The Greek Coins (Athenian Agora, Vol. 26)

THE

AGORA ATHENIAN RESULTS

OF EXCAVATIONS

CONDUCTED THE AMERICAN

SCHOOL

BY

OF CLASSICAL

STUDIES

AT ATHENS

VOLUMEXXVI

THE

GREEK

COINS

BY

JOHN H. KROLL with contributionsby ALAN S. WALKER

THE AMERICAN

SCHOOL

OF CLASSICAL

PRINCETON,

STUDIES

NEW JERSEY 1993

AT ATHENS

Data Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Pliiciation Kroll,John H., 1938The Greek Coins / byJohn H. Kroll; with contributionsby Alan S. Walker. cm. - (AthenianAgora; v. 26) p. Includesbibliographicalreferencesand index. ISBN 0-87661-226-5 1. Coins, Greek-Greece-Athens. 2. Coins, Greek. 3. Agora (Athens, Greece) 4. Athens (Greece)-Antiquities. I. Walker,Alan S. II. Title. III. Series DF287.A23A5 vol. 26 93-33146 [CJ459.A8] CIP 737.4938'5-dc20

? AmericanSchool of ClassicalStudiesat Athens 1993 TYPOGRAPHY BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES PUBLICATIONS OFFICE

C/O INSTITUTEFOR ADVANCEDSTUDY,PRINCETON,NEWJERSEY PLATES BY THE STINEHOUR PRESS, LUNENBURG, VERMONT PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE JOHN D. LUCAS PRINTING COMPANY, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

To

THE MEMORY OF

MARGARET THOMPSON

PREFACE the FOLLOWING UPON TheAthenian Agora,VolumesII and IX, MargaretThompson'sCoinsfrom Period(1954), and George Miles' TheIslamicCoins(1962), the present Romanthrough the Venetian series. volumebringsto a conclusionthe publicationof coins in TheAthenian Agora,ResultsofExcavations Publicationof the Greek coins was initiallyentrustedto Josephine P. Shear; but after writing three preparatoryarticlesin the 1930's she was unableto makefurtherheadway,and the projectlapsedfor severaldecades. With the resumptionof large-scaleexcavationsin the Agora in 1970, responsibility for the Greek material was reassignedto me, excavationnumismatistfrom 1970 through 1973. I in turn enlisted the assistanceof my two successorsat the Agora, FredKleiner and Alan Walker. Our first task was to establish a reliable frameworkfor the chronology of Athenian bronze coinage, to which all but 13 percent of the Agora Greek coins belong. My initial papers focused on Athenian bronze coinage of the Roman period and of the 4th and early 3rd centuriesB.C. Kleiner, who elected not to participate in the final publication, devoted a series of articles to the bronze coinage of the 2nd and early st centuriesB.C. Walkerspecializedin the Athenian imperialbronze coins from the Agora, making them the subject of his 1980 Ph.D. dissertation.For this project he went through the entire inventoryof over 3,400 Athenian imperialbronzes to verify or correct the identificationsthat had been made at the time of discovery,to obtain weights,and to look for "runs" or groups of coins that had been found together but had not been recorded in the list of Agora deposits,which had been compiledprimarilyfor the studyof ceramicmaterial.In 1981 I was able to devote eleven months to reexaminingthe remaining 13,000 Greek coins in the same way. Tedious and time-consumingas this was, it provedhighlyinformativeand has been more thanjustifiedby the accuracyand controlmade possible.Insteadof workingfrom the old inventorycardsthat go back to the year of discovery of each coin (as MargaretThompson was obliged to do in the preparation of AgoraII), our catalogue has been compiled directlyfrom the coins. In the summer of 1990 we added the severaldozen Greek coins unearthedsince 1981. Alan Walker'scontributionsto this volume are substantial.He wrote the catalogue of Athenian imperial coins in Chapter III and the core of the numismaticand chronologicalcommentary in the introductorypart of that chapter.He suggestedmany helpfulimprovementsin draftsof the other chapters,and he is responsiblefor identifyingmany of the difficultnon-Atheniancoins that earlier Agora numismatistshad found intractable;these include nearly all coins cataloguedin ChapterIV bearing excavationinventorynumberssuffixedwith the letter "a". A number of persons and institutionshave generouslyassistedthis project.We wish particularly to thank the former and present Directors of the Agora Excavations,Homer A. Thompson and T. Leslie Shear,Jr., for their encouragementand interest.We have been fortunatein being able to drawon the expertiseof many other colleaguesand friendsat the Agora and elsewhere,among them Virginia R. Grace, G. Roger Edwards, Susan I. Rotroff, John McK. Camp, Rhys F Townsend, Kevin Clinton,Judith Binder, Ursula Knigge, ChristianHabicht, Orestes Zervos, and Theodore Buttrey deserve special acknowledgment.Basil C. Demetriades was always eager to discuss the problemspresented by Athenian bronzes and did us the invaluableservice of making availablehis 1 "The Coins of Athens," Hesperia2, 1933, pp. 231-278; 1936, pp. 123-150; and "AthenianImperial Coinage," 285-332. 5, 1936, Hesperia pp.

viii

PREFACE

electronic scale for weighing. Members of the permanent Agora staff, secretariesMargo Camp andJan Diamant, conservatorsAlice Paterakisand OlympiaTheophanopoulou,and photographer Craig Mauzy, cheerfullysaw to the coordination,production, and photography of the hundreds of castsorderedfor illustration.CathyCollins,GretaHam, and TraceyRockettprovidedstillfurther assistancewith the casts and the assemblyof the plates. Richard Anderson, architectof the Agora Excavations,prepared the two site plans, of which one is entirely new, that appear on Plates 35 and 36. We would also like to thank our many numismaticcolleagues who took time from their visits to the Agora to go through our unidentifiedmaterial. Finally,the volume owes a great deal to the staff members of the American School PublicationsOffice. Their devoted and thoughtful editing,checking,and productionhave made this a much better book. For the resourcesthat enabled me to develop and begin writing up my part of the material,I am indebted to fellowshipsgranted by the National Endowment for the Humanities in 1981, by the American Council of Learned Societies and the Institutefor Advanced Study in 1985/1986, and by the University Research Institute of the Universityof Texas at Austin on both occasions. Over the years the UniversityResearchInstitutehelped defray many lesser expenditures,and the hospitalityof the Institutefor Advanced Study made it possible in more recent summersto return and workin its pleasantenvironmentin Princeton. Austin,Texas August 20, 1993

TABLEOF CONTENTS VI

PREFACE .....................................................

X

LIST OF PLATES.................................................................

Xi

............................................... ANDABBREVIATIONS SELECTEDBIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION..

....1...

..........

... . ............

......

OF COINS.....x...................................... CONSPECTUS ....... ......

............

.

.......

. .....

.

xvii 1

4

I. ATENIANSILVERCOS ...............................................................

24

FIRSTCENTURIESB.C. ........................ BRONZECOINS,FOURTHTHROUGH II. ATHENIAN

113

...........

III. ATHNmANBRONZECOINS, SECONDANDTHIRD CENTURIESAFTERCHRIST

(withAlan Walker)

IV NON-ATHENIANCOINS............................................................

166

APPENDICES

...

A. Three Modern Imitations ..............................

291

................

. 292

B. UnstruckBlanksand the Mints of the Agora ...................................... ................. INCLUDING HOARDS DEPOSITS,

..

......................................

297

TABLES

I. PeriodI Chronology.................

320

...........................................

II. Structure of the Period II Coinage ...................................... . .. ............................. III. Late Period II and Period III Varieties.....

........

322 324

326 328 329

IV PeriodIV AE 1 Varieties........................................................ V PeriodIV Fractions.............................................. ........... VI. Three EarlyPeriodIVA Deposits ................ ......................... VII. HypotheticalDevelopment of the Athenian Bronze DenominationalSystems and Comparisonwith the Roman System ....................................... VIII. Athenian ImperialDenominations............................................. IX. Totals of Athenian ImperialDies ...............................................

330 331 332

CONCORDANCES

..................

Concordance of CataloguedAgora Coins ................

Concordance to Athenian Bronze Coins Illustrated in Svoronos ...................... INDEXES........... PLATES

...................

. o....

........................

.......

335 . 351 357

LIST OF PLATES 1. Athenian Silver,6th and 5th CenturiesB.C. (1-12d) 2. Athenian Silver,5th and 4th CenturiesB.C. (12e-18) 3. Athenian Silver,4th to 2nd CenturyB.c.;Bronze (19-37) 4. Athenian Bronze,4th CenturyB.C. (38d-46c) 5. Athenian Bronze, 4th and 3rd CenturiesB.C. (46d-54f) 6. Athenian Bronze, 3rd CenturyB.C. (55a-67b) 7. Athenian Bronze, 3rd CenturyB.C. (67c-75f) 8. Athenian Bronze, 2nd CenturyB.C. (76a-86d) 9. Athenian Bronze, 2nd and Early 1st CenturiesB.C. (87a-99e) 10. Athenian Bronze, 2nd and Early 1st CenturiesB.C. (99f-114a) 11. Athenian Bronze, 1st CenturyB.C. (115a-126e) 12. Athenian Bronze, 1st CenturyB.c. (127a-138g) 13. Athenian Bronze, 1st CenturyB.C. (139a-148) 14. Athenian Bronze, 1st CenturyB.C. (149a-156d) 15. Athenian Bronze, 1st CenturyB.C. and 2nd CenturyafterChrist(157a-167c) 16. Athenian Bronze, 2nd Centuryafter Christ(169a-197e) 17. Athenian Bronze, 2nd CenturyafterChrist(198-247a) 18. Athenian Bronze, 2nd CenturyafterChrist(248a-278a) 19. Athenian Bronze, 2nd and 3rd Centuriesafter Christ(279a-307a) 20. Athenian Bronze, 3rd CenturyafterChrist(308-36 la) 21. Athenian Bronze, 3rd CenturyafterChrist(362-401b) 22. Athenian Bronze, 3rd CenturyafterChrist.Italy,Sicily,Thrace (401c-449) 23. Thrace, Macedonia (452a-504b) 24. Macedonia, Thessaly,Epeiros(505-57 la) 25. Epeirosto Phokis,Boiotia, Euboia (572-624) 26. Euboia, Salamis,Megarid (625-657) 27. Aigina, Corinth (658a-717) 28. Peloponnesos(718-812b) 29. Crete, Cyclades,Pontosto Aiolis (817-898) 30. Aiolis, Ionia, Karia (900-966) 31. Lydia toJudea, PersianEmpire,Egypt to Numidia (969a-1035) 32. Modern Imitations.Coin Blanks 33. Coin Blanksand Rejects 34. Coins from the Libraryof PantainosNorth Stoa 35. Plan of the AthenianAgora, ca. 100 B.C.,with Sectionsof ExcavationIndicated 36. Plan of the AthenianAgora, 2nd CenturyafterChrist

SELECTEDBIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS Conducted Schoolof ClassicalStudiesatAthens,Princeton Agora,Resultsr Agora= TheAthenian ofExcavations bytheAmerican I = M. Thompson, Coins:FromtheRomanthrough theVenetian Period,1954 III = R. E. Wycherley,Literary andEpigraphical 1957 Testimonia, IV = R. H. Howland Greek LampsandTheirSrvials, 1958 V = H. S. Robinson, Pottery 1959 of theRomanPeriod:Chronology, VII =J. Perlzweig,Lampsof theRomanPeriod,FirsttoSeventh afterChrist,1961 Century X = M. Lang and M. Crosby,Weights, Measures andTokens, 1964 XII = B. A. Sparkesand L. Talcott, BlackandPlainPottery B.C., 1970 of the6th,5thand4thCenturies XIV = H. A. Thompson and R. E. Wycherley,TheAgoraofAthens:TheHistory,Shape,andUsesof anAncientCityCenter, 1972 XXII = S. I. Rotroff,Hellenistic andImported Athenian Moldmade Bowls,1982 Pottery: XXIV = A. Frantz,LateAntiquity: A.D. 267-700, Princeton 1988 Guide2= H. A. Thompson, TheAthenian andMuseum,2nd ed., Athens 1962 Agora:A GuidetotheExcavation Guide3= H. A. Thompson, TheAthenian andMuseum,3rd ed., Athens 1976 Agora:A GuidetotheExcavation Guide4=J. McK. Camp, TheAthenian andMuseum,4th ed., Athens 1990 Agora:A GuidetotheExcavation GRC= Fred Kleiner, GreekandRomanCoinsin theAthenian Agora(Excavationsof the Athenian Agora Picture Book No. 15), Princeton 1975 Hesperia, Journal of the American School of ClassicalStudies at Athens GENERAL WORKS desduovirs corinthienes Amandry = M. Amandry,Lemonnayage (BCH Supplement 15), Paris 1988 AMUGS= AntikeMinen undGeschnit Steine ARW = Aufstiegund NdergangderRmischenWelt BAR= BritishArchaeological Reports Bellinger= A. R. Bellinger,Troy,TheCoins(TroySupplementaryMonographs2), Princeton 1961 Bingen 1973 =J. Bingen, "Le tresormonetaireThorikos 1969," in ThorikosVI:1973, Brussels1973, pp. 7-59 andtheLaurion inArchaic andClassical Bingen 1975 =J. Bingen, "Letresorde titradrachmesattiquesde stylepi," in Thorikos Tunes(Miscellanea Graeca Ghent 1975 I), BMC = Catalogue of theGreekCoinsin theBritishMuseum,29 vols., London 1873-1927 = M. J. Price, The Coinage BMCAlexander in theNameofAlexander theGreatandPhilipArrhidaeus, A BritishMuseumCatalogue, Zurich/London 1991 BMCRE= Coinsof theRomanEmpirein theBritishMuseum,London 1923Sculpture Boardman,Greek =J. Boardman,Greek Sculpture of theClassicalPeriod,London 1985 = C. r Mittlhellenistische 220-160 v. Chr.(AMUGS5), Berlin 1972 Munerien Boehringer Boehringer,ZurChronologi Bol = R. Bol, Das Stakenprogramm desHrodes-Aticus-Nymphumns (OlmpischeForschungen 5), Berlin 1984 Brett 1950 = A. B. Brett, "AthenaAAKIAAMOE ofPella," ANSMN4, 1950, pp. 55-72 andtheGreekWorld,Oxford 1965 Bowersock,Augstus= G. W. Bowersock,Augustus Burkert= W. Burkert,HomoNecans,Berkeley/LosAngeles 1988 in theRomanWorld, London 1987 Burnett, CRW= A. Burnett, Coinage Buttrey 1981 = T. V Buttrey,"More on the Athenian Coinage Law of 375/4 B.C.," QuademiTwinesidi Numismatica eAntichith Classiche10, pp. 71-94 CalciatiI = R. Calciati, Corpus Nummorum Siculorum I, Mortara 1983 CalciatiII = R. Calciati, Corpus Siculorum Nummorum I, Mortara 1986 = E. R. The Greek Brone Coins(Memoirs Caley Caley, ofAncient Composition oftheAmerican Philosophical Sociey11),Philadelphia 1939 in theHeartof Classical Agora,Excavations Camp =J. McK. Camp, TheAthenian Ahens,London 1986

xii

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

andAdministration andPersian in theAthenian Carradice= I. Carradice,ed., Coinage (BARInternationalSeries 343), Empires Oxford 1987 Cavaignac= E. Cavaignac,"Lesmonnaies d'tleusis," RN, ser. 4, 12, 1908, pp. 311-333 (= idem,Letrisorsacr6d'leusis jusqu'en404, Versailles1908) dansla ciilisaionsgrco-romaines, Tournai 1957 Cerfauxand Tondriau= L. CerfauxandJ. Tondriau,Lecultedessouverains Clinton 1989a = K. Clinton, "The EleusinianMysteries: Roman Initiatesand Benefactors,Second Century B.C. to A.D. 267," ANRW2.18.2, 1989, pp. 1499-1539 Clinton 1989b = K. Clinton, "Hadrian'sContributionto the Renaissanceof Eleusis,"in Greek Renaissance, pp. 56-68 Elesinian Mystries (Transactionsof the American Clinton, SacredOfficials= K. Clinton, The SacredOfficialsof the PhilosophicalSociety,ser. 2, 64, 3), Philadelphia1973 Relion III, i, Cambridge 1940 Cook, Zeus= A. B. Cook, Zeus,A StudyinAncient = and of Coins Collection The Cop SNG, Medals, Danish National Museum, Copenhagen 1942-1979 Royal Conducted School VI = K. A. Edwards,Corinth, ResultsofExcavations Corinth atAtzens,VI, Coins bytheAmerican of ClasicalStudies Mass. 1933 1896-1929, Cambridge, Economy, Crawford, CMRR= M. H. Crawford, CoinageandMoneyundertheRomanRepublic:Italyand theMediterranean Berkeley/LosAngeles 1985 London 1974 Coinage, Crawford,RRC= M. H. Crawford,RomanRepublican = the the Roman World Late The in CRWLR (BARInternationalSeries 326), A. M. Burnett and M. H. Coinage of Republic Crawford,eds., Oxford 1987 DilosXXVII = P.Bruneau,C. Vatin,V Bezerrade Meneses, G. Donnay,E. Lkvy,A. Bovon, G. Siebert,V R. Grace, M. de delaMaisondesComMdienes (xplorationarchiologique Sawatianou-Petropoulakou,E. LydingWill, and T. Hackens,L'Etlot Dlos XXVII), Paris 1970 EABC = J. H. Kroll, "A Chronology of Early Athenian Bronze Coinage ca. 350-250 B.C.," in Essays Thompson, pp. 139-154 = Essaysin Honourof RobertCarsonandKnnethJekins, M. Price, A. Burnett, and R. Bland, eds., EssaysCarson-Jenins London 1993 = Essaysin GreekCoinage C. M. Kraay and G. K.Jenkins, eds., Oxford 1968 Presented toStanleyRobinson, EssaysRobinson 0. M0rkholm and N. M. = Honor in and Greek Numismatics of MargaretThompson, Essays Archaeology: EssaysThompson 1979 Wetteren Waggoner,eds., du TrisordesAthnins (Fbuis deDelphesIII, ii), Paris 1909-1913 FdDIII, ii = M. G. Colin, Inscriptions = Hellnistic S. W. Athens,London 1911 Ferguson, Ferguson Fox 1890 = H. B. Earle Fox, "Note sur quelquesmonnaiesattiques,"RN, ser.3, 8, 1908, pp. 58-64 Basel 1978 au II siecleavantJesus-Christ, enGrace monitaire Giovannini= A. Giovannini,Romeet la circulation Grace 1985 = V R. Grace, "The Middle Stoa Dated by AmphoraStamps,"Hesperia 54, 1985, pp. 1-54 et de bronze "Le = d'Hermione C. (Argolide),"RN, ser. 6, 32, 1990, monnayage d'argent Grandjean, Grandjean pp. 28-55 in theRomanFmpire:Papers GreekReaissance= The GreekRenaissance from the TenthBritishMuseumClassicalColloquium (Universityof London Institute for Classical Studies, Bulletin Supplement 55), S. Walker and A. Cameron, eds., London 1989 Griffith= G. T. Griffith,TheMercenaries Cambridge 1935 of theHelnistic World, DieMnzpr4gungderLakedaimonier Grunauer= S. Grunauer-vonHoerschelmnann, (AMUGS7), Berlin 1978 Habicht 1976 = C. Habicht, "ZurGeschichteAthens in der Zeit MithradatesVI," Chiron 6, 1976, pp. 127-142 Habicht 1991 = C. Habicht, "Zu den Miinzmagistratender Silberpragungdes Neuen Stils,"Chiron 21, 1991, pp. 1-23 = in Geschichte C. Studien Athens helnistischer Studien zur Zeit 73), Habicht, (Hypomnemata G6ttingen 1982 Habicht, v. Chr (Vestigia = Geschichte C. Athensim 3. Jahrhundert 30), Habicht, Habicht, Untersuchungen Untersuchungen zurpolitischen Munich 1979 Hackens, T 1969. "La circulationmontaire dans la Beotie hellenistique: Tr6sorsde Thebes 1935 et 1965," BCH 93, 1969, pp. 701-729 Harl = K. W. Harl, CivicCoinsandCivicPoliticsin theRomanEast,A.D. 180-275, Berkeley/LosAngeles/London 1987 Head 1881 = B. V Head, "On the ChronologicalSequence of the Coins of Boiotia,"NC, ser. 3, 1, 1881, pp. 177-275 HN2 = B. V Head, HistoriaNumrwn,2nd ed., Oxford 1911 Hoff 1989 = M. Hoff, 'The EarlyHistoryof the Roman Agora at Athens,"in Greek Renaissance, pp. 1-8 = 16-39 in pp. Hopper R.J. Hopper, "Observationson the Wappenmizen," EssaysRobinson, London 1985 Countermarks, Imperial Howgego = C.J. Howgego, Greek

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

Xlll

Hunter= G. Macdonald, Catalogue I-III, Glasgow 1899-1905 of GreekCoinsin theHunteianCollection IG I3 = Inscriptiones Attica Ficlidisannoantriores,3rd ed., fasc. 1, ed. D. Lewis, Berlin 1981 AtticaeFilidis annoposteriores, IG II2 = Inscriptiones II-II, Editiominor,ed.J. Kirchner,Berlin 1913-1940 IG V = Inscriptiones ed. E Hiller von Gaertringen,Berlin 1923 Laconiae, Messeniae, Arcadiae, etBoeotiae, IG VII = Inscriptiones ed. W. Dittenberger,Berlin 1892 Megaridis IG IX.ii = Inscriptiones ed. 0. Kern, Berlin 1908 Thessaliae, IGCH= AnInventoty of GreekCoinHoards,M. Thompson, 0. M0rkholm,and C. M. Kraay,eds., New York 1973 Kleiner 1973 = F S. Kleiner, "The 1926 PiraeusHoard and Athenian Bronze Coinage ca. 86 B.C.," AeXt 28, 1973, A' [1975], pp. 169-186 Kleiner 1975 = E S. Kleiner, "The EarliestAthenian New Style Bronze Coins: Some Evidence from the Athenian 44, 1975, pp. 302-330 Agora,"Hesperia Kleiner 1976 = F S. Kleiner,"The Agora Excavationsand Athenian BronzeCoinage, 200-86 B.C.," Hesperia 45, 1976, pp. 1-40 Kleiner,AM 20 = F S. Kleiner,"Some UnpublishedAthenian Bronze Coins,"ANSMV20, 1975, pp. 1-5 Klose = D. A. 0. Klose, DieMiinpragungvonSmyrnain derr5mischen Kaiserzeit (AMUGS10), Berlin 1987 = ACGC and Classical Greek C. M. Coins,Berkeley/LosAngeles 1976 Kraay, Kraay,Archaic = Athens(MinervaNumismaticHandbook 2), Newcastle upon Tyne 1968 Kraay,Athens C. M. Kraay,CoinsofAncient Kroll 1972 =J. H. Kroll, "Two Hoards of First-CenturyB.C. Athenian Bronze Coins," AeXt 27, 1972, A' [1973], pp. 86-120 Kroll 1973 = J. H. Kroll, "The Eleusis Hoard of Athenian Imperial Coins and Some Deposits from the Athenian Agora,"Hesperia42, 1973, pp. 312-333 Kroll 1976 =J. H. Kroll, "Aristophanes'Inov)p&XaXxta:A Reply,"GRBS17, 1976, pp. 329-341 Kroll 1977 =J. H. Kroll, "Some Athenian Armor Tokens,"Hesperia 46, 1977, pp. 141-146 Kroll 1981a = J. H. Kroll, "Evidence for Identifyingthe Denominations of Hellenistic Athenian Bronze Coinage" (lecture,San Francisco1981), abstractin AJA86, 1982, p. 273 Kroll 1981b =J. H. Kroll, "FromWappenmuinzento Gorgoneiato Owls,"AVNSMN 26, 1981, pp. 1-32 Kroll 1982 = J. H. Kroll, "Nailing Down the Archaeological Chronology of Early Hellenistic Athens" (ecture, Philadelphia 1982), abstractin AJA87, 1983, pp. 241-242 Lacroix = L. Lacroix, Lesreproductions de statuessurlesmonnaies La statuaire archatiueet classique grecques: (Biblioth6quede la Facultede Philosophieet Lettresde l'Universitede Liege, fasc. CXVI), Liege 1949 Leigle =J. Leigle, DerZeusdesPhidias,Berlin 1952 LIMC= Lexicon Classicae I-V, Zurich/Munich 1981-1990 Mythologiae Iconographicum new 9th ed., Oxford 1940 LS1 = H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S.Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon, = 1969 H. B. Review ofM. Hoard,NC, ser.6, 1969, pp. 325-333 Mattingly Mattingly, Thompson, TheAgrinion = 1979 H. B. Governor of Macedonia," Chiron 9, 1979, pp. 147-167 Mattingly Mattingly,"L.JuliusCaesar, 150, 1990, pp. 67-78 Mattingly 1990 = H. B. Mattingly,"The Beginningof the New Style SilverCoinage,"NJVC Mavrogordato 1916 = J. Mavrogordato,"AChronologicalArrangementof the Coins of Chios, Part III," NC, ser. 4, 16, 1916, pp. 281-355 Mavrogordato1917 =J. Mavrogordato,"-, PartIV,"JNC,ser.4, 17, 1917, pp. 206-256 Mavrogordato1918 =J. Mavrogordato,"-, PartV" NC, ser.4, 18, 1918, pp. 1-79 Collection McCkan= S. W. Grose, Catalogue Coins,FitwilliamMuseum,Cambridge 1923-1929 of theMcClean of Greek Meshorer = Y Meshorer,Ancient JewishCoins,Dix Hills, NJ. 1982 Millar 1969 = F. Millar,"P.HerenniusDexippus: The GreekWorldand the Third-CenturyInvasions,"JRS 59, 1969, pp. 12-29 Milne 1923 =J. G. Milne, "The AutonomousCoinage of Smyrna,"section I, NJVC, ser.5, 3, 1923, pp. 1-30 Milne 1927 =J. G. Milne, "-," section II, NC, ser.5, 7, 1927, pp. 1-107 Milne 1928 =J. G. Milne, "-," section III,NC, ser.5, 8, 1928, pp. 131-171 Milne 1933 =J. G. Milne, Ashmolean MuseumCatalogue Coins,Oxford 1933 ofAlexandrian = V K. T. II D. T. and R. R. T. Erim, Groves, Morgantina Buttrey, Holloway,TheCoins(MorgantinaStudiesII), Princeton 1989 M0rkholm 1984 = O. Morkholm,"The Chronologyof the New Style Coinage of Athens,"ANSMN29, 1984, pp. 29-42 theAccession tothePeaceofApamea M0rkholm,EHC= 0. M0rkholm,EarlyHellenistic Coinagefrom ofAlexander (336-188 B.C.), P. Griersonand U. Westermark,eds., Cambridge 1991 Princeton 1961 Mysteries, Mylonas = G. E. Mylonas, EleusisandtheEleusinian

xiv

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

LostMasterpieces Art:A Nwnismatic NCP = F W. Imhoof-Blumerand P. Gardner,AncientCoinsIllustrating Commentary of Greek new enlargeded. with introduction,commentary,and notes by A. N. Oikonomides,Chicago 1964 onPausanias, Newell = E. T. Newell, TheCoinages London 1927 Poliorcetes, ofDemetrius NewStyle= M. Thompson, TheNew StyleSiler Coinage ofAthens(NumimaicStudies10), New York1961 ]VcklePapers= AncientCoinsoftheGreco-Roman World:The]ickleNumimatic W.Heckel and R. Sullivan,eds., Waterloo, Papers, Ontario 1984 Nicolet-Pierreand Kroll = H. Nicolet-PierreandJ. H. Kroll, 'Athenian TetradrachmCoinage of the Third Century ser. 2, 2, 1990, pp. 1-35 B.C.,"AmericanJournal ofNumismatics, NNM = Numismatic NotesandMonographs CoinHoards,2nd ed., New York 1937 Noe = S. P.Noe, A Bibliography of Greek Oeconomides-Caramessini1976 = M. Oeconomides-Caramessini,"The 1973 Peiraeus Hoard of Athenian Bronze Coins,"AAA9, 1976, pp. 220-223 Oikonomidou = M. Karamesini-Oikonomidou, H NotilaOaTxOX7tCa -Ti NIxonoXiCos, Athens 1975

Olynthus III = D. M. Robinson, Excavations at Olynthus, in 1928, Baltimore 1931 III, TheCoinsFoundat Olynthus = VI D. Excavations at in 1931, Baltimore 1933 M. The Coins Found at VI, Robinson, Olynthus, Olyntus Olynthus = IX D. and A. M. Robinson P. Excavations at 77he MintandtheExcavation Chalcidic Coins Clement, IX, Olynthus Olynthus, Foundin 1928-1934, Baltimore 1938 XIV = D. M. Robinson,Excavations at Olynthus, XIV, Terracottas, Olynthus Lamps,andCoinsFoundin 1934 and1938, Baltimore 1952 Osborne = M.J. Osborne, "Kallias,Phaidrosand the Revoltof Athens in 287 B.C.," ZPE 35, 1979, pp. 181-194 = Mnemata:PapersinMemoryofNany M. Waggoner, W. E. Metcalf,ed., New York 1991 PapersWaggoner = II (BCH Supplement9), Paris 1984, pp. 281-306 Picard,Antre O. Picard, "Monnaies,"in L'Antre Corycien etd'histoire Eubeenne: Atudedenumismatique Picard, Chalcis= O. Picard, Chalciset la Confedration (IVe-Ier sicle), Paris 1979 Pick 1931 = B. Pick, "Die 'Promachos'des Pheidiasund die KerameikosLampen,"AM 56, 1931, pp. 59-74 thePnyxI (Hesperia Supplement 7), Cambridge,Mass. PnyxI = G. R. Davidson and D. B. Thompson, SmallObjectsfrom 1943 Price 1964 = M. J. Price, "The New-Style Coinage of Athens: Some Evidence from the Bronze Issues,"JVC,ser. 7, 4,1964, pp. 27-36 Price 1967 = M.J. Price, "Coins from Some Deposits in the South Stoa at Corinth,"Hesperia36, 1967, pp. 348-388 Price 1989 = M.J. Price, "The Larissa, 1968 Hoard (IGCH237)," in Kraay-Merkholm Essays,G. Le Rider, K. Jenkins, N. Waggoner,and U. Westermark,eds., Louvain-la-Neuve1989, pp. 233-243 Price 1991 = M.J. Price, "Circulationat Babylonin 323 B.C.," in PapersWaggoner, pp. 63-72 Price 1993 = M.J. Price, "Morefrom Memphis and the Syria 1989 Hoard,"in EssaysCarson-Jenkins, pp. 31-35 = in CRWLR "Southern 95-103 Price, Greece," CRWLR,pp. M.J. Price, ontheAncientCoinsof Greece, RomeandPalestine, Priceand Trell = M.J. Price and B. L. Trell, CoinsandTheirCities:Architecture London 1977 Berne= Proceedings Berne,September 1979, T. Hackensand R. Weiller, ofNumismatics, ofthe9thInternational Congress Proceedings eds., Louvain-la-Neuve,1982 mv IIToXIOatlov, Athens 1904-1908 IIroXelatcOv =J. N. Svoronos,Ta NoVloE4axaTou Kp&irouC Raubitschek1946 = A. E. Raubitschek."Octavia'sDeificationat Athens,"TAPA77, 1946, pp. 146-150 RE= A. E von Pauly,Realencyclopadie derclassischen revisedby G. Wissowa,Stuttgart NeueBearbeitung, Altertumswissenschaft, 1894-1972 Athenaion Politeia,Oxford 1981 Rhodes = P.J. Rhodes, A Commentary ontheAristotelian RIC = RomanImperialCoinage, London 1923Robinson and Price 1967 = E. S. G. Robinson and M. J. Price, "AnEmergencyCoinage of Timotheus,"NC, ser. 7, 7, 1967, pp. 1-6 Coinage of Thessaly,London 1932 Rogers = E. Rogers, TheCopper Rotroff 1983 = S. I. Rotroff,"Three Cistern Systemson the Kolonos Agoraios,"Hesperia 52, 1983, pp. 257-297 Rotroff 1984 = S. I. Rotroff,"Spool Saltcellarsin the AthenianAgora,"Hesperia 53, 1984, pp. 343-354 Paris 1916 Roussel = P. Roussel,Dilos,colonieathenienne, RPC I = A. Burnett, M. Amandry,and P P. Ripolls, RomanProvincial Coinage,I, FromtheDeathof Caesarto theDeath London/Paris 1992 Vitellius, of

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

XV

SardisM7 = T. V Buttrey,A. Johnston, K. M. MacKenzie, and M. L. Bates, Greek, Roman,andIslamicCoins fromSardis (ArchaeologicalExplorationof SardisMonograph 7), Cambridge,Mass./London 1981 thePesianInvasion, Seltman = C. T. Seltman,Athens,Its HistoryandCoinage before Cambridge 1924 Shear 1936 =J. P. Shear, "AnalyticalTable of Coins,"Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 123-150 andtheRevoltofAthns in 286 B.C. (Hesperia Shear,Kallias= T. L. Shear,Jr.,Kalliasof Sphettos Supplement 17), Princeton 1978 Shelov = D. B. Shelov, Coinage VI-II Centuries B.C. (BARInternationalSeries 46), Oxford 1978 oftheBosphorus SNG= SylogeNummorum Graecorum Starr = C. G. Starr,Athenian Coinage480-449 B.C., Oxford 1970 Stroud 1974 = R. S. Stroud, "AnAthenian Law on SilverCoinage,"Hesperia43, 1974, pp. 157-188 Sutherland,Olcay, and Merrington = C. H. V Sutherland,N. Olcay, and K. E. Merrington, The Cistophori of Augustus (RoyalNumismatic Society Special Publications5), London 1970 Sv. =J. N. Svoronos, Lesmonnaies d'Athnes,completed by B. Pick, Munich 1923-1926. Reprintedwith translatedtext as Corpus the Coins Ancient of ofAthens,Chicago 1975 Svoronos 1900 = I. N. Svoronos, <>, part II, JAN 3, 1900, pp. 319-343 Svoronos 1904 = I. N. Svoronos, ,,JIAN

7, 1904, pp. 107-142 Svoronos 1907 = I. N. Svoronos,
Svoronos 1908 = I. N. Svoronos, vE6prlia ex T'c Ko: a At8o6. A6aot XVa,xxv VOaLOTiccV TOLt Botorxol un6

Avtly6vou B' tou A6Aoavoq>,JIAN 11, 1908, pp. 230-232 Svoronos 1911 = I. N. Svoronos, leIIeypcpapLx6q xaxcaX6yoqnpoaxr?c&TcovTou NotLaaTLx6u Mouaetou anxo1 Eetrctpplou 1908 .eXpL31 Auyou'aTou1909>, JIAN 13, 1911, pp. 37-112 Svoronos 1927 =J. N. Svoronos,"La monnaie d'or attique,"JIAN 21, 1927, pp. 147-169 TbnosII = R. Etienne and L. Artemis-Gyselen,"L'ateliermonetairede T6nos,"in R. Etienne, TbnosetlesCyclades dumilieu duIVCsiecleav.J-.C. dumilieuduIIIe sicle ap.J.-C.(Tnows Athens/Paris 225-252 1990, I), pp. Thompson, H. A., 1958 = H. A. Thompson, "Activitiesin the AthenianAgora: 1957," Hesperia27, 1958, pp. 145-160 Thompson 1942 = M. Thompson, "Coinsfor the Eleusinia,"Hesperia11, 1942, pp. 213-229 Thompson 1957 = M. Thompson, "AHoard of Athenian Fractions,"ANSAN 7, 1957, pp. 1-11 = M. Thompson, "The Mints of Lysimachos,"in EssaysRobinson, Thompson, EssaysRobinson pp. 163-182 in derrimischen Touratsoglou 1988 = I. Touratsoglou,Die Miinsttte vonThessaloniki Kaiserzeit (AMUGS12), Berlin/New York 1988 Touratsoglou,CRWLR= I. Touratsoglou,"Macedonia,"in CRWLR,pp. 53-78 Traiti= E. Babelon, Traitdesmonnaiesgrecques etromaine, Paris 1907-1932 Von Aulock = SNGSammlung v.Aulock,Berlin 1957-1968 Walker 1978 = A. S. Walker,"FourAE Coin Hoards in the Collection of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens,"Hesperia 47, 1978, pp. 40-48 Walker1980 = A. S. Walker,"AChronologicalStudy of the GreekImperialCoinage of Athens Based on the Collection of the Agora Excavationsat Athens," 1980 Universityof Pennsylvania,Ph.D. Dissertation,Ann Arbor 1980 Walker 1982 = A. S. Walker,"Some Plated Coins from the Agora,"in Procedings Berne,pp. 131-136 Warren 1983 =J. A. W. Warren,"The AutonomousBronze Coinage of Sicyon (Part 1),"NC 143, 1983, pp. 23-56 Warren 1984 =J. A. W Warren,"- (Part2),"NJC144, 1984, pp. 1-24 Warren 1985 =J. A. W. Warren,"- (Part3),"NC 145, 1985, pp. 45-66 WSM = E. T. Newell, The Coinageof the Western SelucidMintsfromSebucusI to Antiochus III (Numismatic Studies4), New York 1941

PERIODICALS AA = ArchiiologischerAnziger AAA= ApXaLOXoytxiAv&Xexrae A9Ov6v AJA= Amican JournalofArchaeology AJAH= American Journalof Ancient History = Ameican AJP Journalof Philology

XVi

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

AM = Mitteungendesdeutscenarchiiologischen Abteilung Instits, Athenische ANSMN= American Notes NumimaticSocie.tMuseum BCH = Bulletindecorrespondance hellhnique BSA= Annualof theBritishSchoolatAthens CH = CoinHoards AeXtc= ApXXLOXOYLX6V AXt'clo EPApX = EnprAcplkApXacokoylx/ Studies RomanandByzantine GRBS= Greek, JHS = JournalofHelenicStudies = Journalinternatonal numismatique L4AN d'archiologie undGeldgschichte Numismatik JNG = Jahrbuchfiir JRS = Joural ofRomanStudies Chronicle NC = NAumimatic = Zeitschift NZ Numismati,che RBN= Reue beigedeNuismatiqueetdeS'illographie REG= Reu desiudesgrecques RN = Raue numismatique SAN= Journalof theSocie_forAncient Numimartics Rundschau SNR= Schwieische numismatische TAPA= Transactions Association of theAmerican Philological und ZPE = ZeitschitfifirPapyrologie Epigraphik The followingabbreviationsare used in this volume: AE = bronze AR = silver AV = gold bill. = billon cmk. = countermark cuir.= cuirassed diad. = diademed dr. = draped EL = electrum

ex. = exergue 1.= left laur.= laureate obv. = obverse r. = right rad. = radiate rev.= reverse stg. = standing

CONSPECTUS OF COINS

CONSPECTUS OF COINS

Occasional discrepancies between regional totals and the numbers of coins listed beneath by city or ruler and by century ar followed by a +. The + indicates an uncertain number of additional coins that have been catalogued in brackets as being not Centuries

6th

5th

4th

Centurie

B.C.

3rd

ITALY-SICILY(15) CisalpineCelts (1)

Siculo-Punic(3) CRIMEA and THRACE (134) Pantikapaion(5) Olbia (1) IstrianonLimen (2) Abdera (1) Apollonia Pontica(1) Byzantion(1) Deultum (1) Maroneia(6) Mesembria(3) Pautalia(1) Perinthos(2) Philippopolis(1) AugustaTraiana(1)

1st

2nd

1

Brundisium(1) Kroton (1) Rhegion (1) Akragas(1) Gela (1) Mamertinoi(2) Syracuse(4)

1st

2nd

1 1 1

1 2 3 2 2 1

1 3

1 1 1 3 2 1 1

Coela (1) Sestos (2) Imbros (3) Lemnos:Hephaistia (7+) Myrina (54+) Samothrace(4) Thasos (3)

3 4+ 41+ 3 2AR &2

Kings Lysimachos(5) RhoimetalkesI (1) MACEDONIA (304) Akanthos(1) Amphipolis(2) Aphytis (1) Bottiaia (1) Dion (1) Olynthos (1) Ouranopolis(2)2 Pella (1) Philippoi(4)1 Skione (1) Thessalonike(8) Kings Philip II (6) Alexanderm (26) Philip m (2) Anonymous (10) Kassandros(18+) Demetrios Poliorketes (23) Antigonos Gonatas (184+) Philip V (4) ?Perseus(1) Macedonian League (3)3 THESSALY (72) Ainianes (3) Atrax (1)

3 13 4

1AR

1

3 1 1

3 6 1AV, 9AR&16 2AR 10 18+ 3 AR&20 184+ 4 1?

1

2 1

1

1

CONSPECTUS OF COINS (cont.) Centuries B.C.

6th Gomphoi (1) Gyrton(4) Halos (1)1 Krannon (2) Lamia (2) Larissa(5)5 LarissaKremaste (1) Magnetes(7) Orthe (1) Phalanna(4) Pharsalos(5) ThessalianLeague (33)

5th

4th

Centur

2nd

3rd

1st

2nd

2

3

1 4 2 2

6 1 4 5 26 1

Peparethos(2)1 NORTHWEST GREECE (61) Dyrrhacion (6)6 Skodra(1)

4

Nikopolis(11) EpeiroteLeague (3) Korkyra(16)

4

Leukas(2) Medon (1) Thyrreion(1)

1 1

AitolianLeague (20) CENTRAL GREECE (475) LokrianLeague (46)

1st

3 1

1 2

4

12

4

22

20

4

PhokianLeague (24) Delphi (3)

2

Boiotian League (175) Orchomenos(1)

33+

22 3 128

8+

7

Tanagra(9) Thebes (9) Thespiai (14)

1

EuboianLeague (36)

2

Chalkis(112) Eretria(4) Histiaia(37) Karystos(5) ATHENS (14,360+) Athenian (13,749+)

7 3

28 4 16AR

10AR

59AR

14AR 43AR &1991 &1439+ 196 356 59

6 5

2AR &2750+

IAR &3989+

2284

99 160

IAR 6 2

5

13

152

14

3AR 2AR

3

57 16

39

11

19

44

4

2

4

1

8

1?

2

Aigion (3) Boura(1) Patrai(1) Pellene(6) Tenea (1) Achaian League (9)

Messene (7) Kyparissia(1)

1AR &26 26+

11+

Megara (333) Pagai (1)

Elis(12) Kranion(2)2 Same (1) Zakynthos(2)

1

4

10

Eleusinian(611) SALAMIS-AIGINA(456) Salamis(99)

Aigina (23) PELOPONNESOS (354) Corinth(137) Phlious(6) Sikyon(75)

1

8

1

2

6 1AR &8 3

5

I"AR" 1 2 2

5

3

CONSPECTUS OF COINS (cont.) Centuries B.C.

6th

5th

4th

Centuri

3rd

Mothone (1)1 Thouria (2)1 Lakedaimon(18)1 Kythera(1)1 3 9

Argos(13) Epidauros(10) Hermione (6) Kleonai (3) Methana (1) Troizen (2)1

1st

1

14

1st

2nd

2

8 1

5 2

ArkadianLeague (3) Heraia (2) Kleitor (1) Mantineia(3) Megalopolis(1)1 Orchomenos(1) Pheneos (2)1 Tegea (10) CRETE and ISLANDS (67) Aptera (1) Arsinoe (1) Knossos (2) Roman provinceof Crete (1) Andros(1) Delos (17) Keos League (8) Karthaia(4) Koressia(3) oulis (3) Kythnos(2) Melo (2) Paros(1) Siphnos (1)

2nd

1

3 2 1 3 1 2

7 1

1 1 1

11

16

1

8 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 "AR"

3

Syros (3) Tenos (7)

3

4

ASIATIC BOSPHOROS(3) Phanagoria(1) King RheskouporisVI (2) ASIA MINOR (186) Amisos (3)3

1

BithynianLeague (1) Nikaia (1) Nikomedia (3)1 King ProusiasI (2) Adramyteion(2)1 Atarneus(1)1 Kyzikos(2) Parion (9) Pergamon(8)6 Perperene(2)2 Pitane (1)1 AlexandriaTroas (5) Assos (1) lion (1) Neandria (2) Skepsis(1) Tenedos (1) Aigai(3) Autokane(1)1 Elaia (1)1 Kyme (6) Methymna (2) Mytilene (4)2 Ephesos (10) Erythrai(4) Klazomenai (3) Magnesia on the Maiandros(4)

1

2

1 EL

1 9 2

2 1

2

31 1 1 2 3 3 12

1 1

1

2

CONSPECTUS OF COINS (cont.) Centuries

6th Metropolis(1) Miletos (5) Phokaia (1) Smyrna (11) Teos (1) Chios (22) Samos (6) Knidos (4) Myasa (1) Mydnos (1) Kos (4) Rhodes (14)

5th

Centuri

B.C.

2nd

3rd

4th

1st

1 1 3

1 1

1

5

1

1 2

1

4 2AR &4

2AR&5

3

Akmoneia(1) Apamcia (1) Laodikia (1) Synnada (2)

1

1

1

2 3

LycianLeague (3) Patara(1)

PisidianAntioch (1) Selge (1)

2nd

1

4

Hermokapelia(1) Sardis(3) Tripolis(2)

Attaleia(1) Nrge (1) Side (5) Sillyon(1)

1st

1 1

4 1 1 1

Seleukiaon the Kalykadnos(1) Soloi-Pompeiopolis(2) Syedra(1) Tarsos(1)

1

1

1

King Amyntas (1) SYRIA-PERSIA(18) Kings Seleukos II (1) Antiochos II (1)1 Seleukos IV (1)1 Alexander I Balas (1)1 Antiochos VII (1) Antioch on the Orontes (3)

1

1 1 1

Judea (9) PersianEmpire (1) EGYPT-NUMIDIA (52) Kings Ptolemy II (3+) Ptolemy 1m(5+) Ptolemy IV (1+) Ptolemy VI & VII (3) Ptolemy VI (2)

KingJuba I (1)

1

7

1AV 3+ 5+ 1+ 3 1AR &1 3

Ptolemy VIII (3) Ptolemy IX (2)2 Ptolemy XI (4) Ptolemy XII (1) Kleopatra VII (1) Alexandria(11)1 Cyrene (1) Ptolemaic Cyrenaica(1) Roman province of Cyrenaica and Crete (2)2

1

4

7 1 1

1AR

CONSPECTUS OF COINS (cont.) SUMMARY Centuries B.C.

6th

5th

4th

Centuri

1st

2nd

3rd

1st

2nd

TOTALS: 3

NON-ATHENIAN GREEK (2197)

1

TOTAL GREEK (16557+)

11

3 8 3

3 67

170+

635+ 97+

625+ 2699+

104+

136+

269+ 469+

2146+

104+ 2923+

ROMAN TO A. 2671(1137)

5 69

12

3 85

9

65 3

4059+

85

2349

15AR

22AR

35AR

&83

&24

&245

1 Agra 1I,nos. 1-550, to which are added the 98 Roman coins to A.D. 267 from the 1950 through 1990 excavations.The Roman coins are overwh althoughthe totalsofthe 1stcentury B.C.includea few pieces from mints in Greece, Asia Minor,Spain, and Lyons, and a small proportionof the coins from t from such imperialmints as those at Antioch, Milan, Lyons, and Asia Minor. 2 NN-2014, an extremelywornJanus/Prow as (33 mm., 18.24 g.) that was excavatedbefore 1949 but inexplicablyomitted from AgoraII. 3 To AgoraII, add a denarius of L FarsuleiusMensor (E-2432 = GRC,fig. 26) and a plated Venus/Aeneas denarius ofJulius Caesar (K-1646), both e bronzes (both found before 1949) of the 90's or 80's B.C.: 00-527, a heavily worn Janus/Prow as (26 mm., 7.44 g); and 00-27, a Herakles/Prow q threefurther"FleetPraefect"bronzesofAntony (asAgoraI, no. 13: Capito, RC I, 1470),for a currentAgora total offive (K-1587, 00-1249, IIO-879, E-62

IN'I'RODUCTION CATALOGUED HEREIN are the 16,557+ identifiableGreek coins produced by the Agora excavationsbetween 1931 and 1990. The total includesmore than a thousandextremelyworn coins that, while not identifiableby actual variety,can neverthelessbe attributedto certain large Athenian series;but it excludeswell overfourthousandother damagedor totallyworn pieces that by size and fabric can be identifiedonly as 4th-centuryor Hellenistic "Greek",if these pieces happen to be availablefor reexaminationat all, since many had been weeded out from storage and were discardedin the late 1940's. As can be readily calculatedfrom the catalogue summarypresented on pages xvii-xxvi, all but one-tenth of 1 percent of the identifiablecoins are bronze. Eighty-seven percent are Athenian. Because of the dominance of the Athenianbronze,one of our majorgoals is to presenta reliable surveyof this coinage insofaras the limitationsof excavationspecimensallow.The limitationsmust be stressed,for a conventionalstudy of the coinage would rely far more heavilyon museum-quality specimensfrom outside the excavationsthan on the coins that we are publishinghere. Fortunately, the bronze coinage of Athens has alreadybeen well illustratedin the folio plates of . N. Svoronos' d'Athnes.Despite its obsolete organizationand chronology,thisworkillustrateswith 1923 Lesmonnaies first-rateexamplesfrom Europeancollectionsvirtuallyall the Athenian bronze varieties,and in the case of the Athenianimperialbronzeof the 2nd and 3rdcenturiesafterChrist,a veryhigh percentage of the obverse and reversedies. Since this workwas reprintedin 1975 in a new, convenientformat and is now widely available,we have not hesitated to refer to it constantly.So fully do Svoronos' plates complement our text and illustrationsthat many readerswill want to keep an open copy of Svoronosclose at hand. In comparison with museum or hoard specimens, it is in the area of absolute metrology that the Agora specimens are most deficient.Most are worn to some degree;almostat ll were found in a heavilycorrodedstate;and this wear and corrosion,togetherwith the heavy chemical or electrolytic cleaningused to removethe corrosionfor identification,are responsiblefor an inevitableloss of some originalsurfacemetal and weight. As can be calculatedfromTablesIII and IV (pp. 324-327 below), which compare the averageweightsof Agora and nonexcavationhoard specimensof certainbronze issues, the weight loss of the Agora excavationcoins is generallyin the area of 8 to 14 percent for largerbronze coins with diametersof ca. 18-20 mm., althoughthere are some issuesin which thereis less or no detectable differential.The differentialdeclines as diametersbecome smaller.We have neverthelessrecorded the weights and weight averagesof the better-preservedAgora bronze coins for their value as relative indicators,since even approximateweights can be more informativethan linear measurementsof diameterfor comparingindividualissues and sometimesfor distinguishing denominationalrelationships.The frequentlywide variationin weightbetween coins of a given issue arises from the fact that the blankswere cast or cut with much less individual attention than was expended on the blanksof precious-metalcoinages.1But this phenomenon has been observedalso in Roman bronze coinage, which is knownto have been struckat so many pieces to a given weight of 1 For the coin blanks of the 1st century B.C. and the 3rd century after Christ excavated from mints in the Agora, see Appendix B with Plates 32 and 33. All these blankswere cut from forged bronze rods, the Ist-centuryB.C. blanks by chopping,the later ones by sawing.In neithercase was much care takento cut the rods into strictlyuniformsegments.

INTRODUCTION

2

metal, so that the averageweight of all bronzecoins from a given issue or batch shouldrepresentthe standardto which that batch or issuewas struck.2In some Athenianbronze coinages,a fixedweight standardwas demonstrablyadheredto from one issue to the next; other Athenian bronze coinages were minted in issuesor batchesthat become progressivelylighterovertime to increaseprofitability.3 This volume differsfrom most previouspublicationsof excavationcoins in the attentionpaid to archaeologicalcontexts and in the more than minimal number of illustrations.A good pictorial recordof the Athenian bronzesis obviouslynecessaryif this volume is to serve as a useful reference for that coinage. But in addition, we believe that excavationcoins should not be treateddifferently than other archaeologicalmaterial: they should be recordedvisually as well as described;and if this means the illustation of a large numberof mediocre,worn, or damaged specimens,such is the realityof excavationnumismatics,which reflectsmore faithfullythan pieces selectivelypurchasedfor modern collectionsthe true characterof the lower-valuecurrencyin actual circulationin antiquity. In this connection, it is salutaryto emphasizethat the coins chosen for our plates are the very finest specimensthat the Agora excavationshave to offer.We decided to illustrateplastercastsratherthan direct photographsafter experimentsconvinced us that in most cases casts produced more legible and evenlylit images.A good samplingof the finestAgora Greekcoins in directphotographywill be andRomanCoinsin theAthenian found in FredKleiner's 1975 Agora PictureBook, Greek Agora. In my study of the Agora Greek coins, I was surprisedto discoverhow few, relativelyspeaking, come from chronologicallysignificantcontexts.A majorityof the coins were recoveredfrom late or "mixed"fills,having apparentlybeen redepositedin earth that had been dug up and reusedin later buildingoperations.4A numberof other coins have potentiallyinformativestratigraphicalcontexts, but at the presenttime these contextsare too vaguelydated or have been too little studiedto deserve mention in our catalogue.This leavesthe coinsfromthe Agoradeposits:the dumpsor accumulations of earthand debristhat have been excavatedfromwells,cisterns,buildingfills,buildingdestructions, and similar,more or less closedcontextualentities.Most of these depositshavebeen carefullystudied, many repeatedly,and severalhave been as instrumentalin the reconstructionof the chronologyof Atticbronzecoinage as they havebeen for the chronologyofpottery,stampedamphorahandles,and other kinds of artifacts.The Agora depositswith importantgroups of Greek coins are listed at the end of this book (pp. 297-318) and are cited when relevantin our discussionsand catalogue.Among the deposits are a few hoards, or groups of coins that were intentionallyassembled and secreted together,as opposed to the randomlylost, and perhapsoccasionallydiscarded,coins that found their way into most normal filling deposits. When relevant, the relativewear of a coin in a deposit or hoard group may be indicatedon a scale ofw(ear)l-6, from unworn (wl) to extremelyworn (w6). 2

RRC,p. 592: "Anissueof coinagewasdescribedbytheRomansas struckso manyto thepoundandthis Crawford,

terminologypresumablyreflectedmint-practice;certainlyno attemptwas made to adjustthe weight of individualpieces

maderoughlythe samesizein the hopethattheywouldturnout roughlythe Blankswerepresumably verycarefully. sameweightandthesizereducedor increasedtowardstheendof a batchdependingon howthemetalwaslasting;thus AboutAugustan themeanweightof a batchof coinagestraightfromthemintwouldbe thesameas itsweightstandard." coinage,HaroldMattingly,RomanCoins,2nd ed., London1960,p. 122, wrote,"Brassand copperare struckmuch notapezo--i.e., noton a carefullyadjustedweightforeachpiece,butat so morecarelessly[thangoldor silver]-a marco, many to the pound."

