Caput ossis metacarpi Corpus phalangis Basis phalangis Corpus phalangis Caput phalangis Phalanx distalis

Fig. 3 1 4

Bones of the h a n d , Ossa m a n u s ; palmar view.

Ulna Caput ulnae Proc. styloideus ulnae Os hamatum -------' Basis ossis metacarpi ----

Proc, styloideus radii :i£.;rf'''A'mifo!E'"'''--- Os trapezoideum

�

� iculatio metacarpo· l �!. ��alangea pollicis**

Caput ossis metacarpi -----tlfo Basis phalangis ----I�l'\

•

Phalanx proximalis Phalanx distalis

---- Phalanx media ...---- Phalanx distalis

Fig. 3 1 5

Bones of the h a n d , Ossa m a n u s ; d o rsal view. * Also: saddle j o i n t of the t h u m b • • Also : proximal phalangeal j i n t of the t h u m b

o

....<. ---

Tuberositas phalangis distalis

M u sc les Arm

To p o g ra p hy E L b ow

Sect i o n s

Forea rm

Hand

Joints of the hand Ulna

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis. Capsula articularis

Proc. styloideus radii

Proc styloideus ulnae

Os lunatum

Lig. radiocarpale palmare Lig. carpi radiatum

Articulatio carpometacarpalis pOllicis, Capsula articularis

Hamulus ossis hamati Lig carpometacarpale palmare

Ligg. metacarpalia palmaria Fig . 3 1 6 J o i nts and l i g a ments of t h e h a n d , Artic u lationes et Liga m e n ta m a n u s ; palmar view.

Ossa

sesemoldei;!

Ligg. metacarpalia transversa profunda

Ligg palmaria

Lig. radiocarpale dorsaIe

Proc. styloideus radii

Os capitatum

Ligg. metacarpalia dorsalia

�-'-:-'�- Ligg.

intercarpalia dorsalia

Os trapezoideum

Ligg. carpometacarpalia dorsalia

Fig. 31 7 J o i nts a n d liga ments of t h e h a n d , Art i c u lationes e t Ligamenta m a n u s ; dorsal view.

Articulationes metacarpophalangeae, Capsulae artlculares

Ligg. collateralia

�

Upper limb

Joints

Su rfa ce ���

Skeleton

Overview

of th e hand

Radius

Articulatio radioulnaris dlstalls Caput ulnae

Articulatio radiocarpal is �=-=..J-�'-_

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis Discus articularis

1'IO-i"iit: i -+rh'J'"/i--- as triquetrum

as scaphoideum Lig . collaterale carpi radiale

,...-=�:---

as trapezoideum as trapezium Articulatio carpometacarpal is

Lig . collaterale carpi ulnare

Articulatio mediocarpalis as hamatum

Lig intercarpale interosseum

Articulationes carpometacarpales

Ligg. metacarpalia interossea

Fig. 3 1 8

Carpal j o i nts, Art i c u lationes carp i ; longitud i n a l secti o n para llel t o t h e dorsum o f the h a n d .

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis Proc styloideus radii

Tuberculum dorsale Fig. 3 1 9

Proc styloideus ulnae

Ulna a n d rad i u s , Ulna et R a d i u s ; distal view.

Facies articularis carpal is Proc. styloideus radii

Tuberculum dorsale

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis

-I.T---- Discus articularis

Fig. 320 D i stal rad i o - u l n a r j o i nt , Art i c u latio rad i o u lnaris d ista lis; d ista l-dorsal vi ew.

S h o u ld e r

M uscles Arm

Top o g ra p hy E l b ow

S e ct i o n s

Fore a rm

Hand Finger joints

Os metacarpi Lig.

collaterale

Os metacarpi pollicis --I'.:�

l� Articulatio melacarpophalangea, I

'I

Capsula articularls

M, flexor pOliicis brevis Lig

Ligg .

palmaria

Phalanx proxlmalls

M. flexor poliicis

Lig, conslsrals Artic ulationes

Interpnalangeae

manus

coliaterale -_iIft:!!'§';(.;.-

Ossa sesamoidea

longus --"J-''-'?'�

Vagina tendinis muscu l i ---liIh.... flexoris poliicis longi

P/lalanx media Lig, colialefale Phalanx dlslalls

Fig. 321

Fig. 322 Metacarpopha la ngeal j o i nt of the t h u m b , Art i c u latio metaca rpop h a la n g e a pollicis; rad i a l- p a l m a r view.

F i n g e r joi nts, Art i c u lationes d i g i t i ; lateral view.

Cavilas madullaris

Articulatio metacarpoph alangea',

Capsula artioularls

(Cartilago articularis) ----,.<-#

�ii...",.==--- Os metacarpi

Phalanx proximal is --�--I,;t4

Articulatio metacarpophalangea, Capsula articularis

Tendo ----J'--.f/

Caput phalangis Articulatio interphalangea manus proximalis**, Capsula articularis Fig. 323 F i n g e r joi nts, Art i c u lationes d i g i t i ; sagittal sect i o n ; lateral vi ew.

��;���!I����

/'#.J'+-- Phalanx distalis

:::

Articulatio interphalangea manus distalis**' Phalanx media

Basis phalangis Clin ical term : MP [� meta carpophalangeal joint] Clin ical term : PIP I � pr i ma l interphala n g eal j i nt] • • • Clin ical term : DIP I� distal i nterphalangeal j i nt]

ox

o

o

.. U p pe r l i m b

.. ..

S u rface .. .. ..

Skeleton

Ove rview

Wrist, radiography

Tuberculum ossis scaphoidei

Basis ossis metacarpi Hamulus ossis hamati

II

�:---- Ossa sesamoidea

Ossa metacarpi

Phalanx proximalis

Phalanx media

Fig. 324

Hand, Manus; PA- ra d i o g ra p h . Note: The p i siform bone is p rojected onto the t r i q u etral bone.

Ulna

Radius

----1-

RadIus

1 O s scaphoideum 2 Os lunatum 3 Os triquetrum 4 Os pisiiorme 5 Os trapezium 6 Os trapezoideum 7 Os capitatum 8

Fig. 325 U l n a r a b d uction of t h e h a n d ; schema o f a PA-ra d i o g ra p h .

Os hamatum

Fig. 326 R a d i a l a b d uction of the h a n d ; schema of a PA- rad i o g ra p h .

S h o u ld e r

M uscles Arm

To p o g ra p h y E l b ow

S e ct i o n s

Forea rm

Hand Wris t, development

Fig. 327

PA- ra d i ograph of the hand of a 41h-year-old

boy.

1 2 3

boy.

PA-ra d i o g ra p h of the h a n d of a 7-year-old

boy.

Ulna, Diaphysis Radius, Diaphysis Ulna, Epiphysis distal is

Fig. 329

Fig. 328

4

5

Radius, Epiphysis distalis Os lunatum

6 Os triquetrum

PA-radiograph of the hand of an l l -year-old

B7

Os scaphoideum Os hamatum

9 Os capitatum

Fig. 330 boy.

10 Os trapezoideum 11 Os trapezium 12 Os pisiforme

PA- rad i og ra p h of the hand of a 1 3 -yea r-old

�

Skeleton

S u rface

U pper limb

Overview

S ho u l d e r

Fascia o f the upper limb

M. trapezius Clavicula Spina scapulae

Fossa infraclavicularis

M pectoralis major. Pars claviclJlarts

. >t'.,. :: �-iI.......,.-���� "" � --...,1t'-'"....:

M. biceps brachii. Caput breve

V cephalica

---lr.::-O--'---...JI.::L.-f. .

N

intercosto' brachialis

N

cutaneus brachii medialis

N. medianus --IF---"-..:.....:--=+.l l

V. basilica --t+--�-"jI�""'.

M biceps brachii

M brachialis

Septum intermusculare brachii laterale

--l!I'::-:--":-::'f-:�

M. triceps brachii. Caput longum

N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis

M triceps brachii Septum intermusculare brachii mediale

Epicondylus lateralis Bursa subcutanea olecrani M. extensor carpi radialis longus

M. flexor carpi ulnaris

.I'.�l,-;.l.,Ir-R

... -ff,:.",....�

M

M extensor carpi ulnaris M. flexor carpi radialis

M. palmaris longus

cutaneus --J'.--''-ll antebrachii medialis

N

Fascia __.L__ antebrachii

-::-:--'--f-- Aponeurosis palmaris

Fig. 331

Fa scia of the flexor aspect of the upper l i m b .

M. extensor digiti minimi

Caput ulnae, Proc. styloideus ulnae Mm . extensores carpi radialiS, Tendines

Fig. 332

\1��"'- M. extensor

pollicis brevis Retinaculum musculorum extensorum M. extensor pollicis longus, Tendo

Fascia of the exte n s o r a spect of the u p p e r l i m b .

M u scles Arm

To pog ra p hy Fore a r m

S e ct i o n s

Hand

Muscles of the upper limb _.----

Acromion

M. sternocleidomastoideus

Spina scapulae ---AL':"""

M. trapezius

Fascia infraspinata

M. teres minor M. pectoralis major, Pars abdominalis M. teres major M. serratus anterior

M. triceps brachii, Caput longum

Arcus costalis

M. triceps brachii, Caput laterale

Vagina musculi recti abdominis, Lamina anterior

M. latissimus dorsi

M. obliquus extern us abdominis

M. triceps brachii, Tendo

Septum intermusculare brachii laterale

M. triceps brachii, Caput mediale Epicondylus lateralis

M. anconeus M. extensor carpi radialis longus

M. extensor digitorum

W1H"f--

M. extensor carpi radialis brevis

M. flexor carpi radialis

M. flexor pollicis longus

M. extensor digitorum, Tendines

�"II.I--- M. abductor pollicis longus \\1-... r.��- M. extensor pollicis brevis M. extensor pollicis longus, Tendo

Retinaculum musculorum extensorum

M. abductor pollicis longus, Tendo M. extensor pollicis brevis, Tendo

Mm. interossei dorsales

Fig. 333

M uscles of the u p p e r l i m b , t h e t h o rax a n d the inferior reg i o n o f t h e neck.

1 -7 T 2 6 -T 3 S I

�

U p per li m b

S u rface ���

Overview

Muscles of the upper limb

M

deltoideus ---llr+�1

:... ..+. -- M. pectoralis major

�--- M. brach,aits

M. brachloradialls ----il�-

M. eX1ensor carpi

M. flexor carpi radialis

radlaUs longus

-I-,f--- M. flexor digitorum superficialis

11/" 1--- M, flexor carpi ulnaris

Thenar --=",�""'�

---,'--- Retlnilculum

musculorum nexorum

l1l---- Hypothenar

M flexor digitorum superficial is.

Tendines

Vagina tendinis

M. flexor digitorum profundus. Tendines

1--) T 26-T 38 1

Fig. 334

M u s cles of the flexor a s pect of the u pper l i m b .

S ke leton S h o u lder

M uscles Arm

To p o g ra p hy Forea rm

Sect i o n s

Hand

Muscles

of

t h e upper limb

Acromion

M.

trapezius

M. infraspinatus

----,:,.,,....

M teres minor

M. teres major

.�-- M. triceps brachii

M. latissimus dorsi

M. anconeus

--+-��

l--- M. extensor carpi radialis longus

I: �.-¥.--- M. extensor digitorum M. extensor carpi ulnaris

--�r..�.:

ra�i1.::>--- Mm. interossei dorsales

Fig. 335

M uscles of the extensor aspect of the u p pe r limb.

1 -7 T 26-T 38 1

U p per l i m b

�

S ke let o n

Su rface .. .. ..

Overview

Shoulder

Muscles of the shoulder M M levator scapulae

7J���:t1h'"-

M. scalenus medius

M. deltoideus

������r(...'f/A.�-- M. omohyOideus,

M biceps brachii, Caput longum M. biceps brachii, Caput breve

M. scalenus anterior

Venter inferfor

--�:"'.li!!���

Mm. sternocleidomastoidei

M. coraco­ brachialis M. teres major

M subclavius

M. subscapularis Mm. intercostales interni

M. serratus anterior

Mm. intercostales externi M_ serratus anterior M. pectoralis minor M. latissimus dorsi M. pectoralis major

M rectus abdominis

1 -7 204, 838, 839 1

M. obllquus externus abdominls

Fig_ 336 M uscles of the arm, the thorax a n d the i nferior reg ion of the neck. I, I I , IV-VII i n d icate the corresponding ribs.

M biceps brachii

{

Caput longum Caput breve

M coracobrachialis Clavicula

---t-Proc. coracoideus

-----"'.,,-------''r-+,,

Acromion M . infraspinatus

N. suprascapularis

Lig. transversum scapulae superius

Articulatio acromioclavicularis

--...=:1m

M subscapularis --�.-;

&""':::--- S pina scapulae

Fig. 337 Should e r a n d muscles of the s h o u lder. Together, the m u scle tendons ma rked with * form the so-ca lled rotator c uff.

M uscles U pper arm

To pog ra p hy Fore a r m

Sections

Hand

Muscles of the shoulder Clavicula

M subclavius M trapezius

M. deltoideus Lig. coracoclaviculare, Lig, trapezoideum

Articulatio acromioclavicularis, Capsula articularis Acromion Bursa subacromialis (Bursa musculi coracobrachialis)

-------.!1'Ij""""�

coracoclaviculare, Lig. conoideum

--=:t:;.,;,.�

M. omohyoideus, Venter inferior

-�....-------'---.;-r--t'1iIi

_-�fj�l---::::���?jrl�

M. pectoralis minor M. biceps brachii, Caput breve

M. rhomboideus minor

M coracobrachialis

M supraspinatus Lig transversum scapulae supenus

M. deltoideus Vagina tendinis intertubercularis

M. subscapularis

M pectoralis major M. rhomboideus major

M latissimus dorsi, Tendo M. triceps brachii, Caput laterale

Margo medialis

M. biceps brachii, Caput longum M. teres major M coracobrachialis M. serratus anterior M. biceps brachii, Caput breve

M. triceps brachii, Caput longum

Fig. 338

Shoulder and m uscles of the shoulder.

* Tri a ng u lar space, Spati u m axi lla re mediale * * Q u a d ra n g u la r space, Spat ium a x i l la re laterale

M omohyoideus, Venter inferior M levator scapulae

Angulus superior

Acromion

r:;2�����!!

-W�'--7

-

M rhomboideus

Bursa subdeltoidea deltoideus

M. supraspinatus

Humerus, Collum chirurgicum

M. trapezius

.,",,�....--- Articulatio humeri,

Spina scapulae

Capsula articularis

M rhomboideus major M. infraspinatus

M. triceps brachii. Caput longum

M. triceps brachii, Caput laterale

M Angulus inferior M. latissimus dorsi M . serratus anterior

Fig. 339

Shoulder and m uscles of the shoulder.

* Triangular space, Spatium axillare mediale ••

Quadra ng u lar space, Spatium axi llare laterale

.. U p p e r li m b

S u rface .. .. �

S ke leton

Overview

ShouLder

Muscles of the shoulder Lig , coracoacromiale

Lig. acromioclaviculare

Bursa subacromialis

Lig trapezoideum Lig, coracohumerale

M supraspinatus'

M. deltoideus Acromion

Fascia pectoralis

--',1!10�

Fascia pectoralis, (Hiatus venae cephalicae) Lig. conoideum Proc. coracoideus

M. infraspinatus'

(Bursa musculi coracobrachialis) Bursa subtendinea musculi subscapularis

Capsula articularis

M coracobrachialis M. teres minor'

M. biceps brachii, Caput breve

Cavitas glenoidal is Labrum glenoidale

M.

subscapularis'

M. triceps brachii, Caput longum

I � T 2 6 -T 28 1

Fig. 340 Shoulder j o i nt, Articulatio h u m e r i ; lateral view. Tog ether, the m uscle tendons ma rked with * form the so-ca lled rotator cuff.

Lig. coracoacromiale Acromion

"",,".,.---

Proc. coracoideus

M supraspinatus

M. infraspinatus

Tuberculum majus

M. biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo

M. teres minor Humerus, Corpus

I � T 26-T 28 1

Fig. 341 M uscles of the so-ca lled rotator cuff; lateral view.

M uscles Arm

Top o g ra phy Forea r m

Sectio ns

Hand

Muscles of the arm M. trapezius

_ _ -,_

Clavicula

li. !-!¥�F�Plt--t7.;;-:r.:t-

M deltoideus

Fascia infraspinata

M. pectoralis major M teres major

M. biceps brachii

M. triceps brachii, Caput longum

':"::'':''':'-;F-:-T-

M. triceps brachii, Caput laterale

����.1Hf--

Septum intermusculare brachii laterale

M. brachial is

M , brachioradialis

M. triceps brachii, Caput mediale

M. triceps brachii, Tendo

----lilf.-l-, It.\'''''� ' �..-'--'�tr-

M. extensor carpi radialis longus

Olecranon Epicondylus lateralis

M. extensor carpi radialis brevis

M uscles of the arm; superficial layer; d o rsolateral view. Fig. 342

I � T 27, T 30 I

�

S u rfa ce

U p per l i m b

���

Overview

Origins and insertions of the muscles of the shoulder and the arm /' M subclavius M, sternocleidomastoideus

M, pectoralis major, Pars clavicularis

M coracobrachialis M biceps brachii,

Caput breve

Lig, costoclaviculare

M. supraspinatus M, omohyoideus, Venter inferior

M subscapularis M, biceps brachii, Caput longum M latissimus dorsi

M subscapularis

M. teres major

M pectoralis major M deltoideus M. serratus anterior

M. coracobrachialis M. brachialis ---+-

M brachioradialis ----11(�

M pronator teres, Caput humerale M. flexor carpi radialis M extensor carpi radialis longus

M brachialis, M articularis cubiti ---hr,..c.£.:.2i� M extensor carpi radialis brevis ---IM"-

M. flexor carpi ulnaris, Caput humerale M. flexor digitorum superficialis, Caput humeroulnare M. pronator teres, Caput ulnare

M. flexor carpi ulnaris, Caput ulnare

I � T 26-T 30 I

Fig. 343 O r i g i n s and i nsertions of the muscles at the clavicle , Clavic u la , t h e sca pula , Sca pula, a n d the h u merus, H u merus (as well as ulnar origins of m u lti- head m u scles!'

S ke leton Shoulder

M u sc les Arm

To pog ra p hy Forea rm

S ect i o n s

Hand

Origins and insertions of the muscles of the shoulder and the arm M omohyoideus, Venter inferior M. trapezius

M. sternocleidomastoideus

M. subclavius M. sternohyoideus M pectoralis major, Pars clavicularis

�=l�--��;;;;;�i� ����:'::1:.�;;���

M. deltoideus

M. levator scapulae M infraspinatus M supraspinatus M. rhomboideus minor

M. teres minor

'Y�f----fjHL---

M. triceps brachii, Caput longum

M. infraspinatus

4\t.._-- M. deltoideus

M rhomboideus major

M brachialis

M. teres minor

�"""--

M teres major M. latissimus dorsi (Origo scapularis, Var )

M. triceps brachii, Caput mediale

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale M triceps brachii; M articularis cubiti

Foramen nutricium

,"-,J--- M. triceps brachii, Caput laterale ----tj,i§:"

M, brachioradialis

Septum intermusculare brachii laterale

M extensor carpi radialis longus

M. triceps brachii

Epicondylus lateralis

Epicondylus medialis -------if. Mm. flexores, Caput commune

M extensor carpi radialis brevis M. extensor digitorum

M. extensor carpi ulnaris

Fig. 344 O r i g i n s a n d i nsertions of the muscles at the clavicle , Clavicula, the scapula, Sca p u la, a n d the h u merus, H u me ru s (as well as ulnar origins o f m u lti-head musclesl.

1 -7 T 26-1 3 01

�

U p per l i m b

S u rface ���

Muscles of the

S ke leton

Overview

S houlder

arm

CapUI laterale

Caput mediale

Fig. 345

Deltoid muscle, M, d eltoideus,

Fig. 346 Triceps b rachii muscle , M . triceps b ra c h i i .

M coracobrachialis

--f--llfr·f

Capul

longum

M brachialis

Fig. 347

Biceps brach i i m u scle, M . biceps brachii.

Fig. 348 Brachial and coracobrachial m u scles, M m . b rachialis et coraco brachialis.

M uscles Arm

To pog ra p hy Forea rm

Sections

Hand

Muscles of the arm

Clavicula M. subclavius Lig. coracoclaviculare M supraspinatus M. omohyoideus, Venter inferior M. coracobrachialis

Lig. transversum scapulae superius

M. deltoideus

M biceps brachii, Caput breve, Tendo M. subscapularis

M. pectoralis major, Tendo M. teres major M. biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo

M. triceps brachii, Caput longum M. biceps brachii, Caput longum

M. biceps brachii, Caput breve

M, triceps brachii, Caput mediale

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale

M. biceps brachii, Tendo Epicondylus medialis

M. brachioradialis

Aponeurosis musculi bicipitis brachii

M M extensor carpi radialis brevis

Fascia antebrachii

Fig. 349 M uscles of the arm; flexor aspect, superficial layer. • ••

Tri angular space, Spatium axillare mediale Quadra n g u la r space, Spatium axi llare laterale

�

S u rface

U pper l i m b

���

S ke leton

Overview

Muscles of the arm

M. M.

M.

trapezius

Clavicula

pectoralis minor

deltoide\JS

-�;..--

Vagina tendinis intertubercularis

M.

biceps brachii, Caput breve

M.

M.

subscapularis

--...J.;al

biceps brachii, Caput longum

----<..

, ......_ . -..."""'0' ....

-

M.

coracobrachialis

N. musculocutaneus

M, deltoIdeus Corpus humeri

M.

brachialis

hL,

'-�--

---IIIH-�=,\

M.

triceps brachii, Caput longum

M.

triceps brachii, Caput mediale

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale

-- Epicondylus medialis

Fascia antebrachii

M.

extensor carpi radialis longus

M.

biceps brachii, Tendo

itl\'�\,,:-\""""'---,,--

Aponeurosis musculi bicipitis brachii

t]����>::;�L-

Fig. 350 M uscles of the a r m ; flexor aspect, d e e p layer.

M.

biceps brachii

Shoulder

M us c le s Arm

To pog ra p hy Forearm

Sect i o n s

Hand Muscles

of arm the

M. deltoideus

M infraspinatus

--=;'-'--- Bursa subdeltoidea

.,tiil----',.....- M. teres minor

M triceps brachii,

Caput longum

---:---

M. teres minor

Collum chirurgicum

M, biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo -- M, pectoralis major, Tendo M teres major M. deltoideus

Sulcus nervi radialis

M, triceps brachii, Caput laterale

M. biceps brachii

M triceps brachii, Caput mediale

Septum intermusculare brachii laterale

M. triceps brachii, Tendo ----'p�a.

Olecranon

",:""".....3IJ---

M. brachioradialis

''''��Hrml--- M. extensor carpi radialis longus

M anconeus M. extensor carpi radialis brevis Fascia antebrachii

M extensor digitorum

Fig. 351 M uscles of the a r m ; extensor aspect, deep layer. Tri a n g u lar space, Spatium axi llare mediale .* Q u adrangular space, Spatium axi llare laterale

•

�

S u rface

U pper limb

���

Ove rv i ew

Origins and insertions of the ventral muscles of the forearm

M. brachialis M brachioradialis

M. pronator teres. Caput humerela

M . extensor carpi radialis longus

M. pronalO r li!reS; M. I lexar carpi radialis; M. pal maris longus;

M. articularis cubiti M extensor carpi radialis brevis

M. Ilexor ClIrpi ulnaris. Caput humarals

-----l.f!I

M. supinator

--�""=:::+----.",

"I�'I----

M. flexor digitorum superficialis, Caput humeroulnare

M. pronator teres, Caput ulnare

M. biceps brachii

M flexor digitorum superficialis, Caput radiale

M flexor pollicis longus

Chorda obliqua

M. pronator teres

Membrana interossea antebrachii

M. flexor pollicis longus

M. flexor digitorum profundus

M. pronator quadratus

M. brachioradialis M pronator quadratus

1 -7

T 3 1 -T 33

1

Fig. 352 Origins and i n se rtions of the m uscles at the rad iu s , Rad i u s , the ulna, Ulna, and the d istal part of the h u me rus, H u merus.

S keleto n S h o u ld e r

Muscles Arm

To p o g ra p hy Forearm

Sect i o n s

Hand

Muscles of the forearm

...--

M. flexor carpi ulnaris M palmaris longus

M

pronator teres

M flexor carpi radialis

Fig. 354 Ventral m u scles of the forearm; m i d d le layer.

Fig. 353 Ve ntral muscles of the forearm; supe rficial layer.

[ � T 31 [

M flexor digitorum profundus M flexor poliicis longus

M. supinator -�.,

M pronator quadratus

Fig. 355 Ventral m u scles of the forea rm; deep layer.

[ � T 3 1 , T 32 [

Fig. 356 Ve ntral m uscles of the forea rm; deepest layer.

[ � T 3 1 , T 35 [

�

U p pe r l i m b

S u rface ���

Overvi ew

Muscles of the forearm

biceps brachii

M.

M triceps brachii, Caput mediale

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale +:-:�Ifr-�.-- M. brachial is

Aponeurosis musculi bicipitis brachii M.

Epicondylus medialis

biceps brachii, Tendo

M,

--'..... .", ....1.. +-

brachioradialis

M.

palmaris longus

M.

flexor carpi radialis

M. M.

extensor carpi radialis brevis

M.

extensor carpi radialis longus

M.

flexor digitorum superiicialis

M

flexor carpi ulnaris

flexor dig itorum superiicialis

----1H'I1---II

abductor pollicis longus M brachioradialis, Tendo

M.

M.

M.

flexor pollicis longus --\ilWlc-

abductor pollicis longus, Tendo M

pronator quadratus

Retinaculum musculorum extensorum

Fig. 357 M uscles of the forea rm; flexor aspect, s u perficial layer.

M.

flexor carpi ulnaris, Tendo

M.

palmaris longus, Tendo

M.

flexor carpi radialis, Tendo

S k e leton Shoulder

M uscles Arm

To pog ra p hy Forearm

S e ct i o ns

Hand

Muscles of th e forearm

M

brachialis -------'_�

,:t:f\;�itrf�- M.Caput triceps brachii, mediale Iltlrf,"1�:1t--

M.

Septum Intermusculare brachii medlale

brachioradialis Epicondylus medialis

M

supinator

*+::��'-"";:;'-.,f-.;.-- M. biceps brachii, Tendo

Bursa bicipitoradialis

M. extensor carpi M

M

,0; ...11-+111 -- M.

radialis longus --"H�

palmaris longus

M. flexor carpi ulnaris

pronator teres ---\--\ll!t\

'4-rmh"5-- M. flexor carpi radialis "-'__-- M.

flexor digitorum superficialis, Caput humeroulnare

flexor digitorum superficialis, ----\�I..J.,�,..��\:\·..'·:\I:IiW'... Caput radiale

M. flexor dig ito rum superficialis M. abductor pOllicis longus M. flexor pollicis longus

M. pronator quadratus ---1�"t:;

M.

extensor pOllicis brevis, Tendo

M

brachioradialis, Tendo

I.IIII HI--- M. flexor carpi ulnaris, Tendo

?��;:[����������-

Fig. 358 M uscles of the forearm ; flexor aspect, m i d d le layer.

M. flexor carpi radialis, Tendo M.

palmaris longus, Tendo

1 -7 T3 1 1

II-

Surface

U p p e r li m b

���

I Skeleton I

Ove rv i ew

Muscles of the forearm M. brachialis ---II�,1111-" 1. """''-'111---

M. brachioradialis

M triceps brachii, Caput mediale Septum intermusculare brachii mediale

Epicondylus medialis

M, supinator

f,+--+.±-t'o1I-Hi--

M. biceps brachii, Tendo

M. pronator teres

--!t-:-t-HHr--'1'11-"'*:#---

M. extensor carpi radialis longus

M, flexor carpi radialis M. palmaris longus

Jo4-:1�lf7:ff!oI�- Mm

M pronator teres ---HPt-!+IIIf..'1

i:a,..",..--

flexores, Caput commune

M. flexor carpi ulnaris M flexor digitorum superficialis

M. abductor poliicis longus M flexor carpi ulnaris, Tendo

M flexor pOliicis longus M. pronator quadratus --..__""'"� M. abductor poliicis longus, Tendo --"1-1 M. brachioradialis, Tendo --...rt"'-

I � T 31 , T 321

...l.ll ��-fAi.--t-- M. flexor carpi radialis, Tendo -t+-*..---ir-- M, palmaris longus, Tendo

Fig, 359 Muscles of the forearm ; flexor aspect. m i d d le layer after section of the pronator teres muscle.

S h o u ld e r

M u scles Arm

Top o g ra p hy Forearm

Secti o n s

Hand

Muscles of the forearm

�'A;';�:;::':�\¥:-'-- Septum intermusculare

brachii mediale

M brachialis

M.

l�+-- Epicondylus medialis

brachiaradialis

"'A�;""':=�-- M. pronator teres, Caput ulnare

M, biceps brachii, Tendo

M. supinator --__��:,..,.,.M

Mm flexores, Caput commune A.; V. interossea posterior

Radius, Facies anterior -=---...--<.

M, extensor carpi radialis longus --"'=�"' 1111t' M pronator teres ---\-,,�.f\tlli1 M flexor pollicis longus ---y-*lfnllr;;

r,�!L.�-r-.l-!f�"i-- M, flexor dig itorum profundus

--i�IiiI,;;"':'-'-L!C�_=...L- M, flexor pollicis longus, Caput humerale

(Var,)

l.rl--8--- M. flexor carpi ulnaris

M. flexor digitorum superficialis, Caput ra(jiale ---+-'I�I ' M.

M. flexor pollicis longus, Tendo M brachioradialis, Tendo --..",..

M, pronator quadratus ---44+-I-�".

Radius, Facies anterior

M flexor carpi radialis, Tendo

....----1l�-

_ _

flexor digitorum profundus, Tendines

M. flexor carpi ulnaris, Tendo M flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendines

::���d��5�:::)::-- M, palmaris longus, Tendo

Fig. 360 M u scles of the forea r m ; flexor aspect, deep layer,

�

U p p e r li m b

S u rfa ce ���

Overv i ew

Origins and insertions of the dorsal muscles of the forearm

M,

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale

M. extensor carpi radialis longus Epicondylus lateralis

-----tl�....= .. �

Epicondylus medialis

M. extensor carpi radialis brevis

Mm. flexores. Caput commune

M extensor digitorum

M. anconeus

M. flexor carpi ulnaris M, flexor dig itorum profundus -

D....... f:>......- -

-�:

-

M. extensor carpi ulnaris

Membrana interossea antebrachii

M. supinator

----h......

----+'--�I\'

M extensor pollicis longus

M. extensor digiti minimi M. extensor digitorum

M. extensor carpi ulnaris

I,l�r----

M. pronator teres M abductor pollicis longus M. extensor pollicis brevis

M. extensor indicis

1-7 T 34, T 3 5 1

media Ie

M. brachloradlalls

M. triceps brachii; M. articularis cubiti M. triceps brachii

Iriceps brachll, caput

M abductor pollicis longus I-1I-lf---lH

-

M extensor pollicis brevis M. extensor pollicis longus M. extensor carpi radialis longus M. extensor carpi radialis brevis

Fig. 361 O r i g i n s a n d i n serti o n s of the muscles at the ra d i u s. R a d i u s , the u l n a , U l n a , and the distal part of the h u merus, H u merus.

Skeleton S h o u ld e r

M uscles Arm

To p o g ra p h y Forearm

Sect i o n s

Hand

Muscles of the forearm

_--- M. brachioradialis "'c--- M

extensor carpi radialis longus

.... --- M. extensor carpi radialis brevis

-+--- Fascia antebrachii H--- M. extensor digitorum .-t--- M

extensor digiti

mimmr

HHI--t-t---- M. extensor carpi

ulnaris

Fig. 362 Radial m usc les of the forearm .

Fig. 363 Dorsal m uscles of the forearm; superficial layer.

M. extensor -----f----i­ poliicis longus M

extensor ----I­ indicis

M. abductor poliicis longus ....--

M. extensor poliicis brevis

D o rsal m u scles of the forea rm: m i d d le layer.

Fig. 364

M. supinator

Fig. 365 Dorsal m u scles of the forea rm; deep layer.

.. U p p e r l i m b

S u rfa ce .. .. ..

Overview

Muscles of the forearm

-.....,. - M. M. triceps brachii,

Caput laterale -----'_w.-'

Septum intermusculare brachii laterale M. triceps brachii,

Caput mediale

M. triceps brachii, Tendo

M. flexor carpi

'-'--5'---'--'-'-"--- M. brachialis

,""=,.--'t-..-!-...,. M, brachioradialis 1t't''':7_�--:7-:c'rt-- M. extensor carpi radialis longus =�"""'-'----'-'="'--

Olecranon

M.

M. extensor digiti minimi,

M

brachioradialis. Tendo

extensor carpi radialis longus, Tendo

1 1 -1-+-- M. extensor carpi radialis brevis, Tendo

extensor poliicis brevis

M. extensor carpi

Epicondylus lateralis

1\'--++--+- M. extensor carpi radialis brevis

ulnaris

M.

M

biceps brachii

Tendo

ulnaris Ulna extensor poliicis longus, Tendo

Retinaculum musculorum extensorum

l]1li'1-+-- M. abductor pollicis longus M, abductor pollicis longus, Tendo

M.

extensor poliicis brevis, Tendo

� ",,----'- M. extensor carpi radialis brevis, Tendo M. extensor carpi

Radius

Fig. 366 M uscles of the forearm a n d the d ista l p a rt o f the a r m ; latera l view; i ntermediate position of the forearm between s u p i nation and p ronation.

radialis longus, Tendo

S k e leton S h o u ld e r

M uscles Arm

To pog ra p hy Forearm

S ecti o n s

Hand

Muscles of the forearm M. triceps brachii.

Caput laterale

M.

M.

\'"'-...,'---- M. brachioradialis

Septum intermusculare brachii laterale

triceps brachii. Caput mediale M

brachialis

triceps brachii. Tendo

M. extensor carpi

...:.-'.. ....� ..:.. �-

radialis longus

Epicondylus lateralis

Olecranon M.

M.

anconeus

........--

M. extensor carpi radialis brevis

flexor carpi ulnaris

M. extensor carpi

ulnaris. Tendo Ulna

Retinaculum

M.

extensor digitorum

M.

abductor pollicis longus

ulnaris

M. extensor digiti minimi

M. extensor carpi

Fascia antebrachii

M. extensor pollicis brevis

a_.ro-,...,- M.

extensor digitorum. Tendines M. extensor carpi radialis brevis, Tendo M. extensor carpi radialis longus, Tendo

musoulorum

axtensorum

Fig. 367 M uscles of the forearm a n d the d i stal pa rt o f the a r m ; extensor aspect, superficial layer; i ntermediate position of the forearm between supi nation and pronation.

202 : I

.. U p pe r l i m b

le s M u_ .... IL__S_u_r_f a_c_e_-,-I _S_k_e_le_t_o_n-,-I __ s_ c_ _ .. .. ..

Overvi ew

S h o u ld e r

Muscles of the forearm

Septum intermusculare brachii laterale

M. triceps brachii, Tendo

M. triceps brachii, Caput mediale --�""'�--fi;m--hII!!IIo'!''' Olecranon ----MII'Il"-

c-:-:--=-':""""IH:-- Epicondylus lateralis -4fl-- M

M. anconeus Fascia antebrachii

extensor carpi radialis longus

+--'mf-'1Ii'-- Mm. extensores digitorum et digiti minimi

M flexor carpi ulnaris

. ' """",r--

� , �:iMl.\

M. extensor carpi radialis brevis

c:,..;,..-- M. supinator

M. extensor carpi ulnaris

HI!f--- Radius

-"11,*-- M. pronator teres, Tendo

M. abductor pollicis longus

M, extensor digitorum, Tendines

M, extensor carpi ulnaris, Tendo

"'" "',,', m m" " ''''m """,rum

M extensor carpi ulnaris, Tendo

M extensor digiti minimi, Tendo

I � T 34, T 3sl

[

1I111 .��',\�"��"""-- M extensor poliicis longus �1�,1--Ir-t"' t �""!i\H1...- M, extensor indicis -c."""'>t-T-f-- M, extensor poliicis brevis +-\--,\-,--- Radius

M. extensor carpi radialis brevis, Tendo M. extensor carpi radialis longus, Tendo M, extensor poliicis brevis, Tendo M. extensor poliicis longus, Tendo

Fig. 368 M uscles of the forearm ; extensor aspect, middle layer; i ntermediate position of the forearm between supination and pronation.

Arm

_

Top o g ra p h y Forearm

Sections

Hand

Muscles of the forearm

Epicondylus lateralis

M, flexor carpi ulnaris Corpus ulnae

,-,:-:--'l--- Lig, coliaterale radiale ��;L--- Lig_ anulare radii fJC-----';,---- M. extensor carpi radialis brevis

- M. supinator �--......

_ _,w,_

Corpus radii

M, pronator teres, Tendo

+�-- M, extensor poliicis longus

M. extensor indicis Membrana interossea antebrachii M, extensor carpi ulnaris, Tendo -----..,. 110'1 Retinaculum musculorum extensorum* Ligg carpometacarpalia dorsalia

M, interosseus dorsalis I I I ---j"''-�:::-� M interosseus dorsalis IV --1.<:[;

M. abductor poliicis longus M. extensor poliicis brevis

M, extensor poliicis brevis, Tendo M-l.L__ Retinaculum musculorum extensorum' -1I!t¥r-- M. extensor carpi radialis longus, Tendo

\\--1.--:--dlr-�-- M. extensor indicis, Tendo .. ...-,_-

M. extensor pollicis longus, Tendo M. interosseus dorsalis I I

M. extensor digitorum, Tendines Fig. 369 M uscles of the fo rearm a n d the hand; exte nsor aspect, deep layer; i ntermediate position of the forearm between supi nation and p ronation. * The tendon compartments formed by t h e extensor ret i naculum have been opened long i t u d i nally.

.... 1L- S_u_r_f a_c_e

.. U p p e r l i m b

__

���

k e l e t_ S_ n-L -L_ ___o_

__

Overview

S h o u ld e r

Muscles of the forearm

Humerus M. brachioradialis

M. brachioradialis

M. biceps brachii

M. biceps brachii Lig. collaterale radiale

Aponeurosis musculi bicipitis brachii Lig. collaterale radiale

M. biceps brachii, Tendo N radialis, R. profundus

N radialis, R. profundus M,

biceps brachii, Tendo

Ulna

Membrana interossea antebrachii Ulna ----1·, lIIiiL

M,

M. pronator quadratus M. lIexor carpi ulnaris, Tendo

Fig. 370 Forearm i n supination; ventropalmar view. Arrows i n d i cate the d i rection of force generated by the m a i n supi nator muscles.

1-"7 T 32, T 33, T 35 1

M pronator teres, Caput ulnare

M palmaris longus

M flexor carpi radialis Radius

Aponeurosis musculi bicipitis brachii

M. pronator teres, Caput humerale

M. supinator

M. flexor carpi radialis

pronator quadratus --1-11liii0'';

Articulatio radioulnaris _1..-'=.� distal is, Capsula ',,::;,z.::�'9i��'J articularis

Fig. 371 Forearm in pronati o n ; ventra l view of the elbow reg i o n . dorsal view of t h e dors u m o f the h a n d . Arrows i n d i cate the d i rection of force generated by the main pronator muscles.

1 -7 T 32, T 33, T 35 1

M u s c le s ____

__ __

Arm

___

To pog ra p hy Forearm

Sect i o n s

Hand

Origins and insertions of the muscles of the hand 2' 3' 4' Tendines '

5' M flexor digltorum profundus, 2 3 4 5 M, flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendines'

M. flexor poliicis longus M. flexor carpi radialis M brachioradialis M. abductor poliicis brevis

M. abductor digiti minimi

M. flexor poliicis brevis, Caput profundum

M opponens digiti minimi

�,..,-.:;..t!Jf�;i1I�:..---t--- M. flexor carpi ulnaris

M. flexor digiti minimi brevis

M_ flexor carpi radialis

M. extensor carpi ulnaris M_ adductor pollicis, Caput transversum

M. flexor poliicis brevis, Caput profundum

M. opponens digiti minimi

M abductor pollicis brevis

Mm interossei dorsales M. abductor digiti minimi M. flexor pollicis longus

M. flexor digiti minimi brevis

M. flexor digitorum superficialis M_ flexor digitorum profundus Mm. interossei palmares Fig. 372 O ri g i ns and i nsertions of the muscles of the hand at the bones of the hand . •

The flexors i nsert at the second to fifth d i g it

1 -7

T 36 -T 3s

l

�

U p per L i m b

S u rfa ce ���

Overview

Muscles of the hand

M palmaris longus.

Fascia

Tendo

anleorachll

----;;.....;,�---"'--=-_4- I.&.

----::I�-w,�-.::::;.::;

�lJ�l'iiiilil M palmaris brevis

Aponeurosis palmaris --.;.,�. -<

TI'l!!nsr ----'::...,a...

Hypothenar

Fasciculi transversi

Mm lumbricales

1-7

T 3 1 . T 36-T 38

1

Fig. 373 Muscles of the palm ; s u perficial layer.

S ke leto n S h o u ld e r

M uscles Arm

To pogra p hy Forearm

S e c t i o ns

Hand

Muscles of the hand

Membrana interossea antebrachii

Radius ---1_-

M. pronator quadratus M. brachioradialis, Tendo M flexor poliicis longus, Tendo -�.H".'" Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis ---1"""'"-"'Vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris poliicis brevis Retinaculum musculorum flexorum ----.:;oJIII ., �;--.:.... -<:...

Proc styloideus M, flexor carpi ulnaris, Tendo

�TA1f-tr:--W"""'-i�_ M. flexor digitorum profundus, Tendines

M. abductor poliicis brevis

M. abductor digiti minimi

M flexor digiti minimi brevis

M flexor poliicis brevis, Caput superficiale

M. opponens digiti minimi

M opponens poliicis

Mm. lumbricales M abductor digiti minimi

M abductor poliicis brevis M flexor pollicis brevis, Caput profundum M. flexor poliicis brevis, Caput superficiale

Articulatio metacarpophalangea V, Capsula articularis Mm interossei dorsales

M. adductor poliicis, Caput transversum

Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris poliicis longi

M, flexor digitorum superficial is, Tendines M, flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendines

M uscles of the palm; m i d d le layer. Fig. 374

I

� T 32, T 36-T 3S

I

.. U p p e r li m b

S u rface ���

Overview

Tendon sheaths of the hand Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis longi

Vagina communis tendlnum musculorum

Vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris pollicis brevis

Im__-- M.

Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis M

M

opponens pollicis

flexorum

flexor carpi ulnaris, Tendo

Retinaculum musculorum flexorum

flexor pollicis brevis abductor digiti minimi

M

Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis longi

M. flexor digiti minimi M.

brevis

opponens digiti minimi

Vagina communis tendinum musculorum flexorum Vaginae synovlales dlgllorurn

manus

Fig. 375 Tendon sheaths, Vag i nae ten d i n u m , of t h e h a n d .

a

90 %

b

5%

c

<1%

Fig. 376 a-d Freq uent va riations of the palmar tendon sheaths.

d

<1 %

S ke leton S h o u ld e r

M u s cle s Arm

To pog ra p hy Forea rm

Sections

Hand

Muscles of the hand Radius

M abductor pollicis longus, Tendines

Canalis carpi

M, flexor carpi radialis, Tendo

M, flexor pollicis brevis, Caput profundum

Retinaculum musculorum flexorum

M, abductor pollicis brevis M. flexor pollicis brevis, Caput superficiale

M, abductor digiti minimi

Retinaculum musculorum flexorum

M flexor pollicis brevis, Caput profundum

M, opponens digiti minimi

M. opponens pollicis

M abductor pollicis brevis

M flexor digiti minimi brevis

M flexor pollicis brevis, Caput superficiale M adductor pollicis

M. interosseus dorsalis IV

M. interosseus palmaris III

.....I-f .. '-tt-+-

M flexor pollicis longus, Tendo M. interosseus dorsalis I

M abductor digiti minimi M. lumbricalis

(

M, flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendo

M. flexor digitorum superficial is, Tendo Vincula tendlnum

Vincula longa Vmculum breve

M, flexor digitorum profundus, Tendo

M, flexor carpi radialis, Tendo -----1\-\--'=:.,.H Retinaculum musculorum flexorum

M opponens pollicis M abductor pollicis brevis

----."...-'-.-

--.;;.0"'-

M flexor pollicis brevis

:::=-"'7-r.!'-*

--::

-

Fig. 377 Muscles of the palm; deep layer.

1 -) T 36 -1 38 1 Retinaculum musculorum flexorum M, flexor pollicis brevis, Caput profundum M adductor pollicis, Caput obliquum

,: -\W-- M. interosseus palmaris II

"""--+1--- M. adductor pollicis, Caput transversum

M. interosseus dorsalis III

M. adductor pollicis M interosseus dorsalis I

Fig, 378 Muscles of the palm ; d ee pest layer,

M interosseus palmaris I

M. interosseus dorsalis II

1 -)

T 36 , T 37

1

�

S u rfa ce

U pper limb

���

S keleton

Overv i ew

S h o u ld e r

Muscles of the hand

Radius

M. extensor digitorum, Tendines

Retinaculum musculorum extensorum

Caput ulnae

M

extensor carpi radialis brevis, Tendo M.

M extensor carpi ulnaris, Tendo

extensor carpi radialis longus, Tendo M

M

extensor digiti minimi --J1:"":'lIII

extensor pollicis brevis, Tendo M.

extensor pollicis longus, Tendo M. interosseus dorsalis

Connexus intertendinei --H+�l'lII1f-B�'iIIIHii-H"'��Bi..�

M. interosseus dorsalis I

Articulationes interphalangeae

1 -7

T 34, T 35, T 37

1

Fig. 379

M uscles of the d o rsum of the hand.

II

M uscles Arm

Top o g ra p hy Forea rm

Sections

Hand

Tendon sheaths of the hand Vagina tendlnum musculorum exlensorum carpi radial l u m

Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris pollicis longi

Retinaculum musculorum extensorum

}

Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris carpi ulnaris Vagina tendinum musculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis

-fi'Ef-f"--:il"-

Vagina abduc toris

tendlnum muscu lorum pollicis longi et

extensons pollieis breI/Is

­ -

-

Vagina tendinis musculi --l.rft..ll-­ extensoris digiti minimi Connexus ----I-h.:.t intertendinei

M. interosseus dorsalis I

M. extensor digitorum, Tendines

Fig. 380

Retinaculum museulorum flexorum N medianus M flexor pollicis longus, Tendo

Dorsal carpal tendon s h eaths.

M. flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendines

Fascia antebrachii A.; N. ulnaris

Vagina tendinis musculi --....::-----+."-=� flexoris pollicis longi M flexor carpi radialis, Tendo as trapezium

l--

-

IJ���.L,����ro,...,,...., �����

-

�

Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis Ligg. carpometacarpalia palmaria

as trapezoideum

Fig. 381 Palmar carpal tendon s heaths; t ransverse section.

Vagina communis tendinum musculorum flexorum

as hamatum M. flexor digitorum profundus, Tendines

The compression of the median n e rve in the carpal t u n n e l is known as " ca rpal t u n n e l syndrome" .

�

Upper Limb

S u rface ���

Overview

Muscles of the hand

M interosseus dorsalis

II

M

M. interosseus dorsalis I

inlerosseu s dorsalis IV

�'J-.YJ:tdIrl'-r-t7f"'-"r-+--

Mm. interossei -JF.�rt�����-t J-,� '; palmares

exlensor digitorum.

M. Tendines

Dorsal i nterosseous muscles. Mm. i nterossei d o rsa les; d o rsa l view. Fig. 382

Palmar i nterosseous muscles, Mm. i nterossei palma res ; p a l m a r view. The tendons of the i nterosseou s a n d the l u m b rical m uscles rad iate i nto the so-called dorsal aponeurosis of the fingers la rrows l . Fig. 383

M. interosseus palmaris I I I ��-11It+!t-�-M. interosseus palmaris I I lm-m��� M. interosseus palmaris I

Skeleton S h o u ld e r

M uscles Arm

Top o g ra phy Forea r m

Sect i o n s

Hand Muscles of t h e hand

....'r-'h--"f"""- M. flexor digitorum profundus, Tendines M.

lumbricalis II

M. lumbricalis

--j--y----foiftt-.....,..

I

M.

flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendines

M. flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendines M.

flexor digitorum profundus, Tendines

Lum brical m u scles, M m . lumbricale s ; palmar view. Fig. 384

M.

M

interosseus dorsalis I

interosseus palmaris I

M

lumbricalis I --..'1111

M. flexor dlgitorum superficlalls, Tendo

Vincula longa --.....1'.. Vinculum breve ----'""itfr':-J

a

-rlI�--

.I��PT--

Os metacarpi II M. interosseus palmaris M interosseus dorsalis I --t�yl9.��� �w.n(/ M. flexor digitorum profundus, Tendo Articulatio --+-'--ttt-i"j' Ar;;.<'Jf"-h'Tr-- M. lumbricalis I metacarpophalangea II, Capsula articularis r•...,�- M. flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendo Vagina tendinis, --t'-ht:'-A�L--- Vagina tendinis, Stratum fibrosum Stratum synoviale M. extensor

indicis, Tendo ---�rJ -

-

Vincula tendinum

flexor digl\orum profundus, Tendo M.

Lig. coliaterale

b Fig. 385 a, b Tendon i nsertions at the index; the tendons of both flexors have been dissected from the tendon s h eath. a Palmar view b Lateral view

:","--- Tuberositas

phalangis distalis

�

U p per l i m b

S u rface

Overview

• • •

Brachial plexus

C4

CS

* N

n spinales. Rr. ventrales + a Truncus superior b Truncus medius c Truncus inferior o a Fasciculus lateralis b Fasciculus posterior c Fasciculus medialis

C6

l I I I I I I I I - - - - - - - - -

Pars supraclavicularis

C7

C8

_�

-, Tt

Pars infraciavicularis N.

musculocutaneus (C5-C7) N.

medianus (C5-T t ) --�r...Ii

N.

N. N

axillaris (C5. C6) --�'I

cutaneus brachii medialis (Tt ) cutaneus antebrachii medialis (C8. Tl )

N. radialis (C5-Tl)

N. phrenicus (Plexus cervicalis) 2 N . dorsalis scapulae (C5) 3 Rr. musculares 4 N. suprascapularis (C5. C6) 5 N . subclavius (C5. C6) 6 N. pectoralis lateralis (C5-C7) 7 N. subscapularis (C5-C7) B N. thoraccdorsalis (C6-C8) 9 N. pectoralis medialis (C8. Tl) I O N. thoracicus longus (C5-C7) 11 N. intercostalis (Tl)

1 � T 24, T 25 1

Fig. 386

B rachial plexus. Plexus b rachialis.

Skeleton S h o u ld e r

M u sc les Arm

Topogra p hy C u b i t a l fossa

Sect i o n s Forea rm

Hand

Nerves of the upper limb Plexus brachial is, Pars supraclavicularis Plexus braohlalis, Pars infraclavlCularis

Radix lateralis -,";�-��__!A.1-1l--- A. axillaris Radix medialis --jP+-�--:tJ�W/. -; --!-- N cutaneus N. median us _1-��-f'7.lYr!Anl-------;;""' brachii medialis N, axillaris 11;:----+---- N, cutaneus N. cutaneus antebrachii brachii lateral is medialis superior N. musculocutaneus N. radialis N. cutaneus brachii ----t--I I posterior

�+-----

N. cutaneus brachii ----t'o' lateralis inferior N cutaneus antebrachii lateralis

R. superficialis ----jJf R. profundus ---t�

N. cutaneus --r-"1t-' antebrachii posterior

N. interosseus antebrachii anterior

1-'--1---- R. dorsalis

(N. ulnaris) ��'---- R. palmaris (N ulnaris)

"':::="'ft!"'7 ,1 R. communicans ---j'"1', cum nervo ulnari

Nn digitales palmares communes

N. ulnaris

R profundus (N ulnaris)

--"1,'i5�� i\J�\�+-l---- R. superficialis (N. ulnaris) '��F�-_

Nn. digitales palmares communes \L-1�t:::3>-- Nn. digitales palmares proprii

Nn. digitales --��ml=-I\.iI1\ palmares proprll

Fig. 387

overview.

N e rves of the upper l i m b ;

1-7 T 24, T 25 1

�

U pper li m b

S u rface ���

Overview

Cutaneous innervation

C3

T1

Fig. 388

T2

T3

Segmental c utaneous i n n e rvation IdermatomesJ of the u p pe r limb.

C3

C8

T3

Fig. 389

T2

Tl

Segmental cutaneous i n n e rvation Idermatomes) of t h e upper limb.

S ke leton S h o u ld e r

M u sc le s Arm

To po graphy C u bi t a l fossa

Sec t i o n s Forearm

Hand

Cutaneous innervation

N, medianus N. ulnaris

I

c o m mu n e s Nn. Nn

palmares

R.

digrtales

N musculocutaantneus,ebraN.chicuti lataeneusralis

brN.archiadiialaliste. rN.aliscutinafeneusrior is. N. iocutr aneus brachii lN.ateaxirallisarsuper

palmaris

dlgltales palmaros

prop,,1

N n.

..o:=:�:-""....,...=-+-

N.N.cutaneus

digltales palmares proprll

Nn digltales palmares communes

mter1;ostobrachlalls

N. cutaneus antmediebrachialisi { R. antR epostriorerior R. palmaris

Fig. 390

Nn.

supraclavlculares

--=-�-----

brachll medialis

Nn. supraclaviculares ��ipect�����; oralesi 1 Nn. intercostales Rrlpectat.ecutroarleaaslneies

C utaneous nerves of the upper limb.

N. cutaneusN.brcutachianeusl postbreariochlr l laterahs inferior N. radiahs N. cutaneus antebrachli posterior ) R. antN.N.latecutmuscul erbralaaneuschioicutaneus, dorsales superiiclalis

R. communicans

ulnans

N n. dlgltales

is

1

N.

radialis

;l;;�f:����!�:::=:2= ij=�;�I§���� NN.n. Nn.tpostRr.hcutoreraioacirneiecsi' � �;I��I�:: ��opml N. radialis. N. cutaneus brachii posterior N. N. cutaneus brachii medialis N cutaneus antebrachii medialis __

rnedianus. dig ilales

palmares propril

Nn. digitales dorsales

R. dorsalis

Fig. 391

Cutaneous nerves of the u p pe r limb.

u l narls

�

U p per L i m b

S u rfa ce ���

S k e Leton

Overview

Shoulder

Musculocutaneous nerve

N.

mUSCulOGulaneus --+--:--�i-Hl:rh'Jl C5

M. coracobrachialis --+--'t,-tlr;-tl...... C6

M. biceps brachii -----l-l,...

C7 -If--- M. brachialis

C8 Tl

N. CUlaneus ---\-H-f anlebracf111 laleralls

Muscu locutaneous nerve , N . musculoc uta neus; segmental o rg a n isat i o n . Fig. 393

1 � T 24, T 25 1

M usculocutaneous nerve , N. musculocuta neus; su pplyi ng a reas. The skin b ra n c hes and the cutaneous innervation a re i llustrated in blue. Fig. 392

1. � 46, 386, T 24, T 25 1 .

M u sc les Arm

Topogra phy Cubital fossa

S e ct i o n s Fore a r m

Hand

Median nerve

C5

C6

14;------'--

C7

N ulnarls

ca

1 ""+-1--- N

Tl

medianus

M-t--- Septum intermusculare

brachii mediale

Fig. 395 M e d i a n nerve, N. medianus; segmental o rgan i sation.

1 -7 '���,,",,1-+--

Median n e rve, N, medianus; s u p ply i n g a reas, Fig. 394

T 24, T 2S

I

M, pronator teres

I � 46, 386, T 24, T 25 1

Median nerve, N , medianus; p roximal pa lsy: typical post u re. Fig. 396

�

U p per L i m b

S u rfa ce ,.. ,.. ,..

Skeleto n

Overview

S h o u ld e r

Ulnar nerve

C5

1f-----7----

C6

N. cutaneus antebrachii medi alis N. cutaneus brachii medialis

PI-----;:.-----,--;-

1+---'--f:'-il---

C7

CB

II

N. medlanus

Sept brachiumi mediinteramleusculare

Fig. 398 Ulnar nerve, N . ulnari s ; segmental o rgan isation.

1-7 T 2 4 , T 25 1

ulnarfleisxor carpi

_1--- M.

R. protundus MlNlH---

Ulnar n e rve, N. ulnaris; sup plyi n g a reas. Fig. 397

R.

superficialis

1 -7 46, 386, T 24, T 25 1

Fig. 399 Ulnar nerve, N . u lnaris; proximal palsy.

T1

M us c les Arm

Sect ions

Topography C u b i t a l fossa

Fo rearm

Hand

Radial nerve

CS

C6 N.

radial,s

C7

postcuteraioneusr brachii

....iI-----JL--- N.

M.

M.

Caputtricepslaterbralaechii,

..::J..lJ.--- M.

tCaput riceps lbrongum achii,

A-I----

tCaput ricepsmedibrachialei,

postcuteraioneusr antebrachii N.

�tf���--- R.

Radial n e rve, N. radialis; su pplyi ng a reas. Fig. 400

CB

1-7 46, 386,

superficialis

T 24, T 25

1

T1

Fig. 401 Radial n e rve, N . radialis; segmental o rg a n i sation.

1 -7 T 24, T 2s l

. . .

•

•

•

•

.. '

•

. .. . .

#

. .

Radial nerve, N. radialis; p rox i m a l palsy.

Fig. 402

�

S u rfa ce

Upper limb

���

Skelet o n

Overview

S h o u ld e r

Axil ary nerve

C5

N. axlilaris

C6

H-H--- M. deliolde\Js

C7

���ff�oIA'-_ M. leres major

1r1�M'-�W'l-__ N. culaneus brachii laleralis superior N.

CB

radialis

Tl

Fig. 404 Axi llary nerve, N . axilla ri s ; segmental o rg a n isation .

1 � T 24, T 25 1

Fig. 403 Axi llary nerve, N. axillaris; s u pp lying a reas. The axi llary n e rve passes to the d o rsal side of the arm throu g h the q u a d ra n g u la r space alo n g with the posterior c i rcu mflex humeral a rtery.

1 � 46, 386, T 24, T 25 1

Axillary n e rve, N. axillaris; palsy: d eltoid m u scle atrophy.

Fig. 405

M uscles Arm

To p o g ra p h y C u b it a l fossa

S e ct i o n s Fo re a rm

Hand

Arteries of the upper limb

a.,..--�:---"jr#-------,t----

A. circi umfantelerxaior humer A profunda brachii A, collateralis media

-r-�"'Yf---O.... ----f---

---7"-----1""---Y

__------------:----r�

A collateralis radialis

Asupercolilaotreralis brachialis ulnaris

A.

--,.......---f

A radialis A. recurrens radialis A. interossea recurrens A. interossea posterior A. radialis

It--l---'-":-:--'----

A. thoracoacromialis A axil aris A. brachialis

..""'+----- A. coliateraUs

----J'--\)ut�

•, ..----

IJlnaMs

Inferior

anterior posterior A.ulnrarecuris rens A. ulnaris A.communi interosseas

R. 111--,,-- R.

------i.. -..JE;/---';-Illl--::f----:-

.t-:-t----;--

A.antientreiorrossea A.nercomivi meditansani R, carpalis dorsalis

H-+----,:.....n-l-.....,;i---

R

Arcusprpalofumndusaris --J'-!7JfS.-"br.. A A prpolincepslicis

'�""'';-;.+il--

Arsupercusfipalciamlisaris Aa.palmdiargeitaslecommunes s

".-+t�-41t--_

Aa.palmdiargeitasleprsopriae

Fig. 406 Arteries of the upper l i m b ; overv i ew. Arteries a djacent to the elbow joint form the c u bital a nastomosis.

�

U p per li m b

S u rface ... ... ...

I S ke Leton I

Ove rview

Shoulder

Lymphatics of the axil a

Vasa Iymphatica superticialia

V. thoracoepigastrica

Nodi Iymphoi axil ardeeis (Plexus Iymphataxil aicriuss)

Papil a ia mammar Vasa Isupert ymphaticiiacalia

superIymphattiVasa ciaicliaa V. basilica Nodi Iymphoidei cubitales V. cephalica

408

Superf i c i a l lym phatics. lym ph nodes a n d vei n t ru n ks in the regions of the arm. the latera l thoracic wall and the axi lla.

Fig. 407

Ihoraco­ epigastricae

Vv.

M uscles Arm

To p o g ra p hy C u b it a l fossa

S ec t i o n s Forea r m

Hand

Fascia of the chest, the shoulder and the axil a

Nn. supraclaviculares intermedii Nn. supraclaviculares laterales

III

•

deltoideus, Fascia . A, thoracoacromialis, R, pectoralis M.

•

_

_ _ L-

Nn, supralesaclaviculares medi

• ---f--"....,.'----,-,,...;-.�---;:'L..,4,�

V, cephallca

Fascipecta oralis major,

>-----Ilt---'C--- • M,

Rrpect. orales anterlores

• --��-'-;7-:�

cutanei

(Nn. inlertostales)

Nodi IymphoidFasci ei axial abrreaschisuperfi iciales lRr, cutatiasneisimuslatedorralessi, Fasci a . (Nn, intepectrcostoraaleles)s. serratus anterior, Fascia .

exteoblrnus,iquusFasciabdomia nis

.,{(,!rltti:---::--';-- • M, �;,:"",-,--,":,:",'---

M,

M,

Fig. 408 Vessels a n d nerves in the regions of the upper a rm as well as the shoulder, a n d the clavi pectoral t ri a n g le. Tri g o n u m clavi pectora le.

-ijl'/----:---

407

Vagiabdomina nmuscul is i recti

2 53 409 �t++

,. U p p e r l i m b

S keleton

S u rface ���

Overview

Shoulder

Cla vipecto ra l triangle

Rele acromlale

Fasciculus posterior Fasciculus lateralis Fasciculus medialis Clavicula

•

• A. subclavia

Acromion

•

M deltoideus, . Pars clavicularis

M deltoideus, • Pars acromialis

V cephalica .

------'lI,..,.-' . ....� .. -----I-' +hl_'_J'-4'­

V. subclavia

•M

subclavius

1Ii�D!��\I,l�---- Fascia clavipectoralis

--+-f-,.

+H':"';':-\-

-

Nn pectorales mediales • A. thoracoacromialis,

Rr. pectorales

pectoralis major, Pars clavicularis

• M,

•

254

t

258

408

Rete acromiale

R. deltoideus

Fig. 409 Clavi pectora l triangle . Tri g o n u m clavi pectorale .

Clavicula ----- A. subclavia

R. olavicularis A. IhoracoacromlaJls Rr, pectorales

Fig. 41 0 B ranc h i n g pattern of the th oraco-acromial a rtery, A. thoracoacro m ialis.

M. pectoralis major, Pars sternocostalis

M uscles Arm

Topogra p hy C u b i t a l fossa

Sections Forea rm

Hand

Axillary

thoraxiacoepil arisgastrica subscapularis . v.

v.

ParPls einxusfraclbraviachiculaalrisis, N inbrtearcchiostalois­ N. axil aris umfleaxae A.; V. circscapul

V.

N intercostobrachialis

•

•

fossa

� Nn. thoracici, � intercostialleas,terales Nn.Rr. mammar

••

N. thoracodorsalls N. NnRr. cutthoraneiaciclai, tNn.eraleinstepectrcostoraaleles,s IhoraGicu5 longus

Fig. 4 1 1

R.

Vv thoracoepigastricae

Axilla ry fossa, Fossa axillaris.

acromialis

A.

860 __

408

suprascapularis ....,, '''' ---- A . --cr.__-----"�..."ar:,."=-' ....::-

humerA. ciircpostumfelerxaior A. circumflexa ----'l"' ��:=11 i anterior humer A thoracica lateralis A. subscapularis ./ A. brachlal s profund" / ,4j ...

A.

'

A.

brachll

Fig. 4 1 2

Arteries o f t h e shoulder reg i o n.

!

2 55

•

413

.... 4 1 7

thoracica superior thoracoacromialis

�

S u rface

U p per Li m b

���

Neck

S ke leton

Overview

Shoulder

and axil ary fossa Plexus N.braphrchieanilisc.usPars supraclavicularis • A.

Pls einxusfraclbraviachiculaalrisis. Par A. thoraco- { Rr. pectorales. acromlails R. acromial s •

M

U-.l1-�-'-----;:';-;:�-- .

N. vagus [Xl 1'4I1'---;-::-;-----::-;-�T- V. brachiocephalica maststoeirdneusocleido­ majpector oralis RrpectantNn.Nn.. ecuttiornhiortoraearelrneiaecssciostci.ales.

deltoideus.

cephalica A. axil aris

V.

• HI....,.:-:----;-7::�_c::_- . M_

�-''--:;'o:?Ir:--,----:\-:=-t . M.

• •

carotis communis

---'.....

-

N. intercostobrachialis N. thoracodorsalis thoracica lateralis A V. thoracodorsalis N. thoracicus longus

••

A. ; v.

••

;

N. thR.orcutaciacusneus[T4)la.teN.railnistepectrcostoraalilsis, v.

256

.-t , 41 1 417

thoracoepigastrica Rr. mammari laterales •

•

414

Fig. 4 1 3 Lateral thoracic wall; infraclavicular fossa, Fossa infraclavi cula ris, and axi llary fossa, Fossa axillaris.

M u sc les Arm

Topogra p hy C u bital fossa

Sect i o n s Fore a r m

Hand

Neck and axil ary fossa

Nodi IymphoiNodidsuper ei cerfviciciaalleess etantpreroiofurendis, sternocleidomastoideus Ventomohyoi er superdeus,ior A.R.; V.supertransverficcoliaslilasi, NodicervIfyiiccmphoi al. etesprantdoeif.. super scalanteenus. rior jugularisTrsiunncusister Nodus cerNodusvicIalymphoi isprloaitfneufdndus reaeusrliiosr, Bulbusjuigulnfeariroisr. venae ParsthceroraDuctvciiccalus,uiss venosus jugulAracrus.is V. jugularis externa et Trbrouncinchomedi nalsubclis sinaaivissttueisr· •

M.

•

M.

••

scalenus medius NodilateraIylemphoi s, Nodideisupercervfiiccaliaeless

•

•

•

---,rt£.N�.Tlf-+--"""":

• M. •

•

• A.

•

• V.

•

pectoralis major.

trapezius

• M.

M.

M

Nn.latersupralesaclaviculares N. suprascapularis minpector oralis V. cephalica Nodi Iymphoiaredsei subscapul majpector oralis F--:::;;;I-�IIIE�- N. radialis cutN. muscul acineusrcumfol·exa humeri posterior • N. medianus V_ cephal iclias br a chi a • N_ ulnaris axiNodil arIyemphoi s laterdaeiles • N. cutaneus brachii medialis Nodi Iymphoidei intercostales N. thoracicus longus A.; thoracica lateralis N. intercostobrachialis • M.

Nodi Ipectymphoioradleeis

••

•

V.

"'--'1261

Fig. 4 1 4 Axillary fossa, Fossa axi llaris, and deep cervical reg i o n ; exe mpla ry i llustration o f lym phatics and lym p h nodes.

408 261

41 7

25 8

.. ..

.. U p pe r L i m b

S u rface • • •

Overv i ew

Vessels and nerves of the arm

Nn. supraclaviculares laterales . r','IJ��"i!<....-, . ..-;---

V.

N.

cephalica

N. antradieabrlisa,chiN.i cutpostaneuserior

�

407"'-

421

N. intercostobrachialis

N. cutaneus brachii medialis

•

cutaneusN.antmuscul ebrachiocuti laateneus,ralis ,

•

\1iJI:'�i��.[t-i:l--

N cutaneus antebrachii medialis basilica N. cutpostaeneusrior antebrachii medialis, N.R. cutantaeneus rior antebrachii medialis, basilica

����+-- ,

• V.

R.

....tf:t'fJI'Hf---- � "-"Hf-- • V.

41 7 Fig. 4 1 5 E p ifascial vessels and n e rves of the shoulder, Regia d eltoidea, the a nterior reg i o n of the arm, Regia brachii a nterior, and the a nterior reg ion of the e lbow, Reg i a c u b italis a nterior.

I S ke leton

S h o u ld e r

M us c les Arm

To pogra p hy C u b i t a l fossa

Sect i o n s Forea r m

Hand

Vessels and nerves of the arm

•

Rete acromiale

Nn. supraclaviculares laterales NN. axicutlaaneusris, brachii lateralis superior

circumflexa humeriRrpost. cutearineior N axil aris, N. cutaneus brachii lateralis superior (A.; V.

)

••

Inlenor )

N, cutaneus brachil posterior

N.

N cutaneus brachii medialis

Clltaneus

. brachil laterahs

.

N.

radians

N. radialis. N. cutaneus antebrachii posterior ....1I-II .. f--

Epicondylus lateralis 419

Fig. 4 1 6 Epifascial vessels and nerves of the shoulder, Regio deltoidea, the poste rior reg ion of the a rm , R e g i o b rachii posterior, and the posterior reg i o n of the e lbow, Reg i o c u b italis posterior.

._l(

7f 422

�

U p per l i m b

S keleton

S u rface ���

Overview

S ho u ld e r

Vessels and nerves of the arm

N.

subclavius. deltoideus. M.

M. M.

Fasciculus lateralis pectoralis major A circumflexa humeri anterior musculocutaneus

suprascapularis

•

•

• M.

•

_

• M.

• --�1 1J

M.

E:,�--

• ---..I1!!l��--f!-,./Ij"'iri'-T-liI"

( Caput longum biceps brachii

• M.

•

Caputtricepslongumbrachii, • N. radialis

• M.

•

N.

• M.

musculocutaneus A. brachialis Aponeurbicoipsiitsismuscul brachiii . N.

•

413 414

41 5

t � 424

•

•

N.

M.

Fasciculus medialis Fasciculus posterior subscapularis A.humercircumfi postlexaerior teres major A. subscapularis N. thoracodorsalis latissimus dorsi N. cutaneus brachii medialis •

ulnaris

triceps brachii, Caput mediale

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale

418

Fig. 4 1 7 VesseLs a n d nerves of the a nterior reg i o n of the arm, Reg i o b r a c h i i a nterior.

M u sc les Arm

To p o g r a p h y C u b i t a l fossa

Sections Fore a r m

Hand

Arteries and nerves of the arm

•

M. deltoideus. M. bicCaput eps brbrachievei,

M. coracobrachialis axil aris N. axil aris M. teres major • A.

•

11l:;�=i.:.;;::';"'-- •

e::-I:--- •

radialis N. medianus

.�+'iiiTH-- . N.

1+"*'+\11-- •

M. biceps brachii

•

1"''''-- •

N.

collateralis ulnaris superior M. triceps brachii, Caput mediale

t&:,p.:.... - • A. -

M. brachialis .

profunda brachii M. triceps brachii, Caput longum

�HW�__- • A.

-----1�,...w!

cutaneusNantmuscul ebrachiocuti laateneus,. ralis

•

r--l....-- • A.

•

collateralis ulnaris inferior Epicondylus medialis

Mm. flexores antebrachii 41 4 413

Arteries a n d n e rves of t h e a nterior reg ion of the arm, Regio b ra c h i i a nterior. Fig . 4 1 8

�t� '� 417 5 42

�

U p pe r Li m b

S u rface

I Skeleton I

Overview

S h o u ld e r

Arteries and nerves of the arm

M teres major. N. axil aris. N. cutaneus brachii lateralis superior A. profunda brachi i . R deltoideus. M. triceps brachii. Caput longum N radialis A profunda brachii A brachial is

+-rt�r+-- •

•

M. deltoideus

--+H-tit

•

radialis, N. cutaneus brachii posterior M triceps brachii, Caput laterale M biceps brachii SeptM.ubrmainchitearmlisusculare brachii laterale •

�

•

•

N.

•

•

•

cutaneus brachii lateralis inferior • N. radialis, N. cutaneus antebrachii posterior M. triceps brachii, Caput mediale cutaneus antebrachii lateralis •

A.

coliateralis ulnaris inferior. Rete artic,.ulN.areulcubinaritsi Olecranon

•

• ---i:""� " �oJ."';'Y ..3II.;iiI--"�

-

���������--- .

N.

M.anconeus M extensor carpi radialis longus M. extensor carpi radialis brevis

�-i1l--- •

T�-:-:-:=H4-- •

420

416

�

430

Fig. 41 9 Arteries a n d nerves of the posterior region of the arm, Regio b ra c h i i posterior.

M us c les Arm

Topogra p hy C u b i t a l fossa

S e ct i o ns Fore a r m

Hand

Arteries and nerves of the arm Lig. transversum scapulae superius suprascapularis • A.

N. suprascapularis •

A.

Lig. traansver scapul e infesrumius

cirscapul cumfleaxae

•

Rete acromiale

•

•

N. axil aris A. circumflexa humeri posterior

•

N radialis . A

:'..�Ya'lf:!.!.;K--

postN.(N.cutreardiaioneusarlis) brachii • N. cutaneus brachii l(aNt.erraaldiisailnisf)erior A. coliateralis rR.adiantalise,rior • N. cutaneus ant(N.erbradiaachilisi)posterior • N. cutaneus ant(N. emuscul brachiiolcutatearaneus)lis

.,.f.J
coliateralis radialis, R, posterior. ---lib:��.�"H� A.

•

coliateralis ulnaris inferior. N. ulnarls

Fig. 42o Arteries and n e rves of the scap u la r reg ion, Regio sca pularis, a n d the posterior reg i o n of the a rm, Regio b ra c h i i posterior.

��lI+lI--- •

..+� 419 , 430 431

�

U p p e r li m b

S u rface ���

Overview

S k e leton S h o u ld e r

Veins and nerves of the forearm

basilica N cutaneus brachii medialis N.brmediacutchiaailisneus N.N.cutraadineusalis, N.antcutebraaneuschii medialis antpostebraechiriori NantR. cutpostebraaneus echirioirmedialis, Olecranon antN.R. cutantebraeaneus rchiiori mediN.aliscut, aneus basimedilica)ana R.antmedi postebraeachirliiosr,i basilica antmediebraachinai

• V.

N. musculNoantcutcuteabraneus, archialisi lateneus medicubiana.ti antmediebraachinai V.

V.

•

___\-I'l-l�+__.,fIM

-

N. cutaneus brachiN.i postradiearliiosr, .

.�

• (V.

• V.

• V.

N,antmuscul ebraNchiocutcuti laaatneus, eneusralis V.

R.

cephalica

41 5

�t )'�

•

superN. rafdiicaialilsis, A. radialis •

antpostN.N. cutreaebrdiraiaaoneuschilris,i N.R. superf radialisic, ialis

(N.palulnmararisis) R. palmaris (N. medianus) R.

1.tII " III\.H- • V.

416

424

�t t

434

cephalica

430

439

Fig. 421 Ve i n s a n d nerves of the a nterior reg ion of the fo rea rm, Regia a ntebrachii a nterior; ep ifascial layer.

Fig. 422 Ve i n s and nerves of the poste rior reg i o n of the forea rm, R e g i a a ntebra c h i i posterior; e pifascial layer.

M uscles Arm

Topogra p hy

Sect i o ns

Cubital fossa

Forearm

Hand

Veins of the cubital fossa V. cephalica

V. basilica

V. mediana cubiti

---r�H�1J' V. mediana antebrachii

V. cephalica

V. basilica

a

V. mediana cubiti

V. cephalica

b V. basilica

(A. brachialis superficialis, Var.)' (V. mediana cephalica)

....;:.j.11 .. �

-

(V mediana basilica)

V. mediana antebrachii

c

V. basilica

V. cephalica

Fig. 423 a-c Va riations in the epifascial vei n s of the cu bital fossa .

•

With regard to i n t ravenous injections, this rare variation is particularly i m portant, as a su pposedly i ntravenous i njection can mistakenly become i ntra-arterial.

.. U p p e r l i m b

Su rfa ce

S keleton

Overview

S h o u ld e r

Arteries and nerves of the forearm

Fascia brachii tricepsmedibraalechii, A, brachialis Caput ANulncolularnisiarasuper tiesr;alisior N radialis Sept ibrntaechirmumiusculmediaarlee A.bracolchiioaratreadirdiaaalliisslis .. EpiHumercondyl medi aliuss, us R prN.orfaudindusalis, antFasciebraachii brachii, Tendo biceps brabichicepsi, Tendo A. radialis . A. ulnaris A recurradiraelnsis supinator .. carfplei xoru naris swperrafdiiciaalliiss,

biceps brachii --t:,.r;�oO! brachialis .. N medianus A brachialis . musculAponeuri bibrcaiopchiisitissi supinator .. A. radialis . protnatereosr.. brraadichiaolis· flexorradicaralpisi. carpexti rabredinsoreaviliss longuspalmaris flexorsuperdigifticoiraulmis N. ulnans poli cis lofnguslexor R. dorsalis poli ciabduct s longusor .. (N ulnaris) A. radialis . --. A ulnaris quadrpronatatuosr .. ---."K--::;J--�?--1I--- Fascia antebrachii eensorvis, .. poli cisextbrTendo brepalVIS ..

M

.. M.

......,.�t-.......

M

•

---1�,.----lI� -!kc

----,! ".,.

-

­

--f"'�...,

M.

-�t.--'-'c.:,

.. ----H--.

M.

----1�-..

M,

•

.. -.:m . ...' .lII

41

M

N.

M

I

R.

M

.. ----.HIIt.'"

M.

M

H lIUN/,..

41 7

t +

mans

418

425

434

Fig. 424 Arte ries and nerves of the a nterior reg i o n o f the forea rm, Reg i o antebra c h i i a nterior; su bfasci a l layer.

brachioraTendo dialis," A. radialis . N. medianus (N.R.medipalamnus)aris A. rafidiciaalliiss, R. palmaris super •

M.

M.

disupergiftloexorrfuicmialis A.N ululnnararisis

'I""�_- " M,

M

M

-:c--,.,,,,,;--;=c-::;---..ir-- •

•

.. --+.fdrl

M.

421

"""-#,---..:.,-- .. M.

.. ---1HfH--WFtI�

M.

ulsuperncolariisiaotreralis N. ulnaris A.ulncolarisiaitnefrearliiosr brachialis N medianus A. uInaris

• A.

"''''''::'«-- •

M.

•

•

M

•

.. M

----!...... -....,.... .JIMJ

M.

Septaaurmlee brintaechirmi usculmedi

424

t l

-+._

.' •....1..4 - ,

..1+--1--- •

(R,N.paldorulnmarsalarisisis) (A.N. ululnnarariiss,) dorR. carsalpisalis R.

•

426

435

Fig. 425 Arteries a n d nerves of the a nterior region of the forea rm, Regio a ntebrac h i i a nterior; cou rse of the rad ia l a rtery, A. rad ialis.

M u scles Arm

Sect i o n s

To p o g ra p hy C u b i t a l fossa

Forearm

Hand

Arteries and nerves of the forearm I

I

A

M,

-__..t--.i-4.11

..

--A1ffi-l

M

• -�41--111

radialis . (N R.medipalamnus)aris carpi --!UUC� radifalelixors. Tendo R palrafmdiicaraialiliisss, super maris longus,palTendo A

III

//

III

A

1--.4_--=--

.. M.

carpi ulnarfleixors. Tendo R.(N.dorulnsaraliiss) dorR. ulcarsalnarpisalisi,s

• A.

41 8

�t 425 �

435

Fig. 4 26 Arteries a n d nerves of the a nterior reg i o n of the forearm, Reg i o a ntebra c h i i a nterior; deep layer.

427

quadrpronatatuosr pollofnguslelicxoris M.

• A.

l""n.��w.--'-- III M. flexor

dlTendigl ornuesm (N. ulnaris) M. supemclalis. carTendofplei xorulnaris, profundu s,

III III

nercomivi meditansani antinetreiorrossea ulnaris N. ulnaris

"-;"'1-- • A.

A.

M.

ulnrarecuris rens N. medianus

• A.

.. M.

-- III M

• A.

;tli::;i;h);�4:- • A.

-�b/BI""

M.

communis pollicis loflngusexor. radialis R superN. rafdiicaialilsis,

III

41

III M.

A.

M.

M.

M.

M

•

III

A.

M.

A.

...�-_or--

A

A.

M.

N. ulnaris brachialis N radialis brachialis (Rcol. antlraatedierraiaolliriss) . N. medianus N radialis, R. profundus recurradireans.lis pr o nat o r tCaput ceps ulenrears,e brachii, biTendo interossea.S tereprsonator A communi pronattereosr erior carfplei xorradialis inpostterossea. N. inanttereantobrsseusaechiriori disuper gCaputiftloexorrfuircmaiadiliasl,e R superN rafirdicaiaadilliiassl,is . • A.

A

A.

teralisior ulncolarislasuper ulncolarislatinefrearliiosr Epicondyl medi a l i s us

• A.

bibrcaeps. chii N. radialis R N.prorfaudindusalis, ulnaris . radialis . recurradiraens.lis R. superN. rafdiicaialilsis, supinator" M

-Hl"�

R. dorsalis

flexor dlgitorum

Tendines

III M.

41 8

4 26

..J� l

43 5

Fig. 4 27 Arteries and nerves of the a nterior region of the forearm, Regio a ntebra c h i i anterior; deep layer after partial removal of the flexor d i g itorum superficialis m u scle.

.. U p pe r li m b

S u rface •••

Overview

Arteries and nerves of the cubital fossa radialisA., (Rcol. antlateerraiolirs) brachioradialis Mmcarextpi reansordialeess. R. prorafudindusalis,. extdigietonsorrum supinator R. prorafudindusalis, A. inrteecurrossearens M.

brabichicepsi A. brachialis medianus radialifsic, ialis R. super A. radialis A.radireacurlis rens radiextalisensorbrevicars pi

'f'/�...;.jjifl--- • M.

•

��-- •

•

rjr-I-'-'-ofr-- . N. 1¥'''I-*-i7'�g.-- . N. """'--=-"':"'::'-�"Il" .

N

�a:;,.h-- .

•

M.

•

• ---!III�:fi..;(.,

M.

• M.

• --_h.o�:IIl

N.

•

418

427

t� ,

42 7

Fig. 428 Arteries a n d nerves of the a nterior reg ion of t h e elbow, Regio cubitalis a nterior; after removal of the rad ia l muscles of the forea r m ; latera l ( radial) view.

ulncoiarislatinefrearliiosr medianus A. brachialis • A.

N.

• -,_.;::t;:�

•

Aponeurbicoipsiitsismuscul brachiii N. radialis Mm.antfelebrxorachiesi -----1_'" ulnaris . A. radialis . pronatmedior taenus. res. •

A.

M.

41 8

J

..

425

�

427

N

•

A.ulncolarilsatsuper eralisior

Epimedicondyl alis us N. ulnaris Olecranon ) carfplei xorulnaris Caput ulnare

\oIkw.---4':-- .

Caput humerale

•

R.

posterior}

- ;- - • R. anterior F'---;i--

M.

A. recurrens ulnaris

ulnaris digiftleoxorrum profundus

f!Jo'�-- • N. •M

Fig. 429 Arteries a n d nerves of the a nterior reg i o n of t h e e lbow, Regi o cubitalis a nterior; after p a rtial removal of the flexor m uscles of the forea rm; medial ( U ln a r) view.

I Skeleton I

S h o u ld e r

M uscles Arm

Topography Cu bital fossa

Sections Forearm

Hand

Arteries and nerves of the forearm

N. ulnaris .

A. recurrens . -_rIl·J,"'.1 ulnaris Olecranon

Rete articulare • cuMi M. anconeus •

-"lMIIi4I�

M extensor . carpi ulnaris

--:'IIW--- • M. brachioradialis

--'��- • M. extensor carpi

radialis longus

Epicondylus :';;���f\--- lateralis

..,...;jl+- • M. extensor

'-

carpi radialis brevis

•N

radialis, R profundus

• A. interossea

posterior

.':-:lHP-I-+I-- • M. extensor

digitorum

extensor . carpi ulnaris, Tendo M.

M. extensor . digiti minimi, Tendo

A. collateralis • ulnaris inferior

• M. abductor pol\icis

M. anconeus •

--r-;H�'"

A. interossea • -....'A'r:...:,;� recurrens

.�J,.:.;+ll!-'c'l:r- • N. radialis,

R. profundus

• M. extensor carpi

radialis brevis

A. Interossea •

posterior

M. extensor .

digitorum

• Rr. musculares ---1:'-'-"'1 lll:'

R. profundus . nervi radialis, N. interosseus antebrachii posterior • M. extensor pol\icis brevis M. extensor . pollicis longus • N. radialis, M extensor . R. superficialis carpi ulnaris, Tendo • A. interossea anterior Retinaculum musculorum extensorum Retinaculum R. dorsalis . musculorum (N. ulnaris) extensorum longus

419

t

422

• M. supinator

• M. abductor

pol\icis longus Membrana interossea • N. radialiS, R. superficialis • M. extensor pollicis brevis

• M. extensor

pol\icis longus, Tendo

420

431

440

Fig. 430 Arteries a n d nerves of the posterior reg i o n of the forear m , Reg i o a ntebra c h i i posterior; s u perficial layer.

J

. •

430

..

l

440

Fig. 431 Arteries a n d n e rves of t h e posterior reg i o n of the forearm, R e g i o a ntebrachii posterior; deep layer.

�

U p per li m b

S u rface ���

S keleton

Overview

Shoulder

Arteries of the hand R.

R.

A. radialis carpalis palmaris

palmaris superficialis

A. ulnaris carcarppalaliiss paldormsaraliiss �"��!jll 1I1l::!jt;--,-- palmaris profundus 1(JJiI-'--+--

--+---,.

J--J�,c.��;::

-

-

'�k---t----

R.

R.

R.

--f-......-\

Arcus palmaris profundus A. princeps pollicis A radialis indicis

-�'-..;:;,.�----'�

'\--1----i¥JI:B�+-Hrd_-+--+ -.JIjF."lH+--TI-H�:-1.,---t---

--f'-HIf:--J...J-�-1

Aa. metacarpales palmares Arcus palmaris superficial is

Lt��)J���tl��fli-- Aa digitales palmares communes

Aa. digitales palmares propriae

Aa. digitales palmares propriae

Fig. 432

Arteries of the palm, Pa lma;

overvi ew.

Fig. 433 a-d Va riations of the deep palmar a rc h , Arcus palmaris p rofundus. a "Textbook case", s i m p le , c losed a rch b Doubling of the ulnar part

Anastomosis with the a nterior i nterosseous a rtery, A. i nterossea a nterior 1 * 1 d T h e rad ia l a rtery, A. rad ialis, supplies both rad i a l fing ers. whereas the ulnar a rtery, A. ulnaris, su pplies the three ulnar fi ngers. c

M uscles Arm

To p o g ra p hy C u b it a l fossa

S e ct i o n s Forearm

Hand

Arteries and nerves of the hand

N, medianus, R. palmaris . N. musculocutaneus, • N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis Fascia antebrachii

t-��t1Il-- • +--fr--;\--'t - -'!�H--

A. ulnaris

•

Aponeurosis palmaris A princeps pollicis •

N. ulnarls, R . palmaris

I'��I\�

N ulnaris

_ _

;.::?4M5J�1i--

•

N, digitalis palmaris proprius

•

"'��..-.J��;t"--

' ,l"�>t---Ir-!u-JI--

N. medianus, Rr. palmares

N. ulnaris, Rr, palmares Nn digitales palmares proprii • A, digitalis palmaris communis • Aa. digitales palmares propriae •

It

Lig. metacarpale transversum superficiale

42 1

Fig. 434 Arteries and nerves of the palm, Pa lma ; su perfic i a l layer.

t

/.

43 5

�

U p p e r Lim b

S u rface ���

I S keleton I

Overview

S h o u ld e r

Arteries and nerves of the hand • A . ulnaris N.

• M.

flexor carpi ulnaris

N. ulnaris, N. median us,

R. palmaris

R. palmaris

N. ulnaris,

R.

profundus

\'liiJ-.l�M-\-- • A. ulnaris, R. carpalis dorsalis

M abductor pollicis brevis .

N. ulnaris,

R.

superficial is

• A. ulnaris, R, palmaris profundus

M. flexor pollicis brevis .

N digitalis palmaris proprius

M. adductor poilieis

R. communicans cum nervo ulnari

N. median us,

• Arcus palmaris superficialis

N. d'gltahs palmaris communis

N. digitalis palmaris proprius

• Aa. digitales palmares communes Aa. digitales palmares propriae

•

Nn. digitales palmares proprii

42 6

43 4

t

43 7

Fig. 435 Arteries a n d nerves o f t h e palm, Pa lma ; middle layer.

37%

35%

Fig. 436 a-c Va riations o f t h e su perficial palmar arch. Arcus palma ris s u pe rficialis. a "Textbook case", closed a rch b The ulnar a rtery, A. u lnaris, s u p p lies the t h ree ulnar fi ngers. c All fingers a re s u p p lied by the ulnar a rtery, A. u lnaris.

13%

M u sc les Arm

To p o g ra p hy C u bital fossa

Sec t i ons Forea rm

Hand

Arteries and nerves of the hand

M. pronator quadratus .

M. flexor carpi radialis, Tendo .

R palmaris superficialis • Retinaculum musculorum flexorum M. flexor poilicis longus, Tendo .

M. flexor poilicis brevis, Caput superficiale • Arcus palmaris profundus . M. adductor pollicis •

• A. ulnaris, R. carpalis

palmaris

• N. ulnaris, R. superficialis 1.L��k\--- • N. ulnaris, R. profundus • M. abductor digiti minimi �_-l--- • A. ulnaris, R. palmaris profundus

��ll--- •

M. abductor poilicis brevis . Aa. digitales palmares propriae • M. interosseus dorsalis I •

Mm. interossei palmares

• M. adductor poilicis • Aa. metacarpales

palmares Tendines

• Mm. flexores digitorum,

• Mm. lumbricales

Aa. digitales • palmares propriae

•

Nn. digitales palmares proprii 427

Fig. 437 Arteries and nerves of the palm. Pa lma; deep layer.

435

-+.t� ",

... U p p e r li m b

S u rface

I S kelet o n I

Ove rview

of

Arteries and nerves the hand

, N radialis, Rr. superficiales . A radialis

Retinaculum musculorum extensorum

N. radialis, N. cutaneus antebrachii posterior

Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis • A.

A radialis, R. carpal is dorsalis .

radialis, R. palmaris superficialis

• M. abductor pollicis longus, Tendo

• M extensor pollicis brevis, Tendo

M. extensor carpi radialis brevis, Tendo . extensor carpi radialis longus, Tendo .

M.

•

M. abductor pollicis brevis

• M opponens pollicis • M. extensor pollicis longus, Tendo

M. extensor digitorum, Tendines .

Os metacarpi II

'" Nn. dig itales dorsales • A. digitalis dorsalis • M. adductor pollicis

Aa. metacarpales dorsales . M. interosseus dorsalis I •

N. digitalis palmaris proprius

A. digitalis palmaris propria .

N. digitalis dorsalis

I-IV Vaginae tendinum musculorum extensorum: I Vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris pollicis brevis II Vagina tendinum musculorum extensorum carpi radialium III Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris pollicis longi IV Vagina tendinum musculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis

Fig. 438

Arteries a n d nerves of the hand.

S h o u ld e r

M uscle s Arm

To pogra p hy C u b i t a l fossa

Sect i o n s Forearm

H a nd

Vessels and nerves of the hand

N. radialis, N. cutaneus antebrachii posterior V.

N ulnarlS. R. dorsalis

cephallca N. radialis, R. superficialis

Rete venosum dorsale manus

Vv_ intercapitulares

Nn. digitales dorsales

422

Fig. 439 Vessels a n d n e rves of the dors u m of the h a n d , Dorsu m manus; su perfic i a l layer.

�t 7+

440

�

S u rface

U p pe r li m b

���

S ke leton

Overview

S h o u ld e r

Arteries and nerves of the hand

M. extensor carpi ulnaris • A. interossea anterior . N.

A

.. 1 musculorum extensorum ---'Io-4-.....",lIli

ulnarls, R

• M. extensor pollicis brevis • M. abductor pollicis longus, Tendo

N. radialis, R. profundus, interosseus antebrachii posterior

Retinaculum

Membrana interossea

carpans dorsafis •

• Rete carpale dorsale

•A

radialis • R.

A. radialis, R. carpalis dorsalis .

perforans

,....l!lfIl.-��I,.I,\.-- • A. princeps pollicis •

M. extensor poll icis longus, Tendo

• M. adductor pollicis

Aa. metacarpales dorsales .

Fig. 440 Arteries a n d nerves of the dors u m of the h a n d , Dorsu m m a n u s ; deep layer.

M uscles Arm

To p o g ra p h y C u b i t a l fossa

Sect i o n s Fore a r m

Hand

Topographic spaces of the hand

Canalis carpi M. flexor carpi radialis, Tendo N medianus M. palmaris longus, Tendo

Fascia antebrachii A. ulnaris N. ulnaris

Retinaculum musculorum flexorum

Os pisiforme

Thenar

Hypothenar Ligg. metacarpalia palmaria

M. extensor digitorum, Tendo

�_��._- Ossa metacarpi

r::�l:1��r-:-ii�r-- Tendines

M flexor digitorum profundus,

t

�"-���---lr--

Aponeurosis palmaris

M. flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendines

(Aponeurosis dorsalis) M.

---I---"--:'J=:M"II'!

Mm lumbricales

Phalanx proximalis

flexor digitorum profundus, Tendo

M flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendines Vagina tendinum

N. digitalis palmaris proprius

Fig. 441

Fasc ial compartments of the hand.

C l i n ical t e r m : ligament of GRAYSON •• C l i n ical term: ligament of CLELAND " ' C li n ical term: ulnar canal, Canalis u l n ocarpalis (Loge de GUYONI

�

U p per l i m b

S k e leton

Su rface

Overv i ew

Hand, sagittal section

Membrana interossea

•A

A. interossea anterior .

interossea posterior

• M. extensor digitorum M pronator quadratus .

• M. abductor pollicis longus, Tendines

• M. extensor pollicis longus, Tendo

Radius

M. flexor digitorum profundus, Tendines .

Articulatio radiocarpalis

Retinaculum musculorum flexorum

;@�ittt\\"lhllt-- Os lunatum

M. flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendines .

• Rete carpale dorsale

!.Iltfflfnlf!t"htjj--- Os capitatum Aponeurosis palmaris A metacarpal is palmaris

'::'ll"'!I�Cft-t-1i¥--- Os metacarpi III, Basis

III •

Arcus palmaris superficial is . ----If--r--,,.--......,.. .. .U A digitalis palmaris communis

M. lumbricalis

III, Tendo •

III .

---JH�i---J--,,,"JjII

IIII'Jml�IIi1Fr�u-- • M. interosseus palmaris II

---r--....;=---lH-+.'T�fn

IfiHtT'hft--- • M interosseus dorsalis III nlUril'----- • A. metacarpalis dorsalis III

.. -.,,-..:....,. +�i-4fA. digitalis palmaris propria . --....Phalanx proximalis Vagina tendinum

-\-

-

--,:/---i -jIl;,-EF'f- \\/tit\';;fd'f----- • A

.,-

"-

--:��

-

digitalis dorsalis

tl:mlraJ�fj� �

:_

Phalanx media

Phalanx distalis

Fig. 442 Hand, M a n u s ; sag itta l section at the level o f the ulnar plane of t h e m i d d le f i nger. * Clin ical term: ligament of CLELAND ** Clin ica l term: ligament of GRAYSON

M uscles

S h o u ld e r

Arm

Topogra p hy C u b i t a l fossa

Sect i o n s Forearm

Hand

Cutaneous innervation

Fig. 443 Po i nts of i njection for regional conduction a naesthesia at the m i d d le finger.

Fig. 444 Pa lm, Pa lma ; segmental cutaneous i n n e rvation.

Fig. 445 D orsu m of the hand, D orsu m manus; segmental c utaneous i n n e rvation.

�

U p per limb

S u rface ���

I S keleton I

Ove rview

S h o u ld e r

Arm, transverse sections Fascia brachii

V.

cephalica •

N. musculocutaneus • A. brachialis

•

M . brachialis

M coracobrachialis .

Humerus Septum intermusculare brachii laterale

N

--+---W
N. medianus

-l--���i��1

• V. basilica

_ _

radialis

A. profunda brachii

N. ulnaris

•

M triceps brachii, Caput laterale

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale

•

• M. triceps brachii, Caput longum •M

triceps brachii, Caput mediale

Fig. 446 Arm, B ra c h i u m ; t ransverse sectio n .

V. cephalica M. biceps brachii

M. brachiali s

----1I==!J

Humerus ---==::::c

V. brachialis

:.1: =1---- V. basilica

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale

Septum intermusculare brachii laterale M. triceps brachii

Fig. 447 Arm, B rac h i u m ; mag netic resonance tomogra p h i c image I M R I ) ; c ross-section at t h e level o f t h e m i d d le o f t h e a r m ; d ista l view.

M uscles Arm

To p o g ra p hy C u b i t a l fossa

Sections Fore a rm

Hand

Arm. transverse sections biceps brachii

V.

cephalica • N

M brachioradialis .

cutaneus antebrachii medialis

• V. brachialis N.

N.

medianus

radialis N.

cutaneus brachii medialis

• V. basilica

M. extensor carpi radialis longus .

• A. coliateralis ulnaris superior

Crista supraepicondylaris lateralis

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale Humerus

N.

M. triceps brachii

ulnaris

•

Fig. 448 Arm, B rach i u m ; transverse section through t h e lower t h i rd of the arm.

M . biceps brachii

A brachialis V cephalica V. basilica

M. brachialis M. brachioradialis Humerus

Ulna

M. triceps brachii

Fig. 449 Arm, Brach i u m ; magnetic resonance tomographic image I M R l i ; cross-section a t t h e level o f t h e lower t h i rd o f t h e a r m ; d ista l view.

.. U p p e r l i m b

.. ..

S ke le t o n

S u rfa ce ���

Overview

S h o u ld e r

Forearm. transverse sections Fascia antebrachii V. mediana cubiti .

N. medianus

• M. pronator teres

M . biceps brachii, Tendo . • M. flexor carpi radialis V. cephalica •

• V. basilica

M. brachloradlalis N radlalls

M extensor carpi radialis longus

.,

. .. ,.v,"��i��iii�iii����f.4m��---

---'�-\l*+1tr":"""�"" JI� •.",�4...;;e;o��

\."AIHI---rl----

· M. flexor digitorum superficialis

• M. palmaris longus

_

M supinator .

N. ulnaris

• M. flexor carpi ulnaris

M. extensor carpi radialis brevis .

Ulna

Radius, Caput radii M

Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis • M anconeus

Fig. 450 Forearm, Antebra c h i u m ; tra n sverse section at the level o f the proximal rad i o - u lnar j o i n t .

V.

basilica

V. mediana cubiti M. brachialis M. biceps, Tendo M, pronator teres V cephalica M. flexor carpi radialis M brachioradialis M. flexor digitorum superficial is

M. extensor carpi radialis longus

Ulna

M. extensor carpi radialis brevis Radius, Caput radii

M. anconeus

F i g . 451 Forearm, Antebrachiu m ; mag n etic reso nance tomographic image [ M R I ) ; cross-section a t the level o f t h e elbow j o i n t ; distal view.

M u sc les Arm

To p o g ra p hy :ubital fossa

Sect i o n s

Forearm

Hand

Forearm. transverse sections M. palmaris longus, Tendo . M. flexor digitorum superficial is

N. median us M. flexor pollicis longus .

N. radialis . M pronator teres .

• V. mediana antebrachii

•

. A ulnaris

• N. ulnaris

•

M. brachioradialis A radialis .

•

-��-:Jrc��H�i�rJ

_

M. flexor dlgltorum pr�Ofundus

Ulna M. extensor carpi radialis longus .

N. interosseus antebrachii anterior .

• M. extensor carpi ulnaris

M_ extensor carpi radialis brevis . Radius

M extensor digitorum

•

M abductor pollicis longus _

• M. extensor pollicis longus

_ M. extensor digiti minimi

interosseus antebrachii posterior

Membrana interossea

Fig. 452 Forearm, Antebra c h i u m ; t ransverse section t h rough the lower t h i rd o f the forea rm.

-+hrt+- 453 -:t:-lttt tt- 452 J

J.-'"

M. palmaris longus, Tendo M. flexor carpi radialis

M. flexor carpi ulnaris

M. flexor digitorum superficialis M brachioradialis

M. flexor digitorum profundus

M. flexor pollicis longus Radius

Ulna

Mm extensores

Membrana interossea antebrachii

Fig. 453 Fo rearm, Antebra c h i u m ; magnetic resonance tomogra p h i c i mage [ M R I I ; c ross-section at t h e level o f t h e m i dd le o f t h e forea rm; d ista l view.

�

U p p e r lim b

S ke leto n

S u rfa ce

Overview

Forearm and hand. transverse sections

M. palmaris longus, Tendo . M. flexor digitorum superficial is, Tendines'

N

medianus, R palmaris

•

flexor digitorum superficialis'

•

N. medianus M flexor carpi radialis, Tendo' • M flexor poliicis longus, Tendo' •

M

V. cephalica;

N. radialis, R

superficialis .

M. extensor pollicis brevis, Tendo'

•

N. ulnaris

• M. flexor carpi ulnaris

= = = � 4 � � � � � � ; � � � � ---1!''Jt�����;!

• M. flexor digitorum profundus' N. ulnaris, R. dorsalis

---�"'£l'".a

A radialis .

N musculocutaneus, N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis abductor poliicis longus, Tendines' •

A. ;

M. pronator quadratus

i'i!-�r-+---- Articulatio radioulnaris distalis, ·

Recessus sacciform is

L--�-- Fascia antebrachii

Ulna

M brachioradialis, Tendo .

Mm. extenso res carpi radiales longus et brevis, Tendines'

•

• M. extensor carpi ulnaris, Tendo'

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis

• M. extensor digiti minimi'

Radius

Fascia antebrachii

extensor indicis'

•

M, extensor poliicis longus, Tendo' V. basilica .

Retinaculum musculorum extensorum

Fig. 454 Forea rm, Antebra c h i u m ; transverse section at the level o f t h e distal rad io-ulnar j o i nt. At this level. the m uscle tendons ma rked with • ru n with i n t e n d o n sheaths, Vag i nae tend i n u m.

M. palmaris longus, Tendo . Retinaculum musculorum flexorum

N

medianus '

M flexor poliicis longus, Tendo . M. flexor carpi radialis, Tendo . -_-'I> Os trapezium

M abductor poliicis longus, Tendo . ---J,-!§ M. extensor poliicis brevis, Tendo .

--�"Q:�_.:a.:l;';'.�;�t...� '''''�ff,!t!II:.!I':Ii'l.l'ti

----.-__

V. cephalica •

Hypothenar

������J-- .

• Mm. flexores digitorum, Tendines

.�In�..i;lP.f�-- Os triquetrum

"""i'---- • M. extensor carpi ulnaris, Tendo

A radialis .

Mm. extensores carpi radiales. Tendines .

• V. basilica

M. extensor poliicis longus, Tendo . extensor digitorum, Tendo

Fig. 455 Wrist, Carpus; transverse sectio n at the level of the hook of the ha mate bone, Hamu lus ossis hamati. * **

CarpaL t u n n e L uLnar ca n aL I Lo g e d e GUYON]

A. ; N ulnaris "

M uscles

S h o u ld e r

Arm

To pog ra p hy C u b i t a l fossa

Sections Forearm

Hand

Hand, transverse sections e Aa digitales palmares communes; medianus

N.

Mm. lumbricales e M. flexor pollicis brevis, Caput superficiale

e M. flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendines

e

e M abductor digiti minimi e M, opponens digiti minimi

M. flexor pollicis longus, Tendo, e Vagina tendinis M. abductor pollicis longus e ---"''--.'�''-:-A M. opponens pollicis e

Os metacarpi V

--+-#i:�;,a.

e M. flexor digitorum profundus, Tendines

Os metacarpi pollicis ---I-...!I!..-". M extensor pollicis brevis e -_-"-'011

e M. extensor digiti minimi

M. extensor pollicis longus, e Tendo, Vagina tendinis M. flexor pollicis brevis, e Caput profundum

e M, interosseus palmaris III e M, interosseus dorsalis IV

M, adductor pollicis e

Os metacarpi IV

M interosseus dorsalis I e A metacarpal is palmaris e Os metacarpi indicis M, interosseus palmaris I e M. interosseus dorsalis II e Os metacarpi I I I

Fig. 456

e M, interosseus palmaris I I interosseus dorsalis III M, extensor d'gitorum, Tendines

M etacarpus, M etacarpus ; t ra n sverse sectio n at the level of the t h i rd metacarpal bone. e M. extensor digitorum, Tendo'

Corpus phalangis

N digitalis dorsalis

• N, digitalis dorsalis

Periosteum

Mesotendineum

---'--,h4>i,.-j..Y

.uh���;::�����;;::--:;�-..!I

e M. flexor digitorum profundus, Tendo

-

_"-"'''''1---- e A digitalis palmaris propria

N, digitalis palmaris proprius

Vagina tendinum digiti

M flexor digitorum superficial is, Tendo e

Fig. 457 M id d le finger, Digitus m e d i u s [ I I I ] ; t ransverse sectio n through t h e shaft o f t h e p roximal phalanx,

•

So-called dorsal aponeurosis into which the branc h i n g te n do n of the extensor d i g itorum muscle, as well as the tendons of the i nterosseous and lumbrical muscles radiate

Periosteum

Corpus phalangis Mesotendineum

--I-J...� .s. w_

--U!�.����=:;::;;7.;'f/

N. digitalis palmaris proprius

M. flexor digitorum profundus, Tendo

S+-iMl--- e A digitalis palmaris propria

Vagina tendinum digiti e

Fig. 458 M id d le finger, Digitus m e d i u s [ I I I ] ; tra n sverse section t h ro u g h the s haft of the m i d d le phalanx.

•

So-ca lled dorsal a po n e u rosis

.... I

.. B ra i n

Blood vessels

I

C ra n i a l base

I C ra n ia l n e rves I

Pa rts o f t h e b ra i n

M e n i n g es

Arteries of the head

A.supertemporficiaalliiss { pariefrtoantlisalis A. menimedingeaa { frontalis parietalis A.ophmitha-ca { A A.suprsupratraoorchlbeitaraliiss Aa, temporaAleangul s profaurndaeis A.Ainsphenopal fraorbitalisatina A, infraorbitalis menimedingeaa A. labialis superior A. transversa faciei A. alveolaris inferior A, maxil aris A labialis inferior A. facialis A, carotis extAernthayroidea superior R

R.

A.Parcars caver otis inntosaerna,

R.

R.

supertemporficialaislis A.

I

A. basilaris

-�h:-----Jil-I

--I-------"..-:-"'l

==----r---

A.

Fig. 459

A. vertebralis

A.postaureriicoulr aris

A. pharyngea ascendens A carotis interna, Sinus caroticus External a rteries of the head.

A. vertebralis

Ventricles

To pog ra p hy

S e ct i o ns

I

S p i n a l cord

Pathways

Arteries of the head

A. callosomarginalis

--=-----'-;-:------::-:---;-:<-,

A. cerebri media

A cerebri anterior

A carotis interna, Pars cerebralis

....or;: . ;a;-:-----:-.,..-,.,,;."-'la..ii:":A

communicans .'t���..-l.:-��;---- A.posterior

---;-

.....__---:;;r::;;;.. ifti"IIiiiIt'"!""", "' ....

� -=-

Irn"--_

A ophthalmica

A cerebri posterior

A. inferior anterior cerebelli

�--- A. basilaris A. inferior posterior cerebelli

Siphon caroticum

A. carotis interna, Pars petrosa A carotis interna, Pars cavernosa

A. vertebralis

A carotis interna. Pars cervicalis carotis externa A. carotis communis

Fig. 460

I nternal a rteries of the head.

b

a Fig. 461 a, b I nternal carotid a rtery, A. carotis i ntern a ; rad iographs after u n i lateral i njection of a contrast medium [ang i o g ramsl.

The co ntrast medium a lso d istributes to the vessels of the contralateral side via the a rterial c i rcle. a AP-ra d i o g ra p h , d i g ital s u btraction a n g i o g raphy r O SA) b Lateral radiogra p h , d i g ital subtraction ang iography rOSA)

·2 6'-. �'iO·� �\'. _

... B ra i n

�' I

... ... I

Blood vessels

I

C ra n i a l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i n ges

Pa rts o f the b ra i n

Veins of the head V. thalamostriata superior V. emissaria parietalis Sinus sagittalis inferior Vv superiores cerebri V. interna cerebri Foramen interventriculare

Sinus sagittalis superior

(V emissaria frontalis)

V. magna cerebri*

V. basalis"

V. ophthalmica superior

--+----"-<--'- ­

Sinus rectus

�-+-- V. emissaria occipitalis

cavernosus

Confluens sinuum

V. ophthalmica Inferlor

V. occipitalis V. emissaria mastoidea

Plexus venosus toramlnlS ovalis

Sinus sigmoideus Bulbus superior venae jugularis

Plexus pterygoldeus V. facial is V. retromandibularis

Fig. 462

I nternal a n d external vei ns of the head.

* Vein o f GALEN ** ROSENTHAL's ve i n *" Vein o f LAB B E

E m i ssa ry ve i n s , Vv. em i ssa riae - Passa g e s t h ro u g h the skull V. e m issa ria p a r i etalis - Fo ra m e n parieta le V e m issa ria mastoidea - Fora m e n masto i d e u m V. e m i ssaria occi pitalis - Passa g e i n t h e reg i o n o f t h e Protu b e ra ntia o c c i p i t a lis externa V. e m issaria c o n dyla ris - C a n a l i s c o n dylaris

Plexu s ve nosus cana lis n e rvi hypog lossi - C a n a lis n e rvi hyp o g lossi Plexu s venosus fo ra m i n i s ova lis - Fo ra m e n ovale Plexu s venosus caro t i c u s i nternus - Ca n a lis c a roticus

Ventricle s

Top o g ra phy

S e ct i o n s

261

Pathways

S p i n a l cord

Veins of the head V.

emissaria parietalis

Epidermis

J!��.!:!...--

Lacunae laterales

��]�::����������E

_ _

as parietale Vv diploicae

Dura mater cranialis

}

Granulationes arachnoideae

��������������

___"_.--IiiiI_'-�::"'a.J·

"

Spatium subarachnoideum

Lamina externa

Lamina Interna

,r

Arachnoidea mater cranialis

IIUIl.Q----=-,-----.."..-

Substantia alba o.

Fig. 463 Calva ria, Calva ri a ; meninges, M e n i nges, a n d d u ral venous sinuses, Sinus d u ra e matris. I n the a d u lt , the cerebrospinal fluid i s mainly rea bsorbed i nto the venous system t h ro u g h the a rachnoid g ra nu lations. Additiona lly, rea bsorption occurs through the lym phatic sheaths of small vessels of the c ra n i a l pia mater a n d t h rough the perineural sheaths of the cra n i a l a n d the s p i n a l nerves.

I

1

Cutis

Galea aponeurotica

���S":;!t-- Diploe

------...4111:1;

Pia mater cranialis

Dermis [Corium]

Calvaria

Spatium

subarachnoldeum

�::::i::';�" Falx cerebri

Sutura sagittal is

Sutura coronalis

Vv. diploicae occipitales

.'8_�>---- Vv. diploicae frontales

Vv. diploicae tempcrales anteriores

Fig. 464 D i ploic canals, Canales d i ploi c i , a n d d i ploic vei ns, Vv. d i ploicae, of the calva ria;

the external ta ble of compact bone has been removed from the calva ria.

�

B ra i n

��

I B lood vessels I

C ra n ia l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i n g es

Parts of t h e b ra i n

Dural venous sinuses

Sinus petrosus inferior Sinus sagittal is superior Sinus sagittalis inferior Sinus sphenoparietalis Vv. superiores cerebri

A. carotis interna

v. mag na cerebri �_�_0C----T::r.--

N. opticus [IIJ

Sinus cavernosus Hypophysis Sinus intercavernosi Plexus basilaris

s.�

G

-

...::: : �--�t1:Ll

-

r-- -->�---

� -

----"

: ----2!II::J

'----"'

---=----;�r--

Sinus transversus

�-----�-..,;-:i"-- Sinus sigmoideus --7"':;L-�-

_ _

Sinus rectus

-:7:n-- __ Confluens sinuum Sinus occipitalis Sinus marginalis Foramen magnum

Sinus petrosus superior

Fig. 465 C ranial d u ra mater, D u ra mater c ra n i a lis, and d u ra l venous s i n u ses, Sinus d u rae matris; after partial removal of the tentorium cere belli.

C ra n i a l d u ra mater, D u ra mater c ra n ia lis The c r a n i a l d u ra mater l i n es t h e c ra n i a l cavity c o m p letely a n d t i g htly a d h e res to t h e s k u ll b o n e . The cere b ra l fa lx protrudes in t h e sag ittal p la n e i n a si c kle- like shape a n d stretches fro m t h e c rista g a lli to t h e r i d g e of t h e tento r i u m c e re b e l l i , w h i c h , i n t u r n , overstretches t h e poste rior cra n i a l fossa a n d i s attached a lo n g t h e transverse s i n u s a n d the

pyra m i d a l e d g e _ The marg i n s of the tentorial notch e nvelop the m i d b ra i n a n d ta p e r off i nto the a nteri o r and posterior c l i n o i d p rocess. T h e cere b ra l falx and t h e tento r i u m c e re belli d ivide t h e c ra n i a l cavity i nto t h ree s p a c e s t h a t a re i n com pletely sepa rated from one a nother, c o n ta i n i n g the two cere b ra l h e m is p h e res a n d t h e cere b e l l u m .

Ve ntricles

To p o g ra p hy

Sect i o n s

S p i n a l co rd

263

Pathways

Dural venous sinuses v. ophthalmica superior Sinus sphenoparietalis

Sinus intercavernosi Sinus cavernosus

v. meningea media Plexus basilaris

Plexus venosus foraminis ovalis

Sinus petros us inferior

Sinus marginalis

Sinus petrosus superior

Bulbus superior venae jugularis

Sinus occipitalis Sinus sigmoideus

Sinus rectus

Sinus transversus

Confluens sinuum

Sinus sagittal is superior

Fig. 466 D u ra l venous s i n u ses, Sinus d u rae matris; corrosion cast. The s i n u ses contain no valves and feature ri g id walls. • Ve i n of LABBE to the su perficial middle cerebral veins

D u ra l ve n o u s s i n uses, S i n us d u ra e matris The d u ra l ve nous s i n u ses a re r i g i d ve n o u s cha n ne ls without va lves d ra i n i n g t h e ve n o u s b lood from t h e bra i n via so-ca lled brid g i n g veins. The m a i n d ra i na g e from with i n t h e s k u ll o c c u rs via the s i g m o i d s i n u ses i nto t h e i nternal j u g u la r ve i n s. Add it i o n a lly, the s u perior o p h t h a l m i c vei n s a n d t h e h i g h ly va riable e m i ss­ a ry vei n s fo rm a series of sma ller, l i kewise va lveless, ve n o u s c o n n ec t i o n s between the i ntra- a n d extra c ra n i a l reg i o n s.

The two cave r n o u s s i n u ses assume a central position by b e i n g s i t u ated in t h e m i d d le c ra n i a l fossa to t h e r i g h t a n d t h e left of t h e s e l l a t u rc i c a . T h ey com m u n i ca te w i t h each other t h ro u g h t h e i ntercavernous s i n u ses a n d either d i rectly o r i n d i rectly with most other s i n u ses a n d with t h e vei n s of the o r b i t a n d t h e i nfratem p o r a l fossa.

264 �

�

B ra i n

��

I B lo o d vesse ls I

Cra n i a l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i n g es

Parts of t h e b r a i n

External surface of the cranial base C o ntents of t h e fo ra m i n a of t h e external s u rfa ce of t h e c ra n i a l base Foramen palatinum majus

Foramina incisiva N . n a s o p a la t i n u s ( N maxi lla ris [V/2 ] 1

Foramina palatina minora

Foramen palatinum majus N . palat i n u s maj o r ( N . maxi llaris [V/21 1 A. palatina m aj o r (A. pa lati n a descend e n sl

Fissura orbitalis inferior

Foramina palatina minora Nn p a lati n i m i n o res ( N . maxi llaris [V/2 ] 1 Aa . palat i n a e m i n o res (A. p a l a t i n a desce n d e n s l Foramen ovale

Fissura orbitalis inferior A. i nf raorbitalis (A. maxillarisl V o p hthalmica i nferio r N . i nfraorb italis ( N . maxi llaris [V/211 N . zyg o m a t i c u s ( N . maxillaris [V/211

Fissura sphenopetrosa; Foramen lacerum

Foramen rotundum (see Fig. 9 7, 93} N . maxi llaris [V/2]

Foramen ovale N . m a n d i b u la ris [V/3] Plexus ve n osus fora m i n i s ova lis

Foramen spinosum

Foramen spinosum R. m e n i n g e u s (N m a n d i b u la ri s [V/3]1 A. m e n i n g e a m e d i a (A. maxi lla risl

Apertura externa canalis carotici

Fissura sphenopetrosa et Foramen lacerum N petros us m i n o r ( N . g losso p h a ry n g e u s [ IXl i N . petros u s maj o r ( N . fac i a li s [VI I ] I N . petro s u s p rofu n d u s ( Plexu s c a rot i c u s i nt e r n u sl

Canaliculus mastoideus Meatus acusticus externus Foramen stylo· mastoideum

--::-----,HI� J;,jft���lnill '''

Apertura externa canalis carotici -') Canalis caroticus A. carotis interna, Pa rs p e t rosa P lexus venosus carot i c u s i nternus Plexus caro t i c u s i nt e r n u s (Tr u n c u s sym p a t h i c u s , G a n g l i o n c e rvicale s u p e r i u s l

_.!2f.!:.��:#t:��

Foramen jugulare

Foramen stylomastoideum N fac i a lis [VI I]

Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Foramen jugulare An terior part.'

S i n u s petro s u s i nfe r i o r N g loss o p h a ry n g e u s [IX]

Foramen mastoideum

Posterior part:

A. m e n i n g e a poste r i o r (A. p h a ryngea asce n d e nsl S i n u s s i g m o i d e u s ( B u lbus s u p e ri o r venae j u g u la risJ N . va g u s [X] R m e n i n g e u s ( N . va g u s [Xl i N . accesso r i u s [XI]

Canalis condylaris

Canaliculus mastoideus R a u ri c u la ri s n ervi vagi ( N . vag u s [X] I

Foramen magnum

Canalis nervi hypoglossi N . hypoglossu s [XI I ] Plexus ve n osus canalis n e rvi hypoglossi

Maxilla Os frontale Os parietale

..

Os palatinum

Os sphenoidale

Vomer

Os temporale

Os zygomaticum

Os occipitale

Fig. 467 External su rface of the cra n ial base, Basis cra n i i externa, and fora m i na .

Canalis condylaris V. e m i ssaria c o n dylaris Foramen magnum Meni nges Plexu s ve n o s u s vert e b ra lis intern u s ( S i n u s m a rg i na l i sl Aa . vert e b ra les (Aa . s u b c laviael A spi n a lis a nterior (Aa . verte b ra lesl M ed u lla o b l o n gata/M e d u lla s p i na lis R a d i ces s pi n a les (N. accessorius [Xlli

Ven t r i c les

To p o g ra p hy

Secti o n s

S p i n a l c o rd

265

Pathways

Internal surface of the cranial base Contents of t h e fora m i na of t h e i nternal s u rface of t h e c ra n i a l b a se Lamina cribrosa N n . o lfactorii [ I ] A e t h m o i d a l i s a nterior IA o p h t h a l m i c a l

Lamina et Foramina cribrosa

Canalis opticus N . opticus [ I I ] A o p h t h a l m i ca I A c a rotis i nterna l M en i n g es ; Vag i nae nervi optici Fissura orbitalis superior Medial part:

N. nasoc i liaris I N . o p h t h a l m i c u s [Vil l I N . o c u lomotorius [ I I I ] N . a b d u cens [VI]

Canalis opticus

L a teral part:

Fissura orbital is

N . tro c h lea ris [ I V] C o m mo n trunk of t h e : - N . fronta lis I N o p h t h a l m i c u s [V/ 1 ] - N . lacrima lis I N . o p h t h a l m i c u s [v/l l R. orbitalis IA. m e n i ngea m e d i a l V o p h t h a lmica s u perior Foramen rotundum N m a x i lla ris [V/2]

Foramen ovale

Foramen ovale N . man d i b u la r i s [V/3] Plex u s venosus fora m i n i s ova lis

Foramen lacerum; Fissura sphenopetrosa

Foramen spinosum R . m e n i n g e u s I N . m a n d i b u la r i s [V/3]1 A m e n i n g ea media IA. maxi lla risl

Foramen spinosum

Fissura sphenopetrosa et Foramen lacerum N petrosus m i no r I N . g losso p h a ryngeus [ lX l l N petro s u s m aj o r I N fa c i a l i s [Vl l l l N petrosus p rofu n d u s I Plexu s ca rot icus internusl

Apertura interna canalis carotici

Apertura interna canalis carotici � Canalis caroticus A. carotis interna, Pa rs petrosa Plexus venosus carot i c u s i nte rnus Plexus c a ro t i c u s internus ITru ncus sym path i c u s , G a n g l i o n cervi cale s u pe r i u s l

Porus acusticus internus

Porus � Meatus acusticus internus N fa c i a lis [VI I ] N vest i b u lococ h learis [VI I I] A la byri nthi IA bas i larisl Vv. la byri nthi

Foramen jugulare

Canalis condylaris

Foramen jugulare An terior part:

Canalis nervi hypoglossi

S i n u s petro s u s i nfe r i o r N g lossop h a ryngeus [IX] Posterior part:

A. m e n i ngea posterior IA p h a ryngea ascendensl Sinus s i g m o i d e u s I B u lb u s s u perior venae j u g ularisl N . va g u s [X] N accesso rius [XI] R m e n i n g e u s I N . va g u s [Xl l Canalis nervi hypoglossi N hypogloss u s [XI I ] Plex u s ve nosus ca na lis nervi hypog lossi

Foramen magnum

Os frontale

Os sphenoid ale

Os parietale

Os temporale

Os ethmoidale

Os occipitale

Canalis condylaris V. e m issa ria condylaris Foramen magnum M e n i nges Plexus ve nosus verte b ra lis internus ISinus m a rg i nalisl Aa . verteb ra les IAa . s u bclaviael A. s p i n a lis anterior IAa . verte b ra lesl M e d u lla o b lo n g a ta/M e d u lla s p i n a l i s R a d i ces s p i n a les I N . accesso r i u s [XI] )

Fig. 468 I nternal su rface of the c ra n i a l base, Basis cra n i i i nterna, a n d fora m i na.

266 1

�

B ra i n

��

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a l base

I

C ra n i a l nerves

I

M e n i n g es

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

Cranial nerves, overview

7

Fila olfactoria [IJ

N. opticus [IIJ

N. oculomOlOrlus N. trochlearis [IVJ N. abducens [Ill]

[IIIJ

e/ ~

N. tng

-

_ _ _

mlnus

:

.

f

}

(V]

N. facialis [VIIJ

N

vestibulocochlearis

[VIIIJ

N. glossopharyngeus [IX)

N

hypoglossus [XIIJ

N.

ac e

ssorius [Xl)

Fig, 469

C ranial nerves, N n . c raniales.

1 -7 T 55, T 57 1

Ventricles

Top o g ra p hy

Sect i o n s

267

Pathways

S p i n a l c o rd

Cranial nerves N oculomotorius [III]. R superior M. obliquus superior

Radix sensoria

Fissura orbitalis superior N. oculomotorius [III] Tectum mesencephali N. trochlearis [IV] N . trigeminus [V], Ganglion trigeminale

----,,.a..-��-=-�

M. rectus lateralis

--+-'-JI=:";;::;d'i::

Nn. ciliares breves Ganglion ciliare

N abducens [VI] N oculomotorius [III], R. inferior Radix parasympathica

Pyramis medullae oblongatae

Radix sympathica

Fig. 470 Oculo motor nerve. N. oculo motori u s [ I I I / . trochlear nerve. N . troch lea ris [IV], a n d abducens n e rve. N . abducens [VI ] ; viewed from t h e right. •

1 -7 T

57 C , d, f

Connections to the tri g e m i n a L ga ng Lion

M. obliquus bulbi inferior ( ;.. N. oculomotorius [III]. R. inferior)

M obliquus bulbi superior (;.. N. trochlearis [IV))

M. rectus bulbi medialis (;.. N. oculomotorius [III], R. superior)

-----HIH-••II "fW-r-+--,�""";'----

M. rectus bulbi superior (;.. N. oculomotorius [III]. R. superior)

M. rectus bulbi inferior (<- N . oculomotorius [III]. R. inferior)

---+-'I:f-l��'" M. rectus bulbi lateralis ( ;.. N. abducens [VI])

M. levator palpebrae superioris (;.. N. oculomotorius [III]. R. superior)

Fig. 471 I n n e rvation of the ocular m uscles; su perior view.

1

268'-

.. B ra i n

.. ..

B lo o d vessels

I

C ra n ia l base

C ra n i a l nerves

I

M e n i ng es

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

Cranial nerves N. supraorbitalis R lateralis

N. ethmoidal is anterior N. ethmoidalis posterior

R . medialis

�-=�="'''''!=��'''::-- N. supratrochlearis

R tentorius

{

N. infratrochlearis

N ophthalmicus [VII ]

Ganglion trigeminale

N trigeminus [V]

Radix motoria Radix sensoria

Glandula lacrimahs

---"T-+'''';::---�

R. communicans cum zygomatlco

nervD

Pons

N zygomaticus Nn. ciliares longi Ganglion ciliare R. communicans cum ganglio ciliari Fissura orbitalis superior

1 -7 T 57 e I

Fig. 472 Ophthalmic nerve, N . ophthalmicus [V/ 1 ] ; viewed from t h e right.

Rr. orbitales

Rr. nasales posteriores superiores laterales et mediales

Rr ganglion ares

(R. communicans cum nervo lacrimali)

N. trigeminus [V]

{

N zygomaticus RadIx motana

N, infraorbital is Canalis infraorbitalis

Radix sensoria Pons

Foramen infraorbitale R. zygomaticofacialis R. zygomaticotemporal is

R meningeus

Nn. alveolares superiores Nn nasopalatini N palatinus major

1 -7 T 57 e I

Nn. palatini minores

Fig. 473 Maxilla ry nerve, N. maxi llaris [V/2] ; viewed from t h e right.