3 Comparevarieties88-96 (TableIII,p. 324 below),115-126 and 149-153 (TableIV [pp.326-327 below]and weight pp. 82, 88) with varieties137-140, 143, and 144 (TableIV [p. 326 below]and p. 90). Forthe progressive reductionof otherAthenianvarietiesor series,seep. 75, under99, andp. 79, under108. 4 Butat leasta fewGreekcoinscontinuedto be usedaslateasEarlyByzantinetimes;seeunder142 fora Ist-century B.C.

coin in a 6th-centurySlavicInvasionhoard.

INTRODUCTION

3

The formatof the catalogueentriesshouldbe self-evident.Coins are listedby varieties(numbers in boldface). The variety numbers of silver,gold, electrum, and billon coins are italicized, and the type of metal is specified.All other coins are bronze. (Wheneverpossible,coins too poorly preserved to be assigned to a single variety are assigned to a group of varieties that are cited together in brackets,for example, [14 47] on page 43.) If a variety is representedby only a single coin, the bold variety number will function also as the individual coin reference. In cases where a variety is representedby many specimens,the total numberof coins is followedby the range of diametersin millimetersand by the averageweight in gramsof the best-preservedspecimens(the numberof coins weighed given in parentheses);listed below are the specimens chosen for illustrationor for some special contextual or other reason. Each individually catalogued coin is listed with its Agora inventory number; diameter in millimeters;die position, if numismaticallyrelevant;-weightin grams; and furtherbibliographical, contextual,or other annotation,if needed. Referencesto Agora depositsare enclosedin parentheses. Illustratedcoins are markedwith an asterisk.Die alignmentsare indicatedby arrows,or, for worn coins whose die axes can be identified by angle but not top or bottom orientation,just by I, \, etc. Weights followed by + are of heavily damaged coins that have lost a considerableamount of their originalweight. In additionto the abbreviationsgiven on p. xvi, the followingcataloguingconventionsshouldbe noted. In the recordingof legendsand types,bracketsenclose restoredlettersor partsof a designthat are no longer visible on the coin. Obliteratedvariablelegends that cannot be restoredare recorded as [----]. In legends, a dash (-) indicatesa horizontalbreak between letters, a verticalbar (|) indicates the beginning of a new horizontalline of the text. A horizontal line above two or three lettersindicatesthat they are conjoined in a single ligature. Forthe rubricsAE 1, AE 2, etc., employedin ChapterII to distinguishthe severalmodularunits of Athenian bronze coinage to the end of the 1st century B.C.,see page 38 below. Such rubrics, long used for the sizes of late Roman Imperialbronze denominations,were firstapplied to Athenian bronze coins by Fred Kleiner, whose system had to be modified to encompass the much greater range of Athenian materialcataloguedhere (see note 117 below,p. 68). The Agora coins are listed in the excavators'notebooksand are storedin the Stoa of Attalosby inventorynumbers,which are prefixedwith the Greekletter or lettersthat designatethe excavation section. Forreaderswho might wish to identifythe approximatearea in which a coin was found, we havebeen able to includea new plan of the Agorawith sectionboundariesindicated(Plate35). Coins inventoriedunder the rubricsKTA or NSR were not recoveredin the course of excavation: some were pickedup in or near the Agora;othersare donationsof unspecifiedprovenience.Althoughthey do not properlybelong in a publication of excavationfinds, we include a few because they have become part of the Agora numismaticcollection.

I ATHENIANSILVERCOINS B LESSED with her own naturaldepositsof silverore, Athens minted one of the most influential

and abundant silver coinages of the ancient world from the middle of the 6th to the middle of the 1st century B.C. At four peak periods of coining (the first two decades of the 5th century, the 450's through 415, the second half of the 4th century,and the first decade of the 1st century B.C.) the output of Athenian silver tetradrachmswas prodigious; and to judge from hoards and the widespread imitation of these tetradrachmsin all periods, the internationaldemand for this coinage remainedstrongalmostto the very end. This is not of course the place to attemptanything like a comprehensive account of this vast coinage, whose detailed history depends in any case on hoards and the study of specimens in the great public collections that hoards have supplied.1 But the incomplete sampling of Athenian silver from the Agora excavations at least calls for a selective survey,if only to provide a frameworkfor a fuller analysisof Athenian bronze coinage in ChapterII. The Agora's 129 Athenian silverpieces and imitationsthereof representless than 1 percent of the nearly 14,000 Athenian coins excavated. Predictably,the overwhelmingmajorityof the silver findsare of the smaller,more easilylost denominationsof a drachmor its fractions,and this explains why roughlyhalf of the pieces date from the 5th century,when Atheniancurrencywas exclusivelyof silver.Thereafter,the findsprogressivelydecline centuryby centuryto a mere three silverNew Style pieces of the 2nd centuryB.C.in a trendthat reflectsthe increasingimportanceof the supplementary bronze currency.Once a bronzecoinage was introducedin the 4th century,bronze began to replace the smallersilverdenominationsin petty transactionsand lesseneddependencyon silverin general. By the end of the 4th centuryat the latest,Athens no longer botheredto strikeany silvercoin lower than the triobol;and in the laterHellenisticcurrencythe hemiobol and the obol came themselvesto be minted in bronze.2 The proportionof unofficial,imitativetetradrachmsand drachmsis striking.There are five to seven of these counterfeitsin silverand twenty-twoof silver-platedbronze.At least one tetradrachm in the formercategory(AppendixA, coin a) is modern, and one or two other silverpieces could also be recent,althougheven if they shouldbe so, the proportionof ancientfalseto genuine tetradrachms and drachmsremainsimpressivelyhigh for so few total pieces found. As explainedbelow (pp. 9-10), the thirteensilver-platedtetradrachmsI 6a-m are a specialcase; coming from a single disturbed hoard, they had intentionallybeen buried together. It is clear, however,that most of and possiblyall the remainingsubaeratepieces were gotten rid of after they had been detected as false.At leasthalf of them had been testedor defacedwith a chiselcut. Of these 9a, 160, and 16phad been removedfromcirculation,that is, frommortaluse, by being dedicatedto a god and deposited in a sanctuary.The unlucky owners of most of the other plated pieces, even those withoutvisibletest cuts, had presumablyjustthrownthem away as worthless.It is conceivable that some of the ancient owl imitationsof full silver may also have been intentional discards;for 1 The best surveysof Athenian silver are by Kraay,Athensand (in more detail but extending only through the 4th century)ACGC,pp. 55-77, pls. 9-12. For a tabularsummary of estimated levels of Athenian silver-coinproduction Athens 1980. over time, see the diagraminsertedat p. 56 of C. E. Conophagus,LeLaurium antique, 2 83-84 below. Pp. 38, 48-49, 68,

SIXTH AND klF'IH CENTURIES B.C.

5

if they cannot pass autopsy as bona fide Athenian emissionstoday,they would doubtlesshave been suspectin antiquityand, accordingto Buttrey'spersuasiveinterpretationof the 375/4 B.C.Athenian law on silver coinage, could have been refused by anyone demanding payment in certified legal tender.3The high survivalrate of imitationsis surelyan effectof theirworthlessness;and as a forceful reminder of how common bad money must have been in the ancient marketplace,the discovery of so many in the soil of the Agora enables us to appreciatebetter the legislation of 375/4 that spelled out the responsibilitiesand proceduresof the public certifierof currency,the boxL.a-cT)<, in protectingthe state coinage againstforgeriesof all kinds.4 SIXTH AND 1F I'HCENTURIES B.C. Athenian numismaticsbegins with the anepigraphicWappenmiinzen(Heraldic coins), a uniface coinage with changing obverse types. The Agora has yielded eight pieces: an obol with amphora obverse,a drachmwith horse'shindquartersobverse,threedrachmsand two obols with the common strutted-wheelobverse,and, from near the end of the series,a fine didrachmwith bull'shead obverse (1-5). The Athenian origin of these and the rest of the Wappenmiinzensilver (which altogether involved fourteen obverse types in the didrachm sequence) is no longer doubted, not least, as Hopper has emphasized,because of the importanceof the Agora finds in strengtheningthe record of Attic provenience.5Scholarshipnow connects this coinage with the Peisistratidtyranny,placing it between Peisistratos'return to power in 546 and the adoption of the static Athena head/Owl types, probably in the teens of the 6th century under Hippias.6 Unfortunatelyfor chronological purposes,only the wheel drachm 3a comes from an Archaiccontext, and it was found embedded in a floor of the early 5th century.The remainingAgora Wappenmiinzenand the excavation'stwo late 6th-centuryowl pieces (an obol [6] from the earliestphase of the owl coinage [SeltmanGroup H] and a tetradrachm[7] from the succeedingphase [GroupL]) were recoveredeither frommuch later or from mixed contexts. Missing from the Agora catalogue are any specimensfrom the huge owl issues of the first two decades of the 5th century7and from the followingearly "wreathed"silver,so called from the olive leaves added to the brow of Athena's helmet, of the 470's and 460's (StarrPeriodsI-V).8 The ten 3 T. V Buttrey,"The Athenian CurrencyLaw of 375/4 B.C.," in EssaysThompson, pp. 33-45; and, especially,idem 71-94. and extended Stroud 1981, pp. translation, Editioprinceps, 1974, pp. 157-188. Recent discussion commentary: and bibliographyby T. R. Martin, "SilverCoins and Public Slaves in the Athenian Law of 375/4 B.C.," in Papers Waggoner, pp. 21-48. 4 The problem, of course, was by no means limited to Athens. Commenting on the frequency of Roman plated coins in excavations,Burnett (CRW,p. 100) estimatesthat "approximatelyone half of all denarii found on a site tend to be plated." 5 Hopper,p. 25. On the Wappenmiinzen,see furtherKraay,ACGC,pp. 56-60; Kroll 1981b, pp. 1-32. 6 Kraay,ACGC,pp. 58, 61; Kroll 198lb, pp. 20-32; J. H. Kroll and N. Waggoner,"Dating the EarliestCoinage of Athens, Corinth, and Aegina," AJA88, 1984 (pp. 325-340), pp. 326-333. For the earlier chronology espoused by H. A. Cahn, "Datingthe EarlyCoinagesof Athens,"in KleineSchiftenzurMiinzkndeundArchiologie, Basel 1975, pp. 81-97 (whobegins both the Wappenmiinzenand the owl silverin the early6th century),see Krolland Waggoner,op.cit.,p. 330, note 34. A laterchronology(startingthe WappenmiinzenunderKleisthenes,the owls after480) proposedby M. Vickers, "Early Greek Coinage: A Reassessment,"NC 145, 1985 (pp. 144), pp. 22-33, is rebutted byJ. H. Kagan ("The Decadrachm Hoard: Chronology and Consequences,"in Carradice [pp. 21-28], p. 22) and, especially,M. C. Root ("Evidencefrom Persepolisfor the Dating of Persianand ArchaicGreekCoinage,"NC 148, 1988 [pp. 1-12], pp. 8-12). 7 M. Price and N. Waggoner,ArchaicGreekSilverCoinage,The 'syut" Hoard,Dorchester/London 1975, pp. 56-61, GroupsIV-VI (= Seltman GroupsM+G, C+F, and E). Cf. Kraay,ACGC,pl. 10:181-186. 8 Starr,pp. 8-63, pls. I-XXI. Cf. Kraay,ACGC,pl. 11:187-190.

6

ATHENIANSILVERCOINS

Agora tetradrachmsof 5th-centurydesign are all of the later "standardized"type, with generally hard, mechanical Athena heads; heavy, spread helmet ornaments;large lettering; and owls' tails simplifiedinto a single prong. Chester Starrplaced the inaugurationof this style at ca. 449 through associationwith the Athenian "CoinageDecree", which epigraphistsgenerallydated to this time.9 But new hoard evidence from Lycia shows that the preceding style (StarrPeriod V) began in the 460's, about a decade earlierthan Starrhad assumed,l0so that the shiftto the conventionaized style and the massstrikingthatthe shiftimplieswill have occurredin the 450's, probablyupon the removal of the Athenian League treasuryfrom Delos to Athens in 454.11 The archaeologicalcontext of the tetradrachm8b reinforcessuch upward compressionof Starr'schronology.The enlarged helmet palmetteand reverseletteringput 8b at a slightlyadvancedstage of the standardizedstyle that Starr attributedto the time "eitherbeforethe PeloponnesianWarhad begun or in its very earliestyears."12 But the coin was excavatedfrom a fill containingpottery that comes down only to the middle of the 5th century.Accordingly,8b should probablydate no later than the 440's, and the stylistically earlier 8a, with neat, compact palmette and letters, can be dated, with Starr,pl. XXII, nos. 1-3, to the 450's, within the initialphase of the standardizedcoinage. 8c is a fine example of the typical,more developedstandardizedtetradrachms,most of which, as Starrremarks,13were probablymintedbeforethe income fromAthens'alliesand the Laurionmines went into decline ca.415-413. 8e,on the otherhand, with coarseprofileand largeeye slightlyopened at the inner corner,sharesthese featureswith the emergencygold statersand fractionsof 407/614 and the platedbronze owls struckin the followingyear (seebelow)and so shouldfall towardsthe end of the standardizedcoinage late in the century.15 Since the popularityof such 5th-centuryowls throughoutthe EasternMediterraneanresultedin their becoming the most imitatedof all ancient coinages,16and since copying has again flourished in modern times to supplythe insatiablefancyof collectors,it shouldnot come as too greata surprise that severalAgora tetradrachmsof 5th-centurytype are not of bona fide Athenian origin. In the 4th 9 Starr,pp. 64-75. But the date of the decree (R. Meiggs and D. Lewis, A Selection to of GreekHistoricalInsc?iptions and 70-71 from no. far see is still 1 11-1 theEndoftheFyI/ CenuryB.C., Oxford 1969, pp. settled; Kraay,ACGC,pp. 17, 45) the relevantpapers by D. M. Lewis,H. Mattingly,and M.J. Price in Carradice,pp. 43-72. 10 S. Fried,"The DecadrachmHoard: An Introduction,"in Carradice,pp. 5-6, for the latestAthenian tetradrachms (PeriodVA) in the great 1984 Lycianfind. Kagan (note 6 above,p. 5) dates the find 465/462 B.C. 11 As R. T. Williams(Phoenix ser. 3, 48, 1974, pp. 132-134) 26, 1972, pp. 411-412) and H. Nicolet (RevuedePhilologie, had alreadyanticipatedin their reviewsof Starr. 12 Starr,p. 72, with referenceto his pl. XXII:4' and 5', the latterbeing a virtualduplicateof our lOb. 13 Starr,p. 73. 14 Sv. 21.1-22. Kraay,ACGC,pp. 68-69, pl. 11:202, 203. E. S. G. Robinson, "Some Problems in the Later Fifth ANSMN9, 1960 (pp. 1-15), pp. 9-13, pls. 1:9-12, II:1-4. W.E. Thompson, "The Functions ofAthens," CenturyCoinage of the EmergencyCoinages of the PeloponnesianWar,"Mnenoyne,ser.4, 19, 1966 (pp. 337-343), pp. 341-343. 15 In a fundamentalpaper, "The Tell El-MashkutaHoard of AthenianTetradrachms,"JC, ser. 6, 7, 1947 (pp. 115121),pp. 117-118, E. S. G. Robinson noted anotherdistinctionbetween the earlierand later standardizedowls: the die positions of the former are loose, while the die positions of the latter are normally (althoughnot invariably)fixed in a 9 or 8 o'clockalignment.It is unclearwhen the shiftto the fixedpositiontook place, but, as Robinsonobserved,the 8-9 o'clockalignmentoccurson both officialand imitativeAthenianstrikingsand was continuedin the 4th- and 3rd-century owls. The 12 o'clock alignment of the New Style silver begins late in the 3rd century in the drachms with symbols (see below). 16 To Kraay, ACGC,pp. 73-77, pl. 12, and the bibliographyon Athenian imitations assembled by Stroud 1974, pp. 169-171, add 0. Morkholm, "ACoin of ArtaxerxesIII," NC, ser. 7, 14, 1974, pp. 1-8; T. V Buttrey,"Pharonic Imitationsof AthenianTetradrachms,"in Proceedings Berne,pp. 137-140; idem1981, pp. 76-78; iden,"SeldomWhat They in Athenian of the Seem-The Case Tetradrachm," JicklePapers,pp. 292-294; H. Nicolet-Pierre,"L'oiseaud'Athena, a classique classique,"in Iconographie d'Egypteen Bactriane:Quelquesremarquessurl'usaged'un type monetairel'aepoque "New Owls for the Pharaoh,"Minerva and Paris etidentt rgionals (BCHSupplement14), 1986, pp. 365-376; M.J. Price, 1, 1990, pp. 39-40; idem1991, pp. 67-68; idem1993, pp. 31-35.

FIFI'H CENTURY B.C.

7

centuryB.C. vast numbersof imitativeolder owl tetradrachmswere struck,especiallyin Egypt, many of them with an ungainly,enlarged eye of Athena.17 8f has an enlarged eye and may indeed be Egyptian,although the inner corner of the eye is more closed than one normallyfinds on the usual Egyptian imitations.That 8f is non-Athenianin any case is certain from its helmet palmette with only three branchesinstead of the canonicalfive. The pinched featuresand compressedethnic give 8g away as a more obviousimitation,if indeed the tetradrachmis ancient at all; the tetradrachmwas found with 8a but in a modern context, and it is conceivablethat both could be remnantsof a 19thor early 20th-centurycollection or touristshop that stood above the present excavatedarea. Some such provenience surely accounts for the tetradrachm in Appendix A, coin a (P1. 32), an indubitable modern forgery. Because of its light weight and the linear, inorganic absence of modeling at the corner of Athena's mouth, 8h is suspect, as are the drachms i Omand, possibly, JOj. There are finally the silver-plated or formerly silver-plated bronze imitations. These are of course

ancient;and the best preserved,the cut tetradrachm9a, which had been deposited in a small, open shrine around 420 B.C., can only have been a private forgery, as the comparatively flat relief and deviant style of the reverse independently imply. One presumes that the bronze cores of a plated

drachm (11) and of two other plated tetradrachms(9b, c)were similar5th-centuryB.C. counterfeits, although each is so disfiguredthat the possibilitycannot be ruled out that one or more could be remnantsfrom the official bronze issue that was struckin 406/5 in the pressingfinal years of the PeloponnesianWar. Were it not for Aristophanes'referencesto this emergency bronze of 406/5, one would not hesitate to condemn all subaerate Athenian owls as ancient counterfeits. But in a well-known passage in the Frogs(lines 725-726) Aristophaneslaments that in 405 the city was using a very recently struckbronze currency(ra 7ov7pa XcaXxla)in place of its fine old silver and "new"(i.e., 407/6) gold. In the Ekklesiazousai (lines 815-822) he recalls the awkwardconsequences when the bronze was demonetizedin favorof the reestablishedsilvercoinage. Since no wholly bronze coins of appropriate5th-centurydate are knownfromAthens, numismatistshave generallyassumedthat the 406/5 bronze was a silver-platedbronze coinage. This solution, first proposed by Barclay Head in 1911,18was immeasurablystrengthenedsome years later when Svoronos reported on a hoard discoveredin 1902 in the Peiraeus,which contained "thousands"of subaeratetetradrachmsand drachmsin a style (notablywith the opened inner corner of Athena's eye) identical to the style of the 407/6 gold.19 The very magnitude of this particularplated coinage argues against its being a forger'sstock:20the mere hundredor so drachmsthat can be tracedback to the Peiraeushoard show that they were minted from a minimum of five pairs of dies and that these pairs were employed in tandem, since there is no obverse or reverse sharingbetween them.21 Two tetradrachmsfrom the hoard22document a sixth pair of dies. To date, the Peiraeus 1902 hoard is the only known proveniencefor this coinage, and in this respect the absence of any sure examples from the Agora is to be regretted. Still, the identificationof this plated bronze of correctfin desile style with the 17 Sv. 19.1 and most of the large-eyetetradrachmsof Sv.,pls. 16 and 17 are apparentlyEgyptian;cf. E. S. G. Robinson, "CoinsfromAl-Mina (1936),"JC, ser.5, 17, 1937 (pp. 182-196), pl. IX:5-8; and idne(note 15 above,p. 6), pl. V:12-14, with Buttrey'sobservations(workscited in note 16 above,p. 6). 18 HN 2,p. 373. 19 Svoronos 1927, pp. 157-158, quoted and discussedin Kroll 1976, pp. 331-333, where it is furtherexplained that the Peiraeus 1902 hoard is the misnamed "Eleusis1902" hoard of IGCH46. 20 As AdalbertoGiovanninisupposedin "'Athenian Currencyin the Late Fifthand EarlyFourthCenturyB.C.," GRBS 1975 189. 16, (pp. 185-195), p. 21 Kroll (1976, p. 333, note 18)listsfourpairsof dies for the plated drachms(e.g.,Sv. 15.19-26). To these must now be added a fifthpair froma specimenin the unpublishedlot of Peiraeus1902 drachmsat the AmericanNumismaticSociety. 22 Sv. 15.12, 13; for their hoard provenience, see M. Oeconomides-Caramessini,"Note on the Piraeus Hoard of 1902 of Athenian Plated Coins," CH 7, 1985, pp. 40-41 (withmention of additionaldrachmlots).

8

ATHENIAN SILVERCOINS

bronze issue of 406/5 remains compelling,if only because alternativeidentificationshave so little to recommendthem (pp. 25-26 below).

FOURTH CENTURY B.C. In surveysof Atheniancoinage, it is sometimesallegedthat this wartimetoken money with its highly inflationarypotentialcontinuedin use for a decade afterthe defeat of Athens in 404/3 and was not recalleduntil Konon enrichedAthenswith Persiansubventionsin 393.23More likely,the bronzewas graduallywithdrawnand replacedwith such old silveras was on hand, if not rightafterthe war then at leastwith the reestablishmentof ordereddemocraticgovernmentin 403/2.24 When Athensbegan to strikea silvercoinage again is a separatequestion, and here there may very well be a connection with the arrivalof Persianmoney in 393, for a few of the earliestremodeledtetradrachms,on which Athena's new profile eye is especially large, show up in three Sicilian hoards of the 380's.25 But the level of minting was modest and remained so to the middle of the century.Writing in 355/4, Xenophon complainedthat the Laurionmines were then being workedat far below their potential and that explorationfor new depositshad been only recently,and inadequately,undertaken.26The relative paucity of extant Athenian tetradrachmsfrom the first half of the 4th century tends to confirm this testimony. Others shared Xenophon's interest in developing the Laurion silver industry,and under the financialadministrationof Euboulos,355-342, miningactivityincreaseddramaticallyas the number of mining leases purchasedfrom the state rose from 17 in 367/6 to a record 62+ in 342/1.27 The effect on the coinage was predictable.In the second half of the 4th century,Athenian silver was again being struckin massive quantities,and again in a monotonously standardized,mechanical style. This has come to be known as the pi style, after the i-shaped configurationof the obverse helmet ornament,28and is typifiedby most of the 4th-centurypieces excavatedfrom the Agora. The majorityof these, namely,the tetradrachms15b-g,the drachm(withirregularlyshapedflan) 17, and at least the triobols 19e-h and the diobol 20b (all again with irregularflans), belong to the later, fully mechanicalphase of the coinage (Bingen'sPi III-V), which spanned the last three decades of 23

E.g.,Head,HN2, p. 373;Kraay,Athens, p. 7.

24 Kroll

1976, pp. 338-341. IGCH 2117 (Leontinoi 1957), 2119 (Contessa 1888), and 2121 (Manfria 1948). The obverse style of this earliest profile-eyeAthenian silver is quite distinctive;e.g., Sv. 19.2, 5, 13, 14. Despite the number in an Egyptian hoard (Sv. 26.7-9, 13-19), coins of this style are Athenian in origin; cf. the correspondingfractional silver from the small lamp hoardfromAgios IoannisRentisin Attica,ApAeXAc18 (1963),B' 1 [1965], p. 50, pl. 56 (IGCH89, where the date should be correctedto ca. 375-350, the time of the lamp). 25

26 Proi 4.28. 27

R.J. Hopper,"The Attic SilverMines in the FourthCenturyB.C.,"BSA48, 1953 (pp. 200-254), p. 216; cf. pp. 250251. Furtherevidence of Euboulos'developmentof the Attic silverindustrycomes from a fragmentarynomotheticlaw of 354/3 that deals with both the mines and the Athenian mint (1975 Agora inscriptioninv. no. 7495, publicationin des preparation).See also G. Cawkwell,"Eubulus,"JHS 83, 1963 (pp. 47-67), p. 64; P.Gauthier,Uncommtairehistorique Poroi deXbenphn,Geneva/Paris 1976, pp. 223-231; J. Ober, Fortress Attica,Leiden 1985, p. 29. On the 4th-century miningleases in general,see M. K. Langdon, "PoletaiRecords,"in G. V Lalonde,M. K. Langdon,and M. B. Walbank, AgoraXIX), Princeton 1991, pp. 60-62, 76-137. (TheAthenian Inscriptions 28 Bingen 1973, pp. 11-16, is the standardtreatment.Idem1975, pp. 161-170, adds little. The pi style was originally discussedand dubbed the "bracketstyle"by MargaretThompson (1957, p. 6). Cf. M0rkholm,EHC,p. 86.

FOURTHCENTURYB.C.

9

the century.29The more refined tetradrachm15a and the subaerate 16a-m are obviously earlier and appear to belong near the beginning of the formation of the pi style, that is, in the 340's, if Athens' earliestregularbronze coinage, the pi-styleDouble-bodiedowls (41-43), began to be struck in the 330's, as proposedbelow. The most interesting4th-centurypieces from the Agora excavationsare the plated imitations. 160 and p, each heavilygashed with a chisel cut on the reverse,were separatelyfound in frontof the Metroon-OldBouleuterionwheretheyhad doubtlessbeen depositedin accordancewith the currency law of 375/4. The law specifiedthat if the dokimastes determinedthat any coin of Atheniantype had a bronzeor lead core or that its silverwas debased,it was to be mutilatedand removedfromcirculation by being cut across,dedicatedto the Mother of the Gods, and turned over to the Council.30 The thirteen nicely preservedsubaeratetetradrachms16a-m clearlyhad a differenthistory.All are uncirculated,were struckfrom the same pair of dies, and were recoveredfrom the same pockets of Classical fill beneath the Temple of Ares close to the center of the Agora square. As Walker has explained, they must be the remnant of a much larger "treasure"of identical pieces that had been intentionally buried in the third quarter of the 4th century, the date of the accompanying context pottery;much later,in the time of Augustus,the deposit was disturbedand largelyremoved during the laying of foundationsfor the Temple of Ares.31 One suspects that the primary burial was a true "forger'shoard": a lot of freshly minted imitations that the forger or his agent had deposited for retrievalor had to abandon to escape detection. It has been argued that the center of the Agora was too exposed for such clandestineactivityand that the coins must ratherhave been buried under officialauspices.32But althoughfree of buildings,this area was by day throngedwith people, includingvery probablyvendorsat theirbooths;in this busymilieu, it ought not to have been too hard to find or dig a pit for a bag or more of "hot"coins without creating undue suspicion.33 29

struckin Egyptby Sabakesand Accordingto Bingen(1973,p. 18),the pseudo-Athenian satrapaltetradrachms Mazakesin 333-332 B.C.(H. Nicolet-Pierre, "Lesmonnaiesdes deux dernierssatrapesd'Egypteavantla conquete antequemfor the second and perhaps d'Alexandre,"in EssaysThompson, pp. 221-230, pls. 25 and 26) providea terminus the start of the third phase of the pi-style coinage. M. J. Price (1991, p. 71; 1993, p. 33) notes that the genuine and many Easternimitationsof Athenian tetradrachmsin the 1973 Babylonhoard of 323 B.C. (CH 1, 1975, no. 38, with CH

oftenon 3, 1977,no. 22)andin the 1989Syrianhoard,probablyof 333B.C., attainstylesaslateasPiV Carelessstriking, elongatedflans(cf.Sv.,pl. 30),is typicalof the later,massivepi phases. 30 Stroud1974,p. 158, lines 10-13: i&v18 6nt[6X)aXxov] 4 6no6X3up38ov f xl(38Xov, itaxoTxto xo[...6..][ xal

atco tep6v

xTf

In his commentary(pp. 171-178) Stroud ; T^oxr MvrTp6b[T]&vOe?y xct[ x[altapaX]X&xco p3oXojv.

dulyrecognizedthe relevanceof 160andp withtheirrevealingfindspots. 31 Walker1982, pp. 131-136, pl. 22, with a plan of the findspotswithinthe templefoundations.On the Temple of Ares,AgoraXIV, pp. 162-165. 32

Walker1982,pp. 133-134, whereit is furtherproposedthattheseplatedtetradrachms werestruckofficiallyas

an emergencymeasureafter Chaironeiain 338 in anticipationof an attackon Athens by Philip and that the Athenians publicly disposed of them in a kind of votive burialin the Agora when the attackfailed to materialize.Cf. M0rkholm,

Fourrecoins EHC,p. 86. Butneitherthe lightweightnorthe die positionsof the coinsareproofof statemanufacture.

with bronze cores are usually lighter than prototypesin silver;and in well-made forgeriescorrect die positions are to be expected. A finalweaknessis the suggestionthat the burialhad "thecharacterof a dedication";but dedicatoryburials

couldbe made only in sanctuaries, whichthe Agorawas not. Earliermentionsof theseplatedtetradrachms are in T. L. Shear,"TheCampaignof 1933,"Hesperia 4, 1935(pp.310-339),p. 339, andJ.P.Shear1936,p. 123. 33 In Sokrates' booksweresoldin the Orchestra,as the centerof the III,pp. 162-163; day, Agorawas called(Agora XI1 p. 171),so it ispossiblethatthecoinswereconcealedin an areathatwasfrequented Agora byvendors(althoughnot by bankers and money-changers,whose Tp&dxtle were located furtherto the northwestnear the Stoa of the Herms [Stroud 1974, p. 167]).

10

ATHENIANSILVERCOINS

Or was the 4th-centuryfill containing the coins actuallybroughtfrom elsewhereby the Augustan buildersof the Temple of Ares? Although contextuallydated to ca. 350-325, the burial probably occurred rather early in this quartercentury,since the tetradrachmsbelong to an incipient phase of the pi style. The pi-style coinage continued down to Athens' capitulationto Demetrios Poliorketesin 294. The notorious statersthat the tyrant Lacharesstruckfrom Akropolisgold to pay his mercenaries from 296 through Demetrios' siege are typical late pi style;34and the large Thorikos hoard of predominantlyfreshlycoined, pi-styletetradrachmssurelydates also to the time of the siege, when Demetrios dispatched troops to lay waste the countrysideof Attica.35This policy of destruction seriouslycrippled the silver industryof Attica and, coupled with Athens' capture, put an end to mintingfor about a decade. THIRD CENTURY B.C. The next phase of Athenian silver, Bingen's syle a quidridigiti,36is represented in three Agora tetradrachms(of which one is subaerate)and two drachms (22a-24b). The diagnostic helmet ornamentconsistsof four openly spacedbranches;Athena heads are generallymore finely featured; and the ethnic is decorativelyrendered with curved alphas and small thetas. Such quadridigite tetradrachmsfirst appear in early 3rd-centuryhoards and seem to have begun soon after Athens' expulsion of Demetrios Poliorketes'garrison from the Mouseion in 287 or 286.37 The impurity of their silver relative to the exceptionallyfine Laurion silver of the earlier,pi-style owls tends to confirm that the quadridigiteowls were in large part struckfrom the silverthat Athens receivedto assist her ongoing struggle against Demetrios, 200 talents in 286/5 from Lysimachos,Ptolemy I, and Antipatros,a nephew of Kassandros,and 50 talents in 282 from Ptolemy II.38 Hoards of the 3rd century imply that this coinage was substantial,although whether productionwas short-lived and intensive or whether it continued into the 270's or even as late as the ill-fatedChremonidean War,which Athens waged againstAntigonosGonatasfrom 268 to 261 B.C.,39is uncertain. Attributableto this war in any case is the special coinage of Attic pentobols, whose handsome design(Athenain Corinthianhelmet/Owl standingobliquelywith wings half raised)and anomalous denominationradicallydepart from the traditionalowl silver.The pentobols were struckin three issues,a majorissuewith an uprightamphorato the rightof the owl (Sv.24.4-8) and two otherswith aplustre(Sv.24.1) or anothersymbol(dagger?,Sv. 24.2) in place of the amphora.The two pentobols fromthe Agora (28a, b)are heavilyworn, as was the specimenreportedfromthe Thebes 1935 hoard of the second half of the 3rd century. The condition of the Thebes specimen points to emission 34 Sv. 21.1-22. Attributionand date: Svoronos 1927, pp. 159-168; Newell, p. 133, note 4; Nicolet-Pierreand Kroll, p. 2, note 3. 35 Bingen 1973, pp. 18-21; 1975, p. 167. IGCH 134.

36 Bingen1973,pp. 14-15. Nicolet-Pierre andKroll,pp. 3-5, pls. 1-3, nos. 1-28. Morkholm,EHC,pp. 86-87, 148. 37 Osborne

pp. 45-62) place the revoltagainstDemetrios one year earlier (pp. 181-197) and Habicht (Untersuchungen, than does Shear (Kalias,pp. 63-73). 38 Shear,Kallias,pp. 26-27, 80-81, with the silveranalysespublishedby Nicolet-Pierreand Kroll,pp. 32-35, tablesIV and V

39 On the war and its dates: H. Heinen,

v. Chr.(Historia Geschichte des3. ahrhunderts zurhellenistichn Untersuchungen

Einzelschriften20), Wiesbaden1972, pp. 93-203; Habicht, ersuchungen, pp. 95-112; E W.Walbankin CambridgeAncient M. Ogilvie, eds., Cambridge/London/New M. and R. E. E A. W. W. 2nd Fredriksen, Walbank, Astin, Histo0y, ed., VII, i, York/New Rochelle/Melbourne/Sydney 1984, pp. 236-239.

THIRDCENTURY B.C.

11

in the firsthalf of the century.40That the pentobolspertainto ajoint Athenian-Ptolemaicenterprise followsfrom their direct metrologicalrelationshipto Ptolemaictetradrachms,which were struckon a standard of 14.25 g.,41 exactly five-sixthsof tetradrachmsof Attic weight (17 g.), and from the novel pose of their owls, whose three-quartersturn and liftedwings are borrowedfrom the eagles on Ptolemaiccoinage (e.g. 1004, 1005, 1009). The pentobolsare to be understoodas Egyptian-weight drachms and presuppose a historicalcontext involving direct Egyptian participationin Athenian affairsfor a period of at least three years.These can only be the opening years of the Chremonidean War,when PtolemyII sent troopsto Atticato defendagainsta Macedonianblockade.These soldiers broughttheir own Egyptianmoney with them, as finds of Ptolemaic coins from three of their Attic fortsattest;42but the Athenians,too, must have contributedto the war effortand did so, one sees, in this one Attic denominationthat was directlycompatiblewith Ptolemaicsilver. Tetrobolswith two-owl reverses(29a-c) make up the second exceptional silvercoinage of 3rdcenturyAthens. Like the pentobols, the tetrobolswere probablystruckfor militaryuse; by the early Hellenistic period the tetrobol was proverbiallyregardedas a soldier'sdaily wage.43As shown by the contrastingearly(29a, b = Sv. 23.43-45) and later(29c = Sv. 24.18-24) stylesof the Agora pieces, the Atheniansminted this tetrobolsilveron at leasttwo separateoccasionsin the 3rd century.But it is not possibleto say when or even whetherthese occasionsnecessarilybelong in times of war,since the troops stationedin the borderfortsof Attica had to be paid even duringpeacetime.44 A more seriousproblemin Atheniancoinage of the 3rd centuryis posed by the "heterogeneous" silver,a sizable and stylisticallyvariedgroup of tetradrachmsthat occur in hoards of about 260-220 B.C. along with the pi-style and quadridigit6tetradrachmson which they are generallymodeled.45 The one Agora specimen (30), with a quadridigite-likeAthena but an oddly fashionedowl, is fairly typical, but there are easily more than a half-dozenother differentobverse and reversestyles.The eclectic, frequently derivative or uncouth, and highly diverse die cutting leaves little doubt that at least some of the heterogeneous material consists of unofficial imitations. But does it all? In an analysis of the several heterogeneous subgroups,Helene Nicolet-Pierreand I pointed out the difficultiesof defending any one subgroupas being officiallyAthenian and were inclined to regard the tetradrachmsenblocas imitationscounterfeitedto fill a demandforAtheniansilverat a time when Athens was no longer coining.46But extensive die linkingwithin the subgroupsallows at most for only a few centers of production, which, according to the hoards, ought to have been located in Centralor Northern Greece.And since it is impossibleto identifyany non-Atheniansource,there is 40 Nicolet-Pierre and Kroll,p. 30, no. 19. In his publicationof the hoardrecord(IGCH193),TonyHackens(1969, followed thepentobolsto the period255-229 B.C. Sv.,pl. 24 in attributing pp. 702-707) 41 See E. S. G. Robinson,"TheCoin Standardsof PtolemyI," in M. Rostovtzeff,TheSocialandEconomic History of theHellenistic World standardwasintroducedlatein the III, Oxford1941,pp. 1635-1639.The 14.25-g("Phoenician") reignof the firstPtolemy. 42 The coins AE and 1 AR of (33 PtolemyI andII fromthe forton the Koronipeninsula;9 AE of PtolemyII froma fortat CapeZoster;and 49 AE, 1 AR, and 2 AV of PtolemyI and II at an encampmentat Heliopolis)are listedin J. R. McCredie,Fortfied MilitaryCamps ofAttica(Hesperia Supplement11),Princeton1966,pp. 9-10, 30, 47. On the in EarlyHellenistic chronologyof thebronzefinds,seeJ.H. Kroll,"Numismatic Appendix"(toV R. Grace,"Revisions AM 89, 1974(pp. 194-203),p. 201. Chronology"), 43

S.v. TetpcfpoXov; Griffith,pp. 301-302. LJ,

44 Cf.

Griffith,pp. 84-86, 240, 290.

45 Nicolet-Pierreand

Kroll, pp. 11-22, pls. 3-6, coins AI-F23. For an earliersamplingof illustrations,Sv. 23.1-11,

13-16. 46 Nicolet-Pierre andKroll,pp. 19-21.

12

ATHENIAN SILVERCOINS

stilla very good possibilitythat many of the heterogeneoustetradrachmsmay be bona fide Athenian emissions.Some pieces introducenew features,like scrollson the helmet visor of Athena, owls (ason 30) with unfeatheredheads and smallisheyes,and diagonallyorientedethnics(cf.also 30), that imply that they were stampedwith wide, cylindricalpunch dies insteadof the smaller,squarepunchesthat producedthe incuse squaresofthe older owl coinage.It is not easy to understandwhy copyistswould have indulged in such innovations,much less why these featureswould have been incorporatedin the drachms and tetradrachmswith symbols that Athens introducedafter 229, if the featureshad originatedin imitations.Stylisticheterogeneitycould have been the resultof sporadic minting and uncertaintyon the part of die engraversabout how closelyto copy old models. Some heterogeneous dies could be old quadridigitedies broughtout of retirement.The Agora provenienceof 30 points to Athenian manufacturebut cannot prove it; for the Agora has produced more than its share of imitative5th- and 4th-centuryowls (pp. 6-7, 9 above),and there is no way of ascertainingwhether 30 is a 3rd-centurycounterpartor whether it and relatedheterogeneoustetradrachmsare genuine Athenian issuesof roughlythe third quarterof the century.47 Accordingly,it is unclear to what extent Athens may have coined between Antigonos Gonatas' captureofAthens at the end of the ChremonideanWarin 261 and the evacuationof the Macedonian garrisonsfrom Attica in 229, although minting must have been light, on any interpretation.The Athenian-Eleusinianvarieties62 and 63 (see pp. 35-36 below) are the only bronze issues that can be attributedto this period. In silver we are left, possibly,with one or two of the later issues of tetrobolsand howevermuch of the occasionalheterogeneouscoinage as may be trulyAthenian. In an exhaustivereviewof the earlierscholarship,ChristianHabicht explainsthat the diminishedlevel of Athenian coin productionbetween 261 and 229 can no longer be attributedto terms imposed on the city by Antigonos Gonatas.48The Antigonid Pan-head tetradrachmswith an Eleusis-ring symbol,formerlybelievedto have been mintedby Gonatasin Athens, have now been reattributedto his mint in Pella.49Although silver and bronze coins of Gonatas commonly circulatedin Athens after261 (seepp. 36, 51-52 below),this was the very time that Macedonian soldierswere occupying the Peiraeusand the other forts of Attica, including until 255 the fortresson the Mouseion; and it would be surprisingindeed if their Macedonianmoney did not pass into more general circulation. to Athens in 255; yet this seems to have had no apparent Gonatasis said to have returnedeleutheria effect on coin production. Nor is there really any reason to suppose that even between 261 and 255 Athens could not have coined if she wanted and was able. "Nowhere in mainland Greece south of Macedonia," argues Thomas R. Martin,50"does one find a single place whose coinage can reasonablybe thoughtto have come to an end in the fourthcenturyas a resultof suppressionby a Macedonian king";and on Martin'sshowing,this conclusion applies equally to the 3rd century.

47 Nicolet-Pierreand I (p. 17) assigned 30 to Group F, which happens to be the one group to which the few known

heterogeneousdrachms (Sv. 23.13-16) and hemidrachms(Sv. 21.51, 52) belong. But the owl's head and the diagonal ethnic relate the coin also to Nicolet-Pierreand Kroll, coin C5, and the coins of Group C are also good candidates for being genuinely Athenian, providingthe dates of the KrUedinand Phyattoshoards are lowered into the last third of the 3rd century;paceNicolet-Pierreand Kroll, pp. 20-21, 25, 26. It is doubtful that metallurgicalanalyses of the heterogeneoussilverwill be able to settlethe questionof originsince the Atheniansapparentlydepended on nondomestic silverfrom the time of the quadridigitecoinage down throughthe EarlyPeriodof the New Style coinage. 48 Habicht, Shdin, pp. 40-41. 49 R. W.Mathisen,"AntigonusGonatasand the SilverCoinageof Macedoniacirca280-270 B.C.,"AVSMtf26, 1981 (pp. 79-124), p. 112, note 12. Cf. Boehringer,p. 100. 50 T. R. Princeton 1985, p. 183. in ClassicalGreece, andCoinage Martin, Sovereignty

SECONDAND FIRSTCENTURIESB.C.

13

Suspensionof minting, he explains,was normallythe resultof financialhardshipand the abundant international supply of Macedonian money that eliminated much of the need for locally struck currency.51Both factors are found at Athens after 261, only here it is the degree of the suspension that remainsin doubt. Whateverthe truth of the heterogeneoussilver,Athens initiateda new series of owl coins after the departureof the Macedonian garrisonsin 229. The Agora drachm31 is a fine example of this new silver "with symbols"(Sv. 23.20-42). Unfortunately,the two most prominentcharacteristicsof this coinage, the helmet ornament in the form of an aplustreof three or four gracefullycurving tendrilsand the control symbol added to the left of the owl, were mostly struckoff flan. But lesser modificationsof the traditionalOld Style designs are clear enough: a delicate pendent earringhas replaced the large disk earring of the Archaic and ClassicalAthena heads; the visor of Athena's helmet terminates in a volute; and the head of the owl is now unfringedand has a long, narrow beak conjoinedto the outlinesof the brow.Fifteento 17 differentissuesof this silverwith symbolsare on record, 10 to 12 issuesfrom drachmsand 5 from tetradrachms.52There were probablymore, for few of these slight emissions are documented by more than one or two specimens. Beginning at some point in the 220's (on the evidence of the Corinth 1938 hoard of ca. 215 B.C.[IGCH 187] with four freshdrachmsfrom three issues),these emissionswill have continuedinto the 2nd century.

SECOND AND FIRST CENTURIES B.C. A shorterseries of transitionaltetradrachms"withmonograms"followed and carriedthe evolution from the Old to the New Style severalstepsfurther.Five issues(fromeleven coins, all from the 1968 Larissa-Sitichorohoard of ca. 165 B.C.)are known,one identifiedby a monogram, the other fourby a letter or monogram and symbol.53But it is the fabric and owls of the coins that bring them to the very thresholdof the New Style: flansbecame progressivelythinnerand broaderuntilin the two later emissionsthe spreadNew Stylefabricwas achieved,while in everyparticular,down to the reduction of eyes to small, sunken dots and the exposure of the leading edge of the left wing, the owls of all five emissionshave assumedthe full-bodiedschema of New Style owls.A sixth silverissue introduced the horizontal amphora beneath the owl and the olive-wreathborder on the reverse.54Although stillone step shortof the full New Styledesignwith the head of Athena Parthenoson the obverse,this issue inauguratesthe New Style coinage, which in antiquitywas called after its wreathed reverse roO ocpav)vcp6pou,xrepaXtia oaxepravtcp6pa), to distinguish stephanephoric coinage (e.g., SpaXal Tx it from the Old Style glaukophoric silver.55According to the most recent discussionsof the relevant hoards,the additionof the wreathbelongsafterthe conclusionof the Third MacedonianWarin 168 or Athens' acquisition of Delos in 167/6, with the final shift to the New Style Athena Parthenos obverse occurring ca. 165 and the first 78 emissions of the coinage following one another in an 51 Ibid., p. 246.

52

H. Nicolet-Pierre,"De l'ancienau nouveaustyleath6nien:une continuite?,"in StudiaPauloNasterOblata,S. Scheers, Louvain ed., 1982, I(pp. 105-112), p. 110 and pp. 106-107, pl. XV:2-5. Cf. Morkholm,EHC, pp. 148-149. 53 Nicolet-Pierre (note 52 above),pp. 107-108, pls. XV, XVI, nos. 6-11. Price 1989, p. 238, pl. LV,nos. 222-237. 54 New Style,pp. 440-441, pl. 150, no. 1350. H. Nicolet-Pierre,Bulletindela Socitf Franfaise deNumismatique 38, 1983, pp. 293-295. A second specimen has been purchasedby the BritishMuseum;Price 1989, p. 238. 55 L. Paris 1951, pp. 105-135. Robert, tudesdenumismatiquegrecques,

14

ATHENIAN SILVERCOINS

unbrokenannual sequence down to the issue signed by King Mithradatesand his Athenian agent Aristionin 87/6.56 Although the earlier New Style issues were struckin greater volume than the late Old Style emissionswith symbolsand monogramsthat led up to them, large-scalemintingdid not begin until the 140's (issue nos. 21-27, of 144-137 B.C.,were each struckfrom as many as 14 to 21 known obverse dies), and it is to this mature phase of the coinage that the three Agora specimens 32-34 belong.The coinage reachedits apogee in the 90'sB.C.(25 to 47 attestedobversedies in some yearsof that decade).Followingthe King Mithradates/Aristionissueof 87/6 and Sulla'scaptureof Athensin the springof that year,productionstopped,startedup again, and then plummetedafterthe piratical devastationof Delos in 69.57 From that time down to the termination of the coinage in the late 40's the minting of silverwas kept alive by small issuesfrequentlyinvolvingbut a single obversedie. Thanks to the wealth of administrativedata recorded on the reversesof the coins, Margaret Thompson'smonumental 1961 corpusof the coinage, and the intense chronologicaldiscussionthat her workhas provoked,Athens' New Style silveris the most fully documented of all ancient Greek coinages.Each of its approximately112 issuesis identifiedby an emissionsymbol and is signedwith the names or monogramsof the two supervisingmint officials.58Beginningwith the 12th issue, the month of mintingis recordedby a letteron the reverseamphora.Between 136/5 and 88/7 B.C.,the name of a short-termthird magistrate,who might serve for as little as a month, is added below that of the two annual magistrates.A final adminstrativeitem is a two- or three-letterabbreviation located beneath the amphoraand thought to pertainperhapsto sourcesof bullion.59 Recent discussionhas emphasized the emergence of the New Style coinage as the dominant internationalsilvercoinage of late HellenisticGreece.60In large part this was achieved by default: afterthe defeat of Macedon in the firsthalf of the 2nd centuryand the defeatof the AchaianLeague in 146 B.C., Athens and the ThessalianLeaguewere the only Greekstatesstillmintingin silverto any considerabledegree. But it was also advancedthroughpolicy,as seen from the decree passed by the Delphic Amphictionyin or aroundthe 120'sB.C.that required"allthe Hellenes"to accept the Attic tetradrachm(presumablyat the expense of all silverof non-Atticweightstill in circulation).61Athens 56

Price,CRWLR, pp. 95, 100;idem1989,pp. 238-239; Mattingly1990;idem,"TheMa'AretEn-Nu'manHoard, 1980,"in EssaysCarson-nkins (pp.69-86),pp.84-95. Cf. P.Griersonin M0rkholm,EHC,p. 170.PriceandMattingly the CRWLR, p. 63) dispute higherchronologyarguedby Morkholm(1984,pp. 38-42; anddefendedby Touratsoglou, thatbeginsthe New Stylecoinagebetweenca. 185and 180and assumesthatthe firsttwentyor so issueswerestruck overa 35-40-yearspanuntilca. 145B.C.,whenproductionfinallybecameannual. f. M0rkholm,EHC, intermittently silvercoinageswereproducedand designedquite sinceAthens'bronzeand moreconservative 170. Unfortunately, p. of earliest New the the of one another, chronology Stylesilverandtheprecedingsilverwithmonograms independently of the to the bronze 2nd an cannotbe decidedby appeal centuryB.C.The "NewStyle"typeof owl,whichfirst early in bronze the coinagefor the firsttime alreadyin the 190's appearsin silverin the issueswith monograms,occurs it in the Owl-on-thunderbolt datingof the silver variety81 (seep. 50 below).And so happensthata contemporary New withmonogramsto the 190'swouldfitwiththe M0rkholmearly Stylechronologyquitenicely.Butthe argument in thearticlescitedat thebeginningof fromthebronzecoinageis hardlydecisive,andin lightof theevidencemarshaled thisnote,the silverwithmonogramsis morelikelyto dateas lateas the 170's-early160's. 57 See pp. 80-81 below. 58 Fullprosopography in Habicht1991.

59 New SyIe,pp.613-622. issuesmintedto financeSulla's 60 Crawford,CMRR,p. 127; Price, CRWLR, pp. 96-98. The pseudo-Athenian after86 bestdemonstrate just how influentialthe New Stylecoinagehad become;see campaignagainstMithradates NewSkle,pp. 425-439. 61 FdD III,ii, no. 139,lines 1-6.

SECONDAND FIRSTCENTURIESB.C.

15

was an influentialmember of the amphictionyand stood to profit,but the establishmentof a uniform currencyservedwider economic interests,so that the active encouragementof Roman authoritiesin Greece has been suspected.62 There has been speculation also that the coinage was minted almost entirely from older coinagesprocuredthroughexchange,especiallyon Delos.63Doubtlessmuch recoinagewas involved, particularlyin Thompson's "Early"and "Late"New Style Periods,the analyzed tetradrachmsof which show relativelyhigh levels of copper impurities.64But the seriousnessof the second Laurion slaverevolt, ca. 100-98 B.C.,65provesthat the Attic mining industryhad not only been reestablished but must have been operating at a substantiallevel, while analyses of 39 tetradrachmsof the "Middle"Period (135/4-100/99 B.c.) give consistentlythe same minimal copper percentagesthat characterizedLaurion silver of the 6th through 4th centuries B.C.66Although the revolt had no effect on the volume of coins produced, there is a clear correlationbetween the date of the revolt and a sudden reduction in the fineness of the silver beginning with the Demetrios-Agathippos issue of 99/8 B.C.For severaldecades to that point, the coinage seems to have been manufactured predominantly from domestic silver. After 99, other silver had to be procured. Apart from the impact of the revolt,the veins at Laurionwere givingout, and by the time of Strabo(9.1.23) even the resmeltingof old slag had been discontinued. There will be more to say below (pp. 81-82, 85-87) about the post-Mithradaticphase of the coinage, since this is the one period in which Athens' bronze and silver coinages were routinely administeredtogether. It is, in fact, the fundamentalmodificationof the bronze coinage after the Battle of Philippi in 42/1 B.C.that enables us to place the formal end of the New Style silver in that year. Since 69, minting had been limping along in intermittentemissionsof insubstantialand often token size. In the 40's much of this silver was doubtless requisitionedand recoined to pay Roman armiesof the civil war,but the deliberateterminationof mintingwas more likelythe resultof competitive pressurefrom the Roman denarius, which was beginning to circulate in quantity in Greece and must have become especially common at Athens when the victorious Marc Antony wintered there with his army after Philippi. Of approximatelysimilar weight, the Attic drachm (4.2 g.) and the Roman denarius (3.86 g.) were almost, if not actually,interchangeable.67But the denariuswas 9 percent lighter and would have been forcingthe drachm out of circulation,Since it had become unrealisticfor the Athenians to maintain their traditionalsilver currency in the face of an ever increasing supply of the lighter Roman coin, the decision was taken to abandon the drachmfor the denariusand (asarguedfurtherin ChapterII, pp. 89-91) to readjustthe local bronze 62

Price, CRWLR,p. 97; I. Carradice and M.J. Price, Coinagein theRomanWorld,London 1988, p. 129: "[Tlhere is every reason to believe that the Romans adopted [the New Style coinage] as the official coinage of the province of Achaea." 63 Price, CRWLR,p. 97; Carradice and Price, loc. cit. (note 62 above); for the probable recoining in the 160's of silverdeposited on Delos, see Giovannini,pp. 51-62. 64 New Syle, pp. 624-625. 65 See note 108 below,p. 66. 66 New Syle, pp. 624-625. Silver of the 6th-4th centuries: C. M. Kraay, The Composition of GreekSilverCoins,Analysis Oxford 1962, pp. 16, 34; Nicolet-Pierreand Kroll, pp. 32-34. Activation, byNeutron 67 Inscriptionsof Roman Imperialdate fromthe GreekEast commonlyreferto denariias Attic drachmai(cf.L. Robert, "Monnaiesdans les inscriptionsgrecques,"RN, ser.6, 4, 1962 [pp. 7-24], pp. 12-13) in a Hellenizingusage that is found as early as Polybios(F.W. Walbank,A HistoricalCommentary onPolybius I, Oxford 1959, p. 176). Hultsch (s.v denarius,RE V, col. 209) affirmsparity between the denarius and the Attic drachm. But none of this, of course, should be taken as proofof exact equivalencein the thirdquarterof the 1stcenturyB.C.,when both coinageswere in circulationtogether.