Ventricles

To pog ra phy

S p i n a l cord

Sect i o n s

269

Pathways

Crania l nerves N. trigeminus [V]

{

Radix motoria Radix sensoria

Pons

[V/31 --1---;Jfi�liii��;�

---\-�L,.---li�,.r:-� .... \ ..\-��;:!iIII"� Foramen spinosum --�d------;Ef�Mfu�'fJ��

N . mandibularis

N, pterygoideus lateralis pterygoideus medialis

R. meningeus

IIngualls Rr. ganglionares

N. auriculotemporalis

A. meningea media ���=-t

Ganglion submandibulare Rr. linguales

Chorda tympani (N facialis) N masseterlcus N alveolaris inferior N. mylohyoideus N. mentahs

Plexus dental is inferior

Foramen

1-7 T 57 e I

Fig. 474 Mandibular nerve. N. mandib ularis [V/31; viewed from the right.

incisura supraorbitalis

Nn. supraorbitaies

N infraorbital is

--���-r:----;;!I\l:,.

G'l__

!&!'-S.JL-

-

-

Foramen infraorbitale

Fig. 475 Exit poi nts of the cutaneous b ranches of t h e trigeminal nerve, N . t ri g e m i n u s [Vl. Clinically. they a re referred to as nerve exit points.

menlale

.. B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a l base

I Cranial nerves I

Meninges

Pa rts o f t h e bra i n

Crania l nerves

Pons Pedunculus cerebellaris medius

.t-..l....l��::-:-;=-:"<�----"�--

Ganglion geniculi

--_-\-,..��.�

N. facialis [VII] N. stapedius

R communicans cum plexu tympanico

11=-----

----+___..,..,1.

Canalis nervi facialis

Meatus acustlcus InlernUs

N.

petrosus

major

Chorda tympani

---"r..�-n

""."r---

N. lingualis

Foramen stylomastoideum

�--

R. communicans cum nervo vago

_ _

Rr temporales Rr. zygomatici

R. communicans cum nervo glossopharyngeo

Rr. buccales

Plexus intraparotideus

,....... .. _ .. --- (R. lingualis)

N. auricularis posterior

R. marginalis mandibularis R. colli

Fig. 476 Facial nerve, N. facialis [VI I ] ; the facial canal and the tym panic cavity have b e e n opened; viewed from the right. •

Gyrus precentral is

Fibrae corticonucleares

C l i n i ca l t e r m : cerebellopo n t i n e a n g le

-----=--

--!-'=----"=o..,-

_ _

--\

_ _

M. frontalis M. orbicularis oculi

zygomalC'; }

Rr. temporales

Rr

Rr. buccales; R. marglnalls mandibularis; a

R. colli

/ /

f

N.

Nucleus nervi abducentis

M. levator labii superioris M. zygomaticus major M. zygomaticus minor

fac,ahs [VII]

Fig. 477 a, b N e u ronal struct u re of the motor part of the facial n e rve, N . facialis [VI I ] . a Overview b Representat i o n of the facial m u scles in the motor n u cleu s of the facial nerve Though t h e n u clei of the u p pe r facial m uscles receive

b

M. orbicularis oris

---­

------:::: //

Nucleus nervi

raclalls

/

i n nervation from both hemispheres, those of the lower faciol m uscles a re only i n n e rvated from the contralateral side. Therefore, patients with central palsy [*J a re still a b le to frown the brow and to close the eyelids just sufficiently. H owever, i n patients with peri phera l palsy [ * * J a l l facial m uscles a re paralyzed .

Ventricles

Top o g ra p hy

Sections

S p i n a l c o rd

2i71

Pathways

Cranial nerves Meatus acusticus internus Ganglion spirale cochleae

Pons

Pedunculus cerebellaris medius

Nn. ampullares lateralis et anterior

}

N. utricularis N. vestibularis

N. utriculoampullaris N. saccularis

N. cochlearis

N. ampullaris posterior N vestibulocochlearis [VIII)

Ganglion vestibulare

Fig. 478 Vest i b u lococ h lear nerve, N . vest i b u locochlearis [VI I I ] ; t h e m e mb ranous labyrinth is g reatly e n la rg e d ; poste rior view from the r i g h t . • Clinical term : cere bello pontine an gle

Medulla oblongata, Sulcus retroolivaris

N. mandibularis [V/3) Y'":"_�- Ganglion oticum

N. glossopharyngeus [IX)

Foramen jugulare Ganglion superius (IX) R. commUnicans cum ramo auriculari nervi vagi

--,����c....�

N. petrosus minor

---!--j".'Y�)?--"",

Plexus tympanicus

--+---ct<>,-�+_--.J\i

N tympanicus

Ganglion inferius

R sinus carotici

G lo

mus caroticum

Rr.

pharyngeales

A carotis communis

Fig. 479 Glosso pharyngeal nerve, N. g lossopharyngeus [IX] ; viewed from t h e rig ht.

Pars inferior

)

Pars supenor

.. B ra i n

.... I B lo o d vessels I

C ra n i a l base

I

Cranial nerves

I

M e n i n ges

Cranial nerves Sulcus retroolivaris Foramen jugulare Ganglion superius Ganglion inferius vagus (X)

(X)

N.

[Xl

PO()S X R. auricularis R. meningeus cans ycumngeo nerR. communi vo glossophar Rr. pharyngeales laryngeus superior N.

A carotis communis Rr. cardieasci cervicales supenor A. subclavia -����I larydngeus recurrens car i a ci 1' 4 � � U � jjjI r+-I!; -Rr. Truncus brachiocephalicus Arcus aortae --;;-.,....'{d.r,;�ttt-- Rrcer. carvicdaliaecis itnhforeraiocirecsi Plexus cardiacus -��#ir-�IJ; Plexus pulmonalis _, "'---

Jt#,�-Ti:......-- N.

....1"""'''---

Plexus oesophageus Rr. Rr.

�;:"_t7'----�r--

hepaticI

Hiatus oesophageus Rr. gastrici anteriores (Rr. splenici)

(Rr. pancreatici)

coellacl

Fig. 480 Vagus nerve, N . vag u s [Xl ; both n e rves; semi-schematic; a nterior view.

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

Ve ntricles

I

Top o g ra p hy

S e ct i o n s

I

S p i n a l c o rd

2i73

I Pat hways I

Cranial nerves

Tmncus nervi accessorii

-i"'-.�[tII9;��

N.

vagus [XI

-

R, lnternus

Foramen Jugutare Rr,

musculares

------<:'".

Fig. 481 Accessory nerve, N . accessorius [XI] ; viewed from the ri g ht.

Sulcus anterolateralls

Canalis nervi hypoglossi

N.

hypoglossus [XII)

Radix superior (Plexus cervical is)

(R.

Ihyrohyoideus)

Fig. 482 Hypoglossal nerve, N , hypoglossus [XII]: viewed from the rig ht.

•

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a l base

I

Cra n i a l nerves

I

Meni nges

P a rts of t h e b ra i n

Cranial nerves N_ nasociliaris A . ophthalmica

Fissura orbitalis superior N oculomotorius [III) N ophthalmicus [VII)

N trigeminus [V) ---.:....-.

"*'11--- M. sphincter pupillae Ganglion trigeminale

Plexus caroticus

----+-

M. ciliaris Nn. ciliares breves

---+-\---p.

Ganglion ciliare Radix sensoria

Ganglion cervicale supenus

Radix parasympathica

Medulla cervicalis

Radix sympathica

N uclear reg i o n : Accessory n u cleus of the oculomotor nerve, N u cleus accesso ri u s nervi oculo m otorii

Fig. 483 C i l i a ry ganglion, Ganglion c i li a re : overview.

_ ..

_ ..

General visceral-efferent fibres (GVE) Specific visceral-efferent fibres (SVE)

General and specific visceral-afferent fibres (G/SVA) General somatic-afferent fibres (GSA)

_

N. infraorbitalis'

Foraman

ralUndum

zygomaticus Radix sensoria: Rr. ganglionaJes

Glandula lacrimalis

Ganglion trigeminale

N facialis [VII) ----�.-Radix parasympathlca: --f-.f------"<� N. pelrosus major

N

Rr. nasales posteriores superiores laterales'

Radix sympath,ca petrosus profundus

Foramen sphenopalatinum N. nasopalatinus'

Plexus caroticus Rr. nasales posteriores superiores mediales' Ganglion cervicale supenus

Medulla cervical is

N. palatinus major, Rr. nasales posteriores inferiores' N canalis pterygoidei

Fig. 484 Pteryg o palat i n e ganglion, Ganglion pterygo palat i n u m ; overv i ew. •

I n n e rvation of the g la nd s of the nose a n d the p a late

Sympathetic fibres

Nn_ palatini minores'

N uclear region: S u p e rior salivatory n u cleus, N ucleus sa livato rius s u perior

Ventricle s

To pog ra phy

S e ct i o n s

S p i n a l cord

Cranial

N.

N. facialis

N,

Radix parasympathica: N. petrosus minor N.

muscu li tensoris tympani

Foramen ovale

[VII]

Glandula parotidea

-------l't,\.

Radix sensoria: Rr. ganglionares

::::� : ::=::�::::=-

� t\t /i -

mandibularis [V/3]

N.

---------_''--,,L---'''l''' .......

-

-

nerves

Ganglion trigeminale

trigeminus [V]

glossopharyngeus [IX]

Plexus tympanicus

2i75

Pathways

-

���

;:: t---...-..--:.._...:;:.:::;�

N.

buccal is

N.

musculi tensoris veli palatini

-

------\N,

lingualis

N.

alveolaris inferior

Chorda tympani

N.

Medulla cervical is

Radix sympathica Ganglion cervicale superius

A. meningea media

Nuclear reg i o n : I n ferior salivatory n ucleus, N u c leus salivatorius i nferior

Fig. 485 Otic ganglion. Ganglion oti c u m ; overview.

.. ..

auriculotemporalis

General visceral-efferent fibres (GVE) Specific visceral-efferent fibres (SVE)

_ ..

_

General and specific visceral-afferent fibres (G/SVA) General somatic-afferent fibres (GSA)

Sympathetic fibres

Ganglion trigeminale

Foramen ovale N

RadlJl

mandibularis [V/3]

parasympathlca.: Chorda tympani

----\lM\---r/Q

Radix sensoria: Rr. ganglion ares

N.

lingualis Glandulae salivariae minores

Plexus caroticus

---��\--------1oJ.1"� Glandula sublingualis

Ganglion cervicale superius --------/

Medulla cervical is

Fig. 486 S u b m a n d i b u lar ganglion, Ganglion subma n d i b u lare; overview.

Ganglion submandibulare

Glandula submandibularis

N u c lear reg i o n : Superior salivatory n u cleus, N u cleus salivatorius su perior

B ra i n

�

B lood vessels

C ra n i a l base

[ Cra n i a l nerves [

Meni nges

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

Cranial nerves, topography

Corpus callosum, Genu

Septum pellucidum Sinus sagittalis superior

Falx cerebri A. cerebri anterior Foramen interventriculare Sinus sagittalis inferior Bulbus oifactorius Tractus olfactorius

Corpus callosum, Truncus

Chiasma opticum Plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii A ophthalmica

Adhesio interthalamica

Tractus opticus

Ventriculus tertius

N. oculomotorius [IIIJ

Substantia nigra

(Plica petroclinoidea anterior) N trochlearis [IVJ N abducens [VIJ --;:---....1:

-

N. trigeminus [V] -------l Tentorium cerebelli

= ==� t � tl i = = = = = � �� J� �� �lt:=:�-:-----jfill.J�---.:-":'-

..::

---=====t=��::=�=== � _ _ _ _ _

Nucleus ruber Corpus callosum, Splenium V. magna cerebri

Glandula pinealis

N facialis [VIIJ N, vestibulocochlearis [VIIIJ N, glossopharyngeus ---....!7".;,,:::--�-----::;; [IXJ N, vagus [XJ

Pedunculus cerebri Colliculus superior sinister Colliculi inferiores

N accessorius [XIJ N hypoglossus [XIIJ Vermis cerebelli

Velum medullare inferius

Ventriculus quartus

N. accessorius [XI], Radices spinales

Confluens sinuum Plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti

Tuberculum cuneatum Medulla spinalis

Fig. 487 Course of the cra n ia l nerves, N n . c raniales, i n the subarac h n o i d space; the left hemisphere of the cerebrum and the cerebellum as well as the tentori u m cerebelli have been removed.

Ventricles

Top o g ra phy

S e ct i o n s

S p i n a l cord

2117

I Pathways I Cra n ia l

nerves,

topography

Capsula interna

Ventriculus lateralis. Cornu frontale

A. carotis interna.

Ventriculus lateral is. Cornu temporale

Pars cerebralis

A. cerebri posterior A, cerebri anterior

Cisterna ambiens; Pedunculus cerebri

N.

N.

trochlearis [IV]

N

trigeminus [V]

---t--:-�..J���}�

�7'#7---_:_�-:------,!� - A. ophthalmica N.

----.F-----,/-"--....,.,�...... .. ,.

oculomotorius [III] Sinus petrosus superior N.

opticus [II]

A. carotis interna.

Pars cavernosa

abducens [VI] Sinus cavernosus

N.

Ganglion trigeminale

N.

mandibularis [V/3]

N

ophthalmicus [V/1]

maxiliaris [V/2]

Fig. 488 Course of the c ranial nerves, N n . c raniales, i n the m i d d le cranial fossa, Fossa c ranii media.

A. cerebri anterior dextra.

Pars postcommunicalis Chiasma opticum Substantia nigra

----;�;;;;;;;;;= ;;; ....,_-_....

--T------=��!"!!.iIiiI

--,-----_..J

Pedunculus cerebri. --��_....:._ .. _ Crus cerebri N

oculomotorius [III] N.

Infundibulum

-'_�--7'"-:--t-:.. ----.! .."-'----....:--

trochlearis [IV]

N.

opticus [II]

A. carotis interna.

Pars cerebralis

A. ophthalmica

(Plica petroclinoidea anterior) trigeminus M. Radix motoria

N.

N

trigeminus [V]. Radix sensoria

N.

ophthalmicus [V/1]

Ganglion trigeminale*

abducens [VI] N.

N

N.

N.

maxiliaris [V/2]

N.

mandibularis [V/3]

facial is [VII]

vestibulocochlearis [VIII]

Fig. 489 Arteries and nerves in the reg ion of the sella turc ica, Sella turcica, and the cavernous s i n u s , Sinus cavernosus. •

C l i n i ca l terrn: GASSERian ganglion

2i7 8

.. B ra i n

i

A

B tood vess e ts

C ra n i a l b a s e

C ra n i a l nerves

Meninges

of

Vessels and nerves the crania l base Nn. olfactorii [I] A. communicans anterio r . Pars postcommunicalis •

cerebrl antenor { Pars pfecommunicalls • N opticus [II] A. carotis interna, Pars cerebralis A ophthalmlca .

Proc clinoideus anterior

N trochlearis [IV] N. frontalis N. lacrimalis

Proc clinoideus posterior •

Fissura orbitalis superior

N abducens [VI] N. nasociliaris

Foramen rotundum

N. oculomotorius [III] A. carotis interna, • Pars cavernosa N maxillaris [V/2]

• A. cerebri posterior

•

Sulcus caroticus

A Plexus caroticus intern us Plexus venosus caroticus intern us • Plexus venosus . foraminis ovalis N. mandibularis [V/3]

(

Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale

cerebri precommuni�;I�� postenor Pars . postcommunicalis R meningeus A. meningea media . N petrosus minor , N petrosus major A. basilaris • N facial is [VII] N vestibulocochlearis [VIII] N accessorius [XI] " A. meningea posterior . N vagus [X] N glossopharyngeus [IX]

A

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

•

Sulcus arteriae meningeae mediae '"'Apex partis petrosae ... -....-Foramen spinosum Canalis caroticus • A. superior cerebelli Hiatus canalis nervi petrosi minoris Hiatus canalis nervi petrosi majoris Porus acusticus internus • A labyrinthi Foramen jugulare Sulcus sinus sigmoidei • A. inferior anterior cerebelli Canalis nervi hypoglossi

•

-_ --: _

•

•

N hypoglossus [XII]

• A. vertebralis • A. inferior posterior

cerebelli

Spatium subarachnoideum

1 � 467. 468. 563 1

Fig. 490 Passage of vessels a n d n erves t h ro u g h the i nternal s urface of cranial base, Basis cra n i i i nterna, and the cerebral a rterial c i rcle, C i rculus arteriosus cere b ri [WILLIS] ; superior vi ew.

Ventricles

To pog ra p hy

Sect i o n s

Pathways

S p i n a l c o rd

Cavernous sinus and pituitary gland Dorsum sellae NeurohypophysIs

Sinus intercavernosus posterior Infundibulum

-�;;;:;;:�������

Diaphragma sellae N. opticus [II] Sinus intercavernosus anterior

C�

Pars

:::' ••iilOi;::�

��:;;;�����-

_ _ � .... .

luberalis

Pars inte rmedla Pars dlslails

J

Adenohypophysis

Sella turcica, Fossa hypophysial is

Os sphenoid ale , Corpus

Fig. 491

Pitu itary g la n d , Hypophysis [Gla n d u la pituitaria].

Diaphragma sellae Sinus intercavernosi

Chiasma opticum

�_...I.------- A. ophthalmica

...----..,.:...--- A. carotis interna,

N. oculomotorius [III]

Pars cerebralis

A carotis interna, Pars cavernosa

Proc. clinoideus anterior

NeUrOhYPOPhYSIS )

----__b; -----....f-...Jl!�'10

Infundibulum

N trochlearis [IV] N abducens [VI] N ophthalmicus [V/1]

-------Jlf"J

Ade�ohypophysls

Dura mater cranialis

Hypophysis

lGlandula pllultarla]

Sella turcica, Fossa hypophysialis

N. maxillaris [V/2]

Sinus sphenoidal is Septum sinuum sphenoidalium

Apex partis petrosae Fissura sphenopetrosa (Fibrocartilago basalis)

Fig. 492 Pituita ry g la n d , Hypophysis [Gla nd ula pituitarial, and cavernous sinus, Sinus cavernosus.

(Proc. clinoideus medius) N. opticus [II] A. carotis interna, Pars cerebralis A. ophthalmica

�

Sulcus prechiasmaticus Diaphragma sellae

-j�ft#!..--:--- Hypophysis [Glandula pituitaria] !;>---- N. abducens [VI]

����.r-�-- Fissura sphenopetrosa

N. oculomotorius [III] N. trochlearis [IV] N ophthalmicus [V/1]

A. carotis interna, Pars cavernosa

N. maxillaris [V/2] Ganglion trigeminale

---H�::::::�iii����

�---

N. mandibularis [V/3]

Fig. 493 Cavernous s i nus, S i n u s cavernosus; the part of the c ra n i a l d u ra mater forming the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus has been removed; the t rigeminal ganglion has been reflected to the side.

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

Cra n i a l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

M e n i n ges

Cranial dura mater and superior sagittal sinus

Galea aponeurotica

Sinus sagittalis superior

���"";;',----

Lamina intern a

Granulationes arachnoideae

A, meningea

media, R, frontalis

Lacunae laterales

-----=:'""�r.;..!-�C_�

Granulationes arachnoideae

Dura mater cranialis

A. meningea media,

R, parietalis

Fig. 494 C ranial d u ra mater, D u ra mater cranialis, a n d s u perior sagittal s i nus, Sinus sagittalis s u perior, with some lateral lacu nae, Lacunae laterales,

Ve ntricles

To pog ra p hy

Sect i o n s

S p i n a l cord

281

Pathways

Superficial vessels of the brain

Dura mater cranial is

Vv. superiores cerebri. ---"-7'--'iiii Vv frontales

S inus sagittalis superior

-�-)�����i��:J_�1)�j1 1

A. callosomarginalis

Vv. mediae superficiales cerebri V. anastomotica ---t�'--"'-----V'C" superior

I �� .. Vv superiores --IIii:III,... cerebri, Vv. parietales

Rr. para­ centrales

sulci postcentral is

A.

Granulationes arachnoideae

R. gyri angularis

Vv superiores cerebri, Vv. occipitales

_=--- R- parietooccipitalis

Fig. 495 S u perficial a rteries a n d ve ins of the b ra i n ; the cranial d u ra mater h a s b e e n removed a n d the s u pe rior sagittal sinus has been sect i o n e d ; after removal of the cra n i a l a rachnoid mater.

.. B ra i n

.. ..

B lood vessels

C ra n i a l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i nges

Cranial arachnoid mater

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri

Arachnoidea mater cranialis

Vv, superiores cerebri, Vv parietales

Granulationes arachnoideae*

Fig. 496 B ra i n , Encephalo n , with cra n i a l a ra c h noid mater, Ara c h n o i dea mater cra n ialis; superior view. * Also: PAC C H I O N l a n g ra n ulations

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

Ve ntricles

To p o g ra p h y

Sections

S p i n a l c o rd

Pathways

Cranial arachnoid mater

Bulbus olfactorius Cisterna chiasmatica

HypophYSIS N. opticus [II] C isterna fossae lateralis cerebri

A. carotis interna

Cisterna interpeduncularis

N. abducens [VI]

Cisterna amblens

"�':"':"'--1'-::--;;'--- N

intermedius (N. facialis [VII])

A

ba51lans

N vestibulocochlearis [VIII] N. glossopharyngeus [IX]

Cisterna ponto· cerebellans N. accessorius [XI] Arachnoidea mater cranial is Pia mater cranial is Medulla oblongata

Cisterna cerebellomedullaris

Fig. 497 B ra i n , Encephalon, with cra n i a l a rachnoid mater, Arachnoidea mater cra n ialis

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels ���

Cra n i a l base

Overview

Fore b r a i n

I C ra n i a l n e rves I M i d bra i n

M e n i n g es

H i n d b ra i n

Parts of the b ra i n

C e re b ra l t racts

Organisation of the brain

Prosencephalon Mesencephalon '

Encephalon

,"omO'"",,,"'''"

{Telencephalon

{

Die ncephalo n

--------/

Pons'

Cerebellum (=

MetencephalOn)

Medu l l a oblongata- [BUlbus]

(= Myelencephalon)

Medulla spinalis

Fig. 498 O rg a n isation of the central nervous system ; median secti o n ; schema. Parts ma rked with * together form the b ra i nstem, Tru ncus encephali.

ThalamlJs

N.

Foramen interventriculare

fro tale

Lobus

fromalis

Prosencephalon

{

(

TelencePhalon Diencephalon

Rhombencephalon

{Pons

Mesencephalon Metencephalon

r \ Operculum

oculomotorius [III]

Sulcus centralis Lobus parietal is

Operculum parietale

Lobus occipitalis

Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

Fig. 499 Development of the bra i n ; model o f t h e b ra i n o f an a p p rox. 2-month -old e m b ryo; median section.

Fig. 500 Develo pment of the b ra i n ; b ra i n of an a p p rox. 4-month-old foetus (crown-rump length 20 cml; viewed from the left.

Ve n t r i c les

To p o g ra p hy

Sect i o ns

S p i n a l cord

285

Pat hways

Cortex

Flssur2

Polus

long�udlnalis cerebrl

fronlalis

Sulcus frontalis superior

Gyrus frontalis superior Sulcus frontalis inferior

Gyrus frontalis medius

Sulcus precentralis

Gyrus precentral is

----+Sulcus central is

Gyrus postcentral is

---+��..: �.E'?-�7it--- Sulcus

postcentral is

Gyrus supramarginalis

Gyrus angularis Sulcus intraparietal is Lobulus parietalis superior

Lobulus parietalis inferior

Sulcus parietooccipitalis

Polus oropltali$

Fig. 501 Cerebrum, Cerebru m ; after removal o f t h e cra n i a l a rachnoid mater; superior view. Formation of the gyri va ries considera b ly.

B ra i n

�

B lo o d vessels ���

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

C ra n i a l base

Overview

Fore b ra i n

M id bra i n

Meni nges

H i n d brain

Parts o f t h e bra i n

C ere bra l tracts

of

Base the brain

Polus frontalis Fissura longitudinalis cerebri Sulci orbitales

Sulcus olfactorius

Gyri orbitales

Bulbus olfactorius Tractus olfactorius

Polus temporalis

Chiasma opticum Stria olfactoria lateralis Tuber cinereum N,

Gyrus parahippocampalis, Uncus Corpus mamillare

Fossa interpeduncularis

Gyrus occipito­ temporalis lateralis

N. trigeminus [V], Radix motoria

Sulcus temporalis ----;;r-;:�-_ inferior Pedunculus cerebri

__-�

-��:-;-;;-;-:-"iif'P"-::::;

N. mandibularis [V/3] Ganglion Irigeminale

_ _

Gyrus parahippocampalis

maxillaris [V/2]

N, ophthalmicus [V/I ]

N. trochlearis [IV]

N. trigeminus [V] N. intermedius

Pons N. trigeminus [VJ, Radix sensoria

N. facialis [VII]

N.

abducens [VI]

N vestibulo­ cochlearis [VIII] Lobus flocculonodularis, Flocculus Hemispherium cerebelli

N

Pyramis medullae oblongatae Medulla oblongata, Fissura mediana anterior

glossopharyngeus [IX]

Tonsilla cere belli N hypoglossus [XII] POluS occipitalis

Oecussatio pyramidum

Vermis cerebelli

Fig. 502 Cerebrum, Cerebru m ; bra i nstem, Tru n c u s encephali, with cere bellu m , Cerebe llum, a s w e l l as c ranial nerves, N n . c ra n i a les; i nferior vi ew,

Ventric les

Top o g ra p hy

Sections

S p i n a l cord

287

Pathways

Base of the brain

Fissura longitudinalis cerebrl Polus frontalis Gyrus re<::tus Gyri orbllales

Sulci orbitales

Polus temporalis

Inlundlbulum

Tuber cinereum

Fossa lateralis cerebri Trigonum olfactorium Fossa interpeduncularis

Corpus mamillare

Pedunculus �r � � cerebri �� � -= � � � ��-�

Gyri occipito­ temporales medialis et lateralis

_

�---;'----::"ij�-�����r---:"-.J� Substantia nigra

Gyrus temporalis inferior

Sulcus hippocampalis

Substantia perforata posterior

Sulcus collateralis

Gyrus parahippocampalis

Gyrus cingull

Gyrus lingualls

Aqueductus mesencephali

Polus occipitalis ,/

Gyri, Gyri, and g rooves, Sulci, of the cerebral hemispheres; the midbra i n has been sectioned. Fig. 503

Corpus callosum, Splenium

288

,'1

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels ���

C ra n i a l base

Overview

Forebrain

I C ra n ia l n e rves I M i d b ra i n

Parts of the bra i n

M e n i n g es

H i n d b ra i n

C e re b ra l t racts

Lobes of the telencephalon

Polus frontalis Sulcus centralis Lobus frontalis

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri

Lobus parietalis

Lobus frontalis --/'----

Sulcus central is

--__

_

Polus frontalis

Lobus parietal is --+---'-----.;'-

Polus occipitalis

Lobus temporal is

Fossa lateralis cerebri

Sulcus parietooccipitalis

Incisura preoccipital is Sulcus lateralis

Polus occipitalis

Fig. 505 Lobes of the cerebrum, Lobi cerebri; viewed fro m the left.

Fig. 504 Lobes of the cerebrum. Lobi cerebri; superior vi ew.

Polus frontalis Gyrus cinguli Sulcus cinguli Polus temporal is

Lobus frontalis

Fossa lateralis cerebri

.r:;; II!:d!�:w --,f--r--:...� -, -+ .;j� �"..,,� Lobus limbicus, - -I---:Lobus temporalis

Sulcus parieto­ occipitalis

Diencephalon

Gyrus parahippocampalis

-

-

Polus frontalis

Sulcus calcarinus ------- Polus occipitalis

Sulcus coliateralis Sulcus hippocampal is

Lobus occipitalis

Incisura preoccipitalis Mesencephalon Lobus temporal is Polus occipitalis

Fig. 506 Lobes of the cerebrum, Lobi cerebri; i nferior view.

Fig. 507 Lobes of the cerebrum, Lobi cerebri; medial view.

Incisura pre­ occipitalis

Ve ntricles

Top o g ra p hy

Sections

S p i n a l cord

Pat hways

Cerebral cortex Operculum frontale; Operculum parietale Gyrus precentral is

Gyrus frontalis inferior, Pars opercularis

Sulcus centralis" Gyrus postcentral is Sulcus postcentralis

Gyrus frontalis superior

Sulcus lateralis, R, posterior Gyrus frontalis medius ------.---<

Gyrus supramarginal is Gyrus angularis

Polus Irontalis Gyrus frontalis inferior, Pars triangularis

Lobulus parietalis superior

-.-1����-£�1:;2"

Gyrus frontalis inferior. Pars orbitalis Sulcus lateralis'

{

Lobulus parietalis inferior "- --- Sulcus parietooccipitalis Sulcus temporal is superior

R. ascendens

Sulcus lunatus

Polus temporalis Gyrus temporalis superior

Polus occipitalis

Sulcus temporalis superior

Incisura preoccipitalis

Gyrus temporalis medius

Sulcus temporalis inferior

Fig. 508 Gyri, Gyri, and g rooves, S ulci, of the cerebral hemispheres; viewed from the left. *

Sulcus

of SYLVIUS

* * S u k u s � ROLANDO

Sulcus circularis insulae

Gyrus longus insulae Lobus frontalis -........ ..., "",.:'1

Limen insulae

Lobus occipitalis

...k--=:---:,...I-'-.J .....

-

Incisura preoccipital is

Fig. 509 Gyri, Gyri, a n d g rooves, Sulci, of the cerebra l hemispheres; exposure of the i nsula after removal of t h e frontal, parietal and temporal opercula ; viewed from t h e left.

289

2 9 0':

�

B ra i n

��

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a l base Fore b ra i n

I C ra n i a l n e rves I M i db ra i n

M e n i ng e s

H i n d b ra i n

Cerebra l tracts

Gyri of the cerebral hemispheres Margo superior

Sulcus intraparietalis

Sulcus parietooccipitalis

Sulcus et Fossa lateralis cerebri

Incisura preoccipitalis

Margo inferolateralis

Fig. 5 1 0 Gyri, Gyri, of the cere bral hemispheres; viewed from the left.

A�"'IiiiO::--t-:--H--- Isthmus gyri cinguli

Gyrus pataterminalis Gyrus temporalls IOrerior Margo Inreromedlalls

Fig. 5 1 1 Gyri, Gyri , of the cere bra l h e m i s pheres; medial view.

Parts o f t h e bra i n

Ventricles

To p o g ra phy

Sections

S p i n a l c o rd

Pathways

Cortical areas

2&1

Gyrus postcentralis

Gyrus frontalis inferior, Pars opercularis

Gyrus temporalis transversus anterior

Fig. 5 1 2 Functional cortical a reas of the cere b ra l hemispheres accord i n g to FO ERST E R ; viewed from the left.

.. ..

The somatotopic o rgan isation is illustrated schematically, The primary receivi ng a rea for aud itory i m p u lses I(J extends over the upper edge of the tempora l lobe onto its i n n e r surface.

Motor proiection area

Auditory projection area

Motor association area

Auditory association area

Sensory projection area Sensory association area

..

Visual projection area Visual association area

Gyrus precentralls Gyrus postcentralls

,�-�--

Fig. 5 1 3 Functional cortical a reas of the cerebra l hemispheres according to FOERSTE R ; medial view.

Sulcus calcarinus

The somatotopic o rgan isation is i llustrated schematically,

292 "

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels ���

C ra n ia l b a se

Overview

Foreb rain

I C ra n ia l n e rves I M i d bram

Meninges

H i n d b ra i n

Parts of t h e bra i n

Cere b ra l t racts

Fornix

Chiasma opticum Trigonum olfactorium

Fornix. Columna

Tractus opticus

Uncus --��----�--���-

_-l---'-,--r'i;---r::"·

Gyrus parahippo­ campalis

Corpus amygdaloideum

r'����;,.Q��t--i-*��-ll_ Fornix,

Corpus

Gyrus dentatus

Corpus callosum. Truncus Corpus callosum. Splenium

Fig. 5 1 4 Fornix, Fornix; after removal of the basal parts of the b ra i n ; i nferior view.

Fornix. Corpus Sulcus cinguli

Corpus callosum, Truncus

Corpus callosum, Splenium Fornix, Columna (Pars libera)

Fornix. Crus

Sulcus parietooccipitalis

Corpus callosum. Genu

L......I�---:;".-;f"- Corpus callosum, Rostrum

Sulcus ��I��rlnll._

1-- F'oltJS frontalis

Bulbus olfactorius Polus occipitalis Lobus occipitalis Thalamus Fimbria hippocampi Fornix. Columna (Pars tecta) Gyrus dentatus Fasciculus mamillothalamicus

Gyrus parahippocampalis. Uncus

Fig. 5 1 5 Fornix. Fornix; i nferomedial view.

Ventricles

To p o g ra p h y

S e ct i o n s

S p i n a l cord

293

Pathways

Fornix and anterior commissure Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu frontale

Commissura anterior Chiasma opticum VentCorricnuluustelmpor ateraalilse, Pons

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri (Centrum semiovale) N.

oculomotorius [I IJ trochlearis [IVJ trigeminus [V] abducens [VIJ

N.

N.

N

--..;..:.,.

Flocculus Plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti Hemispherium cerebelli Medulla oblongata

--�""'�.�""",..:>i�Y-I

vestibulocochlearis [VI IJ glossopharyngeus [IXJ vagus [XJ accessorius [XIJ hypoglossus [XI J N.

N.

N

N.

N.

Fig. 5 1 6 Anterior commissure . Commissura a nterior, and bra i nstem, Tru ncus e ncephali ; after partial removal of the basal parts of the cere b r u m ; a nterior-i nferior view.

Fornix, Corpus {(Pars

Foramina Interventrlcularla

Fornix, Columna

anterior

Commi&sura

I

Pars

lateraJes Commissura Corpus callosum, Splenium Gyrus fasciolaris

Ilbera)

(Pars tecta)

Fornix,

anterior

Pars posterior

Corpus amygdaloideum Corpus mamil are

Taenia fornlels

Pes hippocampi

1 grlseum

Striae longitudinaJes Indusium mediaJes Striae longitudinates

Fimbria hippocampi Gyrus dentatus

Fig. 5 1 7 B ot h fornices, Fornices, and a nterior commissure , Commiss u ra anteri or; viewed from the left.

... B ra i n

...

...

B lo o d vessels ... ... ...

C ra n i a l base

Overview

Forebrain

I Cra n i a l n e rves I M i d b ra i n

M e n i n g es

Parts of the bra i n

C e re b r a l tracts

H in d b ra i n

8asalganglia Sinus sagittal is superior V. thalamostriata superior Corpus callosum, Truncus Ventriculus lateralis, Pars centralis Caput nuclei caudati

Fornix, Corpus Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis

V. interna cerebri Thalamus

Capsula interna Capsula externa

Putamen

Capsula extrema Globi pallidi lateralis et medialis

Aa. insulares

Vv. mediae superficiales cerebri

A cerebri media, Rr. terminales

Insula Aa centrales anterolaterales Ventriculus tertius Corpus amygdaloideum

V. media profunda cerebri

Ventriculus lateral is, Cornu temporale

Hippocampus Vv inferiores cerebri

A. cerebri media, Pars sphenoidalis

Fig. 5 1 8 B lood supply of the basal ganglia; fro ntal sect i o n ; t h e a rteries a re shown o n the right a n d the vei ns o n the left; posterior view.

Nucleus caudatus, Corpus Ventriculus lateralis, Pars centralis Thalamus

Ventriculus lateral is, Cornu frontale

-�-

Nucleus caudatus, Caput

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu occipitale

Nucleus caudatus. Cauda Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale

Fig. 5 1 9 Basal ganglia and thala m u s , Thala m u s ; viewed from the left.

Ventricles

To p o g ra p hy

Sect i o n s

S p i n a l c o rd

Pathways

Diencephalon _______ Fornix, Commissura .---____ _ Corpus callosum, Splenium --Fornix, Corpus

Fornix, Colu mna

=���===�;:::=:::=���

Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii

Gyrus paraterminalis ---=��i----=-Commissura anterior

-+"'-

--= '-

----l+ -; �'--

-

Area subcallosa ----0:-:*,.--­ Lamina terminalis --::'--:f-'-----::ii�

Hypothalamus -.....!.-\1r:--::-,'-,,:iiIIF:r-'---­ Recessus supraopticus ---i=-'''���tc,;,..."c Recessus infundibuli

t,!:...c---- Sulcus hypothalamicus

.:..:=-�---- Commissura habenularum Recessus suprapinealis

---",;!�t;.c...�..::­

Recessus pinealis Glandula pinealis

Chiasma opticum --...;:..�-­ Corpus mamiliare sinistrum

Commissura posterior Tectum mesencephali

Cisterna chiasmatica

Tegmentum mesencephali

A. cerebri posterior

Aqueductus mesencephali

Sinus intercavernosus

Cisterna interpeduncularis

Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis

Velum medullare superius

A. basilaris Plexus basilaris

Fig. 520 T h i rd ventricle, Ventriculus tertius; median secti o n.

� , �

Fornix, Corpus Corpus callosum, Rostrum Columna fornicis Commissura anterior Lamina terminalis

Foramen interventriculare

Adhesio interthalamica Plexus choroideus Stria medullaris thalami Nucleus dorsomedialis

Nuclei paraventriculares

Nucleus dorsalis hypothalami

Area hypothalamica lateralis

Area hypothalamica lateralis

Nuclei preoptici Nucleus anterior hypothalami Tractus paraventriculohypophysial is Nucleus suprachiasmaticus

.....

--T---�---�-J.��

�::=;:�::::,::::::"...."

Nuclei tegmentales

Chiasma opticum N . opticus [II] A hypophysialis superior (A carotis interna, Pars cerebralis)

------;-- Nucleus posterior hypothalami ,:-__L_ Fasciculus mamillotegmentalis

_ _ _ _

--'---�---::;;;-"'-:�

Recessus supraopticus Nucleus supraopticus

Fasciculus mamillothalamicus

(Nuclei corporis mamillaris)

�

Nucleus ruber Substantia pertorala posterior

Tractus hypothalamo­ hypophysialis

Nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami

Adenohypophysis Nuclei tuberales et arcuati Vv. portales hypophysiales A_ hypophysialis inferior (A

Neurohypophysis

Fig. 521 Hypothalamus, Hypothalamus; overview; nucle i a re illustrated translucently ; medial view.

Tractus supra­ opticohypophysialis

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels ���

C ra n ia l base

Overview

Forebrain

I C ra n i a l n e rves I M id b rain

Meninges

H i n d b ra i n

Parts of t h e bra i n

C e rebral t racts

Thalamic nuclei Ventnculus lateralis.

Cornu Irontale

Capsula interna

b

Left cerebraL hem isphere ; viewed from the Left

c

Right cere b ra L hemisp here; mediaL view

Nuclei reticulares Nuclei anteriores

b.!...:u ... t=:��--

Nuclei mediales Nuclei mediani; Adhesio interthalamica Nuclei ventrales: Nucleus ventralis anterior; Nucleus ventralis intermedius; Nucleus ventralis posterolateralis; Nucleus ventralis posteromedial is Nucleus parafascicularis Nucleus centromedianus Nucle, dorsales:

,

Nucleus posterior; Nuclei pulvinares ( Nucle, metalhalami): Nucleus corporis geniculati lateral/s Nuoleus corporis genlculati medialis

a

H orizonta L section throug h the Left cerebraL hemisphere

Fig. 522 a-c N uclei and corticaL p roj ections of the thaLamus, ThaLa m u s. Corresponding nuclei a n d corticaL projections a re ind icated by the same coLo u r.

Fibrae corticospinales; Fibrae corticorubrales; Fibrae corticoreticulares; Fibrae corticothalamicae; Fibrae thalamoparietales

Nucleus caudatus, Corpus

Crus antenus capsulae ,nternae

(

Fig. 523 ThaLa m i c nucle i ; o b Li q u e view from posterior. Fo r coLo u r coding see Fig. 522.

Genu capsulae internae. Fibrae corticonucleares Thalamus

r;--r-""�=---- Radiationes thalami centrales

�:::-���-- Radiatianes

Radlat,ones thalam, antenores Tractus frontapantonus

thalami peste rio res

----t-<':'!dlH"-

Fibrae parieta­ occipitapantinae Radiatia aptica

Tractus apticus

----;I'<,.

Pedunculus cerebri

--.;l.-

_ _

_

Fig. 524 ThaLamic radiation, Radiationes thaLa m i , a n d i nternaL capsule . CapsuLa i nterna . have been d ivided by a frontaL sect i o n ; viewed from the Left.

Radiatia acustica

Calliculus

Infenar

Crus pasterius capsulae internae

Ve ntricles

To pography

Sect i o n s

S p i n a l cord

Pathways

Midbrain

Vermis cerebelli

Glandula pineal is Aqueductus mesencephali

Tectum, Colliculus superior

Substantia nigra Fissura horizontalis N, trigeminus [V) oculomotorius [III)

Fig. 525 M i d b ra i n , M esencephalo n ; c ross-section a t the level o f the superior colliculi; a nterior view.

N. oplicus [II] Chiasma opticum

Trigonum olfactorium

Corpus mamillare Tractus opticus

Substantia perforata posterior

Substantia nt9 ra

(

retic

�:;;�

Pars compacta

Tegmentum mesancephaJl

---;:''-i'i!iO<'':-�

Corpus ganlculalUIl1 laterale

Nucleus ruber

Corpus gemculatum medlale Pulvinar thalami

Substantia grisea centralis Aqueductus mesencephali

Fig. 526 M i d b ra i n , M esencephalon, and d ie ncephalon, D iencephalon; after oblique secti on of the m i d bra i n ; i nfe rior view.

} 1

Pedunculus cerebri

Metathalamus

29!8' �

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

Cra n i a l base

Overview

Fore b ra i n

I C ra n ia l n e rves I M i d brain

M e n i n g es

H indbrain

C e re b ra l t ra ct s

Midbrain and medulla oblongata Commissura posterior Recessus suprapinealis Trigonum habenulare Glandula pineal is

Brachium colliculi superioris

Brachium colliculi inferioris Trigonum lemnisci lateral is

Metathalamus, Corpus geniculatum mediale

--------��""i:

Metathalamus, Corpus geniculatum laterale Colliculus superior

Frenulum veli medullaris superioris

Colliculus inferior N, trochlearis [IV] Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Fossa rhomboidea, Eminentia medialis

Velum medullare superius

Fig. 527 M i d b ra i n , Mesencephalo n , and pineal gland, Gla n d u la p i nealis; poste rior-superior view.

Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum, Truncus

Ventriculus lateral is, Cornu frontale Fornix, Columnae (Recessus triangularis)

Nucleus caudatus, Caput

Commissura anterior

Foramen interventriculare Tuberculum anterius thalami Nucleus caudatus, Corpus

Ventriculus tertius

Stria terminalis Lam i na affixa Taenia choroidea Trigonum habenulare Commissura posterior Glandula pineal is

Brachium colliculi superioris

----1'-... ,

----#,";;'-_: ;,...

-

-;;;;

Colliculus superior Corpus geniculatum mediale

�_-I��I1111I1!!!!

Brachium colliculi inferioris Corpus geniculatum laterale

Thalamus, Pulvinar thalami

Pedunculus cerebri

Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Tela choroidea ventriculi quarti Fossa rhomboidea, Sulcus median us Apertura mediana ventriculi quarti Tuberculum cuneatum

Plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti

Fasciculus cuneatus Fasciculus gracilis

Fig. 528 B ra i n stem, Truncus encephali; the pons and maj o r pa rts of the cerebellum have been removed; the tela c h o roidea of the fou rth ve ntricle has been sectioned in the median plane and reflected to the right; posterior-superior view.

Parts of the bra i n

Ve ntricles

To pog ra p hy

Sect i o n s

S p i n a l cord

Pathways

Midbrain and medulla obLongata

2fJ 9 .

Frenulum veli medullaris superioris

Brachium colliculi inferioris Colliculus inferior

Velum medullare superius

Pedunculus cerebri

Locus caeruleus Eminentia medialis __�- Colliculus facialis

Pedunculus cerebellaris superior

"; ----"'---�1j.o-"""" -

Pedunculus cerebellaris medius

�f1�-4;:--"T'''---

Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior

Fovea superior

Sulcus limitans

Apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti Stria medullaris ventriculi quarti

Area vestibularis

Velum medullare inferius Trigonum nervi hypoglossi Trigonum nervi vagi Area postrema

Tuberculum cuneatum Funiculus lateralis medullae oblongatae

Sulcus posterolateralis

Tuberculum gracile

Sulcus intermedius posterior Sulcus median us

Fig. 529 R h o m boid fossa. Fossa rhomboidea; view o n the floor of t h e fou rt h ventricle after section of the cerebellar pedunc les; posterior-superior view.

Corpus geniculatum mediale Brachium colliculi inferioris

Pulvinar thalami

Corpus geniculatum laterale Tractus opticus

Glandula pinealis

---:0._-_" Colliculus inferior

Pedunculus cerebri

N. trigeminus [V]

{

N, trochlearis [IV]

Pons

Velum medullare superius

Radix motoria Radix sensoria ---''---+."F:,

HMI-- Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Pedunculus cerebellaris medius

N

N, facialis [VII]

---=--"'¥" vestibulocochlearis [VIII]

Pyramis medullae oblongatae

N, glossopharyngeus [IX] N N

.{

accessoTius [XI]

N cervicalis [C t ]

--��"'.-'"

Radices craniales

{

Fossa rhomboidea. Sulcus median us

Tuberculum cuneatum Tuberculum gracile

Radices spinales Radix anterior Radix posterior

Fig. 530 B ra instem , Tru n cus encephali ; oblique view o n t h e floor of the fourt h ventricle after section of the cerebellar ped u ncles; latera l view.

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels ���

C ra n i a l base

Overview

Fore b ra i n

I C ra n ia l n e rves I M i d bra i n

M e n i n g es

H i n d brain

Parts of the bra i n

C ere b ra l t ra ct s

Nuclei of the cranial nerves Nucleus accessorius nervi oculomotorii

Nucleus nervi oculomotorii

Nucleus nervi trochlearis

Nucleus motorius nervi trigemini

-----'r:--'-:II-:--:-"":::--,:----i�

l+---�;;;,"'."':!I�••"',.F:;""''-- Nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini �-�:I>.._--

------:r----,;I-:---;--:-�_r

(Nucleus pontinus nervi trigemini')

Nucleus nervi abducentis ----'r----"'" Nucleus nervi facialis --�-----:'----;

Nucleus salivatorius superior --�""------:::iII.:i�����

)

Nucleus cochlearis posterior

Nucleus salivatorius inferior

Nucleus vestibularis superior Nucleus vestibularis lateralis Nuclei Nucleus vestibularis inferior vestibulares Nucleus vestibularis medialis

Nucleus ambiguus

Nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi

Nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini

Nucleus nervi hypoglossi

Nucleus solitarius Nucleus nervi accessorii

Fig. 531 C ra n i a l nerves, N n . cra n iales; topographic overview of the nucle i ; posterior view.

On the left the motor n uclei and on the right the sensory n uclei a re shown. * C l i n ical term: p r i n c i pa l sensory n u cleus of the trigeminal n e rve

... General somatic-efferent nuclei (GSE)

General and specific visceral-afferent nuclei (G/SVA) General somatic-afferent nuclei (GSA) Specific somatic-afferent nuclei (SSA)

General visceral-efferent nuclei (GVE) Specific visceral-efferent nuclei (SVE)

Sulcus medianus

;----- VIII V. VII, IX. X

Oliva

Fig. 532 C ra n i a l n e rves, N n . c ra n i a les; schematic c ross-section through the rhomboid fossa demonstrating the nucle i .

-

___ --- VII, IX, X " ---- VII, IX, X ----- V, VII, IX, X, XI

------- III, IV, VI, XII

Ventricles

Top o g ra p hy

S e ct i o ns

S p i n a l c o rd

Pat hways

Nuclei of the cranial nerves

Glandula pinealis

Nucleus ruber

...... Pedunculus cerebri. Crus cerebri --- -

N. oculomotorius [III] -----;Ho..,....,.,�

Nucleus nervi trochlearis N.

trigeminus [V]

_.J!���...:__ ::"! r-�-- Nucleus accessorius nervi oculomotorii

�t;_f;tt-''I- Nucleus nervi oculomotorii �������i--�.\r

N. trochlearis [IV]

Nucleus mesencephalicus nervi 1JUUD...--7t��-- trigemini

-

--

..:j��ri?lIl�-r:::-7�-'-- (Nucleus pontinus nervi trigemini')

Nucleus motorius nervi trigemini

Nucleus nervi abducentis

Pons

Nuclei vestibulares

Nucleus nervi facial is

Nucleus salivatorius superior

N. facialis [VII] / N. vestibulocochlearis [VIII] /

N. glossopharyngeus [IX] N vagus [X] ----=--1<1_-..; N hypoglossus [XII] N accessorius [XI]

.��::!j.�,"""""9II'-� iiiiiii;:2=---

Nuclei cochleares Nucleus salivatorius inferior

Nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi Nucleus nervi hypoglossi Nucleus ambiguus

Nucleus solitarius

Nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini Nucleus nervi accessorii N. accessorius [XI], Radices spinales

..

General somatic-efferent nuclei (GSE) General visceral-efferent nuclei (GVE)

Specific visceral-efferent nuclei (SVE)

General and specific visceral-afferent nuclei (GISVA) General somatic-afferent nuclei (GSA) Specific somatic-afferent nuclei (SSA)

Fig. 533 Cranial n e rves, N n . cra n iales; topogra p h i c overview of the nuclei i n the median plane . •

Clinical term: principal sensory n u c leus of the trigeminal nerve

30 1

�

B ra i n

B lood vesse ls

C ra n i a l base

Overview

Fore b r a i n

I C ra n i a l n e rves I M i db r a i n

M e n i nges

H i ndbrain

Parts o f t h e bra i n

C e re b ra l tracts

Cerebellum Plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii

Ventriculus tertius

Corpus callosum, Rostrum Commissura anterior Lamina terminalis Hypothalamus

Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii Corpus callosum

Glandula pinealis

V. magna cerebri

"----;'-=�...III!r--

Corpus mamillare Chiasma opticum ----r'­ Recessus infundibuli Fossa interpeduncularis Hypophysis Tegmentum mesencephali

"1110<----0--

�---

Tectum mesencephali Culmen

Aqueductus mesencephali

Declive Lobulus centralis Lingula cerebelli

Folium vermis

Velum medullare superius

Fastigium

Decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium superiorum Sulcus bulbopontinus

Tuber vermis Plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti

Apertura mediana ventriculi quarti Canalis centralis Tonsilla cerebelli

Fig. 534 B ra i nstem , Tru ncus cerebri, with the cere bellu m , C e re bellu m , and the fourth ve ntricle , Ve ntriculus q u a rtus; m e d i a n secti o n .

}

Lingula cerebelli Lobus cerebelli Lobulus centralis antenor r------ Culmen

______________ ,-_

Tectum mesencephali, ---r�-----'::,," :"' �­ Lamina tectalis Aqueductus -----\----__\_ mesencephali

-J\r-----

Ventriculus quartus ---\---

Declive Folium vermis

-'....� . ----- Tuber vermis

r-=""---

Medulla spinalis --------'<-��_

Lobus cerebelli posterior

Pyramis vermis '----- Uvula vermis '---- Fissura secunda '----Nodulus Lobus flocculonodularis

Fig. 535 Parts of the cerebellar ve rmis, Vermis cerebelli ; median secti o n ; overview.

Ventricles

Top o g ra phy

Sect i o n s

S p i n a l c o rd

30�3

Pathways

Cerebellum

Lobulus quadrangularis anterior, Pars anterior Fissura prima Lobulus simplex, Lobulus quadrangularis posterior Lobulus semilunaris superior

Declive

Folium vermis

Lobulus semilunaris inferior

Tuber vermis

Fig. 536 Cerebellu m , C e rebellu m ; posterior-superior view.

Hemispherium cerebelli

Vermis cerebelli

�------�--�1�

Ala lobuli centralis

Lobulus quadrangularis anterior

I I I I

I I

I I

Lobulus simplex, Lobulus quadrangularis posterior

Declive

Lobulus semilunaris superior

Fissura horizontal is --�;::';''----\ Lobulus semilunaris inferior Lobulus gracilis

)

Lingula cerebelli Lobus Lobulus centralis cerebelli anterior ��----- Culmen �------

Lobulus biventer _-�_--,tFissura secunda Tonsilla cerebelli

Folium vermis

jt=====:::=s:;;;��- Tuber vermis

ti-""...., .. -::-�...., . ----,L--_ Pyramis vermis n�::::::;�..:=.-.,J.�---- (Fissura nodulofloccularis)

Fig. 537 Cere bellu m , Cerebellu m ; d ia g ra m of the cerebellar cortex outstretched; overview.

Lobus cerebelli posterior

Uvula vermis

Lobus flocculo­ nodularis

304 1

�

B ra i n

��

I B lood vessels I .. .. ..

C ra n i a l base

Overview

Fore b ra i n

I C ra n i a l n e rves I M i d b ra i n

M e n i n ges

Hindbrain

C e re b ra l t racts

Cerebellum

Velum medullare superius Tegmen ventriculi quarti Velum medullare inferius Hemispherium cerebelli

Declive

Culmen

Ala lobuli central is Lingula cerebelli Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Flocculus

Fissura horizontalis

Recessus lateralis ventriculi quarti

Hemispherium cerebelli Vallecula cerebelli

Nodulus

Fissura posterolateralis Pedunculus flocculi

Fig. 538 Cerebellum, Cerebellu m ; after s e c t i o n of the cerebellar ped u n cles; a nterior view.

Lobulus semilunaris superior

Pyramis vermis

Fissura horizontalis

Uvula vermis Nodulus

Lobulus semllunarls

Inferior

Lobulus biventer Tonsilla cerebelli

Hemlspherium cerebelli Flocculus Fig. 539 Cerebellum, Cerebellu m ; posterior- i nferior view.

Parts of the bra i n

Ve ntricles

To pog ra p hy

I

S e ct i o n s

S p i n a l cord

3 05

Pathways

Cerebellar nuclei

Tegmen. ventriculi quaro

{

Lamina tecti

medullaris superiorls Velum medul1are SUpSrlUS Frenulum

"eli

�---..

Nucleus dentatus

Ventriculus quartus Hilum nuclei dentati

Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Lingula cerebelli Plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti Corpus medullare cerebelli

--£-�""=:'d�-'''''r-.:'i '' 'r-�-di�.,..., '

-

Velum medullare inferius

���;����- Cortex cerebelli

Tonsilla cmebelll Medulla oblongata Fig. 540 Cerebellum, Cere bellu m ; o b l i q u e sect i o n ; posterior view.

Decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium superiorum Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis

Pedunculus cerebellaris superior

Velum medullare superius Lingula cerebelli r----- Nuc l eus fastlgil ,------ Nucleus Interpositus posterior [globcsus] ....1.... ,r--- Nucleus interpositus anterior

Stratum granulosum ----.J�1J��� (Laminae albae) -��'"

���

Fissurae cerebelli

[embclilormls]

Nucleus dentatus

I

I ��f��8111

��-;;�;��;���- Hilum nuclei dentati

Corpus medullare cerebelli Fig. 541 Cerebe llu m , Cerebellu m ; oblique section t h rough the upper cerebellar pedu ncles; posterior view.

30 6 �

�

B ra i n

��

B lo o d vessels ���

C ra n i a l base

Overview

Fore b ra i n

I C ra n i a l n e rves I M i d b ra i n

M en i n g es

H i n d b ra i n

Cerebral tracts

Association and commissural tracts Fibrae arcuatae cerebri

Cingulum

Fasciculus longitudinalis superior

Fasciculus uncinatus

Fasciculus longitudinalis inferior Fig. 542 Association tracts, N e u rofibra e association is; p rojection onto the cerebra l hem isphere; overview; viewed from the left.

Radiatio corporis callosi

Genu

Roslrum Truncus

Splenium

Forceps

minor

Commissura anterior

(

Pa rs antenor

"""'..----,,--__IIi--

Pars posrerlDr

Commissura habenLJlarum

Fig. 543 Commissural tracts, N e u rofibra e commissura les; topogra p h i c overview after extensive removal of the corpus callosum i n the paramedian p la n e ; s i ng le fibres o f the corpus callosu m a re shown; viewed from the left.

Parts of the bra i n

I

Corpus

callosum

Forceps major

Ventricle s

Top o g ra p hy

Sect i o n s

S p i n a l c o rd

Pathways

Projection tracts Corpus callosum, Truncus Sulcus corporis callosi Corpus callosum, Genu

Gyrus precentralis

Sulcus parietooccipitalis

""�'-"'�Ji'Iii--- Corpus callosum,

Splenium

Capsula interna, Crus anterius Capsula interna, Genu

;;"''--::�t-::�-lot-..!..iirir-- Corpus geniculatum

laterale

Sulcus calcarinus

Tractus optlcus

Pedunculus cerebrl Tractus pyramidalis, Fibrae corticospinales Fig. 544 Projection tracts, N e u rofi b ra e p roj ectionis; the i nternaL capsule a n d the pyra m idal tract h ave been exposed ; viewed from the Left.

Radiatlones thalami centrales Tractus frontopontinus

Fibrae parietopontinae; Fibrae occipitopontinae Radiatio optica --+-- Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

r�-- Oecussatio pyramidum

Viri'1''-- Tractus corticospinalis lateralis

Fig. 545 I nternal capsule. Capsula i nterna. and pyramidal tract, Tractus pyra m idalis; functional overview; viewed from the left.

Tractus corticospinalis anterior f

Fibres t o the tectal plate and the nuclei the h i n d brain the pyra m idal tract •• Perikarya areas 6 and 8 ( p remotor cortex) ••• Perika rya

f of o

o

�

B ra i n

��

I B lo o d vessels I » ... ...

C ra n i a l base

Overview

Fore b r a i n

I C ra n i a l n e rves I M i d b ra i n

Meninges

H i n d b ra i n

Parts o f the bra i n

Cerebral tracts

Internal capsule

Capsula interna, Crus anterius

Nucleus caudatus, Caput

Radiationes thalami anteriores Tractus frontopontinus

Mm. palati et faucium Capsula interna, Genu Insula [Lobus insularis]

Mm. digitorum manus

Putamen --�----fL---

Mm manus Mm. antebrachii

Globus pallidus lateralis --J�-----i�-----�

Mm. brachii

"'.

Globus pallidus medialis

'/ ,

Capsula externa

Capsula extrema

Mm. cinguli Mm

pectoralis

thoracis

Mm, abdominis

Femur

Mm. membrl Crus Inferioris

Capsula interna, Crus posterius

Pes

R,di"" �,""

/ I�

Radialia opllca

Thalamus

Mm. dignorum pedis Mm. vesicae urinariae; Mm. recti Crus posterius; Fibrae corticospinales; Fibrae corticorubrales; Fibrae corticoreticulares; Fibrae corticothalamicae; Fibrae thalamoparietales; Radiationes thalami centrales

I nternal capsule, Capsula i nterna; functional o rgan isation.

Fig. 546

Ventricles

Topog ra phy

Secti o n s

S p i n a l c o rd

Pathways

Pyramidal tract

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri

Gyrus frontalis superior

Corpus callosum, Truncus

309

Fasciculus mamillothalamicus

Radlatio corporis callosi

Capsula interna

Nucleus lentiformis

Ventriculus tertius

Lamina medullaris lateralis Capsula externa

Globus pallidus lateralis Gyri insulae

Claustrum

Capsula extrema �:2����::::""'-'--

Sulcus lateralis

Lamina medullaris .. --"ii.....-rI--f--.:'-::7'--;-..-.

Putamen

medialis

Globus pallidus medialis Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale

Nucleus caudatus, Cauda

Tractus opticus

Pes hippocampi Corpora mamillaria Pedunculus cerebellaris medius N facialis [VII] N. vestibulocochlearis [VIII]

Lobus temporalis

Substantia nigra, Pars compacta

Pedunculus cerebri, Crus cerebri Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis

Nucleus olivaris inferior Hilum nuclei olivaris inferioris

I

Plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti Hemispherium cere belli Fossa interpeduncularis

I-III Thalamic nuclei, Nuclei thalami: Median nuclei, Nuclei mediani II Anterior nuclei, Nuclei anteriores Ventral nuclei. Nuclei ventrales 111 =

=

=

=

Fig. 547 Pyra m id a l t ract, Tractus pyra m idalis. a n d b a s a l ganglia. N uclei basales; obliquely staggered section through the posterior limb of the i nternal capsule. the cere bral peduncles, and the medu lla oblongata.

3 1 0 .�

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a l base

I C ra n ia l n e rves I

M e n i n g es

Ventricles, projection Sulcus centralis Foramen interventriculare

Lobus parietalis Pars centralis

Cornu frontale

Ventriculus tertius

Cornu occipitale

Lobus frontalis

Lobus occipitalis

SUlcus laleralis

Aqueductus mesencephali UI:h/o+-_'!'I!=:""---f--f----

Lobus temporalis

Apertura mediana

Ventriculus

quartus

Apertura lalerahs

Cornu temporale Fig. 548

Pons

Canalis centralis

Ventricles of the b ra i n , Ventriculi encephali.

Foramen interventriculare Pars centralis

Sulcus lateralis

Aqueductus mesencephali

Lobus temporalis

Cornu temporale

Pons

Ventriculus quartus

Apertura lateralis

Cerebellum

Canalis centralis

Medulla oblongata Fig. 549 Ventricles of the bra i n , Ventriculi encep hali; anterio r view.

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

Ventricles

To p o g ra phy

Sect i o n s

S p i n a l cord

Pat hways

Inner and outer liquor spaces

Adhesio interthalamica

Foramen interventriculare

Ventriculus lateralis. Pars centralis

Commissura anterior

Recessus pinealis

Aqueductus mesencephali

Ventriculus lateralis, -f-:,.-I­ Cornu frontale

....,..

L • ..._-

Chiasma opticum Recessus infundibuli

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu occipitale

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale Fastigium

Recessus lateralis ventriculi quarti Apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti

Apertura mediana ventriculi quarti

Canalis centralis

Fig. 550 I n n e r liquor spaces, Ve ntriculi encephali; corrosion cast spec i m e n ; o b l i q u e view from the left.

Granulationes arachnoideae

Pars centralis Sinus sagittalis superior Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Spatium subarachnoideum Plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii Foramen interventriculare * Cornu occipitale Ventriculus tertius --,-::� ;;,:;� ��:; �� ---\----+WH- Cornu temporale \"'�<;:Cisterna chiasmatica V magna cerebri Cisterna interpeduncularis; Sinus rectus Aqueductus mesencephali ** ::S":"-����--=:"'-�f--t--- Ventriculus quartus Confluens sinuum Cisterna pontocerebellaris -------�--\"\ Plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti Apertura mediana ventriculi quarti Cisterna cerebellomedullaris posterior Apertura lateralis _ _ _

==t�::�===��������'--11

Fig. 551 Ventricles of the bra i n , Ve ntriculi encephali, and subara c h n o i d space, Spati u m subarachnoideu m ; schema of the c i rc u lation la rrows] o f t h e cerebrospinal fluid, Liquor cerebrospi nalis, from the i n ne r to the outer liquor spaces . • Clinical term : fora men of M O N RO •• Clinical term : cerebral aqued u ct of SYLVIUS

30 1

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vesse Ls ���

C ra n i a l base

Ventricle projection

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

M e n i n ges

B ra i n vessels

Brain, topography

Polus frontalis

Gyrus lrontalis superior

Flssura longitudinalis cerebri Gyrus clnguU

Gyrus lrontalis medius Gyrus precenltalis

Sulcus centr811s

A. cerebri anterior, A. pericallosa

--71�J'�""::""""

---f.:-b

J

longitudinalis medialis J------!,.;�=-.-:��lt-- Stria lL .---,I------.;;.�:3j��il--- Stria longitudinalis

--

__ -�

lateralis

Gyrus postcentralis --�

1

Indusium griseum

----=:,,;..,.&;....-:-...,-:-f-----:lif-- {Centrum semiovale}

Gyrus fasclolaris

553

Polus occipitalis

Flssure tonglludinalis cerebrl

Fig. 552 Corpus callosum, Corpus callosum ; after removal o f the upper parts o f the cere b ra l hemispheres; superior view.

Ventricles

To pography

S e ct i o ns

S p i n a l cord

3 03

Pathways

Brain, topography

Gyrus cinguli

Corpus callosum, Genu

Corpus callosum, Rostrum

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu frontale

Nucleus caudatus, Caput

Foramen inteNentriculare Insula [Lobus insularis] Ependymum

Ventriculus lateralis, Pars centralis

Stria terminalis

-----;r-�--�--�

-------"'---:'!!Ir-\--+--j

Fornix, Crus

Fimbria hippocampi Hippocampus Trigonum collaterale

V. thalamostriata superior

...\

-� -

-- Lamina affixa ��JI----�.-;--;;-;--:1

--a-4--------------:=-:-:--,;;----::-:iIf---- Corpus callosum, Truncus �;,..--:-----�- Plexus choroideus

ventriculi lateralis

�::;:-----::--�-J-_ Glomus choroideum

Gyrus fasciolaris

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu occipitale

Calcar avis Sulcus calcarinus ;; 54

Fig. 553 Latera l ve ntricles, Ventriculi laterales; after removal of the upper parts of the cere b ral hemispheres; supenor vi ew.

552

31 4

j

�

B ra i n

B lood vesse ls �� �

C ra n i a l base

Ventricle projection

I Cra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i n g es

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

B ra i n vessels

Brain, topography Corpus callosum, Truncus

Ventriculus lateralis. Pars centralis Nucleus caudatus, Corpus Capsula interna

V. thalamostriata

����_

--�:--=::::-Ol:. :C

_ _ _

Insula [Lobus insularis] --1j:'-1rl--,�\-

. -:...jH-::!IIIM-""""'!i:---�:-,,::_-'s---:;:...6-

Calcar avis

Ventriculus lateralls Cornu occipitale

,

Ventriculus lateral is, Cornu temporale

Hippocampus, Alveus hippocampi

Fimbria hippocampi Eminentia collateral is

Trigonum collaterale

556

Fig. 554 Lateral ventricles, Ve ntriculi laterales; after removal of the upper parts of the cerebra l hemisphere s ; posterior view from the left.

553

Hippocampus Fimbria

Alveus hippocampi

hippocampi

Uncus

Trigonum collaterale

Sulcus hippocampalis Gyrus dentatus

Gyrus parahippocampalis Sulcus collateralis Fig. 555 Left temporal horn, Cornu tem porale, of the lateral ventricle , Ve ntriculus late ralis; frontal section after removal of the tempora l wa ll; posterior-superior view.

Ve ntricles

To pogra p hy

S e ct i o ns

S p i n a l cord

Pathways

Brain. topography Corpus callosum, Genu

Gyrus cinguli Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu frontale Cavum septi pellucidi Septum pellucidum Fornix, Columna Foramen interventriculare

Corpus callosum, Rostrum Nucleus caudatus, Caput V.

Ventriculus lateralis, --l----i£-:�:--IIl_J� Pars centralis Fornix, Corpus ---.l\----+=�,__--liff_,..��4.4..1ll Insula [Lobus insularis] ---..!,..

..:11,-\-----..,.:::;'--

Nucleus caudatus, Corpus

Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis

Fimbria hippocampi Trigonum collaterale

Stria terminalis

Lamina affixa

Fornix, Crus -----li!�;;;;;jj�!!:

Hippocampus

thalamostriata superior

Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii

----I'-�.

Glomus choroideum

Corpus callosum, Splenium

Calcar avis Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu occipitale

Vermis cerebelli 558

Fig. 556 Latera l ve ntricles, Ventriculi latera les; after removal of the upper p a rts of the cerebra l hemisphe res a n d t h e central pa rt o f t h e corpus callosu m ; s u p e r i o r view.

Ependymum Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale Alveus hippocampi Pes hippocampi

554

Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Sulcus hippocampalis

Substantia grisea Gyrus parahippocampalis

Fig. 557 Tem poral horn, Cornu temporale, of the lateral ventricle, Ventricu lus late ralis; schematic frontal section.

�

B ra i n

... ... ...

Ventricle projection

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a l b a se

I C ra n ia l n e rves I

Bra i n vessels

M e n i n g es

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

Brain. topography Corpus callosum, Genu

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri

Corpus callosum, Rostrum

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu frontale Cavum septi pellucidi Septum pellucidum

Nucleus caudatus, Caput

--�----I;L_� Fornix, Columna --�-----------Ji���

Foramen ---:-----i�-� interventriculare Insula [Lobus insularisj Ventriculus lateralis, -----\---+----,'/I�#­ Pars centralis Capsula interna ----'i--i---

..._�_-

----_

-:'I:--":t:-'-----=-=��--

V. thalamostriata superior Stria terminalis Lamina affixa

���t5::i��---�--,,---_ Taenia fornicis

Nucleus caudatus, Corpus

Nucleus caudatus, Cauda Fornix, Crus

Plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii

Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii

Hippocampus

V. interna cerebri

Trigonum collaterale

Glandula pinealis

Calcar avis

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu occipitale

V.

magna cerebri

Vermis cere belli

560

Fig. 558 Latera l ventricles, Ve ntriculi latera les ; after removal of the central part o f t h e corpus callosum a n d the colu m ns of the forn ix; superio r view.

556

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri

Ependymum Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Nucleus caudatus, Corpus Lamina affixa Thalamus

Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii

Indusium griseum Corpus callosum

Ventriculus lateralis, Pars centralis

�m------'/-- V. thalamostriata superior

Fornix, Corpus

Plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii Ventriculus tertius Fig. 559 Centra l parts, Partes centra les, of the lateral ventricles and t h i rd ventricle, Ve ntriculus tertius; schematic frontal secti o n .

Ventricles

Topography

Sections

S p i n a l c o rd

Pathways Brain,

topography Corpus callosum, Genu

Ventriculus lateral is, Cornu frontale Cavum septi pellucidi Septum pellucidum

Nucleus caudatus, Caput (Recessus triangularis)

Fornix, Columna Foramen interventriculare -----.rL." -....,._ ., ...... V thalamostriata superior --j���I18��

Taenia thalami ----'-----:;\l="-t
Stria terminalis

Taenia choroidea

Commissura anterior c==:j�����=--- Recessus supraopticus 1�Z1;...A�;:;::Jr--?�r-- Recessus infundibuli Adhesio interthalamica*

�.�L_!!��-:c:+f----'-- Thalamus

Nucleus caudatus, Corpus

IP..!....:..:.,,����,..,!,..L---,--'----\.-":""--

Nucleus caudatus, Cauda Plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii

Sulcus hypothalamicus

Aqueductus mesencephali

Commissura posterior Recessus pinealis

Commissura habenularum

Glandula pinealis

Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii

V. magna cerebri

V. interna cerebri

30 7

Recessus suprapineaiis

Fig. 560 Latera l ventri c les, Ventriculi laterales, and third ventricle, Ventriculus tertius; parts of the cere b ra l hem isp heres, the centra l part of the corpus callosum as well as the fornix and the c horoid plexus have been removed, the tela c h o roidea of the t h i rd ventricle has been reflected ; superior view. •

The interthalamic a d hesion has been sectioned in the median plane

Fornix, Columna

Taenia fornlcis

Foramen interventriculare

Taenia thalami

Fornix, Crus Fig. 561 Taeniae, Taeniae, of the choroid plexus, Plexus c ho roideus of the cerebr u m ; superior view.

558

31 8

�

�

B ra i n

��

I B lo o d vessels I ���

C ra n ia l base

Ve n t r i c le p roj e c t i o n

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i ng e s

P a rts of t h e b ra i n

Bra i n vessels

Arteries of the base of the brain

A. communicans anterior Chiasma opticum A. frontobasalis lateralis

A. frontobasalis medialis Tractus olfactorius

A cerebri anterior, Pars precommunicalis [Segmentum AI)

A, carotis interna A. communicans posterior N. oculomotorius [III) A. cerebri posterior, Pars postcommunicalis [Segmentum P2) A. superior cerebelli N. trigeminus [V) A. labyrinthi

A. cerebri media, Pars sphenoidalis [Segmentum MI)

Insula [Lobus insularis)

A. cerebri media, Pars insularis [Segmentum M2)

N. facialis [VII)

Lobus temporal is A choroidea anterior Substantia perforata posterior A. cerebri posterior, Pars precommunicalis [Segmentum PI)

N. vestibulocochlearis [VIII)

Plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti

N. hypoglossus [XII) A. ver1ebrahs A.

1

N,

spinalis anterior

� 566, 567

accessorius [XI)

A. inferior posterior cerebelli Medulla spinalis

1

490

Fig. 562

Arteries of the bra i n .

Ventri c les

Topogra p hy

Sections

30 9

I Pathways I

S p i n a l c o rd

Arte rial circle

A. cerebri anterior

{

{

A. communicans anterior Aa. centrales anteromediales

Pars postcommunicalis Pars precommunicalis

A. carotis interna, Pars cerebralis Pars sphenoidalis A. cerebri media Pars insularis --�...--

Aa. centrales anterolaterales A. choroidea anterior

{

A. communicans posterior -------''1'1"" Pars postcommunicalis A. cerebri posterior Pars precommunicalis

"l A. basllarls --""'7li"Ml' A, vertebralis

-----,M.

R. nervi oculomotorii A. thalamotuberalis R hypothalamicus Aa. tuberis cinerei A. superior cerebelli Aa. centrales posteromediales Aa mesencephalicae A. inferior anterior cerebelli

.. A. spl�alls antenor ---.-s<-..-n-

A. inferior posterior cerebelli

Fig. 563 Arterial c i rcle of the b ra i n , C i rculus a rteriosus cerebri [WI LLIS].

b

d

10 %

e

10%

10 %

10 %

Fig. 564 a-g Arterial c i rcle of the b ra i n , C i rculus a rteriosus cerebri. a-c Va riations of the a nterior portion d-f Va riations of the posterior portio n g Very fa r i nferior union of the vertebral a rteries

g

10 %

�

B ra i n

B lood vesse ls ���

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

C ra n i a l base

Ven t r i c le p roj e c t i o n

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

M e n i n g es

B rain vessels

Arteries of the brain Adhesio interthalamica Septum pellucidum

Fornix, Corpus Plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu frontale

Glandula pineal is

Corpus callosum, Splenium A. cerebri posterior

A cerebri anterior, Pars postcommunicalis, A. pericallosa

Corpus callosum, Genu

Corpus callosum, Rostrum ----.:�-;;:;-..,...+-lib!:".��.r#iI'"'-Ili.........

=�������;;:����i

Commissura anterior Lamina terminalis

Sulcus calcarinus Commissura posterior Aqueductus mesencephali

Hypothalamus Chiasma opticum A, carotis interna

Tectum mesencephali

Vermis cerebelli

\ oblongata Medulla

Hemispherium cerebelli, Tonsilla cerebelli Canalis centralis

Fig. 565 Med ial su rface of the bra i n , Facies medialis hemispherii cerebri; diencephalon, Di encephalo n , a n d bra i n stem, Truncus encephali; staggered median sectio n ; viewed from t h e left.

A. cerebrl anlerior

A. carobrl

Fig. 566 Arterial supply of the b ra i n ; viewed from t h e left.

media

A. cerebri posterior

A. cerebrl Mterlor

A. cerebri posterior

Fig. 567 Arterial supply of the b ra i n ; medial view.

Ve ntricles

To pography

S e ct i o n s

S p i n a l cord

3 21

Pathways

Arteries and veins of the brain

A. frontobasalis medialis A, cerebri anterior

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu frontale V. anterior septi pellucidi Lamina affixa

Capsula inlerl1a

V. thalamostriata superior

A. choroidea ----t'--+�"*=-:-"�.",....;-"4 anterior

::::��"'�------�"---:-----::-:=-: iPr.t-t-- V. interna cerebri

Plexus choroldeus

R.

Tela choroldea ventriculi tertii

choroideus posterior

V. magna cerebri

Glomus choroideum

Sinus sagittalis inferior

A. cerebri posterior Sinus sagittalis superior Fig. 568 Arteries and vei ns of the b ra i n , Arteriae et Venae cerebri.

Falx cerebrl

32:2

.... [

.. B ra i n

B lood vessels .. .. ..

[

Cra n ia l base

Ven t r i c le p rojection

[ Cran i a l nerves [

M en i n ges

Parts of the bra i n

B ra i n vessels

Veins of the brain

Foramen interventriculare

V.

V. anterior septi pellucidi

thalamostriata superior Thalamus -1F=<�=-�-----�l--1��$J,

Vv. internae cerebri

...-"""o:::tIJ\--------.,-!-:==-_ V. choroidea superior �li:Ir------.....- v. basalis

V. magna cerebri V. lateralis ventriculi lateralis

Fig. 569 Deep vei n s of the bra i n , Vv. p rofu ndae cere bri. The i nternal cerebral veins run with i n the tela choroidea of the t h i rd ventricle .

V.

magna cerebri -----.,---.W

Vv. internae cerebri Pulvinar thalami V. choroidea inferior

V. basalis ------'�:--"\\._.2:'_ V.

prolunda

media

cerebri

Fig. 570 Deep veins of the b rain, Vv. p rofu ndae cerebri; posterior view from the right.

Ve n t r i c le s

To pogra p hy

Sections

S p i n a l cord

Pa t h ways

Brain, sections

323

Cellulae ethmoidales Bulbus oculi

N. opticus [II]

Chiasma opticum

Infundibulum

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale

Cisterna interpeduncularis

Pedunculus cerebri

Hippocampus

Tegmentum mesencephali Vermis cerebelli Aqueductus mesencephali

Sulcus calcarinus

Tectum mesencephali

Fig. 571 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; magnetic resonance tomogra p h i c image ( M R I I ; h o rizonta l secti o n at the level o f t h e m i d bra i n a n d the tempora l horns of the latera l ventricles; superior view.

celebn

Fissura

Fig. 572 B ra i n , Encephalon; magnetic reso na nce tomogra p h i c image ( M R l i ; ho rizontal section a t the level o f the central pa rts of the latera l ve ntricles ; s u perior view.

lon g Itudinalis

Fig. 573 Bra i n , Encephalon; magnetic reso nance tomogra p h i c image i M R l i ; horizontal section a t the level o f t h e t h i rd ventricle a n d the opening of the tem poral horns of the lateral ventricle s ; s u perior view.

�

B ra i n Bra in,

B lo o d vessels

Cra n i a l base

I C ra n ia l n e rves I

Meni nges

Parts of t h e b ra i n

sections Gyrus cinguli

Septum pellucidum

*

Ventriculus tertius; Thalamus'

Corpus callosum, Splenium

Commissura anterior

Corpus callosum, Genu

Aqueductus mesencephali

Corpus mamillare

Tectum mesencephali

Chiasma opticum

Sulcus calcarinus

Hypophysis

Sinus sphenoidal is

Vermis cerebelli

A. basilaris

Ventriculus quartus

Pons

Pars nasalis pharyngis

Cisterna cerebellomedullaris

Lingua

Pars oralis pharyngis

Dens axis

Medulla spinalis

Fig. 574 B ra i n , Encephalon; magnetic reso nance tomogra p h i c image I M R I ) ; median section. T h e structures ma rked with • a p pear partly fa lsified as a consequence of the "partia l-volume­ effect " .

575

574

Sulcus central is Insula [Lobus insularisj Ventriculus lateral is, Cornu temporale

Bulbus oculi Sinus maxillaris

Cerebellum

Fig. 575 B r a i n , Encephalo n ; magnetic reso nance tomogra p h i c i mage I M R I l ; sag ittal sectio n .

Ve ntri c les

Top o g ra p hy

Sections

S p i n a l cord

Pathways

Brain, sections Gyrus fronlalls

superior Spatium subarachnoldeum

Gyrus frontalis medius

Corpus callosum, Truncus

Gyrus frontalis inferior

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu frontale

Gyri insulae

�""'�-- Caput nuclei caudati Septum pellucidum

Fossa lateralis cerebri ---===

Nucleus lentiformis

Gyrus temporalis superior

Capsula interna A.

Gyrus temporalis inferior

cerebri media

Fig. 576 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; magnetic resona nce tomogra p h i c i m a g e ( M R I ) ; frontal section.

Gyrus frontalis superior

Falx

cerebri

Gyrus frontalis medius

Corpus callosum, Truncus Ventriculus lateralis, Pars centralis Corpus nuclei caudati

Gyrus frontalis inferior

Fornix

Fossa lateralis cerebri

r;;;� ; __

Gyrus temporalis superior

Thalamus Ventriculus tertius Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale Hippocampus

Gyrus temporalis inferior Gyrus parahlppocaJllpalis Fig. 577 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; magnetic resona nce tomogra ph i c i mage ( M R I ) ; frontal secti o n .

Pedunculus cerebri

Fossa interpaduncularis

... B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a l base

[ C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i n g es

Bra in, fronta l sections

Margo superior callosomarginalis

Gyrus frontalis superior Fissura longitudinalis cerebri Sulcus cinguli Gyrus cinguli

cerebri anterior, A pericallosa Corpus callosum, Truncus Septum pellucidum

Gyrus frontalis medius Sulcus corporis callosi

Radiatio corporis callosi

Arachnoidea mater cranialis Gyrus frontalis inferior V. anterior septi pellucidi Nucleus caudatus, Caput

Capsula interna

--r-;----"---..!���?:�

Capsula externa

--....".=-------:'/-------".'\

Putamen

Capsula extrema

------'..,,�-----.

Fossa lateralis cerebri

media superficialis cerebri V.

---f--""';",

A. cerebri media Cisterna pericallosa

Gyri insulae

Area subcallosa

Polus temporalis Gyri orbitales

A. cerebri anterior, Pars postcommunicalis

Gyrus temporalis inferior Tractus olfactorius

Gyrus rectus

�

Margo inferolateralis

-

-=----- Margo inferomedialis

Fig. 578 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; frontal sect i o n at t h e level of the anterior pa rts of the fro ntal horns of the lateral ve ntricles.

Gyrus frontalis superior

Margo superior A peri callosa Cisterna peri callosa Corpus callosum, Truncus

Gyrus frontalis medius

Radiatio corporis callosi

Sulcus corporis callosi

Septum pellucidum

Nucleus caudatus, Caput Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu frontale Gyrus frontalis inferior Putamen Sulcus circularis insulae

Capsula interna, Crus anterius

-_+

-./

_ __ _

Sulcus lateralis _ cerebn Claustrum Gyri insulae Gyrus temporalis superior Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri

Cisterna pericallosa; Cisterna laminae terminalis

Capsula externa

�r/f-�,--i-'=---=�>;fl�--

Corpus callosum, Rostrum ---�J..-.-i-.__ Capsula extrema V. media superficialis cerebri A cerebri rnedia, Pars insularis A communicans anterior Margo inferolateralis cerebri anterior, Pars precornmunicalis Margo inferomedialis

Fig. 579 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; fro ntal s e c t i o n at the level o f the poste rior parts of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles.

Pa rts of the b ra i n

Ven t r i c les

To p o g ra p h y

Sections

S p i n a l c o rd

327

Pathways

Brain, frontal sections Gyrus frontalis superior

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri pericallosa Corpus callosum, Truncus

Septum pellucidum Globus pallidus lateralis

Capsula interna, Genu

Gyrus frontalis inferior

(Recessus triangularis)

_�--�---!r--- Capsula extrema

Claustrum

Capsula externa

Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri

�:?�---.!��iJC:�--- Laminae medullares medialis et lateralis

Gyrus temporalis superior

----t----...;"'.� Globus palhdus medialis _-,:",.---�•.,..-- --r--Gyri insulae

Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri

_ _

. ----!L�"<::-----'I.----=---=---....1Il

Fornix, Columna, (Pars libera) Fornix, Columna, (Pars tecta) Commissura anterior

Gyrus temporalis medius Nucleus caudatus. Cauda Corpus amygdaloideum

Tractus opticus Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale

Gyri occipito­ temporales

A. communicans posterior

Recessus infundibuli

Fig. 580 B ra i n , Encephalon: fronta l section at the level of the i nterventri c u la r fora m i na.

Gyrus frontalis superior Fissura longitudinalis cerebri Gyrus cinguli

A. pericallosa Corpus callosum, Truncus

Gyrus frontalis medius Fornix, Corpus

Ventriculus lateralis, Pars central is

Nucleus caudatus, Corpus Stria terminalis Plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii

Putamen

Stria medullaris thalami

Gyrus frontalis inferior

Capsula extrema

Gyri insulae

t;:::--�;z&=:::!!\--- Capsula externa

Ventriculus tertius

Claustrum ---l�Q-",," Gyrus temporalis superior Globus pallidus lateralis Globus pallidus medialis

_JL_---�F'-T_::

Gyrus temporalis medius Nucleus caudatus, Cauda

:;:,,;..Ju..=----1.----'k--- Laminae medullares

\��= ��tdl;;�i�;�i������;���;�;�:���

'.

Corpus amygdaloideum

Tractus opticus Corpus mamillare

A cerebri posterior,

Pars precommunicalis Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale N. oculomotorius [III]

Hippocampus Gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis

medialis et lateralis Capsula interna

Cisterna interpeduncularis Cisterna pontocerebellaris, (Cisterna pontis)

Fig. 581 Brain, Encephalon: frontal section at the level of the m a m illary bodies.

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a l base

I C ra n ia l n e rves I

M e n i ng e s

Parts of t h e b ra i n

Brain, fron ta l sections

Gyrus frontalis superior Fissura longitudinalis cerebri Gyrus frontalis medius Gyrus cinguli Cisterna pericallosa Nucleus caudatus, Corpus V. thalamostriata superior Tela choroidea Thalamus Gyrus frontalis inferior Putamen --It---�. Sulcus lateralis Insula [Lobus insularis] --il------t...... Gyrus temporalis superior Claustrum Gyrus temporalis medius Corpus geniculatum laterale --t-=;;==:::::::i��i��� Nucleus caudatus, Cauda Corpus geniculatum mediale Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale Gyrus temporalis inferior Nucleus ruber Gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis Gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis Gyrus parahippocampalis

Indusium griseum, Striae longitudinales medialis et lateralis Corpus callosum, Truncus Ventriculus lateralis. Pars centralis Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Stria terminalis

�� � � � � � q � � ----.::::::::: ::::�:��:�::::::::::::���:�l�= •

Fig. 582 B ra i n , EncephaLo n ; frontaL sectio n at the LeveL of the centraL p a rt of the t h i rd ventricle. R i g ht and Left thaLa m u s a re frequentLy connected by the i nterthaLamic adhesion at this Level.

Gyrus cinguli Cisterna pericallosa

Gyrus postcentralis

V. thalamostriata superior Gyrus postcentralis Nucleus caudatus, Corpus Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri Thalamus -T-------1�_�-::.=__ Gyrus temporalis superior Putamen Gyrus temporalis medius Nucleus caudatus. Cauda Gyrus temporalis inferior Gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis Gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis Gyrus parahippocampalis Fig. 583 B ra i n , EncephaLo n ; frontaL sectio n at the LeveL of the posterior waLL of the t h i rd ventricle.

V. interna cerebri Plexus choroideus � =� Stria medullaris thalami ====:=� ��� _---;.'----'1�O::"';=-...;\-- Capsula extrema Capsula externa Capsula interna Sulcus hypothalamicus Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Alveus hippocampi Fimbria hippocampi

A. cerebri posterior Cisterna ambiens (Tractus cerebellorubralis) Tractus pyramidalis Pons Medulla oblongata

Indusium griseum, Striae longitudinales medialis et lateralis Corpus callosum, Truncus Ventriculus lateralis, Pars centralis Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis

Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii Plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii Capsula interna Capsula extrema Tegmentum mesencephali �'���';;:)��;::��-1'--- Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis �l Alveus hippocampi Fimbria hippocampi Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale Cisterna ambiens Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Aqueductus mesencephali Funiculus posterior

Ventricles

Top o g ra phy

Sections

S pi na l cord

32 9

Pathways

Brain, fronta l sections Gyrus postcentralis --����_E�

Gyrus supramarginalis A. cerebri media Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri Nucleus caudatus, Cauda -1iD��""'--�-...jJt1. Gyrus temporalis superior _}:::----..:--A��"'1��... Pulvinar thalami Gyrus temporalis medius Cisterna ambiens Colliculus superior

�

Gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis Gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis Hemispherium cerebelli Fig. 584 B ra i n , Encephalon; frontal section at the level of t h e p i neal g la n d a n d t h e fourth ventricle.

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri pericallosa /v,Bm'rlCUIiUS lateralis, Pars centralis Corpus callosum, Splenium

thalamostriata

apsula ==: ==�;)�: = = ; � :: Tela choroidea >li���J��� c

�t""""":lII:��:s:-----::;:3II'----11- Rmbria hippocampi Alveus hippocampi Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Gyrus dentatus Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale . interna cerebri Glandula pinealis Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Pedunculus cerebellaris supertor medullare superius

Lobulus parietalis superior

Substantia grisea Substantia alba

Sulcus subparietalis Lobulus parietalis inferior

Cisterna quadrigeminalis

Sulcus parietooccipitalis

Calcar avis Gyrus temporalis medius Sulcus calcarinus Gyrus temporalis inferior

Corpus callosum, Tapetum �------'-7'''''- Ventrtculus lateralis, Cornu occip�ale A. occipitalis medialis V. magna cerebri

Gyrus lingualis

Hemispherium cerebelli Fig. 585 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; frontal section at t h e level o f t h e occipital horns of the lateral ventricles.

interna

Tonsilla cerebelli

.. B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

.. ..

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

C ra n ia l base

M e n i ng es

Parts of t h e b ra i n

Brain, horizonta l section

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri

Gyrus frontalis superior

Arachnoidea mater cranialis

Gyrus frontalis medius

Gyrus precentralis

Gyrus cinguli

Sulcus centralis --HJIIo-

Gyrus postcentralis

A. cerebri anterior, R. frontalis posteromedialis

_ _

III\ I�

anterior, ----------:J:r-- A.A. cerebri pericallosa

_ _ _ _

">------.111--

Gyrus supramarginalis Sulcus lateralis, Ramus posterior

Corona rad iala: Radlallo corporis

callosi

anterior, r-=.------..:.--�=---..ll_ A.R. cerebri precunealis

A. occipitalis medialis, Rr. parietales

Fig. 586 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; horizontal section j ust a bove t h e corpus callosum. I n Fig. 578-598, the s u ba rachnoid space a p pears somewhat enla rged, particularly in the region of the hemispheric sulci, d u e to the fact that these specimens were taken from elderly individ uals.

Ventricle s

Sections

Top o g ra phy

S p i n a l c o rd

Path ways Brain. horizontal section

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri A. cerebri anterior, A. callosomarginalis

Gyrus frontalis superior

Corpus callosum, Truncus

Corpus callosum, Forceps minor

Nucleus caudatus, Caput Septum pellucidum, Cavum septi pellucidI Sulcus centralis

Gyrus postcentralis Lobulus parietalis inferior

Capsula intema

Ventriculus lateralis, Pars centralis V. tnalamostriata supenor _�l)��===��;;:2:==�t�=_Stria terminalis Corpus callosum, .� Truncus

��------:---=-:....:=::::..::;;..�l._ Lamina afflxa

Plexus choroideus tiI["--'-----:::7��-:..-_l-_ ventricuil lateralis

Nucleus caudatus, Corpus

Fornix,

Gyrus angularls Gyrus

Crus

Corpus callosum, Forceps major

cmgull

Corpus callosum, Tapetum

(Gyri occIpitales)

Sulcus subparietalis

Rssura longitudinalis cerebri

Precuneus

Sulcus parietooccipitalis

Fig. 587 B ra i n , Encephalon; horizontal secti o n at the level of the centra l p a rt of the latera l ventricles.

33 1

.. B ra i n

Brain,

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i n g es

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

horizo n ta l sectio n

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri Gyrus cinguli Gyrus frontalis medius

Cisterna pericallosa

Aa. cerebri anteriores, Aa. pericallosae Indusium griseum Corpus callosum, Genu Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu frontale Septum pellucidum

Gyrus frontalis inferior Nucleus caudatus, Caput Gyrus precentralis Sulcus centralis Gyrus postcentralis Insula [Lobus insularisj --jf-----_--ll� Claustrum --II:'---.,----<4II�Putamen _---\1.......::-.:: ----1=0--Thalamus --l-;!Ulb==�ii-�--:;:::: Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri Gyrus temporalis superior Nucleus caudatus, Cauda Corpus callosum, Splenium Sulcus temporalis superior

Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Stria terminalis V. thalamostriata superior

Fornix, Corpus Capsula extrema Capsula externa Capsula interna A. cerebri media, Rr. terminales :l1ili�•..--"t- Tela choroidea 'l���-�L-":":-f�--__-!� cerebri Fissura transversa

aI�=----'�=----;,-..-'=--.J._ ventriculi Plexus choroideus lateralis Fornix, Crus

Ventriculus lateralis, Bulbus cornus occipitalis Corpus callosum, Tapetum

(Gyri occipitales) Fissura longitudinalis cerebri

Sulcus parietooccipitalis

Cuneus

Fig. 588 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; horizontal section at t h e level o f t h e floor of the central p a rt of the lateral ventricles.

Ventricles

Top o g ra p hy

Sections

S p i n a l c o rd

Pathways Brain,

horizontal section

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri A. cerOOri anterior, A. pericallosa Gyrus frontalis inferior V.

anterior septi pellucidi

Corpus callosum, Genu Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu frontale

Nucleus caudatus, Caput V. thalamostriata superior Capsula interna, Genu

Gyrus frontalis inferior Insula [Lobus insularis]

Capsula externa Capsula interna, Crus posterius ...\l!"-_..:..._ .. ---.:...t::J �---T- Ventriculus tertius ... ....... :,�:7J:--'----:--:;:--�-..::.--=i"*'-- Recessus suprapinealis !!ii!j(!!r'---,==------==-- ------,lf.}-- V. interna cerebri Capsula interna, Radiatio optica Fimbria hippocampi Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis

Sulcus temporalis superior Gyrus temporalis medius

Gyrus cinguli (Gyri occipitales)

Corpus callosum, Splenium Fissura longitudinalis cerebri

Fig. 589 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; h orizontal sectio n at t h e level o f t h e upper part of the third ventricle.

333

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i n ges

Pa rts o f t h e b ra i n

Bra in, horizontal section

I.

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri A. cerebri anterior, A. callosomarginalis A. cerebri anterior, A. pericallosa

Corpus callosum, Forceps minor

Gyrus frontalis inferior Fissura longitudinalis cerebri

Ventriculus lateralis. Cornu frontale

Nucleus caudatus, Caput

Corpus callosum, Rostrum

Cisterna pericallosa

Capsula interna, Crus anterius Area subcallosa Lamina terminalis Fornix, Columna

Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri Commissura anterior Insula [Lobus insularisj

Gyrus temporalis superior Adhesio interthalamica --r:1);�

-�114---:;;--

Sulcus temporalis superior Globi pallidi medialis et lateralis Thalamus Gyrus temporalis medius Cisterna ambiens Nucleus caudatus, Cauda

Laminae medullares medialis et lateralis Ventriculus tertius

-:--....... -----1I!o-- Capsula extrema --�'-----"r-- Capsula externa

�---;-1f----.P:I>.-- Capsula interna, Crus posterius Hypothalamus Commissura posterior Habenula Capsula interna, Radiatio optica Fimbria hippocampi Alveus hippocampi

�

_ _ _

Glandula pinealis Gyrus parahippocampalis

Trigonum collaterale Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu occipitale Sulcus collateralis A. cerebri posterior V. magna cerebri

Calcar avis Isthmus gyri cinguli

Sulcus calcarinus Fissura

longitudinalis cerebri

Fig. 590 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; h orizontal section t h rough t h e centre of t h e t h i rd ventricle at the level of the interthalamic a d hesion .

Ventricles

To pog ra p hy

Sections

S p i n a l c o rd

I Pathways I

Brain, horizontal section Fissura longitudinalis cerebri Aa. cerebri anteriores, Aa. pericallosae Cisterna pericallosa

Gyrus paraterminalis

Capsula interna, Crus anterius

Gyrus frontalis inferior

Lamina terminalis

Nucleus caudatus, Caput

Commissura anterior

Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri

Fornix, Columna

Fasciculus mamillothalamicus Sulcus hypothalamicus Capsula interna, Crus posterius Tegmentum mesencephali Capsula interna, Radiatio optica ft:::��-----A-- Fimbria hippocampi Alveus hippocampi

Gyrus temporalis superior

Sulcus temporalis superior Hypothalamus -I'---�l__-lr----...!.c�

_ _ __

Nucleus ruber _j�_���-�----:::--�--7" Corpora geniculata laterale et mediale Nucleus caudatus, Cauda Gyrus temporalis medius Hippocampus

Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Eminentia collateral is

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale

Gyrus parahippocampalis

Sulcus hippocampalis A. cerebn posrenor

Gyrus lingualis

Rssura

Vermis cerebelll

longitudinalis cerebri

Fig . 591 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; h o rizontal section t h rough the t h i rd ventricle at the level of the opening of the cere b ra l aqueduct.

mesencephall

33 5

336 ,

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a L base

I C ra n i a L n e rves I

M e n i nges

Brain, horizontal section Fissura longitudinalis cerebn Cisterna chiasmatica A. cerebri anterior A communicans anterior A cerebri anterior Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri A. cerebri media

Gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis A. communicans posterior --t------..;..--J,:;� Hypothalamus Fossa interpeduncularis Cisterna interpeduncularis Substantia nigra A. cerebri posterior

Nucleus ruber Cisterna ambiens

Corpus amygdaloideum _�=----1r.----t'---1\- (Gyrus ambiens) Pedunculus cerebri, ..:��J=lir-..!...--;;f!--ir- Crus cerebri Pes hippocampi Hippocampus Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale Eminentia collateralis hippocampalis

Sulcus collateralis

Hemispherium cerebelli

Aqueductus mesencephali

Frenulum veli medullaris superioris Gyrus lingualis

Vermis cerebelli

Fig. 592 Bra i n , Encephalon; staggered horizontal section through the floor of the t h i rd ventricle at the level of the mami llary bod ies.

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

Ventricles

To p o g ra phy

Sections

S p i n a l c o rd

Pathways

Brain, sagittal sections Foramen interventriculare Gyrus frontalis superior Corpus callosum. Truncus Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum. Genu Corpus callosum. Rostrum Gyrus paraterminahs Commissura anterior Lamina terminalis A cerebri anterior A. communicans anterior

Adhesio interthalamlca Forni�. Crus Tela cho roidea venlncuh tertii Sulcus centralis Plexus ohoroideus ventriculi lertil

:��������������i��t� ���

Corpus callosum. Splenium V. magna cerebri Sulcus parietooccipilalis Tectum ��2:��l--}-.f1tl\- Aqueductus mesencephali ��:i..��_���.l...- Sulcus calcarinus

A communicans posterior Tegmentum mesencephali

Fig. 593 B ra i n . EncephaLo n ; median section.

33 7

Medulla oblongata

Canalis centralis

Hemispherium cerebelli Ventriculus quartus Plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti Apertura mediana ventriculi quarti

Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Thalamus Capsula interna

Ventriculus lalerafis. Cornu frontale

Corpus callosum. Genu Commissura anterior Corpus callosum. Rostrum Gyrus paraterminalis Bulbus olfactorius

Corpus callosum. Splenium

�::�;:��§�����S�� --=��'::;:,="'"

N. oculomotorius [III]

Sulcus parietooccipitalis N.

trochlearis [IV]

Sulcus calcarinus Cisterna ambiens Pedunculus cerebellaris medius

Fig. 594 Brain. E n cephaLo n ; sagittaL section through t h e Left hemisphere at the LeveL of t h e h e a d of t h e c a udate nucleus.

Hemispherium cerebelli Plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti Apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti

.. B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

Cra n i a l base

I Cra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i ng e s

Pa rts of t h e b ra i n

Brain, sagittal sections Capsula interna, Crus anterius Globus pallidus lateralis

/ Sulcus ,y \. Thalamus

c9mralis

"

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Hippocampus

A. cerebri posterior Gyrus parahippocampalis Pedunculus cerebeliaris medius

Fig. 595 B ra i n, Encep haLo n ; sag ittaL section through the Left hemisphere at the LeveL of the body of the caudate nucleus.

Capsula interna

Globus pallid us medialis

Glomus choroideum

Trigonum collaterale

Putamen Insula [Lobus msularlsj

-",,.".,==

--: -

A cerebrl media Cisterna fossae laterails cerebrl

Fimbria hippocampi A. cerebri posterior

Fig. 596 B ra i n , EncephaLo n ; sagittaL section through t h e Left hemisphere at the LeveL of the amygdaLoid body.

Ventriculus laterails, Cornu occlpitale

Ventricles

Top o g ra phy

Sections

S p i n a l cord

Pathways

Brain, sagittal sections Sulcus centralis

Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Eminentia collateralis

Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri A,

cerebri media Putamen Ventriculus lateralis, Cornu temporale Nucleus caudatus, Cauda

Hemlspherium cerebelh

Fig. 597 B ra i n , Encephalon; sagittal section through the left hemisphere at the level of t h e a pex of the temporal h o rn.

S"���::5:9�'bH--- Hemispherium cerebelli Fig. 598 B rain, E ncephalon; sag ittal sectio n t h rough the left hemisphere at the level of t h e insula .

339

.. B ra i n

B lo o d vessels

C ra n i a l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i n ges

Situs of the spinal cord

�:�'��h��,um Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata ---';:'"t':;'-'-��1

1

Encephalon

Ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis II Intumescentia cervicalis

Ganglia sensoria nervorum spinalium cervicalium

Nn thoracici, Radices posteriores

Nn. Intercostales

Medulla spinalis

)

Nn. thoracici

Rr. cutanei laterales Conus medullaris

Intumescentia lumbosacralis

Cauda equina

Ganglia sensoria nervorum spinalium lumbalium

Ala ossis ilium

Ganglia sensona nervorum spinallum sacrallum

Fig . 599 B ra i n , Encephalo n ; spinal cord, M e d ulla spinalis. a n d s p i n a l nerves. N n . s p i nales; bra i n a n d spinal nerves i n a neo nate. In the neonate, the spinal cord extends two vertebral segments further cauda lly compared to the adult.

Pa rts of the b ra i n

Ventricles

To pography

Sections

S p i na l cord

Pathways

Segmental structure of the spinal cord

Segmenta cervicalia [C1-CB]

Segmenta thoracica [T1-T12]

Radices nervorum cervicallum

Radices nervorum thoracicorum

Segmenta lumbalia [L1-L5] Segmenta sacralia [S1-85] Segmenta coccygea [Co1-Co3] Radices nervorum sacralium Radices nervorum coccygeorum

Fig. 600 S p i n a l cord segments, Segmenta medullae spinalis, and spinal nerve roots, Radices nervorum s p i n a li u m ; schematic median secti o n . As the spinal cord does not follow the g rowth of the vertebra l colu m n , the cou rse of the s p i n a l roots towards t h e i r corresponding segmental i ntervertebral fora m i n a becomes steeper from cra n i a l to caudal. I n the neonate, the spinal cord ends at the level of the spinous process of the fourt h lumbar vertebra , whereas i n the a d u lt, it extends normally o n ly to the second lumbar vertebra.

�

B ra i n

B lo o d vesse Ls

Cra n i a l base

I C ra n ia l n e rves I

Meni nges

Parts of t h e b ra i n

Spinal cord

Nn. cervicales [C 1-C 8]

Obex

Radix posterior (C t )

N hypoglossus [XII]

Pons Medulla oblongata N. accessorius [XI] Decussatio pyramidum Fissura mediana anterior Sulcus anterolateralis

[1--8/is

Segmenta

cervlcalla Pars cerv.ca

Ganglia sensoria nervorum spinalium

:0

Inlumescerrtia

Radix posterior (C 8)

Radix posterior (T 1)

Dura mater spinalis

Segmenta thoracica

[1-12] : Pars thoraciea

Sulcus posterolateralis Sulcus medianus posterior

.'ml!l=;t-- Arcus vertebrae

thoracicae XII

Radix posterior (T 12)

-----IH.'

Arcus vertebrae lumballs V

3

2

Segmenta lum all [1-5J = Pars lumbalis

b a

Radix posterior (L 1 )

Ganglion spinale

Nn. lumbales [L 1-L 5]

Nn. sacrales [S 1-8 5]

.1

Dura mater spinalis

Costa III

Nn. thoracici [T 1-T 12]

cervicalis

V/I/TJ;;'1'o1IL.L_

Cauda equina

Fig. 601 S p i n a l cord , Medulla spinalis, a n d spinal nerves, N n . s p in a les; situs of the spinal cord ; dorsal view. As spinal cord segments a re n u m bered accord i n g to t h e spinal nerves, and the u ppermost s p i n a l nerve is cou nted as the first cervical nerve, there a re actua lly eight cervical segments.

:......,--

rE'I�-_

.\IIT...-.-=-._

Ganglia sensoria nervorum spinalium (S 1-5)

Os sacrum Filum terminale, Pars duralis Os coccygis [Vertebrae coccygeae I-IV)

Radices posteriores (L 1-5, 8 1-5)

Dura mater spinalis

Fig. 602

Filum terminale, Pars duralis

Intumescentia lumbosacralis

Conus medullaris

Filum terminale

Filum terminale, Pars duralis Fig. 603

Fig. 602 Spinal cord , Medulla spinalis, and spinal nerves, N n . s p i na les; the s p i n a l dura mater has been opened; dorsal view. Fig. 603 S p i n a l cord, M e d u lla spinalis, and spinal nerves, Nn. spinales; the spinal d u ra mater has been opened; ventral view.

"'!"'"

Ventricles

To p o g ra p hy

Sect i o n s

S p i n a l cord

Spinal

Sulcus medianus posterior

3�3

Pathways

Fissura mediana --iIf-f.::-h-_ anterior

Fissura mediana anterior Dura mater spinalis

cord

Ganglia sensoria nervorum splnalium

Nn lumbales

Lig denticulatum Sulcus posterolateralis Radix posterior, Fila radicularia

Filum terminale

Dura mater spinalis

Arachnoidea mater spinalis

Cauda equina

Fig. 604 Spinal cord , Medulla spina lis, and spinal meni nges, Men inges spinales; dorsal view.

Fig. 605 S p i n a l cord , Medu lla spinalis; ca udal part with the cauda e q u i n a , Cauda e q u i n a ; ventral view.

_____

��� Dura mater

a

____

Dura mater spinalis

spinalis

b

Fig. 606 a-c S p i n a l nerve roots, N n . s p i n a les, Radices; typ ical course wit h i n the subara c h n o i d space. a Cervical seg ment, Segmentum cervicale b Thoracic seg ment, Segmentum thoracicum c Lumbar segment, Segmentum lumba le

c

Dura mater spinalis

3 44 :

�

B ra i n

��

I B lo o d vessels I

C ra n i a l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i n ges

Arteries of the spinal cord --:----11 A. basilaris---,--H"II A vertebralis

ftil.---

Atlas

"..9qRr. spinales -�

A. spinalis anterior ---F.Jt;�H ;; A. cervicalis ascendens A. vertebralis Arcus aortae ---''''-i�1 R. spinalis -�""lW.m A. intercostalis posterior A spinalis anterior ---,jCfj -

Pars descendens aortae Aa. intercostales posteriores

Truncus nervi spinalis

(A radicularis magna) *

Cauda equina

Fig. 607 •

Arteries of the spinal cord . Medulla spinalis.

C l i n i ca l t e r m : artery

o

f

ADAMKIEWICZ

Aa. spinales posteriores

-: ���--2� ,;:���:;;�;;:;:� A. spinalis anterior ----if':.

(A spinalis lateralis)

R. spinalis ---::i,... :: .., �� iI' :;;.: .,

(A. Intercosmlls posterior)

Fig. 608

Arteries of the spinal cord . Medulla spinalis.

Pa rts of the b ra i n

Ven t r i c les

To p o g ra p hy

Sections

S p i n a l cord

Pathways

Spinal cord, structure }

Fasciculus gracilis Funiculus posterior c:- / Fasciculus cuneatus

Sulcus intermedius posterior

�

Substantia gelatinosa centralis

Radix posterior, Fila radicularia

•

Formallo retlcularis Funiculus

Columna posterior,

Cervix

lateralls --'---

Cornu posterlus

Basis

Columna anterior, Cornu anterius

a

Pia mater spinalis

Fila radicularia

Sulcus anterolateralis

Funiculus anterior Fissura mediana anterior

Sulcus medianus posterior .r-

Substantia gelatinosa

Columna Caput --"'='--":tr

pos e ior, Cornu prn;tenus

Funiculus lateral is

Substantia gelatinosa centrahs

Columna posterior, Cornu posterius Substantia getatlnosa centralis

c

b

Fissura mediana anterior

SUICLlS medlanus postanor

Columna posterior, Cornu posterius

---,:�-+--

Substantia alba Columna anterior, Cornu anterius

Substantia grisea

a

Substantia gelatinosa centralis

d

Canalis centralis

Fissura mediana anterior

Fig. 609 a-d S p i n a l cord , M e d u lla spinalis; c ross-sections; myelin sta i n ; a p p rox. 5 0 0 % . a Cervical part, Pars cervicalis b Thoracic part, Pars t ho racica c Lu m b a r part, Pars lumbalis d Sacral p a rt , Pars sacralis

b

c

d

�

B ra i n

B lood vessels

C ra n ia l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i ng e s

Functional organisation of the spinal cord Substantia gelatinosa Nucleus proprius

I II

Canalis centralis (Substantia grisea intermedia centralis)

Nucleus marginalis Columna posterior, Cornu posterius Nucleus thoracicus posterior '---"-Columna intermedia, Cornu laterale Nucleus intermediolateralis Columna anterior, Cornu anterius NucleI

Fig. 6 1 0 Spinal cord , Medu lla spinalis; la m i n a r o rgan isation of the g rey matter accord i ng to its cytoarchitecture laccording to R EXED, 1 9521. exem plified by the tenth t horacic segment IT1 O J . Formation a n d n u m ber of the la minae vary i n d ifferent spinal cord segments .

.,. I I

Ganglion spirale

, \

1 2 3 4 5

= = = = =

Skin Interneurons Motoneuron of anterior horn Motor end·plate Muscle spindle

Fig. 6 1 1 Reflexes at the spinal cord ; left : monosynaptic reflex I b i n e u ro nal, proprioceptive, myostatic, e . g . , patellar t e n d o n reflex, Ach i lles tendon reflex, etc . l ; r i g h t : polysynaptic reflex Ipolyne u ronal, e . g . , abdominal reflex, c re masteric reflex. plantar reflex, etc ' ! '

Parts of t h e b ra i n

Ventricles

To pog ra p hy

Sect i o n s

Spinal cord

Pathways

Functional organisation of the spinal cord

Fasciculus septomarginahs++ '" Fasciculus interfascicularis

I

I

' f)

Tractus corticospinalis (pyramidalis) lateralis Tractus rubrospinalis

..

• ..

Fig . 61 2 S p i n a l cord , Medulla spinalis; schematic o rga n isation of the white matter exemplified by a lower cervical segment. Afferent 1= asce n d i ngi pathways i n blu e ; efferent 1= descen d i n g i pathways i n red , .

..

•••••

C l i n ical term: FlECHSIG's tract Cli nical term: GOWER's tract C l i n ical term: GOll's tract Clinical term: BURDACH's tract actual existence of these fibres has n t defin itely been documented

The

I

Tractus splnocerebellans postenor'

Tractus spino­ thalamicus lateralis

Tractus reticulospinalis; Tractus tectospinalis Tractus vestibulospinalis medialis Tractus corticospinalis (pyramidalis) anterior

***:to

I

"

••

p Tractus s inocerebellaris anterior·

Tractus reticulospinalis

.*

7'\J

I

Fasciculi proprii posteriores

Flbrae olivosplnales

c:::::-f....Fasciculus cuneatus..

31.7

o

Tractus spinoolivaris Tractus spinothalamicus anterior; Tractus spinotectalis Fasciculi proprii anteriores Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis

The reg ions i n dicated by +, ++, and +++ d esig nate descen d i ng collateral tracts of the posterior fasciculi,

+

++

+++

SCHULTZE's c o m m a tract !cervical partl FlECHSIG's oval b u n d le [thora c i c partl Triangle of P H I L I PPE-GO MBAUlT [lumbar and sacral partsl

348

.. B ra i n

B lood vesse ls

.. ..

Path ways

of the

C ra n ia l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i ng e s

Pa rts of the b ra i n

spinal co rd

Gyrus postcentralis

Gyrus postcentral is Fibrae thalamoparietales -lr.\IT--:r--<��"":

Lemniscus medialis --��'-"��LP

Fibrae thalamoparietales

N. trigeminus [V) Nuclei nervi trigemini

Oecussatio lemniscorum Nucleus gracilis

Fasciculus gracilis

Fasciculus cuneatus

'-

.

Ali-+f----

Nucleus cuneatus

}

-Tractus spinothalamicus lateraliS -Tractus spinothalamicus anterior (Fasciculus - Tractus splnoretlculans anterolateralis) - Tractus spinotectalis - Tractus spinoolivaris

Ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis Fig . 6 1 3

Pathways for e p i c r itic [blue) a n d proto pathic [green) sensibi lity.

Asce n d i n g pat hways Pathway for epicritic sensibility (tactile pathway) [ Precise d iffere ntiation of p ress u re a n d t o u c h )

1.

2 3

n e u ron ( u n c rossed) Fro m receptors [exteroceptors) i n t h e s k i n a n d t h e m u cosa , a s well a s the peri osteu m , the j o i nts a n d t h e m u s c le s p i n d les etc., to t h e c u n eate a n d g ra c i le n u c le u s i n t h e m e d u lla o b long ata : g ra c i le a n d c u n eate fasc i c u l u s ( p e ri ka rya i n the s p i n a l g a n g l i a ) : desc e n d i n g collatera ls [see F i g . 6 1 21 . n e u ron [ c rossed) Fro m the m e d u lla o b lo n gata [ c u n eate a n d g ra c i le n u cleus) to t h e thalamus ( m e d i a l lem n is c u s , p e r i k a rya i n the c u n eate and g ra c i le n u c le u s) n e u ro n ( u n c rossed) Fro m t h e t h a l a m u s to the c e re b ra l cortex, p a rti c u la rly to the postce n t ra l gyrus [ t h a la mocort i c a l fi b res, perikarya i n the t h a la m u s l .

Pathway for protopathic sensibility (pain pathway) ( Pa i n , t e m p e ra t u re , g e n eral p ress u re sensation)

1 . n e u ro n ( u n c rossed)

Fro m receptors (exteroce ptors) of the skin and the m u cosa etc . , to the poste r i o r horn, la m i n a e I -V ( p e r i k a rya i n t h e s p i n a l g a n g lia l . 2. n e u ro n [ c rosse d , some f i b res poss i b ly u n c rosse d ) Fro m t h e poste rior h o rn to the t h a la m u s , i n t h e ret i c u la r fo r m a t i o n a n d to t h e m i d b ra i n tectum (a nterior a n d latera l s p i n o t h a la m ic tracts, spi n o ret i c u la r t ract, s p i n otecta l t ra c t ; p e r i k a rya i n the poster i o r colu m n l . 3. n e u ro n ( u n c rossed) From the t h a la m u s a m o n g oth e rs to the cere b ra l cortex, p a rt i c u la rly to the postce ntra l gyrus ( t h a la mocortica l f i b res, p e r i k a rya i n t h e t h a l a m u s ) .

Ven t r i c le s

To p o g ra phy

Sect i o n s

S p i n a l co rd

Pathways of

Pathways the spinal cord

"""'�__

I-----:=:---./--

Pedunculus cerebellaris superior

Vermis cerebelli Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior

,.----- Tractus spinocerebellaris posterior

\+\,----- Tractus spinocerebellaris anterior \.'r-'o,-----

Cornu anterius

Tractus spinoolivaris

N. spinalis

Gan(liion sl;lnsorlum

nervi spinalis

Fig. 6 1 4

Pathways for u nconscious deep sensibility.

Ascen d i n g pathways Pathway for unconscious deep sensibility ( U nconscious, b u t p recise spatial d iffere n t i a t i o n as a p re re q u isite for move m e n t coord i nation by the cere b e l l u m ] V i a t h e anterior cerebellar t ract

1 . n e u ro n ( u n c rossed]

From receptors ( p ro pri oceptors] i n m uscles, t e n d o n s, a n d the connective t i ss u e to t h e n u c le i of t h e intermediate zone a n d t h e anterior colu m n ( p e r i k a rya i n the spinal g a n g li a ] 2 . n e u ro n ! c rossed] From the a nterior horn wit h i n the a nterior s p i n ocere bellar tract of t h e a nt e rolatera l tract to t h e cere be l l u m via the s u p e r i o r cere b e llar p e d u n c le ( p e r i k a rya i n the i nte r m e d i ate zone and the a n terior h o rn ! . Via t h e posterior cerebellar tract 1.

2.

n e u ro n [ u n c rossed] From e n d o rg a n s ( pro prioce ptors] i n m u sc les, t e n d o n s , a n d the connective tissue to t h e n u c le i of t h e poste r i o r column a n d t h e t h o ra c i c n u c le u s [ p e r i k a rya i n the spinal g a n g li a l . n eu ro n ( u ncrossedl From t h e poster i o r horn a n d t h e t h o racic n u c le u s with i n the poste r i o r s p i n ocere b e lla r t ra ct of t h e lateral tract t o t h e cere b e l l u m via t h e i nferior cere b e lla r p e d u nc le ( pe r i k a rya i n t h e t h o ra c i c n u cle u s a n d at t h e base of t h e post e r i o r colu m n l .

3501

.. B ra i n

... ...

Pathways

B lo o d vessels

C ra n ia l base

I C ra n i a l n e rves I

M e n i n g es

P a rts of t h e bra i n

o f the spinal cord

Gyrus precentral is Fibrae corticospinales Corpus striatum

--I-I-+--",*,"--1-U'

-_.:t=-:�r-<.!)'��..,;.J\_-4

Thalamus

¥----+,,-----t\;-- (Tractus rubrothalamicus)

�1"K"----:-;--�"':";"-- Nucleus ruber

�---.".".--- (Tractus cerebellorubralis)

Substantia nigra Nuclei pontis

Cerebellum, Nucleus dentatus

Fibrae pontocerebellares

- Tractus rubrospinalis .... Tractus reticulospinalis - Tractus vestibulospinalis .... Tractus tectospinalis

Tractus bulboreticulospinalis etc. Cornu anterius

Radix anterior [motoria]

N spinalis Fig. 6 1 5 •

Pathways of the motor system

.

Motor n u c lei of cra n i a l ne rves

Desce n d i n g pathways T h e m otor system comprises a la rg e n u m be r o f n u c lea r reg i o n s a n d t ra cts. T h e " m otor f i n a l path" a re t h e moto n e u ro n s. Despite the extra o rd i n a ry complexity of these c i rc u its, t h e t rad i t i o n a l org a nisation w i l l be m a i n t a i n e d for d id a c t i c reasons. [So- called I Pyra m i d a l tract

1 . ! c e n t ral] n e u ro n !c rossedl

2.

From t h e c e rebral cortex t h rou g h t h e i nt e r n a l c a p s u le a n d t h e c e re b ra l p e d u n cles to i ntern e u ro n s with i n t h e anterior and poste rior colu m n ( latera l corticospi n a l tract, anterior corticospi n a l tract, p e r i k a rya i n t h e pre c e n t ra l gyru s!. B ra n c h i n g off of fibres to t h e n u c le i of t h e c ra n i a l n e rves !cort i c o n u clear f i b res a n d b u lbar c o rt i c o n u clear fi bres! ' [ p e ri p h e ra l ] n e u ron [motor end pathway, cx-moto n e u ro n s l From t h e anterior horn to t h e m otor e n d p lates of t h e skeleta l m u s c u la t u re [ m ot o n e u ro n s , perikarya i n the a nt e r i o r horn!'

[ S o - ca lledl Extra pyra m i d a l m otor system 1.

2.

centra l n e u rons ! c rossed a n d u n c rossedl From t h e cere b ra l cortex, particu larly the pre c e n t ra l gyrus a n d the adjacent cort i c a l a reas i n c l u d i n g syna pses to t h e basa l g a n g li a , t h a la m u s , s u b t h a la m i c n u cleu s , red n u c le u s , s u bsta ntia n i g ra , c e rebellum, e t c . a n d feed back l o o p s to t h e i nt e r n e u rons of t h e a nterior colu m n ( ru b rosp i n a l t ract, m e d i a l a n d latera l vest i b u los p i n a l tract, ret i c u lospi n a l t ract, tectos p i n a l t ra c t ! . p e r i p h e ra l n e u ro n ( motor e n d pat hway, cx-moto n e u ro n s l From the anterior horn to t h e m o t o r e n d - p lates of t h e s keletal m u s c les ( m oto n e u ro n s ; p e r i k a rya i n the a nterior h o r n ! '

Ve ntricle s

To p o g ra p hy

Sections

S p i n a l cord

Pathways

Lesions of the

spinal

cord

351

Fig. 6 1 6 Dysfu nctional cutaneous i n n e rvation due to pa lsy of certa i n , freq uently affected s p i na l nerves.

Fig. 6 1 7 Com plete para plegia at the level of the eleventh thoracic seg ment. Para lysi s of the complete motor a n d sensory system.

Fig. 6 1 8 Paralysis of the tracts of the right posterior funicu lus at the level of the eleventh thoracic segment. Loss of fine tactile sensation as well as loss of sense of position and v i bration [ rough touc h sensation remains functional].

Fig. 6 1 9 H e m i plegia [ B ROWN -SEQUARO) due to d isruption of the half of the s p i n a l cord on the right side at the level of the eleventh thoracic seg ment. O n the right side [ i p s i laterally): loss of motor function [ i n itially flaccid. later spastic); loss of fine tacti le sensation as well as loss of sense of position and vi b ration [ro u g h touch sensation remains functional]. O n the left side [contra laterally ) : loss of pain and temperature sensation.

�

Eye

Su rfa ce

I S ke leto n I Eye l i d s I Lac r i m a l a p p a ratus

Eyelids

{

(Sulcus palpebralis superior) Angulus oculi lateralis

Palpebra (pars supralarsahs) superior

(Pars IBrsalls)

(Pars supratarsa!ls) ( Pars tarsahs)

Palpebra superior

Tunica conjunctiva bulbi

Angulus oculi laleralis; Commissura lateralis palpebrarum Rima palpebrarum

Caruncula lacrimalis

Angulus oculi medialis

Angulus oculi medialis; Commissura medialis palpebrarum Fig. 620

1

Eyelids, Palpebrae.

Papilla lacrimalis (inferior) Fig. 621

Eye, Oculus, and eyelids, Palpebrae.

Limbus anterior palpebrae

Limbus posterior palpebrae Punctum lacrimale; Papilla lacrimalis (superior) Caruncula lacrimalis

Tunica conjunctiva bulbi Fornix conjunctivae inferior Tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum _�.5;�:; �_IJ9!'T' Limbus posterior -1l.------palpebrae Limbus anterior palpebrae Plica semilunaris conjunctivae

Fig. 622

1

Eye, Oculus, a n d eyelids, Palpebrae.

Plica semilunaris conjunctivae Lacus lacrimalis

Punctum lacrimale; Papilla lacrimalis (inferior)

Eye, Oculus, and eyelids, Pa lpebrae. Eversion of the upper eyelid [extropion isation) is h i n d e red by the stiffness of the tarsus, but can be faci litated with the aid of a small hook. Fig. 623

M uscles of t h e eye

Eyeb a l l

O pt i c pathway

3 5,3 .·

Top o g ra p hy

Orbit Margo supraorbitalis

Incisura frontalis*

Foramen supraorbitale*

as sphenoidale, Ala minor

as frontale. Pars orbitalis. Facies orbital is Fovea trochlearis Canalis opticus

Fossa glandulae lacrimalis

Foramen ethmoidale posterius as frontale, Proc zygomaticus

Foramen ethmoidale anterius Margo medialis

as sphenoidale, Ala major, Facies orbitalis

- -�..-- Sulcus lacrimalis �Jjb_-1:.---as lacrimale

Margo lateralis

as zygomaticum, Proc frontalis

Crista lacrimal is anterior

Fissura orbitalis superior

Fossa sacci lacrimalis Crista lacrimalis posterior Maxilla, Proc frontalis Incisura lacrimalis

Fissura orbitalis inferior

as ethmoidale, Lamina orbitalis Os palatinum, Proc. orbital is

Sulcus infraorbitalis; Canalis infraorbitalis Foramen infraorbitale

Margo infraorbitalis

Maxilla, Facies orbitalis

.

Fig. 624 O rbit, O rbita ; oblique view from lateral. • These structures can be present a s fora min a or not c hes

Foramina ethmoidalia anterius et posterius as ethmoidale, Lamina orbitalis

a]

sq u m a frontalis

�:t,�aIiS

Fissura orbital is superior Canalis opticus as sphenoidale, Ala minor

Squama frontaliS as frontals

Fac,es orb,talls

Facies

)

as Irontale

orbitahs

I--"I..,....c:...-o- as lacrimale Lo-..>;.+_ Maxilla,

1

Proe. frontalis Canalis nasolacrimal is

Fissura orbitalis inferior

Facies orbitalis Fossa pterygopalatina

Corpus maxillae

as sphenoidale, Proc pterygoideus

Pars orbltalls

{

Proc. as palatinum pyramidalis Proc. orbitalis

Fig. 625 Medial wall, Paries medialis, of the orbit, O rbita ; lateral vi ew.

Foramen zygomaticoorbitale Fissura orbital is superior . _ as zygomaticum, t----!o..._ Facies orbitalis Ala major Corpus

Maxilla

}

as sphenoidale

Fissura orbital is inferior Fissura pterygomaxillaris Maxilla, Facies orbital is Sinus maxillaris Canalis infraorbitalis

Fig. 626 Lateral wall, Paries latera lis, of the orbit, Orbita ; medial view.