16

ATHENIAN SILVERCOINS

coinage accordingly.Thus the year of Philippimarksboth the end of Athens' silver coinage and the quasi-Romanizationof the city's currency,which for the next 250 years was to be dominated by the denarius.

CATALOGUE ca. 550-520

B.C.

OBOL Bulbous amphora. *1

0.4968

S-4035

Incuse square divided diagonally.

Seltman, p. 157, pl. IV:x

Similar.

Seltman, p. 158, pl. IV:., ; Sv. 1.26-28

GRC,fig. 8

DRACHMS Horse's hindquartersr. *2

3.76

IIA-5

GRC,fig.8

1 Wheel with four struttec spokes. 3

Z-2869

3.94

*b I-903 *c BE-115

3.83 3.03

*a

Similar.

Seltman, p. 158, pi. IV:, e; Sv. 1.58, 59 GRC,fig. 8; (fromfloor packing of Archaic building southeast of the Tholos; with sherds of late 6th and early 5th centuries B.C.)

OBOLS

Similar.

Similar. 4

Seltman, p. 158, pl. IV:v;Sv. 1.60, 61

0.47 0.60

*a A-265 *b E-545

DIDRACHM-STATER

Bull's head facing. 1-1344

*5

7.67

Seltman, nos. 69-71, 81; Sv. 1.35-37 Hopper, p. 27, no. 3: "Reverse[die] isolated. It could be from the same obverse as S[eltman no.] 81a, but the corroded surface makes judgement difficult." Similar.

The weightsrecordedhere for , 3a, 4a, and 5 correctthe slighdydifferentfiguresgiven for these coinsin Hopper, p. 25, note 1. 8

17

CATALOGUE ca. 510's-500 B.C. OBOL

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. *6

NN-934

[AeE] Owl stg. 1., facing; behind, olive spray.

Seltman, p. 192, pi. XXII:v (Group H)69

AeE Owl stg. r., facing; behind, olive spray.

Seltman, nos. 328346 (Group L); Sv. 6.1-1770

0.47

/

TETRADRACHM

Similar.

*7

4-344

\

16.97

(3rd-centuryB.C. context: Cistern L 17:7) ca. 450's-404 B.C.

TETRADRACHMS

*a PP-823 *b f-564

8

AeE Owl stg. r., facing; Head of Athena r., wearing Sv., pls. 11-17.24, passim Attic helmet ornamented with behind, olive spray and crescent. palmette and olive leaves, / 16.50 (foundwith 8g in modern fill) GRC,fig. 9 (fromfill containing pottery of first half to mid-5th cen4 16.33

*c H'-3859 *d E-4649

/ \

*e *f *g *h

/ \

ET'-683 A-222 PP-824 B-508

tury B.C.)71

16.66 14.30 -

-

16.08 16.25 16.45 15.00

GRC,fig. 9 Like the coin's pitted surface,its light weight is apparentlya result of corrosion and cleaning (cf. 33, 34). imitation, Egyptian(?);see pp. 6-7 above imitation;found with 8a possibly imitation, as the low weight and the parallel, inorganic lips of Athena suggest;(fromwell filling of early 3rd century B.C.:F 11:2)

TETRADRACHMS PLATEDAE COUNTERFEIT

9

*a

Br-895

-

11.81

about half of the silver plating remaining on the bronze core; test cut on obverse; (sanctuary context of 420's B.C.)72

69

Since a number of the owls on Group H tetradrachms(Seltman, pl. XIII) stand to the left, Seltman (p. 192) classifiedall obols with left-facingowls in this group. Whether this classificationis correct in every case is impossible to decide from the small scale of the coins (cf. the owl-left obols Sv. 2.54-58, 7.58-60, none of which, at least, can postdate 480). Neverthelessthe attributionof our Agora obol to Group H is supportedby the owl's stockyproportions and squat posture. The obverse is essentiallyeffaced. For discussionsof the Group H chronology,see the workscited at the beginning of note 6 above, p. 5. 70 P. Bicknell("The Dates of the ArchaicOwls of Athens Belongingto Seltman'sGroupsH and L," L'antiquite classique 38, 1969, pp. 175-180) and Kroll (1981b, pp. 25-30) both date Group L after Hippias' expulsionin 510. 71 Section Omega pottery lot 479 (fromcrushedbedrockfill along side wall of Greek house), including a lamp and saltcellarbut no stampedware, which, accordingto AgoraXII, p. 22, began "justbefore the middle of the 5th century." The lot contained also a later lid fragment,probablyof the 3rd centuryB.C. 72 From layer 11 of the CrossroadsEnclosure east of the Royal Stoa (DepositJ 5:2), with pottery of ca. 430-420 B.C. This layerwas sealed below the greatvotive depositof layer 10, which, on the evidence of ostraka,dates shortlyafter 417 B.C.(T L. Shear,Jr.,"The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1972," Hesperia 42, 1973 [pp. 359-407], pp. 364-367).

18

ATHENIAN SILVERCOINS \

NN-1789 0-126

13.00 12.31

N

bronze core only slight traces of silver;badly battered,with two test cuts on reverse

DRACHMS Similar,except no crescent behind owl.

Similar. 10

*a 8-624 *b II-510 *c Br-238 *d I-328 *e E-1703 *f T-1805 *g AA-185 *h n-445 *i IIII-531 *j Br-230 k KK-461 I NN-1445 *m 4-138

t

Sv. 11.19-17.29, passim

4.14

\ \ -+ / \ -

4.11 4.05 3.85 4.25 3.89 3.86

-

3.89 3.94

+\ / \

4.05 3.98 3.54 3.57

GRC,fig. 9

GRC,fig. 9

test cut on obverse and reverse large eye; ancient imitation? worn extremelyworn probable imitation;modern?

DRACHM PLATED AE COUNTERFEIT *11

NN-2120

-+ 2.23

broken and heavily blisteredbut attributableto the 5th century since the reverselacks the crescent of 4th- and 3rd-centurydrachms;no silver remains

TRIOBOLS

A A 3 8 or e E Owl stg., facing; on either side, olive branch with two pairs of leaves.

Similar.

12 *a M-129 *b Z-2541 *c A-985 *d II-569 *e $-391 *f IIO-654 *g BE-325

*h *i *j k I m

ET'-625 Z-671 NN-1074 P-1661 K-898 K-939

\X 1.94 t 1.90 4-- 1.98 1.81 t 1.90 1.85 1.71

4444444-

1.61 1.58 1.74 1.87 1.83 1.62

Sv. 11.27-17.33, passim

3-e 3-e 3-e 3-e GRC,fig. 9 3-e (deposited,with 13c, in 420's B.C.in filling of altar);T. L. Shear,Jr., "The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1980-1982," Hesperia53 (pp. 1-57), 1984, p. 31, pi. 8:b; some wear e-E e-E e-E

3-0 -

worn

The discoveryof this subaeratecounterfeitin a sanctuaryimpliesthat it was dedicatedthere as a privateofferingand/or to remove it from circulation,like the counterfeitcoins mentioned in 4th-centuryAkropolisinventoriesand the plated imitationslike 160andp that upon detectionwere cut and depositedin the Metroon;p. 9 above.

19

CATALOGUE DIOBOL OR TRIHEMIOBOL73

Similar.

T-1498

*12A

11

/

[AeE] Two owls stg. 1. and r., facing; [between them, olive spray of two leaves].

Sv. 10.31-37

AOE Owl stg. r., facing; behind, olive spray.

Sv. 11.43-17.41, passim

1.18

OBOLS

Similar. 13 *a AA-461 *b KTA-115 *c BE-337 *d NN-1297 *e r-642 *f K-1054 ,g AA-23 *h OA-220 i E-189 j E-562 k E-2175 I Z-2617 m H'-2627a n II-592 o NN-2135 p E-1018 Q E-6253 q

0.62 V 0.61 /, 0.54 0.55 t- 0.62 0.56 t- 0.57 4, 0.63 0.58 broken 0.57 0.64 broken t- 0.60 0.55 0.57 t 0.51

(same context as 12g);Shear 1984 (under 12g above), p. 31, pl. 8:c GRC,fig. 9

HEMIOBOLS

Similar. 14 *a E-724 *b E-1104 *c ME-157

Similar.

Sv. 11.50-17.52, passim

4, 0.28 4 0.23 +- 0.27

As with some of the worn, hence unillustratedobols 13i-q, the obverses of these hemiobols are too poorly preservedfor certain attributionto the 5th century.One or more could be 4th centuryin date. ca. 390-295 TETRADRACHMS Similar,but with eye of Athena rendered in full profile. 15 *a 73

o-389

+-

AOE Owl stg. r., facing; behind, olive spray and crescent.

Sv. 20.1-33, 35-37

16.73

BMCAttica,p. xxv, identifiesthis variety as a diobol, not unreasonablysince the same two-owl reversewas used for the diobols of the 407/6 gold (Sv. 15.7, 8). Nevertheless,the weightsof 0.90-1.06 g. of the seven specimensillustrated in Svoronosimply that the denominationwas the 12 obol trihnmiobolon, which was struckat another time in the second half of the 5th centurywith the reversetype of owl with spreadwings (Sv. 11.35-42: 0.96-1.10 g.).

20

ATHENIAN SILVERCOINS X-220 00-814 *d _-84 *e T-64 *f T-134 S-3019 *g *b *c

4- 16.93 / 16.07 16.22 16.83 / 16.66 k/ y 16.53

GRC,fig. 9

PLATEDAE COUNTERFEITTETRADRACHMS

16

\ 13.22 a H-1465 *b H-1466 11.17 4- 11.55 c H-1725 4- 13.72 *d H-1935 Walker 1982, pi. 22:2 *e H-1936 13.96 Walker 1982, pi. 22:3 H-1937 11.60 f * H-1938 13.84 Walker 1982, pi. 22:4 *h H-1962 13.59 Walker 1982, pi. 22:5 *i H-2024 10.64 GRC,fig. 11 4- 10.77 J H-2134 4- 14.10 k H-2164 *l H-2165 Walker 1982, pl. 22:6 12.17 4m H-2166 9.15 heavily corroded and broken 16a-tnare all from the same pair of dies and come fromfill of the thirdquarterof the 4th centuryB.C.,beneath the Temple of Ares (above,pp. 9-10). The silverplatingis well preservedon all specimensbut 16m. - 11.74 about half of the silver veneer preservedon the obverse;much less *n B-560 on the reverse;(context of the last quarterof the 4th century B.C.) / 12.55 *o E-2420 GRC,fig. 11; Stroud 1974, pl. 25:f / 13.56 GRC,fig. 11; Stroud 1974, pl. 25:f *p E-1365 16o and p (bronzeonly), having identicaldeep cuts on their reversesand found in front of the Metroon, had been officiallymutilatedand deposited in the Metroon in keeping with the nomothetic law of 375/4: see p. 9 above. DRACHM

Similar. /

Similar.

Sv. 21.27-32, 38-42

3.73

*17

BB-1203

*18

PLATED AE COUNTERFEIT DRACHM / 2.90 a third to half of the silver plating remains;incuse-squarepunch 00-1134 mark over the ear of Athena on obv. TRIOBOLS

A E E or variant. Owl stg., facing; on either side, olive branch with five or more leaves.

Similar.

19

00-1121 *b X-1 10 *c K-1356 *d H'-2504 *a

1.91 1.55 t 1.35 V 1.78 4-

E-O (N 18:3) E-e Kleiner 1975, pi. 75, no. 165 (H-K 12-14) e-3

Sv. 21.43-50

21

CATALOGUE *e

Z-2785 *f E-242 *g 00-1149 *h A-293 i II1n-532

/ /

1.92 1.43 1.75 1.98 1.53

/

/

E-E

19a and b can be assigned to the first half of the 4th century.The more crudely rendered owls of 19c-h are characteristicof the pi-style triobols of ca. 350-295. Compare the many pi-style triobols in the Peiraeus 1956 hoard (IGCH 127);Thompson 1957, pl. 1-3:3-66. DIOBOLS A E or variant. Double-bodied owl, facing; in each upper corner, olive spray.

Similar.

20 *a BE-73 *b BB-324 c N'-1321

/ \

e

0.90 1.21 - 1.16

Sv. 21.54-62

O-E

TRITARTEMORIA

A E O or variant. Three crescents,horns inwards, arrangedin circle.

Similar.

21

*a H'-3850 b H-1148

/

0.40

t 0.49

Sv. 17.44-48

0-3 E-O ca. 286-280 B.C.orlater

TETRADRACHMS Similar,but with quadridigitetype of helmet ornament. / 16.28 22 *a A-419 *b A-322 / 15.96

AOE Owl stg. r., facing; behind, olive spray and crescent. Nicolet-Pierreand Kroll, p. 4, pl. 2, no. 20

Sv. 20.34; 21.26

PLATEDAE COUNTERFEIT TETRADRACHM

*23

24

II-556

*a b

/

14.10

DRACHMS Similar. / 3.76 PP'-413 E-6481 / 2.97

The silver envelope is intact, except for a small patch on the rim and a small area on the reverse.

Similar. battered and worn UNCLASSIFIED

TETRADRACHMSOF 4TH- OR EARLY 3RD-CENTURY B.C. TYPE, AS 15 OR 22

25

a b

S-6430 K-1730

/ /

16.84 14.06

effaced by wear broken and effaced by wear

Sv. 21.33, 34, 36, 37

22

ATHENIAN SILVERCOINS PLATEDAE COUNmEu

OF 5TH-3RD-CENTURY B.C. TETRADRACHM,AS 9, 16, OR 23

% 8.43

*26

BA-437

27

PLATEDAE Couvmir-uF' OF 5TH-3RD-CENTURY B.C.DRACHM, AS 11, 18, OR 24 AE only; blisteredand mostly effaced I-895 2.76

no silver preserved;disfiguredby deep chisel cuts and corrosion.The large size of the owl precludes attributionto any pre-480 owl series.

268-262 B.C. PENTOBOLS

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet.

28 *a 00-246 *b IIn-872

/ /

A E 8 or variant. Owl stg. three-quartersr., facing, lifting wings; [at r. amphora or other symbol].

Sv. 24.1-9

2.26 2.60

3rd ceury B.C.undated TETROBOLS

A

29 *a E-1206 *b H'-2337 *c Z-833

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. \ 2.47 +- 2.38

t

2.48

e E Two owls, stg. 1. and

Sv. 23.43-45; 24.18-24 r., facing. issue of first half of the 3rd century (Sv. 23.43-45) same GRC,fig. 9; later 3rd-centuryissue; possible illegible symbol below owls, cf. Sv. 24.18

ca. 240's-230's B.C. TETRADRACHMOF HETRGENEOUS TYPE. IMITATION?

AOE Owl stg. r., facing; behind, olive spray and crescent.

Similar. *30

K-1388

t

15.82

cf Sv. 23.11

Nicolet-Pierreand Kroll, p. 17, pl. 6, F23

ca. 220's-190'sB.C. DRACHM

Similar. *F31

4-358

t

Similar,except illegible symbol below olive spray. 3.91

Sv. 23.25-42

23

CATALOGUE ca. 165-42 B.C. DRACHM,134/3 B.C.(Morkholm 1984)

A-OE Owl stg. r. on amphora, facing; in field: TI-MAINIKIAPXE and anchor (at 1.);on amphora, H; all in olive wreath. GRC,fig. 12

Head of Athena Parthenosr., wearing elaborately ornamented Attic helmet; border of dots.

*32

H'-3347

t 3.61

105/4 B.C.(M0rkholm1984) TETRADRACHM, Similar.

*33

r-1456

t

12.68

Similar,except in field: HPAKAEIAHIEEYKIAEZI [T]IMAI[P]and symbol of Tyche voting (at r.);letter on amphora illegible. worn and battered

New Syle, no. 372d (same dies)

New Style, nos. 777, 778a, 779a, b

100/99 B.C.(Morkholm 1984) TETRADRACHM,

Similar.

*34

H-421

14.02

Similar,except in field: AQ-EIl eEOEIXAPIIAEE[O]]A and symbol of Tyche holding staff (at r.);on amphora, e; below, EO. GRC,fig. 12

New Style, no. 869a (different dies)

II ATHENIANBRONZECOINS FOURTH THROUGH FIRST CENTURIESB.C. A ROUND THE middle of the 5th centurythe poet and rhetorDionysios,derisivelynicknamed 6 XaXxoug, attempted to persuade his fellow Athenians to adopt a bronze currency.1While nothing came from this novel proposal, some numismatistshave supposed that Athens was using a form of bronze money at least by the 420's. Passagesfrom Eupolis' Cities(frag.233, 423 B.C.)and as a trivial unit of Aristophanes'Peace(lines 1199-1201, 421 B.C.)make referenceto a x6XXup3o5 and since the define the a as small Svoronos coin, value; kollybos lexicographers principally proposed that such coins must have been circulatingin 5th-centuryAthens and can in fact be identifiedin an extensive series of diminutive(6-8 mm. diam.), tokenlikebronze pieces from Athens stamped on both sides with a letter of the alphabet or a symbol.2 Over 600 varietieshave been catalogued,3 and although the letter forms show that most date from the 4th century and later, a few have a three-barsigma or a nu with slantedsides and could go back to the 400's. In modificationsof Svoronos'theory,E. S. G. Robinson and Martin Price suggestedthat these "kollyboi"were issuedby bankers,money-changers,and other privatepersonsto make up for a lack of officialpetty currency.4But even this improvementoverlooksthe difficultythat these minuscule and extremelydiversebronzes,while havingno ancientmonetaryparallels,are typologicallyrelated to the larger Athenian lead and bronze oaaf3ooXa commonly employed for pay vouchers, seating have a similarlyvast arrayof types, a of other civic Such and wide tokens, symbola range purposes.5 including,very commonly,lettersof the alphabet.Consequently,PercyGardner,Theodore Reinach, and MargaretCrosbydid not hesitateto rejecta monetaryinterpretationfor the pieces in question. Likeall commentatorsbeforeSvoronos,theyaffirmedthatthey are to be recognizedas smallsymbola in bronze.6In thisI mustconcur,leavingthe dozen smallbronzesymbolafromthe Agora excavations to be published elsewhere.7The kollybosof 5th-centurycomic poetry was real enough but, there 1 Athenaios 15.669 D; O. Crusius,RE V col. 926, no. 97, s.v.Dionysios Chalkus. 2 N. Svoronos,

>, JIAN 14, 1912, pp. 123-160. J. x6XXuupot, 3 Ibid.,pp. 135-154, with A. Postalakas,<>, EyApX 1884, pp. 1-20, pls. 1 and 2. 179 varieties are illustratedon Sv. pl. 18. 4 E. S. G. Robinson,"SomeProblemsin the Later Fifth Century Coinage of Athens,"ANSMN 9, 1960 (pp. 1-15), in 6-8. M. Greek Bronze Essays Robinson, Price, "Early Coinage," (pp. 90-104), p. 100. pp. 5 See pls. pls. 100-102; CrosbyinAgoraX,pp. 76-82, 19-31; Rhodes,pp. 711-712, 731; KroU1977,pp. 141-146, Sv., 40. pl. 6 P. Gardner,A Historyof AncientCoinage700-300 B.C., Oxford 1918, pp. 296-297; T. Reinach, "Kollybos,"RN, ser. 4, 31, 1928 (pp. 145-160), p. 158; Crosby in AgoraX, p. 84, note 32. AlsoJ. H. Kroll, "Kollyboior Symbola?" (lecture,Toronto 1984), abstractin AJA89, 1985, p. 338. 7 (Coin)inventorynos. AA-856 (Boukranion/?),BB-71 (Boukranion/Dolphin),BB-701 (Owl/Herm with caduceus), BE-132 (Star/Pileus),E-1083 (retrogradeME ligature/A, as Sv. 18.39), Z-456 (Dove/AT ligature),Z-2035 (Boukranion?/EY ligature), HH-127 (Horse forepart/Triskeles),NN-470 (T with 3 dots/Dolphin), E-2853 (Race torch/B), S-4553 (?/Plemochoe?). Z-2035 (which could equally be a Roman coin of the 5th century after Christ) is from a dumpedfill of the early4th centuryB.C.(wellDeposit H 12:11)that contained,however,an intrusivecoin of the Frankish period. The fill containing BB-701 produced nine coins, all of the 2nd century B.C.The other Agora pieces, although of 4th-centuryand Hellenisticdate, come from Roman contexts.

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:4TH-1ST CENTURIESB.C.

25

being no coins that can be associatedwith it, merely as an abstractvalue. Therein would seem to lie the point of Eupolis'and Aristophanes'comic allusions.One could no more buy or sell something for a kollybos in 5th-centuryAthens than one could buy or sell something for a nonexistent U.S. half-centtoday.8 The earliest reference then to an existing bronze coinage at Athens is Aristophanes'mention at Frogs725-726 of the 7Tov)p&XcaXxLca struckin 406/5, although this coinage is almost certainly to be identified in the silver-plateddrachms and tetradrachmsof the kind found in the Peiraeus 1902 hoard (pp. 7-8 above). To a considerabledegree this identificationrests on the absence of a more plausiblealternative.Forinstance,the discoveryof a bronze coin of Salamisin a Kerameikos grave reported to be of the early 4th century allows that the bronze coins of this Athenian island might go back as earlyas the end of the 5th century(seeunder 640-642). But even if so precociousa chronology were correct, one still could not connect the Salaminian coinage with the bronze of 406/5, since the passage in the Frogsand the later joke about the demonitization of the bronze 815-822 both make it clear that the Athenians themselveshad voted to currency in Ekklesiazousai strikeit. Earlyin this century,EarleFox made a case for associatingthe highly irregularAthenian pieces of varieties 35 and 36 with the 406/5 bronze.9 The two varieties representtwo denominations: 36, designed with a single pellet on the reverse and the reverse type of a 5th-century silver trihemiobol, represents the unit; 35, with a triobol reverse and two pellets, its double. Apart from a few Wappenmiinzentetradrachms,l0these happen to be the only Athenian coins that ever bore marksof value. They are also the only Athenian issues until the Roman Imperial era having obverse Athena heads that face to the left and (except on the late 4th/early 3rd-centuryvarieties 50 and 52) ethnics spelled with an eta. On both denominationsthe reverseowl stands on a kernel of wheat. Fox argued that all such departuresfrom normal Athenian practice were intended "to distinguishthese two coins from any others ... and everythingseems to point to the conclusion that if money of necessity really was issued, it must be recognized in these most exceptional little pieces." It can be objected that the AOHethnics ought not to date until after 403/2, when the Athenians formally adopted the Ionic alphabet for official use in place of the Attic alphabet; but Ionic spellingis found in a numberofpre-403/2 Athenianinscriptions,and so this argumentagainst Fox'sattributionis perhapsnot decisiveof itself.1 Noting that six out of the seven Atheniancoins recoveredin the excavationsof Olynthosbelong to variety 35, Robinson and Price more recently equated the Owl-on-wheat-kernelpieces with the coins known to have been minted by the Athenian commander Timotheos during his siege of Olynthosin the late 360's.12Accordingto the pseudo-AristotelianOikonomika 2.23.1, Timotheos ran 8

Cf. M. N. Tod, "EpigraphicalNotes on Greek Coinage I: KOAATBOE," JC, ser. 6, 5, 1945 (pp. 108-116), pp. 111-112, comparingthe kollybosof Eupolisand Aristophanesto the proverbialEnglish "mite".The only concrete evidence for the value of a kollyboscoin comes from a late Hellenistic inscriptionfrom Adania in Messenia, IG V i, 1532, in the improvedtext of Tod, BSA28, 1927-1928, pp. 153-157, where the kollybos (representedby the symbol almost certainly its half (Tod, "EpigraphicalNotes," pp. 113-114). But the term was K) is a fraction of the chalkous, presumablyappliedto other minusculevaluesat other times and places.Reinach'sequationof the kollyboswith the Attic obol ([note 6 above, p. 24], pp. 156-158) rests on the sequence of small weights in Theophrastus, de Lapidibus 46, and can be passed over now that D. E. Eichholz (Theophrastus deLapidibus, Oxford 1965, p. 119) bracketsthe kollybos weight denominationin this passage as a late and unreliableinterpolation.See p. 37 below. 9 H. B. Earle Fox, "Some Athenian Problems,"JC, ser.4, 5, 1905 (pp. 1-9), pp. 2-5. 10 Kroll 1981b,p. 13, pl. 2:17. 11 Pre-403/2 use of Ionic letters: L. Threatte, TheGrammar I, Berlin/New York 1980, pp. 27-38. ofAtticInscrptions 12 Robinson and Price 1967, pp. 1-6.

26

B.C. BRONZE ATHENIAN COINS:4TH-ISTCENTURIES

out of cash and issuedbronze coins, which he promisedto redeem later in silverin order to provide his troops with ration money. The irregularnature of his coinage and the fact that it was struck far fromAthens admirablyaccount for all anomaliesof varieties35 and 36. But in developingtheir provenience-basedattribution,Robinson and Price were unawareof the nine Owl-on-wheat-kernel pieces thatwere found in Athens, eight in the Agora and one fromthe Pnyx excavations,and of three otherspecimensthatwerepurchasedin Thebes.13Mightthese twelvepieces fromAthensand Boiotia outweighthe six excavatedat Olynthos and give new substanceto Fox'sold attributionto 406/5? They cannot. It is much easier to explain the Agora, Pnyx, and Thebes examplesof 35 and 36 as the remnants of a north Aegean military "scrip"that was perhaps never redeemed in full and traveledhome with the troops and rowers left holding it than it is to imagine how specimens of the 406/5 bronze could have reached Olynthos in such numbers as to dominate overwhelmingly the finds of lost Athenian coins at the site, especiallywhen the 406/5 bronze was unlikelyto have retained any monetary value outside Attica. Second, although 36 borrows its reverse type from 5th-centuryAthenian silver (trihemiobolswere not struck after the 400's), other typological and stylisticdetails of the Owl-on-wheat-kernelbronze are more at home in the 4th century. This is obviouslyso for the AeH ethnic, but it appliesequallyto Athena'sprofileeye on obversesand to the heavy foliage of the olive sprayson either side of the owl of 35.14 There is finallythe grain of wheat on which the owls are perched. As Robinson and Price plausiblysuggest, the symbol refersto the purpose of the coinage as militarygrain money (acrt7patov).15In the 4th century,foot soldiersand rowersnormallyreceivedtwo obols per diem for rations,16a sum very much in line with the valuesof these coins, whetherthey were respectivelytariffedat 1: and 3 obols in accordancewith theirreverse typesor whether,as theirmarksof value imply,merelyat 1 and 2 obols.17Inasmuchas Robinsonand Price's attributionof the Owl-on-wheat-kernelbronze to Timotheos has so much to recommend it, only one extant bronze coinage remainsthat can be identifiedwith the xovpa&XaXxIaof 406/5, namely,the silver-platedbronze representedin the Peiraeus1902 hoard. This disguisedbronze coinage from the end of the PeloponnesianWar and the bronze military strikingsof Timotheos (which must have become quite well known at Athens, as the Agora finds attest)were both short-termexpediencies,issued in place of silverat times of financial crisis. Both were relatively high-value fiduciary coinages and could hardly have inspired confidence in the concept of a bronze currency among a populace whose attachmentto a coinage of exceptionally pure, local silverwas a matterof long-standingnationalpride. Fora while in the 4th century,Athens struckfractions in silver as small as the quarterand eighth of an obol (Sv. 17.53-56, 22.23). But the need for a more convenientpetty currencyin bronze must neverthelesshave been recognized, 13 As

and one of reportedin EABC,p. 147, note 19, the three pieces from Thebes are in privateAthenian collections, with of The number is verifiable. no. in listed Macedonianproveniences the three examples 12, specimens PnyxI, p. 16, has also grown. One piece in one of the same privatecollectionsis fromAmphipolis,and two othersare said to have been found in Macedonia. 14 The fine British Museum specimen of 35 (Robinsonand Price 1967, fig. 1 = Sv. 22.93) has four pairs of leaves and a terminal berry or leaf on each of its olive branches. Fifth-centurysilver triobols (12) were designed with only two pairs of leaves plus a terminal berry,and the gold triobolsof 407/6 (Sv. 15.4-6) have two or three pairs and the terminal,whereasolive brancheswith four or more pairsof leaves are common on triobolsof the 4th century(19). 15 Robinson and Price 1967, 5, note 2. p. 16 Demosthenes 4.28, and, in general, Griffith,pp. 268-272, 296. 17 Possibly,the discrepancybetween the marks of value and the denominationaltypes is to be understood as the differencebetween values of 1 and 2 obols at time of issue and implied or guaranteedredemption values that were that greaterby a third. Such inflated "face"values would of course have made the coins more palatable to an army was very angry,we are told by pseudo-Aristotle(Oikonomika 2.23.1), at being forced to accept them.

PERIOD I

27

particularlyin the furtherreachesof Attica;for it was there,with the coinage struckby the Athenian cleruchyon Salamis, that the regularproductionand use of small-denominationbronze currency in Attica apparentlybegan (see under 640-642). Before the middle of the 4th century a second Attic bronze coinage appeared,the Eleusiniancoinagewith Triptolemos/Piglettypes and the legend EAEYEI(38). This was minted in Athens and employedthe same modularunit (designatedherein as AE 3) as the Salaminiancoins;the denominationwas in all probabilitythe quarter-obol(pp. 34-36 below). Then, probably in the early to mid-330's, Athens finally issued bronze coins in her own name, at first by merely adding her AeE ethnic to the Eleusinian Triptolemos/Piglet coins (39) but quicklysubstitutingAthena/Owl types once the citizenrywas finallyreconciledto an explicitly Athenianbronzecoinage. Fromthatpoint down towardthe middlepartof the 3rdcentury,emissions, predominatelyof the AE 3 denomination,were minted at variedintervalsin both the Athenian and the Eleusinianseries.l8

PERIOD I (includingthe Eleusiniancoinage) Mid-4th-Mid-3rd CenturiesB.C. Fundamental to the chronology of the first period of regular bronze coinage in Attica (Table I, pp. 320-321) are the interconnectionsbetween the Eleusinianand Athenian series.Both seriesmust be treatedtogether and call for some prefatoryremarksabout the anomalousEleusinianmaterial. The 4th- and 3rd-centurybronzeinscribedEAEYEI has alwaysbeen one of the more problematic coinages of ancient Greece. Assuming that the legend was an ethnic, Barclay Head conjectured that "Eleusiswas the only Attic deme which was allowed by Athens (perhaps on account of its sacred character)to coin bronze money for the requirementsof the Eleusinian Festivals."19But other scholars,skepticalthat a politicalsubdivisionof Athenscould have exercisedthe prerogativeof mintingcoins, have arguedeitherthat the coinagewas producedby a brieflyindependentEleusinian state20or that, as an Eleusinianfestivalcoinage, it was actuallyminted under the centralauthorityof Athens.21The first view can be rejectedat once. There were never more than two short intervals duringwhich the deme center of Eleusiswas divorcedfrom Athens, in 403-401, when Eleusiswas establishedas a semiautonomouspolity for dissidentAthenianoligarchs,and in 287-285/4, when it was held by a garrisonof DemetriosPoliorketes;22 yet the variedbronze coinage with the Eleusinian was struck over more than a legend century. 18 Salamiscontinuedto strikein the secondhalfof the 4th (640-642) is too vague to merit discussionin this chapter.

century,but the chronologyof the Salaminiancoinage

19

HN2,p.391. 20 So Cavaignac,pp. 331-332 (= idem,Le trsorsacrld'Aksisjusqu'en404, pp. 79-80); Ferguson,p. 145, note 4; I. N.

Svoronos,quoted in TraitiII.iii, p. 140; Picard,Antre,p. 293. 21 So Babelon (rait II.iii, pp. 138-142) and Thompson (1942, pp. 213-219). See also J. H. Kroll, "Athenian Bronze Coinage and the Propagationof the EleusinianMysteries"(ecture, Chicago 1991), abstractin AJA96, 1992, pp. 355-356. 22 In 287 (accordingto Habicht, Untrhucen, pp. 45-60, and Osborne, pp. 181-194, againstShear,Kalias,pp. 6373, favoring286 B.C.)the Athenianswon their freedomby expellingDemetrios'troopsfrom the Mouseion but had yet to gain control of the other forts in Attica. For the subsequentrecoveryof Eleusisin 285/4, see Shear,Kallias,pp. 83-86, and P. Gauthier,"Lareunificationd'Athenesin 281," REG92, 1979 (pp. 348-399), p. 372.

28

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:4TH-IST CENTURIESB.C.

The interpretationof this as an Athenianfestivalcoinage, on the other hand, is scarcelybeyond question, supported as it is by both the iconography and the minting history of the coins. The iconography pertains not to the deme of Eleusis but to the mythology (Triptolemos)and ritual paraphernalia(theinitiates'sacrificialpiglet and theirdistinctivestaffof bound myrtleboughs)of the GreaterMysteries.23In a later PeriodI issue with an obversehead of Demeter (61), the reversesof afterwhich the last day of the Mysteries, the coins depict the Eleusinianofferingvessel,theplemochoe, the Plemochoai, is named, and the ring (herein called the "Eleusisring")that was used to clasp togetherthe boughs of the initiates'mysticstaff.24 The second argument for the festival hypothesis comes from the recurrence of issues with Eleusinian types through the whole of the Hellenistic bronze coinage. After the adoption of Athena/Owl bronze coins signed AGE,such special Eleusinianissues were often struckin parallel with them and continuedto bear the traditionalEAEYEI legend. The late 4th-centurycoin mistakenly struckwith an EleusinianTriptolemosobverseand a Two-owl,AeE reverse(p. 32 below)provesthat these Eleusiniancoins were struckin the same centralmint as Athens' AeE bronze.After the middle of the 3rd century,however,the EAEYEI legend vanishes,and AGEis henceforthused on all occasional issues with Eleusiniandesigns. Such issues are especiallyprominent in the last quarter of the 3rd century (72-75) and in the later 80's B.C.(116 and 117).25 Altogether,these recurringEleusinian issues constitute what must have been a recognized if sporadic traditionwithin Athenian bronze coinage as a whole, and they are virtuallyinexplicableunlessthere was some direct associationwith the celebrationof the Mysteries. By the 4th century,control of the festival and the sanctuaryof Demeter and Kore had long passed into the hands of the Athenian state at large,26so that even if no proof existed in the form of the above-mentionedhybrid Triptolemos/Two-owlcoin, it would still follow that the EAEYEI legend coinage must have been struckby the polis of Athens.This means, of course, that the EAEYEI but must cannot be expanded as an "ethnic"of the demesmen of Eleusis, that is, 'EXeuaL(vtlov), be understoodas referringin one way or another to the festival.MargaretThompson realizedthis in her paper espousing the festival interpretationof the coinage, but she thought that the legend named the Eleusinia,the agonisticfestivalheld at Eleusis.27But this festivaldid not begin to rankin importancewith the Greater Mysteries;and since the iconographyof the coins refers exclusively to the Mysteries,the legend must surely refer to the Mysteriesas well. EAEYEI apparentlyserved For Triptolemos,see G. Schwarz,Trpolemos:Ikonographie enerAgrar-undMystriengothit,Graz 1987. On the piglet sacrifice to Demeter, see K. Clinton, "Sacrificeat the Eleusinian Mysteries,"in Eariy Grk Cut Practice,R. Hagg, N. Marinatos, and G. C. Nordquist, eds., Acta InstitutiAtheniensisRegni Sueciae, Stockholm 1988, pp. 69-79; and Burkert,pp. 256-264. In modern scholarship,the mysticstaffofmyrtle is usuallycalled a bakdos,but this is probablynot the correctterm; see Clinton, SacredOfficials, p. 103. C. BErard("Lalumiereet le faisceau:Images du ritueleleusinien," Mor Cntre et du docments Recherches Thomas 48, 1985, pp. 17-19, note 1) argues that the ancient name wasb5pdy,a. I owe these last and other referenceson Eleusinianmatters to ProfessorClinton, who kindly read an earlier draft of this chapterand suggesteda number of improvements. 24 The plemochoe is the vessel that numismatistshave often termed a kernos.For the correct identification, see F Brommer,"Plemochoe,"AA 1989, pp. 544-549. The "Eleusisring"is the clasp thatJ. D. Beazley ("Bakchos-rings," ser. 6, 1, 1941, pp. 1-7) provisionallytermed a "bakchos-ring",while cautioning that the initiates'staff on which VNC, it was used may not have been called a bakchos. 25 See also the 2nd-centuryvarieties86 and 106 and the other post-86 B.C.varieties127-129, 146, 150, 154, 155, althoughit is uncertainhow many of these last emissionsmay have been special festivalissues;see p. 84 below. 26 Clinton, Saed Ofifals, p. 8. 27 Thompson 1942. On the festival: K. Clinton, "The Eleusiniaand the Eleusinians,"4AP 100, 1979, pp. 1-12; R. M. Simms, "The Eleusiniain the Sixth to FourthCenturiesB.C.," GRBS16, 1975, pp. 269-279. 23

PERIOD I

29

as an accompanyinglabel to underscorethe force of the images on the coins, to indicatethe purpose of the coinage, and, initially,to disassociatethe bronze from Athenian money proper. It may be plausiblyexpanded 'EXeucua(vlcx6v,scil. v6atLaVa),"Eleusinian(money),"on the model of other adjectivalcoin legends in the neuter singular,or simply 'EXeuol(voq),"of Eleusis."28 The associationof certain Greekcoinageswith majorfestivalsis well documentedin the Roman Imperial era, when coins were frequentlystruckwith types and legends advertisinglocal games.29 But the associationcan be tracedback as earlyas the 5th- and 4th-centuryB.C.silvercoinage of Elis, which most commentatorshave connected in one way or another with the quadrennialOlympic festival.30Althoughsuch Greekfestivalcoinageswill have servedas souvenirsand helped to advertise the festivals,one assumes that most were struckto provide money for the festival trade, which in the case of EleusinianMysteriesmust have been considerable.Unlike most Panhellenicfestivals,the Mysterieswere celebratedannually,and probablyno other event in the Athenian calendarattracted a greaternumber of visitorsto Attica. Philostratos'remark(LifeofApollonios 4.17) that the Mysteries were "the most crowded(ToXuav9p7x6ToXaa) of Greekfestivals"appliesto Imperialtimes. But even in the 4th century B.C.the great internationalpopularityof the festival must have been growing: between ca. 368 and 347 a revised code of regulationsgoverning the publicizing and conduct of the Mysterieswas promulgatedto encourageincreasedforeignparticipation.31 Each year every new initiate and his or her sponsorlived at Eleusisduring the last four days of the festival,purchasingtheirlodging,food, drink,and amenitiesfromlocal vendors,innkeepers,and, one imagines,a whole agora of Athenianand itinerantmerchantsmakingthe festivalrounds.32Such festivalbusinessrequiredmoney,in particularthe small-changekindsuitablefor dailyprovisions.And given the tiny fractionsof Athenian silver,the bronzepieces of Salamis,and any other miscellaneous ecth quarterof the petty currenciesavailablein Attica in the second century,it is not hard to image the to turned this Athenians trade with a convenient bronze coinage of their own why supplying manufacture. The coinsinsication are only one of the commercialimportance of the EleusinianMysteries. The 2nd-centuryB.C.decree IG II2 101333informs that Eleusiswas one of the three sites in Attica where the Athenians maintained an official set of standardweights and measures. The two other sets were housed inside the Tholos in the Agora and at the Peiraeusand were, as at Eleusis,in the keeping of a public slave. Notably, the slave in charge of the standardsat Eleusis was responsible to officials of the Mysteries: the hierophant and "the men appointed each year for the festival" 28

Fortheseand otherformsof coinlegends,see Kraay,ACGC,pp. 5-7. In antiquity, as today,"Eleusis" and

"Eleusinian"were commonly used with referenceto the sanctuaryand cult of Demeter and Kore, as distinctfrom the surroundingdeme; cf. the officialtitle of the overseersof the sanctuary,who were simplycalled the Cta-tccrat'EXCuatvL (IGIS 386, line 2) or the EktaxaT&la'EXeuawv6sv(IGI3 391, line 15;II2 1544, line 1; 1672, line 3, etc.). Forthe adjective omitted from LSJ,see, e.g., Strabo8.6.22; IG II2 1666, lines B.69, 75, 81, and 1672, lines 53, 54, 309. 'EXeuaLvLax6q, 29 SeeJ. P. Callu, Lapolitique monitaire desempereurs de238 d 311 (BibliothMque romains des 6coles fran9aisesd'AthMnes et de Rome 214), Paris 1969, pp. 26-27; A.Johnston in SardisM7, pp. 12-14; Harl, pp. 19, 28, 63-70. 30 Summaryin Kraay,ACGC,pp. 103-105. Fora probablebronzefestivalcoinage of HellenisticThespiai, see 606 and 607. 31 K. Clinton, "ALaw in the City Eleusinionconcerningthe Mysteries,"Hesperia 49, 1980, pp. 258-288, esp. 273-275, 281. 32 On Greekfestivalsas "fairs"and the economic significanceof the festivalmarket,see L. Ziehen, RE XVIII, col. 582, s.v.Panegyris;M. Wtrrle, StadtundFestimKaiserzeitihen Klinaien, Munich 1988, pp. 209-215. 33 Translationin M. M. Austin, TheHellenistic totheRoma Conquest, WorldfiomAlexander Cambridge 1981, pp. 191-193, no. 111.

30

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:4TH-IST CENTURIESB.C.

(icl xTv =cav5yuptv,lines 48-49). It was clearlyappreciatedthat efficientand well-regulatedbuying and sellingat the festivalmarketcontributedto the successof the festival. The chronology of the Eleusinianand Athenian varietiesis best discussedby subgroups,here and in Table I (pp. 320-321 below)indicatedby roman numerals. onmysticstaffEAEYZI (i.a) Variet38: Trptokmos/Piglet The initial Eleusinianseries is distinguishedby large, heavy flans (15-18 mm., 3-4 g.) and the use of reversesymbols or letters to differentiateits fifteen emissions.34These fifteen emissionslead down to the Piglet-on-staff,AeE issues(39 and 40), themselvesthe immediateforerunnersof the first Athenian Double-bodied owl bronze (41) probablyof the early or mid-330's. Hence, if the fifteen Eleusinianemissionswere minted on a more or less annualbasis,the serieswill have begun sometime in the 350's. A connection with the 368-347 B.C.decree and reform program for attractingmore foreignvisitorsto the festivalis likely. The characterof the changing symbols and letters sets these issues apart from all other 4thcentury Athenian coinage. Being predominately "private"rather than public in character,the symbols (such as ivy branch, grapevine,boukranion,fly, shell, dolphin, and astragal)are evidently the marksof the individualsor boards of officialswho oversawproduction of the separate issues. The officials may have been among those chosen for the administrationof the festival, like the 7tot&Txrit 'EXeuaov60ev;or if the moneyersbore a liturgicalexpense, clansmen of the Eumolpidai and Kerykeswith their close ties to the Mysteriesmight have participated.35 onmysticstaf, AeE 39 and40: Tiptolemos/Piglet (i.b) Varieies The changed ethnic of these concluding Piglet-on-staffvarieties (with reduced diametersand weightof 13-15 mm. and ca.2.5 g.)is accompaniedon the main emission(39: A8Eabovepiglet)by a issues,the change in the characterof the reversesymbol.Unlike the "private"symbolsof the EAEYZI of the "religious-public"repertory Eleusiniandevices. symbol here, the plemochoe, is drawn from Responsibilityfor the festivalcoinage apparentlyhad been transferredto a differentadministrative authority.If we could be sure that this minor reform in the organizationof the coinage belonged with Lykourgos'financialreformsconcerningAthenianfestivalsin the mid-330's,36we would gain a valuablefixed point for the earlyPeriodI chronology.But an earlierdate for the reformis possible.37 These first regular A9E strikingsin bronze led quickly to the next step in the development of the coinage, viz., the replacementof Eleusiniantypes with traditionalAthenian owl types, as the Athenians seem to have overcome in stages their hesitancy to place their name and types on a base-metalcoinage. In theexergue:(1)pig'sheadandivyleaf(Sv.103.2,3),(2)ivybranch(Sv.103.1),(3)boukranion (Sv.103.4,5), (Sv.103.10), (6)fly(orbee?)(Sv.103.9),(7)astragal ringinwreath(Sv.103.18), (4)scallopshell(Sv.103.6,7),(5)Eleusis Numismatic (10)vinewithleafandgrapecluster(Trait, Society), (8)dolphin(Sv.103.14),(9)ram'shead(American 34

pl. 109:17),(11) letter A (Cavaignac,nos. 49 and 54). In right field: (12) plemochoe (?) (Traii, pl. 193:15)and (13-15)

Thelistcompiled M(BMC.Atca, letterse (Sv.103.15), (1942,p.218,note18) byThompson pl.20:4)andN(Sv.103.11). of Theuniformly 1 and2 locatethemat thebeginning omitsonlytheastragal. large17-18mm.flansof emissions the series.The M and N emissionshave 14-16 mm. diametersand fall at or near the end.

35Assuggested, periteras,byKevinClinton. 36 F.W.Mitchel, Athens:338-322,"UnisityofCincinati ofose Taf ClasiStdes II:Lctures inMemoy "Lykourgan Sempe II,Norman1973(pp.163-214), pp.197-198. thetheoryof Thompson dateof thepresentvarieties 37 The 4th-century (1942,pp. 220-221)thatthe precludes ofEleusis intheearly3rdcentury ethnicwascausedbytheMacedonian (p.27above). occupation changed

PERIOD I

31

41-43: AthenainAttichelmet/Double-bodied owl (ii) Varieties With 979 recorded Agora specimens, this first fully fledged "Athenian"bronze coinage is one of the most prolific from any period. Apart from the rare bronze tritartemoria(37), it is the only Athenian bronze until the late 3rd centurymodeled on contemporarysilvercoinage: obverseheads reproducethe pi-styleAthena heads of the later 4th-centurysilver,reverses,the type of 4th-century diobols (in the fringedstyle characteristicof the owls on later 4th-centurysilver).38 Productionbegan in a relativelyslight emission (41) with the double-bodied owl standing on a horizontalEleusinianstaffthat is carriedover from the Piglet-on-staffemissions.After the second Double-bodiedowl variety(42), which lacksa symboland has reduceddiametersof normally 12-14 mm., the coinage entered a final voluminousphase in the varietymarkedby an Eleusisring under the feet of the owl (43). In this last phase, diametersshrinkeven further;hurriedstrikingis evident from many pieces stamped from poorly centered dies (cf. 43g); an towardsthe eseries, end of the when diameters frequentlyreach a minimal 10-11 mm., the die cutters ceased to adhere to the pi-style model and produced Athena heads either in a softer, naturalisticrendering (43e-g, with Sv. 22.42) or with perfunctorycrudeness(43h and i). The small owls of these latest pieces generally have stubby,compactbodies, and in two instancesthe ethnic is freelyspelledwith an eta (431and m). Since this was a huge coinage, with weights and diameters that underwent a considerable reduction,the Double-bodiedowlswereclearlystruckfora protractedperiod.39The earliestprobable date for the inaugurationof the pi-style silver,around or soon after 350 (pp. 8-9 above), provides the terminus post quem;the inception of the succeeding Two-owl bronze, 44 47, after 322 or 317 the terminusante,unless, as the naturalisticAthena heads and different size modules of provides the two coinages suggest, there was some overlapbetween the minting of the latest Double-bodied owls and the earliestTwo-owl coins (44), which also have the Eleusisring as a type adjunct. Since in either case a substantialpart of the Double-bodied owl bronze can be attributedto the 320's, the problem is whether it could have begun as late as the mid-330's under the administrationof Lykourgos,or whether a somewhatlonger period of mintingis called for.At present, a startingdate after 338 seems preferable,but furtherevidenceis needed. AlthoughDouble-bodiedowls firstoccur in archaeologicaldepositsroughlydated to the last half or last thirdof the 4th century,40this tells us even less about the date than do the above considerations,which locate the bulkof the coinage in the 330's and 320's. The stylisticrange of the massivevarietyof Double-bodied owl over Eleusisring makes it clear that this could not possiblybe an emissionofa single year and that the Eleusisring was thereforea static adjunct part of the reversetype. So, too, must be the mystic staff under the owl on the first variety (41). The displayof these Eleusiniandevices suggests,of course, that this firstAthena/Owl bronze coinage was minted, like the Triptolemos/Piglet coinage it replaced, in conjunctionwith the celebrationof the EleusinianMysteries.AdjunctEleusiniansymbolscontinue to appear on the next two Athena/Owl issues, Two owls over Eleusisring (44) and Two owls over plemochoe (45), 38

These stylisticreplicationsshould not be taken as evidence that the Double-bodied owl bronze was produced in the same mint as the silver.Despite considerablevariationin die alignments,the majorityof the Double-bodied owl bronzes have alignments in the 12 or 6 o'clock positions, while very few have the 8 or 9 o'clock alignments typical of all Athenian silver coins from the late 5th through most of the 3rd century B.C. Like most of the later bronze and silver coinages of Athens, the Double-bodied owl bronze and the silvercoinage contemporarywith it must have been struckindependentlyof one another. 39 Caley,pp. 45-47, noted the exceptionalvariabilityin the bronze alloy of the five Double-bodied owls he analyzed and contended that the seriesmust have been protracted. 40 See pp. 29&-301 below,nos. 2, 3, and 5 and the Agora Deposit S 19:3.