� Eye

S u rfa ce

Ske leton

Eyelids

Lac r i m a l a pp a ratus

Eyelids M. occipitofrontalis. Venter frontalis

M depressor supercilii

M. corrugator supercilii

M. procerus

Os nasale M. orbicularis oculi. Pars palpebralis

Lig. palpebrale mediale M. orbicularis oculi, Pars orbital is

M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

M levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

M. orbicularis oculi. Pars orbitalis

M. nasalis

M. levator labii superioris

M. levator labii superioris M. zygomaticus rna/or

M zygomaticus minor

M, zygomaticus minor . -,�. M. zygomaticus -....� major M . levator anguli oris

1 -7

1 1 9, 1 20 ,

T 1 a , c, d, e

M orbicularis oris, Pars marginalis

1

Fig. 627

M depressor septi nasi

M levator anguli oris

Fac i a l m u scles. M m . fac i e i .

M levator palpebrae superioris

Fornix conjunctivae superior

M obliquus superior, Tendo Corpus adiposum orbitae

Glandula lacrimalis, Pars orbitalis Tarsus superior

(Raphe palpebral is lateralis); Lig. palpebrale laterale

Lig palpebrale mediale

--+.""",.a

--I.L._-:i;::-..:;:: .......Iilll!!!!! lii

Saccus lacrimalis

Lig palpebraIe mediale

Rima palpebrarum Fornix conjunctivae inferior

M. obliquus inferior

Fig. 628 Orbital open i n g . Aditus o rbitalis. with eyelids. Palpebrae.

M uscles of t h e eye

Eye b a ll

Optic pathway

Top o g ra p hy

Eyelids, structure

Tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum Glandulae tarsales* Facies anterior palpebrae

_

Cilia M. orbicularis oculi, Pars palpebralis Limbus anterior palpebrae

Fig, 629 U pper eyelid, Palpebra superior; photograph of a m i c roscopi c spec i m e n ; a z a n sta i n ; sag ittal sect i o n , magnified . •

Clinical t er m : MEIBOM ian glands

Glandulae tarsales Angulus oculi lateralis

Angulus oculi medialis Commissura medialis palpebrarum

Commissura lateralis palpebrarum

Rima palpebrarum

Tarsus inferior

Glandulae tarsales

Fig. 630 Eyelids, Palpebrae; t ra nslucent specimen i llustrating the excretory ductules of the tarsa l g lands; posterior view.

3i5�

� Eye

I

� �

Skeleton

S u rface

Eye l i d s

Lacrimal apparatus Septum orbitale M levator palpebrae superioris, Tendo

Tarsus superior

Pars erbltalis

Glandula

lacrl mahs

Pars palpebralis

-;;;���iit

Lig. palpebrale mediale

Ductuli excreterii (Raphe paipebralis iateralis):

L i g . !lalpebrale lateraIe

Maxilla, Proc. frontalis

Septum orbitale

Tarsus inferior Fig. 631 O rbital o p e n i n g , Aditus orbitalis, with eyelids, Pa lpebrae, a n d lacrimal gland, Gla n d u la lacrimalis.

N. lacrimalis Glandula lacrimalis. Pars orbitalis

R. communicans cum nervo zygomatico

Palpebra superior ----'�--IU

Sutura sphenozygomatica M. rectus lateralis N. opticus [II]

Palpebra inferior

Os sphenoidale, AJa major

R. communicans cum nervo zygomatico

Fissura orbltalls Inferior N.

Foramen zygomaticoorbitale

Infraerblmlls

zygomaticus

Fig. 632 I n nervation of the lacrimal gland, Glandula lacrimalis; medial view.

Lacri mal apparatus

I M u scles of t h e eye I

Eye b a ll

Optic pathway

To p o g ra p hy

Lacrimal apparatus Fornix conjunctivae superior

Papilla lacrimalis; Punctum lacrimale Plica semilunaris conjunctivae Canaliculus lacrimalis superior M orbicularis oculi

Glandula lacrimalis, Ductuli excretorii

Fornix sacci lacrimalis Caruncula lacrimalis Saccus lacrimal is

--

-

I-i-+-__

Fornix conjunctivae inferior

>+4---__

N. infraorbital is Sinus maxillaris, Tunica mucosa

Canaliculus lacrimalis inferior Papilla lacrimalis; Punctum lacrimale Concha nasalis media Ductus nasolacrimalis Plica lacrimalis Meatus nasi inferior Concha nasalis inferior

Fig. 633 Lac rimal a pparatus, Apparatus lac rimalis; the eyelids have been pu lled away fro m the eyeball; the nasolacrimal duct has been ope ned u p to the i nferio r nasal meatus.

Caruncula lacrimalis

Canaliculus lacrimalis superior Saccus lacrimalis

Fornix saccI lacrimalis

Maxilla, Proc frontalis

M orbicularis oculi Papilla lacrimal is; Punctum lacrimale Fig. 634

Canaliculus lacrimalis inferior M obliquus inferior

Ductus nasolacrimalis

Lac rimal a pparatus, Apparatus lacrimalis.

M obliquus inferior Sinus maxillaris

Ductus nasolacrimal is

Fig. 635 Lacrimal a pparatus, Appa ratus lac rimalis; the nasolacrimal duct and the nasolacrimal canal have been opened.

Eye

S ke leton

Eye l i d s

M.

obliquus inferior

mf---f-':"':J�----';----------

M

M. obliquus superior --------tlevator palpebrae superioris -------�",.;;._ if""�<-'--------------__=_c;;:___i_-Anulus tendineus communis --------+_""'"

rectus superior

M

rectus lateralis

�

S u rfa ce

Extra-ocular muscles

M

obliquus superior, Trochlea M

rectus medialis

M

M.

rectus inferior

----;..-:-:::-"'---- -=--....,.,�$���

--:-:------:-:-:-:-t:+ -='--=--...f-f1�

;.,:-

Fig. 636 Extra-ocuLa r m uscles, M m . externi b u L b i ; schema; s u p e r i o r view.

orbitalis

M.

Os frontale

levator palpebrae superioris M

Fissura orbitalis superior

Lacertus musculi recti lateralis ---t-i�iNff-----+ Os sphenoidale, Ala major M

M

��...41t-::'"----

N. infraorbital is

N. opticus [II]

ff*"",,,� , -- M. rectus medialis

Cellulae ethmoidales

rectus lateralis

N. oculomotorius [III], R inferior

obliquus superior

N opticus [II], Vagina extema M.

rectus inferior

Periorbita

Fig. 637 Extra-ocuLar mu scles, M m. externi buLbi; a nterior view.

Lac r i m a l a p p a ra t u s

M u scles of the eye

Eye b a l l

O ptic pathway

Top o g ra phy

Extra-ocular muscles

Pupilla

M.

rectus lateralis

M.

Tunica conjunctiva bulbi M.

Fig. 638

M.

rectus medialis

obliquus inferior

rectus inferior

Extra -ocula r muscles, M m . externi bulbi.

rectus superior obliquus superior, Tendo M.

M

M.

M.

rectus lateralis

rectus inferior _-B"::,4o ll;j

Fig. 639 Extra-ocular muscles, M m . externi bulbi; posterior view.

M.

Fig. 640 Extra -ocula r m u sc les, M m . externi b u l b i ; posterior-superior view.

rectus lateralis

35 9

: 9.6 D ·

-.

J.

�.-�: .

� �

S u rface

S ke leton

Eye l i d s

Lacri m a l a p p a ratus

-..,� -. ""

Extra-ocuLar muscles M. levator palpebrae superioris M. rectus superior Anulus

Periorbita

tendineus communis

N. opticus [II]

Os sphenoidale, Ala major M rectus inferior

Fossa infratemporalis

Fissura orbitalis inferior Fig. 641 Extra-ocula r muscles, M m . externi b u l b i ; lateral view.

M. rectus superior, Tendo

Margo supraorbitalis

M levator palpebrae superioris

Os frontale, Proc. zygomaticus

M. obliquus superior, Tendo

Glandula lacrimalis, Pars orbitalis M rectus lateralis, Tendo

M. rectus medialis, Tendo ....l<'. ..M!r...

f-

Margo lateralis

Tunica conjunctiva bulbi Margo medialis

M. obliquus inferior, Tendo

M obliquus inferior

Os zygomaticum Foramen infraorbitale

Fig. 642 Extra-ocula r muscles, M m. externi bulbi; oblique view from a nterior.

Margo infraorbitalis

M uscles of the eye

Eyeball

O p t i c pathway

36 1

To pography

Extra-ocular muscles M. M

obliquus supenor, Tendo

obliquus superior, Trochlea levator palpebrae superions M.

M. levator palpebrae supenons

_��..--

Glandula lacrimalis, Pars orbitalis

M. obliquus superior, Tendo

JIJI�---;;::-:-- Os sphenoidale,

Ala major

Corpus adiposum orbitae M obliquus supenor

rectus lateral is

M.

M.

rectus medialis

M.

rectus lateralis

M. rectus superior

M.

Chiasma opticum

N. opticus [II]

M obliquus superior levator palpebrae superioris

Fig. 643 Extra-oc u la r m uscles, M m . exte rni b u l b i ; superior vi ew.

Lobus frontalis, Gyri orbitales

M. levator palpebrae superioris M rectus superior M, obliquus superior N opticus [II] M. rectus lateralis M rectus medialis M rectus inferior

Paries superior Paries medialis Paries lateralis Cellulae ethmoidales Paries inferior Sinus maxillaris Cavitas nasi Fig. 644 Extra - oc u lar m uscles, M m . externi b u l b i ; magnetic resonance tomographic i mage ( M R I l ; frontal section throu g h the m i d d le of the orbit; anterior view.

Lens Bulbus oculi, Corpus vitreum M. rectus lateralis N opticus [II] M. rectus medialis

Paries medialis

Cellulae ethmoidales L.-._--

Paries lateralis

Canalis opticus

Lobus temporalis

Fig. 645 Eyeball, Bulbus oculi, a n d extra-ocula r m uscles, M m . externi bulbi; magnetic resonance tomographic image ( M R I ) ; horizontal section a t t h e level o f t h e optic nerve ; superior vi ew.

3' 6",'1 2-'--

,

"

'�' .

....., � .�:

.

... ...

... Ey e

Skelet o n

S u r face

Eyelids

Lac r i m a l a p p a ratus

I

1 -

Eyeball, structure Iris

Vertex corneae; Polus anterior bulbi

{Facies posterior Facies anterior

Lamina limitans anterior ' Lamina limitans posterior Iris Angulus iridocornealis Sinus venosus sclerae ••• Tunica conjunctiva Fibrae circUlareS .. . M_ cllians :::._ .. """.---- Fibrae meridionales "-"l���_!...Pars ciliaris retinae ••

.

Cornea Reticulum trabeculare

}

Tunica conjunctiva bulbi ---;II!'l;,..oQ!' ... Camera posterior bulbi

__

Orbiculus ciliaris

M. sphincter puplllae

Corpus clliare FaCies

Ora serrata

poslerlor

LSrls

Pars optica retinae Camera postrema [vitrea] bulbi; Corpus vitreum

Aequator

Retina, Pars

optlca

retinae

(.

turiS U1lemus

Stratum plgmenlosum

i

Axis opl cus

bulbi

Stratum nervosum

Spatium perichoroideum

Vagina externa nervi optici

Spatium intervaginale subarachnoidale

Fig. 646 Eyeball, Bulbus oculi; schematic horizontal section at the level of the exit of the optic nerve.

C l i n ical term: BOWMAN's m e m brane •• •••

C l i n ical term: DESCEM ET's m e m b ra n e Clinical term: canal SCHLEMM

o

f

D i mensions of the eye b a ll (Average values accord i n g to the a natomic a n d ophthalmologic literature)

External bulbar axis, Axis extern u s bulbi I nternal bulbar axis, Axi s i nternus bulbi T h i ckness of the cornea De pth of the a nterior c h a m be r

24 0 mm

Thick ness of the len s D ista nce between lens a n d reti n a Thickness of the retina

3 . 6 mm 1 5 . 6 mm 0 3 mm

22.5 mm 0 . 5 mm 3 . 6 mm

Radius of c u rvat u re of the sclera Radius of c u rvature of the cornea Power of the entire eye [ d i stance vision] Power of the cornea Power of the lens [distance vision] I nterpu p i llary dista nce

1 3 . 0 mm

7.8 mm

59 d i o ptres

43 d i o ptres 1 9 d i o ptres 6 1 -69 mm

M u scles of t h e eye

Eyeball

O p t i c pathway

Topog ra p hy

Blood vessels of the eyeball Sinus venosus sclerae' Circulus arteriosus iridis major V. conjunctivalis anterior A. conjunctivalis anterior

A. ciliaris anterior Circulus arteriosus iridis minor Ora serrata .,"'...._.---- V. ciliaris anterior

'H--.,.fI-- A. ciliaris posterior longa Relma

Vasa sanguinea retinae Choroidea

V. central is retinae A centralis retinae

V_ vorticosa

Sclera

---E---?ilbl -:l r:k'.KJ%(

V. episcleralis

-£--7ll'HJIrt,M'U

A. ciliaris posterior longa Aa ciliares posteriores breves

Fig. 647

Blood vessels of the eyeball, B u lbus oculi .

• Cli n i ca l term: canal of S C H LE M M •• Cli n i c a l term: uvea

Layers of t h e eyeball, Tu n i c a e b u lbi Fibrous layer of the eyeball. Tunica fibrosa bulbi - Cornea, Cornea [ pronounced c u rvature, translucent] - Sclera , Sclera [ lesser c u rvature, opaque; bluish-wh ite in i nfa ncy, yellowish-wh ite in senescence] Vascular layer of the eyeball. Tunica vasculosa bulbi - I ris, Iris, with the ce ntral c i rcula r o p e n i n g , the pup il, Pupi lla - C iliary body, Corpus c i liare, with the c i liary m u scle, M c i liaris, the ciliary process, Processus c i liaris, the c i liary z o n u le , Zon ula c i liaris, with the zonula r fi bres, Fi brae zon u lares, and the zonular spaces, Spatia zonularia - C horoid, C h o ro idea

Inner layer of the eyeball (retinal. Tunica interna bulbi (Retinal - N onvisual ret i n a , Pars caeca reti nae [from the p u p i llary- i ridial marg i n , Marg o p u pi lla ris i r i d i s , to the ora serrata, O ra serrata] I r i d i a l part of the reti n a , Pars i r i d i ca retinae [single- layered, heavily pig mentedl. C i liary part of the retina, Pars ciliaris retinae [single- layered, u n p i g mented] - Optic part of the ret i n a , Pars optica ret i nae [stratified] 1 neuro n : vision cells [rod cells - b ri g htness; cone cells - colour] 2 neuro n : bipo lar ganglion cells wit h i n the reti n a [ganglion o f t h e retina, Ganglion reti nae] 3 neuro n : m u lt i - polar ganglion cells [optic ganglion, Ganglion optic u m l . whose long axon s form the optic n e rve and conti nue i n the o ptic tract

�

Eye

Ske Let o n

S urface

Eye l i d s

Lac r i m a L a p pa ratus

Ciliary body and iris Camera anterior

Stroma iridis

Facies posterior. Epithelium posterius

M. sphincter pupillae

li Margo pup laris

���;;g�-- Lens

Facies anterior. Epithelium anterius Substantia propria corneae

Sinus venosus sclerae'

Angulus iridocornealis

Pars

Reticulum trabeculare

Sclera

-----r,:...:...:...

Ora serrata -----:;r.?7:-�iI

M

Spalla Fibrae zonulares zonularia

Procc. ciliares

olilans

I Zonula ciliaris"

Corpus ciliare

Fig. 648 Eyeball, B u lbus oculi; schematic horizontal sectio n at the level of the p u p i l . • ••

C l i n i ca l term: c a n a l Clinical term : z o n u le

of fS C H L E M M o ZINN

Lens, Facies anterior

Lens, Polus anterior

M ciliaris

Iris, Facies anterior

Nn. clilares

Anulus iridis major Plicae

iridis Anulus iridis minor Fig. 649 Iris, I ris, and p u p i l, P u p i lla ; afte r removal of the sclera a n d cornea ; a nterior view.

Indica retinae

M uscles of t h e eye

Eyeball

O pt i c pat hway

Top o g ra p h y

Iris Plicae Indls Margo pupillaris Pupilla

Anulus iridis major

-���Et;j

Reticulum trabeculare Margo ciliaris

Lens, Facies anterior Fig. 650 Iris, Iris; after removaL of the cornea ; a nterior view.

Pars iridica retinae

Pars ciliaris retinae

Procc. ciliares

Fibrae zonulares; Spatia zonularia

Plicae ciliares

�§i�;l--- Cornea, Facies posterior

Margo pupillaris Corpus clliare

Plicae ",dis

Iris, Facies posterior Fig. 651 I ris, I ri s ; posterior view.

Iris, Facies posterior

Pars optica retinae

---

Orbiculus ciliaris

I

Plicae iridls

Fig. 652 I ris, Iris; section of Fig. 6 5 1 ; posterior view.

�

Eye

S u rface

Skelet o n

Eye l i d s

Lacri m a l a p p a ra t u s

Lens Aequator

Axis

Radii

.�---

Aequator

Facies posterior Fig. 653 Lens, Lens; a nterior view.

Fig. 654 Lens, Lens; viewed from the eq uator.

Aequator ---

Nucleus lenUs Substantia lentls

Fig. 655 Lens, Lens; oblique view from a nterior.

Fig. 656 Lens, Lens; schema of the lens f i b res in a n eonate; vi ewed fro m the equator.

M u scles of t h e eye

Eyeball

Optic p a thway

To pography

Retina Arleriola temporalls retinae

36: 7

superior

Venula temporalis retinae superior

Discus nervi optici *.

Macula lutea *

Venula temporalis retinae inferior

Arteriola temporalis retinae inferior Fig. 657 Ocu La r fundus, Fundus o c u l i ; o p hthaLmoscopic picture of the centraL reg i o n ; a nterior view. • ••

C l i n ical term: yellow spot C l i n ical term: papi lla blind spot

or

Venula macularis superior

Arteriola temporalis retinae superior

Venula temporalis retinae superior

Venula nasalis retinae superior

Arteriola macularis superior

Arteriola nasalis retinae superior

Fovea centralis, Foveola --i---'''''.,-'' ---'...: ' ..,.-::.. ---:-:----f:)

....__ . _...._ ... ...

Discus nervi optici

- (Venula medialis retinae) (Arteriola medialis retinae)

Arteriola macularis inferior

Arteriola nasalis retinae inferior

Venula macularis inferior Arteriola temporalis retinae inferior

Venula nasalis retinae inferior

Venula temporalis retinae Inferior

Fig. 658 BLood vesseLs of the retina, Vasa san g ui nea retinae; schema of the cou rse of the vesseLs; a nterior view.

�

Eye Optic

S u rface

S k e Leton

I Eye l i d s I Lacri m a l a p p a ra t u s

nerve N, OpllCUS

lll]

(

Pars Pars

prelamlnans

Pars Intralamlnans

postlammaris

m /2����������t� Stratum �:��� pigmentosum

1�

l,..;..,;....... l

Lamina fusca sclerae

Choroidea

1

Pars optica retinae

Substantia propria sclerae

�&!!�-,-;-.,--Vagina exlerna nervi optlcl r:-."",","�:"-+.;:-,,'r."""-"--?-:-- Vaglf\8 Imems nerv, optic.

Lamina

ep,sclaralls

A.;

,...,-.- ...",:--: , :-rif-:----

V. centraJis (eonae N

Spatium intervaginale subarachnoidale

opticus [II]

Fig. 659 Optic nerve, N . opticus [ I l l ; horizontal section at its exit from t h e eyeball.

Spatium intervaginale subarachnoidale

Vagina interna nervi optici

Vagina externa nervi optici

Fig. 660 Optic nerve, N. o pticus [ I l l ; cross-section n e a r the eyebalL

M u s c l e s o f t h e eye

Eyeball

O pt i c pat hway

To pogra p hy

Optic nerve Vagina interna

Anulus tendineus communis

�=---__79�-1--

Hypophysis

Chiasma opticum

Tractus opticus

M.

levator palpebrae superions

Dura mater cranialis

N. opticus [II]. Pars intracranialis

----:--'It-'---.#----!I-.l(f-""

�����§;!������-�:�l-"=::----:=-'.,..---

A. ophthalmica

�::::i---

A. carotis interna, Pars cerebralis

§§�!Ii-__

Sinus cavernosus

� � � � --� � --

M. rectus superior

N. opticus [II]. Pars orbital is

A. ophthalmica Corpus adiposum orbitae

M rectus lateral is

M rectus inferior

Fig. 661 Optic nerve, N. opticus [ I I ] ; t h e o p t i c canal h a s b e e n opened; viewed from the right.

Sinus frontalis

M. levator palpebrae superioris

M

rectus superior

Corpus adiposum orbitae Corpus ciliare

N. opticus [II]

Palpebra superior Lens

M. rectus inferior

Camera anterior Sinus sphenoidalis

Palpebra inferior Bulbus oculi, Camera postrema [vitrea]

Sinus maxillaris

Fig. 662 Orbit. O rbita ; magnetic resonance tomogra p h i c image [ M R I ] ; vertical section a long t h e optic nerve; viewed from the right.

.. Eye

.. ..

S u rfa ce

S ke l e t o n

I

Eye l i d s

I

La c ri m a l a p p a ra t u s

Optic pathway and blood vessels Bulbus oculi

A. centralis retinae Chiasma opticum

N. optlcus

[II]

A. ophthalmica Tuber cinereum* A carotis interna A choroidea anterior Tractus opticus

A cerebri posterior

Tractus opticus, Radix medialis

Mesencephalon, Pedunculus cerebri

Tractus opticus, Radix lateralis

------'+--:-:--±--:-'-=----..:�.:..-,.:..�

�";:'-4H--- Corpus

geniculatum mediale

Corpus geniculatum laterale

Tectum mesencephali, Colliculus superior

Radiatio optica Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis Brachium colliculi superioris

Sulcus calcarinus R, calcarinus (Area striata)

Fig. 663 B ra i n , Encephalon, a n d blood supply of t he pa rt s of t h e o pti c pathway; i nfe rior view. The p itu i ta ry gland has been removed at its infundibulum [ * J . Due to the close prox i m ity of the pitu itary g la n d and the optic ch iasm, pitu ita ry t u m o u rs can cause visual d istu rbances.

O pt i c pat hway 1 . n e u ro n : rod cells and cone cells of the reti n a 2. n e u ron : b i polar g a n g li o n c e lls o f t h e reti n a ( p e ri k a rya i n t h e reti n a l g a n g li o n )

3 . n e u ro n : m u lt i - polar g a n g li o n c e lls of the ret i n a ( p e r i ka rya

i n the optic g a n g li o n ) The axo n s of t h e o p t i c g a n g li o n cells extend p r i m a r i ly to the late ra l g e n i c u late body [ latera l roo t ) , a lt h o u g h seve ra l f i b res a lso exte n d to the p retecta l a rea a n d t h e s u p e r i o r colliculus [ m e d i a l roo t l , as well as t o t h e hypot h a la m u s

They r u n w i t h i n t h e o p t i c n e rve to t h e o p t i c ch iasm, where the f i b res from the n a s a l p a rt of the ocu la r fu n d u s c ross to the o p posite s i d e . Each optic tract conta i n s f i b res, wh ich t ra n s m i t i n formation from the contra la te ra l h a lf of the v i s u a l field . 4 n e u ro n : Its axo n s travel p r i m a r i ly fro m the lateral g e n i c u late body to a reas 1 7 and 1 8 of the c e re b ra l cortex [striate a rea) in the reg i o n su rrou n d i n g the ca lca r i n e s u lc u s.

M u sc le s of t h e eye

Eye b a ll

O ptic pat hway

To pog ra p hy

Optic pathway 1 Common visual field 1 a Visual field of the left eye 1 b Visual field of the right eye 2a Projection on the left retina 2b Projection on the right retina

1a

2b

2a A

N.

Tractus opticus ---It----.-.? DCulomotorius [1111

l[l--�",�!.f.��-::::�

_ _

Corpus geniculatum laterale

Radiatio optica ----:--'-<

Colliculus superior Sulcus calcarinus

3b

3a

Fig. 664 Optic pathway; schematic overview; su perior view. The centra l vision field has a d isproportionally large projection field.

3a Projection on the left calcarine cortex 3b Projection on the right calcarine cortex 4 Conscious visual field as a result of the integrative achievement of the brain

•

4

Plane of refraction of ligh

t

.. Eye

S u rfa ce

Orbit,

S ke l e t o n

Eye l i d s

N. supraorbitalis, R

lateralis

La c r i m a l a p pa ra t u s

topography

• M. levator palpebrae superioris

N. supraorbital is,

medialis

R

Glandula lacrimal is, Pars orbitalis

N. supratrochlearis Corpus adiposum orbitae R.

• M. rectus superior

meningeus anterior •

• A. lacrimalis

A. ethmoidalis anterior . M, obliquus superior .

N

N nasociliaris

lacrimalis

• M. rectus lateralis

N

frontalis

N. abducens [VI]

N. trochlearis [IV]

N ophthalmicus [V/t]

Canalis opticus

--: _ -'_ _ =-_

N. maxiliaris [V/2]

• A.

N. mandibularis [V/3],

R.

N. oculomotorius [III]

meningeus

N mandibularis [V/3]

N. trochlearis [IV]

Ganglion trigeminale

N. abducens [VI] R

meningea media

tentorius

N. trigeminus [V]

666

Fig. 665 Arteries and nerves of the o rbit. O rbita; superior vi ew.

M uscles of t h e eye

Eye b a ll

O p t i c pathway

3i73

Topography

Orbit, topography

•N

A

N

•

supraorbitalis .

• M. rectus superior

supratrochlearis • A.

• A.

•

oculomotorius [III], R. superior .

•N

r-'''''"---t-

N.

A.

A N

lacrimalis

ophthalmica •

M. obliquus superior .

N.

M levator palpebrae superioris

Glandula lacrimalis, Pars orbitalis

supraorbitalis, R. medialis . N.

supraorbitalis, R. lateralis

opticus [II]

ophthalmica • -.hdt-:-....

carotis interna • -7,;-----1

oculomotorius [III] •

nasociliaris

• N. ophthalmicus

�-f--. .

N.

�-:f-- . N.

•

Ganglion ciliare

[V/1]

maxillaris [V/2]

mandibularis [V/3]

Ganglion trigeminale

667

Fig. 666 Arteries a n d nerves of the orbit, Orbita ; after removal of the roof of the orbit; superior v i ew.

665

37,[1

... ...

... Eye Orbit,

Eyel i d s

topography

A supraorbitalis • A. supratrochlearis • M.

S ke leton

S u rface

• M. levator palpebrae superioris Glandula Pars

obliquus superior . A dorsalis nasi .

laorimalls. orbllalls

Bulbus oculi

R. meningeus anterior .

•

N. opticus [II]

•

N lacrimalis

• A.

lacrimalis

• M. rectus lateralis

N. ethmoidalis anterior .

• Nn. ciliares breves

• Aa. ciliares

N. ethmoidalis posterior . N. ciliaris longus •

N. oculomotorius [III]. • R. superior M. levator palpebrae . supenons

•

N. oculomotorius [III]. R. inferior

Radix parasympathica [oculomotoria] (III)

M

•

•

Radix sympathica (N. caroticus internus)

N. trigeminus [V]. Radix sensoria

668

666

Fig. 667 Arteries a n d nerves of the orbit, Orbita; after partial removal of the levator palpe brae s u pe rioris. the rectus superior a n d t h e obliquus s u perior m uscle; superior view.

Lac r i m a l a pp a ratus

I

M uscles of t h e eye

Eyeb a l l

Optic pathway

Top o g ra p h y

Orbit, topography

• M. levator palpebrae superioris M. M.

• M. rectus lateralis

obliquus superior, • -��!'1jTj Trochlea

obliquus superior, Tendo . M.

• N.

obliquus superior .

opticus [II]

meningeus anterior .

R

N.

•M

infratrochlearis •

N.

ethmoidalis anterior

N.

ethmoidalis posterior .

• N. zygomaticus

• A. infraorbitalis •N

levator palpebrae . supenons M. rectus superior . N opticus [II] ..

M.

oculomotorius [III], R. inferior

• M. rectus lateralis N

Canalis opticus N. oculomotorius [III]

rectus inferior

• N.

• N. N

abducens [VI]

maxillaris [V/2]

ophthalmicus [V/I]

mandibularis [VI3]

Fig. 668 Arte ries a n d nerves of the orbit, O rbita ; after sectio n of the optic nerve; super i or view.

667

� Eye

S u rfa ce

S ke leton

Eye lids

La c r i m a l a p p a ra t u s

Blood vessels of the orbit A. supraorbitalis

A. elhmordal� anterior

A. ethmoidails posterior A. carotis interna

A supratrochlearis

----dl_

��"T--_ A. dorsalis nasi

A. ophthalmica

Aa ciliares posteriores

A. lacrimal is

Fig. 669 Arte ries of the orbit, O rbita ; lateral view.

b

a

Fig. 670 a, b Va riations of the ophthalmic a rtery, A ophthalmica; superior vi ew.

N opticus [II]

A

carotls interna

Sinus cavernosus

�

V nasofrontalis

V.

supraorbitalis

"--"'--__

V. angularls

--=�:�

V. ophthalmica superior V. lacrimalls

Fig. 671 Veins of the orbit, O rbita; latera l view. .'

.. .

M us c les of t h e eye

Eye ball

O p t i c pathway

---. -

Topogra p hy

3 rl/ 7' .. �.

Orbit, topography R

communicans cum nervo zygomatico

Ganglion ciliare

--+--

[V/2]

N. maxillaris

N

Glandula lacrlmalls

-----c::t---...,...,"'=:=-

zygomaticus

Ganglion pterygopalatinum

R communicans cum nervo faciali

Fig. 672 Orbit, Orbita ; viewed from the right.

M

rectus medialis

Cellulae ethmoidales

--jIH����Jl

BulbUS

N,

oculi

Oplicus l i l l

ita+-- M. rectus lateralls

---'!{G!!��

�'I-- Os sphenoldale, Ala

Canalis opllCUS

_-...I:3---�"'Z�".z,�7'

A. ophthalmica

A. camtis Inlema

,.

Fig. 673 O rbit, O rbita; h orizontal sectio n ; s uperior view.

major

"

-

�

Eye

O p t i c pat hway

... Eye ball

To pogra p hy

Orbit, sections M epicranius . M

N. frontalis

Supercilia

•

•A

Palpebra superior Tarsus superior -----,J--'!-JrJ'I Cilia -"::�Miii:'f�� Palpebra inferior

Fornix conjunctivae inferior Sclera Septum orbitale Corpus adiposum orbitae Maxilla

M. rectus superior

ii�i�����'----

��������Iii;'=:=;;��':;;;�!Li:'::;"e.I""�---

Os frontale M levator palpebrae superioris •

Vagina externa nervi optici N. opticus [II] •

M. rectus inferior

•

M obliquus inferior

infraorbitalis Sinus maxillaris N

Fig. 674 Orbit, Orbita; ve rticaL sect i o n through the eyebaLL a n d the optic n e rve; mediaL view. • A.

ophthalmica

supraorbitalis N supraorbital is • M. obliquus superior

M

Os ethmoidale Os zygomaticum

Corpus adiposum orbitae --+-."',...--'t\"...

M rectus inferior • -�W�!,...\t..: =-,4:�7J��J(. N

zygomaticus

N

Meatus nasi superior

Im'!IM'f.I.I..- Cellulae ethmoidales

�=�Wi!t�l--- Concha nasalis media

Periorbita Sinus maxillaris

infraorbitalis

Fig. 675 Orbit, O rbita ; frontaL section at the LeveL of the posterior p a rt of the eyebaLL; a nterior vi ew.

Os frontale M levator palpebrae superioris • M rectus superior • A. ophthalmica • ---\��ii��i!.S���� N lacrimalis --= �!jt:1:-#:B!-=-:=:::(� N OGulomotorius [III]. A. superior N

M

N

abducens [VI]

opticus [II] Os zygomaticum oculomotorius [III], R inferior N

(V.); A. infraorbitalis • •

nasociliaris • M. obliquus superior N. trochlearis [IV] • M. rectus medialis Meatus nasi superior Os ethmoidale

_.A��i:\-- Cellulae ethmoidales

!I�::;-'."lj.IH�!\-- Concha nasalis media

Fig. 676 O rb it, O rb ita; frontal section at the LeveL of the m i ddle of the extracra n i a l cou rse of the o ptic nerve; a nterior vi ew.

N. infraorbilalis Sinus maxillaris

Overview

Outer e a r

... E a r

M i d d le e a r . .

Overview Os temporale

Ossicula auditus

Labyrinthus vestibularis

Aur c ul

i a

Meatus

Cavitas tympani

�-----

acusticus ----+­ eXlernus

Labyrinthus cochlearis

Membrana tympanica Tuba audttiva

Proc mastoideus

Fig. 677

Ear, A u ris.

Canales semicirculares Inous Malleus

---?���-->;fieI

_______

Stapes

N.

vestibulocochlearis [VIII]

Cochlea

Cavitas tympani Membrana tympanica Tuba auditiva Fig. 678 Middle and inner ear, Auris media et interna; section from Fig. 677; a nterior view.

�

Ear

Overv i ew

Outer ear

Auricle

Helix Scapha

Crura antihelicis

Fossa triangularis

Cymba conchae

(Tuberculum auriculare)

Crus helicis

Antihelix

Incisura anterior

Helix

Cavitas conchae Tragus

Concha auriculae

Cavitas conchae Helix Incisura intertragica Antitragus

Lobulus auriculae

Fig. 679

Auricle , Auricula.

Helix. Crus hellc1s

Scapha

Spina helicis Os temporale, Pars squamosa

Antihelix

Incisurae cartilaginis meatus acustici Lamina tragi ----;.-'---

Fissura

amitragohellclna ---�-.:.""­ Cauda

Os temporale, Pars tympanica

heliels __----ll"..... ../

Cartllago

meatus acusllcj Proc styloideus Proc. mastoideus

Fig. 680

Auricular cartilage, Cartilago a u ri c u laris.

M i d d le e a r

I n n e r ea r

Pathways

To p o g ra p hy

Auricular muscles

M. helicis minor "-_-- M. Iraglcus Cauda helicis

M antitragicus Fig. 681

Lig. auriculare superius

Auricular muscles, Mm. a u ri c u la res.

M. obliquus auriculae

"..:'--- M. transversus auriculae

Meatus acusticus ,..".rnll�-Lig. auriculare posterius

Fig. 682

Auricular m u scles, M m . a u ricula res.

3 81

�

Ea r

M i d d Le ear

O uter ear

Overview

External acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane Caput mallei Recessus epitympanicus M. tensor tympani

-.c;:==::==....= .; ��

Meatus acusticus externus Cartilago auriculae

Os temporale, Pars petrosa N. cochlearis

-f-'Ylr-;..---I

Ductus cochlearis

Porus acusticus extern us

M. tensor tympani, Tendo

Meatus acusticus externus cartilagineus

Membrana tympanica

�""'--- Tragi

Bulbus superior venae jugularis Meatus acusticus externus Os occipitale Articulatio atlantooccipitalis

Cartilago auriculae

Fig. 683 External acoustic meatus, Meatus ac usticus extern u s ; tympanic cavity, Cavitas tym pa n i , and coc h lea, Cochlea; frontal sect i o n ; posterior view.

684,

685

683

Plica maliearis posterior Meatus acusticus externus, (Paries posterior)

Prominentia maliearis

�"""I--

Pars tensa

Stria maliearis

Umbo membranae tympanicae

Fig. 684 Tympanic mem brane, Mem b rana tym panica; otoscopic i ma g e ; lateral vi ew.

Fig. 685 Tympanic mem brane, Membrana tympa n ica ; quadrant schema; lateral view.

* C l i n ical term: SHRAPNELL's membrane .* Typ i ca lly occurring reflection of light ,------

I n ord e r to obta i n a c o m p lete otosco p i c overview of t h e c u t a n e o u s s u rface of t h e tym p a n i c m e m b r a n e , the ext e r n a l acoustic meatus m u st b e stretc h e d by p u ll i n g the a u r i c le u pward s a n d posterio rly. To fa ci litate o r i e n ta t i o n , t h e tym p a n i c m e m b ra n e is u s u a lly d ivided i nto fo u r q u a d ra nts [ I - IV)

The lo n g e r d i a m eter of t h e tym pa n i c m e m b ra n e in t h e a d u lt i s 1 0 - 1 1 m m , t h e s h o rter d i a meter is a p p rox. 9 m m The l i g h t s o u rce c h a racteristica lly p ro d u ces a t r i a n g u l a r refle c t i o n of l i g h t at t h e u m bo i n t h e reg i o n of q u a d ra n t I I

Inner ear

Pathways

Top o g ra phy

Auditory ossicles (Facies articulans)

Proc.

anterior

Fig. 687 Malleus, M a lleus; a nterior view.

Fig. 686 Malleus, M a lleus ; lateral view.

Caput mallei ---f"'--oo

(Facies articularis)

Collum mallei · --'--

Corpus Incudls

Crus breve ______

(Facies articulans) Proc. lateralis

Proc lenticularis

Manubrium mallei Fig. 689 I ncus, Incus; lateral view.

Fig. 688 Ma lleus, M a lleus ; posterior view.

Corpus incudis

(Facies articularis)

1Iiit--- Crus breve

Caput stapedis Crus anterius ---.j./

Crus posterius Basis stapedis

....... - Proc. lentlGulMS

Fig. 690 I n cus, I n c u s ; m e d i a l view.

Fig. 691 Stapes, Sta pes; superior view.

�

Ear

Overview

Outer e a r

Auditory ossicles Articulatio incudomallearis Caput mallei

Corpus incudis

-=7--- Crus breve

...--- Crus longum �..---- Articulatio incudostapedialis

Proc,

Manubrium mallei

.:.._.....--. - -- Crus posterius

Basis stapedis

Fig. 692 Auditory ossicles, Ossi c u la a u d itus; su peromedial view.

Llg. mallei superlus Recessus epitympanicus

Lig mallei laterals

Lig. incudis posterius

Articulatio incudomallearis ---r.fi.--"-..--�--'i=-----f"" Chorda tympani

Lig. mallei anterius

M tensor tympani, Tendo ----=:!

I--....lj�+-- A. tympanica posterior Articulatio incudostapedialis

-.+-- M. stapedius, Tendo

Manubrium mallei

Membrana stapedialis Membrana tympanica

-----,:-::-�

Lig anulare stapediale Anulus fibrocartilagineus

Fig. 693 Joints a n d ligaments of the a u d itory ossicles, Articulationes et Ligamenta ossiculorum a u d itus; covered with mucosa ; su peromedial view.

M i d d le ear

Inner ear

Pat hways

To p o g ra p hy

Tympanic cavity

Ug. mallei superius

Paries tegmentalis, Pars cupularis

Paries tegmental is, Recessus epitympanicus Chorda tympani; Plica mallearis anterior Manubrium mallei

�!-....�

Lig. mallei laterale ---���':";'==-,---:S Corpus incudis

_ _

Recessus m"mh,r�r'�A_-J�iiiiiiiii�li tympanicae superior

���'ii'";H'N�r.:,...--_ Proc. cochleariformis

M tensor tympani

Chorda tympani

Meatus acusticus externus

Cavitas tympani Canalis caroticus

Umbo membranae tympanicae Membrana tympanica

Anulus fibrocartilagineus Fig. 694 Tympanic cavity, Cavitas tym p a n i ; frontal section; a nterior view.

Paries tegmenta lis Paries mastoideus

-----Jf--- Paries labyrinthicus

Paries membranaceus ----l .. ..... . ,.

. .... .. .. .. .. .. '

'

,.,

Panes jugulans

-

Panes carotocus

Fig. 695 Walls of the tympa n i c cavity, Cavitas tym pan i ; schema for orientation.

3 85

� Ear

O uter e a r

Overview

Tympanic cavity Antrum mastoideum Cellulae mastoideae

Fenestra vestibuli Canalis nervi facialis Proc. cochleariformis Impressio trigeminalis Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae

���"":�iiiii?l i ��;----- Canalis caroticus Fossula fenestrae vestibuli Promontorium Sulcus promontorii

Canalis nervi facialis

Fossula fenestrae cochleae Foramen stylomastoideum Paries labyrinthicus

Fig. 696 Medial wall, Paries labyrinth icus, of the tympa n i c cavity, Cavitas tympa n i ; after removal o f t h e late ra l wall a n d t h e adjacent parts o f the a nterior a n d superior wa ll; the facial canal a n d the carotid canal have been opened; a ntero lateral view.

Prominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis

Semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani Impressio trigeminalis Cellulae mastoideae

_---i--_ Canalis carotic us Septum canalis musculotubarii Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae

Fossa incudis

Sulcus promontorii Sinus posterior

Promontorium

Meatus acusticus externus

Cellulae tympanicae Fossula fenestrae cochleae

Sinus tympani Subiculum promontorii Proc. mastoideus

Proc styloideus

Fig. 697 Medial wa ll, Paries labyri nth icus, of the tym panic cavity, Cavitas tym pa n i ; vertical section a long t h e longitu d i nal axis o f t h e petro u s part of the tempora l bone; anterolateral view.

M i d dle ear

I n ne r ear

Pat hways

To p o g ra phy

Tympanic cavity M lerlsar lympanl, Tendo

Proc. cochleariformls

Plica mallearis anterior

Recessus epitympanicus ... ,...... -- Lig. mallei superius

Lig incudis superius

Corpus incudis

Septum canalis musculotubarii

Chorda tympani

Tuba auditiva

Incus, Crus breve

Lig incudis posterius

Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae

Fossa incudis

Canalis caroticus

Anulus fibrocartilagineus

Manubrium mallei

Membrana tympanica

N.

Proc lenticularis

Incus, Crus longum Plica mallearis posterior

facialis [VII]

Fig. 698 Lateral wa ll, Pa ries membranaceus, of the tympanic cavity, Cavitas tympa n i ; medial view.

Malleus, Proc lateral is

Incisura tympanica Collum mallei Spina tympanica major Plica mallearis anterior; Chorda tympani M. tensor tympani, Tendo

�=-7IIlf:---��:---- Manubrium mallei

Plica mallearis posterior; Chorda tympani

M tensor tympani

Eminentia pyramidalis

Stapes Incus. Proc. lenticularis

Fossula fenestrae cochleae

M. stapedius, Tendo

Promontorium

Anulus fibrocartilagineus

Fig. 699 Tympanic cavity, Cavitas tym p a n i ; after removal of the tym panic membra n e ; latera l vi ew.

387

� Ear

O uter e a r

Overview

Auditory tube

Os sphenoidale, Ala major, Facies temporalis Foraman ovale

Spina

}

Os palatinum, Lamina horizontal is Lamina medialiS Os sphenoidale, Lamina lateralis Proe. pterygoideus Lamina lateralis Cartilago Lamina medialis tubae auditivae

-

---':-�r--;:jJJ__:-:----:-

ossls sphenoidal IS Apertura extema canalis carotic!

}

Os temporale, Pars petrosa _...t----

Condylus occipitalis

Fig. 700 Carti lage o f t h e aud itory tube, Cartilago tubae auditivae; exposed at the base of the skull; i nferior view.

M.

tensor veli palatini

M.

pterygOideus

Foramen lacerum

tensor veli palatini

.:l ---f,iiI levator veli palatini -t---l�---F....:--

Cartilago tubae auditivae

I � 246, 249, T 3 1

Proc.

Lamina lateralis

Proe pterygoideus, Hamulus pterygoideus M

)

Lamma medialIS

Fig. 701 Levator a n d tensor veli palatini m uscles, M m. levator et tensor ve li palati n i , and the cartilage of the aud itory tube, Carti lago tubae aud itivae.

Foramen ovale M.

} Cartilago tubae

tensor veli palatini, Origo

Lamina lateralis

Lamina medialis auditivae

--�""'IIf-- Fossa mandibularis

Semieanalis tubae auditivae M. levator veli palatini, Origo Canalis earotieus, Apertura externa

M i d d le ear

I n ne r ear

Pathways

38 9

To p o g ra p hy

Auditory tube N,

M.

M.

pterygoldeus Rr,

medialis, museu lares

Dura mater cranialis

tensor tympani

.......

_ -

tensor tympani, Fascia

musculi tympani

Semlcanahs

tensorls

Septum m!lsc!llotubarii

canalis

Tuba auditiva

Fig. 702 Auditory tube, Tu ba aud itiva; c ross-section at the level of the osseous part; lateral view,

Dura mater cranialis

A.

carotis interna

Os temporale, ----;'i;:--=:-.riIa \":,;".'\I Pars petrosa

���"''---- vel M. tensor i palatini

�'!�""'��-- M, levator veli palatini

Fig. 703 Auditory tube, Tu ba aud itiva ; cross-section at the level of the lateral aspect of the cartilagi nous part ; lateral view,

Recessus pharyngeus

Plexus venosus foraminis ovalis

Tuba auditiva, Pars cartilaginea, Lamina membranacea M. levator veli palatini

Fig. 704 Aud itory tube, Tu ba aud itiva ; c ross-section at the level of the medial aspect of the cartila g inous part ; lateral view.

�

Outer e a r

Ove rv i ew

Ear

Bony labyrinth

N.

cochlearis

Canalis semlcl rculans anterior _--,......,.

N vestibularis

N vestibulocochlearis [VIII]

Canalis semicircularis lateralis

Canalis semicircularis posterior

Fig. 705 I n n e r ear, Auris i nterna, a n d vest i b u lococ h lear nerve, N . vest i b u lococh lea ris [VI I I ] ; cast specimen projected o nto the petro u s part of t h e tempora l bone i llustrating its natura l positi o n ; superior view.

Porus acusticus internus

Foramen rotundum A carotis interna, Pars cavernosa Foramen ovale

Foramen lacerum N

Foramen spinosum

petrosus major

Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa

Cochlea

Porus acusticus internus

{

N.

N. vestibulo· cochlearis [VIII]

facialis [VII]

N.

cochlearis

N. vestibularis

Foramen jugulare

-=��;::=:��:;:�ir�� 4

� -=-'-:'-

_----'-�--,'------:--

N. facial is [VII], Ganglion geniculi

Ductus semicircularis anterior

Ductus semicircularis lateral is Sulcus sinus sigmoidei

Ductus semicircularis posterior

Fig. 706 Inner ear, Auris i nterna, with the fac i a l nerve, N. facialis [VI I ] , a n d the vesti b u locochlear nerve , N . vest i b u locochlearis [VI I I ] ; projected onto t h e petrous part o f t h e temporal bone; superior view.

M id d le e a r

I n ne r ea r

Pathways

3 9· 1

Top o g ra p h y

Bony labyrinth �t���;����'r--

Canalis nervi facial is

,':

Foramen ovale

Cellulae tympani cae Canalis semicircularis anterior

--.::!... --:--,:""" : '-�r-- Canalis semicircularis lateralis

Crus osseum commune Apex partis petrosae Canalis semicircularis posterior

Meatus acusticus intern us

Aqueductus vestibuli

Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris

Sulcus sinus sigmoidei Foramen jugulare

a Semicanalis tubae auditivae

Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa

Cavitas tympani

Sulcus nervi petrosi majons

Cochlea

Foramen lacerum

Canalis nervi facialis Canalis caroticus Canalis semicircularis lateral is

Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa

Fenestra vestibuli

Apex partis petrosae Meatus acusticus internus

Canalis semicircularis anterior b

Fig. 707 a , b Bony labyri nth, Labyri nthus osseu s ; hollowed o u t o f the petrous part of t h e tempora l b o n e . a Poste rior-su perior view b Superior view • O pe n i n g of the poster i or c a n a l i c u lu s

Scala vestibuli Cupula cochleae Lamina modioli

Lamina spiralis secundaria

Modiolus cochleae Canalis spiral is cochleae Canalis longitudinalis modioli

Area vestibularis inferior Scala tympani

Tractus spiral is foraminosus

Fig. 708 Spira l canal of the cochlea, Canalis s p i ralis cochlea e ; opened a long t h e axis of the modiolus; s u pe rior vi ew.

Fig. 709 I nternal acoustic meatus, M eatus acusticus i ntern u s , a n d fundus of the i nternal acoustic meatus, Fu n d u s meatus acustici i ntern i ; after partial removal o f t h e posterior wall; m e d i a l view.

.. Ea r

Ove rvi ew

.. ...

Bony labyrin th

Ampulla ossea anterior

Canalis semicircularis anterior

Macula cribrosa superior Crista transversa

Crus osseum simplex Canalis semicircularis posterior

Area cochlearis

Canalis semicircularis lateralis

Ampulla ossea posterior Cochlea Macula cribrosa media

Fenestra cochleae

Fig. 7 1 0 Bony labyri nth, La byrinthus osseus; the osseou s lining of the mem branous labyrinth has been h ollowed out of the petrous part of the tem poral bone; oblique view from posterior.

Canalis semicircularis anterior Crus osseum commune

Ampulla ossea anterior

Cupula cochleae Canalis semicircularis lateralis

Ampulla ossea posterior

Basis cochleae

Fig. 71 1 Bony labyrinth, Labyrinthus osseus; the osseou s l i n i n g of the mem branous labyri nth has been h ollowed out of the petrous part of the tempora l bone; lateral view.

Crista vestibuli Lamina spiral is ossea Recessus ellipticus Lamina modioli Macula cribrosa media ---1�-'::'

Hamulus laminae spiralis Lamina spiralis ossea

Ampulla ossea posterior Lamina spiral is secundaria Recessus cochlearis Fossula fenestrae cochleae

Crista fenestrae cochleae

Fig. 7 1 2 Bony labyri nth, Labyrinthus osseus; cavities have been hollowed out; a nterolateral view.

O u t e r ea r

M i d d le e a r

I n ner e a r

Pathways

To p o g ra p hy

Membranous labyrinth Ductus semicircularis anterior

Nn. ampullares lateralis et anterior

Ampulla membranacea anterior

N utricularis

N saccularis Crus membranaceum commune N. utriculo­ ampullaris Ductus semicircularis posterior

��l-----:--

Ductus cochlearis

_ _

Ductus endolymphaticus

----311:...:-. .. _ Ductus

N cochlearis

semicircularis lateralis

N vestibularis

Crus membranaceum simplex

Ampulla membranacea posterior

N, ampullaris posterior

Sacculus vestibularis

Fig. 7 1 3 Vest i b u locochlear nerve , N_ vest i b u locochlearis [VI I I ] , and membranous labyrinth, Labyri nthus me m bra naceus; semi -schemat i c overview; poste rior view. Ductus endolymphaticus Dura mater cranialis

Saccus endolymphaticus

--­

Ampulla membranacea anterior

/

Os temporale, Pars petrosa, Facies posterior partis petrosae Ductus utriculosaccularis

Utriculus Crus membranaceum commune

Sacculus vestibularis Cupula cochteae

Caecum vestibulare

Caecum cupulare

Ductus semicircularis lateralis

Ductus cochlearis Canalis semicircularis posterior

Scala vestibuli

Ductus reunlens Scala tympani Canaliculus cochleae

~

Fenestra cochleae

Ductus semicircularis posterior

Fenestra vestibuli

Fig. 7 1 4 M e m branous labyrinth, Labyri nthus membranaceus; overvi ew.

Ampulla membranacea posterior

39 4--�

Cochlea Cupula cochleae

Cavitas tympani Nn. ampullares anterior et lateralis

Scala tympani

Ductus semicircularis lateralis

Canalis semicircularis lateralis

Ductus cochlearis N

O u t e r ear

Overview

� Ear

vestibulocochleans [V I I I]

{ N cochlearis N

Ampulla membranacea lateralis N. utricularis

vestibularls

N ampullaris posterior

Sacculus vestibularis

Canalis semicircularis anterior

Ductus semicircularis anterior

Fig. 7 1 5 Vestib u locochle a r nerve, N . vest i b u lococh learis [VI I I ] , a n d membranous labyri nth, Labyrinthus m e m b ranaceus; superior view.

/

Ductus cochlearis

Ductus cochlearis, Paries externus Stria

Scala vestibuli

Ductus cochlearis, Paries vestibularis"

vascularis

Organum spirale', Membrana reticularis Prominentia spiralis

Membrana tectoria

Sulcus spiralis intemus ---4-=

Sulcus spiralis externus Crista basilaris -Ductus cochlearis, Paries tympanicus

:-:�:������!!���,������i���;���

---

_

Labium limbi vestibulare

Lamina spiralis ossea (R. nervi cochlearis)

----- Ganglion spirale cochleae

Lamina basilaris

Umbus spiral is

Labium limbi tympanicum Scala tympani Fig. 7 1 6 Cochlea, Coc hlea, with the s p i ral organ, O rganum s p i ra le . • ••

Clinical term: organ of CORTI Clinical term: REISSNER's membrane

M id d le e a r

I n ner ear

I

Pat hways

I

To p o g r a p h y

Equilibrium organ, structure Ductus semicircularis anterior

N.

395

ampullaris anterior N

Ductus semicircularis lateralis

ampullaris lateralis ...:;+-- N.

vestibularis

Ganglion vestibulare N.

Ductus semicircularis posterior

--­

a

Ampulla

membranacea posterior

N ampullans

posterior

saccularis

Ductus cochlearis Cupula ampullaris

---t�--

Crista N.

CrlSla ampullarls

b

d

Resti ng state

---'.;::�irt:-'r.:t'l

* Sensory cells ** Supporting cells

c

Rotation of t h e head to t h e right side

Equilibrium o rg a n ; Labyri nthus vestibula ris. a Anterior view b Higher magnification of the a rea i nd icated i n a: t h e a nterior part of the posterior m e mb ranous a m p u lla, Ampu lla membra nacea posterior, has been opened.

F i g . 7 1 7 a-d

ampullaris

c d

ampullarls

Stop of rotation

C ross-section t h ro u g h the a m p u llary crest, C rista a m p u llaris Function of the c u p u la of the lateral semicirc u la r duct, D uctus semicirc u laris lateralis, d u ri n g rotation of t h e head

Overview

Outer ear

Hearing and equilibrium

N. cochlearis

/

Corpus geniculatum mediale

Colliculus inferior

Nucleus lemnisci lateralis

Nuclei cochleares

Fig. 7 1 8 Hearing. Pri m a ry nucle i : purple ; remaining nuclei: brown. The c h a i n of the a u d itory ossicles a m plifies the a m plitude of the sound waves p hysica lly.

Nuclei olivares

Nucleus corporis trapezoidei

. ---. . . . , ... . . .

..

:

-

..

. . . . . . ... . . . . .

Nuclei nervi oculomotorii Nucleus nervi trochlearis Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis Nucleus nervi abducentis

Nucleus gracilis Nucleus cuneatus

(Nucleus centralis columnae posterioris) (Nuclei cornus anterioris musculorum colli)

-----�--.:J�fj.li1I.V

�.

...

....

..... ...�

Cerebellum

Fig. 7 1 9 Control of e q u i li bri u m a n d sta b i lisation of the visual field. Affe rent fi bres origi nate i n the muscles of the eye, the e q u i li b ri u m o rgan and the muscles of the neck; efferent fibres mod u late the muscles of the eye a n d the body. The cerebellum plays a p red o m i n a nt role i n this coord i nation.

M i d d le e a r

I n n e r ea r

To p o g ra p h y

Pat hways

Auditory and equilibrium pathway Colliculus "inferior "" Corpus '­'geniculatum ,' mediale

Aud itory pathway

"""

n e u ro n : B i polar cells i n the s p i ra l cochlear ganglion. After exiting t h e small a pert u res of the fo ra m i n o u s s p i ra l tract with i n the internal acoustic meatus, the fibres form the c o c h lea r n e rve and u n ite with the vest i b u la r n e rve at t h e flo o r of t h e i nternal acoustic meatus to fo rm the vesti b u lococ h le a r n e rve [VI I I ] . Fi b res fro m t h e basa l cochlear p a rts t raverse to the posterior c o c h lea r n u c le u s a n d t h o s e from t h e a p ical p a rts termi n ate i n t h e anterior c o c h le a r n u c le u s.

/ RadlBIlo � .,..

acustlca

Nucleus

lemmsci lateralis

"-

Nucleus "ohvaris superior Nuoleus

olivans mlerlor

"" ___ "

"'1(F;:£::==�L

Nucleus cochlearis anterior

Nucleus corporiS trapezoidei

2

n e u ro n : M u lt i - polar g a n g l i o n c e lls of t h e cochlear n u c le i . The f i b res from the a nterior cochle a r n u c le u s pass m a i n ly wit h i n the t rapezoid body to the o p posite side a n d form the late ra l lem n i c u s , which p rovi des a c o n ­ n e c t i o n t o the i nferi o r colliculus A few fibres j o i n t h e late ra l lem n iscus of t h e s a m e s i d e. The axons of the poste rior cochlear n ucleus c ross s u p e rficia lly to the r h o m b o i d fossa a n d e n te r the late ra l le m n i sc u s of t h e opposite side.

3.

or 4. n e u ro n : From t h e inferior colli c u lu s connections a re made with t h e medial genic­ u late b ody.

4.

or 5. n e u ro n : The a c o u stic rad i at i o n con­ n ects the m e d i a l g e n i c u late body to HESCHL's transverse gyrus and with WER N I C KE's c e nt re i n t h e t e m p o ra l lobe .

Ganglion spirale cochleae

Labyrinthus cochlearis

Fig. 720 Au d i to ry pathway; overview.

Eq u i li b r i u m pathway 1.

n e u ro n : B i po l a r ce lls in the vest i b u la r g a n ­ g l i o n . T h e i r n e u rites pass the i nferior a n d s u p e rior vesti b u la r a reas t o form the vest i b ­ ular n e rve at the flo o r of the i nternal acoustic meatus, wh i c h together with t h e c o c h le a r n e rve t h e n forms t h e vest i b u lo­ cochlear n e rve [VI I I] . These f i b res termi nate at t h e vest i b u la r n u clei i n the late ra l a n g le of t h e floor of t h e r h o m b o i d fossa.

2. a n d s u bs e q u e n t n e u rons: F i b res o r i g i nating

i n the latera l vest i b u la r n u cleus ( D EITERS' n u cleus] traverse within t h e late ra l vest i b­ u losp i n a l tract to the a nterior colu m n of the spinal cord. F i b res o r i g i n a t i n g in t h e su perior vest i b u la r n u c leus ( n u cleus o f B ECHTEREWI . the m e d i a l vesti b u lar n u c le u s (SCHWALBE ' s n u cleus] a s well as the i nferior vest i b u la r n u c le u s ( RO LLER ' s n u c le u s] trave rse to t h e cere­ b e l l u m a n d c o n nect to the m otor n u c le i of the c ra n i a l n e rves I I I , I V and VI, mostly via the m e d i a l lon g i t u d i n a l fas c i c u l u s. The m e d i a l vest i b u l a r n u c le u s a n d t h e i nfe­ rior vest i b u la r n u c leus send f i b res a lo n g the medial vest i b u lospi n a l tract to the a nterior colu m n of t h e s p i n a l cord.

Nucleus inlerstitialis

397

_ _

nervi oculomotorii Nucleus nervi trochlearis

I!

Nucleus nervi abducentis NUCleus vestibularis medialis Nucleus cuneatus

/

Fig. 721 E q u i librium pathway; overview. •

Connections to the cerebellum

N. vestibulo­ cochlearis [VIII], N. vestibularis

�

Ear

O ut e r e a r

Ove rv i ew

Nerves in the petrous part of the temporal bone N tympanicus N. caroticotympanicus (Plexus carotic us intemus)

N. petrosus minor

Plews carollcus InlernUs

_�"-"� N. canalis pterygoldai (Radix laclalis)

A. carotis interna N auricularis posterior (N. facialis)

N. glossopharyngeus [IX] vagus [X]

Fig. 722 Facial nerve, N . facialis [VI I ] ; glossopharyngeal nerve, N . g lossopharyngeus [ IX] ; and vag u s nerve, N . vag u s [Xl ; the petro u s part of the temporal bone has been partly sectioned; the nerves a re i llustrated tran slucently; anterior view.

Crura stapedis

M tensor tympani, Tendo

Proc. cochleariformis

N. petrosus major Ductus semicircularis lateralis M. tensor tympani

.. .... Canalis semicircularis ---:-..;,-.:. lateralis

Membrana stapedialis

•

i'.iiiilr--

Semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani

Septum canalis musculotubarii

Semicanalis tubae auditivae

Eminentia pyramidalis

M. stapedius, Tendo

Caput stapedis Cavitas tympani N. facialis [VII] Sinus tympani Canalis nervi facialis

Fig. 723 Facial nerve, N . facialis [VI I ] , a n d tympanic cavity, Cavitas tym p a n i ; ve rtical secti o n along the longitudinal a x i s of the petrous part of the tem poral bone; the facial canal has been o pe ned ; anterior view.

M i d d le e a r

I nner ear

Pa thways

To p o g ra p h y

Facial

N.

N maxillaris [V/2] . petrosus major .

•N

nerve

mandibularis [V/3]

N, oculomotorius [III] . A. carotis interna •

N.

trigeminus [V] • N.

N. N.

facialis [VII] •

abducens [VI] • ----''/0;

vestibulocochlearis [VIII] • N.

Stapes glossopharyngeus [IX] • N.

N.

Proc, mastoideus • R. digastricus • M. stylohyoideus

vagus [X] •

accessorius [XI] •

Sinus transversus . Foramen stylomastoideum N_ facialis [VII] •

• M. digastricus, Venter posterior

Fig. 724 Facial nerve, N . facialis [VI I], within the petrous part of the tempora l bone, Os tem pora le , Pars petrosa; the petrous part of the temporal bone as well as the facial canal and the tym panic cavity have been partia lly opened; posterior view.

Canaliculi semicirculares Cochlea

Sinus sigmoideus V. jugularis interna Fig. 725

Lateral p rojection of the i n n e r ear.

400 iJ

� Ear

I n ner ear

Pat h ways

Petrou5 part of the temporal bone, imaging

Cochlea

Tuba auditiva

Apex partis petrosae

Apex partis petrosae

b

a

Porus acusticus internus

Cavitas tympani; Ossicula auditus

Os occipitale, Clivus Porus acusticus internus Canalis semicircularis posterior

Fig. 726 a, b Petrous p a rt of the tempora l bone, Os tempora le, Pars petrosa; h i g h- resolution computed tomogra p h i c horizontal sections [ HRCTl; inferior view. a T h ro u g h the lateral semicircular canal, Canalis semicirc u laris lateralis b I nferior to the latera l sem i c i rcular canal, Canalis semicircula ri s latera lis

Tegmen tympani

b

a

tympani; Ossicula

Cavilas

auditus

Meatus acushcus extemus

Ossicula

Fig. 727 a, b Ear, Auris; h i g h - resolution com puted tomographic frontal sections I H RCT) ; a nterior view. a Through the base of the cochlea b Thro u g h the external acoustic meatus

Budltus

To p o g ra p hy

I nd ex

Ind ex

The n u m bers refer t o t h e page num bers. The n u m bers with "T" refer to the n u m bers of the tables in the separate booklet enclosed in Volume 1 .