32

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:4TH-1ST CENTURIESB.C.

and then disappear(46: Two owls, no symbol)about the time thatthe EleusinianTriptolemos/Piglet coinage is revived(48 and 49). The implicationseems to be that before this revival,all the PeriodI bronze coinage may have been issued as Eleusinianfestivalmoney. 44-49: AthenainAttichelmet/Twoowlsin olivewreath,andTriptolemos/Piglet in wheatwreath, (iii) Varieties

EAEY

The four varieties of the wreathed Two-owl coinage (44: Eleusis-ring symbol, AGE;45: plemochoe symbol,Ae; 46: no symbol,Ae; and the rare47: no symbol,AGH)representa renovation of the bronze coinage after the crudely minted late Double-bodied owl strikings.Size and weight harkback to the latest Piglet-on-staffbronze(39 and 40) in the 13-15 mm., ca. 2.5 g. range, which remainsstandardfor the rest of PeriodI. The typeswere redesignedand more notablyand lastingly were emancipatedfrom stylisticdependencyon contemporarysilver.As in the latestDouble-bodied owls, obverse Athena heads, often in richly ornamented helmets (cf. 44a and Sv. 24.49), are now renderedwithout a trace of mechanical,pi-style rigidity.The Two-owl reversetype is not entirely new, since two standingowls had been the device of 5th-centurysilverdiobols or quarter-drachms (12A)and gold diobols(Sv.15.7, 8). But the olivewreathencirclingthe reverseis new,and it remained a fixtureof the bronze coinage well into the 3rd century. The third and largestTwo-owlvariety(46) is the last Athenian issue that was struckbefore the destructionof the KerameikosBuildingZ-3 betweenca.320-317 and the startof the Owl-leftissue50 in 307 (seebelow).46 appearsquite clearlythen to belong to the 317-307 oligarchythat Kassandros installedunder Demetrios of Phaleron.It is likelythat one or both of the two relatedissues,44 and 45, were minted duringthis same regimeor underthe 322-317 oligarchythatAntipatrosestablished under Phokion. A specialproblemis raisedby the two coins listedundervariety47, which are essentiallyvariants of variety 46 but bolder in design (apartfrom their large Athena heads, note the full-bodiedolive leaves on the better-preserved46a). As the AeH spelling of their ethnic is characteristicof the following Owl-left variety,the two coins appear to belong to a limited emission struckjust before the change to the Owl-left types. As noted, the traditionalEleusiniancoinagewas revivedin the courseof the Two-owlseriesabout the time that the Two-owl coins ceased to be markedwith Eleusiniansymbols. The synchronism between the two new Eleusinianvarietieswith legends in EAEY,48 and 49, and the Two-owl AO varieties45 and 46 is impliedthrough(a)the curtailedlegendsin both groups;(b)coordinateweights and diameters (Table I, pp. 320-321 below); (c) the surroundingwheat wreath of the Eleusinian reverses,which parallelsthe reverseolive wreath on the owl coins; and (d) the find of twelve Two above (48), corrodedtogether in a lump owls over plemochoe (45) and four Wreathedpiglets, EAEY at the bottom of the Dipylon well in the Kerameikos(Purse A, p. 299 below). For proof we have only to turn to the hybrid coin illustratedby Svoronos (Sv. 103.40, now in the British Museum) with a Wreathed-pigletobverse(Triptolemosmounting chariot)and a Two-owls-over-plemochoe(45) reverse, a piece we owe to "a workmanat the Athens mint, [who] confusing his dies, struck the flan of the intended Eleusiniancoin with the punch of a contemporaryAthenian issue."41 50 and 51: Athenain Corinthian helmet/Owlleft, He/A, in olivewreath,andheavyTriptole(iv) Varieties in wheat EAEYEI wreath, mos/Piglet The averageweight of the Owl-leftpieces is some 50 percentgreaterthan that of the preceding and followingAthenianvarieties.Thisjump in weight, however,is not accompaniedby a significant Thompson 1942, p. 214 (cf.p. 224).The variantobversetypeof Triptolemosmountinga chariotdoesnot appear until the Wreathed-pigletvarieties.On the precedingPiglet-on-mystic-staff obverses,Triptolemosis alwaysseated. 41

PERIOD I

33

increasein diameter.Since the new designformatof Corinthianhelmet and a singleowl was retained throughvarieties52-54, which returnedto the ca. 2.5 g. weight of the old Two-owlbronze,it appears that the heavinessof the Owl-leftbronze was intended to enhance acceptabilityand does not signal a change in denomination or value. The Wreathed-pigletcoinage issued contemporaneously(51) points to the same conclusion.42Despite theiraugmentedweight of 3-4 g. (whichessentiallyrestored them to the standardof the originalEleusinianemissionof variety38), these heavyWreathedpiglets employ the same types and fundamentalmodule as all earlierand later Wreathed-pigletvarieties and undoubtedlyrepresentedthe same value as they. The heaviness of the Owl-left coinage is matched by the exceptional quality of its alloy,43die engraving(cf. Sv. 22.85 and 86), and striking,makingit altogetherone of the most carefullyprepared bronze coinages ever minted at Athens. The coinage, furthermore,was of some magnitude. The 24 best-preservedspecimens of the 251 found in the Agora were stamped from a minimum of 18 obverse dies, and through them one can trace a progressionfrom the large, ornate Athena heads that mustbelong at the beginningof the series(50a-c) to the smaller,plainerones at the end (50h-k). In Athenian coinage the backwardsorientation of the reverse type (owl facing left coupled with retrogradeethnic) is unique. Yet it is repeated on every die of this exceptionally large and well-manufacturedseries (whose obverse Athena heads do face correctly to the right) and must have been a deliberate and officiallysanctioned essentialof the design. Unable to suggest a more plausible explanation, I earlier interpretedthe reversedowl and ethnic as the political expression of a revisionistoligarchic government symbolizing"a reversedAthens, a traditionallydemocratic Athens that had been literally'turnedaround"' (EABC,p. 146).I accordinglyassociatedthe coinage with the two oligarchiesin power between 322 and 307 B.C. But two more recent items of evidence indicate that this dating was too early.The first comes from the excavationin 1978 of Kerameikos BuildingZ-3, destroyedafter ca. 320-317 B.C.;at the time of its destruction,Owl left was not yet in circulation,although, accordingto other stratigraphicaldata from the Kerameikos,the coinage was known to have commenced by 304 (see pp. 298-299 below). The other evidence is the recognition that the succeedingOwl-right,A-eH,issue (52) is closelytied to issue 53 in the 280's and cannot date to the restoreddemocracyof 307-ca. 300, as previouslysuggested(EABC,p. 147). The downdating of 52 has the effect of bringing down the date of Owl left as far as it will go, but the inception of Owl left cannot come down later than 304, so this varietymust thereforenow be attributedto the democraticgovernmentrestoredto power by Demetrios Poliorketesin 307.44 On this chronology the reversed owl and ethnic will have to remain unexplained, unless they were precautions to ensure that these larger,heavier coins would not be used or mistakenfor cores of plated drachms. But the augmented weight, the modernized spelling of the ethnic, and the novel treatmentof the conventionalAthenian types (the Corinthian-helmetobversecopies the canonicalAthena heads on 42 Three archaeologicalcontexts confirm that the heavy Athenian and Eleusinianvarietieswere struckin tandem. See the KerameikosBuilding Z destructiondeposit (p. 298 below, no. 2), from which both varietieswere absent, and the second Dipylon well purse (p. 299 below, no. 4) and the Agora Deposit F 11:2, both of whose latest pieces are Owl-left and heavy Wreathedpiglets. 43 Caley (p. 32) observedthat the 12.49 and 12.76 percentagesof tin in the alloy of two analyzedOwl-leftcoins (Caley, table V, nos. 1 and 2) are "higherthan ... in any other series." 44 As proposed in Kroll 1982, pp. 241-242; cf Rotroff 1984, pp. 344-345. FourOwl-leftpieces were excavatedfrom the constructionfillof the SquarePeristylein the Agora(cf.EABC,pp. 146-147, listingthe only one fromuncontaminated fill), but since this building is now known to date from the early years of the 3rd century,the context no longer has any directbearing on the chronologyof the coins; see Deposit O-R 7-10.

34

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C.

the gold staters of Alexander and hence carries pro-Macedonianconnotations)give Owl left the characterof a "reform"coinage, in keepingwith the radicalcharacterof the 307 democracy. helmet/Owlright,in wreath,and lightT?ptolemos/Piglet in wheat 52-55: Athenain Corinthian (v) Varieties wreath,EAEYEI Normalcy in weight and design returnedin the three relatedvarieties,52: Owl right, A-eH, in olive wreath;53: Owl right,A-e, in wheatwreath;and 54: Owl right,A-G,in olive wreath.Of these, the second and most plentifulcan be associatedwith a historicaloccasion. Since the conventional olive-wreathborder on the reverse is replaced by a wheat wreath borrowed from the Eleuisinian Wreathed-pigletcoins, it is likelythat the resultingcompositeAthenian owl encircledby Eleusinian crownwas createdto symbolizethe unificationof EleusiswithAthens.The type is most appropriately placed at or soon after 284 B.C.,when the Athenians,who in 287 or 286 expelled the Macedonian garrison from the Mouseion, succeeded in liberatingEleusis from Macedonian occupation. The reunificationwith Eleusiswas celebratedin special games that year at Eleusisin honor of Demeter and Kore.45 A unique specimen of 53 in Berlin (Sv. 22.80; note the two wheat ears above the head of the owl) has an A-0 ethnic carried over from variety 52 and implies, as do strong general similarities in obverseand reversestyle,46that the two varietieswere contiguous.52, a small emission,probably began thereforesoon after the expulsion of the garrisonon the Mouseion; with the liberationof Eleusis, it was modified into variety 53.47 On the other hand, the last variety of the Owl right in wreath (54) must fall in the 270's, if the next type change, back to a reverseof two owls, is rightly located around 270 B.C. By size,weight, and representationin the AgorahoardDepositA 18:8of the 260's,the Eleusinian Wreathedpiglets concluded in a variety (55) that was contemporarywith 53 or 54, or both. All nineteen Wreathed piglets in the A 18:8 hoard (see 55c and p. 302 below) are of this late, light variety and had been subjected to the same moderate amount of wear (w3-4) as the Owl-right, A-e, pieces. owlsin olivewreath helmet/Two (vi) Vaiety56: Athenain Corinthian Two findsplace this uncommonvarietynear the beginningof the ChremonideanWar(268-261 B.C.).A specimen in uncirculatedcondition (E. Vanderpool,J. R. McCredie, and A. Steinberg, "Koroni:A PtolemaicCamp on the East Coast of Attica,"Hesperia31, 1962 [pp. 26-61], pl. 17:56 = EABC,pl. 16:1)was excavatedfrom the Koroni fort brieflyoccupied by Ptolemaic troops early in the war.48The other find is the AgoraA 18:8hoard,which was closed probablyaroundthe end of the war and which has as one of its least-wornpieces an example of the presentvariety(56d).

A

helmet/Owl 57-60: Athenain Corinthian right,e E withsymbol (vii) Varieties with three pieces of this series: [57-60]a, concludes The criticalA 18:8 hoard (p. 302 below) whose symbolcannot be read, and 57b and c, both from the issuewith the symbolof a smallwreath. On this slight hoard evidence, the wreath-symbolissue may, despite its light weight, belong earlier 45 IG II2 657, lines 43-44, with Shear,Kallias,pp. 84-86. 6 Obverses continue the relativelyplain type of Athena heads of the later, smaller Owl-left dies (e.g, 50h-k), but the owls of all three Owl-right varieties are more erect and more conventionallyproportionedthan the distinctively large-headed,"birdlike"owls of the Owl-leftemission. 47 The bronzethusmore or lessparallelsthe silvercoinage,whichceasedalso to be struckduringDemetriosPoliorketes' militaryoccupationof Athens from 294 to 287 or 286. See p. 10 above. 48 See p. 11 above.

PERIOD I

35

in the series than the issues with wheat-ear symbol (58), cornucopia symbol (59), and Eleusis-ring symbol (60). Since these issues stand apart from the preceding coinage with respect to their unwreathed reverses,three-letter,triangularethnic, and use of emissionsymbols,I once thought (EABC,pp. 144, 149) that the series began after a considerablehiatus in minting;I dated the series (and hence the burial of the A 18:8 hoard) after 255 B.C.,when Antigonos Gonatas, having captured Athens in 261, relaxed his control through a formal grant of eleuteia.49But more substantiveconsiderations now arguefor a datingbefore261. Forone, the variantthree-letterethnic of 56g can be regardedas a transitionalstep towardsthe changed reversesof the Owl-right-with-symbolcoinage and suggests that the latter probably followed variety 56 without interruption. There is secondly the strong probabilitythat the A 18:8 hoard was closed aroundthe end of the ChremonideanWar.The hoard contained no regal strikingslater than those of Demetrios Poliorketes(502b, 505) and Lysimachos (462), while included with its 104 coins were four lead tokensrespectivelydepicting a bow, a shield, a cuirass,and possiblya helmet.50The absenceof any bronzeofAntigonos Gonatas,which began to circulatein quantity at Athens after the 260's, is notable. And the lead armor tokens, apparently issuedto civiliansfor the drawingof weapons and armorfrompublic stores,imply that the owner of the hoard was involved with the military defense of Athens.5 If, like many hoards, A 18:8 owed its concealment to a pending catastrophe,one is hard put to suggest a more suitable emergency than Athens' capitulationto Antigonos Gonatas in 261. Third and more concretely,a specimen of the wreath-symbolissue (57g) was excavatedfrom the top of the lower fill of the south chamber of the "Cave"cistern on the Kolonos Agoraios (Deposit H 6:9), a fill that on evidence of pottery was dumped in the 260's upon completion of the adjacent Hellenistic "Arsenal".52Although the high position of the coin in the fill leaves open the possibilitythat the coin could be intrusive,a pre-261 B.C.chronology for the series of Owl right with symbol is neverthelessto be preferredin the absence of real evidence to the contrary. 62 and 63: Two pigletsleft/Uprightmysticstaf A-E, in olivewreath,and Pigletright, (viii) Varieties AOE?/ Upright mysticstaff EAE-YEI Absentfromthe A 18:8hoard,thesevarietieswith changedEleusiniantypescomprisea post-261 B.C.coinage that was issuedwithjoint Athenian and Eleusinianlegends. Startingwith the PeriodII varieties72-75 of the last quarterof the 3rd century,all coins with Eleusiniantypes were routinely signed AGE,so that it is clear that the presentUpright-mystic-staffbronzeis to be dated either very earlyin PeriodII or before 229, when PeriodII begins. The chief variety,62, has besides the A-Einitialsof Athens and Eleusis53a composite reverseof Athenian olive branch encirclingthe Eleusinianstaff. Two variant pieces underscorethe unusual character of this coinage, the one in Paris (Traiti,pl. 193:28) having a normal upright staff, A-E, reverse,but an obverseof a singlepiglet rightover EAEY[, probablystruck(in error?)from a left-over 49 Eusebius,ed. A. Schone, Berlin 1866-1875, II, p. 120. 50

AgoraX, nos. L 27b (two tokens),L 168, and L 227; with Krol 1977, p. 144. The defensive nature of the armor pictured on the tokens is underscoredby the token that pictures a bow, the 51 basicweapon for defendingfromcity walls.The alphablazon on the shieldtokenleavesno doubt that the equipmentwas Athenian and publiclyissued;KroU 1977, pp. 142-143. 52 Rotroff 1983, pp. 258-276, 283-294, arguingfromthe similaritybetween the latestpotteryin the fill with that from the ChremonideanWarfort at Koroni;R. L. Pounder,"AHellenisticArsenalin Athens,"Hesperia 52, 1983, pp. 233-256, esp. 244 and 255. 53 As Babelon (Trait,II.iii, p. 138) correctlyinterpretedthe letters.

36

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:4TH-1ST CENTURIESB.C.

Wreathed-pigletreverse die.54 The other is the variant of Two piglets left/Upright staff in the NumismaticCollectionof Athens (Sv. 103.41 = Trait,pl. 193:26),which bearsthe ethnic AeE above the two piglets on the obversebut no visibleletterson the reverse. At 1.49 and 1.75 g. and 12 mm., the two extantsingle-pigletcoins of variety63 are smallerthan the two-pigletpieces of 62 (2-2.5 g., 13-14 mm.) and fallunderthe AE 4 modularrubric,as opposed to the AE 3 classificationof the doubledpiglets. Hence the single-pigletpieces should representthe single denominationalunit to the two-piglets'double.55Although this might connect both varieties more closely with PeriodII than with the pre-261 bronze,which, except for the Double-bodiedowl bronze,was limited to the AE 3 double-unit(see below), the Wreathed-pigletobverseof the unique coin in Pariswith Uprightmysticstaffsuggestschronologicalproximityto the pre-261 bronzeall the same and encourages dating of this entire group of Athenian-Eleusinianpieces with the upright staff to before rather than after the start of Period II. Thus, between 261 and 229 B.C., monetary productionin Athenswas apparentlylimitedto these few strikingsin bronzethatperpetuatedthe old and very tenacioustraditionof Eleusinianfestivalmoney and to howevermuch of the heterogeneous silver(pp. 11-13 above)as happened to be of genuine Athenian mintage. Bronze Antigonid At this time most of the new currencyin Athenswas Macedonian.The occasionaldedicationsof tetrachma Antgoneiain the sanctuaryof Asklepiosfrom 256/5 to 249/8 B.C. and again in 215 B.C.56 hint at the influx of Macedonian silverfrom the garrisonsthat Antigonos Gonatasmaintainedafter 261 in and around Athens, but the king'sbronze was at least as influential.From the 160 pieces of Gonataswith Pan erectingtrophyrecoveredin the Agora (507) and the sizableissue of Athenian coins (69) struckover this regalbronze,it is clearthat this bronzecirculatedin the city in tremendous quantity.Much of it had probablybeen consignedto Antigonos'garrisonsbeforepassinginto general circulation,but its sheer bulkis reminiscentof the greatquantityof Antigonidbronze that had found its way to Boiotia and was subsequentlyoverstruckwith local types there (see under 509 and 595). Citing the 1,000 talentsof bronze coin promisedto the Rhodiansby PtolemyIII in 224 B.C.(Polybios 5.89.1) and the 200 talents of coined bronze given by Ptolemy V to the Achaian League in 185 (Polybios22.9.3, 24.6.3), Svoronosproposedthat the Macedonian bronze in Boiotia arrivedin the form of a royal benefaction.57It is possible that a benefaction lay behind the mass circulationof Antigonid bronze in Athens as well. Such a gift, for example, could very well have accompanied Gonatas'grant of freedom to the Atheniansin 255. But ultimatelythe circumstanceof the arrivalof the coins is less importantthan their impact. Weighing 5-6 g. and measuring 19-21 mm. in diameter, they gave the Athenians a new and largerbronze denomination,whose usefulnessmust have been recognizedimmediatelyThese coins lessened the Athenians'dependence on their own smaller-denominationbronzes and reduced any need for replenishingthe supply of pre-261 bronze in circulation. More lastingly,once the new denominationbegan to be struckwith Atheniantypes in the 220's, it servedas the dominantunit of Athens' bronze currency until 86 B.C.It is one of the ironies of Athenian monetary conservatism 54

Evidentlythe anviland punch dies used for the Eleulsinianbronzeof the 4th and earlier3rd centurieswere identical in shape and size and easilyconfused.See also the coin publishedby Fox 1890, pl. 3, no. 16 (nowin the BritishMuseum), with the reversetype of Wreathedpig, EAEYabove (cf. 48), on both faces. 55 Thompson (1942, p. 222) righty assumeda "unit"/"half-unit"relationship. 56 Habicht, Studen,pp. 35-36, note 105, p. 41. 57 Svoronos 1908, pp. 230-232.

PERIOD I

37

that it took the coinage of an occupyingforeignpower to introduceand popularizethis influential AE 2 denomination. Denominational Values In a preliminarydiscussion based on the Agora A 18:8 hoard, I assumed that all Athenian PeriodI bronze was struckin a single denominationalunit and that this unit was the one-eighth obol chalkous,inasmuchas inscribedAthenianaccountsof 329/8 and 328/7 recordsumsof money down to the last chalkousand imply that an Athenian one-chalkouscoin was in circulationat that time.58 The fuller coverage of the Period I bronze in the present study,however,reveals that the coinage breaksdown into two modulargroupings,which in keepingwith the more extensivemodularsystem of the later Athenian bronze can be labeled AE 3 (coins normally of 13-15 mm. in diameter and 2-4 g. in weight) and AE 4 (ca. 10-13 mm. and 1-2 g.). In Period I the smallermodule is representedonly in the extremelyrare Piglet/Upright mystic staff 63 (12 mm., 1.50-1.75 g.) and the Double-bodied owls, which may begin at a borderline 13-15 mm. and 2.14 g level (41) but quicklydecline to become the diminutivepieces of the copious final variety 43 (1014 mm. and 1.85 g.). As the smallestbronze coins circulatingat the time of the inscriptions,such Double-bodiedowls makevery plausiblecandidatesfor the one-chalkousfractions of the inscriptions,even though the reversetype of the Double-bodied owl suggeststhat the coins ought to represent a double unit. But perhaps they do; for if the chalkouswas divided into two kollyboi,the coins may have been known as dikollyboi.59Or perhapsthe Double-bodied owls were originallydesigned as dichalkia,but their excessivereductionmade it impossiblefor them to retain their original value. Whatever the circumstances,one has only to glance at Plate 4 to appreciate the conspicuoussmallnessof most of the Double-bodiedowls and how readilythey musthave passed as fractionsof the PeriodI coins minted before and afterthem. Except for Piglet/Upright mysticstaff63, all these other PeriodI coins are indeed heavierand, despite some decline and fluctuationin standard,appear to representa single monetary unit. The earlier Piglet-on-staffissues (38) introducethis AE 3 unit with relativelylarge flans of 15-18 mm. and 3-4 g. But late in the course of the Eleusiniancoinage, flans were reduced and by the end, in the Piglet-on-staff,AEEvariety39, had fallento 13-15 mm. and an averageweight of about 2.5 g. This remained the standardthrough the wreathedTwo-owl/early Wreathed-pigcoinage (11 49), and, allowing for some gradual slippage in weight, for the rest of Period I generally.Exceptions, it is true, are to be found in Owl left (50) and the accompanyingheavy Wreathedpiglets (51), whose weights were elevated to 3.5-4 g. and whose diameters sometimes reach 16 or 17 mm. But here we evidentlyhave to do with a short-livedreformor full restorationof standardratherthan a change of value. For the change in diameter is marginal,the heavy Eleusinianpieces bear the same types as the lighter Wreathed piglets that preceded and followed them, and the format of Corinthian helmet/Owl in wreath introducedin the Owl-leftcoinage was retainedin subsequentemissions,the 58

EABC,p. 143, note 7. The inscriptionsare IG II2 1672 and 1673. The chalkousnotationalso occursin the undatable 4th-centuryabacusIG II2 2777. The earliestmention of the chalkous,Demosthenes21.91 (349/8 B.C.),informsonly that Demosthenes' audience was familiarwith the term and the slightvalue of the chalkous.It hardlyrequiresus to believe that the Attic bronze coins of the time, namely the AE 3 Eleusinianand Salaminianpieces of varieties38 and 640, were chalkiaratherthan dichalkia. 59 For the equation of 2 kollyboi = 1 chalkous,see note 8 above, p. 25. The value-term Btx6XXuposis attested,but the context (Aristophanes,Aiolosikon, frag. 3 [Koch]) belongs too early in the 4th century to be relevant to any coins of PeriodI.

38

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:4TH-IST CENTURIESB.C.

sizes and weights of which had nevertheless returned to the normal ca. 13-15 mm., ca. 2.30-2.50 g.

range (52-54). The doubled device of some of these AE 3 varieties strongly connotes that this was a double unit. One phase of AE 3 strikings (14 47) employed a two-owl reverse, later revived in variety 56. And in the late Athenian-Eleusinian variety 62 we meet with an obverse of two piglets, an odd and inexplicable type unless we are to understand that the piglet was doubled for denominational

emphasis,to distinguishthese coins especiallyfrom the smaller,lighterone-piglet coins (63) minted with them. Nor was the two-owlreversediscontinuedwith the PeriodI coinage. When the AE 3 unit resumedca.229 B.C.at the startof PeriodII, a reverseof two standingowlswas again adopted(65), as it was for the huge Period III AE 3 coinage that was struckover much of the second half of the 2nd century (99). Hence the AE 3 unit may be plausiblyequated with the dichalkon, or, as the denomination was alternativelyknown with reference to its value as the quarter of the obol, the tetartemorion. It is reassuringto see how logicallythese two PeriodI identificationsfit the expanded denominationalstructureof Athens'laterHellenisticbronze.Fromthe later 3rd throughthe mid-1stcentury B.C. (Periods II-IVA), the coinage involvedfive modularunits (cf. Table VI, p. 329 below): AE 1: 8-10 g. ca. 20-22 mm. 5-7 g. ca. 16-20 mm. AE 2: AE 3: ca. 13-15 mm. 2-4 g. ca. 10-13 mm. AE 4: 1-2 g. under 1 g. AE 5: ca. 7-10 mm. Of these, the AE 4 unit was minted in the greatestquantitythroughout,preciselyas one would expect if it were the basic chalkous.It was followedin popularityby its AE 3 double (as suggested by its commonly doubled reverseowls)and by the new AE 2, which fromits position one step up the or hemiobol.60 The minimal denominationalladder can be readily equated with the tetrachalkon, AE 5 unit played a far more limited role, as it did not appear until the last third of the 2nd century and did not outlast the end of PeriodIII in 86 B.C.(p. 68 below). The scale of values identifiesthis as the half-chalkousor kollybos,the smallestGreek monetary unit for which there happens to be any epigraphicaldocumentation.61Coins of exceptionallylarge and heavy AE 1 size made a brief appearanceafter229 (64, 66, 68; see pp. 48-49 below)but were soon devaluedand not struckagain until after 86 B.C.,when they replaced the AE 2 hemiobols as Athens' standardlarge bronze unit in the revampedcoinage of PeriodIV The identificationof these denominationscan thus be inferred from internal, mutually supporting Athenian evidence. But the resultingmodular-valuesystem of an eighth-obol chalkousof 1-2 g. (10-13 mm.), its 2-4 g. (13-15 mm.) double, and its 5-7 g. (16-20 mm.) quadruplehas been independentlydeduced or proposed also for a number of non-Athenianbronze coinages,62 60

PaceKroll 1981a, p. 273, where the AE 2 unit was erroneouslyequatedwith the obol. 61 Note 8 above, p. 25. 62 G. Milne, KobphonandIts Coinge,JM 96, New York 1941, pp. 55-73. Warren 1983, pp. 33, 36, 51; idem J. 1984, p. 22; idem1985, pp. 46-47. W. Weiser,"EinSchatzfundpampylisch-pisidischerBronzemiinzen,"S?R 61, 1982, pp. 31-34; idm, "Ein Fund von rhodischemKleingeld aus hellenistischerZeit," ZPE 66, 1986, pp. 212-213. Picard, Antre,pp. 281-301. 0. Picard, "L'administrationde l'ateliermonatairea Thasos au W sicle," RN, ser. 6, 29, 1987 (pp. 7-14), p. 8, pl. I.J. D. Mac Isaac, "PhliasianBronze Coinage," AJrSMN33, 1988 (pp. 45-54), p. 52. Grandjean, pp. 28-55. Price (1967, p. 367) classifiesthe bronzecoins from the South Stoa wells at Corinth into three modularsizes, c. 450-150 A-C (= our AE 2-4); in Price'sunpublished 1967 CambridgeUniversitydissertation,Greek Brone Coinuge with are three modules identified the in and now and Circulation, Value, BMCAlexander, pp. 39-40, B.C., Its Introduction,

PERIOD I: CATALOGUE

39

which suggests that the system was a conventional one that was recognized and widely adopted throughoutmuch of 4th-centuryand HellenisticGreece.

CATALOGUE 363-359 Head of Athena 1., wearing Attic helmet. 35

7 coins *a e-737 *b NN-1006

10-12 Av.1.27(7) 10 t 1.22 12 - 1.44

*c

11

-

0.90

11 11 10 11

\ -

1.31 1.44 1.07 1.12

d e f g

EE-4

NN-1625 O-218 AA-294a IIe-649

B.C. (Region of Olntos)

A H Owl facing, stg. on kernel of wheat; on either side, pellet and olive branch.

e

Sv. 22.93-96

See Robinson and Price 1967, pp. 1-6. A

e H Owl facing, wings spread,

Similar.

Sv. 22.97, 98

stg. on kernel of wheat; above at 1., [a pellet]. 36

NN-2061

8

-

0.19

4th centuryB.C.,undated

*37

r-137

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 11 \ 1.38

A E within three crescents, horns inwards,arranged in circle.

e

Sv. 22.50, 51

Rare and imitative of Athenian silver, this is the most perplexing of all early Athenian bronze varieties. Reversesbear the distinctivetype of silverthree-quarterobols (tritartemoria,21); and although the reversedies were specially engravedfor these larger-diameterversionsin bronze, the two specimens illustratedin Svoronos (Sv. 22.50 and 51, Athens and Berlin, both with 12 mm. diameters)were stamped from tiny obverse dies that appearto have been takenoverfromthe productionof silverfractionsof the obol. The largerobversedies of other examples, such as the one (9 mm.) illustratedin the Credit Bank catalogue63and one of the two unpublished pieces in the British Museum (both 10 mm.), were probably engraved exclusivelyfor the bronze. The variety was struckfrom at least three or four obversedies. It is conceivable that these pieces were actuallybronze tritartemoria,issued in state payments in lieu of silver during a momentary fiscal crisis. Or perhaps they were distributedas voucher tokens, to be later exchanged the hemiobol, the tetartemorion/dichalkon,and the chalkous,as they are by the other scholarscited in this note. See also A. E. Jackson, "The Bronze Coinage of Gortyn,"NC, ser. 7, 11, 1971 (pp. 37-51), pp. 50-51, with similarbut more provisionalidentifications.At Klazomenai, a chalkous (of AE 4 size: 1.3 g., 11 mm.) is so identified by the letter X on the reverse:E Imhoof-Blumer,"GriechischeMiinzen,"JVC,ser.3, 15, 1895 (pp. 269-289), p. 283, pl. 10:21. 63 A. BankNumismatic Athens 1978, no. 358. Collection, Walker,TheCredit

40

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C. for silver tritartemoria.64One of the BritishMuseum obversesstylisticallyapproximatesthe Athena heads on some of the later Double-bodiedowl bronzes(431,m), which suggestsa date as late as the 320's. But one stylistic comparison is a slender reed and leaves open the possibilitythat the variety may date from some other time in the century.The barelylegibleAgora examplewas foundwith a Double-bodiedowl bronze(r-138: variety41) in a fill below a Roman floor.

PERIOD I ca. 350's-earlyormid-330'sB.C. Sv. 103.1-15 EAEYEIabove. Piglet stg. r. Triptolemos,holding wheat on mystic staff;symbol or letter ears in r. hand, seated 1. in below or in field r. winged chariot drawn by two snakes. 15-18 Av. 3.20 (43) 77 coins 38 Pig'shead and ivy leaf, below (Sv. 103.2, 3) 18 - 2.85 a IIA-144 17 - broken b II-877 18 - blistered c AA-50 (L 19:2) Ivy branchwith leaves,below (Sv. 103.1) 17 . 3.01 *d E-1463 16 - 3.50 e A-1 17 - 3.29 f A-9 18 - 3.43 NN-2004 g Boukranion,below (Sv. 103.4, 5) 18 - 3.12 *h E-3100 Thompsc)n 1942, pl. I:l 16 - broken *i IIe-146 15 -- 3.42 j 00-461 Kleiner 11975,p. 317, no. 251 (P-R 6-12) 18 X 3.49 k EA-250 below (Sv. 103.6, 7) Scallop shell, 16 - 2.78 1 II-28 Ram's head r., below (AmericanNumismaticSociety) 17 -+ 3.77 m H'-3181 Dolphin, below (Sv. 103.14) 17 \ 3.87 *n E-6448 Astragal,below (Sv. 103.10) 16 - 2.97 o H'-3273 - - broken p AA-973 A, below (Cavaignac,nos. 49 and 54) 16 v 3.14 *q H'-2901 e, in field r. (Sv. 103.15) 14 , 2.43 *r Q-515 15 , 2.91 s BA-207 Among the fifty-eightremainingspecimenswith illegiblesymbol or letter,four have Triptolemosseated r. (as Sv. 103.16) and one has piglet 1.(as Sv. 103.14). 64 Cf. the bronze symbolon with a three-obol mark (ou46oXovoXaXxouv ve'ca tOU y?: Aristotle,AhenaionPoliteia 68.2). No such tokens are extant, but for a series of lead dikastictokens that are stamped with the triobol device and that may have been substitutedfor bronze triobol tokens after the Anaion Potia was written, see Rhodes, p. 731, Consfitution with the lead tokens illustratedinJ. E. Sandys,Aristotle's ofAtns, London 1893 and 1912, frontispiece,and Fox 1890, pl. III:15.

41

PERIOD I: CATALOGUE ca. early-mid330's

Similar. 39 *a *b *c *d *e

24 coins BB-226 I-969 Z-275 II-10 A-208

13-15 14 +15 4 15 +14 t 13 \

T-1402

AeE above. Piglet stg. r. on mystic staff;below, plemochoe.

Sv. 103.33-37

AO[E] below. Piglet stg. r. on mystic staff.

unpublished

Av. 2.51 (16) 2.58 2.62 2.19 3.30 2.74

[Similar.] *40

B.C.

15 -

broken

An unpublishedbut better-preservedexample from the Dipylon Road excavationsin the Kerameikosgives the full ethnic and shows that the reverseis unwreathed.

[38-40] 35 coins of uncertainEleusinianor Athenian Piglet-on-mystic-staff variety.

ca. earlyormid-330's-322/317 B.C. A

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 41

16 coins *a B'-830 *b A-267 *c PP-821

13-15 13 / 15 13 +-

Av. 2.14 1.93 2.75 2.81

e 3 or variant. Double-bodied

Sv. 22.43

owl stg. on mystic staff;in each upper corner, olive spray.

e-3

The arrangementof the ethnic is legible only on 41c.

Similar. 42 *a *b *c *d *e *f

73 coins S-3088 BF'-875 II-507 ET-233 A-214 4-183

11-15 Av. 1.75 (37) 14 t 1.35 13 t 1.41 15 t 1.85 12 \ 1.12 13 t 1.73 12 \ 1.62

Similar,except no symbol below the owl.

e-3

e-E e-3 e-3 -

Similar. 43 *a *b *c *d

169 coins A-207 NN-328 ET-97 K-401

10-14 12 / 11 t 13 -+ 10 \

Av. 1.85 (65) 1.77 1.71 2.20 2.21

Sv. 22.44-46

reverse type struckon both sides (cf. Sv. 22.52)

Similar,except Eleusis ring below the owl. E-e E-e

E-e

Sv. 22.35-42

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C.

42 *e *f *g

*h *i *j *k *1

S-6016 K-1428 00-1032

Ie-12

EA-223 AA-295 0-6 Z-394 *m ME-35

14 11 12 10 12 10 12 10 10

1.90 - 0.81 4 1.17 1.26 \ 1.62 -+ 0.89 / 1.92 t 1.21 / 1.44 4-

e-E GRC,fig. 13 - same obverse die as 43h O-E trimmed flan e-H e-H Kleiner 1975, p. 304, pl. 75, no. 8 (H-K 12-14)

Similar,except presence of mystic staff or Eleusis ring below owl uncertain. coins of uncertain Double-bodied l-owl 721 variety. [41-43] *a fl-262 12 - 1.85 11 t 1.96 *b A-270 *c NN-2122 13 t 1.56 *d HH-27 11 - 2.26 14 trimmed flan *e AA-991 1.63 *f IIne-124 same 13 - 1.09 N 1.85 same 12 *g S-3732 h e-274 Kleiner 1975, p. 304, pl. 75, no. I (H-K 12-14) 12 2.02 [41-43]a-c are illustratedfor their good pi-style obverses, e-g since their flans had been clipped down, presumablybefore striking;d is nearlytypeless.Most of these coins belong to variety43. Similar.

ca. 322/317-307 B.C. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 44 *a *b *c *d *e *f g

49 coins o-150 8-787 H'-2245 K-772 T-920 A-417 rr-37

13-15 14 13 4 13 \ 14 t 14 413 14 \

Av.2.70 (13) 2.86 2.71 3.19 2.00 2.45 2.73 3.31

Similar.

45 *a *b *c *d *e *f

34 coins e-206 OE-43 EA-373 8-396 ET'-586 ET-209

13-15 14 \ 13 t 14 14 13 14 t

Av. 2.50 (16) 1.60 3.15 3.44 3.71 2.71 2.83

A?E below. Two owls stg. 1. and r., facing; between them, Eleusis ring; all in olive wreath.

Sv. 24.42-50

Kleiner 1975, p. 304, pl. 75, no. 13 (H-K 12-14) GRC,fig. 13

AO between. Two owls stg. 1. and r., facing; plemochoe below; all in olive wreath.

GRC,fig. 13

Sv. 24.34-39

43

PERIOD I: CATALOGUE

AO between. Two owls stg. 1. and r., facing; all in olive wreath.

Similar. 274 coins *a 0-269 *b A-31

46

13-15 Av. 2.34 (62) 14 4 2.48 13 \ 14 \

14 /

*h T-1604

13 f

*i III-89 *j T-1015 *k E-473 _-p

13 14 13

Kleiner1975,p. 304, pl. 75, no. 22 (H-K 12-14)

1.99 2.89

*c r-1208 *d NN-2071 14 t 2.29 14 -+ 2.30 *e HII-358 14 4 2.75 *f K-1301 *g ET'-511

Sv. 24.51-57

broken

Kleiner1975,p. 309, pl. 75, no. 158 (H-K 12-14) A

e

A

t t?

1.96

2.78

0 Kleiner 1975, p. 321, pl. 75, no. 298 (misclassified) (M-N 15:1)

A

e

AO OA 5 -S specimens from the A 18:8 hoard illustratedin EABC, pl. 17:2, 6-9 The small Athena heads and chunkierfabric of 46h-k set them apart from the normal examples of variety 46. One or more might be Attic-helmetvariantsof the 3rd-centuryvariety 56 (Corinthianhelmet/Two owls, A over e), although, as we see from the otherwise normal 46g, the vertical arrangementof the ethnic is not necessarilyindicativeof later issue. 3.25 2.28

AOH below. Two owls stg. 1. and r., facing; all in olive wreath.

Similar.

47

2 coins *a E-5061

14 t 3.06

*b IIII-1000

15

2.57

-+

unpublished

(A 17:3)

Two owls in olive wreath;details illegible. 368 uncertain Attic coins of helmet/Two-owls [44-47] variety. Similar.

Triptolemos1., holding wheat ears in r. hand, seated in or mounting winged chariot drawn by two snakes.

EAEYabove. Piglet stg. r. on slim mystic staff;all in wheat wreath.

Sv. 103.22, 25

48 13-15 Av. 2.55 (16) 28 coins Triptolemosseated *a fQ-183 14 -+ 2.36

t

*b K-1770

15

*c BB-892 *d MM-83 *e E-2406

14 - 2.53 14 - 2.52 13 - 2.80

Triptolemos mounting *f AP-84 13 \ \ ME-186 14 *g

2.50

2.87 3.28

Of the unillustratedspecimenswith legibleobverses,eighthaveTriptolemosseated,nine Triptolemosmounting.

44

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C. Similar.

49 17 coins 13-15 Triptolemosmounting *a PP-81 15 t *b ME-176 15 t *c K-290 15 \

Similar,except EAEYbelow.

Sv. 103.26, 28

Av. 2.40(15) 2.35 2.32 2.22

Of the unillustratedspecimenswith legibleobverses,two haveTriptolemosseated,eight Triptolemosmounting. 307-ca. 300 B.c.

50 *a *b *c *d *e *f *g *h *i *j *k 1,m

251 coins K-1616 B'-1024 II-690 K-1702 r-149 ME-238 A-410 NN-2040 IIH-825 Z-2995 H'-2247

14 15 15 14 15 15 14 14 15

4, 3.46 4- 3.05 4. 4.01 +- 4.71 3.79 / - 3.36 t 4.31 4 4.12 / 3.43

(B 13:1)

Kleiner 1975, p. 305, pl. 75, no. 49 (H-K 12-14) Kleiner 1975, no. 43 (H-K 12-14); GRC,fig. 13

2 EE specimens from the A 18:8 hoard illustratedin EABC, pl. 17:10, 11

39 coins *a Q-249 *b 8-94

*c II-85 *d *e *f *g

Sv. 22.85-88

15 4 3.83

Triptolemosseated 1. in chariot, as on 38 and 39. 51

A He- Owl stg. ., facing; all in olive wreath.

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet with three crests and, on visor, snalke ornament. 14-16 Av. 3.52 (86) 14 . 4.02

EA-171 B-374 ME-249 BB-286

15-17 15 t 17 t 15 f 15 / 15 \ 15 / 15 /

Av. 3.73 (33) 4.24 4.22 4.04 3.65 3.26 5.68 4.03

EAEYEIbelow. Piglet stg. r. on slim mystic staff;all in wheat wreath.

Sv. 103.17-21

Heatyvarie Thompson 1942, pl. 1:3; GRC,fig. 17

(F 11:2) Kleiner 1975, p. 308, pl. 76, no. 134

287-284 B.C.

52

37 coins *a KTA-57 *b KK-134 *c ME-366

A-e H Owl stg. r., facing all in olive Sv. 22.81-83 Head of Athena r., wearing wreath. Corinthian helmet. 13-15 Av.2.40 (18) 15 t 2.23 15 -+ 2.51 14 . 2.80 Kleiner 1975, p. 305, pi. 75, no. 54 (H-K 12-14)

45

PERIOD I: CATALOGUE *d rr-97 *e AA-507 f-h

14 t 13 \

2.24 1.94 3 ES specimens in the A 18:8 hoard illustratedin EABC, pl. 17:13-15

284-270's B.c.

A-9 Owl stg. r., facing; all in wheat wreath.

Similar. 53 *a *b *c *d *e

201 coins I-193 N-850 ME-20 A-244 0-403

*f

r-381

12-15 14 4 14 \ 13 t 12 t

12 4 12 4 12 t

Av. 2.37 (87) 2.78 1.84 2.75 2.42 2.73 2.75 2.12

Sv. 22.64-70

Kleiner 1975, p. 305, pl. 75, no. 57 (H-K 12-14)

EABC,p. 150, pl. 17:16 (1 of 15 specimens from the A 18:8 hoard); see also EABC,pl. 17:21, 22, 25, 27, 30 *h A-400 15 -+ 2.66 e-A (as Sv. 22.64); GRC,fig. 13 Aberrantdie cutting accountsfor the retrogradeethnics of 53h and the unillustratedrr-420 and ME-327. g

5E-70a

Similar. 54

38 coins Owl r. (36 coins) *a NN-2099 *b E--44d *c AA-55 *d NN-1845

*e D-349 Owl 1.(2 coins) *f NN-1719 g 00-332

A-e (or e-A) Owl stg. r. (or 1.),facing; all in olive wreath.

Sv. 22.71, 72, 84

12-14 Av.2.34 (17) 13 4 13 t

13 ,\

3.21

A-e A-9 EABC,p. 151, pl. 17:33 (1 of 6 specimens from the A 18:8 hoard);see also EABC,pl. 17:31, 32 A-e e-A; Kleiner 1976, p. 17, no. 86 (misclassified) (A-B 19-20:1) e-A

14 4 14 $

2.88 1.97

A-e A-e

2.22 2.10

13 , 2.43 13 t 2.55

EAEYEIbelow. Piglet in wheat Triptolemos1., seated in or wreath, as on 51. mounting chariot, as on 48 and 49. 11-14 Av.2.26 (46) Lightvariey

55 59 coins Triptolemosseated *a E-6467 14 *b 00-510 13 *c --E-45b 12

t t

2.37 2.62 2.42

Triptolemosmounting *d ME-169 14 t *e E-1917 13 \

2.06 2.47

Sv. 103.23, 27

EABC,p. 151, pl. 17:47 (1 of 19 specimens from the A 18:8 hoard); see also EABC,pl. 17:46, 48, 51

46

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C. *f *g

Z-2986 S-2930

14 t 1.73 11 4 2.01

Of the unillustratedspecimenswith legible obverses,22 have Triptolemosseated, 32 Triptolemosmounting.

UNCIASIFIED Piglet stg r. in wheat wreath; legend illegible. [48, 49, 51, 55] 356 coins of uncertainWreathed-piglettype. Similar.

ca. 270 B.C. A Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet.

*a *b *c *d *e

10 coins 8-785 AA-11 NN-1072 --26 NN-788

13-15 13 t 13 t 14 t 13 t 14 t

Av.2.35(8) 2.07 2.81 3.27 2.51 3.27

*f

AA-271

14 t

1.81

56

*g ME-270

13 k/ 2.31

e between. Two owls stg. 1.

Sv. 24.58, 59

and r., facing; all in olive wreath.

EABC,p. 151, pl. 17:37 (A 18:8) e only between owls. The alpha was probablypositioned above and between their heads. 8 only between owls, as 56e A e E Kleiner 1975, p. 305, no. 83 (misclassified)(H-K 12-14)

ca. 270-261 B.C. A

e E Owl stg. r., facing;

Similar.

Sv. 22.76, 77

in field r., wreath. 57 *a *b *c *d *e

24 coins NN-781 E-27 5-28a IIA-8 r-325

*f r-981 g

A-998

13-15 Av.2.13(14)

13 t 14 t 14

2.39 2.17 ' 2.56

14 t

2.15

13 t 14 t 13 -

2.37 2.41 1.56

Similar. 58 *a *b *c *d *e

25 coins fl-375 III-322 r-654 NN-1979 H-2186

13-15 13 \ 13 \ 14 t 15 -+ 13 t

Av.2.27 (16) 2.44 2.85 1.97 3.14 2.79

GRC,fig. 13; Kleiner, MN 20, pi. 1:7 EABC,p. 151, pl. 17:38 (A 18:8) EABC,p. 151, pl. 17:39 (A 18:8)

Rotroff 1983, p. 291, pl. 57, no. 68 (H 6:9)

Similar,except in field r., ear of wheat.

Sv. 22.78, 79

47

PERIOD I: CATALOGUE Similar,except in field r., cornucopia.

Similar. 59 *a *b *c *d *e

19 coins BA-56 00-815 A-686 II-629 OE-42

12-14 Av. 2.35 (11) 13 t 2.46 13 -+ 2.55 14 -+ 2.22 13 +- 3.02 13 t 2.04

GRC,fig 13; Kleiner,MN 20, pl 1:6

Similar,except in field r., Eleusis ring.

Similar. *60

IIO-698

16 \

Sv. 22.73, 74

Sv. 22.75

2.90 Similar,except symbol at r. illegible.

Similar.

[57-60] 146 coins of uncertainowl-r.-with-symbolvariety. 14 a _E-28b EABC,p. 151, pl. 17:40 (A 18:8) 14 worn and cut to triangularshape *b AA-50 UNCLASSIFIED Owl r.; details illegible.

Similar.

[52-54, 57-60] 580+ coins of uncertain3rd-centuryCorinthianhelmet/Owl-r. variety. The total excludesan estimatedseveralhundredcoins that in the 1930'swere identifiedand enteredin the field notebooks as "3rdcenturyB.C.Owl r."but which were subsequentlydiscardedas being insufficientlylegible. 3rdcenturyB.C., undated Head of Demeter r., wearing wheat wreath. 61

T-206

[EAEYEI]above. Plemochoe resting on Eleusis ring; all in wheat wreath. too worn for illustration

15 t

Sv. 103.29-32

3.22 Evidently an isolated emission of limited mintage. Published specimens have diameters of 13-15 mm.; Cavaignacgives two weights: 3.12 g. and 3.34 g. By diameterand weight, the issue might seem to fall between the heavy and light Wreathed-piglet,EAEYEIvarieties51 and 55, to which it is related through its five-letter ethnic and wreathed reverse.Alternatively,since the em on could (like51) have been struckwith "reformed" diameterand weight, a position afterthe light Wreathedpigletsis also possibleand would better suit the changed Elellsiniantypes. 261-229 B.C. Two superimposedpiglets stg. 1.

62

21 coins *a fl-101 *b EA-10 II-240 NN-2035

13-14 Av.2.21(12) 14 4. 2.19 14 V/ 2.15 14 t 13 t

2.37 2.50

A-E on either side of upright mystic staff;all in olive wreath.

Sv. 103.42-46

TIhompson 1942, pl. I:4; Kleiner 1975, p. 316, pl. 75, no. 233 (Ct-R 10-11:1)

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:4TH-IST CENTURIESB.C.

48

e ME-67

13 - 2.47

f

14

A-1452

-+

1.65+

Kleiner1975,p. 306, no. 95 (H-K 12-14) (G 6:2)

AeE? (above).Piglet stg. r. on ground line. *63

X-115

12 \

1.49

EAE (downwardsat r.)-YEI (upwardsat 1.)on either side of thick, upright mystic staff.

Thompson 1942, p. 222, pl. 1:5

(N 18:3)

When publishingthis very worn coin, MargaretThompson read A8E on the obverseand EAEon the reverse. While the suggestionsof obverseletterscould resultfromrandompittingsin the surface,the suggestions,especially of the theta, are undeniable (see Thompson'spl. 1:5).The obverse AeE is paralleledon Sv. 103.41, a variant of 62 in the Numismatic Collection of Athens. A second specimen of the present variety (at the American Numismatic Society,Inv. 1944.100.26047, 12 mm., 1.75 g.), being even more worn, confirmsonly the reading of the downwardsEAEon the reverse.Both specimens are overstrikes,as seen from the broken relief of their uprightmystic staffs.

PERIOD II 229-ca. 183 B.C. When the Macedonian monarchy was suddenly weakened by the death of King Demetrios II in 229 B.C.,the Athenians entered into negotiations with the Macedonian commander of the Peiraeus

for the evacuation of his garrisonsfrom the forts of Attica. Raising the agreed-uponprice of 150 talents, the city purchasedits freedom later in the year65and slowly began to recover a measure of her past brillianceas one of the more influentialand prosperousstatesof old Greece. As in many other areas of Athenian public life, the liberationof 229 had a profound impact on the coinage. The traditionalowl silverwas soon refurbishedin a new series of drachmsand tetradrachmswith emission symbols and gradually shed its old-fashionedappearance to evolve in the 2nd century into the ornate, wide-flan New Style coinage. Yet the modernizationof the bronze coinage was, if anything, swifter,more dramatic, and more expressiveof the forward-lookingspirit of the new age, as the bronze began to serve as a medium for a more varied nationalisticiconography and was for the firsttime issued in severalcomplementarydenominations. The establishedAE 3 unit of PeriodI, althoughcontinuedin three modest Period II emissions (65,67, and 77; see Table II, pp. 322-323 below),wasjoined and eclipsedby more substantialand frequent strikingsin the largerAE 2 and smallerAE 4 modules, the former taken over from the Pan-erecting-trophybronzesofAntigonos Gonatas(507). As explained(p. 38 above),the three basic denominationsare to be recognizedas the chalkous(AE4), the dichalkon/tetartemorion(AE3), and the hemiobol (AE 2). A fourthmodularunitwas employedonly in the earlierphase of PeriodII. This is the much larger (20-22 mm.) and heavier (8-10 g.) AE 1, which would logically representthe bronze obol were it not that the unit was introducedin variety64 with the traditionaltypesof the Atheniansilvertriobol: Athena head in Attic helmet/Upright facing owl between two pendent olive branches. Ordinarily one might be skepticalwhether these triobol types were intended to retain their denominational meaning when transferredto a bronze coin, but in the present instance the case for transferred denominationalsignificanceis unusuallystrong. 65

Plutarch,Aratu 34; Pausanias2.8.6.

PERIODII

49

In all Athenian coinage no reversetype was more closely associatedwith a common monetary value than the erect, frontal owl framed by olive sprays and a triangularlyarranged ethnic. The type was created for Athens' first triobols in the second half of the 5th century (12). Through the pi-style silverof the later 4th century,the triobolwith its characteristicreversewas one of the more heavilyminted denominationsbelow the tetradrachm.And althoughwe do not know if any triobols were struck with the quadridigitedrachms and tetradrachmsin the early 3rd century, Svoronos illustratestwo silvertriobolswith the unmistakableobverse style of certain heterogeneousdrachms and tetradrachmsfrom later in the century.66The heterogeneoustriobolswere probablystruckby Athens; but whether they were or not, they bring the associationof reversetype and value into the 240's or 230's, after which triobols vanish from the pre-New Style silver,their types having been transferredto the heavy new AE 1 bronze.There is consequentlyeverygood reason to inferthat the AE 1 bronzes with triobol types were intended to replace triobols in silver.67In this connection it must be significantthat the types were employed on bronze coins only when the AE 1 module was introduced. Once the value of the AE 1 pieces had become familiar,denominational types were discontinuedin favor of more contemporarydesigns depicting a head of Zeus or Artemis on obverses and the statue of Athena Polias on reverses(66, 68). Significance,too, must be attached to the circumstancethat all these AE 1 coins were eventuallycounterstampedwith the device of a plemochoe on both sides, doubtlessto devaluethem to the level of the Demeter/Plemochoe AE 2 pieces (72-74) in a tacit recognition that the highly overvaluedbronze triobols had outlived their usefulnessas a substitutefor silver.The strikingof triobols in silver returned in the 2nd century with the advent of the stephanephoriccoinage. Close stylisticsimilaritiesbetween the silverdrachmswith symbols(p. 13 above), the firstAE 1 triobol variety 64, and the contemporaryAE 3 Two-owl variety 65 (note especiallywhat seems to be an aplustrehelmet ornament on 65a) affirm that th the two bronze varieties date within the last three decades of the 3rd century. But because the AE 1 triobols were almost certainly issued to replacesilvertriobolsalreadyin circulation,theirinceptionmay reasonablybe attributedto 229 and relatedto the 150 talentsof silverthat the Atheniansthen raisedto purchaseteir freedomfrom the Macedonian garrisonsin the Peiraeusand the other fortsof Attica. Aratosand the Achaian League gave Athens 20 talents toward this end,68 and it is usually assumed that another substantialgift was solicitedfrom Ptolemy Euergetes.Athens obtainedloans of perhapsas much as 20 talentsfrom the cities of Boiotia and relied heavily on contributionsfrom her wealthier citizens and friends.69 It now appearsthat another sourcewas tapped by withdrawinga quantityof silverfrom circulation, all triobolscertainlybut possiblysome silverin largerdenominationsas well, through an exchange with the bronze triobols, more or less as Athens had done with the plated bronze drachms and tetradrachmsof 406/5 B.C.(pp. 7-8 above). Period II thus begins with the AE 1 triobolsin 229. The end of the period is archaeologically fixed by the great constructionfill of the Middle Stoa in the Agora (Deposit H-K 12-14). The 189 66 Sv. 21.51, 52 (see note 47 above,p. 12). Sv.24.28 = BMCAttica, pl. V:15, is another3rd-centuryB.C.silvertriobolbut with an Athena head that has its closest parallelsin the tetrobols 29a, b. The tremendous scale of triobol strikingin the later4th centurycan be appreciatedfromthe 64 triobolsin the 89-piece Peiraeus1956 hoard, IGCH 127 (Thompson 1957). 67 The inscribed bronze TPI2BOAO struckby Samothrace (HunterI, p. 388, no. 1, pi. 26:7: 10.4 g., 24 mm.) is of AE 1 size but belongs probablyto the 1st centuryB.C.,to judge from the broken-baralpha of the ethnic. 68 Plutarch,Aratus34. 69 Habicht, Studien, pp. 79-81, for full documentationand discussion.