A Abd omen 2 , 6 Abd uctio [Artic ulatio coxae) 1 0 A·cells 9 Ac h i lles tendon reflex 346 Acromioclavicular joint s. Articu· latio acromioclavic u laris Acromion 1 20 , 1 60, 1 62 - 1 6 5 , 1 79-1 84, 226 ADAMKIEWICZ, Artery of 344 Add uctio [Articulatio coxae) 1 0 Adenohypophysis 279, 295 Adhesio interthalamica 276, 295-296, 302, 3 1 1 , 3 1 7, 320, 328, 334, 337 Aditus - laryn g i s 1 04, 1 30 - orbita lis 354 Aequator 362, 366 Ala - cristae galli 40 - lobuli centralis 303-304 - major 34, 42, 46, 53-57, 66, 353, 358, 361 , 377, 388 - m i nor 34, 40, 54-57, 353 - nasi 86 - ossis i l i u m 340 - vomeris 50, 1 36 Alveolus[·i) - dentales 55, 1 06 - h i p pocampi 3 1 4-3 1 5 , 328-329, 334-335 Amiculum olivare 309 Ampu lla - canaliculi lacrima lis 357 - membranacea anterior 393-395 - - lateralis 393-394 - - posterior 393, 395 - ossea anterior 392 - - lateralis 392 - - posterior 392 Angulus[-i) - acromii 1 60 - i n ferior 1 60, 1 83 - i ridocornealis 362, 364 - lateralis 1 60 - mand i b u lae 45, 60-62, 6 7 - oculi latera lis 352, 355 - - medialis 352, 355 - sphenoidalis 34 - superior 1 60, 1 83 - venosus 23 Ansa - cervicalis 25, 84, 1 44- 1 49, 1 5 1 , 228, 273, T7, T9-T l 0 - lingualis 1 44 - subclavia 27, 1 53 - tend i n i s [ M , d i gastricus) 1 06 Antebra c h i u m 2-3, 1 57-1 58, 1 69, 1 79, 1 92 , 1 94-1 98, 236, 238-241 - cross-section 254 - fascia 1 78 - i n nervation, segmental 2 1 6 - M R I 254-255 - muscles 1 80- 1 8 1 , 1 92- 1 93, 1 98-204, T3 1 -T35 - transverse section 255-256 Anteversio [Articulatio coxae) 1 0 Anti helix 380 Antitragus 380 Antrum mastoideum 386

Anulus - fibrocartila g i neus 382, 384-385, 387 - iridis major 364-365 - - minor 364-365 - tendineus communis 358, 360-361 , 369, T57 - tym panicus 46-47 Anus 1 4 Aorta 1 49 - abdomi nalis s Pars abdominalis aortae - ascend ens s. Pars ascend ens aortae - descendens s. Pars descendens aortae - thoracica s. Pars thoracica aortae Apert u ra - canaliculi vestibuli 59 - extern a canaliculi cochleae 59 - - canalis carotici 43, 264, 388 - i nterna canalis carotici 4 1 , 265 - latera lis 298-299, 3 1 0-3 1 1 , 337 - med iana 276, 298, 302, 31 0-31 1 , 337 - p i riformis 33, 46, 52 - sinus frontalis 51 - - sphenoidalis 5 1 , 56 - thoracis su perior 1 49 Apex - [Cornu posterius) 345 - cuspidis 94 - linguae 1 03 , 1 07-1 08 - partis petrosae 59, 278-279, 39 1 , 400, T57 - radicis dentis 94 Apon e u rosis - dorsalis 3 1 , 249 - linguae 1 04 - musculi bici pitis brachii 1 78, 1 89-1 90, 1 94, 204, 232, 238, 240 - palatina 388 - palmaris 1 78, 206, 243, 249-250 Apparatus lacrimalis 357 Appendix vermiformis 1 4, 1 6- 1 7 Aq ueduct of SYLVIUS s. Aqueductus mesencephali Aq ueductus - mesencephali 287, 295, 297, 302, 3 1 0-3 1 1 . 3 1 7 , 320, 323-324, 328, 335-337 - vestibuli 391 Arachnoidea - mater cra n i a li s 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 261 , 278, 282-283, 326, 330 - - spinalis 343 Arcus - a lveolaris [ M a ndibula) 60-61 - anterior atlantis 45, 342 - aortae 1 8, 22, 27, 1 2 1 , 1 36, 1 53, 272, 344 - cartilaginis cricoideae 1 1 8, 1 22- 1 26, 1 29, 1 36 - costalis 1 79 - dentalis inferior 93 - - su perior 93 - ductus thoracici 23 - palatoglossus 92, 1 02 - 1 03 - palatopharyngeus 92, 1 02-1 03, 1 36 , 1 39, 1 4 1 - palmaris profu ndus 223, 242, 245

Arcus palmaris - - superficialis 223, 242, 244, 250 - superc i liaris 48 - venosus j ug u laris 1 1 8, 1 36, 1 43, 1 48, 229 - vertebrae 342 - zygomaticus 33, 42-43, 53, 64, 72-73, 83, 9 1 , 1 00, 1 37 Area [-ae) - cochlearis 391 -392 - hypothalamica lateralis 295 - nervi facialis 391 - postrema 299 - pretectalis 370 - striata 370 - subcallosa 295, 3 1 8, 326, 334-335 - vest i bularis 299 - - inferior 391 - - superior 391 Arm, muscles 1 85- 1 9 1 , T29-T30 Arteria[ -ae) - a lveolaris inferior 69, 74, 82-84, 1 09, 1 1 1 , 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 258 - - superior posterior 74, 83 - ang ularis 74, 80, 82-84, 258 - a u ricularis posterior 1 9, 74, 82-84, 1 42, 1 45, 258 - - profunda 83 - axillaris 1 8, 1 1 8, 1 46-1 47, 1 52 , 2 1 4, 223, 226, 228, 232-233 - basilaris 258-259, 276, 278, 283, 294-295, 302, 3 1 8-320, 324, 327, 337, 344 - brachialis 1 8, 1 70, 223, 227, 232-235, 238-240, 252-254 - - superficialis 237 - buccalis 74, 82-84, 258 - callosomarginalis 259, 281 , 294, 326, 331 -334 - carotis communis 1 8- 1 9, 27, 73-74, 77, 84, 1 1 5, 1 1 8, 1 2 1 , 1 33- 1 34, 1 40- 1 4 1 , 1 44-1 55, 228, 258-259, 271 -272 externa 1 8- 1 9 , 74, 82-83, 85, 1 1 5, 1 34, 1 40, 1 44-1 47, 1 5 1 , 258-259 interna 1 8- 1 9 , 41 , 43, 67, 69, 74, 82, 85, 1 0 1 , 1 09, 1 40-1 4 1 , 1 46-1 47, 258-259, 262, 264-265, 271 -272, 277-279, 283, 295, 31 8-320, 337-338, 369-374, 376-377, 389-390, 398-399, T57 a n g i ography 259 - - - AP-radiograph 259 - DSA 259 - centrales anterolaterales 294, 319 - - anteromediales 3 1 9 - - posteromediales 3 1 9 - centralis retinae 1 1 6 , 363, 368, 370 - cerebri anterior 259, 276-278, 3 1 2 , 3 1 8-32 1 , 326, 330-337 - - media 259, 278, 294, 3 1 8-321 , 3 25-326, 329, 332, 336, 338-339 - - posterior 259, 277-278, 294-295, 3 1 8, 320-321 , 327-328. 334-338. 370

Arteria{-ael - cervicalis ascendens 1 45-1 47, 1 52, 1 54-1 55 , 344 - - profunda 1 52- 1 53 - - superfi cialis 1 45-1 47, 1 52 - choroidea a nterior 3 1 8-3 1 9, 321 , 370 - ciliaris[-es) 370, 374 - - anterior 363 - - posteriori-es) 376 - - - breves 363 - - - longa 363 - circu mflexa h u m e ri anterior 223, 227, 232 - - - posterior 223, 227, 229, 231 -232, 235 - - ilium profunda 1 9 scapulae 227, 235 - colica dextra 1 9 - - media 1 9 - - sinistra 1 9 - collateralis media 223 - - radialis 223, 234-235, 238-241 - - ulnaris inferior 223, 233-235, 238-241 - - - superior 223, 233, 238-240, 253 - comitans nervi mediani 223, 239 - communicans anterior 278, 3 1 8-320, 326, 336 - - posterior 259, 278, 3 1 8-3 1 9, 327, 336-338 - conjunctivalis anterior 363 - coronariae 1 9 - d i g itales dorsa les 246, 250 palma res communes 223, 242-244, 250, 257 - - - propriae 223, 242-246, 250, 257 - dorsalis nasi 85, 374, 376 - - pedis 1 8 - epigastrica i nferior 1 9 - episcleralis 363 - ethmoidalis a nterior 4 1 , 265, 372, 374-376 - - posterior 374-376 - facialis 1 9 , 68, 74, 8 1 -85, 1 09-1 1 0 , 1 1 6- 1 1 8, 1 40, 1 46- 1 49, 1 5 1 , 258 - femoralis 1 8 - fibularis 1 8 - frontobasa lis lateralis 3 1 8 - - medi alis 3 1 8, 321 - gastrica s i n istra 19 - g lutea i nferior 1 9 - - superior 1 9 - hepatica communis 1 9 - hypophysialis i nferior 295 - - superior 295 - ileales 1 9 - ileocolica 1 9 - ili aca communis 1 8- 1 9, 2 2 , 27 - - externa 1 8- 1 9 , 22 - - i nterna 1 8- 1 9 , 22 - ili olumbalis 1 9 - inferior anterior cerebelli 259, 278, 3 1 8-3 1 9 - - posterior cerebelli 259, 278, 3 1 8-3 1 9 - i n fraorbitalis 74, 83-84, 258, 264, 375, 378

I n d ex

Arteriai-aej - i n s u lares 294 - i ntercostalisl-esl posteriores

1 52. 344 - - s u prema 1 52 - interossea a nterior 223. 239.

24 1 . 248 . 250 - - c o m m u nis 1 8. 223. 239 - - posterior 1 97. 223. 239. 24 1 .

250 -

- recurrens 223. 240-241 intramuscularis 31 intraseptalis 3 1 jej u n a les 1 9

-

la bi ali s inferior 74. 258 - superior 74. 258 labyrinthi 4 1 . 265. 278. 3 1 8-3 1 9 lac r i ma lis 1 1 6. 356. 372-374.

376 - laryngea i nferior 1 30 - - s u perior 1 08 . 1 1 4- 1 1 5 .

1 30-1 3 1 . 1 34. 1 37. 1 4 1 . 1 44-1 46. 1 51 - l i e n a li s s. Arteria splenica - l i n g u a lis 1 9 . 74. 82. 84-85 . 1 1 0 .

1 1 3-1 1 7. 1 34. 1 40 . 1 45. 1 5 1 . 258 - lum bales 22 - masseterica 83. 85 - maxillaris 1 9. 69. 74. 83-85. 258 - meni ngea media 4 1 . 43. 74. 83-84. 258. 264-265. 269. 275. 278. 280. 372 - - posterior 41 . 43. 1 40. 264-265. 278 - mesencephaticae 3 1 9 - mesenterica inferior 1 8- 1 9. 2 2 . 27 - - superior 1 8- 1 9 . 22. 27 - metacarpales dorsales 246. 248. 250 - - palma res 242. 245. 250. 257 - nasopalatina 1 1 3 - n u tricia 7 - obturatoria 1 9 - occipitalis 1 9 . 74. 82-84. 1 09. 1 4 1 - 1 4� 1 46- 1 47. 258 - - medialis 329-330 - o p h th a lm ica 41 . 258-259. 265. 267. 274. 276-279. 369-378 - ovarica 1 8 - palatinal-ael ascendens 74. 84. 1 1 3 . 1 30 . 1 40 descend ens 74. 258 - - major 43. 1 02 . 1 1 3. 264 - - m i n o res 264 - pancreat icoduodenalis inferior

19 - parietalis posterior 281 - perica llosa 294. 3 1 2. 320.

326-327. 329-330. 334-335 - pharyngea ascendens 1 9 . 4 1 .

43. 1 40. 258 - pontis 3 1 9 - poplitea 1 8 - pri nceps pollicis 223. 242-243.

245. 248 - profunda brac h i i 1 8. 223. 227.

232-235. 252-253 - - femoris 1 8 - - l i n g u a e 1 1 3. 1 1 5 - pudenda i nterna 1 9 - p u lmonalis 22 - radialis 18. 1 70 . 223. 236. 238-240. 242. 244-246. 248. 255-256 - - i n d i ci s 223. 242-243 - radicularis magna 344

Arteriai-aej - rectalis media 1 9 - - superior 1 9 - recurrens radi a li s 223. 238-240 - - u lnaris 223. 235. 239-241 - renalis 1 8. 22. 27 -

sacralis lateralis 1 9 - mediana 1 9 sca pularis desce ndens 1 52 s i g m o i de ae 1 9 sphenopalatina 74. 84. 258

- s p i n a li s anterior 4 1 . 43.

264-265. 3 1 8-3 1 9 . 344 - - lateralis 344 - - posterior 344 - splen ica 1 9 - stylomasto i d ea 74. 83 - subclavia 1 8- 1 9. 27. 77. 1 2 1 . 1 4 1 . 1 44-1 47. 1 49. 1 52- 1 53. 226-229 - subfascialis 3 1 - s u b l i n g u a l i s 84. 1 1 3-1 1 5. 1 34 - submentalis 74. 83-84. 1 1 0, 1 45-147, 258 - subscapularis 227, 232 - sulci centra lis 281 - - postcentralis 281 - - precentralis 281 - superi o r ce rebelli 278. 3 1 8-3 1 9. 337 - supraorbitalis 8 1 . 1 1 6. 258. 372-374. 376, 378 - suprascapularis 1 44, 1 46-1 47. 1 52 , 227. 229. 235 - supratrochlearis 82-83 . 258. 374. 376 - temporalis 67 media 74. 83-85 - - profunda anterior 74, 258 - - - posterior 74. 83-84, 258 superfi cialis 1 9. 68. 73-74, 80-85, 1 09. 258 - test i c u lar is 1 8 - thalamotuberalis 3 1 9 - thoracica i nterna 1 9 , 1 46 - 1 48, 1 52- 1 53 - - lateralis 1 47. 225. 227-229 - - superior 227. 229 - thoracoacromialis 1 44- 1 47. 223, 226-228 - thoracodorsalis 227-228 - thyroidea i nferior 1 30 . 1 33 . 1 39-1 4 1 , 1 46-1 47, 1 52 - - su perior 1 9 , 74. 1 1 0. 1 1 5. 1 33- 1 34. 1 36, 1 40, 1 44- 1 47, 1 49, 1 5 1 . 1 54, 258 - t i b i a l i s anterior 1 8 - - posterior 1 8 - transversa colli 1 44- 1 45 , 1 49. 1 52. 228-229 - - fac i e i 74. 83, 1 1 6, 258 - tuberis c inerei 3 1 9 - tym p a nica a nte rior 83 - - posterior 384 - ulnaris 1 8. 1 70, 2 1 1 . 223, 238-240. 242-245. 248-249, 255-256 - u m b i licalis 1 9 , 22 - verte bralisl-esl 1 9 . 41 . 43. 69. 1 09. 1 33. 1 46, 1 52- 1 55. 228. 258-259, 264-265 , 278, 283. 302. 3 1 8-320, 337. 344 - vesicalis inferior 1 9 - zygomaticoorbitalis 74. 82-83 Arteries - b ra i n 3 1 8 - h a n d 242, 246 - head 258-259

Arteries - of ADAMKIEWICZ s Arteria radicu laris magna - system i c c i rcu lation 1 8 - u pper limb 223 Arte riola l - a e l - m ac ularis inferior 367 - - s u p e rior 367 - m edi ali s reti nae 367 - nasalis retinae inferior 367 - - - su perior 367 - temporalis retinae i nferior 367 - - - su perior 367 Art i c u latiol-nesl - acrom i o c lavicularis 1 58, 1 60 .

1 62. 1 65. 1 82-1 83. T23 -

atlantoaxialis mediana 92 atlantooccipitalis 382 carpi 1 74 carpometacarpalisl-esl 1 58.

1 74. T23 -

- pollicis 1 72- 1 74. T23 cartilagi nea 9 c i ng u li pectoralis 1 58. T23 conoidea 1 0 coxae 1 0 cricoaryte noi dea 1 22. 1 3 1 c r i cothyroidea 1 25 c u b iti 1 58. 1 68. T23 - AP-rad i o g ra p h 1 70 - frontal section 1 70 - lateral rad iograph 1 70 - sagi ttal sectio n 1 70 cylindrica 1 0 d i g i t i 1 75 . T23 h umeri 9. 1 58. 1 62-1 64,

1 83- 1 84. T23 - - AP-radiograph 1 65

- - CT 1 65 - - joi nt cavity. structure 9 - - section l i n the sca p u la r pla n e l

9. 1 64 -

h u m e ro ra d i a lis 1 58. T23 h u mero u lnaris 1 58. T23 i nc udom a llearis 384 i nc udostapedialis 384 i nterphalang eae m anus 1 75.

2 1 0 . T23 - - - d i stales 3 1 . 1 58 . 1 75 - - - proximales 1 58. 1 75 - m a n u s 1 73 - mediocarpalis 1 58. 1 74. T23 - m e m b ri superioris T23 - - - liberi T23 - metaca rpophalangeal-ael 1 58.

1 73 , 1 75. 207. 2 1 3. T23 - - pollicis 1 72. 1 75 - ossiculorum audi tus 384 - ovoidea 1 0 - plana 1 0. T23 - rad i ocarpalis 1 58. 1 74. 250, T23 - rad io u l n a ris d ista li s 1 58. 1 69. 1 73- 1 74. 204. 256. T23 - - prox imalis 1 58 . 1 69. 254. T23 - sellaris 1 0. T23 - spheroidea 1 0 , T23 - sternoclavicularis 1 59-1 60. T23 - synovia lis 9 - temporo m a n d i bu laris 62-63. 65-66, 72-73. 83 - - tomography 65 - trochoidea 1 0 , T23 Association areas - aud ition 291 - motoricity 291 - sensory system 2 9 1 - vision 291

Association cells 347 Association tracts 306 Atlas 1 2 1 . 1 36. 344, 382 At rium - cordis dextrum 22 - - s i n i strum 2 2 Audition 396 - association area 291 - projection ar ea 2 9 1 Aud itory organ 394. T57 Auditory pathway 397 Auricula 379-380 Auris 379 - interna 379. 390 - m e d i a 379 Axes of the h u m a n body Axilla 227-229 Axi llary fossa s. Fossa axillaris Axi s 45 - externus bulbi 362 - i nternus bulbi 362 - ILensl 366 - longitudi nalis IArt i c u latio coxael

10 -

o f rotati on. j o i nt 1 1 opticus 362 sagittalis IArt i c u la t io coxael 1 0 transversalis IArt i c u latio coxae I

10

B Basal g a n g lia 309 Base of the skull - external surface 42 - - contents 264 - - Fora m i n a 43, 264 - internal surface 40. 278 - - contents 4 1 - - Fora m i n a 4 1 , 265 Basis - coc h leae 392 - ICornu poste riusl 345 - cranii externa 42 - Fora m i n a 43, 264 - - interna 40-4 1 . 278 - - - Fora m i n a 265 - m a n d i bulae 60 - ossis metacarpi 1 7 1 . 1 76, 250 - phalangis IM anu s l 1 71 - 1 72 . 1 75 - sta pedis 383-384 B-ce lls 9 B I C HAT's fat pad s Corpus a d i po sum buccae B i f urcatio - aortae 1 8- 1 9 . 22 - carotidis 74. 1 1 5. 1 34 B l i n d spot s. D i sc us nervi optici Body. s u rface. projection of intern a l organs 1 6- 1 7 Bones - of the hand 1 72 - of the skull 34-35. 38, 46 - t u bular bone. structure 7 BOTALLO's d uct. ligament 5. Ductus arteriosus BOWMAN's membra n e s , La m i n a l i m itans anterior Brach i u m 2-3. 1 57-1 58. 1 6 1 .

1 85-1 87. 1 89- 1 9 1 . 230. 233-234 - arteries 223. 235 - colliculi i nferioris 298-299 - - superioris 298-299. 370 - cross-section 252 - fascia 1 78 - i nnervati on. segmentat 2 1 6

I nd ex

Brachium - lym p hatics 224 - M R I 252-253 - muscles 1 79 - 1 9 2 , 1 94-1 98, 200-204, 206-2 1 3 , T29-T30 - nerves 232, 235 - transverse section 253 - vessels 232 B ra i n s. Encephalon Brainstem 286, 293, 298-299, 320 Bregma 36 Bro n c h i principales 1 4 BROWN-SEQUARO's hemi plegia 351 Bulbus[-i! - aortae 1 9 - cornus occipitalis 332 - inferior venae j u g u laris 1 40-1 4 1 , 1 45, 229 - [ M edu lla oblongatal 284 - oculi 323-324, 359, 361 -364, 369-37 1 , 374, 377-378 - - M R I 361 - olfactorius 88, 276, 283, 286, 292, 3 1 8, 337, T57 - superior venae j u g u laris 4 1 , 1 40- 1 4 1 , 260, 264-265, 382 B U R OACH's tract s. Fasciculus c u neatus Bursa[-ael - bicipitoradialis 1 68, 1 70, 1 95 , T29 - infrahyoidea 1 24, 1 29, 1 3 2 - m u s c u l i coracobrachialis 1 83 - 1 84 - su bacromialis 1 63-1 64, 1 83- 1 84 - subcutanea olecrani 1 70 , 1 78 - subdeltoidea 1 83, 1 9 1 - subtendi nea musculi subsca p u laris 1 62 , 1 84, T 1 8 - synovialis 1 62

c Caecum 1 4 - c u p u lare 393 - vestibu lare 393-394 Calcaneus, development 8 Calcar avis 3 1 3-3 1 6, 329, 333-334 Calva ria 39, 261 Calx 5 Camera - anterior bulbi 362, 364 - posterior bulbi 362, 364 - postrema bulbi 362, 369 - vitrea s Camera postrema bulbi Canal of SCHLEMM s. S i n u s venosus sclerae Canaliculus[-il - cochleae 393 - lacrimalis[ -esl 353 - - i nfe rior 357 - - s u perior 357 - mastoideus 42, 264 Cana lis[-esl - analis 1 4 - carotic u s 4 1 -43, 59, 264-265, 278, 385-389, 391 - carpi 209, 2 1 9 , 249 - centralis 302, 3 1 0-31 1 , 320, 337, 345-346 - condylaris 40-42, 264-265 - d i p lo i c i 261 - i n cisivus 38, 50-5 1 , 87, 1 1 3 - i nfraorbitalis 54-55, 1 00, 268-269, 353

Canalis/-esl - lo ngitudi nalis modioli 391 - mand i b u lae 99- 1 00 - musculotubarius 59 - nasolacrimalis 52, 353 - nervi facialis 270, 386, 391 , 398-399, T57 - - hypoglossi 38, 40-43, 62, 264-265, 273, 278, T57 - nutricius 7 - opticus 40-4 1 , 54-55, 57, 265, 278, 353, 36 1 , 369, 372, 375, 377, T57 - palatinus major 55 - pterygoideus 55-56 - radicis dentis 94 - semicircularis[-esl 379, 399 - - anterior 390-392, 394 - - lateralis 390-392, 394, 398, 400 - - posterior 390-393, 400 - spiralis cochleae 391 - - modioli 391 - ulnocarpalis 249 CAN NON-BOHM point T57 Capitulum h u meri 1 6 1 , 1 68, 1 70 Capsula - arti cularis [Artic ulatio atlantoaxialis lateralisl 1 2 1 [Articulatio car­ pometacarpalis pollicisl 1 73 [Art iculatio cubiti I 1 68 - - [Articulatio humeril 9, 1 62- 1 63, 1 83-1 84 [Articulatio interphalangea d i stalisl 3 1 [Articulatio metacarpopha­ langeal 1 73, 1 75 , 207, 213 [Articulatio radioulnaris dis­ talisl 1 69, 1 73, 204 [Artic ulatio sternoclavicularisl 1 59 [Articulatio temporomandibu­ larisl 62-63, 66-67, 72-73 - - cricoaryte noidea 1 23 - - cricothyroidea 1 23, 1 26- 1 27 - externa 294, 308-309, 326-328, 332-334 - extrema 294, 308-309, 326-328, 332-334 - i nterna 277, 294, 296, 307-309, 31 4-31 6, 321 , 325-329, 331 -335, 337-338, 350 - - organisation 308 - lentis 366 Caput 2-3 , 6, 32, 1 36 - breve [ M . biceps brac h i i ! 1 78, 1 82- 1 84, 1 86, 1 88-1 90, 232-233, T29 - commune [ M m. flexoresl 1 70 , 1 96- 1 98 - [Cornu posteriusl 345 - humerale [ M , flexor carpi ulnarisl 1 86, 1 92, 240, T3 1 [ M . flexor pollicis longusl 1 9 7, T32 [M pronator teresl 1 70, 1 86, 1 92 , 204, T31 - h u meri 1 6 1 , 1 64-1 65 - h u mero u lnare 1 86, 1 92 , 1 95, T3 1 - inferius 67, 69 - laterale [ M . triceps brac h i i l 1 78- 1 79, 1 83, 1 85, 1 87-1 88, 1 9 1 , 200-20 1 , 22 1 , 234, 252, T30 - lon g u m [ M. biceps brac h i i l 1 62- 1 65, 1 82-1 84, 1 86, 1 88- 1 9 1 , 232, T29

Caput longum [ M . triceps brac h i i l 1 63-1 64, 1 78- 1 79, 1 83 - 1 9 0 , 232-234, 252, T30 - mallei 382-385, 387 - m a n d i bulae 45, 60-6 1 , 63, 65-67, 400 - mediale [M triceps bra c h i i l 1 70 , 1 78- 1 79, 1 8 5, 1 87- 1 9 1 , 1 94-1 96, 1 98, 200-202, 232-234, 238, 252. T30 - [Nuc leus caudatusl 294, 298, 308-309, 3 1 3, 3 1 5-3 1 7, 323, 325-327, 331 -335, 337 - obliquum [ M. adductor pollicisl 205, 209, T36 - ossis metacarpi 1 7 1 - 1 72 - phalangis [ Ma n u sl 1 7 1 - 1 72, 1 75 - profundum [ M , flexor pollicis brevisl 205, 207, 209, 257. T24, T36 - radiale 1 92, 1 95 , 1 97, 239, T31 - rad i i 1 67, 1 70 , 1 9 7, 254 - stapedis 383, 398 - su perficiale 207, 209, 245, 257, T24, T36 - su perius 67. 69 - transversum [ M . adductor pollicisl 205, 207-209, T36 - ulnae 1 66, 1 72, 1 74, 1 78, 203, 2 1 0 - ulnare [ M . flexor carpi ulnarisl 1 86, 1 92, 240, T31 - - [ M pronator teresl 1 70 , 1 86, 1 92, 1 97, 204, 239, T3 1 Cardiovascular system - arteries 1 8 - overview 1 8, 20. 23 - veins 20 Carpal joint - distal s , Articulatio mediocarpalis - proximal s Articulatio rad io­ carpalis Carpal t u n ne l 256 Carpometacarpal joint of the t h u m b s. Arti culatio car­ pometacarpalis pollicis Carpometacarpal joints I I -V s. Articulationes carpometacarpales Carpus 1 58, 256 - transverse section 256 Cartila g i n ous j o i n t 9 Ca rtilago[ - i nesl - alaris[-esl major 69, 86-88, 1 36 - - m i n ores 86 - articularis 7, 9 - arytenoidea 1 22- 1 28, 1 3 1 , 1 54 - a u ri c u lae 1 09, 380 , 382 - corniculata 1 22- 1 23 , 1 25-1 28, 1 39 - costalis 1 59 - cricoidea 1 1 4, 1 1 8, 1 22, 1 27, 1 33, 1 54, 1 56 - c u n eiformis 1 27, 1 39 - e p i g lottica 45, 1 04, 1 22- 1 24, 1 29, 1 33, 1 36 - laryngis 1 22-1 23, 1 25 - meatus acustici 380 - nasi 86 - - accessoriae 86 - - lateralis 86, 88, 1 09 - septi nasi 86-87 - thyroidea 1 04, 1 08, 1 1 4- 1 1 5, 1 1 8, 1 2 2- 1 27, 1 29- 1 34, 1 36-137, 1 39, 1 49, 1 54, 1 56 - tra c heales 1 23- 1 24, 1 26-1 27, 1 29, 1 32- 1 34, 1 37, 1 56

Cartilago/-inesJ - triticea 1 23 , 1 26- 1 27 - tubae aud itivae 1 4 1 , 388-389 Caruncula - lacri malis 352, 357 - subli ngualis 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 , 1 1 4 Cauda - equina 24, 340-344 - helicis 380-381 - [Nuc leus caudatusl 294, 309, 3 1 6-3 1 7, 327-329, 332-335, 338-339 caudalis [=i nferiorl 1 Cavitas[ -tesl - art i c u laris [Art i c ulatio cubitil 1 70 - - [Artic ulatio h u meri! 9, 1 65 - conchae 380 - coronae 94 - dentis 94 - glenoidalis 1 60, 1 64- 1 65, 1 84 - infraglottica 1 29, 1 33 - medullaris 7, 1 75 - nasi 1 4, 5 1 , 54, 62, 69, 88, 9 1 , 1 09, 361 - oris 14, 92, 1 02- 1 03 - - propria 1 4, 1 03 - pharyngis 1 3 1 - synovialis 1 1 - tym pani 1 0 1 , 379, 382, 385-387, 391 , 394, 398, 400 Cavu m septi pellucidi 3 1 5. 3 1 7, 331 Cellulae - ethmoidales 44-45, 53-54, 68, 89, 1 1 6, 323, 358, 361 , 377-378 - - a n teriores 88, 90-9 1 , T57 - - mediae 90 - - posteriores 90-9 1 , T57 - mastoideae 44-45, 1 0 1 , 382, 386, 400, T57 - pneumaticae 389 - tympan icae 386, 391 Cementum 94 Centrum semiovale 293, 3 1 2 Cere bello pontine a n g le 270-271 , T57 Cerebellum 25, 284, 286, 302-305, 307, 3 1 0 , 324, 328, 335, 340 , 350, 396 Cerebral hemispheres 289 - cortical areas 291 - gyri 287, 289-290 - sulci 287, 289 Cerebrum 24-25, 285-286, 288, 340, 370 Cervix - [Cornu posteriusl 345 - CT 1 35 - dentis 94 - s. a . neck C h i asma opticum 276-277, 279, 286-287, 292-293, 295, 297, 302, 3 1 1 , 3 1 8. 320, 323-324, 327, 361 , 369-371 , T57 Choana 43, 47, 93, 1 39 Chorda[-ael - obliqua 1 68-1 69, 1 92 - tym pani 84, 269-270, 275, 382, 384-385, 387, 398-399, T57 Choroidea 362-364, 368 C i lia 352, 355, 378 C i n g ulum - [Cerebruml 306 - membri i nferioris s, Cingulum pelvicum superioris s. C i n g ulum pec­ torale

I n d ex

Cingulum - pectorale 6, 1 58, 1 60 - pelvicum 6 Circ u lation - foetal 22 - postnatal 22 Circ u lus - arteriosus cerebri IWILLIsl 278, 3 1 8-3 1 9 - - i ridis major 363 - - - minor 363 Circ u mferentia - articularis I Rad iusl 1 67- 1 69 - - I U lnal 1 66 C i sterna - a m b iens 277, 283, 328-329, 334-337, T57 - cerebellomedullaris 283, 3 1 1 , 324 - c h i asmatica 283, 295, 3 1 1 , 336 - chyli 23 - fossae lateralis cerebri 283, 326-329, 332-336, 338-339 - i nterped unc ularis 283, 295, 3 1 1 , 323, 327, T57 - la m i nae term inalis 326 - perica llosa 3 1 1 , 326, 328-329, 332, 334-335 - pontis 327 - pontocerebellaris 283, 294, 3 1 1 , 327, T57 - quadrigeminalis 329 Claustrum 294, 308-309, 326-328, 332-335, 339 Clavicle s, Clavicula Clavicula 6, 1 05, 1 1 8- 1 20 , 1 3 5, 1 44, 1 47, 1 49, 1 52, 1 55, 1 58-1 60, 1 62- 1 6 5, 1 78-1 80, 1 82- 1 83, 1 85, 1 89-1 90, 226 - dextra 1 35 Claw h a n d , ulnar nerve palsy 220 CLELAND's ligament 249-250 Clitoris 1 5 Clivus 40, 5 1 , 62, 1 38-1 39, 400, T57 Cochlea 379, 382, 390-392, 394, 399-400 Colliculusl - i l - ICartilago a ryte noideal 1 22 - fac i a li s 299, 3 1 1 - i nferior 276, 296, 298-299, 329, 336, 396-397, T57 - superior 276, 287, 296-299, 329, 335, 370-371 Collum 2-3, 6, 32, 1 36, 1 48- 1 49, 1 54- 1 56 - anatomicum 1 6 1 - c h i ru rg i c u m 1 6 1 , 1 83 , 1 9 1 - mallei 383, 387 - mand i b u lae 6 1 , 63 - rad i i 1 67- 1 70 - scapulae 1 60 , 1 6 5 Colon 1 6- 1 7 - ascendens 1 4 - descend e n s 1 4 - sigmoideum 1 4 - transversum 1 4 Columnal-ael - anterior 345-346 - IFornixl 292, 295, 298, 302, 309, 3 1 5-3 1 7, 323, 327, 332-335 - intermedia 345-346 - posterior 345-346 - vertebra lis 6 Commissura - alba anterior 345 - anterior 276, 292-293, 295, 298, 302, 306, 3 1 1 , 3 1 7, 320, 324, 327, 334-335, 337-338, 345

Commissura - [ Fornixl 292-293 , 295, 333, 337 - habenularum 295, 306, 3 1 7 , 337 - lateralis palpebra rum 352, 355 - medialis palpebra rum 352, 355 - poste rior 295, 298, 306, 3 1 7 , 320, 334, 337 Comm issural tracts 306 Com puted tomography ICTI, shoulder joint 1 65 Conchal-ael - a u riculae 380 - nasalis inferior 34, 44, 5 1 -52, 54, 68, 87-88, 90, 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 1 39, 357 - - media 34, 44, 5 1 , 54, 68, 87-88, 90, 1 09, 1 39, 378, T57 - - su perior 5 1 , 88, T57 - sphenoidalis 56 Conduction anaesthesia, fi nger 251 Condylus - h u meri 1 6 1 - occip italis 35, 42-43, 1 37, 388 Cone cells 363, 370 Confluens s i n u u m 260, 262, 276, 3 1 1 , 322 Con iotomy 1 1 8 Connexus i ntertendinei 2 1 0-2 1 1 Conus - elasticus 1 24-125, 1 29, 1 33 - medulla ris 340, 342-343 Cor 1 6- 1 8, 20, 30 Corium s. Dermis Cornea 359, 362-365, 378, T57 Cornu - anterius I M ed u lla spinalisl 345-346 , 349-350 - frontale 277, 293-294, 296, 298, 3 1 0-31 1 , 3 1 3, 3 1 5-317, 320-32 1 , 323, 326-327, 331 -334, 337 - i nferi us ICartilago thyroideal 1 22- 1 23, 1 26- 1 27, 1 30 - laterale I Medu lla spinalisl 345-346 - majus 67, 92, 1 05-1 08, 1 1 1 , 1 1 3, 1 23 , 1 26 - 1 2 7 , 1 30 , 1 3 2 , 1 37-139, 1 41 - m i n u s 92, 1 05-1 08, 1 23, 1 26- 1 27, 1 32 - occip itale 294, 296, 3 1 0-3 1 1 , 3 1 3-3 1 6, 323, 329, 333-334, 338 - posterius IMed u lla spi nalisl 345-346 - superius I C a rt i lago thyroideal 1 2 2- 1 27, 1 30 , 1 32, 1 39 - tem porale 277, 293-294, 309-31 1 , 3 1 4-3 1 5 , 323-325, 327-329, 335-336, 338-339 Corona - cli n i ca 94 - dentis 94 - radiata 330 Coronary plane s. frontal plane Corpusl- oral - a d i posum buccae 70, 72, 1 09, 117 - - orbitae 1 1 6, 354, 361 , 369, 372, 378 preepiglotticum 1 23- 1 24, 1 26, 1 29, 1 36 - amygdaloideum 292-294, 327, 336, 338 - callosum 276, 287-288, 292-295, 298, 302, 306-307, 309, 3 1 2, 3 1 4-3 1 7, 320, 324-329, 331 -334, 337

Corpus[-orai - c i liare 362-365 , 369 - claviculae 1 59 - I Fornixl 292-295, 3 1 5-3 1 6, 320, 327, 332 - geniculatum laterale 297-299, 307, 328, 335, 370-37 1 , T57 - - mediale 297-299, 328, 335, 370, 396-397 - h u meri 7, 1 6 1 , 1 68, 1 70 , 1 84, 1 90 - incudis 383-385, 387 - linguae 1 03, 1 07 - mamillare 286-287, 292-293, 295, 297, 302, 309, 320, 324, 327, 336-337, 370 - mand i b u lae 34, 44-45, 60-6 1 - maxillae 353 - medullare cere belli 305 - I N u cleus caudatusl 294, 296, 298, 3 1 4-3 1 7, 327-328, 33 1 , 338 - IDs hyoideuml 45, 92, 1 0 5- 1 07, 1 26, 1 32 - IDs sphenoidalel 50-5 1 , 55-56, 62, 1 36, 353 - ossis metacarpi 1 7 1 - phalangis I Manusl 1 7 1 - 1 72 , 257 - p i neale s. Gla ndula pinealis - rad i i 1 67- 1 68, 203 - stri atum 350 - trapezoideum 397 - u lnae 1 66, 1 68, 203 - u nguis 31 - vertebrae 1 35, 1 54- 1 55 - vitreum 361 -362 Cortex - cerebelli 305 - cerebri 261 - lentis 366 Cortical a reas - cerebral hemispheres 291 - functional according to FOERSTER 291 Costal-ael 6, 1 35, 1 47, 1 49, 1 52-1 53, 1 55 , 229, 340, 342 Cra n i a l nerves 25-26, 266, 276-277, 301 , T55, T57 - fibre q ualities T56 - n uclei 300-301 - - motor 350 cranialis I=su periorl Cranium 6, 33-34, 36-38, 44-47 Cremasteric reflex 346 Crista l-ael - a m p ullaris 395 - arcuata 1 22 - basilaris 394 - concha lis I Maxillal 49 - eth moidalis 49, 51 - fenestrae cochleae 392 - frontalis 39-40 - galli 38, 40, 44, 50-51 , 54 - i n fratemporalis 42, 56, 66 - la crimalis anterior 49, 54-55, 353 - - posterior 54-55, 353 - musculi sup inatoris 1 66 - nasalis IMaxi llal 87 - - IDs palatinuml 38 - occipitalis externa 37 - - interna 40, 57 - sphenoidalis 50, 56 - su praepicondylaris lateralis 1 6 1 , 1 70, 253 - - medialis 1 6 1 , 1 68, 1 70 - su pramastoidea 58 - transversa 391 -392

Crista[-aei - tuberculi majoris 1 6 1 - 1 62 - - minoris 1 6 1 - 1 62 - vestibuli 392 - zygomaticoalveolaris 49, 53 Crusl-ral 2-3, 384 - anterius ICapsula internal 296, 307-308, 326, 333-335, 338 - IStapesl 383-384 - antihelicis 380 - b reve 383-384, 387 - cerebri 277, 297, 301 , 336 - IFornixl 292-293, 302, 3 1 3-3 1 7, 323, 328-329, 33 1 -332, 337-338 - helicis 380 - laterale ICartilago alaris majorl 86, 88 - longum 383-384, 387 - mediale ICartilago alaris majorl 86-87 - membranaceum commune 393 - - s i m p lex 393 - osseum commune 392 - - s i m p lex 392 - poste rius ICa psula internal 296, 308, 333-335 - - IStapesl 383-384, 398 Cryptae tonsillares 1 03 Cu bita 1 58 Culmen 302-304 Cuneus 290 , 292, 331 -333 Cupula cochleae 391 -394 Cuspis dentis 94 Cutaneous i n n e rvat i o n - head 79 - neck 7 9 - segmental, upper limb 2 1 6 Cutaneous nerves, upper limb 2 1 6-21 7 Cutis 31 , 252, 256, 261 Cymba conchae 380

D Deciduous teeth 97-98 Declive 302-304 Oecussatiol-nesl - lemniscorum 348 - pedu nculorum cerebellarium su periorum 302, 305 - pyra m i d u m 286, 307, 309, 342 Deep sensibility, unconscious 349 DEITERS' n u cleus 397 Densl -tesl - axis 44-45, 324 - caninus 93-95, 97, 99- 1 00, 1 02 , 112 - decidui 46, 6 1 , 94-95, 98-99 - i n c isivi 44, 93-95, 97, 99- 1 00, 1 02, 1 1 2, 1 56 - molarisl-esl 54, 68, 93-95, 97-1 00, 1 02 , 1 1 2, 1 1 6- 1 1 7 - - I I I 93, 99, 1 02, 1 1 2 - permane ntes 94-99 - premolares 93, 97, 99-1 00, 1 02 , 112 - serotinus s. Dens molaris I I I Dentinum 94 Dermatomes 2 1 6 Dermis 261 DESCEMET's membrane s, La mina limitans posterior Desmodontium s Periodontium D i a p h ragma 1 6- 1 7, T7 - sellae 279

I n d ex

D i a physis 7 - (Radiusl 1 77 - (Ulnal 1 77 Diencephalon 284, 288, 297 Dig estive tract, overview 1 4 Digitus ( M a n usl l 1 58 - a n u laris 1 57, 1 7 1 - medius 1 57, 1 7 1 , 257 - m i n imus 1 57, 1 7 1 - pri mus s. Pollex - q u a rtus s D i g itus a n ularis - q u i ntus s D i g itus minimus - secundus s. I ndex - tertius s. D i g itus medius DIP (distal interphaLangeaL jointl 1 75 D i ploe 39. 45, 2 6 1 . 280 Discus - articularis (Articulatio radioulnaris distalisl 1 74 IArtic uLatio sternocLavicularisl 1 59 (Art ic u latio temporomandibu ­ larisl 63-67, 83 - i ntervertebralis 1 53 - nervi optici 362, 367 distal 93-94 d ista Lis 1 Divisiones - dorsales I PLexus bra c h i a Lisl 2 1 4 - ventraLes I PLexus brachialisl 214 Dorsal aponeurosis 257 dorsalis 1 Dorsu m 3 - linguae 92. 1 02 - 1 03, 1 07 , 1 1 3, 1 41 - manus 4. 1 5 7, 247-248 - - cutaneous i n nervation, segmental 251 - ped i s 4-5 - sellae 38, 40, 50, 56, 62, 279 D u ctuli excretorii I G Landula Lacrimalisl 356-357 Ductusl-usl - arteriosus [B OTALLOJ 22 - cochlearis 382, 393-395 - deferens 1 5 - endolymp haticus 393 - lymphaticus dexter 23 - nasolacrimalis 88, 357 - parotideus 68, 70, 72-73, 80. 1 09- 1 1 0, 1 1 6 , 1 37 - re u n iens 393-394 - semicircularis a nterior 390, 393-395 - - lateraLis 390, 393-395, 398 - - posterior 390, 393, 395 - sublingu alisl-es! major 1 1 1 . 1 1 4 - - m i n ores 1 1 1 , 1 1 4 - su bmandibuLaris 1 1 0- 1 1 1 , 1 1 4, 1 1 6- 1 1 7 - lhorac icus 23, 229 - utriculosaccularis 393 - venosus [ARANTIUSJ 22 Duodenum 1 4, 1 6 D u ra mater - cranialis 1 1 6-1 1 7, 261 -262, 278-281 , 369, 389, 393, T57 - spinaLis 1 36 , 1 54, 342-343

Eminentia - a rcuata 38, 59 - collateraLis 3 1 4, 335-336, 339 - cruc iformis 57 - hypolhena ris s, Hypothenar - medialis 298-299 - pyra m i dalis 386-387, 398 - thenaris s . Thenar EnameLum 94 Encephalon 282, 284, 323-324. 327, 332, 340, 370 - arteries 3 1 8 - development 284 - frontaL section 326-329 - horizontal section 330-331 , 333-336 - median section 337 - M R I 323-325 - sagittal section 337-339 - ventricle 3 1 0 Endocrine organs 30 Ependym u m 3 1 3 , 3 1 5-3 1 6 Epicondylus - Lateralis I H u merusl 1 6 1 , 1 68. 1 70 , 1 78-1 79. 1 85 . 1 87. 1 9 6, 1 98, 200-203, 23 1 . 234, 241 - medialis I H u merusl 1 57, 1 61 , 1 68, 1 70, 1 78. 1 86- 1 87, 1 89- 1 90, 1 94- 1 95, 1 97- 1 98, 233, 238-240 Epicritic sensibi lity, pathways of s sensibility, epicritic Ep idermis 3 1 , 2 6 1 Epididymis 1 5 Epiglottis 1 03, 1 26-1 28, 1 30, 1 39. 1 4 1 , 1 56 Epipharynx 1 39 EpiphyseaL pLate, Hume rus 7 Ep i p hysis - distalis 7 - - IRadiusl 1 77 - - IUlnal 1 77 - proximalis 7 Epite n d i neum 1 1 EpitheLium - anterius ICorneal 362, 364 - posterius ICorneal 364 Eponyc h i u m 31 E q u i librium - controL 396 - pathway 397 - - afferent/efferent 396 Ethmoidal bone s. Os ethmoidale Excavatio d i sci 362, 368 Extensio IArtic ulatio coxae I T39 Extra-ocular m uscles 358-361 - M R I 361 ExtrapyramidaL motor system 350 Extremitiit, obere, muscles 204 Extremitas - acromialis 1 59, 1 62-1 63 - distalis I H umerusl 7 - proximaLis ( H umerusl 7 - sternalis 1 59 Eye - s. Oculusl-il Eyeball 362-364 - dimensions 362 - Layers 363

F E Ear 379 Ear-eye-plane 33 ELbow joint s. ArticuLatio cubiti

Facial m u scles 70-72, 354, T l , T57 Facies - anterior ICorneal 364 Urisl 362, 364 - - ILensl 362. 364-366

Facies anterior I Maxillal 49 palpebrae 355 - - partis petrosae 40 IRadiusl 1 67-1 69, 1 97 I U lnal 1 66, 1 68- 1 69 - anteroLateraLis I H u m erus! 1 6 1 - anteromedialis I H umerusl 1 6 1 - articularis acromiaLis 1 59 - - arytenoidea 1 22 carpaLis 1 67, 1 69, 1 74 - - clavicuLaris 1 60, 1 64 - - Iincusl 383 I M a lleusl 383 ste rnaLis 1 59 - - thyroidea 1 22, 1 24, 1 26 - cerebralis (Os sphenoidalel 56 - - lOs temporalel 59 - contactus 94 - costaLis (Sca p u lal 1 60 - distaLis 94 - externa (Os frontalel 48 - i nferior linguae 1 04, 1 08, 1 1 2 - i n frate mporaLis 49 - interna lOs frontalel 50, 55 - Lateralis I Radi usl 1 67, 1 69 - lingualis 94 - maxillaris lOs sphenoidaLel 56 - medialis hemispherii cerebri 320 - - (U lnal 1 66, 1 69 - mesia lis 94 - nasalis I Maxi Llal 49 - orbita lis ( M axillal 49, 353 - - lOs frontalel 48, 353 - - lOs sphenoidalel 34, 54-56, 353 - - (Os zygomaticuml 54, 353 - posterior (Corneal 364-365 I H u m e rusl 1 6 1 - - I l risl 362, 364-365 ILensl 362, 366 palpebrae 355 - - partis petrosae 389, 393 - - / Ra d i u sl 1 67, 1 69 IScapulal 1 60 (Ulnal 1 66 , 1 69 - temporaLis 1 0 5 frontalel 48 - - (Os sphenoidalel 56, 388 - - lOs tempora lel 58 - vestibularis 94 Falx cerebri 1 1 6-1 1 7, 261 , 276, 294, 321 , 325, T57 Fascia 1 1 - antebrachii 1 78 , 1 85 , 1 89- 1 9 1 , 1 99, 201 -202, 206, 2 1 1 , 238, 243, 249. 254, 256 - arm 1 78 - axillaris 224, 227 - brac h i i 1 78, 225, 238, 252-253 - cervi caLis 70-72, 1 09-1 1 0 , 1 1 8- 1 1 9, 1 33- 1 34, 1 36, 1 43, 1 56 - clavi pectoralis 226 - infraspinata 1 79, 1 85 - masseterica 1 09- 1 1 0 , 1 1 9 - neck 1 1 9 - parotidea 7 1 , 1 09 - pectoraLis 1 84 - p h a ryngobasilaris 1 37- 1 38, 1 41 - temporaLis 72 Fasc i a L compartments of the hand 249 Fasciculus/ - i l - anteroLatera Lis 348 - cu neatus 298-299, 345, 347-348 - graciLis 298-299, 345, 347-348 - i nterfascicuLaris 347

Fasciculus{-i) - LateraLis I P Lexus brachiaLisl 2 5 , 2 1 4- 2 1 5 , 2 2 6 , 232 - Lon g i tu d i nalis inferior 306 - - mediaLis 302 , 305, 309, 347, 396-397 - - superior 306 - m a milloteg mentaLis 295 - mami LLothalamicus 292, 295, 309, 335 - mediaLis (PLexus brachialisl 25, 1 4� 2 1 4-2 1 5, 226, 232 - muscuLaris accessorius 1 3 8 - posterior IPLexus brachiaLisl 2 5 , 2 1 4- 2 1 5 . 226, 232 - p roprii anteriores 347 - - lateraLes 347 - - posteriores 347 - septomarg i naLis 347 - transversi 206, 243 - u nc i natus 306 Fastigium 302 Fe m u r 2-3, 6, 308 - deveLopment 8 Fenestra - cochLeae 386, 392-393 - vestibuLi 386, 391 -393 Fibrae - arcuatae cerebri 306 - c i rc u Lares 362 - cort i conucleares 270, 296, 350 - - buLbi 350 - corticoreticu Lares 296, 308 - corticorubraLes 296, 308 - corticospinaLes 296, 307-308, 350 - corticotha Lamicae 296, 308 - meridionaLes 362 - occi pitopontinae 307 - oLivospinaLes 347 - parietooccipitopontinae 296 - parieto ponti nae 307 - pontocerebeLLares 350 - temporopontinae 296, 307 - IhaLamoparietaLes 296, 348 - zonuLares 363-365 Fi brocartiLago basalis 279 Fibrous joint 9 FibuLa 6 - development 8 lib ularis 1 Filuml-al - eLlactoria [IJ 266, T57 - radicuLaria ( N. spi nalisl 286, 343, 345 - term inaLe 342-343 Fimbria h i p pocampi 292-293, 3 1 3-3 1 5, 328-329. 333-335. 338 Final motor path 350 Finger - s, D i g itus(-il - conduction anaesthesia 251 - joints s. Articulatio(-nesl digiti Fissural-ael - a ntitragohelicina 380 - cerebelli 305 - horizontalis ICerebelluml 297, 303-304 - longitudinalis cerebri 282. 285-288, 293. 309, 3 1 2, 3 1 6, 323, 326-336 - mediana a nterior / M ed u Lla ob­ longatal 286 - - - IMedulla s p i nalisl 342-343, 345 - nodulofloccularis 303

I n d ex

Fissura/-ae} - orbitalis inferior 34, 42-43, 53-54, 264, 274, 353, 356, 360 superior 34, 40-4 1 , 44, 54, 56-57, 265, 267-268, 2 74, 278, 353, 358, T57 - petrooccip italis 40, 399 - petrosqu amosa 40, 58 - petrotympanica 58-59 - posterolateralis 304 - prima 302-303 - pterygomaxillaris 353 - secunda 302-303 - sphenopetrosa 4 1 , 43, 264-265, 279, 389 - telodi encepha lica 3 1 7 - transversa cerebri 332 - tympanomastoidea 58 FlECHSIG, Oval b u n d le of s, Fasci­ culus septo marg i nalis FlECHSIG's tract s. Tractus spinocerebellaris posterior Flexio IArt i culatio coxae I 1 0 Flocculus 286, 293, 298, 303-304, 309, 329 Folium vermis 302-303 Folliculi linguales 1 1 3 Fo nticulus - a n terior 46-47 - mastoideus 46-47 - posterior 46-4 7 - sphenoidalis 4 6 Foramen[-inal - alveolaria 49, 53 - a p i c i s dentis 94 - caecum linguae 38, 40, 1 03- 1 04 - cribrosa 38, 40, 48, 50-5 1 , 87, 265, 278 - ethmoidale anterius 54-55, 353 - - posterius 54-55, 353 - i ncisivum 38, 42-43, 52, 264 - infraorbitale 34, 46, 54, 79, 9 1 , 268-269, 353, 360 - i nterventricu lare 260, 276, 284, 292-293, 295, 298, 302, 3 1 0-31 1 , 3 1 3, 3 1 5-3 1 7, 320, 322, 327, 333, 337 - j u g u lare 40-43, 1 40 , 264-265, 271 -273, 278, 390-391 , T57 - lacerum 40-43, 264-265 , 278, 388, 390-391 - linguale 61 - m a g n u m 40-43 , 47, 57, 262, 264-265, 278, T57 - mandibulae 60-61 , 93, 1 06 - masto ideum 37-38, 40, 42, 58-59, 264 - mentale 34-35 , 46, 60-61 , 70, 93, 99-1 00 , 1 06, 269 - MONRO s. Foramen i nterventric­ ulare - nutri c i u m 1 59, 1 66-1 67, 1 87 - ovale 22, 40-43, 53 , 57, 264-265, 269, 275, 278, 388-39 1 , T57 - palatina minora 43, 52, 93, 264 - palat i n u m majus 42-43 , 52, 93, 1 02 , 264 - parietale 36-38 - rotundum 40-41 , 55-57, 264-265, 268, 274, 278, 390, T57 - singulare 391 - sphenopalati n u m 5 1 , 55, 274 - spinosum 40-43, 53, 57, 264-265, 269, 278, 390 - stylomastoideum 42-43, 59, 1 0 1 , 264, 270, 386, 399, T57 - su praorbitale 34, 46, 353

Foramen/-ina} - zygomaticofaciale 53-54, 353 - zygomaticoorbitale 55, 353, 356 Forceps - major 306, 331 , 333 - minor 306, 331 , 334 Forearm - s. Antebra c h i u m - muscles s. Antebra c h i u m , muscles Formatio reticularis 345, 348 Fornix 276, 292-295 , 298, 302, 309, 3 1 3-3 1 7 , 320, 323-325, 327-329, 331 -335, 337-338 - conj u n ctivae inferior 352, 354, 357, 378 - - superior 354, 357, 378 - sacci lacrimalis 357 Fossal-ael - axillaris 1 5 7- 1 58, 227-229 - can ina 49 - cerebellaris 5 7 - coronoidea 1 6 1 , 1 70 - cra n i i anterior 4 1 - - m e d i a 4 1 , 2 7 7 , T57 - - posterior 4 1 , T57 - c ubitalis 4 - d igastrica 60-6 1 - g la n d u lae lacrimalis 48, 353 - hypophysialis 40, 45, 50, 57, 62, 279 - i nc i siva 87 - i ncudis 386-387 - i nfraclavicularis 1 78, 228 - infra spinata 1 60 - i n fratemporalis 43, 53, 360 - interpedu n c u laris 286-287, 302, 309, 325, 336 - j u g ularis 42, 59 - lateralis cerebri 287-288, 290, 3 1 4, 325-326 - mandi bularis 42, 45, 58-59, 63, 65-67, 388 - olecra n i 1 6 1 , 1 70 - poplitea 5 - pterygoidea 38, 56, 87 - pterygopalatina 53, 55, 353 - radialis 1 6 1 - rhomboidea 298-299 , 302, 342, 397 - sacci la crimalis 53, 353 - sca phoidea 56 - subarcuata 40, 59 - s u bscapularis 1 60 - supraclavicularis minor 32, 119 - supraspi nata 1 60 - supratonsillaris 1 03 - triang ularis 380 Fossulal-ael - fenestrae cochleae 386-387, 392 - - vestibuli 386 - petrosa 42, 59 - tonsi llares [Tonsilla palatinal 1 03 Fovea[-ael - articularis 1 67 - centralis 362, 367 - inferior 299 - oblonga 1 22 - pterygoi dea 60 - subli ng u a li s 60-6 1 - submandi bularis 60-61 - superior 299 - triangularis 1 22 - trochlearis 353

Foveolal-ae} 367 - g ra n u lares 39 - suprameatica 58 Frenulum - linguae 1 04, 1 08, 1 1 2 - veli med ullaris superioris 298-299 , 305, 336 Frons 33 Frontal bone 5 . Os frontale Frontal plane 1 Fundus - meatus a c u st i c i i nterni 39 1 , T57 - oculi 367 Fu n i c u lu s - anterior 345 - lateralis IMedulla oblongatal 299 - - [Med ulla spinalisl 345 - posterior 328, 345 - - palsy 351

G Galea a poneurotica 70-73, 1 1 6- 1 1 7 , 261 , 280 GALEN, Ve i n of 5 Vena magna cerebri Ganglionl-ial - cervicale medium 27, 1 4 0- 1 41 , 1 47, 1 53- 1 54 - - superius 27, 4 1 , 1 40-1 4 1 , 1 47, 274-275 - cervicothoracicum 27, 1 33, 1 4 0- 1 4 1 , 1 53 - ciliare 79, 267-268, 274, 370-371 , 373-374, 377, T57 - coeliacum 27-28 - GASSER i a n s, Ganglion trigeminale - gen iculi 1 0 1 , 270, 390, 399 - impar 27 - inferius [ N . glossopharyngeusl 1 40 , 27 1 , 398 - - I N vagusl 1 40- 1 4 1 , 272 - lumbalia 27 - mesentericum i nfe rius 28 - - superius 28 - opti c u m 363, 370, T57 - oticum 269, 271 , 275, T57 - pelvica 27 - pteryg opalatinum 1 0 1 , 268, 274, 377, T57 - retinae 363, 370 - sacralia 27 - sensoria nervorum spinalium 26 , 340, 342-343 , 348-349 cervicaliu m 340 - - - - lumbalium 340, 344 - - - - sacralium 340 - spinale 342 - spirale cochleae 27 1 , 394, 397 - stellatum s Ganglion cervicothora c i c u m - submandibulare 79, 84, 1 1 0, 1 1 4, 269, 275, T57 - s u perius I N glossopharyngeus} 2 7 1 -272 - - [ N, va gusl 1 40 , 272 - sympat hicum accessorium 1 47 - thoracica 27 - trigem i n a le 79, 1 0 1 , 267-269, 274-275, 277, 279, 286, 372-373, 385, 389, 399, T57 - trunci sym pathici 26 - vestibulare 27 1 , 395, 397

GASS ERian ganglion s. Ganglion trigemi nale Gaster 1 4, 1 6- 1 7, 30 Geniculum nervi fac ialis 398 Genu - ICapsula internal 296, 307-308, 327, 333-334 - ICorpus callosum} 276 , 292, 306-307, 3 1 3, 3 1 5-3 1 7, 320, 324, 332-333, 337 G i n g iva 93, 1 1 1 - 1 1 2, T57 Ginglymi T23 Glabella 48 Glandulal-ael - bulbourethralis 1 5 - la biales 92 - lacrimalis 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 268, 274, 354, 356-357, 360-361 , 372-374, 377-378, T57 - laryngeales 1 3 1 - linguales 1 04, 1 1 4, T57 - nasales 87, T57 - palatinae 1 02, T57 - parathyroidea inferior 30, 1 30 , 1 33, 1 38- 1 39, 1 4 1 - - superior 3 0 , 1 30 , 1 38 - parotidea 1 4, 69-70, 72. 77, 80, 1 09- 1 1 0, 1 1 8, 1 20 , 1 38- 1 39, 1 42, 1 48- 1 49, 1 5 1 , T57 - - accessoria 68, 72 , 1 09- 1 1 0 - pharyngeales 1 38- 1 39 - p i nealis 3D, 276, 295, 297-299, 301 -302, 3 1 6-3 1 7, 320, 329, 334, 337 - pitu ita ria s, Hypophysis - salivariae majores 1 4, 1 1 0 , 1 1 4 - - m i n o res 275 - sublingualis 1 4, 84, 1 1 0- 1 1 1 , 1 1 4- 1 1 7, 275, T57 - submand ibularis 14, 68, 72, 1 1 0-1 1 1 , 1 1 4, 1 1 8, 1 38-1 39, 1 44- 1 46, 1 48, 1 5 1 , 275 , T57 - su prarenalis 30 - tarsales 355 - thyroidea 16, 30, 77, 1 1 4- 1 1 5, 1 1 8, 1 20 , 1 30, 1 32-1 35, 1 38, 1 40- 1 4 1 , 1 45- 1 46, 1 49, 1 56 - vesiculosa 1 5 Globus pallidus 294 - lateralis 294, 308-309 , 327, 334, 338 - medialis 294, 308-309, 327, 334, 338 Glomus - caroticum 271 - choroideum 3 1 3, 3 1 5 , 321 , 338 Gnathion 33 GOll's tract s. Fasc iculus gracilis GOWER's tract s. Tractus spinocerebellaris anterior Granulationes arachnoideae 261 , 280-282, 3 1 1 G RAYSON's ligament 249-250 GSA [general somatic afferencel 274-275, 300-30 1 , T56 GSE [general somatic efferencel 300-30 1 , T56 GUYON, loge de s , Loge de GUYON GVA igeneral visceral afferencel 274-275, 300-30 1 , T56 GVE [genera l visceral efferencel 274-275, 300-301 , T56 Gyrus[-i} - ambiens 336 - a n g ularis 285, 289-290, 329, 331 - breves i nsulae 289

I n d ex

Gyrus{-iJ - cerebral h e m is pheres 287, 289-290 - cerebri 261 - cinguli 287-288, 290, 292, 307, 3 1 2-31 3 , 3 1 5, 324-335, 337 - dentatus 292-293, 3 1 4, 328-329, 335 - fasciolaris 292-293, 3 1 2-3 1 3 - frontalis inferior 289-29 1 , 325-328, 332-335 - - medius 285, 289-290, 3 1 2 , 325-328, 330, 332 - - su perior 285, 289-290, 309, 3 1 2, 325-328, 330-33 1 , 337 - insulae 309, 325-327 - lingualis 287, 329, 335-336 - lo ngus insulae 289 - occipitales 331 -333, 335 - occi pitotemporalis lateralis 286-287, 290, 327-329, 336 - - medialis 287, 290, 3 1 5, 327-329 - orbitales 286-287, 290, 326, 336, 36 1 , 370 - para h i p pocampalis 286-288, 290, 292, 3 1 4-3 1 5, 325, 327-329, 334-336, 338-339 - paraterm i nalis 290, 295, 326, 335 , 337 - postcentralis 285, 289-291 , 3 1 2, 328-332, 348 - precentralis 270, 285, 289-29 1 , 307, 3 1 2 , 328, 330-332, 350 - rectus 287, 292, 326, 336-337 - supramarg i n a lis 285, 289-290, 329-330 - temporalis inferior 287, 289-290 , 325-329 - - medius 289-290 , 327-329, 333-335 - - superior 289-290, 325-329, 332-335 - - tra nsversus anterior 291