50

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C.

identifiablecoins excavatedfrom the fill give a nearly complete run of Athenian bronze from the middle of the 4th centurydown to the closing of the fill ca. 183 B.C.70and include specimensfrom all but threeof the PeriodI coinages.71Observingin his publicationof the coins in the Middle Stoa fill thatlaterbronzevarietiesdo not show up in Agora depositsuntilafterthe middle of the 2nd century, Kleinerdeduced that the mintingof bronzewas suspendedbetween ca. 183 and ca. 140 B.C.72There can be no doubt that mintingwas interruptedat the end of PeriodII, presumablybecause continued productionwas judged unnecessary;but since the Period III strikingsprobablybegan in the 160's (pp. 67-68 below), the lacuna will have lasted for only about two decades. The PeriodII bronze is unusuallyrich in featuresthat tie particularemissionsto episodes in the politicalhistoryofAthens duringthe late 3rdand early2ndcenturiesB.C.The chronologypresentedin Table H (pp. 322-323 below)has been reconstructedfromthe followinginterlockingconsiderations: 1. As in the owls of the late 3rd-early2nd-centuryB.C.silver,therewas an abruptmodificationin the formofthe owlson the Period I bronze.Except in the AE 4 variety81, Owl on thunderbolt,all the Period II owls have heads designedlike those on the drachmsand tetradrachmswith symbols(p. 13 above):heads have little or no feathering,beaksare long and frequentlyjoined to the brow,eyes are relativelylarge.The exceptionalowl headsof the Owl-on-thunderboltpieces, with small,dot-shaped eyes sunkendeeply below an enlarged,bulbousforehead,are, on the other hand, identicalto the owl heads of the New Style silver and the final, spread-flanOld Style tetradrachmswith monograms (p. 13 above). The Owl-on-thunderboltAE 4 should thus belong relativelylate in Period II, surely to the early 2nd centuryratherthan to the late 3rd, as shouldthe AE 2 StandingZeus issues(78-80) with which the pieces depictingan owl on Zeus'sthunderboltwere presumablyminted. 2. That the AE 2 Standing Zeus coinage belongs after the turn of the century follows from a previouslyunremarkeddetail of its earliest obverse dies. Throughout most of the coinage, the Athena on the obversewears a Corinthianhelmet. The firstissue, however,began with an Athena in an Attic helmet ornamented with a wing (see 78a, b and Sv. 80.1-3), which at once brings to mind the winged helmet worn by the goddess Roma on the early denarius coinage of Rome.73 CertainArchaicelectrumof Kyzikosand Prieneand laterbronze or silverissuesofKamarina, Velia, and Metapontion also depict Athena in a winged helmet.74 But the very rarity and remoteness

The date is derivedfrom the abundantwine-jarhandlesin the deposit;see Grace 1985, pp. 1-54, with Grace and s "Lestimbresamphoriquesgrecs,"Dfl XXVII, M. Savvatianou-Petropoulakou, pp. 289-291, 317-319. Over 1,200(84 and Knidian series,whose chronologies Rhodian the well-dated to handles Stoa Middle the of belong stamped percent) of secondarystampson the the introduction that B.C. the to 188 are anchored in the early2nd century through hypothesis follow on Knidian the of named Rhodian handles and the simultaneousappearance upon Rhodes' takeover phewuaroi assembled evidence of the Carian coast in that year. In light of the ancillarychronological by Grace, the hypothesis to five years after the start down about fill come Stoa in the Middle seems inescapable.The latest stamped handles of the the and so date of the Rhodian secondarystampsand the Knidianphowchoi depositto around 183 (Grace closing op.cit.,p. 291, stating "183 or 182 B.C."). 1985, pp. 8-9, 14-15; Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou, 71 Kleiner 1975, pp. 304-307: depositsI and I. The threePeriodII coinagesthat are missingfromthe depositare the AE 1 triobolvariety64, the AE 2 Zeus/Amphora variety76, and the rareAE 3 Owl left with amphora 77. 72 Kleiner 1975, pp. 329-330; 1976, p. 36. 73 Crawford,RRC,nos. 44/5, 45/1, 46/1, etc. 74 LLMC II, s.v.Athena Ailee, p. 964 and pl. 711, nos. 64 (Kyzikos)and 65 (?Priene).U. Westermarkand K.Jenkins, TheCinageof Kamina, London 1980, pp. 220-224, pls. 35, 36, nos. 198-205 (AE, 420-405B.c); SNC, Itay 1560, 1561, 1575-1577, 1583, 1584 (Veliasilver,4th-3rd centuriesB.c.);and 1241 (Metapontionsilver,"HannibalicPeriod, c. 212-07 B.C.").The last coin probablyowes its winged helmetto the denarius.The winged helmet on the denariusand its relation to the winged helmet of Perseuson the coinage of King Philip V of Macedon is discussedby Boehringer, 70

PERIODII

51

of such comparanda make it highly probable that the helmet wing on the Athenian bronze is a borrowingfrom the denarii,which, firststruckin 212 or 21 1 B.C.,must have been reachingAthens,if only in sample numbers,during the Second Macedonian War (200-197 B.C.).Not only did Athens ally herself with Rome, Pergamon, and Rhodes in the spring of 200 at the beginning of the war, but for its duration a detachment of Roman soldiers was stationed in Athens to defend against Macedonian attack, while the Peiraeusserved as the base of operationsfor the Roman fleet.75In these circumstances,the borrowingof the helmet wing will date afterthe springof 200 and should, indeed, be understood as a complimentaryreference to Rome, the new champion of Athenian independence. 3. A winged helmet (on which the wing is more pointed and closer to the Roman prototype) is worn also by Athena of the AE 3 variety77, Owl left with amphora, and places this rare variety, too, after the spring of 200. The variety must fall between that date and the start of the Owl-onthunderboltAE 4 (and the Standing Zeus AE 2 of 78-80); for, as seen from the better-preserved examples of the Owl-left emission in Svoronos (Sv. 22.89-92), the owls have heads of Old Style design with large eyes. This Owl-leftAE 3 is linkedto the AE 2 variety76, Zeus/Amphora, through the olive-wreathborder on the reversesof both issues, a feature that occurs nowhere else in the PeriodII bronze. Since the reversetype of a large Panathenaicamphoraon the AE 2 coins suggests that they were probably struckin conjunctionwith a celebrationof the Greater Panathenaia,the accompanying Owl-left AE 3 with its winged helmet and adjunct Panathenaicamphora may be dated to 198 B.C.,when the festivalwas held for the firsttime afterthe alliancewith Rome. 4. Followingafter a short interval,the Athena in winged helmet/Standing Zeus AE 2 (and the start of the Owl-on-thunderboltAE 4) can plausiblybe associatedwith Flamininus'victory over Philip V in 197 at the conclusionof the Second MacedonianWar and his policy,announced a year later at the Isthmian Games, of guaranteeingfreedom for all Greeks.The policy,it is true, brought no special benefits to the Athenians, who were already free, but enthusiasmfor Flamininusmust have run high, if only for his defeat of the hated Philip. The acclamationshe received elsewhere as Savior and Liberatorreplicatedthe cult titles of Zeus Soter-Eleutheriosat Athens and Plataia and point to an association of Flamininuswith this cult, as Walbanknoticed.76 Given the Roma helmet on its firstobversesand the very limited time in the early 2nd centuryavailablefor this issue, it is reasonableto suppose that the Standing Zeus on the reverse of the coins actually depicts the Athenian statue of Zeus Soter-Eleutherios,as discussedbelow. This in turn leaves the final type change of the AE 2 unit to the FulminatingZeus reversein variety82 to fall around 190 B.C.,that is, about midwaybetween 196 and ca. 183. 5. Athens' long and important series of AE 2 issues began with the overstrikingof the Panerecting-trophyAE 2 of Antigonos Gonatas (507) by variety 69, whose reverse of Owl threequartersright, wings raised, with amphora, was copied from the pentobol silver struckduring the ChremonideanWar (28, see pp. 10-11 above). Intended to remove the Macedonian bronze from circulation,the overstrikingwas, as Habichtpointed out, unlikelyto havebeen enactedbeforeAthens on thismatteris futileuntiltherelevantcoinageof pp. 116-124.ButM0rkholm(EHC,p. 136)cautionsthatspeculation

Philipis more securelydated. Even so, it is unthinkablethat the Athenianswould haveborrowedthe winged helmet from the coinage of Philip. 75 For documentation, mostly in Livy, and a vivid narrativeof the Roman presence at Athens during the Second Macedonian War,see Ferguson,pp. 270-279, esp. 278-279. 76 F. W. Walbank,A Historical onPolybius Commentary II, Oxford 1967, pp. 613-614, concludingthat "Flamininusthus appropriatedthe identificationwith Zeus favoredby PhilipV"

52

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:4TH-1ST CENTURIESB.C.

brokefree of Macedoniancontrolin 229 B.C.77The overstrikingapparentlybelongsin fact a number of yearsafter229. Workingbackfromthe AE 2 issuesof the early2nd century,the AE 2 issues73-75 with the EleusinianDemeter/Plemochoe typestaketheirplace roughlyin the last one or two decades of the 3rd century,leaving the two Owl three-quartersright issues 69 and 70 and the overstriking over Gonatasto date in the 210's or later220's. Becauseof the historicalassociationsof the reverseof the Owl three-quartersright with amphora with the ChremonideanWar pentobols, which were struck to pass as Ptolemaic drachms and may have actually been called 8paXiat it LCL IToXeci-xal, follows that the type was revived for the overstriking more for its pro-Egyptian than for its anti-

Macedonian implications.Accordingly,the overstrikingshould date to or just after 224/3 B.C.,the year in which the Atheniansreestablishedclose politicaland culturalties to the Egyptiancourt and honored Ptolemy Euergetesas the eponymoushero of a new Athenian tribe.78 6. Each of the laterAE 2 coinagesof PeriodII was accompaniedby its own small-denomination variety:the FulminatingZeusAE 2 by the Cicada/AmphoraAE 4 (see under85), the StandingZeus AE 2 by the Owl-on-thunderboltAE 4 (p. 50 above),the Zeus/Amphora AE 2 by the Owl-left-withamphora AE 3 (p. 51 above), and the Demeter/Plemochoe AE 2 by the Plemochoe/Eleusis-ring AE 4. It followsthat the earliestAE 2 coinage, Owl three-quartersright,was probablyaccompanied by the earliestAE 4 variety,Owl on rudder(71). An issue of the drachmswith symbols (Sv. 23.41, 42; see p. 13 above) also has its owl perched on a rudder,which doubled on the drachms as an emissionsymbol. But we should probablyinterpretthe rudderof both coinages as the metaphorical rudderof government(xupepv7i
circulatedfor at least a decade before devaluation.This is understandableenough in view of what must have been a serious shortage of silver in Athens after 229 and the continuing obligation of

the city to repay the sizable debts it contractedin that year.Not that this highly overvaluedbronze would have necessarilyretainedits face value for a decade or more; over time its value in relation to silvermay very well have declined. Even if the coins were ultimatelypassingas bronze obols, their continuationwould probablyhave beenjustified.The Athena PoliasAE 1 with the Artemisobverse was produced for a long enough time for its reversesto pass from a phase of fine die engraving and a dotted border to a stylisticallycursoryphase without the border (cf. Sv. 25. 10).79The variety, for all one can tell, may have been issued after the AE 2 overstrikingon Gonatas. On the other p. 144,note9) thattheoverstriking Habicht,Studien, myearliersuggestion(EABC, pp.42, 148,note 137,correcting strict in death Athens' 239. have been Stressing policyof neutralitytowardsMacedon by Antigonos' precipitated might between229 and PhilipV's invasionof Atticain the fallof 201, Habicht(Studien, pp. 146-150)proposedto connect the Athenians that the damnatio with the overstriking memoriae passedagainstKingPhilipand all his ancestorsin 201 would for the late a date so or a yearor two later.But compressthe firstsevenAE 2 issuesof PeriodII overstriking be accepted. and cannot or five of four short withinan impossibly years space only 78 The honorsandtheevidenceforthe 224/3 datearereviewed pp. 105-112,and,in connection byHabicht,Studien, Alexandrine bowls with the suddenvogue in Athensfor moldmade prototypes,by Rotroff,AgoraXXII, imitating pp. 11-13. 79 H. Kroll,"TheAncient to andTopographyPresented inAthenan Architecture, Sculpture, ImageofAthenaPolias,"in Studies J. with note Princeton 1982 A. Thompson Homer 27, pl. 11. (pp.65-76),p. 71, Supplement20), (Hesperia 77

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53

hand, the Zeus/Athena Polias variety 66 (fine style, dotted reverse border)was accompanied by the AE 3 variety 67 (also with a dotted border on the reverse)and presumablyantedatesthe Owl three-quartersright AE 2 and Owl-on-rudderAE 4. Iconographical Symbolism Conspicuousin this review of types is the fresh and sometimespoliticallychargediconography that sets the Period II bronze apart from the monotony of all preceding Athenian coinage. Even otherwise conventional owl or Athena-head types were given an original, topical twist, as when the ChremonideanWar owl with lifted wings and amphorawas revivedfor the overstrikingof the Macedonian bronze of Antigonos Gonatas (69), the owl of the firstAE 4 reversewas made to grasp the rudder of state (71), or Athena's helmet was embellishedwith a wing alluding to the goddess Roma, as it was during andjust afterthe Second MacedonianWar (77, 78). A more explicit expressionof Athenian independence and nationalismis found on the AE 1 obversespicturingthe statue of the chief tutelarydeity of the city,Athena Polias or, as the goddess was also known, Athena Archegetis(Founder).80The coins of varieties 66 and 68 afford the only extant visual documentationin any medium for this statue, but the identificationwith the ancient olive-wood xoanon that was housed in the Erechtheionand dressedeach Panathenaiain a newly woven peplos seems certain from the inscribed inventoriesof the gold ornaments of the image, which included a phiale in one of the goddess' hands and a gold owl supportedat shoulderlevel, preciselyas the coins show.81The image on the coins, too, wears a Corinthianhelmet, presumably the removable "sacredhelmet" on the Akropolismentioned by Aristophanes.82One suspectsthat the venerable Polias image was conceived on the coins as a kind of response to the archaistic statue of Athena brandishinga thunderboltthat Antigonos Gonatas placed on the reversesof his drachms and tetradrachms.This Athena is identifiedas the statue of Athena Alkis, or Alkidamos, that stood in the Macedonian capital of Pella.83The reverse of a fighting archaisticAthena had earlierappearedon satrapaltetradrachmsof PtolemyI and on statersof Demetrios Poliorketesand so had a long association with Macedonian royalty.84It was very probably this association that inspiredthe Atheniansto place the image of their own nationalAthena cult on the reversesof their coins soon after the Macedonian occupationof Attica ended in 229. Two Athenian emblems, the Panathenaicamphora and the cicada, make their earliestappearances as coin types in the Period II bronze. The cicada first occurs on the Cicada/Amphora AE 4 80

Ibid.,p. 69. Ibid.,pp. 65-72. Implicitlyrejectingthe epigraphicaltestimonia,Ira S. Mark("The Ancient Image and Naiskosof Athena Polias: The Ritual Setting on a Late Fifth-CenturyAcropolis Relief" [lecture, San Antonio 1986], abstract in AJA 91, 1987, pp. 287-288) alternativelyidentified the Polias with the xoanon depicted on the relief, 0. Walter, derReliefsim Kinen Akropolimuseum in Athen,Vienna 1923, no. 76. But even if we could be sure that the Beschreibung xoanon on the relief held a phiale and an owl, the owl would be positioned at the goddess' waist, not her shoulder as the inscriptionsrequire. Nor does the xoanon wear the golden gorgoneion that was part of the Polias ensemble since before 480 B.c.(Plutarch, Themistokles 10, with the inscribedinventories),although a gorgoneion is to be found on the breast of the Athena who sits below the xoanon on the relief. The very presence of this Athena implies that the xoanon was an image of another deity altogether,as Waltersays. 82 J. H. Kroll, "'The Sacred Helmet' of Lysistrata 748-55 and the Image of Athena Polias"(lecture,Cincinnati 1983), abstractin AJA88, 1984, p. 250. 83 Brett 1950, pp. 55-72, pl. XII:14, 15. Lacroix,pp. 119-121, pl. VIII:8-10; Boehringer,p. 99, pls. 25, 26:18-26; LIMCII, s.v.Athena Promachos,p. 973, pls. 722, 723, no. 164. On the circulationof Gonatas'silverat Athens after261, see pp. 12, 36 above. 84 Brett 1950, pl. XI. Lacroix, pp. 116-121, pl. VII:5, 6; LIMC II, s.v. Athena Promachos, p. 973, pls. 722, 723, nos. 158, 159, 162. 81

54

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C.

(85) around 190 B.C.and goes on to become one of the more populardesignsof the bronzecoinagein the later 2nd and earlier 1st centuriesB.C.(cf. 100, 108, 113, 131). From Thucydides (1.6.3) and line 1331)we know that the Atheniansof old used to fastentheirhair withgold Aristophanes(Knights, broochesin the form of a cicada, and the scholiaon the Kightsexplainwhy: born, like the Athenians, from the earth, cicadas symbolizedAthenian autochthony.85The Hellenisticrevivalof this ancient symbol and the elevation of the cicada to a quasi-officialstatuswithin the repertoryof Athenian state emblems are a prime expressionof what has been called in the context of other antiquarian revivalsof 2nd-centuryB.C. Athens "the outbreakof sentimentalnationalismwhich accompanied the Roman conquest of Greece."86The use of the Panathenaicamphora as a reverse type in the Zeus/Amphora AE 2 (76) seems to have been suggestedby the Eleusinianvessel on the reverses of the precedingDemeter/Plemochoe emissions(72-74). In contrast to these new Athenian types, the Demeter/Plemochoe AE 2 and Plemochoe/ AE 4 (72-75) draw on the establisheddesigns and symbols of the Eleusis-ring-in-wheat-wreath earlier Eleusinian coinage. But in Period II the bronze with Eleusinian types, no longer bearing the EAEYEIlegend, is fully incorporatedinto the mainstreamof the regularbronze coinage and (as shown by the AE 2 overstriking)interruptsthe sequence of issues with Athenian devices, instead of being struckin tandem, as earlier.The abruptshift from Athenian to Eleusiniantypes in the last quarterof the 3rd centuryis awkwardto explain,unlessit arosefroman expansionin the importance and size of the Eleusinianfestivalsabout a decade or so after 229.87 The major innovationof the PeriodII iconographyis the recognitionextended to deities other than Athena and Demeter. By priority and frequencyZeus is the principal newcomer. Portrayed soon after 229 on the obverse of the first oftthe two AE varietieswith the Athena Poias reverse (66), the Zeus probably represents, as the historical context suggests, Zeus Soter-Eleutherios.88 The Artemis whose head is substitutedfor the head of Zeus on the next, and last, AE 1 variety (68) may accordinglybe recognized as Artemis Soteira or, if the reference is to the liberation of Mounychia from the Macedonian garrison, Artemis Mounychia.89After this single appearance, Artemis disappearsfrom the coinage until after Athens gained control of Delos in 167/6. When she is met again in variety 104 (PeriodIII), the referenceis doubtlessto her Delian cult. Zeus, on the other hand, becomes ever more entrenchedas PeriodII progresses.Reintroduced AE 2ZZeus head/Amphora variety76, thegod was t ansferredto the reversesof issues78-80, on theAgod there depicted in the form of an Early Classicalstatue of a nude standing Zeus holding a lowered 85

D. M.Jones and N. G. Wilson in choli in Aristophanem, I, ii, Equies,W.J. W Koster,ed., Groningen/Amsterdam 268. 1969, p. 86 J..K. Davies,AdianinPAftiedFarilis, 600-300 B.C., Oxford 1971, p. 11. 87 Compare the program for increasing internationalparticipationat the Mysteries in the second quarter of the 4th century (pp. 29, 30 above), when the Eleusiniancoinage originated.An Athenian decree of the late 3rd century (B. Helly, GonnoiI, Amsterdam 1973, pp. 120-127, no. 109) deals with the internationalannouncementsof the three major Athenian festivals (the Eleusinia, the Panathenaia, and the Mysteries)showing that Athens was at this time passinglegislationto restoreher festivalsto theirformerbrilliance.The seriousnesswith which the Mysterieswere being conducted at this time is underscoredby the execution in 201 of two young Akarnanianswho viewed the rites without being initiated,executionsthat led to PhilipV's invasionof Attica shortlythereafter(Livy31.14.6; Polybios 16.35.5). A third "Eleusinian"issue, so rare that no specimen has turned up in the Agora, should probablyalso belong to Period II rather than III, the only chronologicalalternative.This is the AE 4 (11 mm.) Sv. 103.47-49: Triptolemos seated left in winged chariot A8E in a triangulararrangementarounda plemochoe, wheat ear at right. 88 See below.Forthe Athenian cult of Zeus Soter-Eleutherios,see AgoraII, nos. 24-36, pp. 25-28. 89 The shrine of ArtemisSoteirawas locatedjust outside the Dipylon;see IG 1121343, 4631, 4695, and B. D. Meritt, "GreekInscriptions,"Hesperia10, 1941 (pp. 31-64), pp. 62-63, no. 28, with W. S. Ferguson'sdiscussionin "Researches in Athenian and Delian Documents I," RKo7, 1907 (pp. 213-240), pp. 213-214, and J. H. Oliver's in "Greekand Latin Inscriptions,"Hesperia10, 1941 (pp. 237-261), p. 243, no. 42. ForArtemisMounychia,see K. Werniche,RE II, vonAtn, 2nd ed., Munich 1931, p. 452. cols. 1393-1394; W.Judeich, Topographe

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55

thunderboltat his right side, his left arm extending straightout from the shoulder in a gesture of authority.90This statuewas then replacedon the remainingAE 2 reverses(82-84) by another,which representsthe god in the more conventionalLate Archaic-EarlyClassicalschema of a stridingZeus brandishingthe thunderboltin his upraisedright hand; an eagle is added at his feet. Both statue types recur in the later bronze coinage. The final PeriodII AE 2 format of Athena wearing Corinthian helmet/Fulminating Zeus was revived in the second half of the 2nd century B.C. for the last eight AE 2 issues of Period Im (90-97); and the striding,FulminatingZeus reverse (althoughhere with the eagle on the wrist of the god's extended left arm) was again revivedat the startof the AE seriesthatbegan afterthe BattleofPhilippi in 42/1 B.C.(137). Historically,however, the Standing Zeus was the more importantstatue. Chosen firstfor representationon the PeriodII reverses, it reappears as a reverse type shortly after the Battle of Actium (148) and, a full three hundred years later, on a single reverse die of the huge Period VI Athenian imperial coinage of the 260's after Christ.91 A third statue of Zeus on Athenian coins is not strictlyrelevantto our understandingof these two statues but has neverthelessled scholarsto identify one or the other of them as Zeus Polieus. This third statue is known from one reversedie in the PeriodVB imperialcoinage of Hadrianicor Antonine date (175) and from one reversedie in the PeriodVI imperialcoinage a little more than a centurylater (357). It is of a Zeus standingbeforea low,gabled altarornamentedwith a boukranion, his left hand extended down over the altar in the ritualact of sprinkling,92his right hand (likethat of the StandingZeus on the PeriodII and IV reverses)hangingat his side, holding a thunderboltat a 45-degree tilt.3 Portrayedon the Hadrianic-Antoninereverse at a relativelylarge scale and with what must be a considerablefidelityto the style of the original,the SacrificingZeus is a handsome figure and since the middle of the 19th century has been customarilyassociatedwith one of the two statuesthat Pausanias(1.24.2)saw in the sanctuaryof Zeus Polieuson the Akropolis:"theone by 90 That the statueis EarlyClassicalis clear fom is to the Eay ClassicalApollo fom the west pediment of easimilarity the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, who also liftsone arm straightout in a commandinggesturewhile carryinghis attribute and weapon down at his side in his other hand; see Boardman, GreekScupture, figs. 19, 21:3. Although both arms are broken below the shoulders, the copy of an Early Classical Zeus assigned to the Nymphaeum of Herodes Atticus at Olympia (Bol,pp. 187-190, pls. 59-61, no. 48; R. Bol and P.Herz, "ZumKultbilddes Zeus Panhellenios.Moglichkeiten der Identifikationund Rezeption," in Greek Renaissance [pp. 89-95, pl. 28], p. 89) seems to have been posed more or less like the West Pediment Apollo. Closer to the Athenian Standing Zeus with perpendicularleft arm is the statue of a nude Zeus at Olympia depicted on Elian coins from the time of Hadrian (Liegle, pp. 110-111, p. 4:6), but the left leg of this statue is more bent, and there is an eagle perchedon the god's left wrist. 91 The die is known from two unpublishedcoins, one at the AmericanNumismaticSociety,the other in the Evelpides Collection, Athens. 92 Publicationsdescribe,and sometimesillustratewith a restoreddrawing,the Zeus as holding a phiale;cf. BMCAtia, p. 104, no. 755, and the drawingsand citationscollected in Cook, us, pp. 572-573, figs.399, 400. But as Cook'sown excellentdrawing(Zeus,fig.402) of the BritishMuseum specimen(BMCIAtica, pl. xviii:5;Sv.92.6) shows,the god'shand is empty and is turned palm down with the thumb below the fingers. All examples of this imperial Period VB reverse are from the same die, and an unpublished,relativelyunworn specimen at the AmericanNumismaticSociety confirms the detailsof the down-turnedhand and the presenceof a boukranionon the altar.When this reversetype was copied on a die of the PeriodVI coinage (357 = Sv.92.7 = Cook, Zeus,p. 573, fig.403), an eagle was added on Zeus'sleft wrist.Like a numberof PeriodVI variationsof PeriodV dies, the eagle mustbe attributedto the whim of the PeriodVI copyist,who apparentlymisunderstoodthe gestureof the god's left hand. 93 Because the pose of the Standing Zeus with perpendiculararm is similar to that of the SacrificingZeus in all general respects except for the elevation and action of the left arm, it was once suggested that the two reverse types representthe original and a modified version of the same cult statue, whose left arm was readjustedor replaced in a putative renovationor copy of the image between ca. 30 B.C.and the 2nd century after Christ. SeeJ. H. Kroll, "The Standing Zeus on Athenian Coins and the Cult of Zeus Eleutheriosin the Athenian Agora" (lecture,Boston 1989), abstractin AJA94, 1990, p. 336. But this suggestion,unlikelyenough in its own right,is disprovenby the reappearanceof the StandingZeus with straightarm and without altaron the PeriodVI reverse(note 92 above).

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ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-IST CENTURIES B.C.

Leocharesand the one called Polieus."As the formeris the only Athenianstatueof the god for which we have the name of a sculptor,commentatorsequated it with the SacrificingZeus of the imperial coinage, while leaving the FulminatingZeus (or the StandingZeus with perpendiculararm) to be identifiedwith the presumablyolder cult image of Zeus Polieus.94Since the Polieus cult is known almostexclusivelyfor its curiousand primitiverite of bull sacrifice,the Bouphonia,a sourceof much learnedinterestin antiquityas today,95it has been suggestedthat the altarin frontof the Zeus on the imperial coins may be the very altar at which this ritual took place96 and that the same altar is depicted by itself on another imperial Period V reverse(203).97 Like the altar on the Sacrificing Zeus coins, the last altar is depicted with an ornamentalboukranion,although its top is flat, not gabled, and it supportsa second boukranionand two flankingsacrificialvessels. Since there is an olive tree at either side, the altarwas located on the Akropolis. If the altar before the SacrificingZeus and this Akropolisaltar are the same, the Sacrificing Zeus would have to be one of the statuesconnectedwith Zeus Polieus.So the reasoninggoes. But it all may be fantasy.Georg Lippold rightlydisputed the simplisticconnection with the 4th-century B.C.sculptorLeochareson the groundsthat the SacrificingZeus on the coins is not consonantwith the characteristicsof Leochares'art.98The Severe or Early Classicalpose of the SacrificingZeus, with shouldersback, both feet flat on the ground,99implies that the image antedated Leochares by more than a century.The altar between olive trees should be the great altar of Athena on the Akropolis,not an altar of Zeus. Apart from the Athena symbolismof the olive trees, Greek altars were commonlyornamentedwith the sculpturedskullsof sacrificedvictims,regardlessof the divinity worshipped.l00Althoughthe SacrificingZeus must have been located next to an altar,the depiction of the altar need not imply a specificcultic traditionlike the Bouphonia.Thus, while an equationof SacrificingZeus with a statue in the shrine of Zeus Polieus is not impossible,neither is there any compellingreason to recommendit. There is thereforeeven lessreasonto extend the Polieusequationto the Standingor Fulminating Zeus statueson the coins of the 1stand 2nd centuriesB.C.To judge from the silence of literaryand epigraphicalsources,the cult of Zeus Polieusseems neverto havebeen incorporatedinto the political ideology of the Athenianstate;and, for this reasonalone, the god would be strangelyout of place on the Hellenistic coinage. A much strongercase can be made for identifyingone of the Zeuses on the cult of the Hellenistic coins with the image of the Athenian political cult of Zeus par excellence, a Zeus Soter-Eleutherios.As has long been appreciated,this image, which stood on pedestalin front of the Stoa of Zeus in the Agora, must have been an Early Classical statue.101In Roman times 94 The

arebyO.Jahn,"GiovePolieoinAtene,"NuoveMoriedell'nsiatodiCorrispondenaArchaeologica majordiscussions Kultmythologie, Leipzig1871-1889,pp. 19 and 54; Cook,Zeus,loc.cit. 2, 1865,pp. 1-24, pl. 1;J. Overbeck,GCiechische

andOverbeck. andGardner summarizeJahn Fullbibliography (NCP, pp.137-138) (note92above,p.55).Imhoof-Blumer inLacroix, p. 75,note2.

95 Testimonia Pausanias1.24.4and to 1940on the Polieus deAbstinant 2.10, 29-31)andbibliography Porphry, (esp. the cult in Cook,Zeus,pp. 574-605. Recentdiscussionsof of Bouphonia:Burkert,pp. 136-142;E. Simon,Festivals of the sanctuary:G. P Stevens,TheSetig ofthePerieanParthenon Madison1983,pp. 8-12. Topography (Hesperia Attica, 15, 1946(pp. 1-26), 3),Princeton1940,pp.79-86;idem,"TheNortheastCornerof theParthenon,"Hesperia Supplement pp. 12-15. 96 Overbeck,loc.cit.(note94 above);BMCAttca, p. 104. 97 Sv.,pl. 87, captionto nos.42, 43: "autelde Zeus."BMCAttica, p. 111,no. 816,justcallsit an altar. 98 RE XII, col. 1996, s.v.Leochares. S ture,figs.38, 67. 99 Comparethe Choiseul-Gouffier Apolloandthe RiaceBronzeWarrior(A):Boardman,Greek 100E M. Fraser(Rhodian of squareandround dozens illustrates Oxford 43, 42, 1977, Monumnts, 64-91) pls. Fineary one to Dionysos,see Cook,Zeus,p. 579, fig.404. Fora largerectangular withboukrania. altarssculptured 101ThussinceH. A. Thompson's on theWestSideoftheAgora"(Hespea6, 1937[pp.1-226],p. 54, epochal"Buildings fig.34 = Camp,p. 106,fig.79),thestatueon theroundpedestalbeforetheStoaof Zeushasbeenhypotheticalyrestored

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the cult of Zeus Eleutheriostook on a new political-religioussignificanceas a medium for expressing Athens' devotion to Rome: in the earlyJulio-Claudianera an annex for an imperialcult was added at the rear of the Stoa of Zeus, and there is evidence that the emperorsDomitian, Trajan,Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius were all formally identified or very closely associatedwith Zeus Eleutherios, a record apparentlyunmatchedby any other Athenian deity. 02 The argumentfor identifyingthe StandingZeus with the cult image of Zeus Eleutherioscomes fromthe date of the AE 2 issue78, on whichthe statuetypewas introduced.The issuewas strucksoon after 198 B.C.but six issuesbefore ca. 183 B.C.(pp. 50-51 above).The limitspoint to the 190'sand a close associationwith the defeatof Philipin 197 and Flamininus'liberationdeclarationof 196, associationsreinforcedby the winged helmet of Roma worn by Athena on the earliestobversesof the issue. In 196the ThessaliansmemorializedtheirliberationfromMacedon by establishingat Larissaa cultof Zeus Eleutheriosand a quadrennialfestival,the Eleutheria.103At the Macedonian cities of Abdera, Ainos, Maroneia, Petres,and Thessalonike,cults of Zeus Eleutherioswere founded conjointlywith cultsof Roma afterthe finaldefeatof Perseusin 168.104The evidenceis circumstantialbut consistent: at Athens no Zeus was more appropriateto the historicalcontext of issue 78 than Zeus Eleutherios. If, then, the StandingZeus is Soter-Eleutherios,how are we to understandthe FulminatingZeus that replaces the Standing Zeus in variety82? The change to the conventionalfulminatingimage need not have had any significancebeyond a decision to representZeus in a guise that was more universal,easily recognizable,and suitablefor a standardizedcoin type. Accordingly,the Standing Zeus would indeed reproducethe actual cult statuein the Agora, while the fulminatingimage (with added eagle, which is unlikelyto have been part of a Late Archaic-EarlyClassicalstatuebut which makesfor a more satisfactorycoin design)givesa genericZeuswho neverthelesssymbolizedthe same political ideals. Or could it be that the StandingZeus was later thought to be too closely associated with Flamininusand Rome? Livy (35.31 and 50) reportsthe growthof stronganti-Romansentiment at Athens in 192, about the time that the change from the Standing to the FulminatingZeus took place. In either case, Zeus figureson the bronze of HellenisticAthens in one dominantaspect, as the tutelarydeity of nationalfreedomand sovereignty.Eventhe small-denominationreversesthatpicture an owl perched on a thunderbolt(varieties67 and 81 of Period II and 99 and 100 of Period III) are to be recognized as little metaphorsfor an Athens restingon the liberatingmight of Zeus. In this vein it is probably correct to interpretthe routine pairing of Athena and Zeus on the opposite sides of the main AE 2 bronze of PeriodsII and III as the pairingof two functionallycomplementarydeities, one the religiousembodimentof the polis, the other essentiallya personification as an EarlyClassicalZeus of the striding,fulminatingtype;cf. AgoraXIV,p. 101. Whetherthe cult of Zeus SoterEleutherioswas foundedto commemoratedeliverancefromthe Persians,as severalancientcommentators believed III, pp. 26-27, nos. 26-28), or whether,as impliedby the Archaicstructurebelow the Stoa of Zeus (H. A. (Agora XIV,p. 96),it goesbackin someformto pre-Persian Thompson,op.cit.,figs.72, 126;Agora times,a cultimagedating after480 B.C. is calledfor;anyearlierstatuewouldhavebeencarriedoffor destroyedin 480. 102 H A. Thompson,"The Annexto the Stoa of Zeus in the Athenian 35, 1966, pp. 171-187; Agora,"Hesperia of Domitian:IG II2 1996;Trajan:A. E. Raubitschek, XIV pp. 102-103. Identifications Agora "Hadrianas the Son of ZeusEleutherios," association withthecultis AJA49, 1945,pp. 128-133;andAntoninusPius:IGII23396.Hadrian's indicatedby the statueof himthatwasdedicatednextto the statueof ZeusEleutherios in the Agora(Pausanias1.3.2). Athens'valuedstatusas a freecity underthe EmpireexplainswhyZeusEleutherioscame to play so largea rolein imperialcult. 103See O. Kern,IG IX.ii, p. xx, and the epigraphical citationslistedby E Stahlin,RE XII, i, cols.856-857, 864, s.v.Larisa;Fehrlein Ausfiihrliches derGriechischen undR6mischen Lexicon VI, W.H. Roscher,ed., Leipzig/Berlin, Mythologie 1924-1937,col. 621, s.v.Zeus(Beinamen); REG77, 1964,pp. 176-182, J. and L. Robert,"Bulletinepigraphique," no. 227. 104 R. Mellor, 6EA PQMA, The Worship Romain the GreekWorld(Hypomnemata of the Goddess 42), Gottingen 1975, pp. 107-108.

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-IST CENTURIES B.C.

58

of freedom. Although the pairing went back to the Zeus/Athena Polias emission 66, shortly after Athens' deliverancefrom Macedon in 229, enthusiasmfor Rome's guarantee of eleuthriaafter the Second MacedonianWarregularizedthe pairingof Athena and Zeus on the coinage, untilthe disastrousoutcome ofAthens' involvementin the MithradaticrevoltagainstRome in 88-86 B.C.Zeusthen disappearedfrom the coinage for more than a generation.In 42/1 B.C.Athens revivedthe Fulminating Zeusreversefor a singleAE 1 emission(137), althoughpartialy,it seems, to signalthe devaluation of the AE 1 to the equivalentof the AE 2 of PeriodsII and III (pp. 85-86, 90 below).BeforeActium, Athens strucktwo issues (144 and 145) with PtolemaicZeus-head obversesin honor of Kleopatra. But the themes of salvation and eleueria returned in the reappearanceof the Standing Zeus on an issue (148, q.v.)minted soon afterActium, to commemorateOctavian's"liberation"of Athens. Neither the standing nor the fulminatingstatue appears among the many famous Athenian statuesdepicted on the city'sHadrianic-Antoninecoinage,which representedinsteadthe Sacrificing Zeus (175, p. 55 above) and the enthroned statue of Zeus Olympios that Hadrian commissioned for the Olympeion(263). In Athens'finalcoinage of the mid-3rdcenturyafterChrist,the Sacrificing Zeus and enthronedZeus reversesare repeated(357 and 356, with note 66 below,p. 124).They are joined by a third Zeus type, the Standing Zeus with perpendicularlyextended left arm (note 92 above, p. 55), which returnsto the firststatue of the god depicted on Athenian coins, probablythe statuestillprominentlydisplayedin frontof the Stoa of Zeus.

CATALOGUE 229-ca. 224/3 B.C. AE1

10 coins

64

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 21-23 Av.9.16(7)

e

A

E Owl stg., facing; on either side, olive branch.

Sv. 24.25-27, 104.5-7

All counterstampedwith plemochoe in relief on obverse and plemochoe in incuse circle on reverse, as Sv. 104.5-7.

*a K-1647 *b e-375 *c *d *e f g h

II-489 T-1844 A-356 A-1466 AA-80 EA-296

22 -1 9.26 22 t 10.07 9.26 21 t 8.84 21 t 21 23 23 22

-

9.82 8.76 9.10 5.13+

broken (G 6:2) (M 21:1) Kleiner 1975, p. 316, no. 230 (P-R 6-12) AE 3

Similar. 65

12-14 Av.2.32 (4) 7 coins *a NN-1586 14 $ 2.87 13 - 2.22 *b Z-2856 14 t 2.19 *c E-5380

e

A

E Two owls stg. upright, facing.

GRC,fig. 13 Kleiner 1976, p. 13, no. 50 (H 12:1)

Sv. 24.29-31

PERIOD II: CATALOGUE *d N-298 *e B'-1018 f e-314 g T-1867

14 12 13 -

f

59

broken

4 1.99 -

broken broken

Kleiner 1975, p. 305, no. 84 (H-K 12-14)

The varietyis associatedwith 64 throughthe distinctivestyle of their reverseowls. AE1 A e-E Statue of Athena Polias stg. r., holding an owl in 1. hand and phiale in r.; border of dots.

Head of Zeus r., laur.

66 *a *b *c *d e f

15 coins T-1651 I10-516 NN-1788 BB-15 ME-216 ME-337

19-22 Av. 9.43 (14) 20 / 10.00 9.16 20 \ 21 10.28 20 \ 10.68 22 9.72 9.71 21-

Sv. 25.1-4

Kleiner 1975, p. 324, pl. 75, no. 344 (M-N 15:1)

counterstampedwith a plemochoe on both sides Kleiner 1975, p. 306, no. 88 (H-K 12-14) counterstamped,as 66d Owing to theirpoor preservation,it is uncertainhow many of the other unillustratedspecimensmay have been restruckwith the Plemochoe/Plemochoe counterstamps. AE3 A

67

20 coins A

e E or A-O Owl stg. r., facing,

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 12-15 Av. 2.39 (20)

0 E, plain reverse. 13 r-391 15 tt K-269 13 fl-433 T-1774 15 4,

on thunderbolt.

Sv. 23.46 2.36 3.13 2.65 2.98

13 t 2.28 e-534 f T-1863 14 - 2.41 13 t 2.14 g T-1196 h ME-315 12 t 2.14 A ? E, border of dots on reverse. *i 1III-191 12 / 2.32 13 t 1.96 *j Z-2750 *k EA-115 14 t 2.17

obv. die A obv. die A obv. die B obv. die B; Kleiner 1975, p. 321, pl. 75, no. 296 (misclassified)(M-N 15:1)

*e

*1 II11-835 13 t 2.25 A-O, border of dots on reverse. *m Z-1398 13 t 1.63 *n HH-222 12 t 1.74 13 t 2.17 *o S-4433 13 f 2.54 *p IIi-242 q NN-1243 14 t 2.75 r Z-2812 14 t 1.63

Kleiner 1975, p. 321, no. 309 (M-N 15:1) Kleiner 1975, p. 306, no. 96 (H-K 12-14) Sv.

obv. die B; Kleiner,MIV20, p. 1, pl. I:1 obv. die B; Kleiner 1976, p. 14, no. 64 (H 12:1) A

[0]

E Sv.

obv. die B; Kleiner,MN 20, p. 1, pl. 1:2 obv. die C; Kleiner,MN 20, p. 1, pl. 1:3 obv. die C obv. die D obv. die D; Kleiner 1976, p. 17, no. 105 (A-B 19-20:1) obv. die D; Kleiner 1976, p. 14, no. 65 (H 12:1)

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-IST CENTURIES B.C.

60

EE-37 12 t 2.42 ET-198 15 t 2.47 Despite the changing reverseformat, this was not a protractedcoinage. Specimens were minted from only a few obverse dies and are rare; a piece in Berlin (Sv. 23.46) is the only published one not from the Agora excavations.In first calling attention to this coinage, Kleiner (MN 20, pp. 1-5) recognized that it belonged to the later 3rd centuryand that the dotted borderof its laterreversesrelatedit to the AE 1 varieties66 and 68. In fact, Zeus'sthunderboltbelow the owl restrictsthe relationshipto the earlierof these AE 1 coinages.Inexplicably, an exceptionallyhigh proportion of the Agora pieces are well enough preservedfor illustration.The Mddle Stoa constructiondeposit gives the earliestrecordedcontext (for67h).

s t

AE1 A Sv. 25.5-10, O-E Statue of Athena Polias r., Head of Artemis r., with quiver as on 66. at shoulder;border of dots. 104.3, 4 68 20 coins 20-22 Av.8.59 (13) *a f-562 20 4 10.40 *b T-177 7.10 20\ 9.05 *c Z-2403 21 overstruck,probablyon Zeus/Athena Polias (66) Kleiner 1975, p. 306, pl. 75, no. 89 (H-K 12-14) 7.37 *d e-637 / 22 7.68 *e T-1509 20 8.46 f II-615 22counterstampedwith a plemochoe on both sides, as Sv. 104.3, 4 overstruckon Zeus/Athena Polias (66) 9.61 22 g B-556 21 - 10.31 h AA-63 (L 19:2, lower cistern fill) There is an especially good but unpublishedexample of an overstrikeover variety 66 in the Numismatic Collection of Athens (Inv. 1905/6 NB' 3). Some of the Artemis/Athena Polias coins, including Sv. 25.10, can be identified as probable overstrikesby their thin, wide fabric. But the majority of the Agora specimens are too badly preservedto permit any judgment whether they are overstrikesor whether they underwent the Plemochoe/Plemochoe counterstamping,as 68f. 68h has the earliestcontext, shortlyafter 200 B.C. [Head of Zeus or Artemis r.] uncertain Athena Poliasvariety. of [66 or 68] 2 coins

Similar.

Plemochoe in incuse circle.

Plemochoe in relief. 21 r-1222

Sv. 104.1, 2

10.58 [64,66,or68] The plemochoe counterstampinghas completelyobliteratedthe originaltypes. ca. 224/3-198

B.C.

AE2 A Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 69 *a b *c *d *e

113 coins MM-430 e-296 Z-2711 H'-3648 A-416

e E Owl stg. three-quarters r., facing, wings lifted; at r., amphora.

18-22 Av.5.28 (56)

20 4 5.54 4.77 21 21 t 5.99 20 4 5.43 19 \ 5.80

overstruckon Antigonos Gonatas (507) similar;BA of undertypevisible on reverse overstrike overstrike overstrike

Sv. 24.10-17

61

PERIOD II: CATALOGUE

*f HO-312 *g *h i j k

MM-378 A-347 T-1157 K-1294 ME-261

22 t 6.30 20 19 18 19 21

A

GRC,fig. 13

5.03 \ 5.80 . 3.45 t 6.23 t 4.90

Kleiner 1975, p. 310, pl. 75, no. 171 (H-K 12-14) overstruckon Antigonos Gonatas; Kleiner 1975, p. 306, pl. 75, no. 86 (H-K 12-14) Most and possibly all specimens of this coinage are overstruckon Athena-head/Pan-erecting-trophyAE 2 of Antigonos Gonatas (507). Even when identifiabletraces of the undertype are lacking, the coins frequently have the telltalethinnessand slightlyconcavefabricof overstrikes.69j and k and 70c are three of six pieces of Owl three-quartersr. from the Middle Stoa constructionfill of ca. 183 B.C., the earliestdependablydated deposit for this coinage.

Similar. 70 *a

Similar,but at r., plemochoe.

4 coins

17-20 Av.5.39(4)

E-8

19

5.95

19 17 20 -

5.39 5.34 4.87

*b B-511 *c ME-58 d NN-1259

Sv. 24.33

double-struck Kleiner 1975, p. 306, no. 87 (H-K 12-14)

Similar.

Similar,but uncertainvessel at r.

[69, 70] 17 coins of uncertainowl-three-quarters-r. variety. AE 4 A Head of Athena r., wearing e-E Owl stg. r., facing, Sv. 23.50-52 Corinthian helmet. on rudder. 71 88 coins 10-13 Av. 1.94 (32) *a NN-1658 12 4 1.94 Kleiner 1976, p. 6, pl. 3, no. 56 *b T-51 12 t 1.62 Kleiner 1976, p. 6, pl. 3, no. 55; GRC,fig. 13 *c E-1610 13 i 2.12 *d T-89 12 t 1.44 Kleiner 1976, p. 6, pl. 3, no. 54 *e 00-1152 12 / 2.16 *f K-1322 10 . 1.53 10 J. 1.42 *g 0-86 h K-1610 11 / 1.43 Kleiner 1975, p. 312, pl. 75, no. 199 (H-K 12-14) i T-1375 11 A 1.73 Kleiner 1975, p. 321, pl. 75, no. 311 (M-N 15:1) 11 / fragment Kleiner 1975, p. 316, no. 234 (corrected)(P-R 6-12) j SA-270 7 lh is one of two specimensfrom the Middle Stoa fill. Forthe position of the varietyin the PeriodII sequence, see p. 52 above (paceKleiner 1975, p. 325; 1976, p. 6). AE2

A-e Head of Demeter r., wearing wheat wreath;border of dots. 72

PP'-174

22

-

8.27

E Plemochoe with wheat ear passed through each handle; at r., Eleusis ring. overstruckon ?

Sv. 104.8, 9

62

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-IST CENTURIES B.C. Similar.

73 *a *b *c *d e

12 coins EA-103 II-667 e-231

Z-1506 T-1668

18-23 20 \ 20 / 22 4 23 $ 21 \

Av.5.36(8) 5.34 5.79 3.80 4.07 4.55

Similar,but at r., aplustre.

Sv. 104.14-19

Kleiner 1975, p. 316, pl. 75, no. 231 (P-R 6-12)

Kleiner 1975, p. 321, pl. 75, no. 302 (M-N 15:1) All or most overstruckon Owl three-quartersr. (69 or 70). The helmet of the undertype is especiallyclear on 73a and b. Similar.

74

2 coins *a NN-1746 *b AA-81

20 4 4.97 20 f broken Similar.

Similar,but at r., owl.

Sv. 104.10-13

overstruckon Owl three-quartersr. (69, 70) overstruckon ? (M 21:1) Similar,but symbol at r. illegible.

[72-74] 32 coins of uncertainDemeter/Plemochoe variety. Eight of these coins come from 2nd-centuryB.C. deposits: Kleiner 1975, p. 306, nos. 90, 91 (H-K 12-14), p. 321, nos. 303-305, and p. 324, no. 345 (M-N 15:1);and Kleiner 1976, p. 13, nos. 54, 55 (H 12:1). The true sequence of the three issues(Eleusis-ringsymbol,aplustresymbol, and owl symbol)is not recoverable. AE 4

e

75 *a *b *c *d *e *f g

72 coins AA-328 ET'-451 T-1069 H-2099 A414 I-855 K-1298

Plemochoe with wheat ear A E Eleusisring; all in Sv. 104.21-23 wheat wreath. passed through each handle. 10-13 Av. 1.70 (31) 13 t 1.66 12 t 2.00 12 t 1.65 12 t 1.89 Kleiner 1975, p. 306, pl. 75, no. 93 (H-K 12-14) 12 / 2.04 12 t 1.84 Kleiner 1975, p. 310, pi. 75, no. 174 (H-K 12-14) 12 - 1.35 198 B.c.

AE2

A-e 76 *a *b

*c *d *e f g

Sv. 25.15-21 E Amphora; at lower 1., owl; Head of Zeus r., bound with all in olive wreath. fillet. 19-22 Av.5.49 (7) 16 coins overstruckon Demeter/Plemochoe (72-74) 20 t 7.58 8-384 6.85 overstruckon Antigonos Gonatas (507) r-354 20 overstruckon ? r-670 21 t 3.53 overstruckon Demeter/Plemochoe (72-74) SA-486 20 -5.65 overstruckon Demeter/Plemochoe (72-74) A-9 20 . broken -+ broken overstruckon Owl three-quartersr. (69, 70) III-594 broken overstruckon Demeter/Plemochoe (72-74); Kleiner 1976, p. 14, Z-2769 no. 63 (H 12:1) All other unillustratedspecimensare similaroverstrikes.

63

PERIOD II: CATALOGUE AE3 A Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet with wing. 77

2 coins *a 00-1089 *b T-1227

13-14 Av. 2.75 (2) 14 t 2.39 13 t 3.06

E E Owl stg. 1., facing; at 1.,

Sv. 22.89-92

amphora;all in olive wreath.

Kleiner 1975, p. 321, pl. 75, no. 300 (M-N 15:1)

For the dating of this rare issue and the foregoingAE 2 varietyit accompanies,see p. 51 above.

ca. 196-190 B.C. AE2

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet with wing or Corinthian helmet.

A-e E Zeus, nude, stg. r., holding thunderboltin lowered r. hand, extending 1. arm; at r., owl.

Sv. 81.1-6; Kleiner 1976, pl. 1:1

78 7 coins 17-20 Av.5.56(4) Attic helmet with wing (3) *a T-1508 20 f 4.92 overstruckon ? b 2-359 20 / 5.31 (N 20:6) Corinthianhelmet; obverseborder of dots (4) *c Z-2781 19 / 6.26 overstruckon ?

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 79 *a *b *c *d *e *f g h

58 coins r-1284 8-240 HH-217 T-636 B'-861 E-861 T-186 X-101

16-20 19 19 4 18 t 19 , 20 t 20 17 t 20 t

Av.5.00 (27) 4.79 4.95 5.23 5.08 5.29 4.40 4.35

Similar. 80

3 coins *a IIIn-876

Similar,but at r., prow.

Sv. 81.9-16; Kleiner 1976, pl. 1:2, 3

overstruckon ? Kleiner 1975, p. 306, pl. 75, no. 99 (H-K 12-14) overstruckon ? halved (K 18:2) overstruckon ? (N 18:3)

Similar,but at r., wheat ear.

Sv. 81.7, 8

17-18 Av.4.66(2) 18 4. 5.37

Similar.

Similar,but symbol at r. illegible.

[78-80] 30 coins of uncertainStandingZeus variety. a K-1327 17 - 5.10 Kleiner 1975, p. 310, pl. 75, no. 176 (H-K 12-14)

64

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-IST CENTURIES B.C. AE4 Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet.

81 *a *b *c *d *e

134 coins NN-922 BB-475 K-1549 00-528 AA-39

*f rr-8 *g Ie-327

10-14 Av. 1.63 (55) 1.40 12 t 1.39 14 4 1.90 11 4 1.42 10 t 2.01 2.03 11 14 4 1.98 12 t 1.45

13 t

A-e E Owl stg r., facing, on thunderbolt.

Sv. 23.47-49; Kleiner 1976, pl. 3:52, 53 (Type7)

Kleiner 1976, p. 6, pl. 3, no. 52 Kleiner 1976, no. 51

Kleiner 1976, no. 53

flan clipped before striking Kleiner 1975, p. 312, pl. 75, no. 198 (H-I 14:1) On the absolutechronologyof the StandingZeus AE 2 and the Owl-on-thunderboltAE 4 struckwith it, see pp. 50-51,57 above. Three StandingZeus pieces (78b, 79g, and 79h) are the latestcoins in cisternfillsofjust after 200 B.C.Two of these fills (N 20:6 and K 18:2)are so dated by their lateststampedRhodian amphorahandles.

h

K-1466

ca. 190-183 B.C.

AE 2 Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet; border of dots. 82 *a *b *c *d *e f g

41 coins E-803 8-237 NN-1372 NN-50 KK-67 ME-230 EA-212

h EA-214 iT-1195

Av.6.19 (37) 6.83 7.00 5.97 7.58 19 t 8.81 17 o 5.79 19 t 6.33

Ae E Zeus, nude, stridingr., hurling thunderboltin raised r. hand, extending 1. arm; at r., star and eagle.

Sv. 81.17, 18; Kleiner 1976, pl. 1:4-5 (Type2a)

17-20 19 t 18 t 18 t 19 t

19 t 19 t

4.97 4.78

Kleiner 1975, p. 306, pl. 76, no. 103 (H-K 12-14) Kleiner 1975, p. 317, pl. 76, no. 254 (SquarePeristylefloor hoard; see under O-R 7-10) Kleiner 1975, p. 317, pl. 76, no. 256 (same hoard) Kleiner 1975, p. 319, pl. 76, no. 261 (M-N 15:1)

e Similar.

83

68 coins *a T-1664 *b IIn-888 *c E-118 *d P-1203 *e i-73 *f EA-189 g ME-316

17-21 Av.6.10(37) 18 t 5.73 20 t 6.60 20 t 5.87 20 t 5.86 20 t 7.92 19 t 6.77 19 t 6.56

A-E Zeus hurling thunderboltr., at 1., wheat ear; at r., eagle.

Sv. 81.28, 29; Kleiner 1976, pl. 1:6-8 (7ype2b)

overstruckon ?

Kleiner 1975, p. 306, pl. 76, no. 105 (H-K 12-14)

65

PERIODII:CATALOGUE h EA-209

19 /

6.69

i

19 f

5.52

EA-211

Kleiner 1975, p. 317, pl. 76, no. 257 (Square Peristylefloor hoard; see under O-R 7-10) Kleiner 1975, p. 317, pl. 76, no. 259 (same hoard)

e

E Zeus hurling thunderbolt at r.; r., cornucopia and eagle.

Similar.

84

42 coins

-A Sv. -; Kleiner 1976, pl. 1:9-11 (eype2c)

16-20 Av.5.96 (23)

*a flA-13

18 t 4.57

*b *c *d *e

KTA-105 1-312 EA-65 AA-276

f

e-148

18 19 18 18 19

t /

6.33

7.59

t 5.58 t t

6.81 6.53

Kleiner 1975, p. 307, pl. 76, no. 106 (H-K 12-14) Kleiner 1975, p. 307, pi. 76, no. 109 (H-K 12-14) 18 t 5.91 Kleiner 1975, p. 316, pl. 76, no. 241 (P-R 6-12) 18 /" 7.68 Kleiner 1975, p. 324, pl. 76, no. 347 (M-N 15:1) The present dating of ca. 190-183 B.C.of the FulminatingZeus issues 82-84 (p. 51 above)replacesKleiner's broader ca. 200/196-180 B.C.(Kleiner 1975, pp. 327-328; 1976, pp. 36, 38). The three are the latest AE 2 varietiesin the Middle Stoa constructionfill (H-K 12-14) of ca. 183 B.C. (Kleiner 1975, pp. 312-313, table I).

g h i

ME-14 EA-15 T-1645

19 t 5.76

AE 4 A-9 E Amphora with transverse palm branch.

Cicada.

85 *a

672 coins NN-1284

*b S-598 *c

10-13 Av. 1.59 (107) star below A at 1. 12 4. 2.14

13 ,

Z-2644bis 13

.

1.86 1.93

*d e-792bis 14 4 1.98 *e NN-1952 13 1 1.77 *f

T-1760

*g ME-131 h

NN-1401

i e-714 j EA-269

Sv. 107.55-58; Kleiner 1976, pl. 3:59-61 (Type9)

12 t

12 t 11

A

1.30

1.16 1.70

11 t 2.01 11 A broken

Kleiner 1976, p. 6, pl. 3, no. 60

Kleiner1976,no. 61

Kleiner 1975, p. 322, pl. 76, no. 323 (M-N 15:1) Kleiner 1976, p. 6, pl. 3, no. 59

Kleiner1975,p. 307, pl. 76, no. 110 (H-K 12-14) Kleiner1975,p. 316, pl. 76, no. 247 (P-R 6-12)

The star symbol of the heavy (i.e., early) 85a duplicates the emission symbol of the initial Fulminating Zeus AE 2 variety 82 and confirms that the Cicada/Amphora AE 4, the most prolific of all Athenian AE 4 bronze, was struck in tandem with the Fulminating Zeus issues 82-84, as Kleiner (1975, p. 328; 1976, pp. 34, 38) had independently deduced from the Middle Stoa construction fill. What Kleiner did not recognize is that after a long interruptionthe Cicada/Amphora AE 4 was revived towards the end of the 2nd century in Period III. The later Cicada/Amphora coins employ a different A-E form of the ethnic and are generally struckon smaller,lighter flans, with diametersof 9-11 mm. and weights that frequentlyfall below 1.0 g.105Fifty-eightsuch pieces, either with the later ethnic or with 9 mm. diameters and thereforeof 105 When

legible, the ethnics on specimens in Agora deposits down to ca. 130 B.C. are regularlyAE (DepositsH-K 12-14, P-R6-12, M-N 15:1 [Kleiner 1975, pp. 304-324], H 12:1,and A-B 19-20:1 [Kleiner 1976, pp. 12-19]). But at

66

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1 ST CENTURIES B.C. unmistakablePcriod III date, are cataloguedbelow under variety 108. All other Cicada/Amphora specimens, including more than 300 on which no ethnic is preserved,are counted here, even though perhaps over half of those with illegibleethnicsmay have actuallybeen struckin PeriodIII. All, or nearlyall, the 107 coins selected here for weighing,however,do belong to the early2nd-centuryphase of the coinage.

PERIOD III ca. 160's-87/6 B.C.

Period III effectivelycoincides with the prosperousera framed by Athens' acquisitionof Delos in 167/6 and her disastrousparticipationin the rebellion of MithradratesVI against Rome eighty years later.The bronze coinage is very much a continuationof that of Period II but is best treated separately,as the chronology relies on entirely differentcategories of evidence, and most of the smaller-denominationvarietiescan no longer be associatedwith particularissuesof the main, AE 2 unit (see Table III below,pp. 324-325). Two of the later AE 2 issues are absolutely datable: the Fulminating Zeus emission with the symbol of the two pilei of the Dioskouroi (94) must be contemporaneouswith the two-pilei stephanephoricsilver issue of 99/8 B.C.,while the concluding Fulminating Zeus issue with the symbolof the Pontic starbetween crescents(97) belongs,with the New Style star-between-crescents silverand gold, to 87/6. In that fatefulyear,Athens, irrevocablycommitted to Mithradates'cause, was besieged and taken by Sulla. Over a dozen hoards of the late 2nd and early Ist centuriesB.C.fix the relativechronology of most of the AE 2 issuesand some of the smallervarieties.The hoardsare staggeredin four groups: 1. The Tambouria (Peiraeus) 1938 hoard106was buried soon after its last AE 2 issue of FulminatingZeus with eagle and pileus (90), probably early in the last third or last quarter of the 2nd century. 2. The Attica 1949 and the Athens 1955 hoards107were both interredshortlyafter99/8 B.C.,the date of their latest FulminatingZeus variety,94 (two pilei). There is a very good chance that the burial of one or both of these hoards was connected with the second revolt of the Laurion slaves, apparentlystill unsuppressedin 98/7.108 least a quarterof the sixty-fourCicada/Amphorasin Deposit B 20:9 of the firstdecade of the 1stcenturyhave the later form of the ethnic, althoughthis is not noted in Kleiner 1976, p. 21, nos. 17-80. That the light Cicada/Amphorasbegan to circulateafterca. 130 is seen too fromthe Tambouriahoardof ca. 130 B.C.,with fourpieces that give an averageweight of 1.87 g., and from the 87 B.C.Attica 1951 hoard, which produced nineteen pieces with an average of only 1.15 g. (Kleiner1976, A46-E20 [ethnicsnot analyzed],p. 27). All eight of the Cicada/Amphorapieces in the smallDelos hoard 11, 1969, IGCH 324 published by E. Fosterand T. Hackens, "Decco Metal Detector Survey on Delos," Archaeometry 0.70 at 1.40 one coin for between of the ethnic III the Period have and, weigh g., except II, 170, arrangement pl. p. 110: AE 5 variety and 0.85 g. The six remainingbronzes (av. 0.55 g.) in this small deposit are of the late Period III on Amphora. Apollo/Owl 106 IGCH 249. Kleiner 1976, pp. 22-27, 32: Hoard A. 107 IGCH 269 and 276. Kleiner 1976, pp. 22-27, 32: Hoards B and C. 108 Associationwith the slaveuprisingwas suggestedfor the firsthoardby Price(1964, p. 35) and recognizedas possible by Kleiner(1976, p. 38, note 63), who pointed out, however,that the provenienceof the hoard is unknown.In fact we do not have a sure location for the discoveryof either hoard. The revolt customarilyhas been placed in 104-102 B.C., but Stephen Tracy ('Athens in 100 B.C.," HarvardStudiesin ClassicalPhiology83, 1979 [pp. 213-235], pp. 232-234) plausiblyarguesfor 100-98. In the processionto Delphi for the festivalof the Pythaisin 98/7, the Atheniancavalrywas representedby a token five horsemen (as comparedwith the 122 cavalrymenin the precedingPythaisof 106/5). Tracy

PERIOD HI

67

3. The earlierphase of Sulla'soperationsin Attica is responsiblefor eight hoards that end with the antepenultimateand penultimateFulminatingZeus emissions,those with the symbolsof mystic staffand thyrsos(95 and 96).109Two of the hoards,PortoRaphti 1967110and Keratea 1954, come from EasternAttica and were presumablysecretedwhen Sulla'sforcesarrivedduringthe summerof 87. One assumes that all or most of the other hoards come likewise from the Attic countryside. None have a preciseprovenience,except perhapsfor Plakaca. 1942, but it may have been purchased ratherthan found in the Plakadistrictof Athens. 4. The final three hoards, all concluding with the Mithradaticstar-between-crescentsFulminating Zeus issue (97), belong to the Sullan sack in the spring of 86. Two of thesel11 were found in the Peiraeus,which Sulla capturedand put to the torch after the fall of Athens in early March. Possible indications of burning on the coins of the third hoard112suggest that it too is from the Peiraeusratherthan from Athens, which was sparedfrom fire.113 Several Agora deposits, dated primarily by their stamped Rhodian and Knidian amphora handles, supplementthe hoards.The most useful are M-N 15:1, consistingof three fills connected with the construction of the South Stoa II around 140 B.C.,and the later drain deposits H 12:1 and A-B 19-20:1. The coins from nearly all these hoard and deposit contexts are tabulatedand article of 1976, "The Agora Excavationsand Athenian analyzed in Kleiner'sfundamentalHesperia Bronze Coinage, 200-86 B.C." Even after a number of his observationsare emended, the overall chronologyof the coinage in this period remainsessentiallyas Kleiner established. The AE 2 seriesbegins with two issuesof exceptionaldesign: Demeter/Piglet (86), presumably an Eleusinianfestivalissue, and the unusuallylight and handsomeApollo/Owl with lyre (87), which was accompaniedby the equallyfine Apollo/Amphora AE 4 (101) and, probably,Apollo/Lyre AE 3 (Sv. 106.8-11, unrepresentedin the Agora).Kleiner assignedboth AE 2 varietiesto the 140'son the groundsthat neither was representedin the materialconnected with the constructionof the Stoa of Attalos,ca. 150 B.c.114But thisnegativeevidenceis not decisive.No exampleof the Demeter or Apollo AE 2 appearedin the South Stoa II constructiondepositsof ca. 140 B.C.either,althoughboth issues were surelyin circulationby that time and in fact couldverywell go backto the 160's.The acquisition of Delos providesa terminus postquemof 166 B.C.for the Apollonian striking;and it is doubtfulthat explainsthat the main body of the cavalrywas probablyneeded at home to protect the countrysideagainstmarauding slaves. The slave revolt was serious and of some duration;Poseidonios(apudAthenaios 4.272 E-F) recounts that the slavesseized the fortressat Sounion and ravagedAttica "fora long time." 109 Keratea 1954 (IGCH277; Kleiner 1976, pp. 22-28, 32: Hoard D) and the following,all of which are reviewedand summarizedin Kleiner 1976, pp. 30-32: Attica 1906 (IGCH280), Attica 1927 (IGCH281), Pnyx (not the originalplace of burial) 1937 (IGCH274), Attica 1937 (IGCH282), Plaka ca. 1942 (IGCH275), Porto Raphti 1967 (IGCH279), and Athens 1969 (M. Caramessini-Oeconomidesand E S. Kleiner,"ANew Hoard of AthenianBronze Coins,"AAA7, 1974, pp. 149-156 = CH 1, 1975, no. 95). The Attica ca. 1951 hoard (IGCH 283), published in Kleiner 1976, pp. 23-27 as Hoard E, consistsonly of smallerdenominationsand may be pre-Sullan,althoughnot any earlierthan the last quarter of the 2nd century. Another useful tabulationand discussionof several of these hoards will be found in Price 1964, pp. 27-30. 110The penultimate FulminatingZeus variety with thyrsos symbol is not present in the Porto Raphti find, but the 15-coin total is so small that there is no reason to doubt that the hoard belongs with the others of 87 B.C. 111 Peiraeus1926 (IGCH316: Kleiner 1973; Kleiner 1976, pp. 31-32) and Peiraeus 1973 (Oeconomides-Caramessini 1976, pp. 220-223 = CH 3, 1977, no. 73). The coins of the latter were excavatedfrom the floor of a large Hellenistic buildingin a layer of burning and debris. 112Walker1978, pp. 44-45, the Cigar Box Hoard (=CH3, 1977, no. 75): "The coins ... seem to have been burntand are quite similarto the coins in the 1973 hoard from the Piraeus." 113Appian, Mithradates 41; Plutarch,Sulla13. 114 Kleiner 1976, pp. 36-38. See Deposit P-R 6-12 (p. 316 below).

68

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-IST CENTURIES B.C.

Demeter/Piglet could be appreciablyearlier,as the seven specimens in the great Peiraeus 1926 hoard appearedless worn (w4-6) than the ten specimensof Apollo/Owl with lyre (allw6).115 Around the middle of the centurythere is a returnto AE 2 issuessigned with emission symbols and to the PeriodII pairingof Athena and Zeus, at firstin two issues(88 and 89) with the traditional representationalrolesof the two gods reversed:obversesbear the head of Zeus, reversesan archaistic statue of Athena hurlingthe thunderbolt.The Athena is the same Macedonian Athena Alkidamos thatAntigonosGonatasand PhilipV had placedon the reversesof theirsilvercoins.16 Her depiction on these Athenian reversesought to be some kind of referenceto the defeat and dissolutionof the kingdomof Macedon in 168 at the conclusionof the Third MacedonianWaror perhapsthe defeatof Andriskosand creationof the Roman provinceof Macedonia in 148-146. After ca. 140 the familiar Athena in Corinthianhelmet/FulminatingZeus formatwas revivedand persistedthroughthe long series of eight AE 2 emissions (90-97) that culminatedin the Mithradaticstar-between-crescents strikingof 87/6. Below the AE 2 unit, which we take to be the hemiobol (see p. 38 above), were minted the AE 3 dichalkon/quarter-obol,now struckin the prolificvariety 99, Two owls on thunderbolt,on a scale unequalledsince PeriodI; the basic AE 4 chalkous(101-109); and, makingits firstand only appearanceat Athens in PeriodIII, the small AE 5 module of coins that weigh well under a gram (110-1 14). This last fractionshouldrepresentthe half-chalkousor sixteenthof an obol (p. 38 above). Denominationally,only variety100, Cicada/Owl on thunderbolt,presentsa problem.Accordingto Kleiner, these coins, which were minted with AE 3 diametersbut with generally heavier weights than other Period III AE 3 pieces (cf. Table III, pp. 324-325 below), representa unit in between the Two-owls-on-thunderboltAE 3 (99) and the largeAE 2 module.117If so, the Cicada/Owl pieces would probably have to be identifiedas trichalkia.It is arguable,however,that the coins are late AE 3 dichalkiaof restoredweight. The notable iconographicalvariety of the Period III AE 4 and 5 coinage is due in the first instance to the addition of Delian Apollo (and Artemis)to the chief national cults of Athens. From the middle of the 2nd to the middle lestof the century B.C.,Apollo dominates the obverses of the smallerdenominations,and his attributesof lyre,tripod,and quiverexpandthe repertoryof available reversetypes. Varietyresults,too, from the frequencyof type changes in these denominationsand the convention, begun in Period II, of honoring a pair of deities on a single coin. Thus on various Period III fractions, a head of Apollo is paired with a reverse owl (110), Panathenaic amphora (101, 105), and Eleusinianplemochoe (103), as well as with his own attributes(111: lyre; 112: tripod). Zeus is paired with a plemochoe (102), and so forth. The only types that depart from these now routine gods and symbolsare the heads, evidently,ofKore in variety 106 and of Nike in variety 107. Svoronos attributed a majority of the Period III and IV AE 3-5 varieties to the Athenian cleruchs on Delos, since many of these smallerbronzes were recoveredin the French excavations on the islandin the early 1900's(seeTable III, pp. 324-325 below)and as often as not had typesthat 115

Kleiner 1973, p. 171. See note 83 above, p. 53. Forthe PhilipV coins, Brett 1950, pl. 12:17;Boehringer,p. 104, pl. 7:6-9. 117 Kleiner 1973, pp. 180-181; 1976, pp. 9-10, 34-35. Kleiner'smodular nomenclaturecompared to that used in the presentwork is Kleiner AE 1 = here AE 2 Kleiner AE 2 = here AE 3 Cicada/Owl on thunderbolt(100) Kleiner AE 3 = here other AE 3 and all AE 4 varieties Kleiner AE 4 = here AE 5. 116

PERIOD III

69

he consideredmore "Delian"than Attic.118But the Athenian proveniencesthat emerged from the Agora excavationshave discreditedsuch attribution,119at least for all but a few exceptional issues. One of the exceptions is the Artemis/Plemochoe AE 4 (104), which, although probably minted at Athens, seems to have been consignedfor circulationon Delos.120Forgenuine Athenian cleruchy emissions, however,we must turn to the AE 2 and AE 3 coinage struckon Delos by the Roman legate Gaius ValeriusTriariusin 69 B.C.(see under 830) and to the bronzes struckby or for the Athenian cleruchson Salamis(640-642) and the northernAegean islandsof Lemnos, Imbros,and Skyros(159-161, 454-456). The concluding star-between-crescentsFulminatingZeus AE 2 of the First MithradaticWar (97) is historicallythe most intriguingemission of PeriodIII. The bulk of the issue must have been minted earlyin the archonyear 87/6, beforethe Roman siege began in earnest and Sulla effectively cut Athens and the Peiraeusoff from one another.121The coins circulatedin the Peiraeusas well as in Athens, and there is no reasonto thinkthat a subsidiarymint was set up in the Peiraeusonce the two cities were isolated. As is clear from the 201 Agora specimens and the correspondinglylarge numbers from the hoards of 86 B.C.,122 the issue was minted in profusion. Its hurried production is evidentfrom the many examplesthatwere carelesslystruckor seeminglystruckfromworn dies.123 Or were the latterreallystampedwith insufficientforceto drivethe metal into the deepestrecessesof the dies? Such weak strikingis probablyresponsiblein part for the numerousstar-between-crescents pieces from the hoardsof 86 B.C.that look "worn",even though they were removedfrom circulation 118 Sv., pls. 106, 107; and, earlier,<,JIAN 3, 1900, pp. 50-54; cf. idem1907, p. 194;and idem1911, pp. 58, 76, 78,83; whence Roussel,pp. 47-48. The attributionof coins to the Athenians on Delos was originallyproposedby U. Koehler,"Die Minze der KleruchenaufDelos," AM 6, 1881, pp. 238-243. 119 DulosXXVII, p. 390, note 1. Kleiner 1976, pp. 6-7. M. Thompson, "Some Athenian 'Cleruchy'Money,"Hesperia 10, 1941, pp. 199-236, corrected Svoronos' more fanciful attributionsof Athenian bronze to cleruchs on Skiathos, Peparethos,etc. (Sv.,pl. 25). 120 There are fiveAE 5 varietiesattestedfromDelos (DelosXXVII, table,p. 409) but not fromthe Agora: (1)Sv. 106.3841-Apollo/Quiver (25 from Delos); (2) Sv. 106.45, 46-Plemochoe/Quiver (4 from Delos); (3) Sv. 106.82, 83Artemis/Plemochoe (3 from Delos); (4) Sv. 107.24, 25-Apollo/Wheat ear (1 from Delos); and (5) DelosXXVII, F58, 59-Athena/Lyre (2 from Delos). The first (to judge from the quantity on Delos) and third (to judge from the similarityto 104) may be further exceptional issues consigned to Delos, but the find evidence from the two excavationsis too insubstantialfor a final decision. Comparedwith the Delos excavations(see Table III), the Agora has producedrelativelyfew identifiableAE 5 pieces overall, perhaps because of less favorablesoil conditions or the continuous occupation of the site rather than because of any actual pattern of AE 5 circulation.It is interesting,however,that finds of the largerAE 2 and 3 coins on Delos are minimal, suggestingthat these larger-modulebronzes did not comprise an importantpart of the currency of Athenian Delos. For all the silver hoards that were buried on Delos at the time of the Mithradaticuprisingin 88 B.C.(T. Hackens, "Tr6sorhellenistiquetrouve a Delos en 1964," BCH 89, 1965 [pp. 503-534], pp. 515-516), there is not a single hoard of contemporaryAE 2 and 3 bronze to match the severalfrom 87/6 B.C.Attica. Three Athenian varieties in Svoronos' Delos plates are unrepresentedboth among the Agora and the Delos excavationfinds: Sv. 106.8-11 (Apollo/LyreAE 3), 106.31, 32 (Athena/LyreAE 3), and 107.46-49 (= BMCAttica, p. 89, no. 632, Kore or Apollo/Owl-with-palm-branch-on-thunderbolt AE 1, of PeriodIV fabric). 121 See 30-38 and Plutarch, Sulla 13 for this and other details of the siege. The star-betweenAppian, Mithradates crescentssilver(NewStle, nos. 1143-1146) was struckin months 1 (June-July),2, and 6 (November-December)of 87/6, i.e., both near the beginning of the siege and when it was fairlywell advanced. 122 235 pieces (or one-third of the FulminatingZeus coins) in the Peiraeus 1926 hoard; 152 pieces (or 95 percent of FulminatingZeus coins) in the Peiraeus 1973 hoard. See note 111 above, p. 67. 123 Kleiner 1973, p. 180, note 26. See also the double-struck97e below,and Kleiner 1976, pl. 2:33, from the Peiraeus 1926 hoard.

70

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:4TH-1ST CENTURIESB.C.

less than a year after minting.124 Their softer,leaded alloy may also account for some actual wear from brief circulation.125Unlike earlier FulminatingZeus bronzes, whose alloy contained about 1 percent or less of lead, the star-between-crescents coins were minted from a heavilyleaded bronze a with lead content of 12-13 percent and thus are about 1-1.5 grams or 15-20 percent heavier than coins of the earlier issues (see Table III, pp. 324-325 below). There seems to have been no shortageof availablebronze;otherwise,the amount of this metal would have been reduced in each batch of alloy as the extra lead was added. But, by weight, the actual bronze content was kept as before,apparentlyso that no one could accuse the coins of being debased. It has been suggestedthat the purpose of the added lead and weight was to raise the value of the coins in response to the inflationarypressuresof the Roman blockade.126But this is unlikely if the coins were mostly struck before the siege had become critical. Moreover, such a putative revaluationwithout an accompanyingchange of type or diameter to reflect it would have unfairly discriminatedagainst the earlier,lighter FulminatingZeus bronzes alreadyin circulation.A more plausibleexplanationis that the leading was intended to make the bronze softer so that the coins could be stamped out more quickly,that is, with fewer blows of the hammer, and to prolong the lives of the dies.127In addition, the extra weight would have encouraged acceptance of the coins, which was a matter of some urgency in view of their politicallycharged Pontic symbol and their importancein financingthe resistanceagainstSulla.128 The relativelygood condition of most of the star-between-crescentsspecimens found in the Agora is another idiosyncracy.As a group these are the least-wornHellenistic Athenian bronzes from the excavations(the severalexamplesselectedfor illustrationon Plate 9 are in this regardfairly typical).Very few could have circulatedafter 86. It appears that in making terms with Sulla, the Athenians placed the names of Mithradatesand his Athenian agent, the tyrant Aristion, under a Tojudge fromthe paucityof extantspecimens,the star-between-crescents silver damnatio memoriae.129 signedby King Mithradatesand Aristionwas probablyrecalled.30 One assumesthat the associated bronze coins had to be turned in as well, probablyto be exchanged for newly minted bronze of differentdesign (p. 82 below). But whether or not the Mithradatic bronze could have been exchanged during a limited period, it was evidently demonitizedby means of a statuteforbiddingsellersof goods and services from accepting it. 97h and possibly 153e (undertype),for example, were cut with an X to void them as legal tender, and the numerous, unworn specimens from the Agora had surely been thrown away as so much trash. Some of the coins were eventuallypicked up and reintroduced into circulation but not until later in the century or in the Imperial period, when the intense emotional climate of the First Mithradatic War had long subsided. On the other hand, it is clear that FulminatingZeus coins from the pre-Mithradaticissues continued to circulatewithout interruption. A number, like 94f and possibly 95a, were countermarkedwith a cicada stamp, clearly after Sulla's capture of Athens, inasmuch as such countermarkedcoins do not appear in 124

On the worn appearanceof many specimensin the Peiraeus1926 hoard, Kleiner 1973, p. 180. So Oeconomides-Caramessini1976, p. 223; Walker1978, p. 44. Kleiner 1973, pp. 181-182. 127 For the technicaladvantagesof strikingfrom a leaded alloy,see Caley,pp. 138-139. 128 Price (1964, p. 35) emphasizesthe value of these bronze coins as a propagandamedium. 129 Habicht 1976, pp. 127-135, accepted in principle by Ernst Badian ("Rome, Athens, and Mithradates,"AJAH 1, 1976 [pp. 105-128], p. 125, note 41). 130 Mattingly 1979, p. 164; M0rkholm 1984, p. 33. 125 126

PERIOD III: CATALOGUE

71

the Sullan hoards.131Some AE 2 pieces dating before 86 B.C.were overstruckin the second half of the 1st century B.C.(see 143f, with 137e and 138h), while others still circulatingin the late 1st century B.C. or in the 1st century after Christ were occasionally chopped in half to make up for a scarcity of half-unit coins (see 79f, 89d, 94g, [82-84, 90-94]a, b and pp. 92-93 below). CATALOGUE Die alignmentsin PeriodIII (andIV) are fixed at 12 o'clockand are not recorded.Occasionaldeviationsare aligned just off the verticalat 11 or 1 o'clock. ca. 160's-150's B.C. AE2 Head of Demeter r., wearing wheat wreath. 86 *a *b *c *d e

18 coins EA-173 4-132 K-39 K-981 Z-2738

17-19 19 18 19 18 17

Av.6.15 (5) 5.27 5.48 6.41 6.15 blistered

AGE above. Piglet stg. r.

Sv. 103.50-56; Kleiner 1976, pl. 2:40-42 (Type4)

Kleiner 1976, p. 5, pl. 2, no. 40 Kleiner 1976, p. 14, no. 84 (H 21:1) A-E

e

Head of Apollo r., laur. 87 *a *b *c *d

24 coins AA-845bis N-583 S2-157 BB-1280

17-19 18 18 19 18

Av.4.54 (11) 4.53 4.41 5.07 4.83

Owl stg. r.; at r., lyre.

Sv. 106.1-7; Kleiner 1976, pl. 2:43-45 (Type5)

Kleiner 1976, p. 5, pl. 2, no. 43

ca. 140's B.C.132 Head of Zeus r., bound with taenia; border of dots.

88 *a

10 coins T-661

A-E O ArchaisticAthena striding r., hurling thunderboltin raised r. hand, holding shield on extended 1. arm; at 1., helmet; at r., horse's head.

Sv. 22.53, 54; Kleiner 1976, 2.38, 39 (7ype3)

17-21 Av.6.53(6) 7.75 21

131 On the cicada countermark,attested on FulminatingZeus coins of the two-pilei, mystic-staff,and thyrsosissues see the fifteen coins collected and discussed in Kleiner 1973, pp. 182-183, and Kleiner 1976, p. 10. The (94-96), countermarkis not found on star-between-crescents pieces. 132 Kleiner 1976, p. 38, table IV

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C.

72 *b E-278 *c T-1194

19 19

7.25 7.58

Kleiner 1975, p. 319, pl. 76, no. 266 (M-N 15:1)

A-@ Similar,except E and at 1., wheat ear; at r., snake.

Similar.

89

23 coins *a e-174 *b A-94 *c II-289 d IIII-650

17-20 17 20 17 19

Sv. 22.55; Kleiner 1976, pl. 2:34-37 (ype 3)

Av.5.36 (5) 4.66 6.96 3.71 halved

Similar,except details illegible.

Similar.

[88, 89] 68 coins of uncertainZeus/FulminatingAthena variety. Kleiner 1975, p. 312, no. 200 (H-I 14:1) a K-1458 obv. cmk.: star in incuse circle b S-3535 The above arrangementof the two Zeus/FulminatingAthena issues is based on weights. The discoveryof 88c in the South Stoa II constructionfill places it beforeca. 140 B.C. [88, 89]a comes also from a deposit dated ca. 140 B.C.

The star-in-circlecountermarkof [88, 89]b appearson Sv. 22.55 and seven out of twelve FulminatingAthena pieces in the Attica 1906 hoard (Price 1964, pp. 28-29; Kleiner 1976, pp. 10, 20). Occurring on no other Athenian variety,the countermarkwas added before the change back to the FulminatingZeus types in variety 90, but its purpose is unclear. ca. 130' B.C.133

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet; border of dots. 90

4 coins *a B'-1009 *b NN-1304

O A-E Zeus, nude, stridingr., hurling thunderbolt;at 1., pileus; at r., eagle.

Sv. 81.30, 31; Kleiner 1976, pl. 1:12, 13 (Type2d)

17-18 Av.5.13 (4) 6.10 18 5.03 18

ca. 130-100 B.C.134

Similar.

91 *a *b *c *d e

25 coins ET-143 II-149 fl-257 BB-285 EE-40

16-19 18 18 17 18 17

133 Kleiner 1976, pp. 33, 134 Ibid.

Av.5.12 (22) 5.70 5.09 5.80 5.39 5.84

37-38.

A-E Similar,except e and at 1., plemochoe; at r., cornucopia and eagle.

Kleiner 1976, p. 4, pl. 1, no. 16

Sv. 81.19, 22-24; Kleiner 1976, pl. 1:14-17 (7ype2e)

73

PERIOD III: CATALOGUE Similar,except at 1., amphora; at r., cornucopia and eagle.

Similar.

*92

A-287

18

Sv. 81.20, 21; Kleiner 1976, p. 4 (7Tpe2f)

3.72

Closely related to 91, variety 92 was the firstFulminatingZeus issue struckafter the burialof the Tambouria 1938 hoard (Kleiner 1976, pp. 22, 25, 32-33). The issuewas slight,as meagerrepresentationin the Sullanhoards confirms(Kleiner 1976, p. 25).

Similar,except uncertainvessel at 1. with Zeus 11 of uncertain coins [91, 92] cornucopia-and-vesselvariety. Fulminating Similar.

e Similar.

93

18 coins *a MA-59 *b HH-60 *c II-30

17-19 18 18 17

Av. 5.20 (13) 5.13 5.37 5.68

Similar,except A-E and at 1., amphora;at r., eagle.

Sv. 81.25-27; Kleiner 1976, pl. 1:18-20 (Type2g)

Kleiner 1976, p. 4, pl. 1, no. 18

99/8 B.C.

Similar.

94

69 coins *a r-242 *b II3-314

*c r-522 *d K-1264 *e T'-699 *f T-167 g ET-163

16-19 16 17 16 19 17 17 20

Av.5.55 (26) 4.92 6.08 5.48 5.40 5.32 5.20

Similar,except A-OE and at 1. and r., two pilei of the Dioskouroi.

Sv. 81.32-39; Kleiner 1976, pl. 1:21-23 (Type2h)

obv. cmk.: cicada in incuse rectangle halved

The date of the issue (the next fixed point in the AE 2 chronologyafterthe Agora depositsdated ca. 140 B.C.for varieties88 and 89) is that of the Demetrios-AgathipposNew Style silver,which also employsthe two caps of the Dioskouroifor its issue symbol.1'35 Since the place of the two-pileibronzesin the Sullan hoards suggeststhat the issuefell within a decade or so of 100 B.C.,the exceptionalassociationof the bronzewith the silverfollowsnaturally (Price 1964, p. 35; Kleiner 1976, pp. 37-38). In Period III the only other instance of a shared symbol is in the star-between-crescentsgold, silver,and bronzeof 87/6. But the design of the two-pileibronze is itselfexceptional: to accommodate both caps on the reverse,the designerdispensedwith the eagle that had regularlystood before Zeus and adopted a linear arrangementof the ethnic, the canonical A-OE of the New Style silver. It is hard to see why the traditionalFulminatingZeus reversewould have been so altered,unlessthe intent was to assimilate the bronze to the silver.Another feature common to the issues in both metals is their remarkablevolume. As Kleinernotes from the forty-sevenobversedies of the silverand the numberof bronzepieces in hoardsof the early 1stcenturyB.C.(Kleiner 1976, p. 33, note 45; p. 37, note 60), the two-pileiemissionswere manufacturedin greater quantitythan any other New Style silveror (exceptingthe starbetweencrescents)FulminatingZeus bronze series. 135 New Style,nos. 879-928, as dated in Boehringer,p. 202; Mattingly 1979, p. 162; and M0rkholm 1984, p. 32.

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-IST CENTURIES B.C.

74

mid-90's-arly80'sB.C. Similar.

95

10 coins *a 1-846 *b NN-322 *c MM-485

Similar,except mystic staff.

16-18 Av.5.80(8) 17 6.76 17 3.95 17 6.04

9 coins *a fle-33 *b P-7

Sv. 81.49-52; Kleiner 1976, pl. 2:24-26 (Type2t)

obv. cmk.: cicada(?)

Similar,except at 1., thyrsos.

Similar.

96

A-e E and at 1.,

Sv. 81.40-44; Kleiner 1976, pl. 2:27-29 (Type2j)

16-20 Av.6.18(6) 6.71 20 7.36 19

Forthe hoardsthat fix the position of varieties95 and 96, see p. 67 above. 87/6 B.C.

A-E Similar,except e and at r., star between crescents.

Similar.

97

Sv. 81.45-48; Kleiner 1976, pl. 2:30-33 (Type2k)

201 coins 17-21 Av. 7.27 (62) Kleiner 1976, p. 4, pl. 2, no. 30 18 IT-151 6.24 7.16 19 M-107 GRC,fig. 14 18 8.55 X-42 7.33 18 E-2450 double-struck 9.31 18 H-17 7.95 18 K-1317 7.49 17 AA-191 X chisel markedon obv. 17 8.46 T-420 Kleiner 1976, p. 4, pl. 2, no. 32 19 8.22 NN-20 broken (U 13:2a)Plate 34:3 PP'-1006 20 Although this is the bronze counterpartof the 87/6 B.C.silver(NewSyek,nos. 1143-1146) and gold (Sv.71.1-4) issuessignedby King Mithradatesand Aristion,its date is independentlyconfirmedby the contextualevidence of the Sullan bronze hoards and by the circumstancesthat the earliestAgora deposits in which specimensappear contained debris from the Sullan destructionof 86 (Price 1964, pp. 32-34). Since the star-between-crescents bronzes became worthlessafter Sulla'sconquest and were discarded,it is not surprisingthat a remarkabletotal of thirteen was found in the cistern Deposit N 20:4 of the mid- to late 80's. For a possible specimen that may have been demonitizedlike 97h but with an XI on bothsides, see 153e (overstruckca. 20 B.C.).

*a *b *c *d *e *f *g *h i j

UNCLASSIFIED [82-4, 90-97 420 coins of uncertainFulminatingZeus variety.Of these, 3 were halved,most likelyin the 1stcentury afterChrist(pp. 92-93 below). *a

NN-957

*b K-1622 c PP'-1004 d PP'-1005

17

-

halved

18 17 17

-

halved (as also A-20) (U 13:2a)Plate 34:1 (U 13:2a)Plate 34:2

PERIOD Ill: CATALOGUE

75

AE3 ca. 130' B.C.136 Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet; border of dots. 98

28 coins *a Br-465 *b ft-357 *c r-1611a

12-15 Av. 2.61 (12) 13 2.58 14 3.22 12 2.65

A 8-E Amphora with transverse palm branch.

Sv. 107.75-79; Kleiner 1976, pl. 4:84-86 (Type15)

flan cut down before striking same

Coins of this variety are occasionally present in hoards of the early 1st century B.C. (Kleiner 1976, p. 32, table III) but in much smallernumbersand in a more worn condition than pieces from the clearlylatervarieties 99 and 100.

ca. 130-90 Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet; border of dots. 99 *a *b *c *d *e *f *g *h *i *j *k *1 *m *n *o *p

635 coins K-1262a E-4073 E-474 OA-259 r-140 H-998 00-1069 II-491 8-991 IIE-424 NN-1220 BB-494 ZZ-34 r-1630 II-420 II-616

12-18 17 17 16 15 15 14 14 14 14 13 13 12 12 12 12 12

B.C.137

AGE below. Two owls stg. r. and 1., facing, on thunderbolt; all within olive wreath.

Sv. 24.60-68; Kleiner 1976, pl. 4:87-92 (Type16)

Av. 2.84 (147) 5.35 4.96 3.46 3.75 3.65 2.58 trimmed flan 2.74 2.58 4.08 2.62 Kleiner 1976, p. 8, pl. 4, no. 89; GRC,fig. 14 2.64 2.33 2.72 1.94 1.85 overstruckon Owl-on-thunderboltAE 4 (81) broken or halved

In the long course of production, coins of this variety underwent a substantialdiminution that is reflected not only in the wide range of flan weights and sizes but also by the progressivereduction of the diameter of the dies. Ultimately,the mint was overstrikingthe variety on AE 4 chalkoi of the early 2nd century (see 99o). To make them commensuratewith the later coins, flans of the earlier,larger 99f and Kleiner 1976, pl. 4:87, were cut down, apparentlyin these cases after striking,since the trimmingrespectsthe reversetype. Kleiner'sdating of ca. 130-90 B.C.followsfrom the abundanceand condition (w2-6) of specimensin hoardsof the early 1stcenturyB.C.and the presenceof three examplesin the Agora drainDeposit A-B 19-20:1 of the third quarterof the 2nd century(Kleiner 1976, p. 18, nos. 115-117; pp. 27, 32, 35-38; Kleiner 1973, pp. 176-177). As proposedbelow, however,the coinage may have ended by the 90's B.C.with the change to variety 100. 136 Kleiner 137

Ibid.

1976, pp. 37-38.

76

100

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C. A Cicada. O-E Owl stg. r., facing, on thunderbolt.

Sv. 107.50-54; Kleiner 1976, pl. 3:46-50 (Type6)

73 coins 12-16 Av.2.85(18) 2.00 Z-2198bis 14 T-517 2.35 12 3.66 AP-31 12 E-548 2.65 12 8-114 2.75 12 13 2.39 II1-624 The 182 hoard specimensweighedby Kleiner(1973, p. 181, tableI) gave an averageof 3.48 g and suggestedto him that these Cicada/Owl-on-thunderboltcoins representa larger denominationalunit than the Two-owlson-thunderbolt99, even though both varietieshave diametersof the same size (Kleiner 1973, p. 180; Kleiner 1976, p. 10). The averageof 2.85 g. taken from the 18 best Agora specimens, however,agrees with the average weight of the Two-owl coinage (2.69 g. fromhoard pieces, 2.84 g from Agora pieces; see Table III[pp. 324-325 below]).It is noteworthy,too, that in the Athens 1955 and the Keratea 1954 hoards the Cicada/Owl pieces were somewhat less worn than the accompanyingTwo-owl strikings(Kleiner 1976, p. 27). We deduce that the two varietiesmay very well representan earlierand laterversion of the same AE 3 unit. If so, the later Cicada/Owl coins will have been struck,around or shortlyafter 100 B.C.,with full restoredAE 3 weight. Two pieces occur in the drainDeposit B 20:9 (early1stcenturybut no coins laterthan 87 B.C.;Kleiner 1976, pp. 19-21, nos. 107, 108).

*a *b *c *d *e *f

AE4 166-150's B.C.

A-e AE Amphora with transverse palm branch.

Head of Apollo r., laur.

101

Sv. 106.12-16; Kleiner 1976, pl. 4:97-100

19 coins 12-14 Av. 1.64 (15) 1.44 *a Z-610bis 13 13 2.02 *b S-5469 Kleiner 1976, p. 34, note 50, pl. 4, no. 99 12 2.10 *c A--169 14 1.72 *d r-208 Kleiner 1975, p. 322, pl. 75, no. 324 (M-N 15:1) 12 2.07 *e T-1377 The later variety 105 has similartypes but a differentarrangementof the ethnic and omits the palm branch behind the amphora;the coins tend to be smallerand are much cruderin style.The fine obversesof the present varietyrelateit to the AE 2 Apollo/Owl with lyre (87) and perhapsto the rareAE 3 Apollo/Lyre (Sv. 106.8-10), which has yet to show up in the Agora or Delos excavations. 10e (previouslymisclassifiedwith variety 105) comes from the ca. 140 B.C.destructiondeposit of South Stoa I. ca. 140' B.C.138

Head of Zeus r.; border of dots. 102 *a *b *c *d

8 coins 0-177 K-1284 00-468 K-520

10-13 Av.1.63(8) 11 1.27 13 2.16 2.23 12 1.55 13

'38 Kleiner 1976, pp. 34, 38.

A-@ E Plemochoe.

Kleiner 1976, p. 7, pl. 4, no. 80; GRC,fig. 14

Sv. 107.9-11; Kleiner 1976, pl. 4:80-83 (Type14)

77

PERIOD III: CATALOGUE *e *f g

1.98 IIII-274 12 10 K-360 1.51 11 1.31 Z-2743 Kleiner 1976, p. 14, no. 91 (H 12:1) The context of 102g gives a terminus antequemof ca. 140 B.C.This, the only AE 3-5 variety in the pre-86 B.C. coinage with an obverse head of Zeus, was likely minted with the Zeus/Fulminating Athena AE 2 (88, 89) of the 140's.

e

Head of Apollo r., laur.; border of dots. 103

21 coins *a NN-1656 *b NN-1120

10-13 Av. 1.58 (10) 1.89 12 11 1.54

A-E Plemochoe; all within wheat wreath.

Sv. 106.48-51; Kleiner 1976, pl. 3:77-79 (Type13)

Kleiner 1976, p. 7, pi. 3, no. 77 = p. 18, no. 114 (A-B 19-20:1); GRC,fig. 14

11 *c 1.67 A-422 *d K-1759 10 1.66 e Z-2723 12 broken Kleiner 1976, p. 14, no. 90 (H 12:1) *f NN-1556 12 A-OE 1.62 12 1.69 *g 00-1222 cavity punched in obv. Dating is from the contexts of 103e (ca. 140 B.C.)and 103b (also of the third quarterof the 2nd century).The archaizingApollo head with falling twistsof hair is distinctive,as is the crowded,wreathedreverse. 103g, found with three imperial (Period VB) fractions,circulatedas late as the 2nd or 3rd centuries after Christ, when the punched cavitywas added; see p. 94 below. ca. 140-90 B.C.

Head of Artemis r., quiver at shoulder;border of dots. 104

A-e E Plemochoe; all within wreath.

Sv. 106.76-81; Kleiner 1976, pl. 4:101-104

2 coins *a IIn-290a 12 1.50 *b IIII-939 10 1.25 In contrastto these two Agora pieces, the varietyhas been found in quantityon Delos; see Table III, pp. 324325 below. Sv. 106.78-81 and the four specimens illustratedby Kleiner (1976, pl. 4) are all from the Delos excavations,which recoveredsixty of these Artemis/Plemochoe coins from the House of the Comedians alone (DelosXXVII, p. 321, pl. 65, F178-F237). There can be little doubt that the variety was minted for use on the island. Weightsshow that the variety is later than the Apollo/Plemochoe, of which only one specimen has been recordedfrom Delos (NumismaticCollectionof Athens 1906/7 x4' 225). Head of Apollo or Artemis, r.

Plemochoe in wreath; ethnic illegible. [103, 104] 52 coins of uncertainApollo/Plemochoe or Artemis/Plemochoevariety.

Head of Apollo r.

105

31 coins *a T-240 *b IIe-287

10-12 Av. 1.72 (20) 12 1.56 12 1.76

A-e E Amphora.

trimmed flan Kleiner 1976, p. 6, pl. 3, no. 62

Sv. 107.36-41; Kleiner 1976, pl. 3:62-66 (Type10)

78

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C. *c *d *e *f g

NN-683 1-1458 E-729 A-159bis NSR-76

12 11 11 12 12

2.13 1.60 1.32 1.85 1.86

Kleiner 1976, no. 63 Kleiner 1976, no. 64

[101 or 105] 12 coins of uncertainApollo/Amphora variety. Head of Kore(?) r.

106 *a *b *c *d *e *f *g

81 coins N-166 II-815 r-1605 K-1198 Z-2205 r-1O K-1255

9-12 12 11 11 11 11 10 9

Av. 1.45 (42) 1.35 1.38 1.60 1.45 1.66 1.38 1.20

AOE above. Piglet stg. r.

Sv. 103.57-64; Kleiner 1976, pl. 3:67-72 (Type11)

Kleiner 1976, p. 6, pl. 3, no. 69 Kleiner 1976, no. 68; GRC,fig. 14

Although the relativelycrude obverseheads of this and the foregoing105 are virtuallyidentical(Kleiner 1976, p. 7), it is not certainwhether the heads are all of a laureateApollo or whether,as more reasonably,the heads of 106 with the piglet reverserepresentKore wearing a crown of wheat. Influencedby the piglet, Kleiner (1976) mistookthe heads of both varietiesas heads of"Demeter?" and connected 106 with the Demeter/Piglet AE 2 of the second quarterof the 2nd century(86). But both AE 4 varietiesmustbelong furtheralong in the centurywhen the size and weight of the chalkous had declined, and the head on the present variety looks too youthful for Demeter. ForKore on a later issue, see 117. With the shrinkageof the AE 4 flans there was a correspondingreduction in the sizes of the dies; compare the Apollo heads of variety 101 with the smallerheads of 105 and the still smaller Kore(?)/Pigletcoins. Any firm contextualevidencethat could fix the positionof these and the otherlight AE 4 varieties107-109 in the half centurybefore 87 B.c. is lacking.139 ASv. 106.33-35 A-E Quiver and bow. Head of Nike r., wing at shoulder. Av. 1.34 (21) 9-12 107 33 coins 11 *a N-899 1.20 same obv. die as 107a 11 1.90 *b T-242 same obv. die as 107a 11 *c NN-474 2.37 1.45 *d II-702 12 0.95 11 *e K-1211 1.63 *f NN-1732 10 The identificationof the head as a head of Nike (underBMC,nos. 610, 611) is probablycorrect.The alternative is Eros,suggestedperhapsby the unboundhair of the die of 107a-c, the pudgy face on the die of Sv. 106.34, 35, and the reversequiverand bow.The reverseattributes,however,ought to belong to Apollo and Artemis;and Eros is not at home in the traditionalstate iconographyof Athens,whereasNike was closely associatedwith Athena. 139 A

Kore(?)/Pigcoin (Kleiner 1976, pl. 3:72)belongsto the seven-pieceNumismaticCollectionofAthens lot IK. 127 published by Kleiner (1976, p. 28) as part of a possible hoard, even though one of the coins (F7) dates after 86 B.C. (variety127) and would have to have been an intrusion.If the remainingsix coins do happen to come from a hoard, however,they suggest that Kore(?)/Pigdates closer to 102 (Zeus/Plemochoe) and 103 (Apollo/Plemochoe) than, say, very late in the 2nd century.

PERIOD m: CATALOGUE AE e- Amphora with transverse palm branch.

Cicada. 108 *a *b *c *d *e *f

59 coins A-321 BA-78 BB-706 NN-200 K-1028 AA-266

9-11 10 9 9 9 9 9

Av. 1.13 (20) 0.70 1.00 1.23 0.75 0.97 0.66

79 Sv. 107.60-69

Kleiner 1976, p. 6, pl. 3, no. 58

This is a revival of the Period II Cicada/Amphora AE 4 (85) but with reduced size and weight, an altered form of the ethnic, and a generally clumsier style. The total of 672 Cicada/Amphora pieces listed under 85 doubtlessinclude many pieces that belong to this late 2nd-centuryissue;see pp. 65-66 above.

A-e E Quiver and bow.

Cicada. 109

3 coins *a B-602bis *b E-134 *c NN-2053

10 11 11

Sv. 107.70-73

1.17 0.80 broken

The varietyis, in effect, a conflationof 107 and 108.

AE5 ca. 130-90 B.C. A-e E Owl stg. r. on horizontal amphora.

Head of Apollo r., laur.

110 *a *b *c *d

53 coins II-972 NN-1299 OA-275 B'-729bis

7-10 10 10 7 8

Sv. 106.52-64; Kleiner 1976, pl. 3:73-76 (Type12)

Av. 0.88 (11) 1.23 0.76 0.46 0.47

Kleiner's dating of ca. 150-140 B.C. (Kleiner 1976, pp. 36, 38) was based on the misattributionof Z-2852, an 11 mm. illegiblecoin fromDeposit H 12:1,to thisvariety(Kleiner1976, p. 15, no. 92). It is clearfromthe small Delos hoard IGCH 324 (note 105 above, p. 66) that the varietybelongs to the middle or later phase of PeriodIII. On the other hand, no specimens of the following 111-114 have been recoveredfrom a chronologicallyuseful context.

Head of Apollo r.; border of dots. 111

6 coins *a X-33 *b I-2114 *c 00-263 *d r-326

7-10 10 8 7 9

Av.0.43 (6) 0.49 0.58 0.59 0.26

(N 19:1) broken?

A O-E Lyre.

Sv. 106.23-26

80

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C. Similar.

112 *a *b *c d

5 coins II-453 E-1053 ET'-590 T-1189

6-10 7 7 6 9

4 coins 8-9 *a E-1299 8 *b KK-419bis 8

Sv. 106.21, 22

-E Cicada.

Sv. 107.42-45

Av.0.59 (5) 0.41 0.63 0.11 1.24

Similar. 113

-E Tripod.

Av. 0.56 (3) 0.39 0.58

A Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 114 *a b

2 coins Z-1716bis

8

0.27

Z-1528

8

0.41

.E

or

A-O E Tripod.

Sv. 106.44

A-E

e

PERIOD IV 86-10's B.C.

In the wake of Sulla's capture of Athens in the spring of 86, the characterof the bronze coinage was abruptlytransformed.Abandoning the FulminatingZeus AE 2 of the defeated government, Athensbegan to mint a largerand heavierAE 1 coin thatwas destinedto serveas the city'sprincipal bronze unit until the advent of Athens' Greekimperialcoinage in the 2nd century after Christ. The new AE 1 coinage was struck in five series (Table IV, pp. 326-327 below). In the first (PeriodIVA)the bronze is closelytied to the post-MithradaticNew Style silver:the AE 1 issuesbear the same types as the silverdrachmsand tetradrachms,Head of Athena Parthenos/Owl standingon amphorain surroundingolive wreath, and frequentlyemploy the same emission symbols.Like the New Style silver,this bronze was probablycalled "stephanephoric"money; and when the minting of the silver was discontinued in the late 40's these stephanephoric, or heavy Owl-on-amphora bronzes, were discontinued with it. From that point down to the end of the Athens' Hellenistic

coinage in the Augustan era, Athens struckin bronze alone. In the second series (Period IVB), which is connectedwith MarcAntony'scontrolof Greece afterthe Battleof Philippi,the eponymous olive wreath disappearsfrom the reversesof the coins, a variety of changing reverse types replace the static Owl-on-amphoradevice, and the size and weight of the AE 1 unit were allowed to fall. The three remaining series (Period IVC-E) are early Augustan. Reverses are again wreathed but changing types persist except in the last two last issues, 157 and 158, the light Owl-on-amphora issuesof PeriodIVE, which nostalgicallyrevivethe old AE 1 reversewith which the post-Mithradatic bronze began. The basic study of this post-Mithradaticbronze will be found in my publicationof two sizable Augustanhoards, the 483-piece Chaidarihoard of ca. 1929 and the 230-piece 1932 Agia Varvara

PERIOD IV

81

hoard,140each of which contained a nearly complete run of the AE 1 issues from the mid-80's B.C. throughthe final Augustanstrikings.Three smallerbronze hoards141and a few Agora deposits provide supplementaryfind information; but by and large, the Period IV absolute chronology depends on the associationof exceptional coin types with events in the historicalrecord and, for a few of the initial PeriodIVA heavy Owl-on-amphoraissues,on synchronismswith the contemporary silver. PeriodIVA:86-42 B.C. The chronologyof the post-Mithradatictetradrachmand drachmcoinage, to which the firstor heavy Owl-on-amphoraAE 1 emissionsare tied, is stillvery much under discussion.The sequence of the first eleven or twelve silver issues is relativelysecure,142and on the absolute chronology endorsedby M0rkholm, the firsteight of these issueswould have been struckin a more or less annual sequencebeginningin 86/5 immediatelyafterSulla'sconquestand continuinginto the early 70's.143 The seventh or eighth emission, Sotades-Themistokles,is, however, the last issue in two hoards discoveredon Delos, and after the next emission, Eumelos-Theoxenides,there is an immediate, drastic falling off in the volume of coins minted.144For the remaining twenty-fiveknown issues, outputwas normallylimitedto just one or two obversetetradrachmor drachmdies a year.Since the piraticaldevastationof Delos in 69 providesa sound historicalexplanationboth for the burialof the two Delos hoards and for the sudden and permanent loss of Athens' ability to maintain minting 140Kroll 1972: IGCH 341 and 342. Contraryto the notes in IGCH, it is clear that the Chaidari and Agia Varvara hoards are separate finds (Kroll 1972, pp. 86-88), although both do come from the same region of Attica (near the Sacred Way between Athens and Daphni) and were almost certainly buried at the same time. The date has to be estimated from the moderate to slight wear of the latest coins (of Periods IVD and E) and should lie within the last decade B.C.or, less probably,the first decade of our era. A connection with the obscure revolt of Athens in ca. A.D.13 (for which, see Bowersock,Augustus,pp. 105-108) cannot be ruled out, but the wear of the coins implies an earlier emergency.A raid of brigands?Crawford(CMRR,p. 251) makesprominentmention of both hoardsbut followingIGCH misdates them to 42 B.C. 141 Kroll 1972, pp. 87-88, table I: Delos 1910 (IGCH322), 16 coins, buried possiblyin 69 B.C.(TableVI, p. 329 below)

below); AkropolisNorth Slope 1936 (IGCH340), 40 coins, buried ca. 30 B.c.;and Attica 1927 (IGCH343), 44 coins, buried,like the Chaidariand Agia Varvarafinds,aroundthe end of the 1stcenturyB.C.Attica 1927 may be a parcelfrom the Chaidarifind. 142 Now see Mattingly 1979, pp. 161-165, table B, placing Eumelos-TheoxenidesafterSotades-Themistoklesand (like Morkholm 1984, pp. 32-33) following Boehringer,pp. 24-27, 202-203, in insertingthe strange Kointos-Charmostra issue as the first issue after Mithradates-Aristion.Only the inclusion of Kointos-Charmostrais open to serious doubt; despite its Sullan date, MargaretThompson's argumentsfor excluding it from the Athenian sequence should not be minimized (NewSyle, pp. 464-467, nos. 1427 and 1428). 143 Merkholm 1984, pp. 33, 42, citing Habicht 1976, pp. 137-142, who connects the symbol of Harmodios and of third the Aristogeiton Mentor-Moschion, (or, subtractingKointos-Charmostra,second) issue after MithradatesAristion, with the honors lavished on Sulla upon his return to Athens in 84. But in the absence of supportinghoard evidence,the associationcan onlybe conjectural.The overstrikingofa Demeas-Kallikratidestetradrachm(approximately the twelfthissue after Mithradates-Aristion) by the Roman quaestorAesillasno longer presentsany difficultiesfor New in In a Style chronology any period. paper presented in London at the 10th InternationalNumismatic Congress in 1986, Robert Bauslaughwas able to confirm the suspicionsof ChristophBoehringer("HellenistischerMiinzschatzaus Trapezunt 1970," SNR 1975 [pp. 37-64], p. 62) and M0rkholm(1984, pp. 35-38) that minting of Aesillastetradrachms continued into the 60's. Until Bauslaugh'sforthcoming corpus of Aesillas is in print, see his "Two Unpublished Overstrikes:New Style Athens and Aesillasthe Quaestor,"ANSMN32, 1987, pp. 11-21. 144 The hoards are Delos EO and A (IGCH 297 and 347): New Syle, pp. 513-515, 533-537, pls. 197-201. For contractionin output, see NewSyle, pp. 653-654; Mattingly 1979, p. 165, table B.