H Habenula 334 Hamulus - la minae spiralis 392 - ossis hamati 1 7 1 - 1 73, 1 76, 2 1 1 - pterygoideus 38, 42, 50-5 1 , 53, 55-56, 62, 67, 87, 92, 1 02 , 1 37, 388 Hand s. Manus Head 32, 1 36 - arteries 258-259 - cutaneous i n n e rvation 79 - reg ions 32 - ve i n s 260 Helix 380 H e m i p legia [BROWN-SEQUARDI 351 Hemispherium - cere belli 283, 286, 293, 297, 303-304, 309, 3 1 8 , 320, 329, 336-339 - [Cerebrum) 340 Hepar 1 4, 1 6- 1 7 , 22 HESCHL's transverse gyrus 397 Hiatus - canalis nervi petrosi majoris/minoris 278 - maxi llaris 51 - oesophageus 272 - semilunaris 90 - venae cephalicae 1 84

H i lum - n u c lei dentati 305 - - olivaris inferioris 309 H i ppoca m pus 294, 3 1 3-3 1 6 , 323, 325, 327, 333-336, 338-339 H u merorad ial joint s. Articulatio h u m erorad ialis H u meroulnar joint s. Articulatio h u meroulnaris Hume rus 6, 1 58, 1 6 1 , 1 63-1 64, 1 68, 1 70 , 1 82 - 1 84, 204, 238, 252-253 - e p i p hyseal plates 7 - g rowth plates 7 Hyoid bone s. Os hyoideum Hyponyc h i u m 31 Hypopharynx 1 39 Hypophysis 30, 262, 278-279, 283, 286, 302, 320, 323-324, 327, 337, 369 Hypothalamus 30, 295, 302, 320, 327, 334-337 - overview 295 Hypothenar 1 57, 1 80 , 206, 249, 256, T38

Ileum 1 4, 1 6 I m pressio[-nes) - gyro rum 40 - ligamenti costoclavicularis 1 59 - trigeminalis 386, 389 Incisu ra[-ael - anterior 380 - cartila g i n i s meatus acustici 380 - frontalis 48, 54, 353 - i nteraryte noidea 1 28, 1 30, 1 39, 141 - intertragica 380 - j u g u laris [Os occipitale) 57 - lacrimalis 49, 353 - mandibulae 60, 65 - mastoidea 37, 42, 58-59 - nasalis 49 - parieta lis 58-59 - preoccipitalis 288-290 - pterygoi dea 56 - radialis 1 66, 1 68 - scapulae 1 60 , 1 62 - sphenopalatina 49 - supraorbitalis 48, 354 - thyroidea inferior 1 22 - - su perior 1 22-1 23, 1 25-126 - trochlearis 1 66, 1 68- 1 70 - tympanica 387 - ulna ris 1 6 7 I ncus 379, 383, 387 I ndex 1 57 , 1 7 1 I ndusium g riseum 3 1 2 , 3 1 6 , 328, 332-333 I nfra- and suprahyoid muscles 1 05-1 07, 1 1 8, 1 20 , T9-T l 0 Infundibulum [Hypophysisl 276-277, 279, 286, 289, 297, 320, 323 I n i o n 37 I n nervation of muscles, upper limb 205 I nsertion of muscles [ I nsert i o ) 1 1 I n sula[-ael 284, 294. 308, 3 1 3-3 1 6, 3 1 8, 323-324, 328, 332-334, 338-339 - pancreaticae 30 I nternal capsule 296 I nternal ear 390

I nterneurons 346 Interphalangeal joi nts s. Articulatio nes i n terphalang eae I ntestinum 30 - crassum 1 4 - tenue 1 4, 1 7 I ntima 9 I nt u mesce ntia - cervicalis 340, 342 - lumbosacralis 340, 342 I ris 352, 362-365 Isthmus - aortae 1 9 - fa ucium 1 02, T57 - gland ulae thyroideae 1 1 5, 1 29, 1 32- 1 34, 1 36, 1 48, 1 55 - gyri c i n g uli 287, 290, 334

J Jej u n u m 1 4, 1 6 Joint, true 9 Jug um[-al - a lveolaria [ Maxillal 49 - sphenoi dale 57 J u n cturae synoviales 1 0

L LAB BE, Vein of s. Vein of LABBE La b i u m - i nfe rius 92, 1 03- 1 04 - limbi tym panicum 394 - - vest i b u lare 394 - majus pudendi 1 5 - minus pudendi 1 5 - superius 92, 1 03 Labrum - articulare 9 - glenoidale 1 64- 1 65 , 1 84 Labyrinth - bony 391 -392 - membranous 393-394 Labyri nthus - cochlearis 379, 397 - ethmoidalis 48 - membranaceus 393-394 - osseus 391 -392 - vestibularis 379, 395, 397 Lacertus musculi recti lateralis 358 Lacrimal apparatus 357 Lacrimal gland s . Gla n d u la la crimalis Lacunae laterales 26 1 , 280-281 Lacus lacrimalis 352, 357 Lamina[-ael - affixa 298, 3 1 3 , 3 1 5-3 1 7, 321 , 328, 331 - albae 305 - anterior [Va g i n a musculi recti abdominisl 1 79 - basilaris 394 - cartilaginis cricoideae 1 22, 1 24-125, 1 29, 1 3 1 , 1 36 - choroi docapi llaris 363 - cribrosa 38, 40-4 1 , 48, 50-5 1 , 87, 265, T57 - - sclerae 362, 368 - dextra [Cartilago thyroideal 1 22- 1 24, 1 27, 1 32 - episcleralis 368 - externa 39, 45, 26 1 , 280 - fusca sclerae 368 - horizontalis 42, 47, 50-52, 93, 388

Lamina{-ael - i n terna 39, 45, 261 , 280 - lateralis [ C a rt i lago tubae auditivael 388-389 - - I Proc. pteryg oideusl 38, 42, 50, 52, 55-56, 62, 1 37, 388 - l i m itans anterior 362 - - poste rior 362 - med ialis [Cartilago tubae auditivae) 388-389 - - [Proc. pterygoideusl 38, 42, 50-52, 56, 62, 92, 388 - medullaris lateralis [ N ucleus lentiformisl 309, 327, 334 - - medialis [ N u cleus lentiformisl 309, 327, 334 - membranacea 389 - modi oli 391 -392 - orbitalis 53-55, 353 - perpend icularis [Os ethmoidalel 38, 48, 62, 87 - - [Os palati n u m l 49-51 , 53-54 - pretrachealis 1 1 8- 1 1 9, 1 33- 1 34, 1 36 - prevertebralis 1 1 9, 1 33, 1 36 - sinistra [Cart i lago thyroideal 1 22-1 23, 1 26-1 27, 1 3 0-1 3 1 , 1 37 - s p i ralis ossea 391 -392, 394 - - secundaria 391 -392 - s u perficialis [Fascia cervicalisl 70-72, 1 09-1 1 0, 1 1 9, 1 33, 1 36, 1 56 - - [ Fascia temporalisl 72 - tecti 302, 305 - terminalis 276, 292, 295, 302, 320, 327, 334-337 - tragi 380 - vasculosa 363 La minar org a n i sation of REXED 346 Laryngeal muscles s. Larynx, muscles Laryn gopharynx 1 39 Laryngoscopy 1 28 Larynx 1 4, 1 1 4- 1 1 5 , 1 23-1 24, 1 27 , 1 29- 1 32, 1 34, 1 4 1 - arteries 1 30 - laryngoscopy 1 28 - muscles 1 25 , T6, T57 - n e rves 1 3 0 Lateral ve ntricles s. Ventriculus lateralis lateralis 1 Layers of the eyeball 363 - external 363 - i nternal 363 - middle 363 Lem n i scus - �teralis 348, 397 - medialis 348 Lens 361 -366, 369 Lever arm, muscles 1 1 Ligament - of CLELAND 249-250 - of GRAYSON 249-250 Liga mentum[-a) - acromioclaviculare 1 62-1 64, 1 84 - a n u larel-ial 1 23-1 24 - - radii 1 68-1 70, 203 - - stapediale 384 - auriculare posterius 381 - - superius 381 - carpi ra diatum 1 73 - carpometacarpalia dorsalia 1 73 , 203 - - palmaria 1 73, 2 1 1

I n d ex

Ligamentuml-al - collaterale [-ial - - [Artic ulatio metacarpophalangeal 1 73 , 1 75 , 213 - - carpi rad i a le 1 74 - - - ulnare 1 74 - - radiale 1 68, 1 70, 203-204 - - ulnare 1 68, 1 70 - conoideum 1 62 , 1 64, 1 83- 1 84 - coracoacromiale 1 62-1 64, 1 82 - 1 84 - coracoclaviculare 1 62 , 1 64, 1 83, 1 89 - coraco humerale 1 62- 1 64, 1 84 - costoclaviculare 1 59, 1 86 - cricoarytenoideum 1 22- 1 25 - cricopharyngeum 1 23- 1 24 - cricothyroideum medianum 1 1 8, 1 23-1 24, 1 26, 1 29, 1 3 2 , 1 34, 1 36, 1 56 - cricotracheale 1 23, 1 33 - denticulatum 343 - glenohu merale i nferius 1 62 - - medium 1 62 - - superius 1 62 - hyoepiglotticum 1 24, 1 26 , 1 29 , 1 36, 1 56 - incudis posterius 384, 387 - - superius 384, 387 - intercarpale[-ial dorsalia 1 73 - - interosseum 1 74 - interclaviculare 1 1 8, 1 36, 1 59 - laterale IArticulatio temporomandibularisl 72-73 - lo ngitud inale anterius 1 36, 1 53 - - poste rius 1 36 - mallei anterius 384 - - laterale 384-385 - - s u perius 382, 384-385, 387 - manus 1 73 - metacarpale[-ial d o rsalia 1 73 - - interossea 1 74 - - palma ria 1 73, 249 - - transversum profu n d u m 1 73 - - - superfic i a le 243 - ossiculorum a u d itus 384 - palmaria 1 73, 1 75 - palpebra Ie laterale 354, 356 - - mediale 70, 72, 354, 356-357 - pisohamatum 1 73 - pisometacarpale 1 73 - pterygospinale 62 - quadratum 1 70 - radiocarpale dorsale 1 73 - - palmare 1 73 - sphenoman d i b u lare 62, 67, 85, 92, 1 38 - sternoclaviculare a nterius 1 59 - sternocostale ra diatum 1 59 - stylohyoideum 92, 1 05-1 06, 1 08 , 1 1 9- 1 20 , 1 37-138 - stylomandibulare 62, 92, 1 39 - thyroep i g lott icum 1 24, 1 29, 1 36 - thyrohyoideum laterale 1 23, 1 26 - - medianum 1 1 8, 1 24, 1 26, 1 29, 1 32, 1 36, 1 56 - transversum atlantis 1 36 - - scapulae inferi us 235 - - - su perius 1 62 , 1 82- 1 83, 1 89, 235 - trapezoideum 1 62, 1 64, 1 83- 1 84 - ulnocarpale palmare 1 73 - vestibulare 1 24 , 1 33 - vocale 1 22, 1 24- 1 25, 1 3 1 , 1 33 , 1 54

Limb - lower, e p i p hyseal plates 8 - - ossification centres 8 - - synostosis 8 - u pper 1 58 - - arleries 223, 235 - - cutaneous innervation, segmental 2 1 6 - - cutaneous nerves 2 1 6-21 7 - - fascia 1 78 - - joints 1 58 , T23 - - lym phatics 224 - - MRI 252 - - muscles 1 79, 1 82-1 87, 1 89 - 1 9 2 , 1 94- 1 98, 200-2 1 3 - - nerves 2 1 5 , 232, 235 - - origins and insertions of muscles 1 86- 1 87, 1 92 , 1 98 - - ossification centres 8 - - synostosis 8 - - vessels 232 Limbus - anterior palpebrae 352, 355 - corneae 362 - posterior palpebrae 352, 355 - s p i ralis 394 Limen - insulae 289 - nasi 88 Line of action, muscles 1 1 Lineal-ael - axillaris a nterior - - posterior 1 - epi physialis 7, 9 - i n n o m i nata 44 - mediana anterior - - posterior 1 - medioclavicularis 1 - mylohyoidea 60-62 - nuchalis inferior 37, 42 - - superior 37, 42 - obliqua [Cartilago thyroideal 1 22 , 1 26 - - [Mandi bulal 60 - parasternalis 1 - paravertebralis - scapularis 1 - sternalis 1 - temporalis i nferior 35-36 - - superior 35-36 - trapezoida 1 59 Lingua 68, 9 1 , 1 03-1 04, 1 07, 1 1 2- 1 1 7 , 1 34, 1 39, 324 - innervation 1 03 - taste qualities 1 03 Lingula - cerebelli 298, 302-305 - mand i b ulae 60-62 - sphenoidalis 40, 56-57, 390 Liquor spaces, inner 31 1 Lobulu s[-il - a uriculae 380 - biventer 303-304 - centralis 295, 302-304 - gracilis 303 - paracentralis 290 - parietalis inferior 285 , 289-290, 329, 331 - - superior 285, 289-290, 329 - quadra n g ularis a nterior 303 - - posterior 303 - semilunaris inferior 303-304 - - superior 303-304 - simplex 303 Lobus[- i ! - anterior [Hypophysis! s Adeno­ hypophysis

Lobusl-i/ - cere belli anterior 302-303 - - posterior 302-303 - cerebri 288 - dexter [Gland ula thyro i d ea ! 1 1 4, 1 32, 1 34, 1 38 - flocculonodularis 286, 302-303 - frontalis 284, 288-289, 3 1 0, 361 - inferior p u lmonis 1 4 - insularis s I nsula - limbicus 288 - medius pulmon i s dextri 1 4 - occipitalis 284, 288-289, 292, 310 - parietalis 284, 288-289, 309-3 1 0 - posterior [Hypophysis! s. N e u ro­ hypophysis - pyra m idalis 1 1 4, 1 32 - sin ister [ G land ula thyroidea! 1 1 5, 1 1 8, 1 20 , 1 32- 1 34, 138 - su perior pulmonis 1 4 - tempora lis 284, 288-289, 309-3 1 0 , 3 1 8, 361 Locus caeruleus 299 Loge d e GUYON 249, 256 Longitudinal axis 1 Lunula 3 1 Lym phatic syste m , overview 23 Lym phatics - arm 224 - axilla 224

M Macula - cribrosa media 392 - - superior 392 - lutea 362, 367 Malleus 379, 383, 387, 399 Mandi bula 6, 34-35, 46-47, 60-6 1 , 64, 66, 68, 84, 92-93, 99, 1 04, 1 06- 1 08, 1 1 3, 1 1 9 - 1 20 , 1 35- 1 36, 1 38 - panora m i c radiography 1 00 M a n ubrium - mallei 383-385, 387 - sterni 1 35- 1 36 , 1 52 , 1 59 Manus 2-3, 1 58, 1 7 1 , 1 76, 205-2 1 3, 242-248, 250, 257 - AP-radiograph 1 76-1 77 - arteries 242, 246 - bones 1 72 - fascial compartments 249 - j o i nts 1 73 - liga ments 1 73 - muscles 206-207, 209-2 1 0 , T37-T38 - nerves 246 - origins a n d insertions of muscles 205 - lendon sheaths 208 - - dorsal 2 1 1 Margo - anterior [ Ra d ius! 1 67, 1 69 - - [Ulna! 1 69 - ciliaris 365 - frontalis [Os sphenoidale! 57 - g i n g ivalis 94 - inferolateralis 290, 326 - i nferomedialis 290, 326 - i nfraorbitalis [ Maxi lla! 49 - - 10rbita! 34, 353, 360 - i nsularis s Insula - interosseus [Radi usl 1 67, 1 69 - - [Ulna! 1 66, 1 69

Margo - lacrimalis 49 - lambdoideus 36, 57 - lateralis [ H u merus! 1 6 1 - - [ O rbital 353, 360 - - [Scapula! 1 60 , 1 6 5 - liber [Unguis! 3 1 - linguae 1 03 - mastoideus 57 - med ialis [ H umerus! 1 6 1 - - [Orbital 353, 360 - - ISca p u la! 1 60 , 1 83 - occip italis [05 temporale! 58-59 - parietalis [Os frontale! 48 - - [Os sphenoidale! 56-57 - - [05 temporale! 58-59 - posterior [ Ra d i us! 1 67, 1 69 - - [ U lna! 1 6 6 , 1 69 - pu pillaris 364-365 - sphenoidalis 58-59 - squamosus [Os sphenoidalel 56-57 - su perior [Cerebruml 290, 326 - - partis petrosae 40, 59, 9 1 - - [Scapula! 1 60 - supraorbitalis [ O rbital 353, 360 - - [Os frontalel 34, 44, 48 - zygomaticus 56 Matrix unguis 31 Maxilla 34, 38, 42, 46-47, 49-55, 68, 86-88, 90, 93, 98-99, 1 03, 1 09 , 1 1 3, 1 36, 1 56, 264, 353, 356-357, 378 - panoramic rad i ography 1 00 Maxillary sinus 52 Meatus - acusticus externus 42, 44-45, 58-59, 65, 83, 85, 1 00, 264, 379, 381 -382, 385-387, 400, T57 - - - carti la gineus 73, 382 - - i nternus 38, 4 1 , 265, 270-271 , 39 1 , T57 - nasi inferior 44, 54, 87, 90, 1 09, 357 - - medius 44, 90 - - superior 44, 90, 1 09, 378 medialis 1 Median sagittal plane 1 Medulla - cervicalis 274-275, T57 - oblongata 25, 27, 4 1 , 264-265, 271 , 278, 283-284, 286, 293, 298, 305, 307, 3 1 0, 320, 328, 337, 340, 342, 348, T57 - oss i u m flava 7 - - rubra 7 - spinalis 24-25, 4 1 , 1 54-1 55, 264-265, 276, 284, 286, 298, 302, 309, 3 1 8 , 324, 340 , 342-347 - - pathways, afferent 348-349 - - - efferent 350 - - reflexes 346 - - segments 346 - - structure, cellular 347 M E I B O M i a n glands s, Glandulae tarsales M e m b rana - fibrosa [Ca psula articularisl 9, 1 68 - i nterossea antebrachii 1 69, 1 92, 1 98, 203-204, 207, 24 1 , 248, 250, 255 - quadra n g u laris 1 33 - reticularis 394 - sta pedialis 384, 398 - synovialis [Capsula articularisl 9

I n d ex

Membrana - tectoria I D uctus cochlearis! 394 - thyrohyoidea 92, 1 07-1 08, 1 1 4- 1 1 5 , 1 23-1 24, 1 26, 1 32 - 1 34, 1 37 - tympanica 379, 382, 384-385, 387, T57 Membrum - i nferius 2-3 , 6 - superius 2-3, 6, 1 58 M e n i nges 261 , 264-265 - of the spinal cord s. Meni nges spinales - spinales 343 Mesencephalon 284, 288, 297-298, 370 mesial 93-94 Mesopharynx 1 39 Mesote n d i n e u m 1 1 , 2 1 1 , 257 Metacarpalia s. Ossa metacarpi Metacarpophalangeal jointls! - s. Articulationes metacarpopha­ la ngeae - of the thumb s. Articulatio metacarpophalangea pollicis Metacarpus 1 58 - cross-section 257 Metaphysis 7 - distalis I H u merus! 7 - proximalis I H u m erus! 7 Metathala m u s 297-298 Metencephalon 284 Modiolus cochleae 391 Mon key hand, M e d i a n nerve palsy 219 Monosynaptic reflex 346 MONRO, Fora m e n of s Foram e n i nterve ntric ulare motoneuron of anterior horn 346 Motor end pathway 350 Motor e n d - p late 346, 350 Motoricity - association area 291 - pathways 350 - projection area 291 M R l lmagnetic resonance tomographic imagel - Antebra c h i u m 254 - arm 252 - B rachium 252 - brain 324 - Encephalon 323-324 - forearm 254 Muscle spindle 346 Musclels! - arm 1 85- 1 9 1 , T29-T30 - axis of rotat i o n 1 1 - bipen nate 1 1 - Caput 1 1 - double-be lly 1 1 - double-headed 1 1 - fascia 1 1 - forearm 1 92, 1 98 - hand 206-207 - - origin and i n sertions 205 - insertio 1 1 - larynx 1 25 - lever arm 1 1 - line of action 1 1 - multi- belly 1 1 - m u lti-headed 1 1 - - flat 1 1 - of mastication 70, 72, 74 - - frontal section 67-68 - - horizontal sections 69 - Origo 1 1 - parallel fibres 1 1

Musclels/ - prevertebral 1 2 1 , T 1 2 - single head 1 1 - tendon 1 1 - types 1 1 - unipennate 1 1 - upper limb 1 82 -1 87, 1 89- 1 92, 1 94- 1 98, 200-2 1 3 - - org i n s a n d insertions 1 86- 1 87, 1 92, 1 98 - Venter 1 1 - with tendinous intersections 1 1 Musculusl-il - abdominis 1 2, 308 - abdu ctor d ig iti m i n i m i I M a n us! 205, 207-209, 245, 257, T24-T25. T38 - - pollicis brevis 205, 207-209, 244-246, T25, T36 lo ngus 1 78- 1 79, 1 94- 1 96, 1 98-203 . 209, 238. 24 1 , 246, 248, 250, 255-257, T24-T25, T35 - adductor pollicis 1 79, 205, 208-209, 244-246, 248, 257, T24-T25, T36 - a nconeus 1 78- 1 79, 1 8 1 , 1 87, 1 9 1 , 1 98, 200-203, 234, 24 1 , 254, T24, T30 - antebrachii 308 - antitragicus 381 - articularis cubiti 1 86- 1 87, 1 98 - a rytenoideus obliquus 1 25- 1 27, 1 30- 1 3 1 , 1 33 , 1 4 1 . T6 - - transversus 1 2 5-1 27. 1 29 , 1 3 1 , 1 4 1 , 1 56, T6 - auricularisl-es! 381 , T57 - - a n terior 71 , T l - - posterior 7 1 , Tl - - su perior 7 1 , 1 1 9, T1 - biceps 1 1 - - brachii 1 57, 1 62- 1 65 , 1 68-1 70, 1 78- 1 80, 1 82- 1 86. 1 88- 1 92, 1 94- 1 9 7, 200, 204, 2 1 8, 232-234, 238-240, 252-254, T24-T25, T29 - biventer 1 1 - brachialis 1 1 , 1 70, 1 78- 1 80, 1 85- 1 92 , 1 94- 1 97. 20 0-20 1 . 2 1 8. 233-234, 238-240 , 252-254. T24-T25, T29 - brac h i i 308 - brachio ra d i a lis 1 57, 1 70, 1 78- 1 8 1 , 1 85- 1 87, 1 89-1 92, 1 94-202, 204-205, 207, 233-234, 238-241 , 253-256, T24-T25, T33 - buccinator 68, 70, 72-73, 82, 92, 1 02 , 1 09, 1 1 6, 1 37, Tl - bulbi 308, 358-361 - - MRI 361 - capitis 1 2- 1 3 - chondroglossus 1 07. T2 - ciliaris 274, 362-364, T57 - c i n guli pectoralis 308 - colli 1 2- 1 3, 1 1 8 , 1 20, 308 - constrictor pharyngis i nferior 73. 1 08. 1 1 0, 1 1 4, 1 1 8, 1 20, 1 3 1 . 1 33, 1 37- 1 38, 1 40, 1 54, 1 56, T5 medius 1 07-1 08. 1 1 3 , 1 3 1 , 1 37-1 38, 1 40, 1 56, T5 superior 1 02 , 1 07- 1 08. 1 37- 1 38, 1 40- 1 4 1 , 1 47, 1 56, T5 - coracobrachialis 1 65, 1 82- 1 84, 1 86, 1 88- 1 90, 2 1 8, 232-233, 252, T24-T25, T29

Musculusl-i/ - corrugator supercilii 70, 72-73, 354, Tl - cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1 25- 1 27, 1 33, T6 - - posterior 1 25-1 27, 1 30- 1 3 1 , 1 4 1 , T6 - cricothyroideus 1 1 4- 1 1 5, 1 1 8, 1 25- 1 27, 1 32- 1 34 , 1 37, T6 - deltoideus 1 1 8, 1 20, 1 44-1 47, 1 57, 1 65 , 1 78- 1 9 1 , 222. 225-226, 228, 232-234, T24-T25, T27 - - atrophy, axi llary nerve palsy 222 - depressor anguli oris 70-73, 1 09, 1 37, Tl - - la b i i i nferioris 70-73, Tl - - septi nasi 70, 354, Tl - - supercilii 70-73, 354, T l - d i gastricus 68, 72-73, 84. 92 , 1 05-1 06, 1 1 0- 1 1 1 , 1 1 4, 1 1 6-1 20, 1 37- 1 4 1 . 1 44- 1 46, 1 48- 1 5 1 , 399, T9. T57 - d i g itorum manus 308 - - pedis 308 - dorsi 1 3 - epicranius 70-73, 80, 1 42, 378, T1 - erector spinae 1 35 - extensorl-esl 255 - - carpi radialis brevis 1 70, 1 78- 1 79, 1 8 1 , 1 85- 1 87, 1 89. 1 9 1 - 1 92, 1 94, 1 98-203, 2 1 0, 234, 238, 240-24 1 , 246, 254-256, T24-T25, T33 lon g u s 1 70, 1 78- 1 8 1 . 1 85- 1 87, 1 89- 1 92, 1 94-203, 2 1 0, 234, 240-241 , 246, 253-256, T24-T25, T33 ulnaris 1 78, 1 8 1 , 1 87, 1 98-203, 205, 2 1 0, 24 1 , 255-256, T24-T25, T34 - - d i g it i m i n i m i 1 78, 1 98-202, 2 1 0, 24 1 , 255-257, T25, T34 - - digitorum 1 78-1 79, 1 8 1 , 1 87, 1 9 1 , 1 98-203, 2 1 0-21 2 , 240-24 1 , 246, 249-250, 255-257, T24-T25, T34 - - i n d icis 1 98 - 1 9 9 , 202-203, 2 1 3, 256, T24-T25, T35 - - pollicis brevis 1 78- 1 79, 1 95, 1 98-203, 2 1 0, 238, 24 1 , 246, 248, 256-257, T24-T25, T35 longus 1 78 - 1 79, 1 98-200, 202-203 , 2 1 0 , 241 , 246, 248, 250, 255-257, T24-T25, T35 - externi bulbi 358-361 - faciei 70-73, 1 3 7, 308, 354 - fauci u m 308 - flexorl-es! antebrachii 1 70, 1 96- 1 97, 233, 240 - - carpi radia lis 1 78- 1 80, 1 86, 1 92-1 97, 204-205, 209, 2 1 1 , 238-239, 244-245, 249, 254-256, T24-T25, T3 1 ulnaris 1 78, 1 80, 1 86, 1 92- 1 98, 200-205, 207-208, 220, 238-240, 244-245, 248, 254-256, T24-T25, T31 - - d i g i ti m i n i m i brevis I M a n us! 205, 207-209, T24-T25, T3 1 , T38

Musculusl-i/ flexorl-es/ - - dig itorum I Manus! 245, 256 profu ndus 3 1 , 1 80, 1 87, 1 92-1 93, 1 97-1 98. 207, 209, 2 1 1 , 2 1 3, 239-240, 249-250, 255-257, T24-T25, T32 superficialis 1 80, 1 86-1 87, 1 92- 1 98 , 205, 207, 209, 2 1 1 , 2 1 3, 238-239, 249-250, 254-257. T24-T25, T3 1 -T32 pollicis brevis 1 75, 1 96, 205, 207-209, 244-245, 257, T24-T25, T36 longus 1 75, 1 79, 1 92- 1 97, 205, 207, 209, 2 1 1 , 238-239, 245, 255-257, T24-T25, T32 - fusiformi s 1 1 - genioglossus 67, 92, 1 04, 1 06- 1 08, 1 1 0- 1 1 1 , 1 1 3- 1 1 7. 1 34, 1 36, 1 56, T2, T57 - geniohyoideus 67, 92. 1 04- 1 08, 1 1 0- 1 1 1 , 1 1 3- 1 1 7, 1 36, 1 56, T9 - helicis major 381 - - m i nor 381 - hyoglossus 92, 1 07- 1 08, 1 1 0- 1 1 1 , 1 1 3- 1 1 5, 1 1 8, 1 34, 1 37, 1 48-1 49, 1 5 1 , T2, T57 - infrahyoidei 1 34 - 1 3 5 , T7 - infraspinatus 1 63, 1 65, 1 8 1 - 1 84, 1 87, 1 9 1 , 205, T24-T25, T28 - i ntercostales externi 1 82, T 1 3 - - interni 1 82, T 1 3 - interossei IManus! T24-T25 - - d o rsales 1 79 , 1 8 1 , 203, 205, 207, 209-2 1 2, 245-246, 248, 250, 257, T26, T37 - - palmares 205, 207, 209, 2 1 2-2 1 3 , 245, 250, 257, T37 - i ntersectus 1 1 - laryngis 1 25-1 27, 308 - latissimus dorsi 1 57 , 1 79, 1 8 1 - 1 83, 1 85-1 87, 225, 227-228, 232, T24 - levator anguli oris 70. 72-73, 1 37, 354, Tl - - labii s u perioris 70-73 . 1 37, 270, 354, T l - - - - alaeque n a s i 70-73, 1 37, 354, T l - - palpebrae superioris 1 1 6-1 1 7, 267, 354, 356, 358, 360-36 1 , 369, 372-375, 378, T57 - - scapulae 77, 80, 1 1 8, 1 20-1 2 1 , 142- 1 43, 1 46, 1 50, 1 54- 1 55, 1 82-1 83 , 1 87, T7, T24 - - veli palatini 92, 1 37-1 39. 388-389, T3, T57 - linguae 1 04, 1 07-1 08, 308, T2, T57 - lon gissimus capitis 1 2 1 - lo ng itudinalis inferior 1 04, 1 07- 1 08, T2 - - superior 1 04, T2 - lo ngus capitis 92, 1 1 8, 1 2 1 , 1 53, T7, T 1 2, T24 - - colli 1 2 1 , 1 33-1 34, 1 53- 1 55, T7, T1 2-T 1 3 , T24 - lumbricales IManus! 206-209, 2 1 2-2 1 3 , 245-246, 249-250, 257. T24, T37 - masseter 64, 66-70, 72-73 , 80, 83, 1 09- 1 1 0, 1 1 6- 1 20, T4

I ndex

Musculusl-i} - masticatorii 64, 68, 70, 72-73, 308 - - frontal section 67-68 - - horizontal sections 69, 1 09 - membri inferioris 1 2- 1 3 , 308 - - superiori s 1 2- 1 3 - mentalis 70-73, 1 37, T 1 - m u ltifidus cervicis 1 54 - mylohyoi deus 67-68, 77, 92, 1 04-1 06, 1 1 0-1 1 1 , 1 1 3- 1 1 4, 1 1 6-1 20, 1 36- 1 37, 1 45-1 46, 1 48-149, 1 5 1 , 1 56, T9, T57 - nasalis 70-73 , 354, Tl - obliquus auriculae 381 - - externus abdominis 1 79, 1 82, 225 - - i nferior 354, 357-360, 375, 378, T57 - - superior 1 1 6-1 1 7, 267, 354, 358-36 1 , 372-375, 378, T57 - occipitofrontalis 70-73, 80, 1 42 , 354, T l - oculi, i n n e rvation 267 - omohyoideus 67, 1 05, 1 1 0, 1 1 4, 1 1 8-1 20, 1 37, 1 43-1 50, 1 54- 1 55, 1 82- 1 83 , 1 86-1 87, 1 89, 228-229, TlO - opponens d ig iti m i n i m i I M a n usl 205, 207-209, 257, T24, T38 - - pollicis 205, 207-209, 245-246, 257, T24-T25, T36 - orbicularis oculi 69-73, 80, 1 09, 270, 354-355, 357, 378, T l - - o r i s 70-73, 82, 92, 1 37 , 1 56, 270, 354, T l - orbitalis 358 - palati 308 - palatoglossus 1 02-1 03, 1 07- 1 08, 1 1 3, T2, T57 - palatopharyngeus 1 02-1 03, 1 4 1 , T5, T57 - palmaris brevis 206, 238, 243, T24, n8 - - longus 1 78, 1 80, 1 86, 1 92-1 97, 204, 206, 238-239, 249, 254-256, T24, T3 1 - pectoralis major 1 1 8, 1 20, 1 44- 1 49, 1 78-1 80, 1 82-1 83, 1 85-1 87, 1 89, 1 9 1 , 225-229, 232-233, T24, T26 - - minor 1 1 8, 1 45-1 47, 1 82- 1 83, 1 86, 1 89-1 90, 228-229, 232, T24, T26 - pennatus 1 1 - pharyngis 1 1 3 , 1 37-1 38, 308 - planus 1 1 - popliteus T41 - procerus 70-72, 1 37, 35� T l - pronator q uadratus 1 92- 1 9 7, 204, 207, 238-239, 245, 250, 256, T24, T32 - - teres 1 70 , 1 79- 1 80, 1 86, 1 9 2 - 1 93 , 1 95-1 98, 202-204, 2 1 9, 238-240 , 254-255 , T24-T25, n l - pteryg oideus lateralis 64-67, 69, 83-84, 92, 1 09, 1 38, T4 - - med ialis 64, 66-67, 69, 83 , 92, 1 1 0- 1 1 1 , 1 38-1 39, T4 - recti 308 - rectus abdominis 1 82 - - capitis anterior 1 2 1 , T7, T12 - - - latera lis 1 2 1 - - i nferior 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 267, 358-3 6 1 , 369, 375, 378, T57

Musculusl-i} rectus - - lateralis 1 1 6-1 1 7, 267, 356, 358-362 , 369, 372-375, 377-378, T57 - - med ialis 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 267, 358-362, 374-375, 377-378, T57 - - superior 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 358-36 1 , 369, 372-375, 378, T57 - rh omboideus major 1 83, 1 87, T24 - - minor 1 83, 1 87, T24 - risorius 70-72, 1 09, Tl - salp i ngopharyngeus 1 4 1 , T5 - scalenus anterior 77, 1 1 8, 1 20-1 2 1 , 1 33 , 1 44-145, 1 47, 1 50, 1 53- 1 55 , 1 82 , 229, Tl l - - medius 77, 1 1 8 , 1 20- 1 2 1 , 1 33, 1 50, 1 53-1 55, 1 82 , 229, T7, Tl l - - posterior 1 20- 1 2 1 , 1 50, 1 53 , 1 55 , 1 82 , T l l - semipennatus 1 1 - semispi nalis capitis 7 1 , 1 20, 1 54 - serratus anterior 1 79, 1 82-1 83, 1 86, 225, 227-229, T24 - sphincter p u pillae 274, 362, 364 - spinalis 1 54 - sple n i u s capitis 7 1 , 77, 81 , 1 20-1 2 1 , 1 43-1 44, 1 46, 1 50, 1 54 - - cervicis 1 1 8, 1 54 - sta pedius 384, 387, 398, T57 - sternoclei domastoideus 70-73, 77, 8 1 -82. 92, 1 09. 1 1 8- 1 2 1 , 1 33. 142- 1 46 . 1 48-1 5 1 , 1 54-1 55. 1 79 , 1 82, 1 86- 1 87, 228-229 , T8, T57 - sternohyoideus 67, 1 05 , 1 08, 1 1 0, 1 1 4, 1 1 8-1 20. 1 33, 1 3 7, 1 44, 1 47, 1 49, 1 54- 1 55, 1 87, 228, T l O - sternothyroideus 1 05, 1 1 4, 1 1 8, 1 33, 1 36, 1 44, 1 47, 1 54-1 55, 228, Tl0 - stylog lossus 92, 1 07-1 08, 1 1 0, 1 1 3- 1 1 5 , 1 1 9, 1 37-138, T2, T57 - stylo hyoideus 73, 92, 1 06, 1 1 0, 1 1 4, 1 1 8- 1 20, 1 3 7-138. 1 45, 1 48, 1 5 1 , 399, T9, T57 - stylop h a ryngeus 92, 1 07-1 08, 1 20. 137- 1 38 , 1 40 . T5. T57 - subclavius 1 1 8 , 1 82- 1 83 , 1 86- 1 87, 1 89, 226 , 229 , 232, T2� T26 - su bsca p u laris 1 62-1 63, 1 65 , 1 82- 1 84, 1 86, 1 89-1 90, 232, T24-T26 - su pinator 1 70, 1 92-1 93, 1 95-199, 202-204, 238-24 1 . 254, T24-T25, n5 - su prahyoidei 1 06 - su praspinatus 1 55 , 1 62 - 1 64, 1 8 2- 1 87, 1 89, T24-T25, T27 - temporalis 64, 66-69, 73, 80. 1 09, 1 1 6, T4 - temporoparietalis 70-72, Tl - tensor tym pani 1 0 1 . 382, 384-385, 387, 389, 398, T57 - - veli palat i n i 92, 1 37, 1 4 1 , 388-389, n, T57 - teres major 1 78-1 79, 1 8 1 - 1 83 , 1 85 - 1 87, 1 89, 1 9 1 , 2 2 7 . 232-234, T24-T25, T28 - - m i n o r 1 63 , 1 79, 1 8 1 , 1 83- 1 84, 1 87, 1 9 1 , T24-T25 , T28 - thoracis 1 2, 308 - thyroarytenoideus 1 26-1 27, 1 30- 1 3 1 . T6

Musculus l-il - thyrohyoideus 67, 92, 1 05 , 1 0 7- 1 08, 1 1 0, 1 1 4, 1 1 8, 1 20, 1 33 , 1 37, 1 49, 1 54, T l 0 - tragicus 381 - transversus a uriculae 381 - - linguae 1 04, T2 - - menti T1 - trapezi u s 7 1 , 77, 80-82, 1 1 8 , 1 20 , 1 42-1 43, 1 45 , 1 48, 1 50, 1 54- 1 55, 1 78- 1 79, 1 8 1 , 1 83, 1 85-1 87, 1 90, 229, T7, T57 - triceps b ra c h i i 1 57, 1 63 - 1 64, 1 70, 1 78-1 79, 1 8 1 , 1 83- 1 9 1 , 1 94-1 96, 1 98, 200-202, 22 1 , 232-234, 238, 241 , 252-253. T24-T25, no - uvulae 1 02 , 1 4 1 , 388, n, T57 - verticalis linguae 1 04 - vesicae u ri nariae 308 - vocalis 1 27, 1 3 1 , 1 33 . T6 - zyg omaticus major 69-72, 9 2 , 1 09, 1 37, 270, 354, T1 - - minor 70-72, 1 37, 270. 354, Tl Myele ncephalon 284

N Nares 86 Nasal cavity 5 1 , 88 Nasion 33 Nasopharynx 1 3 9 Neck 32, 1 36, 1 48-1 49. 1 54- 1 56 - s.a. Cervix - CT 1 35 - cutaneous innervation 79 - fascia 1 1 9 - regions 32 N e rves - hand 246 - u pper limb 2 1 5 N e rvous system - a utonomous 28 - - functions 29 - central 24 - peri pheral 24 Nervus[-il - abd ucens [Vl] 25, 4 1 , 67, 265-267, 276-279, 283, 286, 293, 30 1 , 3 1 8, 337, 372-375, 378, 399, T55, T57 - accessorius [XI] 25, 4 1 , 80-8 1 , 1 40- 1 47, 1 49-1 5 1 , 264-266, 273, 276, 278, 283, 286, 293, 298, 301 , 3 1 8, 337, 342, 399, T8. T1 7, T55, T57 - alveola risl-esl inferior 67, 69, 79, 82-85, 1 0 1 , 1 09, 1 1 1 . 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 269, 275 - - superiores 1 0 1 , 268 - a m p u llaris 395 - - anterior 2 7 1 , 393-395 - - latera lis 2 7 1 , 393-395 - - posterior 393-395 - a n a les inferiores 26 - a n nococcygei 26 - a u ri c u laris magnus 25, 80-8 1 , 1 42-143, T7 - - posterior 78, 82, 84-85, 1 42, 1 45, 270-27 1 , 398 - auric ulotemporalis 79-85, 269, 275, T57 - axillaris 25, 2 1 4-2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 222, 227, 23 1 , 233-235, T24, T27-T28 - - palsy 222

Nervusl-i} axillaris - - structure, segmental 222 - - sup plyi ng areas 222 - buccalis 79, 82-85. 269, 275 - canalis pteryg o i dei 1 0 1 , 274, 398 - cardiacus cervicalis i nferior 27 - - - medius 27, 1 40 . 1 47 - - - superior 27, 1 40, 1 47 - caroti cotympanicus 398 - caroticus i nternus 1 0 1 . 1 40, 374 - cervicales 24, 26, 82, 145- 1 46, 299, 342 - c i liares 364 - - breves 267, 274, 374 - - lon g i 268, 374 - coccygeus 24, 26, 342-343 - cochlearis 271 , 382, 390, 393-394, 396-397, T57 - cran iales 25, 266, 276-277, 286, 300 - - N u c le i 300-301 general somatic afference [GSAI 300-30 1 , T56 somatic efference [G5EI 300-301 visceral afference IGVAI 300-30 1 , T56 visceral efference IGVEI 300-301 , T56 motor 350 specific somatic-afference [SSAI 300-30 1 , 1 056 visceral-afference ISVAI 300-30 1 , 1 056 visceral-efference [SVEI 300-301 , 1 056 - cutaneus antebrachii latera lis 1 78, 2 1 5, 2 1 7-2 1 8, 230. 233-236, 243, 256 med ialis 25, 1 78, 2 1 4-2 1 5, 2 1 7, 220, 230, 232, 236, 253, T24 posterior 2 1 5 , 2 1 7, 22 1 , 230-23 1 , 234-236, 246-247 - - brac h i i latera lis inferior 2 1 5, 2 1 7, 23 1 , 234-235 - - - - superior 2 1 5, 2 1 7, 222, 231 , 234 medialis 2 5, 1 78, 2 1 4-2 1 5 , 2 1 7, 220, 229-232. 236, 253, T24 posterior 1 78, 2 1 5 , 2 1 7, 221 , 23 1 , 234-236 - - femoris lateralis 26 - - - posterior 26 - d i g itales dorsales I N . rad ialisl 2 1 7, 246-247, 257 - - - I N . ulnarisl 2 1 7 - - palmares communes [ N . medianusl 2 1 5, 2 1 7, 244 - - - - [ N. ulnarisl 2 1 5, 2 1 7, 244 proprii [N medianusl 2 1 5, 2 1 7 . 244-246, 249, 257 - I N . ulnarisl 2 1 5, 2 1 7, 243-244, 246 - dorsalis scapulae 25, 2 1 4, T 1 7, T24 - ethmoidalis anterior 82-83, 268, 374-375 - - posterior 268, 374-375 - fa cialis [VII] 25, 27-29. 4 1 , 69, 78, 82-85, 1 0 1 , 1 1 0, 1 43 - 1 44, 264-266, 269-270, 274-278, 283, 286, 293, 299, 30 1 , 309. 3 1 8, 337, 387, 390, 398-399, Tl , T55, T57 - - motor portion, organisation 270

I n d ex

Nervus{-i} facialis Mil - - pa lsy 78 - - - peripheral/central 270 - femoralis 26 - fibularis communis 26 - frontalis 4 1 , 79, 265, 268, 278, 372, 378, T57 - genitofemoralis 26 - glossopharyngeus [IX] 25, 27-29, 4 1 , 1 0 1 , 1 03, 1 1 3, 1 30, 1 39- 1 4 1 , 264-266, 271 , 275-276, 278, 283, 286, 293, 299, 30 1 , 309, 3 1 8, 337, 342, 398-399, T55, T57 - gluteus i nfe rior 26 - - superior 26 - hypogastric us 27 - hypoglossus [XI I ] 25, 4 1 , 73, 84, 1 1 0- 1 1 1 , 1 1 3- 1 1 5, 1 34, 1 40- 1 4 1 , 1 45- 1 49, 1 5 1 , 264-266, 273, 276, 278, 286, 293, 299, 30 1 , 3 1 8, 337, 342, T2, T55, T57 - iliohypogastricus 26 - ilioingu inalis 26 - infraorbitalis 68, 73, 79, 8 1 -85, 1 0 1 , 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 264, 268, 274, 356-358, 378 - i nfratrochlearis 82-85, 268, 374-375 - i ntercosta lis 24-26, 2 1 4, 2 1 7, 225 , 227-228, 340 - i ntercostobrachialis 25, 1 47, 1 78, 2 1 7, 227-230 - i ntermedius 1 0 1 , 286, 309 - i nterosseus antebra c h i i anterior 2 1 5 , 239, 255, T32 - - - posterior 24 1 , 248, 255 - ischiadicus 26 - j ugularis 1 40 - lacrimalis 4 1 , 265, 268, 278, 356, 372-374, 377-378, T57 - laryngeus recurrens 27, 1 30, 1 33 , 1 4 1 , 1 47, 1 49, 1 55 , 272, T6 - - su perior 1 08, 1 1 4-1 1 5 , 1 30- 1 3 1 , 1 34, 1 37, 1 40-1 4 1 , 1 46, 1 5 1 , 272, T6 - l i n g ualis 67, 69, 79, 83-85, 1 0 1 - 1 03, 1 09-1 1 1 , 1 1 3-1 1 5, 1 49, 269-270, 275, T57 - lumbales 24-26, 342-343 - m a n d i bularis [V!3] 4 1 , 79, 84, 1 0 1 , 264-265, 269, 271 , 275, 277-279, 286, 372-373 , 375, 389, 399, T55, T57 - massete ricus 69, 82-85, 269, T4 - maxillaris [V/2] 4 1 , 79, 1 0 1 , 1 39, 264-265, 268, 274, 277-279, 286, 372-373, 375, 377, 399, T55, T57 - meatus acustici externi 83-84 - medianus 25, 1 70, 1 78, 204, 2 1 1 , 2 1 4-21 5 , 2 1 7, 2 1 9-220, 229, 233, 238-240, 243-244, 249, 252-257, T24, T3 1 -T32, T36-T37 - - pa lsy 2 1 9 - - structure, segmental 2 1 9 - - supplying areas 2 1 9 - mentalis 79, 81 -83, 85, 1 0 1 , 269 - musculi tensoris tympani 275 - - - veli palatini 275, T3 - musculocutaneus 25, 1 78, 1 90, 2 1 4-2 1 5 , 2 1 7- 2 1 8 , 229-230, 232-236, 243, 252, 254, 256, T24, T29 - - structure, segmental 2 1 8 - - sup plying a reas 2 1 8 - mylohyoideus 79, 83-85, 1 45- 1 47, 1 5 1 , 269, T9

Nervus{-i} - nasociliaris 4 1 , 265, 267-268, 274, 278, 372-374, 378, T57 - nasopalatinus 88, 264, 268, 274 - obturatorius 26 - occip italis major 79, 8 1 -82, 1 42 - 1 44, 1 47 - - minor 25, 80-82, 1 42- 1 45 , 1 47, T7 - oculomotorius [ I I I ] 25, 27-29, 4 1 , 67, 265-267, 274, 276-279, 283-284, 286, 293, 297, 30 1 , 3 1 8, 327, 337-338, 358, 371 -375, 378, 399, T55, T57 - olfactorii [I] 25, 4 1 , 88, 265, 278, T55, T57 - ophthalmicus [V/ 1 ] 41 , 79, 1 0 1 , 268, 274, 277, 279, 286, 372-375, 399, T55, T57 - opticus [II] 25, 4 1 , 67-68, 1 0 1 , 1 1 6, 262, 265-266, 276-279, 283, 286, 292, 295 , 297, 3 1 8, 323, 337, 356, 358-361 , 368-378, T55, T57 - palatinus[-il major 79, 1 02, 1 1 3, 264, 268, T57 - - minores 1 1 3, 264, 268, 274, T57 - pectoralis lateralis 2 1 4, T24, T26 - - medialis 1 47, 2 1 4, 226, T26 - petrosus maj o r 4 1 , 1 0 1 , 264-265, 270, 274, 278, 390, 398-399, T57 - - m i n o r 4 1 , 1 0 1 , 264-265, 271 , 275, 278, 398, T57 - - profu ndus 4 1 , 1 0 1 , 264-265, 274 - p h a ryngeus 268, 274 - phrenicus 25, 1 45- 1 47, 1 49, 1 53- 1 55 , 2 1 4, 228, T7, T21 - - accessorius 1 53 - pterygoideus lateralis 84, 269, T4 - - medialis 269, 389, T4 - pudendus 26 - radialis 25, 1 70, 1 78, 204, 2 1 4-2 1 5, 2 1 7, 221 , 229-236, 238-24 1 , 246-248, 252-256, T24, T30, T33-T35 - - palsy 221 - - structure, segmental 221 - - sup plying areas 221 - saccularis 271 , 393-395 - sacrales 24, 26, 342, T22 - spi nales 26, 1 54-1 55, 2 1 4, 340, 342-344, 349-350 - - palsies 351 - splanchnici lumbales 27 - - pelvici 27-28 - - sacrales 27 - spla n c h n i cus major 26-27 - - minor 27 - sta pedius 270 - su bclavius 25, 2 1 4, T24, T26 - su bcostalis 26 - sublingualis 1 1 4- 1 1 5 - subscapularis 25, 2 1 4, 232, T24, T26, T28 - su praclaviculares 25, 8 1 - - i ntermedii 1 42 - 1 43 , 2 1 7, 225, T7 - - laterales 1 42 - 1 43, 2 1 7 , 225, 229-23 1 , T7 - - mediales 1 42- 1 43, 2 1 7, 225, T7 - supraorbitalis 79-8 1 , 83, 85, 1 1 6, 268-269, 372-373, 378 - suprascapularis 25, 1 47, 1 82, 2 1 4, 229, 232, 235, T24, T27-T28

Nervus{-i} - supratrochlearis 79, 8 1 -85, 268, 372-373 - temporales profundi 79, 83-84, 269, T4 - thoracici 24-26, 2 1 7, 227-228, 340, 342, T 1 5, T1 9-T20 - thoracicus longus 25, 1 47, 2 1 4, 227-229, T1 7, T24 - thoracodorsalis 25, 1 47, 2 1 4, 227-228, 232, T 1 8 , T24, T28 - t i b i a lis 26 - transversus colli 25, 8 1 , 1 42- 1 43, T7 - trig eminus [V] 25, 67, 79, 1 0 1 , 266-269, 274-277, 283, 286, 293, 297, 299, 301 , 3 1 8, 322, 348, 372-375, 399, T55, T57 - - exit poi nts of the cutaneous branches 269 - trochlearis [IV] 25, 67, 265-267, 276-279, 286, 293, 298-299, 30 1 , 337, 372-374, 378, T55, T57 - tympanicus 1 0 1 , 271 , 398, T57 - ulnaris 25, 1 70, 2 1 1 , 2 1 4-21 5, 2 1 7, 2 1 9, 229, 232-235, 238-24 1 , 243-245, 247, 249, 252-256, T24, T3 1 -T32, T36-T38 - - palsy 220 - - structure, segmental 220 - - sup plyi n g areas 220 - utricularis 271 , 393-395 - utriculoa m p u lla ris 393 - vagus [X] 25, 27-29, 4 1 , 69, 73, 83-84, 1 0 1 , 1 03, 1 33, 1 39- 1 4 1 , 1 44- 1 47, 1 49, 1 5 1 , 1 54-1 55, 228, 264-266, 272-273, 276, 278, 283, 286, 293, 299, 301 , 309, 3 1 8, 337, 342, 398-399, T55, T57 - vestib ularis 271 , 390, 393-395, 397, T57 - vest ibulococ h learis [VI I I ] 25, 4 1 , 265-266, 271 , 276-278, 283, 286, 293, 299, 301 , 309, 3 1 8 , 337, 379, 390, 393-394, 397, 399, T55, T57 - zygomaticus 82, 264, 268-269, 274, 356, 375, 377-378, T57 Neurofibrae - associationis 306 - commissurales 306 - projectionis 307 Neurohypophysis 279, 295 Nod ulusl-il - ICerebellu ml 302-305 - lym phoidei pharyngeales 1 39 Nodusl-il - lymphoideusl-il abdominis pari­ etales 23 - - - viscerales 23 - - axillarisl-esl 23, 224, 229 centrales 229 - - - laterales 229 - - - superficiales 225 - - buccinatorii 76, 1 50 - - capitis 76 - - cervicales anteriores 23, 1 36, 229 - - - - profundi 76, 229 - - - - superficiales 229 - - - laterales 23, 76-77, 229 - - - - profundi inferi o res 77, 1 50, 1 55, 229 - - - - - superiores 77, 1 50, 1 54 - - - - superficiales 1 43, 1 50, 229 - - - mediales 76

Nodus{-i} lymphoideus{-i} cervicales - - - profu ndi 76 - - - - inferiores 77 - - - - supe riores 77 - - - superficiales 76 - - cervicis 76 - - cub itales 224 - - deltopectorales 229 - - faciales 76, 1 50 - - i n g u i n a les 23 - - i ntercostales 229 - - j u g u lodigastricus 1 50 - - j u g u loomohyoideus 1 50 - - mastoidei 76, 1 50 - - occipitales 76, 1 50 - - parotidei profundi 77 - - - superficiales 76, 1 50 - - pectorales 229 - - pelvis parietales 23 - - - viscerales 23 - - retropharyngeales 77 - - submandibulares 68, 76, 1 1 0, 1 50 - - submentales 77, 1 50 - - subsca p u lares 229 - - thyroidei 77 Nose - cartilage 86 - skeleton 86 N uc leusl-il - accessorius nervi oculomotorii 274, 300-301 , T57 - a m b i g uus 300-30 1 , T57 - anteriorl-esl hypothalami 295 - - thalami 296, 309 - arcuati 295 - caudatus 294, 296, 298, 308-309 , 3 1 3-3 1 7, 323, 326-329, 331 -335, 337-339 - centralis colu mnae posterioris 396 - - I M edulia s p i nalisl 348 - centromedianus 296 - cere belli 305 - cochlearisl-esl 30 1 , 396 - - anterior 397, T57 - - poste rior 300, 397, T57 - cornus anterioris m u sculorum colli 396 - corporis geniculati lateralis 296 - - - medialis 296 - - mamillaris 295 - - t rapezoidei 396-397 - cuneatus 348, 396-397 - dentatus 305, 329, 338, 350 - dorsalisl-esl hypothalami 295 - - nervi vagi 300-30 1 , T57 - - thalami 296 - dorsomedialis 295 - emboliformis s N u c leus interpositus anterior - fast i g i i 305 - g lobosus s. N u c leus interpositus posterior - g racilis 348, 396 - i ntermediolateralis 346 - i nterpositus anterior 305 - - poste rior 305 - i nterstitialis 397 - le mn isci lateralis 396-397 - lentiformis 309, 325 - lentis 366 - marg i nalis I M edulia spinalisl 346 - medi ales 296 - mediani 296 - - thalami 309

I n d ex

N u c le usl-i] - mesencephalic us nervi trig e m i n i 300-30 1 , T 5 7 - metathalami 2 9 6 - motorius nervi trigemini 300-30 1 , T 5 7 - n e rvi abducentis 300-30 1 , 396-397, T57 - - accessorii 300-30 1 , T57 - - facialis 270 , 300-30 1 , T57 hypoglossi 300-30 1 , T57 - - oculomotorii 300-3 0 1 , 396-397, T57 - - trige m i n i 348 - - trochlearis 300-30 1 , 396-397, T57 - of BECHTEREW 397 - of DEITERS 397 - olivarisl-es] 396 - - i nferior 309, 397 - - superior 397 - parafascicularis 296 - paraventriculares 295 - ponti nus nervi trigemini 300-30 1 - pontis 350 - posterior hypothalami 295-296 - preopt i c i 295 - proprius lColumna posterior] 346 - p u lvinares 296 - reticulares 296 - ruber 276, 295, 297, 3 0 1 , 328, 335-336, 350 - salivatorius inferior 275, 300-30 1 , T57 - - superior 274-275 , 300-30 1 , T57 - sensorius principalis nervi trige mini 300 - solitarius 300-30 1 , T57 - spi nalis nervi trigemini 300-30 1 , T 5 7 - - - va g i T57 - subthalamicus 309, 350 - su prachiasmaticus 295 - su praopticus 295 - tegmentales 295 - thalami 309 - thoracicus posterior 346, 349 - tuberales 295 - ventralisl-es] 296, 309 - - anterior 296 i ntermed i u s 296 posterolateralis 296 posteromedialis 296 - ventromedialis hypothalami 295 - vestibularisl-es] 300-30 1 , 396-397 i n ferior 300, 397, T57 latera lis 300, 397, T57 medialis 300, 397, T57 - - superior 300, 397, T57

o Oath hand, median nerve palsy 2 1 9 Obex 299, 342 Occi pital bone s O s occ i p itale Occiput 36 Oculusl-i] 352 Oesophagus 14, 1 6, 1 33, 1 36-1 38, 1 40 - 1 4 1 , 1 55 Olecranon 1 57 , 1 66 , 1 68- 1 70 , 1 78-1 79, 1 85 , 1 9 1 , 200-202 , 23 1 , 234, 236, 240-241 Olfactory pathway T57

Oliva 273, 286, 328-329 , T57 Operculuml-a] 289 - frontale 284, 289 - parietale 284, 289 - tem porale 284 Optic nerve s. Nervus opticus Ora serrata 362-365 ora l 93-94 Oral cavity 92, 1 02-1 03 Orbiculus c i liaris 362, 365 Orbit s. Orbita Orbita 53-55, 90-9 1 , 1 00 , 353, 372-375, 377-378 - arteries 376 - frontal section 378 - MRI 369 - ve i n s 376 - vertical section 378 Organ of CORTI s. Organum spirale Org a n u m l-a] - genitalia fem i n i n a extern a 1 5 - - - interna 1 5 - - masculina externa 1 5 - - - interna 1 5 - spirale 394, T57 - urinaria 1 5 Orientation lines - human body 1 - of the human body Origins and i nsertions of m uscles - hand 205 - upper limb 1 86- 1 87, 1 92 , 1 98 Origo - muscles 1 1 - sca p u la ri s l M latissimus dorsi] 1 87 Oropharynx 1 3 9 Osl-sa] 354 - capitatum 1 7 1 - 1 74, 1 76- 1 77, 2 1 1 , 250, 256 - - development 8 - carpi 6, 1 58, 1 72 - coccygis 6 , 342 - coxae 6 - - development 8 - cranii 34-38, 46 - cuboideum, development 8 - cune iforme intermedium, development 8 - - lateral, development 8 - - medial, development 8 - dig itorum I M a n us] 6 , 1 58, 1 72 - - - development 8 - - IPes] 6 - - - development 8 - ethmoidale 34-35 , 38, 40, 48, 50-5 1 , 53-55, 62, 87, 90, 265, 353, 378 - frontale 34-36, 38-40, 42, 45-48, 50-5 1 , 54-55, 88, 264-265, 353, 356, 358, 360, 378 - hamatum 1 7 1 - 1 74, 1 76- 1 77, 2 1 1 , 256 - - development 8 - hyo i d e u m 45, 67, 73, 92, 1 00 , 1 04 - 1 0 9 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 3- 1 1 5, 1 1 8 , 1 20 , 1 23- 1 24, 1 26-1 27, 1 29 - 1 3 0 , 1 3 2- 1 34, 1 36 - 1 3 9 , 1 4 1 , 1 49, 1 5 1 , 1 56 - I ncae 37 - i nc i sivum 47, 52 - interparietale 37 - lacrimale 34-3 5, 50-5 1 , 53-55, 353 - longa 7 - lunatum 1 7 1 - 1 74, 1 76 - 1 77, 250 - - development 8

Os(-sa/ - manus 1 7 1 - 1 72 - metacarpi 6, 1 58, 1 7 1 - 1 72, 1 74- 1 76, 203, 2 1 0 , 246, 249-250, 257 - - developm ent 8 - - pollicis 1 75 - metatarsi 6 - - developm ent 8 - nasale 34-36, 38, 45-46, 48, 50-5 1 , 54-55, 86, 88, 1 36 , 353-354 - naviculare, development 8 - occip itale 36-40, 42, 46-47, 5 1 , 57, 1 2 1 , 1 36, 264-265, 340, 344, 382 , 400 - palati n u m 38, 42, 47, 49-55, 93, 264, 353-354, 388 - parietale 34-40, 42, 46-47 , 55, 26 1 , 264-265 - p i siforme 1 7 1 - 1 73, 1 76 , 207, 209, 244, 249 - - development 8 - sacrum 6, 342 - scaphoideum 1 7 1 - 1 74, 1 76 - 1 7 7 , 205 - - deve lopment 8 - sesa mo idea I M a n us] 1 7 1 - 1 73 , 1 75- 1 76 - sphenoidale 34, 38, 40, 42, 46-47 , 50-5 1 , 53-57, 62, 1 36 , 264-265, 279, 353-354, 356, 358, 360-36 1 , 377, 388 - suturalia 37 - tarsi 6 - temporale 34, 37-38, 40, 42, 44, 46-47, 53-55, 58-59, 62, 65-66, 1 40 , 264-265, 379-380, 382, 388-389 , 393, 399-400 - trapezium 1 7 1 - 1 72 , 1 74, 1 76 - 1 77, 2 1 0-21 1 , 256 - - development 8 - trapezoideum 1 7 1 - 1 74, 1 76- 1 77 , 2 1 1 , 256 - - deve lopment 8 - triquetrum 1 7 1 - 1 74, 1 76- 1 77, 256 - - development 8 - zygomaticum 34, 42, 46, 53-54, 63, 66, 9 1 , 264, 353-354, 360, 378 Osseous joint 9 Ossicula aud itus 379, 384, 400 Ossification centres - upper/lower limb 8 Ostium - pharyngeum tubae auditivae 88, 1 36 , 1 39 , 1 4 1 - tympanicum tubae aud itivae 385-387 Oval bundle of FLECHSIG s. Fascicu­ lus septo marginalis Ova ries 1 5, 30

p PAC C H I O N l a n g ra n u lations s. Gra n ­ u lationes arachnoideae Pa i n pathway s. sensibi lity, protopathic Palate 1 1 3 - hard 52, 1 02 - m u scles T3 - osseous 93 - soft 1 02 Palati ne bone s Os palat i n u m

Palatum 1 1 3, T57 - d u rum 43-45, 52, 88, 92, 1 00, 1 02 - molle 67, 88, 92, 1 00 , 1 02- 1 03 , 1 36 , 1 39 , 1 56 - osseum 93 Palma 5, 1 57, 243-245 - cutaneous i n nervation, segmen­ tal 251 Pa lmar aponeurosis s. Aponeurosis palmaris palmaris 1 Palpebra l-ae] 352, 354-355 - i nferior 352, 356, 369, 378 - superior 352, 356, 369, 378 Palsies - hemi plegia I B R OWN-S E QUARD] 351 - median nerve 2 1 9 - N e rvi spi nales 3 5 1 - paraplegia, complete 3 5 1 - radial nerve 2 2 1 - tracts of the poste rior funiculus 351 Pancreas 1 4, 1 6 Pannicu lus adi posus 7 1 Papillal-ae] - conicae 1 03 - ductus parotidei 1 1 2 - filiformes 1 03 - foliatae 1 03 , 1 07- 1 08 - fung iformes 1 03 - inci siva 1 02 - la crimalis 357 - - i nferior 352 - - superior 352 - mamma ria 224, 227 - vallatae 1 03, 1 07 , 1 1 3, 1 30, 1 3 9 Paranasal sin uses 88-9 1 Para pharyngeal space 1 40 - 1 4 1 Para p le g i a , com plete 3 5 1 Parasym pathetic nervous system 27 Paries - caroticus 385 - externus 394 - inferior 90, 3 6 1 - jugularis 385 - labyri nthicus 385-386 - lateralis 353, 3 6 1 - mastoideus 385-386 - medialis 353, 3 6 1 - membranaceus ICavitas tympani] 385, 387 - - ITrachea] 1 24, 1 26- 1 27, 1 29 , 1 33, 1 4 1 - posterior IMeatus acusticus extern us] 382 - superior 3 6 1 - tegmentalis 3 8 5 - tym panicus 3 9 4 - vestibularis 394 Parotid gland s, Glandula parotidea Pars - abdominalis aortae 1 8- 1 9 , 22, 27 - - I D uctus thoracicus] 2 3 - - 1 M. pectoralis major] 1 79, T26 - acromialis 1 65, 1 88 , 226-227, T27 - a lveolaris 60 - a nterior [Commissura a nteriorl 293, 306 [Dorsum linguael 1 1 3 l U g , collaterale ulnarel 1 68 [Lobus quadra n g ularis a nteri­ orr 303