82

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:4TH-IST CENTURIESB.C.

at anything approachingprecedinglevels,145a very strongcase exists for pulling down the date of all eight or nine of the earlierpost-Mithradaticissues into the 70's B.. This leaves a gap of about five years between the Mithradates-Aristionissue of 87/6 and the recommencementof the silver coinage around80 B.C.Mattinglyhad alreadypostulateda gap of two yearsby allowingthe silverto begin with Sulla's resettlementof Athenian affairsin 84/3,146 but two years should probablybe regardedas a minimum. Howeverlong the interval,an interruptionin the strikingof the silveris only to be expectedafter the exhaustingsiege, pillaging,and confiscationsof 86 and the temporaryloss of Delos for the two thnthis inteval tat the earliestOwl-on-amphorabronze (115: no symbol) yearsthereafte. It is within surelybelongs. Introducedat a time of crisisand economic reconstruction,its silvertypes and heavy AE 1 module suggest that, like the AE 1 hemidrachmsof 229 (64), it was originallyintended as a partialreplacementfor silver.Once the strikingof silverwas resumed,additionalOwl-on-amphora AE 1 emissions,now bearingemission symbols,were minted from time to time along with it. Nine issueshave symbols.Two date with the pre-69 silver: 1 18 (poppy and wheat-earssymbol) and 119 (mysticstaff) share symbolsrespectivelywith the Lysandros-Oinophilosand the SotadesThemistoklessilverof the 70's.Two or three issues(124: caduceus;125: thyrsos;and probably121: tripod)parallelemissionsin the later silverof the 60's-40's B.C.The rest (120: plemochoe; 122: two wheat ears; 123: flower;and 126: two pilei) stand alone and probablybelong to years from which no silverdrachmsor tetradrachmsare extant,if any were struckat all. Fromthe wear of the Chaidari and Agia Varvarahoard specimens,it is clear that 126 was the last issue in the seriesand that 124 and 125 are late. But we lack any furtherphysicalcriteriathat can be broughtto bear on the internal chronology:too few of the coins are well enough preservedfor stylisticcomparison,and throughout the seriesthe AE I weightswere uniformlymaintainedat an averageof about 10-1 1 g. (seeTable IV [pp. 326-327 below], column of hoard specimens). In addition to these regularemissions,the AE 1 unit was struckin two exceptional issueswith Eleusiniantypes, 116: VeiledDemeter head/Triptolemosin chariot,and 117: Kore head/Iakchos. in Period A and imply an exceptionallavishnessin the celebrationof the Both were struckearinly EleusinianMysteriesat this time. Plutarch,Sulla26, has usuallybeen understoodto indicate that Sullawas initiatedat the Mysteriesupon his returnto Athensin 84 B.C.Althoughdifficultieswith this interpretationhave been recentlypointed out,147the traditionalview of a Sullan initiationhas the advantageof providingan explanationfor at least one of these issues. The Period IVA fractionalunits able V, p. 328 below) continue the AE 2, AE 3, and AE 4 modules of the pre-Mithradaticcoinage but are readilydistingished by their thick, chunkyfabric; leaded alloy (givingthem a blackcolor when cleaned);and, except in some earliervarieties,ethnics inscribedin one line: A-eE. These characteristicsare typical of the AE 1 coinage as well, but they have a special relevancefor the four fractionalvarieties129-132 and the PeriodIVB fraction 145, all of which had been previouslymisattributedto the pre-Mithradaticcoinage, althoughnone occur As David M. Lewis ("The Chronology of the Athenian New Style Coinage," NJC, ser. 7, 2, 1962 (pp. 275-300], and Crawford of the Delos hoards for out the burial p. 196) urges for the collapse in the (CMRR, pp. 282-283) points volume of mintingwFor the abandonmentof Delos as a center of commerce following the sack of 69, see Hoff 1989, p. 7. A thirdhoard that may date firom69 is the smallDelos 1910 hoardof bronze coins (note 141 above,p. 81) analyzed in Table VI, p. 329 below. 1' Mattingly 1969, p. 328; idem,"Some Third Magistratesin the Athenian New Style Coinage,"JHS 91, 1971 (PP.85-93), p. 82. 145

147 Clinton 1989a, p. 1503.

PERIOD IV

83

in hoardsof the late 2nd and early 1stcenturiesB.C.that give a good representationof the PeriodIII AE 2-4 varieties.148 The three contexts tabulatedin Table VI (p. 329 below) are essential for isolating the earlier Period IVA fractional issues of the mid-80's to mid-70's: Demeter-head/Triptolemos-in-chariot AE 2 (127 and 128), Apolo-head/Cicada AE 3 (131), Apollo- (orAthena-)head/Wheat-earsAE 4 n some Demeter/Triptolemos AE 2 pieces (128) links them to (132-136). The poppy symbol on the AE 1 variety 118 and the Lysandros-Oinophilosdrachmsand tetradrachms,which employ the device of the poppy between wheateat rs as their emission symbol in the early 70's, and suggests that the earlier,heavierDemeter/TriptolemosAE 2 withoutsymbol(127) probablybelongs near the start of the IVA bronze in the mid-80's. The AE 4 varieties 133 and 134 with a reverse type of a poppy and wheat ears are possiblyalso to be dated with the Lysandros-Oinophilossilverand large bronze.But the device, althoughnew in the post-Mithradaticcoinage,was, like the two wheat ears of the other AE 4 varieties (132, 135, and 136), a conventionalEleusinianone (see 150) and need not as a coin type be a magistrate'sbadge writ large,especiallysince virtuallyall the old, speculative associationsof exceptionalPeriodIV reversetypeswith symbolson the New Style silverhave proved to be mistaken.149 The retention of the AE 2, AE 3, and AE 4 modules suggestssome level of continuitybetween the pre-Mithradaticand the Period IVA bronze. The chalkous,quarter-obol,and half-obol values that we have assignedto the pre-MithradaticAE 4, AE 3, and AE 2 modules are likely to apply to these same modules in Period IVA, with the result that the new Period IVA AE 1 denomination would be valued as an obol. One might thus expect that the large AE 1 coins of post-MithradaticAthens were known as obols. Martin Price, however, has made the useful conjecture tthat ey may actually have been known as drachms,150and there are two reasonsfor thinkingthat this conjectureis correct.The first, of course,is the denominationalconnotationsof the stephanephoricsilverdrachm(andtetradrachm) types: their transferto the AE 1 unit would be most meaningfulif this bronze unit was itselfintended to representa drachm.The second argumentderivesfromthe Hadrianicor earlyAntoninepropertytax inscriptionIG II2 2776,151which recordssums in the denariusand four local, obviouslybronze, subdivisonsof the denarius(the drachm, the hemdrachm, obol, and hemiobol) and shows that by the second quarter of the 2nd century after Christ the four denominationshad been retariffedto one-sixth of their originalvalues in silverto become I, 2 , and 1 of the denariusrespectively. 148Varieties131

(Apollo/Cicada), 130 (Athena/Artemis),and 145 (Zeus/Eagle)were thus misdatedby Kleiner 1976, pp. 34-35, 38 (table I); varieties 129 (Dolphin on trident/Plemochoe) and 132 (Apollo/Two wheat ears in wreath) by Kroll (1972, p. 87, note to table I). 149 For such now discreditedassociationsin Svoronos' plates, see Sv., pls. 56 (Apollo Delios reverse of 143 with the Delios of the silver of Apollo symbol pre-86 Sokrates-Dionysodo),66 (gorgoneionobverse of 139 with the symbol of the pre-86 silver of Niketes-Dionysios),72 (sphinxreverseof 153 with the symbol of the pre-69 silver of DiophantosAischines),77 (dolphin-on-tridentobverseof 129 with the symbolof the pre-86 silverof Xenokles-Harmoxenos),and 78 (Nike reverse of 147 with the symbol of the pre-42 silver of Philokrates-Kalliphon).Thus, even though it is at least chronologicallypossible,the connection suggestedon Sv., pl. 73 between the reverseof the AE 2 130 (Artemisrunning right, with torch) and the symbol of the post-69 Leukios-Antikratestetradrachms(NewStyle,no. 1227) (Artemis [or Kore?] running left and Demeter holding a torch right)is not likely to be any more substantialthan any of these other former type-symbolassociations,quite apartfrom the questionof whether the devices reallymatch. 150 Price, CRWLR, p. 97. 151 See S. G. Miller, "ARoman Monument in the Athenian Agora," Hesperia 41, 1972, pp. 50-95, with addendum, pp. 475476. The inscriptionis dated between ca. A.D. 130 and 140 or slightly later (ibid.,pp. 66, 86-87), although a date as early as A.D. 110-116 has also been proposed(cf ibid.,pp. 475-476). See pp. 118-119 below.

84

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:4TH-1ST CENTURIESB.C.

Since the denariuswas by weight the effectiveequivalentof an Attic silver drachm, it is apparent

thatthe Roman-erabronzehemidrachmand drachm,calleda "light"drachm, exeToOU 8p(aX5i), in IG II2 1368, another inscriptionof the 2nd century after Christ, represented the traditional silver values of the hemiobol and obol and that at some point the bronze coins that would have ordinarilyrepresentedthe hemiobol and obol were renamed hemidrachmand drachm. When did this renaming occur? Presumablyafter the Period III coinage, which ended in the Sullan siege, but before the start of Athens' imperial bronze coinage in the 2nd century of our era, inasmuch as the latter coinage was structuredaround the reduced AE 1 denomination inherited from the Period IV bronze. There being no other occasion within this span to which the renaming can be plausiblyattributed,one concludes that the renamingprobablytook place with the creation of the stephanephoricAE 1 coinage after the captureand plunderingof Athens in 86. Silver would have been in short supply, and it is not hard to imagine why the Athenians would have resortedto the issue of highly overvaluedbronze drachms as an emergency measure. Conceivably,these initial AE 1 drachmswere originallytariffedat face value to be the equivalents of silver drachms; but such excessive overvaluationcould not have been sustained for long. One suspectsthat the value of the AE 1 drachmsdeclined until they were finally stabilizedat the level of an obol by the time the Athenians recommenced the strikingof a silver coinage. In this way they would have become obols in all but name. It followsthat the AE 2 unit would have been termed a hemidrachm.This is independentlysuggestedby the Eleusiniantypes with which it was normally struck,throughthe Augustanphase of PeriodIV;for in the New Style silverthe hemidrachm,whose reverse owl stands within a wheat wreath on a mystic staff, was the one denomination designed with an Eleusinianemphasis.152Whetheror not the reverseof the AE 3 Apollo head/Cicada variety (131) was taken over from the pre-MithradaticAE 3 Cicada/Owl-on-thunderbolt(100), arguablya quarter-obol,it follows that in Period IV the AE 3 unit was probablyknown as a quarter-drachm. The AE 4 eighth, the smallestfraction of Period IV, could have still been called the chalkous, as it had been for centuries. In additionto these IVAissues,bronzesofpre-86 mintageprobablycontinuedin use to providea substantialpart of the fractionalcurrencyafter 86. Although their value remained unaltered,we assume that they, too, would have had to have been renamed, the familiarold AE 2 Fulminating Zeus hemiobols,for example,becoming officiallyrecognizedas bronze hemidrachms. No surveyof the PeriodIVA bronze would be complete without mention of the bronze coinage minted at Delos in the name of Athens by Gaius ValeriusTriarius,the Roman legate who restored the island city after the piraticalattack in 69 B.C. (see 830 and Sv. 106.66-76). Triariusstruckin two modules, AE 2 and AE 3, and the similarityof these in size and weight to the common AE 2 and AE 3 issues of Athens' pre-86 B.C.bronze underscoresonce again that whateverchanges may have occurredin denominationalnomenclature,the old module-valuesystem of the pre-86 bronze coinage appearsto have survivedthe FirstMithradaticWar intact. PeriodIVB:42/1-32 B.C. The six AE 1 issues of the next, or unwreathed,phase of the post-Mithradaticcoinage have a historicalinterestthat few otherAthenianbronzeseriescan rival.Their relativechronology,as seen in Table IV (pp. 326-327 below), is fixed primarilyby the descendingweights and the increasing amount of lead in the alloys of the issues. The Dionysos types of the fourth and sixth issues (140: 152 The distinctivenessof the New Style hemidrachmreversesproves that the Period IVA heavy Owl-on-amphora

AE 1 pieces cannot be identifiedas bronze hemidrachms,as Kroll 198la, p. 273 once proposed.

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YoungDionysos/Athena advancing,and 144: Zeus/Bearded Dionysos head) place these two issues afterthe summerof 39, when Marc Antony,arrivingfrom Italy with his new wife Octavia, declared that he was to be addressedas "The New Dionysos"and took up residence in Athens throughthe winters of 39/8 and 38/7. Together with the associatedfractionalvarieties 141 (YoungDionysos head/Kantharos)and 142 (BeardedDionysos/Bust of Athena),these are the firstand, until the time of Hadrian,the only Atheniancoins with typesdepictingDionysos.In view of the extravagantlengths to which the Athenianswent in honoringAntonyas Dionysos,153includinga ritualmarriagebetween Antony-Dionysosand Athena and the celebrationof a new festival, the PanathenaicAntoneia of 'Avr6vtor ?e6q N?os AL6vuaoo,154the initialDionysos issuescan be attributedto 39/8 or 38/7 B.C.with a high degree of probability.Accordingly,the first unwreathedAE 1 issue (137: Athena Parthenos/FulminatingZeus)will have been struckno later than 42/1 or 41/0. On the other hand, this firstunwreathedissue assuredlyfallsafterthe end-dateof the New Style silver,since the new featuresof the bronze (the substitutionof changingreversetypes for the familiar from Owl-on-amphoradevice, rapidlyfallingweights, and, above all, the omission of the stephanos the reverses)signalthat the era of Athens' stephanephoriccurrencyhad passed. Prosopographically, we know that silvertetradrachmsand drachmswere being struckas late as the mid-40's,155so that the pivotal change from the wreathedsilverand bronze to the exclusiveproductionof unwreathed bronze is to be placed sometimebetween ca.45 and 41 B.C.In historicalterms, the change occurred either when Greece was under the control of Brutus,from late 44 to the Battle of Philippi(October 42), or shortly after the battle, when Antony led a large army into Greece and made Athens his winter headquarters.l56 A case for Brutuscan be developedfromthe assumptionthat the FulminatingZeus reverseofthe firstunwreathedissue was chosen to symbolizethe freedomespousedby the Republicancause after the murderofJulius Caesar.Revivedfromthe PeriodII and III AE 2 coinage, the type acknowledged Zeus as protector and symbol of eleuteria(pp. 57-58 above) and would have been an appropriate choice after Brutusarrivedin Athens in August of 44 and was effusivelyhonored as Liberatorwith bronze statuesof himselfand Cassiuserectednext to the Tyrannicidesin the Agora.157During a stay of several months he began to organize the Republicanresistanceagainst the Caesareans158and soon received the allegiance of the other cities of Greece, which expected that he would free them from Roman rule.159The theme of Freedomdominatedthe gold and silvercoinage stiuck by Brutus and Cassius in 43 and 42, and among their types was the tripod of Apollo, patron of libertas.160 The Pythian tripod also happens to be the reversetype of the second unwreathedAthenian AE 1 153 On Antony-Dionysosat Athens,see Dio 47.39.2; Seneca, Suasoriae 1.6-7; Sokratesof Rhodes, apudAthenaios4.148 Raubitschek Cerfaux and B-C; Zonaras, 10.23; 1946, pp. 146-150; Tondriau,pp. 300-301. 154 IG II2 1034, lines 22-23. The alternate restorationof the name of the festivalas the Antonian Panathenaia(by Raubitschek1946, p. 148) has not met with approval:Cerfauxand Tondriau,p. 301 and C. Pelekidis,Histoiredel'cphlbie attique,Paris 1962, p. 255. 155 The evidence comes from the three issues signed by Diokles of Kephisia and the subsequentissue of Diokles of Melite (JNew Syle, nos. 1249, 1250, 1259-1262, 1269-1271), all ofwhich postdate51/0, when the KephisianDioklesheld the priestshipof Asklepiosand Hygeia. See Mattingly 1969, p. 328; Kroll 1972, pp. 93-94; M0rkholm 1984, pp. 35, 42. 156 Plutarch,Antony23.2. 157 Plutarch,Brutus24; Dio international 47.19.4; A. E. Raubitschek,"The BrutusStatuein Athens,"Ati delterzocongresso di epgrafiagrecae latine,Rome 1959, pp. 15-21. 158 A. E. Raubitschek,"Brutusin Athens,"Phoenix11, 1957, pp. 1-11. 159 Dio 47.21.1. 160 Crawford,RRC,nos. 498-500, with p. 741.

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issue (138), and so it can be argued that the first two Period IVB issues date from the two archon yearsprecedingPhilippi,44/3 and 43/2. Nevertheless,the case for Antony is much stronger,in the first instance because it allows the full IVB series to belong uninterruptedlyto a single regime. There is, moreover,no difficultyin 23.3) mentions that associatingthe second, unwreathedtripod issue with Antony. Plutarch(Antony beforeAntony left Athens for Asia Minor in the springof 41 "he made measurementsof the Temple of Pythian Apollo with the intention of completing it; for he had promised this to the Senate Althoughthis was the temple at Delphi (it had been burnedby maraudingThracians (atyxXTdiov)." be an allusion to Antony's ion could ian85/4),d the Pythnantripodoof the second IVB e project.If Antony upon arrivalin Athens in 42 confirmedthe city'sstatusas a "freeand allied city (as he must have, to judge from his unexpectedlyconciliatorytreatnent of Athens),the Fulminating Zeus reverseof the first unwreathedissue would have been just as timely n emblem of eleutria in that year as before Philippi,162if indeed the type was exclusivelytopical. But we will see (pp. 90-91) that the type may have been chosen also forits denominationalsignificance:to denote devaluationof the AE 1 unit to equivalencewith the pre-MithradaticFulminatingZeus AE 2. The situationafterPhilippipresents,finally,the more plausiblehistoricaland monetarycontext for the Athenian decision to abandonthe mintingofsilver.The explicitchange in the appearanceof the bronze coinage demonstratesthat howeverslightand erraticthe minting of the stephanephoric silvermay have been since the 60's, its terminationwas a deliberatelegislativeact. The silverdid not just die out from a lack of resources.Competitionfrom the lighterand now overwhelminglyplentiful Roman denariusleft the Athenianslittle choice but to forsakethought of furtherproduction.From hoards,Michael Crawfordremarksthat "it is the period afterthe death ofJulius Caesar which sees the spreadfor the firsttime over most all of the whole of the Greek east of issues of the mainstream coinage of Rome."163The spread was greatly augmented by the denarius issues of Brutus and Cassiusin 43-42 B.C.,14 up to that time the most extensive denariuscoinage minted in the East, and after Philippiby the almost continuousstreamof denarii issued by Antony in Asia Minor and probablyat some bases in Greece.165 The terminationof the New Style silverwas thus a responseto the tidalwave of Roman military silver that flooded Greece during the Second Roman Civil War. The response clearly cannot be attributedto Brutus'residencein Athensin 44, beforehe had begun to assemblean army or to strike a coinage, nor wiin teth next year and a half when the early civil war denariiwere only beginning to circulate.After Philippi, however,this silverwas circulatingmore widely; and Antony stationed his army for severalmonths at Athens, seeming to have alreadydecided upon making Athens his long-termheadquartersand consequentlyone of the chiefcentersof Roman administrative,military, and naval power in the East.166 The presence of Antony and his forces in the winter of 42/1 must 161

C. B. R. Pelling,Pbitarch,LjfeofAntony, Cambridge 1988, p. 176, correctingR. Flaceliereand E. Chambry,Pltarque ViesXIII: Dbtrios-Antoine(Bude),Paris 1977, p. 216, who arguedin favorof the temple of PythianApollo at Athens. 162 Compare the head of Eleutheriaon coins of Pella and Thessalonikecommemoratingthe free status awardedto these cities by Antony and Octavian after Philippi(RPCI, 1545 and 1551, with pp. 296, 297). 163 Crawford,CMRR,p. 252. So, too, Price, CRWLR,p. 99: "Itis only with M. Antoniusthat [the denarius]appearsto have enjoyedwidespreaduse." 164 Crawford,RRC,nos. 498-508. 165 Ibid.,nos. 516, 517, 520-522, 527-529, etc. Minting of Antonian denarii in Greece, see RPC I, p. 245. For the bronze coinage struckfor Antony in Greece, see note 180 below,p. 89. 166 Antony'sother center was Ephesos, but he seems to have favoredAthens. In the fall of 40, Antony returnedto Athens to meet with his wife Fulviaand other adherentsbeforecontinuingon to Brundisium(Appian,Bela Civiia5.76). Returninga year later with Octavia, he remained for two winterswhile preparingwar against the Parthians.After a

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have injected denariiinto the Athenian economy as never before and caused the Atheniansto bring the era of their stephanephoriccoinage to a formal close.167 The terms of the resulting legislation are beyond recovery.However much they might have accordeda preferred,dejurestatusto the denarius,the latterby this time was probablybecoming the basic silver coin in Athens regardless,as the heavier silver of true Attic weight was being driven into savings or the melting pot. The legislationwould surely have addressedthe characterof the new unwreathedbronze, which now, necessarilyvalued in relation to the denarius,was retariffed downwards.The evidence and nature of this devaluationwill be discussedpresently,but it can be noted here that the progressivelyfallingweightsof the PeriodIVB AE 1 emissionsare responsiblefor the reducedweights of the fractionalvarietiesof the period (Tabley p. 328): the reducedAE 2 141 (Dionysos/Kantharos),the reducedAE 4 142 (BeardedDionysos/Athena bust),the last emissionof the Hellenisticcoinage struckin this familiarsmallmodule, and the reducedAE 2 145 (Zeus/Eagle on thunderbolt). The Ptolemaic types of this last variety date it and with it the related Zeus/Bearded Dionysos AE 1 variety 144 to the time of Antony'sliaison with Kleopatra and thus almost certainlyto their stay of severalmonths in Athens in the summerof 32. IVC-E:31-1 O'sB.C. TheAugustan IssuesofPeriods Athens'Hellenisticcoinage concludesin the earlyAugustanera in threedistinctseriesof reduced AE 1 emissions. Except for the last, they continue the Period IVB convention of changing reverse types,but reversesare now again enclosedin a wreath.Unlike PeriodIVB issues 137, 138, and 143, whose Athena heads scrupulouslyreplicatedthe obverseheads of the discontinuedstephanephoric silver and bronze, the Augustan emissions were normally designed with Athena heads that were either very free or very crude adaptationsof the New Style prototype. The first re-wreathed AE 1 series (Period IVC) consists of three small issues of aberrant appearance and considerablyrestored weight of 8-9 g. Reverses all suggest a connection with Octavian: the Demeter or Kore reverse of 146 with his initiation at Eleusis within weeks after Actium (earlySeptemberof 31), the Nike reverseof 147 with Actium itself, and the StandingZeus (Eleutherios)reverse of 148 with Octavian'srole as "Liberator".The three issues may be dated accordinglyto late 31 B.C.and the years soon following.168 Afteran interval,mintingresumedon an unprecedentedscalein the secondAugustancoinage of four homogeneousissues(PeriodIVD). Obversesare typifiedby a helmet with flattenedcrownand a single,bushytail of the centralcrestfallingbehind (asopposedto the two linear tailsthat trailbehind few years, when Octavia came with troops from Italy for continuing the war, she brought them to Athens (Plutarch, Antony53.1-3). In the summer of 32, when assemblinghis forces to defeat Octavian, Antony again took up residence at Athens, this time in the company of Kleopatra(Antony 57.1-2). 167 Antony may or may not have had a hand in the decision,but if he did it need not have been coercive.Writingabout Antony's first residence in Athens in 42/1, Plutarch(Antony23.2) tells how he "particularlyliked to be addressedas and gave to the city very many gifts,"which, according to Appian (BellaCivlia 5.7) included the islands Philathenaios of Aigina, Ikos, Skiathos, and Peparethos.Antony naturallyreplaced the democraticgovernment that had supported Brutusand Cassiuswith an oligarchy(seeJ. Kirchner'scommentaryto IG II2 1043, and P. Graindor,Atnes sousAuguste, Cairo 1927, p. 95); but the logical time for this change in governmentwas 42/1, not Antony'sreturn from Italy three years later. 168 Correctingthe chronologyin Kroll 1972, p. 99, where I assumedan unbrokenchain of annualAE 1 strikingsfrom the startof the unwreathedAE 1 in 41 B.C. and, not recognizingthe propersequence of the IVE coinage, placed both the PeriodIVC and the PeriodIVE seriesbeforeActium.

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on regularNew Style obverses)and reversesby a new,triangulardispositionof the ethnic. Alphasare normallyformed with brokenbars, althoughbowed bars are sometimesfound in the first emission (149, Athena advancing,owl)and straightcrossbarsin the laterones (151: Athena advancing,snake; 152: Owl on prow,wheat ear; and 153: Sphinx).As an Athenian coin type, the concludingsphinx device is inexplicableunless understoodas the sphinx of Augustus'signet.169Augustancistophoroi, also which Sutherlandassignsto 27-26 B.C.,170and aureilater minted at Pergamonin 19-18 B.C.171 employedthe sphinx as a reversetype. Since Augustusreplacedthe sphinx with a signet portraying Alexander the Great (Pliny,NaturalHistory37.10), the final appearance of the sphinx on Roman anteor adquemfor the sphinx issue at Athens and an approximate coins of 19-18 B.C.gives a terminus dating in the mid-20'sto early teens for the four issuesof PeriodIVD overall.The second reference to Augustusin this seriesis the prow,presumablythe prowofActium, that supportsthe owl of Athens on variety 152. The fourIVD issueswere struckwith a carefullymaintainedaverageweightof around7.5 g., and in tremendousnumbers.The total of 1,409 Agora specimensmakes these, if not the most massive issuesin Athenianbronzecoinage,then certainlythe most prolificin a largemodule. With them were struckhalf-unitemissions(150, 154-156), mostly with Eleusiniantypes, and, at the beginning of Period IVD, three bronze cleruchy emissionsfor the Athenian islands of Lemnos (159A), Skyros (160), and Imbros (161). Intended for overseasuse by these cleruchies,the coins were minted in Athens and verifythat in the post-Actiansettlementof Greece, Athens was confirmedin possession of her traditionalNorthern Aegean cleruchyislands. The concluding reduced AE 1 series (Period IVE) revives the old stephanephoric types of Parthenoshead/Owl on amphora for two issues (157: snake symbol, and 158: cicada symbol) but at low average weights of 6.4 and 6.2 g. and generally in a bizarre, third-ratestyle that on many obverse and reverse dies borders on the grotesque. Although less so than in the preceding series, strikingwas again heavy, producingfrom both emissions a total of 475 Agora pieces. The breakbetween the second and thirdAugustanseriescould not have lasted more than a few years,as there is no detectabledifferencein wear of coins from both seriesin the Chaidariand Agia Varvara hoards.Thus if the second series ends around 19 B.C.,the two light Owl-on-amphoraissuesbelong somewherein the later teens. Thereafter,Athens struckno new coinage for more than a century. A notable aspect of these Augustanissues is their thoroughly"autonomous"character.In an exhaustivesurveyof civic coinages minted under Augustus,Andrew Burnett has deduced that the customof placing the emperor'sportraiton obversesbegan to spreadrapidlythroughoutthe Empire very earlyin the principateand that it was most likelypromotedas a matterof Roman governmental policy.172Yet Athens coined without the portrait;and while thi was certainlyexceptional, so, too, did a few other cities under Augustus: Chios, Rhodes, Tyre, and (allowingfor one special portrait issue,776) Sparta.Since all these citieswere,likeAthens, "freecities"underthe Empire,theirability to continue to mint with local, civic obversesis probablyto be understood as a privilege of their favoredpoliticalstatus.l73 Athena had always belonged on the obverse of Athenian money, but without changing the traditionalcharacterof the coinage, honors to Augustuscould be displayedon reverses,and were: Baden-Baden 1962. Augustus, 50; Pliny,NaturalHistory37.4. H. U. Instinsky,Die SiegeldesKaisers Suetonius,Augustus Sutherland,Olcay,and Merrington,pp. 85-99, 104, pls. 17-19; RPC I, 2204, 2207, 2210. 171 C. H. V Sutherland,'AugustanAurei and Denarii Attributableto the Mint of Pergamon,"RN, ser. 6, 15, 1973 (pp. 129-151), pp. 131-132, pl. 14, nos. 1-11. 169

170

172 RPC I, pp. 39-42.

173 Ibid.

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the Nike of 147 and the prow beneath the owl of 152 both allude to Actium, the statue of Zeus on 148 refersto Octavian's"liberation"of Athens,and the sphinxof 153 is Augustus'own signature. Fallingat the end of the Period IVD coinage, the sphinx issue might have been struckas a gesture of reconciliation after 22/1, when on a journey to the East Augustus became angered with the Athenians, slighted them by wintering on Aigina, and deprived them of the territoriesof Aigina and Eretria and the business of selling Athenian citizenship.l74But cordial relations were soon reached, and in the fall of 19 Augustusvisited Athens on his way back to Rome and participated in the Eleusinian Mysteries for a second time.175Probablythe sphinx issue is to be dated to or in anticipationof this last visit. It is interestingin any event that after this one explicitlyAugustan issue, a reaction set in, and for the followinglight Owl-on-amphoraissues the Athenians adopted traditionalisttypes that looked backwardto the coinage and politicalorder of a vanished era. Denominational Change As the civil wars of the thirdquarterof the 1stcenturyB.C.bound the cities of Greece ever more tightly to Rome,176the traditionalmonetary systems of many Greek states began to succumb to Roman influence. An underlyingfactor,mainly attributableto the presence of successiveRoman armies in Greece, was the emergence of the denarius as the standardsilver coin of Hellas. With the triumph of the denarius there appeared in severalplaces bronze coinages that were modeled on the uniquely Roman monetary system of 16 asses (bronze units usually of roughly AE 1 size) to the denarius.Among the earliestsuch Roman coinages of Greece are the duoviralasses,semises, quadrantes,and sextantesbegun by Corinth upon its foundation as a Roman colony in 44 or 43 B.C. (670-704) and the related asses and semises struckby the Latin colony of Dyme in 40 B.C.177 In the early 30's, Roman officialsof the joint province of Crete and Cyrene introduceda bronze coinage of sestertii, asses, semises, and quadrantesfor use in their territory.178And in the 30's, recognizably Roman denominations, including the sestertius,make their first appearance in the coinage of Sparta,179perhapsunder the influenceof Antony'sso-calledFleet Prefectbronze, much of which was issued from two of Antony'sbases in Greece, possibly Corinth and the Peiraeus,in 38-37 and 36/5 B.C.180

At Athens the decision to suspendthe minting of stephanephoricsilveris a contemporaryand related phenomenon. The decision dates to or right after the winter of 42/1 B.C. and must have formalizedthe replacementof the drachmby the denariusin the economic life of the city.But there are several indicationsthat the shift in the basic silverunit at Athens was accompanied by a more 174 Dio 54.7, and Plutarch,Moralia207 E-F, with G. W. Bowersock, "Augustuson Aegina," ClassicalQuarterly, n.s.

14, 1964, pp. 120-121; idem,Augustus, p. 106. M. C. Hoff, "CivilDisobedienceand Unrest in AugustanAthens,"Hesperia 58, 1989 (pp. 267-276), pp. 267-269; idem1989, pp. 4-5. 175R. Bernhardt, "Athen,Augustus und die eleusinischeMysterien,"AM 90, 1975, pp. 233-237; Clinton 1989a, pp. 1507-1509. See also the discussionsby Bowersockand Hoffcited in the precedingnote. 176 E.J. Owens, "IncreasingRoman Domination of Greece in the Years48-27 B.C.," Latomus 35, 1976, pp. 718-729. 177 M. Amandry, "Le monnayage de Dyme (Colonia Dumaeorum) en Achaie. Corpus," RN 23, 1981, pp. 45-67, especially56-57, pls. 13-16; RPC I, 1283, 1284. 178 RPCI, pp. 217-221, 226-227. 179 with RPC

Grunauer,GroupsXVIII-XXII,pp. 50-51,

pp. 75, 80;

I, pp. 246, 247, 248; andJ. H. Kroll,review

of RPC I, AmericanJournal ser. 2, 5, 1993, forthcoming. ofNumismatics, 180 M. Amandry,"Lemonnayageen bronzede Bibulus,Atratinuset Capito. Une tentativede romanisationen Orient," parts I-III, SVR 65, 1986, pp. 73-85, pls. 10-17; 66, 1987, pp. 101-112, pls. 15-25; 69, 1990, pp. 65-96. Dating and Amandry's mint attributionsto Corinth (Atratinus)and the Peiraeus (Capito) are discussed in part III, pp. 78-83. Summaryin RPC I, pp. 284-286. Forthe five Capito specimensfrom the Agora excavations,see note 3 above, p. xxvi.

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fundamentalreform in the structureof the bronze currency.The indications and what seems at presentto be their most plausibleinterpretationare as follows(see Table VII, p. 330 below): 1. According to the discussionon pages 83-84, the AE 1 unit, the chief bronze denomination of Period IV, was institutedin 86 B.C.as a bronze drachm, although after a sharp fall in value it was tariffedat only one-sixth of a drachm of silver for nearly all of Period IVA and thus served as the equivalentof the traditionalobol. It was accompaniedby an AE 2 half-piece,an AE 3 quarter, and an AE 4 eighth. 2. Among indications of change after Period IVA, the most tantalizingare two reverse types that could have been revived for their denominationalsinificance: the FulminatingZeus reverse of the first unwreathedAE 1 issue (137) of 42/1 B.C.and the Two-owls-on-thunderboltreverseof variety 156, apparentlythe half-unitof the AugustanPeriodTVD reducedAE 1. Both reverseshark back to the two most commonplace coinages of Period III, the FulminatingZeus AE 2 hemiobol and the Two-owls-on-thunderboltAE 3 quarter-obol(99). Together they suggest that with the discontinuanceof the stephanephoricsilver and bronze in 42/1, the AE 1 module, formerly a bronze drachm (= old obol), was halved in value and was intended to circulateas the equivalentof the pre-86 B.C.FulminatingZeus pieces. The PeriodIVAhalf-unit,or hemidrachm(= old hemiobol), was accordinglyreduced to a quarter. 3. A substantialAE 1 devaluationin 42/1 B.C. is also implied by the gradual reductionin the size and weight of the AE I unit over the course of PeriodIVB (see Table IV, pp. 326-327 below). Beginning(in variety 137) with an averageweight of about 9 g. and diametersof about 19-20 mm. (about 1-2 g. and 1 mm. less than the preceding Owl-on-amphorabronzes),the unwreathedIVB flanswere allowed to shrinkuntil in the ightestissue (143, with an averageweight ofjust under 6 g. and diametersmeasuringnormally 17-20 mm.) they approximatedthe weight and size of the pre-86 AE 2 FulminatingZeus coins and were in some cases actually overstruckon them (cf. 143f with 137e and 138h). In subsequentseries, the reduced AE 1 unit was partialy restoredat ca. 8-9 g. (Period IVC), then stabilizedaround 7.5 g. (Period IVD), before plummeting to 6.0-6.5 g. in the concludingAugustanissues (PeriodIVE). 4. Two furthersuggestionsof the cheapened value of the bronze coiage after 41 are (a) the more intensive strikingof the (reduced)AE 1 unit throughoutPeriodsIVB, D, and E and (b) the neglect of the minimalAE 4 unit, which was last struckin a single emission (142) of PeriodIVB. 5. Considerationof the Greek imperialcoinage of HadrianicAthens (PeriodV) suggestsquite independentlythat the value of the AE 1 module was indeed halved at some point in its history. In essence a continuationof the Ist-centuryB.C.PeriodIV coinage, which had remainedin use, the Hadrianicbronzewas mintedin fourmodularunits: a new,largeunit (169-185), which we may here call 'AE O";the familiar reduced AE 1 unit (186-197), clearly inherited from the Period IV coinage;

and two smallerunits (198-212, 162-168 + 213-247). On the naturalassumptionthat these four modular units correspond to the four denominationsemployed in IG II2 2776, the 2nd-century oblgatiopraediorum inscriptionreferredto above (p. 83 above),the large AE 0 unit will be the bronze drachm(worth6 denarius),the old reducedAE 1 unit the bronzehemidrachm(4 denarius),and the two smallerimperialmodules the obol and hemiobol (1 and 1 denarius).The intriguingequation is of course the second, for it greatlystrengthensthe deductionin item 2 above that in 42/1 the AE 1 bronzedrachm(= old obol)was probablyretariffedand renamedto become the bronzehemidrachm (= old hemiobol). 6. If this informationhas been interpretedcorrectly,the effectof the devaluationwas to bringthe highly overvaluedbronze AE 1 drachm more into line with the Roman monetary practice at the time when the Athenians formallyforsooktheir stephanephoricsilverfor the denarius.Nominally

PERIOD IV

91

worth one-sixth of a drachm (or denarius)of silver,the AE 1 unit was reduced to a more modest coin of which there were 12 to the denarius.It is possiblethat over the four decades of PeriodIVA the value of the originalAE 1 drachmcould have continuedto decline to, say,7,8, or more per silver drachm, so that the devaluationof 42/1 B.C.may not have been quite so drasticas a full 50-percent reduction of name value.181But whatever the actual circumstances,the shift to a bronze system of 12 AE 1 units per denarius seems unmistakablyto have been intended to bring the Athenian bronze system into a closer approximationof the Roman silver:bronzeratio. In this connection it should be pointed out that, with the exception of the very lightest issues, the reduced Athenian AE 1 unit of PeriodsIVB-D had a size and weight range that is remarkablysimilarto that of the contemporaryduoviralassesof Corinth.182Yetwhile the Atheniansallowedtheir bronze coinage to be adjusted in the direction of Roman usage, they stopped short of adopting the Roman system in toto.In PeriodIVB the AE 1 drachmswere renamedhemidrachmai, not assaria,and were tariffednot 16 to the denarius but, in keeping with the Greek obol-drachmdivisions, at a more favorable 12 AE 1 units to the denarius. The AE 1 devaluationhere envisaged would thus have been a kind of compromisebetween the Roman and the Greeksystems.183 PeriodIVAftermath Likethe other chronologicalperiods,"PeriodIV" definesthe temporallimitsof the manufacture of the coins; but if one were to apply it to the time span of their primary circulationand use, the period would have to be extended to cover entirely the Julio-Claudianand Flavian eras. For the vast numbers of the Period IV AE 1 and reduced AE 1 pieces that were minted between 86 and the teens B.C.remained the essentialbronze currencyof Athens until the 2nd century after Christ, when Athens supplementedthem with her earlierimperialissues (PeriodV). The prolonged circulation of the Period IV coins, worn frequently to near illegibility, is documented in a number of Agora deposits of the 1st and early 2nd centuries after Christ184 but nowhere so abundantlynor with such chronologicalprecisionas in the floor packing of a room in the northern outer stoa of the Libraryof Pantainosat the southeastcorner of the Agora square 181In the accountsof a 2nd-centuryB.c.Thebanhipparch,IG VII 2426 (especiallylines 17-18),sumsin silverand

bronze are tallied separatelyand involved an exchange differentialof 25 percent between money in the two metals, with the resultthat it took 7 1 obols in bronze to equal a drachm of silver.The phenomenon must have been common, although the exchange factor presumablyfluctuatedover time and from place to place. For all one can tell, the AE 1 drachm of Athens may already in 86 B.C.have been tariffiedat more than 6 per silver drachm. Could it then, when halved to a hemidrachm,have been tariffedat 16 to the denariusand have servedas the exact equivalentof a Roman as? Were it not for the Hadrianicbronze values mentioned under item 5 above, it would be worth exploringthis possibility. But the Hadrianicevidence supportsa ratio of 12 AE 1 pieces to the denarius,not 16, and it is doubtfulthat any putative retariffingof Athens' bronze would have allowedits value to rise from 16 to the extremelyfavorable12. 182The Corinthianasses commenced in 44 or 43 B.C.with an average weight of 9.2 g. and diametersof 22 mm.; these declined until stabilized under Augustus at an average of around 7 g. and 20 mm. (Amandry,pp. 82-83, table 12). RPC I, p. 246, notes the similarityof Athens' reduced AE 1 module not only to the light asses of Corinth but to the presumedlight asses of a number of other Greekcities duringtheJulio-Claudianperiod. 183 Since the hemiobol was the Greekdenominationthat most closelyapproximatedthe silvervalue of an as/assarion, it is likely that the inscribed HMIOBEAINbronzes of Aigion (see 731 and under 731-733) were also created to pass as equivalents or near equivalents of assaria. They are roughly the same size as the duoviral asses of Corinth and reducedAE 1 pieces of Athens. Forgood discussionsof the variedbronzedenominationalsystemsof Roman Greece, see Howgego, pp. 52-60 and RPC I, pp. 31-35. 184 Deposits D 1:1;D 4:1, layerII; F 1 :1;K 9-10:1; O 17:1;P 6:2 and Q6:2. These are summarizedas deposits 1-6 in Kroll 1973, pp. 324-326.

92

BRONZE B.C. ATHENIAN COINS:4TH-1STCENTURIES

(DepositU 13:2a).Dating with the stoa and librarybetween A.D.98 and 102 and yielding 51 coins, the earth packing gives a reliable sampling of the petty currency of early TrajanicAthens.185A selectionof the latestcoins from the packingis illustratedon Plate 34: apartfrom the worn denarius of Titus (A.D.79, P1.34:34), all are extremelyworn pieces of PeriodIV or earliermintage. The 1st century of our era thus stands as a low point in the numismatichistory of classical Athens. Yet the prolonged use of old, wretchedlyworn bronze coins is only one of several signs of the economic malaise that beset the city between the reigns of Augustus and Hadrian. From the stagnation of the Athenian terracotta-lampindustry to the minimal level of public building activity,which was restrictedto the repairand remodelingof existingmonuments,there can be no mistakingwhat Shear has termed "thestarkrealityof Atheniandecline."186Insofaras the strikingof coin in the cities of Greece had come to depend on the initiativeand largess of members of the local elite, who undertookthe responsiblityof minting as a public benefaction,187the absence of any new bronze coinage inJulio-Claudianand FlavianAthens may be regardedas a symptom of decline in individualwealth and enterprise.Other factors,of course, could have contributed.Since the issuing of civic coinages under the Empire was apparentlysubject to imperial permission,l88 it is conceivable, for instance, that Athens might have encounteredresistancehad she insisted on resumingan autonomouscoinage or wantedto strikewhile retainingher existingbronzesystemwith its exceptionallyfavorablebronze:denariusratio.The relevanceof such externalcontrol,however,is very dubiousin the case of Athensin view of her privilegedstatusas a legally "freeand alliedcity."As mentioned above (p. 88), free cities seem to have been exemptedfrom the constraintsthat ordinary subjectcities experiencedin the productionof coinage, as in many other mattersof self-government. Moreover,the long suspensionof civic mintingat this time is widely paralleledat many other places in Greece and elsewhere.189At Athens, as doubtlessat other cities, economic stagnationand public apathywere probablycause enough. Another monetary phenomenon of the 1st century after Christ was a markedincrease in the practice of cutting coins in two to compensatefor a shortageof half-unitfractions.The practiceof halvingwas certainlynot new: the half ofa large,late 5th-centurybronzecoin of Akragas(421)is the earliestattestationat Athens; two worn, halved Athenian imperial coins of the 2nd century after Christ(248fand [248-283]a) show that it continuedas late as the 3rd centuryof our era. But most of the evidencefor halvingcomes fromAE 1 pieces in circulationduringthe long suspensionof minting between Augustusand Hadrian. In the Period IV catalogueit will be seen that almost every AE 1 185 In the

44, 1975, descriptionof the floor packingof the room (room 7) in the 1973-1974 excavationreport,Hesperia found 16 that "were and more the earth from 35 coins are of lots coins two fill note 23, distinguished: 343-345, pp. in the same area of the room but imbeddedin the top of the next lowerlayer."Since both lots appearto belong to a single deposition, they are listed together under U 13:2a in the list of deposits at the end of this volume (pp. 317-318). For the architectureand date of the library:T. L. Shear,Jr.,"Athens:FromCity-Stateto ProvincialTown,"Hespeia50, 1981 (pp. 356-377), pp. 370-371; Camp, pp. 187-191. 186 Shear (note 185 above), p. 368, concluding a valuable surveyof Athenian public works in the 1st century after VII, pp. 13-14) discussesthe slumpin EarlyImperialAthenianlamp productionas one of Christ.JudithPerlzweig(Agora numerousmanifestationsof general economic depression. 187 Howgego, pp. 85-87, 90-91; Harl, pp. 25-32; RPCI, pp. 3-4, 16. 188 RPC I, pp. 2-3, 19, 21, supersedingall earlierdiscussionson this fundamentalquestion. 189The only mints in Greece that produced anything more than the most minor coinages during the first century afterChristwere Corinth,Patrai,the ThessalianKoinon at Larissa,and Thessalonike.Among other mints,Spartahad a considerableAugustancoinage, a smallerone under Claudius,and then nothing until the 2nd century;Nikopolisstruck under Augustusand in a very smallNeronic emissionand then breaksuntil Hadrian. Cf. RPC I, p. 21.

PERIOD IV

93

issue is representedby one or more halvedpieces. But the aggregateis modest, consistingof only 64 (just under 2 percent)out of a total of 3,590 classifiedand unclassifiedPeriodIV AE 1 coins, and so it is clearthat the halvingwas done unofficially.190A few halvedAE 2 coins of PeriodsII and II1191were also cut in Imperialtimeswhen theymusthavebeen circulatingas equivalentsof reducedAE 1 pieces; any earlierthan this, the abundanceof fractionalissueswould have made halving unneccessary. Distributedover the PeriodIV coinage in proportionto the relativesize of each issue, the AE 1 halving apparentlybegan about the time that the Period IV minting was completed (a specimen of 158 [PeriodIVE] from Deposit E 15:3 had been halved alreadyby late Augustantimes) and, as we learn from six halved non-Atheniancoins fromthe Agora with the portraitof Nero, was certainly being practicedaroundA.D. 68. The halvingof these Neronian pieces, five duoviralassesof Corinth (691c, 694c-f), and an as of Sikyon (729),192 all but one from the last years of Nero's life, ought to be some kind of response to the damnatio mmia of the dead emperor.193The response was uniquelyAthenian. None of the Neronian duoviralassesfound at Corinth,or anywhereelse outside the Athenian Agora, are halved. But these (and the relatedNeronian as of Sikyon)were, apparently because they were so similiarin size and weight to reduced AE 1 coins of Athens that they would have ordinarilypassedat Athensas equivalentsof the Atheniancoins and could be halvedin keeping with Athenian practice.The purpose of the halving,therefore,was no, it seems, solely to obliterate the memory of Nero, whose image was only rarelydefacedon coins at this time anyway.194At various places in the empire,coins with Nero's effigywere countermarkedin 68/9 to ensurethat they would retain their value despite his condemnation.195Some owners of Neronian coins at Athens, fearing that the coins would no longer be acceptedand havingno recourseto officialcountermarking,could have chosen to render them less conspicuousand harderto recognizeby cutting. The fundamentalcontinuitybetween the PeriodIV reducedAE 1 coinage and the new imperial issues that Athens finallydid strikein the 2nd century after Christhas been mentioned above. The firstimperialcoinage (PeriodVA)was restrictedto a fractionaldenomination,which filled the need earliersuppliedby halving and was clearlyintended to circulatewith the worn AE 1 currency.The 90 Forthe worncointhatwascutacrosswitha chiselinpreparation techniqueof halving,see [149,151]a,anextremely

for being bent and snapped in two. The infrequencyof halvingat Athens contrastswith the huge quantitiesof cut coins producedwhen halvingwas performedin the Westfollowingcertaindrasticreductionsof the Roman bronze standard; see R. R. Holloway, "Numismaic Notes from Morgantina II: Half Coins of Hieron II in the Monetary System of Roman Sicily,"ANSAMN 9, 1960, pp. 53-73; T. V Buttrey,"Halved Coins, the Augustan Reform, and Horace, Odes 1.3," AJA 76, 1972, pp. 31-48; idem,in SardisM7, p. 128; Morgantina I, pp. 147-148, 152, 153. To the bibliography on halving referencedin the foregoing, add M. Thompson, "A Ptolemaic Bronze Hoard from Corinth,"Hesperia20, 1951 (pp. 355-367), p. 355 and pl. 101, no. 32 (halfofa large Egyptianbronze of the 2nd century B.C.). 191 79f, 89d, 94g, and the unclassified[82-84, 90-97]a, b. 192 Apartfromthese and the other halvedAgorabronzesmentionedabove,the excavationshaveyielded the six illegible halved coins listed under 1038 and at least two (thereare probablyothers)halved Roman coins not noted in AgoraII: 00-1490, half of an almost totallyworn Augustansestertius,and E-6484, half of a sestertiusof M. Aurelius. 193 Out of the 48 duoviralassesof Corinthfrom the Agora (670-700), 22 are Neronian, but only these 5 were halved. So althoughdatableto orjust after68/9, even the cuttingof coins with Nero's imagoat Athenswas of limited application. '94 On 694c Nero's image and name are intact, but this coin was not cut and the though the middle. On damnatio erasureof coins, see Harl (pp. 150-151, note 36), who pointsout that some allegedinstancesof intentionaldefacementof Neronian coins are the result of wear; Howgego (pp. 5-6, 210), who notes that at Thessalonikethe erasureof Nero's face and name is limited to a singleextant coin; and RPCI (p. 21), which liststwo effacedNeronian coins of Patrai(1263, 1278). 195 D. W. MacDowall, "Countermarksof Early ImperialCorinth,"NC, ser. 7, 2, 1962 (pp. 113-123), pp. 121-122; Howgego, p. 6, with nos. 537, 543, 555-557, 619.

94

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C.

adventof the full-blownimperialcoinage (PeriodVB) introducedthe large imperialunit, the 'AE 0" drachm,but retainedthe old reducedAE 1 module as the second unit on the denominationalscale. Fora while this freshcoinage could at most have only supplementedthe vast quantityof worn AE 1 money stillin circulation.Whether,then, the bulkof the worn coinagewas systematicallywithdrawn and melted down for restrikingor whetherall of it was allowedto remainin circulationindefinitelyis unclear.But a fair quantitywas still in use as late as the middle of the 3rd century,to judge from one extremelyworn PeriodIV piece hoardedat the time of the Herulianinvasionin A.D. 267196and fromfifteenothersthat were punched on one side with a shallowcavityto give them the appearance of worn 2nd-centuryAthenian imperials.l97

CATALOGUE Die positions,as in PeriodIII, are verticallyaligned,with occasionaldeviationsat 1 or 11 o'clock.

PERIOD IVA

AE1 86-lat 80's B.C.

Head of Athena Parthenosr., wearing ornamented Attic helmet; border of dots. 115 *a *b *c *d *e *f *g

60 coins AA-299 0-94 S-1090 0-102 K-1630 A-223 00-1486

A-eE Owl stg. r., facing, on horizontalamphora;all in olive wreath.

Sv. 79.2-7; Kroll 1972, pl. 34:3-7

19-23 Av. 10.46 (31) 10.79 20 (D 4:1) 13.11 21 9.94 20 22 12.50 19 10.40 9.09 22 halved 20

The position of this varietywithout symbol at the beginning of the heavy Owl-on-amphoraseries is implied by the contextsof TableVI (p. 329 below),the overstrikingof a specimenin the 70's (119e),and the circumstance that the issue has no parallel in the silvercoinage and so should belong before any post-Mithradaticsilver was struck(Krol 1972, pp. 87, 93). 196 Deposit B 17:1. Many of the 46 totally worn AE 1-sizedpieces from the great Eleusis hoard of A.D. 267 (Svoro-

nos 1904, p. 139, no. 267; Kroll 1973, p. 333) probably dated from PeriodIt but they are no longer availablefor examination. 197 See 103g, 127f, 137h, 144e, 149, 153h, two coins noted under the unclassifiedheavy Owl-on-amphoraAE 1 (p. 98 below) and five under the unclassifiedPeriodIVA-E AE 1 (p. 110, below). On the punched flans of the PeriodV imperials,see pp. 113-114 below.

95

PERIOD IV: CATALOGUE

(?)84 B.C. A-eE Triptolemos1., holding wheat ears in r. hand, scepter in 1., mounting winged chariot drawn by two snakes;all in olive wreath. nearly illegible condition

Head of Demeter r., wearing wheat wreath and veil; 1border of dots.

116

B'-693

19

Head of Kore198r., wealring wheat wreath;border oif dots. 117

A Ae-E or O-E Iakchos stg. r., holding a torch tied with fillet;99 at r., plemochoe; all in wheat wreath.