I n d ex

Pars - aryepiglottica 1 26- 1 27, T6 - ascendens aortae 1 8- 1 9, 2 7, 1 49, 344 - atlantica 1 52 - buccopharyngea 1 37- 1 38, T5 - caeca retinae 363 - canalis 369 - cartila g i nea [Tuba aud itival 389 - cavernosa 258-259, 277-279, 295, 390 - centralis [Ventriculus lateralisl 294, 309-31 1 , 3 1 3-3 1 6, 325, 327-329, 331 -332, 337 - ceratopharyngea 1 07- 1 08, 1 37-1 38, T5 - cerebralis 259, 277-279, 295, 3 1 9, 369 - cervicalis IA. carotis internal 259 [Columna vertebralisl 6 - - [Du ctus thoracicusl 23, 229 - - [ M e d u lla spinalisl 342 , 345 - chondropharyngea 1 07- 1 08, 1 1 3 , 1 37- 1 38, T5 - ciliaris retinae 362-363, 365 - clavicularis [ M deltoideusl 1 65 , 1 88, 2 2 6 , T27 - - [ M, pectoralis majorl 1 1 8, 1 45 - 1 46, 1 78, 1 86-1 87, 226, T26 - compacta [Substantia n i g ra l 2 9 7 , 309 - crico p h a ryngea 1 37-138, T5 - cupularis 382, 385 - descend ens aortae 1 8, 1 4 1 , 344 - d istalis IAdenohypophysis] 279 - d u ralis 342 - flaccida 382 - g lossopharyngea 1 07-1 08, 1 37- 1 38, T5 - i n ferior [N vestibulocochlearis] 271 - i n fraclavicularis 1 46- 1 47, 2 1 4- 2 1 5, 227-228, T28, T30-T36 - i n sularis 3 1 8-3 1 9, 326 - i ntercart i la g inea 1 28, 1 3 1 - i ntermedia [Adenohypophysisl 279 - i n termem branacea 1 28, 1 3 1 - i ntracra n ialis [A. verteb ra lisl 1 52 - - IN opticusl 369 - i ntralaminaris 368 - iridica retinae 363-365 - la bialis 70, 1 37, 1 56, Tl - laryngea p h a ryngis 1 4, 1 39, 324 - lateralis [Os occipitalel 46-47, 57 - libera I Fornixl 292, 327 - - membri i nferioris 6 - - - supe rioris 6, 1 58 - lumbalis [Columna vertebralisl 6 - - I Medulla spinalisl 342 , 345 - marg i nalis 70, 353-354, T l - mylopharyngea 1 37-1 38 , T 5 - nasalis lOs frontalel 48 - - pharyngis 1 4, 1 39, 324 - nervosa 368 - obliqua 1 26, 1 37, T6 - opercula ris 289 - optica retinae 362-363, 365, 368 - oralis p h a ryngis 1 4, 1 3 9 , 324 - orbitalis IGlandula lacrimalis] 354, 356, 360-36 1 , 372-3 74 - - IGyrus frontalis inferiorl 289

Pars orbitalis - - [M orbicularis oculil 70-72, 354, Tl - - [N . opticusl 369 - - [Os frontalel 34, 45, 48, 54, 353 - ossea tubae aud itivae 389 - palpebralis [Gla nd u la lacrimalisl 356 - - 1 M. orbicularis oculil 70-72, 354-355, T1 - parasympathica 27-29 - parietalis IStratum synovia lei 1 1 - patens 1 9 - petrosa IA. carotis internal 259, 264 lOs temporalel 40-4 1 , 44, 46-47, 58, 265, 382, 388-389, 393, 399-400 - postco mmu n icalis IA cerebri anteriorl 277-278, 3 1 9-320, 326 - - [A. cerebri posteriori 278, 3 1 8-3 1 9 - posterior [Commissura anteriorl 293, 306 - - [ Dorsum linguael 1 03, 1 41 - - [Lig. collaterale ulnarel 1 68 - postla m i na ris 368 - p recom m u n icalis [A. cerebri a n teriorl 278, 3 1 8-3 1 9, 326 - - [A. cerebri posteriori 278, 3 1 8-3 1 9 , 327 - prela minaris 368 - prevertebralis 1 46- 1 47, 1 52 - profunda [ M. masseterl 68, 73, T4 - pteryg o p h a ryngea 1 37- 1 38, T5 - recta 1 26, 1 3 7, T6 - reticularis 297 - sacralis 345 - sphenoidalis 294, 3 1 8-3 1 9 - spinalis [ M delto ideus] 1 65, 1 88, T27 - squamosa 38, 40, 46-47, 54-55, 58-59, 380 - sternocostalis 1 20, 226, T26 - superficialis [Glandula parotideal 1 09 - - 1 M . masseterl 64, 68-69, 73, T4 - superior [N . vestibulocochlearisl 271 - supraclavicularis 1 1 8, 1 44, 1 49-1 50, 2 1 4-21 5 , 228, T1 7-T 1 8 - supratarsalis 352 - sympathica 27-29 - tarsalis 352 - tecta IFornixl 292-293, 327 - tendinea IStratum synovia lei 1 1 - tensa 382 - thoracica aortae 1 8- 1 9 , 22, 27, 272 IColumna vertebralisl 6 - - I D uctus thorac icusl 23 - - IM edulla spinalisl 342, 345 - thyroepiglottica 1 26- 1 27, T6 - thyropharyngea 1 08, 1 33, 1 37-1 38, T5 - transversaria 1 52-1 53 - triangula ri s 289 - tuberalis [Adenohypophysis] 279 - tympa n ica 47, 58, 380 Patella 6 - development 8 Patellar reflex 346 Pathways - afferent 347-349 - efferent 347, 350

Pedunculus[ -il - cerebellaris inferior 276, 298-299, 349 medius 270-27 1 , 276, 298-299, 304, 307, 309, 328-329, 337-338 superior 276, 298-299, 304-305, 329, 349 - cerebri 276-277, 286-287, 296-299, 30 1 , 307, 309, 323, 325, 336, 370, T57 - flocculi 298, 304 Pelvis 2, 6 - renalis 1 5 Penis 1 5 Pericra n i u m 72-73 Periodontium 94 Periorbita 358, 360, 369, 378 Periosteum 7, 1 54, 257 Pes 2-3 - h i p pocampi 293 , 309, 3 1 4-3 1 5, 336 Petiolus epi glottidis 1 22-1 24 Phalanx[ -gesl - d i stalis[-esl [ M a n us] 3 1 , 1 58, 1 7 1 - 1 72, 1 75-1 76, 250 - medial-ael [ M a nusl 1 1 , 1 58, 1 7 1 - 1 72, 1 75- 1 76, 250 - proxima lisl-esl l M a n u sl 1 58, 1 7 1 - 1 72, 1 75-1 76, 249-250 Pharyngeal constrictors and levators s pharyngeal muscles Pharyngeal muscles T5 Pharynx 1 4, 1 24, 1 36, 1 39- 1 4 1 , T57 - i n n e rvat i o n , sensible 1 39 - muscles 1 38, T5 PHILI PPE-GOM BAULT, Triangle of 347 Pia mater - cranialis 26 1 , 278, 283 - spinalis 345 PIP [proximal i nterphalangeal jointl 1 75 Pituitary gland s. Hypophysis Placenta 22 Planes - h u m a n body - of the human body Planta 5 Plantar aponeurosis s. Aponeurosis plantaris Plantar reflex 346 plantaris 1 Planum - frontale [Art i culatio coxael 1 0 - medianum 1 60 - sagittale IArticulatio coxael 1 0 - scapulare 1 60 - transversum IArt. coxael 1 0 Platysma 67-68, 70-71 , 80, 1 09-1 1 0 , 1 1 6-1 1 7, 1 1 9, 1 37, 1 42- 1 43, 1 46, 1 54, T l Pleura parietalis 1 53 Plexus - aortic us abdominalis 27 - basilaris 262-263, 294-295 - brachialis 24-25, 1 1 8, 1 43-1 47, 1 49-1 50, 1 55, 2 1 4-2 1 5, 227-228, T l l , T 1 7, T24, T28, T30-T36 - - branches T24 - - supplying areas T24 - cardiacus 27, 272 - caroticus 274-275 - - communis 1 40- 1 4 1 - - internus 4 1 , 264-265, 278, 398 - cavernosus 87, 1 09

Plexus - cervicalis 24-25, 79, 1 44, 1 46 - 1 49, 2 1 4 , 273, T8, Tl 0-T 1 2, T1 7, T2 1 , T57 branches T7 - - muscle innervat i o n T7 - - supplying areas T7 - choroideus ve ntriculi lateralis 294, 3 1 1 , 3 1 3, 3 1 5-31 6, 321 , 327-329, 33 1 -335, 337-339, 370 quarti 276, 286, 293, 298, 302, 305, 309, 3 1 1 , 3 1 8, 337 tertii 276, 294-295, 302, 3 1 1 , 3 1 6-3 1 7, 320, 327-328, 337 - coccygeus 24, 26, T40 - coeliacus 27 - dentalis inferior 85, 1 0 1 , 269 - - superior 1 0 1 - hypogastricus i nfe rior 27 - - superior 27 - intraparotideus 8 1 - lumbalis 2 4 , 2 6 - lumbosacralis 2 6 - lym p haticus axillaris 224 - mesentericus inferior 27 - - superior 27 - oesophageus 27, 272 - ophthalmicus T57 - pharyngeus I N . glossopharyngeusl T3 - - [ N . vagusl T8 - pterygoideus 75, 85, 260 - pulmonalis I N , vagusl 272 - renalis 27 - sacralis 24, 26 - thyroideus i m par 1 33, 1 49 - tympanicus 271 , 275, 398, T57 - vasalis dermalis 31 - - epifascialis 31 - - subcutaneus 31 - - subdermalis 31 - venosus canalis nervi hypoglossi 4 1 , 264-265 - - caroticus internus 4 1 , 264-265, 278, 389 - - fo ra m i n i s ovalis 4 1 , 260, 263-265, 278, 389 - - pharyngeus 1 3 1 - - vertebralis i nternus 4 1 , 1 54, 264-265 Plical-ael - a ryep i g lottica 1 28, 1 39, 1 4 1 - axillaris anterior 1 57 - - posterior 1 57 - ciliares 365 - fim briata 1 04, 1 08, 1 1 2, 1 1 4 - glossoe piglottica lateralis 1 03 - - mediana 1 03 - iridis 364-365 - lacrimalis 357 - mallearis anterior 382, 385, 387 - - posterior 382, 387 - nervi laryngei superioris 1 39, 141 - palatinae transversae 1 02 - petrocli noidea anterior 276-277, T57 - - posterior T57 - pharyngoepiglottica 1 39 - salpingopalatina 1 36, 1 39 - salpingopharyngea 1 03, 1 36, 1 39, 1 4 1 - semilu naris conjun ctivae 352, 357 - sublingualis 1 1 2, 1 1 4 - triangularis 1 03

I n d ex

Plica!-ae} - vestibularis 1 27-129, 1 3 1 , 1 33, 1 36 - vocalis 1 27- 1 29, 1 3 1 , 1 33 , 1 36 Point of CAN NON-BOHM T57 Pollex 1 57, 1 7 1 Polus - anterior [ B u lbus ocu lil 362 - - [ Lensl 362, 364, 366 - frontalis 285-289, 292, 3 1 2, 333-334 - occipitalis 285-289, 292, 3 1 2, 333-334 - posterior [ B u lbus oculil 362 - - [ Lensl 362, 366 - temporalis 284, 286-287, 289, 3 1 4, 326 Polysyn aptic reflex 346 Pons 25, 27, 267-268, 270-272, 284, 286, 293-295, 297, 299, 301 -302, 307, 3 1 0 , 320, 324-325, 327-328, 337-338, 342, 344, T57 Porus - acusticus externus 35, 43, 62-63, 1 3 7, 382, 400 - - internus 38, 40, 59, 265, 278, 390, 400, T57 Posterior funic ulus, pa lsy of the 351 Precuneus 290, 329, 331 -332 Processus[-usl - a lveolaris [Maxillal 34, 49, 54-55, 93 - anterior [ M a lleus) 383-384 - cili ares 363-365 - clinoideus anterior 40, 45, 56-57, 278-279 - - medius 57, 279 - - posterior 40, 45, 56-57, 278 - cochleariformis 385-387, 398 - condylaris 60-62, 65, 83, 9 1 , 1 00, 1 09 - coracoideus 1 60 , 1 62 - 1 6 5 , 1 83- 1 84, 1 89 - coronoideus [ M a ndib ulal 60-63, 65, 83, 91 - - [ U lna) 1 66, 1 68-1 70 - ethmoidalis 5 1 - frontalis [Maxilla) 34, 4 6 , 49-50, 86, 353, 356-357 - - [Os zygomaticum) 9 1 , 353 - intraj u g u laris [Os occip italel 57 - - [Os temporale) 59 - j u g ularis 40. 57 - lateralis [ M a lleus) 383-384. 387 - lenticularis 383, 387 - mastoideus 37, 42-44, 58-59, 63, 1 05 , 1 09, 1 2 1 , 1 37. 140- 1 4 1 , 379-380, 386, 399 - muscularis 1 22, 1 2 5 - orbitalis 53, 55, 353 - palat inus 38, 42, 47, 49-52, 54, 87, 90, 93 - posterior [ C a rt i lago septi nasi) 87 - pterygoideus 38, 42, 47, 50-53, 55-56, 62, 92, 1 37, 353, 388 - pyra midalis 42, 52-53, 93. 353 - spinosus 45, 1 35 , 1 54- 1 55 - styloideus [Os metacarpi) 1 7 1 [Os temporale) 35, 37-38, 42, 58-59, 62-63, 69, 73 , 92 , 1 05, 1 08-1 09, 1 1 9, 1 37- 1 40 , 379-380, 386 - - radii 1 57, 1 67, 1 69, 1 72 - 1 74 - - ulnae 1 57, 1 66, 1 72-1 74, 1 76, 1 78, 207

Processus!-us} - temporalis 66 - transversus 1 2 1 , 1 53 - u n cinatus [Os ethmoidalel 5 1 - vag i nalis [Os sphenoidale) 5 6 - vocalis 1 22 , 1 24-125, 1 3 1 - zygomaticus [Maxilla) 42, 48, 52, 55 - - [Os frontale) 34, 48-49, 353, 360 - - [Os tempora lel 42, 58-59, 62, 66 Projection areas - audition 291 - motoricity 291 - sensory system 291 - vision 291 Projection tracts 307 Promi nentia - canalis fa cialis 386 - - semicirc u laris lateralis 386 - laryngea 1 22 , 1 3 2, 1 48 - mallearis 382 - spiralis 394 Promontorium [Cavitas tym panil 385-387, 398 Pronatio [Artic ulatio c u bitil T23 Prose ncepha�n 284 Prostata 1 5 Protuberantia - mentalis 35, 60, 1 06 - occi pitalis extern a 37-38, 42 - - i nterna 40, 57 proximalis 1 Pterygopalatine fossa 53 Pulmo 1 6- 1 7 - dexter 1 4 - sin ister 1 4 Pulpa - coronalis 94 - dent is 94 - ra dicu laris 94 Pulvinar thalami 296-299, 322, 329 Punctum[ -a) - lacrimalia 352, 357 - nervosum T7 Pupilla 352, 359, 363-365 Putamen 294, 308-309, 326-328, 332-335, 338-339 Pyra m i d tract 307, 309, 350 Pyra mis - medu llae oblongatae 267, 286, 299, 307, T57 - vermis 302-304

Q Quadrangular space 1 83, 1 89, 191

R ra d i alis 1 Radiatio[-nesl - acustica 296, 307-308, 397 - corporis callosi 309, 326, 330 - optica 296, 307-308, 333-335, 370-371 - thalami 296 - - ante riores 296, 308 - - centrales 296, 307-308 - - posteriores 296 Radio-ulnar joint - distal s. Art i c u latio rad i ou lnaris distalis

Radio-ulnar joint - proximal s. Articulatio radioul­ naris proxi malis Radius 6, 1 58, 1 67-1 70, 1 72 - 1 74, 1 76-1 77, 1 79, 1 97, 200-204, 207, 2 1 0, 250, 254-256 - development 8 - [ Lens) 366 Rad ix[ -ces) - a nterior [ N . spinalisl 25, 299, 344, 350 - clinica 94 - cra n iales 273, 299, T57 - dent is 94 - facialis [ N . canalis pterygoidei) 398 - inferior IAnsa cervicalis) 25, 1 45 , 273 - lateralis [N medianusl 2 1 5 - - [Tractus opticusl 370 - linguae 1 03-1 04, 1 07, 1 1 1 , 1 1 3 , 1 29-1 30, 1 39 - medialis [N medianus) 2 1 5 - - [Tractus opticus) 370 - motoria 5 , anterior [ N . spinalis) - - [ N trige m i n u s) 1 0 1 , 268, 277, 286, 299 - nervorum cervica l i u m 341 - - coccygeorum 341 lumbalium 341 sacra l i u m 341 - - thoracicorum 341 - parasym pathica [Ganglion c i liarel 267, 274, 374 [Ganglion oticum) 275 [Ganglion pterygopalati n u m ) 274 - - [ G a n g lion submandibularel 275 [ N . trig eminu s) 1 0 1 - posterior [ N . spinalis) 26, 299, 342-343, 345 - sensoria [Ganglion c i liare) 274, 374 IGanglion oticuml 275 [Gang lion pterygopalati n u m ) 274 [Gang lion submandibularel 275 [ N . trigemi nusl 1 0 1 , 267-268, 277, 286, 299, 374 - spinales 264-265, 273, 276, 299, 301 , T57 - s u perior [Ansa cervicalisl 25, 1 44- 1 45 , 1 47- 1 49, 273, T7 - sympathica [Ganglion cili are) 274, 374 [Ganglion oticuml 275 [Ga nglion pterygopalatinuml 274 [Ganglion submandibularel 275 [ N trigeminus) 1 0 1 I Plexus caroticus i nternus) 267 Ramus[-il - acromialis [A. thoracoacromi­ alis) 1 47, 226, 228 - alveolares su periores anteriores 101 medii 1 0 1 posteriores 83-84, 1 0 1 - 1 02 - anterior [A. collatera lis ra d i a lis) 235, 239-240 [A. recurrens ulnaris) 223, 240

Ramus!-i} anterior [ N . auricularis magnusl 1 42 [ N . cervicalisl 1 45 - 1 46 [ N . cutaneus antebrachii medialis) 2 1 7 , 230, 236 [Sulcus lateralisl 289 - ascendens [Sulcus lateralis) 289 - a u ricularis [N vagusl 83-85, 1 40, 264, 272, 398 - bronchiales [ N . va gus) 272 - buccales 78, 80, 1 1 6, 270 - calca rinus 370 - card iaci cervicales inferiores 272 - - - superiores 1 33, 1 40- 1 4 1 , 1 47, 272 - - thoracici [ N. vag us) 272 - carpalis dorsalis [A. radialis) 246, 248 - - - [A ulnaris) 223, 238-239, 242, 248 - - palmaris [A. rad ialis) 223, 242, 245 - - - [A ulnaris) 223, 242, 245 - c h iasmaticus 3 1 9 - choroideus posterior 321 - clavicularis [A. thoracoacromialis) 226 - coeliaci [ N . vag u s ) 272 - colli 8 1 , 1 1 0, 1 43- 1 44, 270 - communica n s[-tes) 1 42 - - cum g a nglio c i liari 268 - - cum nervo faciali 377 - - cum nervo glossopharyngeo 270, 272 - - cum nervo lacri mali 268 - - cum nervo ulnari 2 1 5, 244 - - cum nervo vago 270 - - cum nervo zygomatico 268, 356, 377. T57 - - cum plexu tympanico 270 - - cum ramo a u ri c u lari nervi va g i 271 [N. spinalis) 26 - - [Truncus sym pathicus) 27, 1 47 ulnaris 2 1 7 - cricothyroideus [A. thyroidea su­ periorl 1 36 - - [V. thyroidea su perior) 136 - cutaneus[-i) [A. c i rcumflexa h u meri posterior) 231 - - anteriores [Nn. thoracici) 26 - - - pectorales [ N . intercostalis) 1 48, 2 1 7, 225, 228 laterales [ N n. thora c i c i ) 26, 340 - - - pectorales [ N . intercostalisl 2 1 7, 225, 227-228 posteriores [ N n. thoracici) 217 [V. circu mflexa h u meri poste­ rior) 231 - d e ltoideus [A. profunda brac h i i l 234 - - [A. thoracoacromialisl 1 44, 226 - de ntales [A. a lveolaris superior posterior) 83 - d i gastricus 82, 84, 399, T9 - dorsalis [ N . u lnaris) 2 1 5 , 2 1 7, 236, 238-239, 241 , 247, 256 - extern us [ N. accessoriusl 1 40-1 4 1 , 273 - - [ N . laryngeus su perior) 1 40 - femoralis 26, T40 - frontalis [A. meni ngea media) 258, 280

I n d ex

Ramus{-i} frontalis

IA. temporalis superficialisl 67-68, 74, 82, 85, 258 - - posteromedialis 330

Ramus{-i)

Ramus{-i)

Regio{-nes)

- orbitalis (A. meningea medial

- terminales (A. cerebri medial

-

- - IGanglion pterygopalatinuml

- - IV. temporalis superficialisl 68 275

IGanglion pterygopalatinuml 268, 274, T57

(Ganglion submandibularel 269, 275

- - IGangliong pterygopalatinuml T57

- - IRadix sensoria, N. trigeminusl 1 0 1 - gastrici anteriores 272 - genitalis 26 - glandularis anterior 1 1 5, 1 34 - gyri angularis 281 - hepatici 272 - hypothalamicus 3 1 9 - inferiorl-esl ( N . oculomotoriusl 267, 358, 374-375, 378

-

268, 274

- palmaris ( N medianusl 21 7,

- ganglionares (Ganglion oticuml

- (N, transversus collil 1 4 2 infrahyoideus 1 44 interganglionares 1 53 internus (N. accessoriusl 1 40- 1 4 1 , 273

( N. laryngeus superiorl 1 1 5, 1 30 - 1 3 1 , 1 34, 1 40

236, 238-239, 243-244, 256 (N. ulnarisl 2 1 5, 2 1 7, 236, 238, 243-245 profundus 242, 244-245 - - superficialis 223. 239, 242, 244-246 - pancreatici (N. vagusl 272 - paracentralis 281

- parietalis IA. meningea medial 258, 280

IA. occipitalis medialisl 330 - - IA. temporalis superficialisl 74, 82-85, 258 - parietooccipitalis 281 - pectorales 225-226, 228 - perforans(-tesI IA. radialisl

- intestinales (N. vagusl 272 - lateralis (N supraorbitalisl 82-83, 85, 1 1 6, 268, 372-373

2 7 1 , T5

- - (N. vagusl 1 40, 272, 1 005, T5 - posterior (A. collateralis radialisl 235

- - (A. recurrens u lnarisl 223,

- linguales (N . facialisl 270 - - ( N . glossopharyngeusl 1 1 3 ,

240

1 30, 271

-

- (N. hypoglossusl 273 - IN. lingualisl 269 mammarii laterales 227-228 mandibulae 34, 44-45, 60-63, 65, 69, 73, 85, 92, 1 06, 1 40

- marginalis mandibularis 78, 80, 1 5 1 , 270

- mastoideus (A. occipitalisl 74, 1 47

-

IN. auricularis magnusl 142 IN. cutaneus antebrachii me­ dialisl 230, 236 (N. thoracicusl 2 1 7, 340 - (Sulcus lateralisl 289, 330 - ITruncus n. spinalisl 26 precunealis 28 1 , 329-330 profundus (A. transversa colli I 1 44-145

IN. medianusl 220 - - (N. radialisl 204, 2 1 5 ,

- medialis (N. supraorbitalisl 82-83, 85. 1 1 6, 268, 372-373 - meningeus anterior (A. eth­ moidalis anteriorl 372, 374-375 - - ( N mandibularisl 41 , 264-265, 268, 278, 372 (N . maxillarisl 269, 372 - - (N . vagusl 264-265, 272 (Truncus n . spinalisl 26 - mentalis 74, 83 - musculares IN. spinalisl 2 1 4 - - (Plexus brachialisl T24 - - (Plexus cervicalisl T7 - musculi stylopharyngei 271 , T5

- nasales posteriores inferiores 274

superiores laterales 268,

-

1 30. 271

- tracheales IA. thyroidea inferiorl 1 30

- trapezius IPlexus cervicalisl 25 - ventrales ( N . spinalisl 2 1 4 , T1 2 - zygomatici 68, 78, 80, 1 1 6, 270 - zygomaticofacialis 82, 268 - zygomaticotemporalis 82. 268 Raphe - mylohyoidea 1 06 - palati 1 02 - palpebralis lateralis 352. 354. 356

- pharyngis 1 3 8 - pterygomandibularis 9 2 , 1 02,

238-24 1 , 248

- - ( N . ulnarisl 2 1 5 , 244-245, T36, T38

- pubicus IA epigastrica inferiorl 19

- renales ( N . vagusl 272 - sinus carotici 271 - spinalisl-esI IA. intercostalis posteriori 344 - - IA. vertebralisl 344 - splenici IN. vagusl 272 - sternocleidomastoideus (A. occipitalisl 74, 1 46 - - IA thyroidea superiorl 1 45 - stylohyoideus 82, 399, T9 - superficialis (A transversa colli I

1 37

Recessus - articularis 9 - axillaris 1 62. 1 64, 1 83 - cochlearis 392 - ellipticus 392 - epitympanicus 382, 384-385. 387 - infundibuli 295, 302, 3 1 1 , 3 1 7, 327, 336

- lateralis ventriculi quarti 304. 31 1

- membranae tympanicae superior 385 - pharyngeus 88. 1 3 6 , 1 39. 389 - pinealis 295. 3 1 1 , 3 1 7 , 334 - piriformis 1 28. 1 3 1 , 1 4 1 , 1 54 - sacciformis IArticulatio radioulnaris distalisl 256 - sphericus 392 - supraopticus 295, 3 1 1 , 3 1 7 . 327. 336

- suprapinealis 295, 297, 3 1 1 . 3 1 7. 333

- triangularis 3 1 7. 327 Rectum 1 4 . 1 6- 1 7 Reflexes - Achilles tendon reflex 346 - cremasteric reflex 346 - monosynaptic reflex 346 - patellar reflex 346 - plantar reflex 346 - polysynaptic reflex 346 - spinal cord 346 - superficial abdominal reflex 346 Regiol-nesl - abdominalis latera lis 4 - analis 5 - antebrachii anterior 4-5. 1 57. 236. 238-239

- - posterior 4-5. 1 57, 236. 241 - axillaris 4-5, 1 57 - brachii anterior 4, 1 57, 230. 232-233

1 44- 1 45, 229

274

-

- thyroideus I N . hypoglossusl 273 - tonsillaris(-esI IA. palatina ascendensl 1 1 3 , 1 30 - - (N glossopharyngeusl 1 1 3,

248

- - (A. thoracica internal 1 48 - - (V. thoracica internal 1 48 - peridentales (A. alveolaris superior posteriori 83 - pharyngeales (A. thyroidea inferiorl 1 4 0 IA. thyroidea superiorl 1 40 IN. glossopharyngeusl 1 40,

(Truncus nervi accessoriil 141

294, 332

4 1 , 265

- mediales 268, 274 nasalis externus IN. ethmoidalis anteriorl 82-83 nervi cochlearis 394 - oculomotorii 3 1 9 occipitalisl-esl lA. auricularis posteriori 74 - (A. occipitalisl 74 oesophageales (N laryngeus recurrensl 1 30

- - IN medianusl 220 - - (N. radialisl 1 78. 2 1 5. 2 1 7. 221 , 236, 238-24 1 . 246-247, 256 IN. ulnarisl 2 1 5 , 244-245, T38 - superiorl-esI IN. oculomotoriusl 267, 373-374, 378 - - I N. transversus collil 1 42 - suprahyoideus 1 44 - temporales (N. facialisl 68. 78. 80, 270 - tentorius 268. 372

- - posterior 5. 1 57. 231 .

cubitalis anterior 4, 230, 240 - posterior 5, 231 deltoidea 4-5. 32, 1 57 epigastrica 4 femoris anterior 4 - posterior 5 frontalis 3 2 genus anterior 4 - posterior 5 glutealis 5 hypochondriaca 4 infra mamma ria 4 infraorbitalis 3 2 infrascapularis 5 inguinalis 4 lumbalis 5 mammaria 4 mentalis 3 2 nasalis 3 2 occipitalis 5. 32 olfactoria T57 oralis 32 orbitalis 32 parietalis 5. 3 2 pectoralis 4 presternalis 4 pubica 4 sacra lis 5 scapularis 5. 235 sternocleidomastoidea 4. 32

- surae 5 - temporalis 32 - umbilicalis 4 - urogenitalis 4 - vertebralis 5 - zygomatica 32 Regions - of the head 32 - - deep, vessels and nerves 81 - - lateral, vessels and nerves 80 - of the human body 4 - of the neck 32. 80-8 1 REISSNER's membrane s Paries vestibularis Ren 1 5- 1 7. 30 Respiratory tract. overview 1 4 Rete - acromiale 226-227, 231 , 235 - articulare cubiti 2 1 5, 234-235, 241

- carpale dorsale 24 1 . 246. 248. 250

- - palmare 250 - venosum dorsale manus 247 Reticulum trabeculare 362. 364-365

Retina 1 1 7. 362-363, T57 - vessels 367 Retinaculum - musculorum extensorum IManusl 1 78- 1 79, 1 94, 200-203, 2 1 0-2 1 1 , 24 1 . 246, 248, 256 flexorum IManusl 1 80. 207-209, 2 1 1 . 243-245. 249-250. 256

234-235 - buccalis 32

Retroversio (Articulatio coxael

-

Rhombencephalon 284 Rhomboid fossa 299 Rima - glottidis 1 28. 1 3 1 , 1 33 - oris 1 4 - palpebra rum 352. 354-355 - vestibuli 1 33 Rod cells 363. 370

calcanea s. Calx capitis 32 cervicalisl-esl 32 - anterior 4. 32, 1 42, 1 44 - lateralis 4. 32, 1 42- 1 4 7 - posterior 5. 3 2 corporis 4-5 cruris anterior 4-5 - posterior 4-5

10

I n d ex

ROLAN DO, Fissure of, Sulcus of 289 ROLLER's nucleus 397 ROSENTHAL's vein s. Vena basalis Rostrum - ICorpus callosuml 292, 295, 302, 306, 3 1 3, 3 1 5-3 1 6, 320, 326, 334, 337 - sphenoidale 56 Rotatio - IArtic ulatio h u m eril T23 - externa IArticu latio coxael 1 0 - interna IArticulatio coxael 1 0 Rotator cuff 1 63 , 1 82 , 1 84

5 Sacculus - laryngis 1 3 1 , 1 33 - vesti bularis 393-394 Saccus - endolymphaticus 393 - lacrimalis 354, 357 - vestibularis s. Sacculus vestibularis Sagittal axis 1 Sagittal plane 1 Salivary glands, major s Glandulae salivariae majores Scala - tympani 391 -394 - vestibuli 391 -394 Scalenus muscles 1 1 8, 1 20- 1 2 1 , Tl l Scapha 380 Scapula 6, 1 55 , 1 58, 1 60 . 1 64 - 1 6 5 Scapular p l a n e 1 60 SCHLEMM, Canal of s. Sinus veno­ sus sclerae S C H U LTZE's comma tract s. Fasciculus interfasc i c u laris SCHWALBE's n u c leus 397 Sclera 362-364, 378, T57 Scrotum 1 5 Segments of the spinal cord 341 Segmentuml-al - cervicalia 341 -343 - coccygea 341 - lumbalia 341 -343 - medullae spinalis 341 - sacralia 341 - thoracica 341 -343 Sella turc i ca 38, 57, 88, 279 Semicanalis - musculi tensoris tympani 386, 389, 398 - tubae aud itivae 388-389, 39 1 , 398 Sensibi lity - deep, unconscious 349 - epi critic I pathways of epicritic sensibilityl 348 - protopathic I pathways of proto­ pathic sensibilityl 348 Sensory cells ICrista ampullarisl 395 Sensory system - association area 291 - projection area 291 Septum - canalis musculotubarii 386-387, 389, 398 - intermusculare 3 1 - - b rachii laterale 1 78- 1 79, 1 85 , 1 87, 1 9 1 , 200-202, 234, 2 5 2 mediale 1 70 , 1 78, 1 87, 1 89-1 90, 1 94-1 98, 2 1 9-220, 232, 238, 240, 252-253

Septum - interventric u lare 22 - linguae 1 04, 1 08, 1 1 4 - nasi 44, 68-69, 87, 90-9 1 , 1 00, 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 1 36, 1 39 - - osseum 34, 46, 50, 62 - orbitale 356, 378 - pelluc i d u m 276, 292, 295, 298, 309, 3 1 5-3 1 7, 320, 323-327, 331 -333, 337 - s i n u u m sphenoidali u m 279 Shoulder gird le s. Cingulum pec­ torale Shoulder j o i nt s Articulatio h u meri Shoulder muscles 1 82-1 84, T26-T28 Shoulder region - arteries 235 - nerves 235 S H RAPNELL's membrane s, Pars flaccida S i n us - caroticus 258, T57 - cavernosus 260, 262-263, 277, 279, 369, T57 - durae matris 262-263 - frontalis 38, 44-45, 50-5 1 , 54, 87-9 1 , 1 1 6 , 369 - - develo pment 90 - intercavernosusl-il 262-263, 279, 295 - - anterior 279 - - posterior 279 - marg i nalis 4 1 , 262-265 - maxillaris 44-45, 49, 52, 54-55, 68-69, 88-9 1 , 1 00- 1 0 1 , 1 09, 1 1 6, 324, 353, 357, 360-36 1 , 369, 378, T57 - - development 90 - occipitalis 262-263, 278 - paranasales 1 4, 88-9 1 - petrosus inferior 4 1 , 262-265 - - su perior 262-263 - posterior 386 - rectus 260, 262-263, 276, 3 1 1 - sagittalis i nferior 260, 262, 276, 294, 321 - - superior 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 260-263, 276, 280-281 , 294, 3 1 1 , 32 1 - sigmoideus 4 1 , 1 40- 1 4 1 , 260, 262-265, 278, 399 - sphenoidalis 38, 45, 50-5 1 , 55, 62, 87-89, 9 1 , 1 36, 279, 324, 369 , T57 - sphenoparietalis 260, 262-263 - transversus 1 40- 1 4 1 , 262-263, 399 - tympani 386, 398 - valvu lae 2 1 - venosus sclerae 362-364 Siphon caroticum 259 Skeletal muscles, overview 1 2- 1 3 Skeleton - bone marrow, haematopoietic, distribution 7 - osseous points, palpable 7 S k i n , structure 3 1 Skull 33-38, 44-47 Spatiuml-al - axillare laterale 1 83, 1 89, 1 9 1 - - mediale 1 83 , 1 89 , 1 9 1 - epidurale 1 36, 1 54 - i ntervaginale subarachnoidale 362 , 368 - late ropharyngeum 1 40-1 4 1 - oesophagotracheale 1 29, 1 36 - perichoroideum 362

Spatiuml-ai - retrooesophageum 1 36 - retropharyng e u m 1 36 - subarachnoideum 1 1 6, 1 54, 261 , 278, 3 1 1 , 325 - zon u laria 363-365 Sphenoidal bone s. Os sphenoidale Spina(-ael - helicis 380 - mentalis 60-61 - - superior 1 06 - nasalis 48 - - anterior 34-35, 44, 49, 5 1 -52, 87 posterior 42, 49-52 - ossis sphe noidalis 40, 42, 53, 56, 62, 388 - palatinae 52 - scapulae 1 60, 1 62-1 63, 1 78- 1 79, 1 82- 1 83 - suprameatica 58 - tympanica major 387 - - m i n o r 387 Spinal cord - s , Medulla spi n a lis - reflexes 346 - segments 341 Spinal nerves s , Nervusl-il s p i nales Spleen s Splen Splen 1 6- 1 7 Splen ium 276, 287, 292-293 , 295, 306-307, 3 1 5 , 320, 324, 332-333, 337, 370 Squama - frontalis 34-35, 47-48, 50, 5 5, 353 - occipitalis 38, 46-47 SSA Ispecific somatic afferencel 300-30 1 , T56 Stapes 379, 382-383 , 385, 387, 393, 399 STENSEN's ISTE N O N l duct s. Ductus parot ideus Sternoclavicular j o i nt s Articulatio sternoclavicu laris Sternum 6 Stratum - basale 3 1 - corn e u m 3 1 - - (strictu sensul 3 1 - fibrosum ICapsula articularisl s . M embrana fibrosa - - IVa g i n a tendinisl 1 1 , 2 1 3 - germinativum 3 1 - granulosum ICerebelluml 305 - - ICutisl 31 - luc i d u m 31 - moleculare ICerebelluml 305 - nervosum 362, 368 - papillare 31 - p i g mentosum 362, 368 - reticulare 31 - spinosum 3 1 - synoviale ICapsula articularisl s. Mem brana synovialis - - (Vagina tendinisl 1 1 , 2 1 3 Stria(-ael - lo ngitudina lis lateralis 293, 3 1 2, 328 - - medialis 293, 3 1 2 , 328 - mallearis 382 - medullarisl-esl thalami 295, 327-328 - - ventriculi quarti 299, 3 1 1 - olfactoria lateralis 286 - termi nalis 298, 3 1 3, 3 1 5-3 1 7, 327-328, 331 -332 - vascularis 394

Stroma iridis 364 Struma nodosa 1 35 Subarachnoid space 3 1 1 Subcutis 3 1 Subiculum promontorii 386 Subintima 9 Submandibula r gland s. Glandula submandibularis Substantia - alba 261 , 3 1 5, 329, 345 - compacta 7 - gelatinosa 345-346 - - centralis 345 - grisea 3 1 5, 329, 345 - - centralis 297 - - i ntermedia centralis 346 - lentis 366 - nigra 276-277, 287, 297, 309, 336, 350 - perforata a nterior 286, 297 - - posterior 287, 295, 297, 3 1 8 - propria corneae 364 - - sclerae 368 - spong iosa 7 SUlcusl-il - anterolateralis 342, 345, T57 - - IMedulla oblongatal 273 - arteriae meningeae mediae 278 - - temporalis mediae 58 - arteriosi 38-40, 56, 59 - bulbopontinus 302 - calcarinus 287-288, 2 9 1 -292, 307, 3 1 3, 320, 323-324, 329, 333-334, 337-338, 370-371 - caroticus 40, 56-57, 278 - centra lis (Cerebruml 284-285, 289-290, 307, 3 1 0, 3 1 2 , 320, 324, 330-332, 337-339 - - insulae 289 - cerebral hemispheres 287, 289 - c i n g u l i 285, 288, 292, 326, 331 , 337 - c i rc u laris insulae 289, 326 - collateralis 287-288, 3 1 4-3 1 5 , 334-336 - corporis callosi 307, 326 - frontalis inferi or 285 - - s uperior 285 - h ippocampalis 287-288, 3 1 4-3 1 5 , 335-336 - hypothalamicus 295, 3 1 7, 320, 328, 335 - infraorbitalis 49, 53-55, 353 - intermedius posterior 299, 345 - intertubercularis 1 6 1 - 1 62, 1 65 - intraparietalis 285, 289-290 - lacrimalis IMaxilla] 49 - - 10s lacrimalel 353 - lateralis 288-290, 309-3 1 0 , 326, 328, 330 - limita n s 299-300 - lunatus 289, 332-334 - medianus linguae 1 03 poste rior (Medulla oblongatal 299-300, 342-343 , 345 IVentriculus quartusl 298-299, 3 1 1 - musculi subclavii 1 59 - mylohyoideus 60, 62 - nervi petrosi majoris 40, 391 - minoris 40 - - radialis 1 6 1 , 1 9 1 - - ulnaris 1 6 1 , 1 70 - occipitotemporalis 287 - olfactorius 286-287 - orbitales 286-287

I n dex

Sulcus/-i} - palat i nusl-il 52 - - maj o r 93 - palpebralis superior 352 - palpebronasalis 352 - parietooccipitalis 285, 288-290, 292, 307, 3 20 , 329, 331 -332, 337 - postcentralis 285, 289-290 - posterolateralis 299, 342-343, 345, T57 - precentralis 285, 289 - prechiasmaticus 57, 279 - promontorii 386 - retroolivaris 271 -272, T57 - sclerae 352 - sinus petrosi inferioris 40, 3 9 1 - - - superioris 4 0 - - sagittalis superioris 39-40 - - sigmoidei lOs occipitalel 57, 278 - - - lOs temporale) 38, 40, 59, 390-391 - - transversi 38, 40, 57 - spira li s externus 394 - - i nternus 394 - subparietalis 329, 331 -332 - temporalis i nferior 286-287 , 289 - - superior 285, 289, 329, 332-335 - term inalis I Li ngual 1 03, 1 4 1 - t u bae aud itivae 56 - tym panicus 386 - venosi 39 Sulcus of ROLANDO 289 Supercilium 352, 378 Superficial a bdominal reflex 346 Supinatio - IArticulatio cubitil T23 - IArt iculatio talotarsalisl T39 Sup porting cells ICrista ampullarisl 395 Surface anatomy - i n the female 2-3 - i n the male 2-3 Sutura - coronalis 34-36, 38-39, 45-47, 261 - ethmoidolacrimalis 55 - frontalis 46-47, 1 1 7 - frontolacrimalis 34-35 - frontomaxillaris 34, 54, 86 - frontonasalis 34, 50, 86 - frontozygomatica 34-35, 9 1 , 1 1 7 - inci siva 52 - i ntermaxillaris 34 - internasalis 34 - lacrimomaxi llaris 35 - la mbdoidea 35-39, 44-46 - nasomaxillaris 34-35, 86 - occipitalis transversa 37, 47 - occipitomastoidea 35, 37, 40 - palatin a mediana 42, 52, 93 - - transversa 42, 49, 52, 87 - palatomaxillaris 93 - parietomastoidea 35, 37 - sagittalis 36-37, 44, 47, 2 6 1 - sphenofrontalis 34-35, 40, 55 - sphenoparietalis 34 - sphe nosquamosa 35, 40 - sphe nozygomatica 34-35, 356 - squamosa 35, 37-38 - temporozygomatica 35 - vomeromaxillaris 87 - zygomaticofrontalis 54 - zygomaticomaxillaris 34-35, 53-54, 1 1 7

SVA Ispecific visceral afferencel 300-301 , T56 SVE Ispecific visceral afferencel 274-275, 300-30 1 , T56 SYLVIUS, Aqueduct of s, Aqueductus mesencephali SYLVla n fissure s. Sulcus lateralis ICerebrum) Sympathetic nervous system 27 Sympathetic trunk s. Tru ncus sym pathicus Symphysis - mandibulae 46, 61 - manubriosternalis 1 59 Synchondrosis 9 - petrooccipitalis 1 38-1 39, 391 - sphenopetrosa 390-391 Syndesmosis 9 Synostosis 9 Systema - nervosum centrale 24 periphericum 24

T Ta enia - choroidea 298, 3 1 7 - forn icis 293, 3 1 6-3 1 7 - thalami 3 1 7 Ta lus, develo pment 8 Ta petum 306, 3 1 3, 329, 331 -332, 338 Tarsus - inferior 354-356, 378 - superior 354-356, 378 Tectum 337 - mesencephali 267, 287, 295, 297, 302, 320, 323-324, 335-336, 348, 370, T57 Teeth, permanent 96-97 Tegmen - tympani 400 - ve ntriculi qu arti 304-305 Teg mentum mesencephali 287, 295, 297, 302, 323, 328, 335-337 Tela - choroi dea ventriculi quarti 298 tertii 295, 302. 3 1 5-3 1 7, 320-321 , 327-329, 332-333, 337 - subcutanea 254, 256 Telencephalon 284 Tempora l bone s. Os temporale Temporomandibu lar joint s, Articulatio temporomandibularis Tendol-inesl 1 1 - intermed ius 1 5 1 Tendon sheaths, hand 1 1 , 208 Tento rium cerebelli 262, 276, 321 , T57 Testis 1 5, 30 Thalamus 284, 292, 294-296, 298, 302, 308, 3 1 6-3 1 7, 320, 322-325, 327-328, 332-334, 337-338, 348, 350, 397 - cortical projection 296 - nuclei 296 Thenar 1 57, 1 80, 206, 2 1 3 , 249, 256 - muscles T36 Thoracic aperture upper 1 49 Thorax 2, 6 Thymus 30 Thyroid cartilage s Cartilago thy­ roidea Thyroid gland s. Gland ula thyroidea

Tibia 6 - develo pment 8 tibialis 1 To ngue - s. Lingua - muscles s. M usculusl-il linguae Tonsillal-ael - cerebelli 286, 302-305, 320, 329 - lingualis 1 03 , 1 1 3 - palatina 92, 1 02-1 03, 1 08, 1 1 3, 1 3 0 , 1 36, 1 39, 1 4 1 , T57 - pharyngea 88, 92, 1 36, 1 39, 1 4 1 , 1 56 Torus - levatorius 1 3 6 , 1 39 - mandi bularis 60 - tubarius 88, 92, 1 39, 1 4 1 Trachea 1 4, 1 1 5, 1 1 8- 1 1 9, 1 24, 1 26- 1 27, 1 29-1 30, 1 32-1 36, 1 38, 1 4 1 , 1 47, 1 55 Tracheotomy 1 1 8 - lower 1 1 8 - upper 1 1 8 Tracts - of epicritic sensi bility s. sensibil­ ity, epicritic - of protopath i c sensi b i lity s, sensibility, proto pathic Tractus - bulboreticulospinalis 350 - cerebellorubralis 328, 350 - corticospinalis anterior 307, 347, 350 - - lateralis 307, 347, 350 - fronto pontinus 296, 307-308 - hypothalamohypophysialis 295 - olfactorius 88, 276, 283, 286, 292, 3 1 8, 326, 370 - opticus 276, 292, 296-297, 299, 307, 309, 327, 336, 369-371 , T57 - paraventriculohypophysialis 295 - pyramidalis 307, 309, 328 - reticulospinalis 347, 350 - rubros p i nalis 347, 350 - rubrothalamicus 350 - s p i nocerebellaris anterior 347, 349 - - posterior 347, 349 - spinoolivaris 347-349 - spi noreticularis 348 - s pinotectalis 347-348 - spi nothalamicus anterior 347-348 - - lateralis 347-348 - spiralis foraminosus 39 1 , 397 - supraopticohypophysialis 295 - tectospinalis 347, 350 - vestibulospinalis 350, 397 - - lateralis 350, 397 - - medialis 347, 350, 397 - vestibulothala mi c u s 397 Tra gus 380, 382 Transverse axis 1 Transverse plane 1 Tri a n g le of P H ILIPPE-GOMBAULT 347 Triang ular space 1 83, 1 89, 1 9 1 Tri gonum - caroticum 32 - clavi pectorale 4, 225-226 - collaterale 3 1 3-3 1 6 , 334, 338 - femoris 4 - haben ulare 298 - lem n isci lateralis 298 - musculare [omotrachealel 32 - nervi hypoglossi 299 - - vagi 299

Trigonum - olfactorium 287, 292, 297 - omoclaviculare 32, 1 1 9 - submandibulare 32, 1 5 1 - subme ntale 32 Trochlea - h u meri 1 6 1 , 1 68, 1 70 - 1 M. obliquus superior) 358, 36 1 . 375 Tru ncusl-il 2-3, 6, 25 - brachiocephalicus 1 8- 1 9 , 22, 1 2 1 , 1 36, 1 4 1 , 1 52- 1 53 , 272 - bronc homed iastinalis 23, 229 - cerebri 24, 302 - coeliac us 1 8- 1 9 , 22, 27 - - b ranches 1 9 - ICorpus callosum) 276, 292, 294, 298, 306-307, 309, 3 1 3-3 1 4, 320, 324-328, 33 1 , 337 - costocervicalis 1 9, 1 52 - encephali 284, 286, 293, 298-299, 320 - inferior 25, 1 53, 2 1 4 - intestinalis 23 - jugularis 23, 1 33, 229 - lumbalis 23 - lumbosacralis 26 - medius 25, 1 53, 2 1 4 - nervi accessorii 1 4 1 , 273 - - spinalis 26, 344 - pulmonalis 22 - subclavius 23, 229 - superior 1 44-1 45, 1 53 , 2 1 4 - sympathicus 27-29, 4 1 , 1 40 - 1 4 1 , 1 47, 1 53-1 54 - thyrocervicalis 1 9, 1 4 1 , 1 46-1 47, 1 52- 1 53, 228 - va galis anterior 27, 272 - - posterior 27, 272 Tuba - audi tiva 1 0 1 , 379, 387, 389, 400 - uterina 1 5 Tuber - c i nereum 286-287, 297, 370 - frontale 36, 46, 48 - maxi llae 49 - parietale 35-36, 46-47 - vermis 302-304 Tuberculuml-al - anterius thalami 298 - - IVertebra cervicalisl 1 2 1 - articulare 42, 58-59, 63, 65-66, 1 00 - auriculare 380 - caroticum s. Tuberculum anterius - conoideum 1 59 - corn i culatum 1 29, 1 36, 1 39, 1 4 1 - cuneatum 276, 298-299, T57 - cune iforme 1 26-1 27, 1 29, 1 3 6 , 1 39, 1 4 1 - dentis 94 - dorsale 1 67, 1 74 - epiglotticum 1 27 - gracile 276, 298-299 - infraglenoidale 1 60, 1 62, 1 65 - j u g ulare 57 - majus 1 6 1 - 1 63 , 1 65, 1 84 - mentale 60, 1 06 - m i nus 1 6 1 , 1 65 - ossis sca phoidei 1 7 1 , 1 76 - - trapezii 1 7 1 - 1 72 - p h a ryngeum 42 - posterius IVertebra cervicalisl 45 - sellae 40, 57 - supraglenoidale 1 60

I nd ex

Tuberculum{-a} - thyroideum inferius 1 08, 1 22 - - superius 1 22 Tuberositas[-tesl - deltoidea 1 6 1 - masseterica 60, 62 - phalangis distalis [Manusl 1 7 1 - 1 72 , 2 1 1

Vagina{-ae} - tendinis digiti [Manusl

1 82-1 83, 1 90

- - musculi abductoris pollicis longi 207-208, 2 1 1 , 246 - - - extensoris carpi ulnaris

2 1 1 , 246

- - - - - longi 2 1 1 , 246, 257 - - - flexoris carpi radialis 207-208, 2 1 1 , 246

- - - - pollicis longi

246

u 6 , 1 58, 1 66, 1 68-1 70,

1 72-1 74, 1 76-1 77, 200-202, 204, 207, 209-2 1 0, 253-256

- development 8 Ulnar canal 256 ulnaris 1 Umbo membranae tympanicae

Vallecula - cere belli 304 - epiglottica 1 30 Vallum unguis 3 1 Valvulae venosae 2 1 Vas[-al - lymphaticum[-a) 23 - - profunda 31 - - superficialia 3 1 , 1 50, 224 - sanguinea retinae 363, 367 Vein[sl - head 260 - of GALEN s. Vena magna cerebri - of LABBE

260

- systemic circulation 20 Velum - medullare inferius 276, 299, 304-305

- - superius

276, 295, 298-299,

302, 304-305, 329

382, 385 286-288, 290, 292, 3 1 4 , 336,

338

Upper arm s. Arm Upper thoracic aperture 1 49 Ureter 1 5 Urethra - feminina 1 5 - masculina 1 5 Urinary and genital tract - in the female, overview 1 5 - i n the male, overview 1 5 Uterus 1 5 Utriculus 393-394 Uvea s. Lamina vasculosa Uvula - palatina 92, 1 02, 1 1 3, 1 39 - vermis 302-304

- palatinum s. Palatum molle Vena[-ae) - alveolaris inferior 1 1 6-1 1 7 - anastomotica superior 281 - angularis 75, 260, 376 - anterior septi pellucidi 321 -322, 326, 333

- auricularis posterior 1 42-1 44 - axillaris 20, 1 46 - 1 48, 224,

-

1 49,

- cava inferior 20-22 - - superior 20-22, 1 2 1 ,

1 4 1 , 1 49,

1 53

- centra lis retinae 1 1 6, 363, 368 - cephalica 20, 1 1 8, 1 44- 1 49, 1 78,

368-369, 378

224-226, 228-23 1 , 236, 247,

225

208

278, 376, 378

-

ovarica 20-21 parietales 281 -282, 294 pharyngeae 75, 1 40 phrenica inferior 2 1 poplitea 2 0 portae hepatis 20-21 portales hypophysiales 295 profunda[-ael cerebri 322 - faciei 85 - femoris 20 - linguae 1 1 5 rectalis superior 2 1 renalis 20-21 retromandibularis 75, 82, 85,

-

sacra lis mediana 2 1 saphena magna 2 0 - parva 20 sigmoideae 2 1 spLenica 20-21 subclavia 20-21 , 23 , 77,

21

- subscapularis 227 - superiores cerebri -

cerebri 294 cervicalis profunda 75, - superficialis 1 48 choroidea inferior 322 - superior 322 ciliaris anterior 363

1 53

294, 3 1 3-3 1 7, 321 -322, 328-329,

- - lateralis 1 47, 227-229 - thoracoacromialis 1 45, 1 48,

224-225, 227-228 1 1 4, 1 3 1 ,

302, 3 1 1 , 3 1 6-3 1 7, 320-322, 329, 334, 337, 370

thymicae 1 49 - thyra idea inferior -

1 36 , 1 39,

1 47-1 49, 1 55

- - media 1 33 , 1 49 - - superior 75, 1 1 0,

1 33, 1 36,

1 45, 1 47- 1 49

- tibiales anteriores 20 - - paste rio res 20 - transversa colli 8 1 , 1 43, 1 48-1 49, 229

294,

322

- - superficialis cerebri

20, 1 48-149,

1 53

225

lateralis ventriculi latera lis 322 lingualis 1 1 5- 1 1 6 , 1 34 lumbalis[-es) 2 1 - ascendens 2 1 magna cerebri 260, 262, 276,

28 1 , 294,

326 236-237

331 -333, 337

- thoracodorsalis 227-228 - thoracoepigastricae 1 47,

1 37, 1 4 1

- mediana antebrachii

supraorbitalis 376 suprarenalis 2 1 suprascapularis 229 supratrochlearis 75 temporalis media 82, 85 - superficialis 68, 75, 85, 1 09 testicularis 20-21 thalamostriata superior 260,

- thoracica interna

1 46-1 5 1 , 1 54- 1 55, 260

260, 262,

281 -282, 294

20-21 , 23, 69, 73, 75,

labialis inferior 75 - superior 75 labyrinthi 4 1 , 265 lacrimalis 376 laryngea superior 1 08,

1 1 8,

1 45, 1 48 247

20, 75, 80-82, 1 1 0,

- maxillaris 69, 75, 85 - media profunda cerebri

252-254, 256

-

1 48-149, 260, 281

- ophthalmica inferior 260, 264 - - superior 4 1 , 260, 263, 265,

- subfascialis 3 1 - sublingualis 1 1 0, 1 1 4- 1 1 5 - submentalis 75, 82, 85, 1 1 0,

77, 1 1 8, 1 33 , 1 40, 1 44,

-

meningea media 263 mesenterica inferior 20-21 - superior 20-21 nasofrontalis 75, 376 occipitalis 75, 1 42-1 44,

1 2 1 . 1 4 1 , 1 45 , 1 49 , 226

1 48-1 49, 1 55, 229

-

230,

1 1 0, 1 43-14� 1 48-1 49, 1 5 1 , 260

interossea posterior 1 97 intramuscularis 3 1 i ntraseptales 3 1 jejunales 2 1 jugularis 1 3 5 - anterior 20. 1 1 8. 1 33 , 1 43,

- - externa

20-21 , 1 2 1 , 1 3 6 , 1 4 1 ,

1 46 - 1 47, 1 49, 1 53

- interna nervi optici 368-369 - musculi recti abdominis 1 79,

femora lis 20 frontales 281 gastrica 21 gastroomentalis 2 1 hemiazygos 2 1 - accessoria 2 1 hepaticae 20-22 ilei 2 1 iliaca commun is 20-22 - extern a 20-21 - interna 20-21 iliolumbalis 21 inferiores cerebri 294 infraorbitalis 378 intercapitulares [Manus) intercostales posteriores interna cerebri 260, 294,

3 1 6-3 1 7, 3 2 1 -322, 328-329, 333

-

232,

20, 227, 229,

- brachiocephalica 228 - - dextra 20-21 , 77, 1 4 1 ,

Vagina[-ae) 1 5 - communis tendinum musculo­ rum flexorum 208, 2 1 1 - externa nervi optici 358, 362,

nervi optici 265, T57 processus styloidei 59 synovialis digitorum manus - tendinis 9, 1 1

1 1 6 , 1 1 8, 1 43 - 1 45 , 1 48-1 49, 1 5 1 , 260, 376

1 54- 1 55, 229

252-254

- - sinistra

- frontalis 260 - mastoidea 75, 260 - occipitalis 260 - parietalis 75. 260-261 episclera lis 363 facialis 69, 75, 82, 85, 1 09- 1 1 0,

- - interna

1 53

-

-

236-237, 247, 252-254, 256

brachiales

41,

-

1 1 9, 1 35 , 1 42 - 1 49, 1 5 1 ,

- azygos 20-21 - basalis 260, 294, 322 - basilica 20, 1 78, 224, 230,

v

75,

conjunctiva lis anterior 363 diploicae 2 6 1 - frontales 7 5 , 2 6 1 - occipitales 75, 261 - temporales anteriores 75,

- - - posteriores 75, 2 6 1 - emissaria[-ae) condylaris

Vena{-ae} mediana - - basilica 236-237 - - cephalica 237 - - cubiti 20, 1 70, 1 78, 236-237, 254

261

227-229

-

- scapulae 227 colica dextra 2 1 - media 2 1 - sinistra 2 1 comitans nervi hypoglossi

75, 264

207-208, 2 1 1 , 257

1 38,

-

1 75 ,

- tendinum musculorum extenso­ rum 2 1 1 . 246 - - - - carpi radialium 2 1 1 ,

- vasculosa bulbi 363 Tympanic cavity 382, 385-387, 399 - walls 385 Tympanic membrane s. Membrana tympani Types of muscles 1 1

Uncus

-

1 14

digiti minimi 2 1 1 digitorum 2 1 1 , 246 indicis 2 1 1 , 246 pollicis brevis 207-208,

1 41

Ulna

227, 23 1 1 62-1 64,

211

359-360, 362

- palpebrarum 352, 355 fi brosa bu lbi 363 interna bulbi 363 mucosa [ La rynx) 1 3 1 - linguae 1 04, 1 3 0 - oris 93, 1 07-1 08 - [Pharynx) 1 24 - [Sinus maxillarisl 357 - [Trachea) 1 29 muscularis [Oesophagus)

Vena{-ae} - circumflexa humeri posterior

208, 2 1 1 , 246, 257

- - intertubercularis

- pterygoidea 60-62, 66 - radii 1 67-1 70 - ulnae 1 66, 1 68-1 69 Tubular bone structure 7 Tunica - conjunctiva bulbi 352, 357, -

1 1 , 1 80,

230,

umbilicalis 22 - vertebra lis 1 33, 1 53, 1 55 - vorticosa 363 Venous sinuses s. Sinus durae matris Venous valves 2 1 -

I n d ex

Venter - anterior 68. 72-73. 77. 84. 1 06 . 1 1 0- 1 1 1 . 1 1 4. 1 1 6-1 1 7. 1 1 9- 1 20. 1 37. 1 44-1 46. 1 48-1 5 1 . T9. T57

- frontalis 70-73. 354. Tl - inferior 1 05. 1 1 8-1 20. 1 44- 1 46 . 1 48. 1 50. 1 82-1 83. 1 86 . 1 89. 228. Tl 0

- occipitalis 7 1 -73. 1 42 . Tl - posterior 73. 1 05 - 1 0 6 . 1 1 0. 1 1 8- 1 20. 1 37- 1 4 1 . 399. T9. T57

- superior 1 05. 1 1 0. 1 1 4. 1 1 9- 1 20. 1 44. 1 46-1 47. 1 50. 229. T l 0

Ventricle{sl s. Ventriculus{-il Ventriculus{-il - cordis dexter 22 - - sinister 22 - encephali 3 1 0-3 1 1 - laryngis 1 04. 1 27. 1 29. 1 3 1 . 1 33

- lateralis 277. 293-294. 296. 298. 309. 3 1 1 . 3 1 3-3 1 7. 320-321 . 323-329. 331 -339

- - walls 3 1 3

Ventriculusl-i}

- quartus 276. 302. 305. 3 1 0-3 1 1 . 320. 324. 329. 337

- tertius 276. 294-295. 298. 302. 309-31 1 . 3 1 6-31 7. 320. 323-325. 327-328. 333-334. 336

Venula - macularis inferior 367 - - superior 367 - medialis retinae 367 - nasalis retinae inferior 367 - - - superior 367 - temporalis retinae inferior 367 - - - superior 367 Vermis cerebelli 276. 286. 297-298. 302-303. 3 1 2. 3 1 5-3 1 6 . 320. 323-324. 329. 334-337. 349-350

Vertebrae - cervicales 1 33-134. 1 52-1 54 - coccygeae s. as coccygis - thoracicae 1 52. 1 55 Vertebral canal s. Canalis verte­ bralis

Vertex 36 - corneae 362 Vesica - bi liaris 1 4. 1 7. 22 - fellea s. Vesica biliaris - urinaria 1 5. 22 vestibular 93-94 Vesti bulum - labyrinthi 392 - laryngis 1 29. 1 33 - nasi 1 4 . 88. 1 36 - oris 1 4. 1 03-1 04 Vibrissae 92 Vinc ulum{-al - breve 209 - longa 209 - tendinum 209. 2 1 3 Viscerocra nium 54 Vision - association area 291 - projection area 291 Visual field. sta bilisation 396 Visual pathway 371 - blood s u pply 370

Vocal ligament s. Ligamentum vocale Vola s. Palma Vo mer 34. 38. 42. 47. 50. 54. 62. 87. 264

w

WERNICKE 's centre

397

WILLIS. Circle of s. Circulus arteriosus cerebri Wrist s. Carpus Wrist-drop. radial nerve palsy 221 Yellow spot s. Macula lutea

z Zonula - ciliaris 362-364 - ZINNI s. Zonula ciliaris