Sv. 104.24-28

Sv. 25.11, 12

2 coins A e-E (E 14:3; see Table VI, p. 329 below) [?]-E heavily blistered Both rarevarietiesbelong earlyin PeriodIVA. 116 revivesthe venerable4th- and early 3rd-centuryEleusinian type of Triptolemos 1. in chariot and goes with the early AE 2 variety 127, which has the same types. The discovery of 117a in Deposit E 14:3 implies that the Kore/Iakchos issue must be more or less contemporary. Being the first emissions with exclusivelyEleusinianiconography since the middle of the 2nd century (see 86 and 106), they seem to mark a revival of the old tradition of an Eleusinianfestival coinage. Associationwith the probableinitiationof Sulla in Septemberof 84 is likelyfor at least one of the emissions.As one sees from 117a and Sv. 25.11, 12, 117 was struckfrom a minimumof three pairs of dies.

*a b

r-1084 AA-254

21 23

9.07 9.53

early70's B.C.

Head of Athena Parthenosr.; border of dots.

118 *a *b *c *ld *<e

18 coins fA-10 f-32 III-175 r-1043 N-340

19-23 Av. 9.72(13) 23 13.11 21 8.20 20 10.32 11.95 20 9.35 20

A-EE Owl stg. r., facing, on horizontal amphora;at r., poppy head between two wheat ears; all in olive wreath.

Sv. 79.15-17; Kroll 1972, pi. 34:10-14

GRC,fig. 15

(E 14:3) A-e E The poppy-and-wheat-earssymbolis sharedwith the Lysandros-Oinophilossilver,the fourthor fifthissueafter Mithradates-Aristion(JVew Stk, nos. 1179-1186; Boehringer,p. 302; Mattingly 1979, p. 165;cf. M0rkholm1984, p. 32).

198 As indicatedby the absence of a veil.

Except for Sv. 104.24 (variety116 but from a variantobversedie), Demeter is on the IV Period with a coveredhead. bronze consistentlyrepresented 199 On the short and iconography(boots, garment, torch)of Iakchos,the youthfulpersonificationof the greatprocession to Eleusis, see LLMCV pp. 612-614, pl. 419; Mylonas, pp. 207, 211, 212, 238, 252-254, with pls. 81, 84, 85, 88; K. Clinton, "EleusinianIconographyand Cult: Iakchosand Eubouleus"(lecture,Baltimore 1989), abstractin AJA93, 1989, pp. 279-280. Foran Eleusiniantorchtied with a fillet,see A. D. Trendall,"Medeaat Eleusison a VoluteKraterby the Darius Painter,"Recordof theArtMuseum,Princeton University 43, 1984, figs. 2, 9:b. On coins Iakchos is found also as the symbol of the 2nd-century Phanokles-Apolloniossilver (NewSyle, nos. 697, 709, and 685, where the figure is misidentifiedas Artemis)and on the Athenian imperialvariety 188.

96

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C. late 70's B.C.

Similar. 119

Similar,except at r., mystic staff.

Sv. 79.18-21; Kroll 1972, pl. 34:15-19

33coins 18-23 Av. 10.11 (16) 9.61 20 00-1127 I-799 20 11.28 NN-1165 20 11.80 B'-1011 18 10.10 7.05 E-2033 22 overstruckon variety 115 20 AA-520 halved and extremelyworn The mystic-staffsymbol connects the varietyto the Sotades-Themistoklestetradrachms(Mw Style,nos. 12221226X), the seventh or eighth issue in the post-Mithradatessilver sequence as revised by Mattingly (1979, pp. 164-165).

*a *b *c *d *e f

ca. 80's-42 B.C.

Similar. *120

Sv. 79.35; Kroll 1972, pl. 34:8, 9

KK-59 20 11.32 A plemochoe symbol occurs also on the silver of Mnaseas-Nestor,which Thompson (NewStle, pp. 369370, nos. 1147-1157) placed immediatelyafter Mithradates-Aristionbut which is now dated before the First MithradaticWar in 91/0 B.C.(Boehringer,pp. 24-25, 202; followedby Merkholm 1984, p. 32, and, especially, Mattingly1979, pp. 161-162). The bronzethereforecannotbe associatedwith the silver.Withonly two specimens in the 483-piece Chaidarihoard, this was one of the smallerAE 1 emissions. Similar.

121

Similar,except at r., plemochoe.

Similar,except at r., tripod.

Sv. 72.17; 79.32, 33; Kroll 1972, pl. 35:6-10

8 coins 18-22 Av.8.64 (5) 20 8.60 ET-32 There is no post-Mithradaticsilver issue with a simple tripod symbol, but the tripod here may be an abbreviationof the complex symbol on the Epigenes-Xenon tetradrachms:Apollo Lykeios leaning against a column surmountedby a tripod(NewStyle,nos. 1237-1240). Approximatelythe fifthteenthor sixteenthissueafter Mithradates-Aristion,Epigenes-Xenon should belong in the mid- to late 60's. Mattingly (1979, pp. 166-167) arguesfor 64/3.

*a

Similar. 122

Similar,except at r., two wheat ears.

Sv. 79.22-24; Kroll 1972, pl. 35:1-5

31 coins 20-22 10.28(12) 19 10.41 M-353 11.97 NN-565 20 9.21 BB-980 21 12.28 K-1687 22 halved 20 BB-63 Two wheat ears is also the symbol of the highly problematic Kointos-Charmostrasilver, which, despite Thompson'srejectionfrom the Athenian sequence,some rcholarshave dated to 86/5 as the firstAthenian silver issue after Mithradates-Aristion(see note 142 above, p. 81). However this may be, it is doubtful whether the silver and bronze could have anythingto do with each other.On the silverthe two ears of wheat are detached, vertical, and parallel;on the bronze they arejoined and usually rise in the form of V or Y (Kroll 1972, p. 91). Moreover,a date for the bronze as earlyas the 80's is ruledout by the facts that the issue was one of the largestin

*a *b *c *d e

97

PERIOD IV: CATALOGUE

the heavy Owl-on-amphora series and yet is missing from the early contexts of our Table VI (p. 329 below). Eitherthe issue has no parallelin the post-Sullansilveror its two wheat ears could be an abbreviationfor the Isis symbol of Demeas-Kallikrates,the Demeter symbol of Menedemos-Timokrates,or the Triptolemossymbol of Kallimachos-Epikrates,since each of these divinities is depicted on the silver holding two ears of wheat (New Style,nos. 1232, 1233, 1241-1244, 1253, and 1254).

*123

lA-76

Similar. 19 11.50

Similar,except at r., flower.

Sv. 70.20; 79.30, 31

Sv., pl. 70, associatesthis with the thirdor fourth silverissue afterMithradates-Aristion,Architimos-Demetri, whose symbol is Isis holding a lotus (JVew Styek,nos. 1173-1178). But the association is not really convincing, since the leafy floweror plant on the bronze (seeespeciallySv. 70.20) does not resembleIsis'lotus. It is more likely that the bronze lacks a counterpartin silver.The issue is rare; not one specimen is in the great Chaidari and Agia Varvarahoards. Similar. 124 *a *b *c *d

23 coins II-172 M-282 A-73 NN-1205

Similar,except at r., winged caduceus.

Sv. 79.25-28; Kroll 1972, pl. 35:11-15

18-23 Av. 9.61 (12) 20 11.89 20 8.86 10.11 21 18 10.51

A winged caduceus is the symbol of the late Dionysios-Demostratossilverissue, known from a single drachm (NewStle, no. 1246). Similar. *125

r-498

20

Similar,except at r., thyrsos tied with fillet.

9.72

Sv. 70.25; Kroll 1972, pl. 35:16, 17

The symbol is shared with the Architimos-Pammenestetradrachms(NewSyle, nos. 1255-1258), one of the later New Style emissionspresent in the Hierapytnahoard (IGCH352) and so probablydatable to the 50's (see Mattingly 1969, p. 328).

Similar.

126 *a *b *c *d *e

25 coins B'-996 KK-14 f-138 AE-10 IIe-139

Similar,except at r., two pilei of the Dioskouroi.

19-22 Av. 9.40 (14) 20 8.14 20 9.56 19 8.71 19 10.01 19

Sv. 79.8-14; Kroll 1972, pl. 36:1-5

halved (as also E-4569) this is the last issue in the heavy Owl-on-amphorabronze, as shown by the wear of specimens Apparently, in the Chaidariand Agia Varvarahoards.The issue is without a parallelin the extant post-Mithradaticsilver. UNCIASSIFIED

Similar. Similar,except details illegible. 205 coins of uncertainheavy Owl-on-amphoravariety. [115, 118-126]

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C.

98

Nearly all these are extremelyworn from circulationcontinuing as late as the 2nd and 3rd centuries after Christ. Six (Z-27, Z-1182, 1-320, IIe-177, E4144, and T-990) are halved. And the obverses of two (e-426 and K-1518) were punched with a shallowcavity,for which see p. 94 above. AE2

) 84 B.c. A-e Head of Demeter r., wearing veil; border of dots.

127 *a *b *c *d e *f g

7 coins BA-107 LA-41 T-727 r-1045 r-1056 IIII-132 E-3018

16-18 18 17 18 17 16 16 16

Av.5.76(7) 7.92 5.11 6.59 6.45 3.58 5.11 5.58

E Triptolemos1., holding wheat ears in r. hand and scepter in 1., seated in winged chariot drawn by two snakes.

Sv. 104.29, 30

(E 14:3) (E 14:3) heavily worn; cavity punched in center of obverse

early70'sB.C. Similar.

Similar,except poppy head behind or in front of Triptolemos.

Sv. 104.31-35

7 coins 15-17 Av.4.35(7) 128 Poppyhead behind Triptolemos 4.64 16 *a II-602 4.81 *b NN-1323 15 17 4.42 *c IIn-289 16 3.37 d ET'-727 head before Triptolemos Poppy 3.65 15 *e B'-928 16 5.51 *f KK-282 4.08 16 *g ET'-531 [127, 128] 30 coins of uncertainAE 2 Demeter/Triptolemostype. 16 blistered (N 20:4) a f-164 Of these two, clearly AE 2 emissions,the first (withoutsymbol) occurs in the Delos 1910 hoard (Table VI, p. 329 below) and appearsto go with the Demeter/TriptolemosAE 1 variety 116. The second (poppy symbol) emissionwas presumablyminted with the heavy Owl-on-amphoravariety 118. 70's-40's B.C.

Dolphin on trident;border of dots. 129 *a

14-17 Av.4.09 (15) 26 coins 4.21 E-3486bis 17

A-OE Plemochoe with wheat ear in each handle; all in wheat wreath.

Sv. 107.1-8

99

PERIOD IV: CATALOGUE

17 5.05 17 4.22 (F 11:1) 16 3.15 15 3.95 The trident and dolphin representPoseidon, whose head probablywould have been placed on the obverse were it not too easily confusedwith the head of Zeus. This is the only pre-imperialAthenian coin type that refers to Poseidon. The plemochoe on the reversefits the routine Period IV practice of designing the AE 2 half-unit with Eleusiniantypes. Poseidonmight have been chosen for the obversebecause of his connectionswith Eleusis; he was the ancestorof the Eumolpidaiand had a templejust outsidethe sanctuaryof Demeter and Kore.200If, on the other hand, the exceptionalrecognitionof Poseidonis comparedwith the equallyunprecedentedappearance of Dionysos on varieties 140-142 and 144, which were struckto flatterMarc Antony during his residence in Athens in the 30's, it is possiblethat the presentissuebelongs to 62 B.C.,when Pompeythe GreatvisitedAthens on his triumphantreturn to Rome.201His visit could have coincided with the celebrationof the Mysteriesin late September.

*b *c *d *e

H'-3600 B-262 rr-94 P-1395

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet; border of dots. 130

6 coins *a K-1190 *b B'-948

A-eE Artemis, quiver at shoulder,running r., carrying flaming torch.

Sv. 81.53-56; Kleiner 1976, pl. 4:110

15-17 Av.3.85(6) 16 5.80 16 3.63

See pp. 82-83 above. AE3 mid-80's-70's B.C.

Head of Apollo r., laur.;border of dots. 131

68 coins

e

-E or A-eE Cicada.

Sv. 107.28-35; Kleiner 1976, pl. 4:93-96

14-16 Av. 3.89 (35)

Ae -E a IIe-447 *b KK-9bis *c IIII-173 *d K-587 200

14 16 15 16

3.33 4.08 4.15 3.46

Kleiner 1976, p. 35, pl. 4:93 flan cut down before striking

Mylonas, pp. 167-168. Pompey was posthumouslyapotheosized as Neptune by his son Sextus, who called himself the son of Neptune and in 44-43 B.C. struck the remarkabledenarii with the portrait of Pompey-Neptuneaccompanied by the symbols of dolphin and trident (Crawford,RRC,nos. 483:1, 2, with p. 739, note 5). Granted that this was so much propaganda cultivatedby Sextus to enhance his position as praefectus classiset oraemaritimae, the equation of Pompey with Poseidon is less likely to have originated with Sextus in the 40's than in the Greek East, where such ruler-god identifications had long been a fixture of political life. Historically,the equation rested on Pompey'snaval success over the pirates some twenty years earlier,and it would be surprisingif so obvious an associationcould have gone unnoticed during Pompey's tour of Greece in 62, especially by the poets who competed at Mytilene in glorifying Pompey's exploits (Plutarch,Pompey 42.2). For the divine honors offered to Pompey by the Greek cities, including Athens in 67 B.C.,see 27.5-6 and Cerfauxand Tondiau,pp. 284-285. A majorpart of the 50 talentsPompeycontributedfor Plutarch,Pompey the restorationof Athens went to the rebuildingof the Peiraeus(Plutarch,Pompey42.11, with IG II2, 1035, line 47, and J. Day,An Economic New York 1942, pp. 145-149). HistoryofAthensunderRomanDomination, 201

100

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-IST CENTURIES B.C.

A-eE *e D-360 14 5.40 *f T-843 15 4.38 15 4.79 (E 14:3) *g r-1068 The first, and more common, form of the ethnic and the occurrence of three somewhat worn specimensin Deposit E 14:3 (TableVI, p. 329 below)show that the varietybelongs early in PeriodIVA.

AE 4 mid-80's-70s B.C.

[Head of Apollo r., laur., hair rolled;border of dots.] rT-301

132

133

134

12

A e-[E] Two wheat ears; all in wheat wreath.

Sv. 107.12-14; Dlos XXVII, pi. 66, F240-246

1.93

8 coins *a r-1064 *b Z-680 *c ZZ-35

Head of Apollo r., laur., hair falling in archaizingcurls; border of dots. 10-11 Av. 1.87 (8) 11 (E 14:3) 1.64 10 1.71 10 1.79

3 coins *a BB-416 *b PP-803

Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet; border of dots. 10-12 Av. 1.69(3) 1.63 12 11 2.27

A-9 E Poppy between two wheat ears.

Dlos YXVH, pl. 66, F270-277

Similar.

Sv. 107.16, 17

[133, 134] 5 coins of uncertainAE 4 Poppy-between-wheat-ears variety. 11 *a OX-9 flan trimmed before striking 2.03

135 *a *b *c *d *e *f *g h-k

Head of Apollo r., laur., hair falling in archaizingcurls; border of dots. 10-11 Av. 1.70(22) 33 coins 1.33 B-358bis 11 11 1.91 BA-197 10 1.48 00-956 1.79 11 A-72bis 10 1.10 PP-647 2.06 KK-29bis 11 1.93 10 r-1059 (E 14:3) r-1054a and b, 1064, 1080 (E 14:3)

A-eE Two wheat ears; border of dots.

Sv. 107.18-21; Ddlos XXVII, pi. 66, F 279-290

101

PERIOD IV: CATALOGUE Similar.

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 136

3 coins *a K-1592 *b NN-987 *c H'-3296bis

10 10 10 10

Sv. 107.22, 23; Dilos XXVII, pl. 66, F301

Av. 1.54(3) 1.62 1.55 1.46

[132, 135, 136] 24 coins of uncertainTwo-wheat-earsvariety. The datingof the AE 4 varietiesis based on the contextsof TableVI (p. 329 below)and the possibleassociation of 133 and 134 with 118 and 128.

PERIOD IVB

42/1-39 B.C.

Reduced AE 1 Head of Athena Parthenosr.; border of dots. 137

45 coins

*a In-350 *b *c *d *e *f * g h

P-290 KK-359 BA-363 r-170 N-440 BB-602 PP-132

18-22 Av. 7.65 (21) 21 8.21 20 7.93 19 8.68 19 7.05 19 4.80 19 5.45 18 4.85 20

A-O E Zeus stridingr., hurling thunderbolt,eagle perched on his extended 1. arm; at 1., wheat ear.

Sv. 80.25-28; Krol 1972, pl. 36:6-10

GRC,fig. 15

overstruckon AE 2 coin of pure, yellowish alloy flan trimmed hexagonallybefore striking halved (as also NN-1285) extremelyworn and punched on obv. with a shallow cavity (as also fA-84) Followingupon Antony'sarrivalin Athens afterPhilippi,this reformissuewill have been struckat the end of 42 or during 41 B.C. The arrangementof the ethnic and particularlythe omission of the eagle before Zeus's feet suggest that the revived type was copied from the early Ist-centuryFulminatingZeus variety 95 (mystic-staff symbol)or 96 (thyrsossymbol).The only modificationsare the change in emission symbol and the eagle added upon Zeus'soutstretchedleft wrist. Similar.

138 *a *b *c *d *e *f *g h

139 coins IIo-142 II-473 KK-149 N-663 A-67 AA-81 K-584 f-313

17-22 Av. 7.47 (47) 20 7.26 20 7.64 19 8.44 20 10.26 18 8.56 17 5.92 19 17 3.46

A-OE Tripod; at 1., poppy; at r., thunderbolt.

Sv. 80.1-7; Kroll 1972, pl. 36:11-15

GRC,fig. 15 overstruckon heavy Owl-on-amphoraAE 1

halved (as also Z-2594, N-813, NN-1309, and NN-1546a) overstruckon unleaded AE 2 coin (as also X-49)

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C.

102

As suggested above (p. 86), the Pythian tripod on the reverseof these coins can be explained as an allusion to Antony'sproposedcompletionof the templeof PythianApollo. The poppy and thunderboltsymbolsfill out the design and the range of religiousreferences;Athena, Apollo, Demeter, and Zeus, the four principle deities in the numismaticiconographyof HellenisticAthens, are here uniquely representedon a single coin. The poppy and thunderbolt,however,may also be servingas magistrates'signatures. A-8E Athena advancing r., holding lowered spear in r. hand; aegis draped over extended 1. arm.

Gorgoneion.

139

Sv. 25.22-28; Kroll 1972, pl. 36:16-20

79 coins 17-21 Av. 7.88 (30) 9.17 T-113 20 8.06 4-346 20 5.76 20 II1-46 7.75 20 AA-247 19 7.34 NN-524 flan cut down before striking 19 6.91 II8-321 same 9.93 21 AA-488 halved 21 S-3721 of after The heavy weight 139f even part of the flan had been crudelyremovedsuggeststhat it was overstruck other Agora pieces are definitelyoverstrikes,although the undertypes Three coin. on a heavy Owl-on-amphora are unclear. Sv., pi. 25, connects this issue with the island of Skiathos,which Antony gave to Athens in 41. Some 4th- or 3rd-centuryB.C.bronze coins of Skiathosdid employ the gorgoneionas an obversetype (BMCTessaly,pi. 11:19), but so did a large and important series of 6th-centuryB.C.Athenian tetradrachms,didrachms, and obols,202 and it is more likely that these were the source of the present gorgoneion obverse (Kroll 1972, p. 98). The learned revival of historic coin designs occurs again in the Athenian coinage of the 2nd century after Christ (pp. 113-114 below).The reversetype is continuedin the next issue.

*a *b *c *d *e *e *f *g

39-37 B.C.

140 *a *b *c *d *e f

29 coins PP-628 Z-1895 00-453 X-99 K-1036 PP'-1047

Head of youthfulDionysos r., wearing ivy wreath;border of dots. 17-21 Av.5.68(16) 5.49 19 6.09 18 17 7.25 17 5.42 5.95 17 halved 18

Similar.

Sv. 25.29-32; Kroll 1972, pl. 37:1-5

Reduced AE 2

141

21 coins *a nII-385 *b rr-14

Similar. 12-15 Av. 2.60(16)203 15 3.23 13 2.92

A-e AE Kantharos.

Sv. 25.33-35

Sv. 1.62-75; Seltman, Groups D and K; Kroll 1981b, pp. 10-15; H. Nicolet-Pierre, "Monnaies archalques d'Athenessous Pisistrateet les PisistratidesI: Les tetradrachmesa la gorgone,"RJ, ser.6, 25, 1983, pp. 15-33, pls. 2-5. 203 The averageis close to halfof the averageof the weighedAgora specimensof the contemporaryAE 1 issue 140. Cf. note 211 below,p. 107. 202

PERIOD IV: CATALOGUE *c K-1487 *d ME-64

13 12

103

2.96 1.46 (sic) AE4

A-E Sv. 25.43-50 E Bust of Athena r., wearing Head of bearded Dionysos r., Corinthianhelmet. wearing ivy wreath. 10-12 Av. 1.39(19) 52 coins 142 11 *a E-318 1.65 11 1.85 *b A-163 11 1.91 GRC,fig. 15 *c NN-679 flan cut down before striking *d rr-101 1.85 12 same 11 1.31 *e K-1254 Two other specimenswere also struckon reusedflans that had been trimmedbefore striking.A more notable featureis the broken-baralpha, makingits firstappearancein this issue. One specimen(Br-559) had been picked up and was being hoarded as a one-nummuscoin in the 6th century of our era; seeJ. H. Kroll, G. C. Miles, and S. G. Miller, "AnEarlyByzantine and a Late TurkishHoard from the Athenian Agora,"Hesperia42, 1973 (pp. 301-311), pp. 303, 308, no. 93. The Dionysos heads on this and the two precedingvarietieshonor Marc Antony,who declaredhimselfthe Neos Dionysosupon arrival in Athens in the summer or fall of 39. The symbolismis paralleled in two emissions of cistophorictetradrachmsstruckat Ephesosin the same year;these depict Octavia,Antonywearingthe ivy wreath of Dionysos, and, on the reverseof one emission, a standingimage of Dionysos.204The precipitousdrop in the weight of the Athenian AE 1 emission (TableIXVpp. 326-327 below) may reflect the Athenians' difficultiesin raisingthe exorbitantdowry that Antony demandedfor his wedding to Athena. Dio (48.39) and Zonaras(10.23) 1.6) a thousand talents (six million drachms).The give the amount as one million drachms, Seneca (Suasoriae AE 4 issue, which pairs the head of Dionysos and the bust of Athena, may have been designed to commemorate the marriage of Antony to Athena, like the "wedding"aurei, with the head of Anthony on the obverse and the bust of Octavia on the reverse,struckin 39 and 38 to celebrateAntony's marriage to Octavia (Crawford, RRC, nos. 527 and 533/3a). Indeed, if Raubitschek(1946) is right in supposing that the Athenians honored Octavia as Athena Polias,the referencesmay extend to Octavia-Athenaas well as to Antony-Dionysos.However this may be, the three Dionysos varieties140-142 should date to Antony'sstay in Athens from 39 to 37 B.C. ca. 36-33 B.C.

Reduced AE 1 Head of Athena Parthenosr., border of dots.

143

A-e E Archaic image of Apollo Delios, holding the three Graces in his r. hand and a bow in his 1.;at 1., cicada.

Sv. 80.8-14; Kroll 1972, pl. 37:11-15

16-20 Av.5.33 (36) 19 4.38 18 5.94 17 4.98 17 5.85 18 5.84 4.85 overstruckon pre-87 B.C.FulminatingZeus AE 2 20 18 halved (as are AA-171 and Z-1108) By weight this should be the last of the six PeriodIVB AE 1 issues,but other considerationssuggestthat 144 was actually the last, since it can hardly date before 32 B.C.and was the issue to which belong, apparently,the

*a *b *c *d *e *f *g

81 coins N-1112 K-201 E-278 B-100 HH-26 00-1116 AA-285

204 BMCRR II, pp. 502-503, nos. 133-137; III, pl. cxiv:l-4; Sutherland,Olcay, and Merrington,pp. 86-88; RPC I, 2201, 2202.

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-IST CENTURIES B.C.

104

chopped coin blanksthat were abandonedon the floor of the mint in the southeastcorner of the Agora square. Thus, althoughthe presentissuewith its nontopicaltypestheoreticallycould be squeezedinto the anxiousmonths between variety 144 and the Battleof Actium, it fits more comfortablyin the ample span between the Dionysos issues of 37-39 (140-142) and the Zeus/Dionysos and Zeus/Eagle issues of 32 (144 and 145). Confirmation of this arrangementmust await metallurgicalanalyses of several specimens to allow comparison of their lead content with that of 144. The Archaicstatueof Apollo Delios (L{MCII, p. 234, no. 390)was earlierused as the symbolof the 2nd-century of New Style silver emission of Sokrates-Dionysodo(NewSyle, nos. 611-628); Sokrateshad served as epimeletes behind the Delios 1 a connection But whether such in 17/6 Delos lay Apollo type personal (Habicht 1991, p. 9). of the present coins is debatable. None of the other changing types of the IVB bronze appear to have private associations;and the present reverse has the subsidiarysymbol of a cicada, which one would ordinarilytake for an emissionsymbol, even though such administrativesymbolswouldbe redundantin a coinage with regularly changingtypes.The reverseis in any case the lastallusionto Delos in Atheniancoinage. By the 30's the islandhad lost its commercialimportanceand most of its formerpopulation,althougha settlementremainedon the island and the Athenianscontinued to manage it and the cult of Apollo as before;see Roussel,pp. 336-340.

32 B.C.

A-e Head of Zeus, r., laur.;border of dots. 144

152 coins MM-505 E-3957 00-1586 H-1718 AA-555 E-24 *g IIe-238 *h E-4136

*a *b *c *d *e *f

15-20 17 17 17 17 17 15 17 18

Av.5.47(61) 5.71 5.86 6.98 4.46 5.17 4.07 -

E Head of bearded Dionysos r., Sv. 25.36-42; Kroll 1972, pl. 37:6-10 wearing ivy wreath.

GRC,fig. 15 shallow cavity punched in center of reverse

halved reused, presumablyfor some industrialpurpose; obv. obliteratedby filed notches in a rosette pattern, as also ee-25 (Period IV Unclassified, p. 110 below). Among the unillustratedexamples,E-292 is halvedand BA-414, a totallyworn coin, is countermarkedon the obversewith an owl in incuse circle(7 mm. diameter).The condition of the lattercoin precludesillustration.The issue is notable for the extremelyhigh lead content of its analyzedspecimen, at 22.73 percent the highestknown from any pre-imperialAtheniancoin (TableIV,pp. 326-327 below).The percentageis largelyresponsiblefor the associationof the issuewith the choppedblanksexcavatedfromthe floor of the mint in the southeastcornerof the Agora (25.5 percentlead;see AppendixB) and is approximatedin the contemporaryZeus/Eagle-on-thunderbolt fraction 145 (20.21 percent205). On this fourthAntonianemissionthe head of Dionysosis displacedfromthe obversein favorof a head of Zeus. But an explanationis immediatelyforthcomingfrom variety 145 with its standardPtolemaic Zeus/Eagle types. The Zeus obverse of the present issue is to be similarlyunderstoodas a reference to Egypt and so dates with 145 after Antony had thrown in his lot with Kleopatra. According to Plutarch(Antony 57.1-2), the Athenians had a great affectionfor Octavia and did not vote honors to Kleopatrauntil she and Antony arrivedin Athens in late spring of 32 and she bribed them with gifts. These circumstancesmake it doubtful that the Athenian issues could have been struckbefore late spring or summer of 32 and suggest why they refer to the kingdom of Egypt ratherthan to Kleopatra,the New Isis, directly.

205

Caley,pp. 52-53, table IX, no. 11.

105

PERIOD IV: CATALOGUE Reduced AE 2 Head of Zeus r.; border of dots. 145

14 coins *a D-98 *b AA-665 *c f2A-42

A-OE Eagle, wings spread, stg. three-quartersr. on thunderbolt.

Sv. 22.59-61; Kleiner 1976, pl. 4:105-109

13-15 Av. 3.24 (13) 14 2.33 14 3.93 13 4.01

For the standardPtolemaic bronze pairing of Zeus head and eagle on thunderbolt,see 1005, 1006, 1009, 1010, 1013-1017; for the eagle reverseof Kleopatra'sown bronze, 1019. 145 is the only Athenian emission in any period with the device of an eagle. Citing the Antony head/Eagle bronze of Zakynthos(RPCI, 1290), I. Touratsoglou(in CRWLR,pp. 57, 67, note 33; pl. 8:13) attributesa Zeus/Eagle issue of Thessaloniketo Antony and Kleopatra.Another attribution(Aigion:Dionysos/Eagle) is proposedunder 733 (p. 233 below).

PERIOD IVC

31-early 20's B.C.

Reduced AE 1 Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet; border of dots. 146

5 coins *a N-339 *b S-4129

AOE upwardsat 1. Demeter or Kore stg. r., carryinglit torch; at r., plemochoe; all in (?)wheatwreath.

Sv. 25.13, 14; Kroll 1972, pl. 38:2-4

19-20 Av. 7.82 (5) 19 7.70 19 7.79

This, the last varietyin the AkropolisNorth Slope 1936 hoard (note 141 above,p. 81) and hence the firstafter the unwreathedPeriod IVB coinage, was irregularlydesigned (cf. Athena'sCorinthianhelmet and the position of the ethnic), poorly struck, and meager; known examples (includinga mere three from the great Chaidari hoard) were struckfrom one or possiblytwo obverse dies. It would seem to have been little more than a token emission, which, with the Eleusinianreverse, suggestsattributionto September of 31, when within a week or so after Actium, Octavian sailed to Athens to distributegrain to the Greek cities and to be initiated at Eleusis (Plutarch,Antony68; Dio 51.4.1). Head of Athena Parthenosr.; border of dots.

147 *a *b *c *d *e

43 coins rr-18 r-963 E-4437 00-618 A-137

18-21 20 20 19 19 18

AGE downwardsat r., Nike advancing r., holding fillet in outstretchedhands; all in olive wreath with berries.

Sv. 78.10, 80.15-17; Kroll 1972, pl. 37:16-20

Av.8.08 (17) 8.13 8.94 8.01 8.24 5.90

Stylisticallyand technicallythese are the crudestcoins ever minted in ancient Athens. As in variety 146, they are weaklyand often incompletelystamped;and, althoughAthena is at least given an appropriateNew StyleAttic helmet, the rude, inept die cutting is without parallel. The issue was evidently hurried. As Octavian probably

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C.

106

visited Athens for a second time while crossingfrom Asia to Italy in 29,206 the issue may have been rushed into production for this occasion. The Nike in any case probablyrefers to Actium; and since she is posed as though crowningthe legend on the coins, the conceit impliesthat Actium was also a victory for the Athenians. Similar.

*148

NN-676

20

A-GE Zeus stg. r., holding thunderboltin lowered r. hand, 1. arm extended; all in olive wreath.

Sv. 80.22-24; Kroll 1972, pl. 38:1

8.16

Exceptionallyrare (but a single example in the Chaidarihoard),the issue neverthelessemployedtwo or three obverse dies (compareKroll 1972, pl. 38:1 with Sv. 80.22-24). Style and technique are noticeablybetter than in the preceding Demeter and Nike varieties,and the Parthenoshead and linear ethnic conform to standard New Style precedent. The importantStanding Zeus statue,which appearedfor the firsttime on Athenian coins in the early 190's, evidentlywith referenceto Flamininus,can be identifiedwith some probabilityas the statue of Zeus Eleutherios (see 78-80 and pp. 56-57 above).Accordingly,the presentreverseought to referto a "liberation"by Octavianin et libera.Augustuswas honored the sense that he would have confirmedthe rightsof Athens as a cvitasfoederata or ZeusEleuteriosare in Lakoniaas Eao-xpxal ' EXeu0ptoloforjust such a confirmationof freedom.207Eeutherios found among his titles elsewhere.208And at Athens an annex was added to the Stoa of Zeus Soter-Eleutherios to house an imperialcult, surelyincludingAugustus.209

PERIOD IVD

mid-20s-19

149

206

345 coins *a II-8 *b IIO-143 *c N-722

B.C.

Reduced AE 1 A 3 E at upper I. Athena Head of Athena Parthenosr.; border of dots. advancing r., carryinglowered spear in r. hand, aegis draped over extended 1. arm; at lower r. owl; all in olive wreath. 17-21 Av.6.88 (101) 8.46 19 GRC,fig. 15 7.62 20 7.41 20

Sv. 80.29-32; Kroll 1972, pl. 38:15-19

Bowersock,Agustus,pp. 120-121, with Dio 51.21.1. V Ehrenbergand A. H. M. Jones, Documents IllutrsatigtheReign of Augtus and Tibeius,Oxford 1955, no. 122b, in with the commentsofJ. A. O. Larsen, AnEconomic Rome,T. Frank,ed., IV,Baltimore 1938, p. 447. The ofAncient Survey of the Free Lakonians,was still receiving honors at liberator same inscriptioninforms that Flamininus, the original the festival that celebrated the re-liberationof Augustus.For a surveyof coins that possibly commemorate Augustan toAuctoitas,Cambridge 1946, pp. 338-347. grantsof freedomto other communities,see M. Grant,FromImperwm 208 Eeutherios adresromanaspertintes, Paris 1927, no. 62. ZeusEtrios at Mytilene: R. Cagnat etal., Inscriptiongraecae at Carian Mys: BCH 11, 1887, p. 306, no. 1. In Egypt S. Weinstock,DivusJulius,Oxford 1971, p. 144, note 1. 209 H. A. Thompson (note 102 above,p. 57), pp. 182-186, with a surveyofassociationsof Augustusand lateremperors with Zeus Eleutherios.On the associationsfurther,see below under 728 and 729 and B. Levy, "Nero'sLiberationof Achaea: Some NumismaticEvidence from Patrae,"in JMwckle Papers, pp. 167-185; RPC I, p. 47. 207

PERIOD IV: CATALOGUE *d *e *f *g *h *i j

K-1603 S-5621 A-1109 I;-104 E-3392 PP-827 PP'-1032

18 19 19 20 19 18 20

107

4.95 6.46 6.82 5.65 5.99 6.40

halved (as are six others)210 cut down; heavily worn heavily worn; cavity punched on obv. (U 13:2a)Plate 34:4 In this PeriodIVD inauguralissue the letteringis neat and compact, the Athena heads are relativelysmall and attractivelyrendered,and the strikingis superb.The undertypesof severaloverstruckpieces cannot be identified. Reduced AE 2

A E Veiled head of Demeter r.; Poppy between two crossed Sv. 104.38-45 border of dots. wheat ears. 150 40 coins 13-16 Av. 3.26 (26)21l *a B-77 16 3.25 *b NN-816 15 4.73 GR!C,fig. 15 14 *c N-824 2.48 14 *d NN-368 3.08 *e IIII-990 13 3.28 *f NN-1370 13 3.22 14 3.34 g r-1204 (E 15:3) The broken-baralpha, the style of the Demeter head, and the superiortechnique connect the variety with the AE 1 149. Reduced AE 1 A Head of Athena Parthenosr.; border of dots. 151 *a *b *c *d *e *f g

135 coins A-1582 A-1145 neO-796 K-125 KTA-15 E-2249 e-768

18-21 19 20 20 19 20 19 20

e E Athena advancing r., as 149, except at r., coiled snake.

Sv. 80.33, 34; Kroll 1972, pl. 39:1-5

Av.6.83 (49) 8.62 6.06 7.76 8.71 8.36 6.65 halved (as also E-3992)

With this emission, style and technique drop off abruptly.The Athena heads are coarse, squared, and (like the lettering)enlarged, to remain so throughthe succeeding 152 and 153. In addition to the precedingAthena advancing,owl, and the presentAthena advancing,snake,there is a rare variant (Kroll 1972, no. 568, pli.39:6) with Athena advancing,wheatear,thatprovidesa linkbetweenthe presentvarietyand the followingOwl-on-prow emission,which has a wheat-earsymbol also at the right.212 210 BB-1015, r-1157, A-190, NN-224, II-265, P-452. 211 The average is about half of the weight averageof Agora specimens of the accompanyingAE 1 variety 149. Cf. note 203 above, p. 102. 212 A more curiousvariantis the Athena advancing,snake,piece publishedas Sv.80.35. The obversewas struckfroma makeshiftdie engraved with nothing more than an AOE ligature, evidently at a time when production had outrun the supplyof serviceableAthena-headdies.

108

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-IST CENTURIES B.C.

Similar. Similar,except symbol illegible. [149, 151] 151 coins of uncertainParthenos/Athenaadvancingvariety.Nearlyall areworn flat. Twelveare halved.213 Illustratedis 19 *a ST'-584 5.93 scored across by a chisel in preparationfor halving

A Similar.

O E Owl stg. r. on prow;

at r., wheat ear; all in olive wreath. 152

Sv. 80.37-43; Kroll 1972, pl. 39:7-11

16-22 Av.6.84 (140) 5.77 20 19 4.14 overstruckon Sikyon variety 727 7.52 20 8.30 *d rr-181 20 19 3.64 overstruckon Sikyon, as 152b *e ZZ-129 *f KK-231 19 5.89 halved (as are seven other specimens)214 20 *g Z-2231 h PP'-1031 19 5.20 (U 13:2a)Plate 34:6 At least two other coins (HH-77 and T-56) were overstruckon the same Ist-century B.C. Sikyon variety p. 92, nos. 669 and 670, and Sv. 80.41; see Warren 1984, (Apollo/Dove flying 1., AINEAE),as are BMCAttica, p. 20. Although the Athena heads are indistinguishablefrom those of 151 and 153, the fact that some coins of the presentvarietyalone were overstruckon Sikyonprovesthat the threeAthenianvarietieswere struckseriatim. 501 coins *a 00-1248 *b E-260 *c MM-193

A9 -E Sphinx wearing modius, seated r., all in olive wreath.

Similar. 153 *a *b *c *d

277 coins NN-881 H'-2357 NN-1066 00-1480 B'- 1104

17-21 19 18 20 20 19

Av.6.73 (92) 8.44 6.41 6.67 8.99 6.98

Sv. 80.18-21; Kroll 1972, pl. 39:12-16

GRC,fig. 15

overstruckon a coin that had been chisel markedon both sides with XI; possibly from the FulminatingZeus star-and-crescentsvariety;cf. 97h *1f KK-65 overstruck 19 9.07 halved (as are eight others)215 19 g BB-52 shallow cavity punched on one side (as also on 11II-117) 18 Ih AA-540 6.48 A few of the coins are overstrikeswith unidentifiableundertypes.For the significanceof the sphinx reverse, see p. 88 above. *?

Reduced AE 2

A

154

213 214 215

32 coins *a I-1664 *b B-165 *c E-2494

Triptolemos1. holding scepter in 1. hand, r. arm extended, mounting winged chariot drawn by two snakes;border of dots. 14-16 3.46 (17) 3.00 15 3.55 15 15 3.21

e E Crossed mystic staff and wheat ear; all in olive wreath.

Sv. 104.46-50

A-1230, BB-605, rr-285, K-366, K-476, K-1415, N-833, 00-1105, 00-1215, IIE-167, E-736, ET'-417. r-432, r-484, rr-181, E-2499, 1-1537, A-164, E-465. A-99, Br'-l 11, Z-904, Z-1538, Z-2884, 0-672, AA-404, 00-1230.

109

PERIOD IV: CATALOGUE *d IIn-59 *e 00-551 f r-1038

15 15 14

3.84 3.16 3.70 (intrusivein E 14:3216) not on but (as Alphas frequently 154a-c) invariably(cf. Sv. 104.46, 47) have curvedor brokencrossbars. A-e

m Triptolemosmounting

Nike advancingr., holding fillet Sv. 104.51-53 as on in extended r. hand and lowered chariot, 154; border of dots. stylis(?)in 1.;all in olive wreath. 155 8 coins 13-14 Av.3.14 (6) *a i-5688 14 3.80 *b Z-917 13 3.30 Since obverse and reverseare identifiableby their respectivelydotted and wreathedborders,we have in 155 the one Athenianvarietywhose ethnic is on the obverse(asopposedto thejoint Athens-Eleusis63 and its relations with legends on both faces).Unique, too, is the arrangementof the letters.Lettering,characterof reversewreath, but particularlythe linear rendering of the figures relate both this variety and 154 to the AE 1 variety 151, Athena advancing,snake. A

Head of Athena Parthenosr.; border of dots. 156

e E Two owls, 1. and r., stg., facing, on thunderbolt;all in olive wreath.

Sv. 80.45-47; Kroll 1972, pl. 40:2-6

24 coins 14-20 Av.2.97(9) I-1483 20 3.74 16 nI-323 2.37 r-153 15 4.33 15 Hn-229 2.06 The unmistakableobverse style links this variety to the AE 1 issues 151-153. Except for the arrangement of the ethnic, the reverse type was adopted from the common 2nd-centuryAE 3 variety 99, doubtless with denominationalimplications(p. 90 above).The six examplesfromthe Chaidariand Agia Varvarahoardsgave an averageweight of 4.25 g. (Kroll 1972, p. 119).

*a *b *c *d

Period IVE ca. 15-10 B.C.

Reduced AE 1 Similar.

157 *a *b *c *d 216

116 coins NN-1318 Z-1113 II-347 MM-346

16-20 17 16 17 18

Av.5.55 (38) 5.53 3.79 5.41 4.68

A-eE Owl stg. r., facing, on horizontal amphora;at r. coiled snake;all in olive wreath.

Sv. 79.36, 37; Kroll 1972, pl. 38:5-9

flan trimmed before striking

Not only is 154f more worn than the other (earlyPeriod IVA) coins from this deposit, but the much later date of the variety is certified by the figural style, the wreathed border, and the occasionallybent crossbarsof the alphas of the reverse.With the exception of 129, reversesof the PeriodIVA intermediatefractions(127-131) are unwreathed. Bent crossbarsdo not appear until late PeriodIVB (142).

110

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-1ST CENTURIES B.C. NN-1633 E-1205

17 18

6.11 4.22

Similar. 158 *a *b *c *d *e *f g

199 coins IIII-862 ET'-562 Q-460 AA-15 A-1241 H-83 PP'-1007

16-20 19 19 18 17 17 18 18

Similar,except at r., cicada.

Sv. 79.38-42; Kroll 1972, pl. 38:10-14

Av.5.53 (57) 6.63 6.27 6.02 4.88 5.14 3.24

halved (as are r-1150b [E 15:3], H-1887, and II-247) (U 13:2a)Plate 34:6

[157, 158] 160 coins of uncertainlight Owl-on-amphoravariety.One (Z-1196) bears an illegible countermark;three (BB-161, H-1439, and KK-12) are halved. a PP'-1008 17 (U 13:2a)Plate 34:7 5.22 The revivalof traditionalNew Style design in these two finalAugustanemissionsextends even to the obverses of the coins, which have the conventionaltwo tailsof the crestbehind the helmet. But the styleis atrocious.Except for the fine initial die pair or pairs of the issue with snake symbol (157a: Kroll 1972, pl. 38:7; Sv. 79.37, obv. die only), Athena heads are coarse, and the owls, economically rendered in heavy lines and punches, have a spookyappearance.Lettersare serifedwith dots, and many alphashave dots in place of crossbars.

PERIOD IVA-E UNCLASSI'IED [115-126, 137-140, 143, 144, 146-149, 151-153, 157, 158] 849+ coins of Period IV AE 1 size and fabric worn completely illegible.217Three (rr-258, Z-767, and Z-1077) are halved. Five others (BB-177, E-441, AA-54, 11-741,and T-1064) received a punched cavity on one side, proof of circulationas late as the 3rd centuryafterChrist(p. 94 above).98-25 was reusedfor some industrialpurpose;both sides were filed with notches in a rosette pattern, like the obv. of 144h. In addition, two of the totally worn pieces were countermarked: cmk.: A at 1. of amphora (D4:1) 19 5.14 *a AA-263 cmk.: AOE in incuse oval 6.73 19 *b AA-788 For illustrationsof 26 specimens (PP'-1009-1022, 1033-1037, 1073-1079) of Deposit U 13:2a of ca. A.D. 100, see Plate 34:8-33.

PERIOD IV CLERUCHY ISSUES ATHENs-EMNos

A-eE Bust of Artemis r., quiver at shoulder;border of dots.

[A]H-MNIStag stg. r.

Sv. 75.24 = BMCAttica, p. 88, no. 628

159 *a PP-692 *b IIn-384 217

14 20

2.16 2.86

letters of legend as recorded above possible traces of letters only

The 849 total does not include an estimated one to several hundred illegiblyworn Period IV pieces that were discardedin the late 1940's as being too uninformativeto merit storage. Most of the discardedpieces are identified in the field notebooksas "Greek"or "New Style".

111

PERIOD IV: CATALOGUE

The second line of the legend is not visibleon the heavilyworn BritishMuseum specimen and is not recorded in the line drawingof the only other publishedspecimen, E. Beule, Lesmonnaies Paris 1858, p. 345. But d'AthInas, on an exceptionallythick and heavy specimen at the AmericanNumismatic Society (1944.100.25998 [Newell], 13 mm., 5.43 g.), there are tracesof the eta at the left of the stag and mu nu at the right.The chunkyfabricclearly identifiesthis as a PeriodIV issue,althoughwhetherit belongsearlyin the period or dateswith the followingthree varieties to early Period IVD there is at present no way of knowing. The types pertain to the cult of Artemis at Myrina, which minted coins with its own name and the head of the goddess and reverse bow and quiver derantiken (J. Friedlanderand A. von Sallet, KonigichMusen zu Berlin,Beschreibung MiuzenI, Berlin 1888, p. 283, nos. 12, 13;NC, ser. 1, 4, 1841, p. 8, fig. 3). Bow and quiverare used on other Myrinareverseswith AeE (456) and AOEIMY(see note 218 below). ca. mid-20's B.C.

Head of Athena Parthenos,r.; border of dots. *159A

00-1147

17

[A-eE] [AH-MNI]Head of Hephaistos r.; behind, tongs.

Kroll 1972, nos. 705-709, pl. 40:7-11

4.76

ATHENS-SKYROS

Similar. 160 *a *b *c *d

5 coins AA-278 AA-365 NN-569 K-1692

15-18 18 17 17 15

[A-eE] [C-KY]Female deity seated 1. on throne; olive-wreath border.

Kroll 1972, no. 711, pl. 40:13

Av.5.15(5) 7.91 5.52 5.23 5.53 ATHENS-IMBROS

Similar. 161

A-e-E INBPI Two pilei, wreathed, of the Kabeiroi.

Kroll 1972, no. 11, pl. 40:12

16 coins 16-19 Av.5.13(11) 0-589 17 3.72 ne-156 17 5.04 AA-73 16 5.02 PP'-730 19 4.03 The Agora specimens of 159A-161 have nothing to add to the discussionof these three cleruchyemissions in Kroll 1972, pp. 101-104. The Chaidari and Agia Varvarahoards produced seven slightlyworn specimens (Kroll 1972, pp. 119-120; av. weight 6.19 g.), of which two Athens-Lemnospieces were countermarkedon the obversewith a small owl r. in incuse circle. The single, bushy tail of the helmet crest and the refinedengravingof all obverses,which appear to have been cut by the same die sinker,date the varietieswith the first emission of Period IVD (149: Athena advancing, owl).218Struckin Athens, therefore,not long afterAugustuspresumablyconfirmedAthens' continuedpossession 218 Further supportfor this dating (and the mintingof these issuesat Athens)comes from the curiousAthens-Lemnian Myrina overstrike,Sv.80.44 = Kroll 1972, pp. 102-104, pl. 40:14, now in the BritishMuseum: obv.: Owl r. (identicalin styleto the Owl-on-prowowls of 152), rev.:A-eE above M-Y,bow and quiver;overstruckon Sikyon,Apollo head/Dove, AINEAE, as are occasionalregularexamplesof 152, q.v.Kroll (1972) suggestedthat this late PeriodIVD overstrikewas improvisedto appease the citizens of Myrina after the early IVD minting of 159A, whose Hephaistos-headreverse may have associatedthe issue too closely with Hephaistia, Myrina'srival city on Lemnos. But if 159 with its Artemis *a *b *c *d

112

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: 4TH-IST CENTURIES B.C. of Skyros,Lemnos,and Imbros,the coinswere surelyintendedfor circulationon these islands.Kroll(1972, p. 103) interpretedthe legendsas coordinatedoubleethnics,curtailmentsof, for example, 'A0cvallxv xal Ar)jvltv, etc.; but the legends would be more meaningfulif they designatedthe demoi of the Athenian cleruchieswithout an understood conjunction. The correct expansionsshould probably translate"of the Athenian Lemnians,"and the like.

types of Myrina happened to have been struckas a coordinatefractionalissue of 159A, the circumstancesbehind the overstrikewould be more complicated.

III ATHENIANBRONZECOINS SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIESAFTER CHRIST MONEY of Early Roman ImperialAthens remained unchanged from the time of Marc THE Antony and Augustus:the silvercurrencywas suppliedby the Roman denarius,while for more than a century the Athenians continued to make do with their old, increasinglyworn Period IV bronze.l Minting of a fresh bronze coinage did not resume until the revival of the city's fortunes in the first half of the 2nd century after Christ. Begun under Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), this new 2nd-centurybronze (PeriodV) evolved throughseveralphases and extended into the third quarter of the century under the Antonines. Then, after another century-longhiatus in minting, Athenian coinage came to an end in a brief but massivestriking(PeriodVI), which datesjust before the city was overrun by the Herulian Goths in A.D. 267.2

These 2nd- and 3rd-centurycoinagesof Roman Athensperpetuatethe old Atheniantraditionof placing the head of the city goddesson obverses.This is certainlyunexceptionalfrom the standpoint of historical Athenian coin design, but it is a dramatic departurefrom the practice, which had become well establishedthroughoutthe Roman worldby this time, of reservingthe obversesof civic coins for the effigy and inscriptionof the reigning emperor.The coinages of Athens, Chios, and Termessos in Pisidia are, in fact, the only three Greek coinages of the Imperial era that consistently resisted this innovation. Yet if the Athenian imperialsare notably conservativein this one respect,they sharewith contemporarybronze coinagesfrom other Greekcities a propensityfor rich, iconographicalvariety that is entirely alien to the characterof Greek coinages of the past. As the obverseheads of Athena came to be renderedin a wide range of differingstyles,helmet types, and subsidiaryornament, the numerousreversetypesprovidea virtualpicturebook of much of the city's famouscult and mythologicalstatuaryin additionto monumentsand traditionalAtheniandevicesof other kinds.

CHRONOLOGY It is curious, however, that the coinage did not begin this way. The earliest issues (Period VA) are restrictedto a small fractionaldenomination,normally 14-15 mm. in diameter,designed with Athena/Owl types that copy the types of AthenianOld Style silver.The die cuttersnormallyspelled the ethnic AOH(163), althougha few of the earliestreversedies give the correctAGE(162). Fidelityto the prototypesis maintained in the severe head of Athena, her Attic helmet with tendril and leaf ornaments,the stockyowl facing rightwith olive sprig,and the verticallegend. The coins are struck on blanks that had been cast and then punched on one side with a shallow cavity,apparentlyfor 1 See 91-92 above,withPlate34. pp. 2 Svoronos forthe (1904,p. 110),placedthechronologyof theAthenianimperialson a securefootingby identifying

firsttime the separate2nd- and 3rd-centuryphasesof the coinage. In subsequentstudies,Kroll (1973) and Walker(1980) workedout the refinementsthat resultin the more detailed chronologypresentedbelow.

114

ATHENIANBRONZECOINS:SECONDAND THIRDCENTURIESAFTERCHRIST

anchoring a rotaryplaning device that, when turned, smoothed and trimmed the cast planchet.3 The use of cast, punched blankscontinuedthroughthe successivePeriodVB and VC coinages. After the large initial issue (162 and 163), the Athena/Owl fractionsgraduallyevolved away from the Classicalmodel. Even as some of the original obverse dies were in use, new reversedies introduceddifferentarrangementsof the ethnic, droppedthe olive twig, and sometimesturned the owl to the left (164 and 165). Then, at the end of the series(166 and 167), these developmentsare joined by freer and more varied obverse dies that favoredbusts of Athena wearing a Corinthian helmet in stylesthat are indistinguishablefromthe obverseheads of the PeriodVB fractions.The VA owls give the impressionof being struckcontinuouslyand leading without a break into PeriodVB. Since most of the coins and dies belong to the initial, classicizingphase of Period VA, the coinage would seem to have been relativelycompact, lastingsurelyfor less than a decade. Historicalprobabilityvirtuallydemandsthat the elaborate,succeedingPeriodVB coinage begin under Hadrian, possiblyin connection with his firstimperialvisit to Athens in 124/5 or, better,his second and longest visit in 127/8-128/9. In either case the start of the VA owls should probably fall in the earlier 120's, a time that is reinforcedin general terms by the fact that VA owls first appear in reliable archaeologicalcontexts of the earlier 2nd century.4But it would probably be mistakento assume that Hadrian himself was directlyresponsiblefor the coinage. The financing and organizationof Greekcivic coinageswas normallya local concern, initiatedand maintainedby wealthycitizensas a publicbenefaction,so thatAthensis more likelyto have owed her PeriodVA and B (andeven C?)coinage to her other greatbenefactorin the 2nd century,the millionaireintellectual Herodes Atticus of Marathon, whose distinguishedpublic career began at Athens with the office in the early 120's, followed by his archonshipin 126/7.5 These dates independently of agoranomos suggestthe 120'sfor the beginning (VA)and initialelaboration(earlyVB) of the coinage. The learned archaism of the VA owls is in keeping with the antiquariantastes of Hadrian, Herodes, and their contemporaries.But one has to wonder why this coinage was nonetheless so tentativeand limited. Restrictedto a small denomination,it could at best have only supplemented the heavilyworn Period IV pieces that were servingas the dominant bronze currency.Perhapsthe large initial striking(162 and 163) was produced for a festivaldonative. Or was it the Athenians' reluctance to strike a normal imperial coinage with the emperor'seffigy that was responsiblefor the unassumingcharacterof these pieces?6Whateverthe explanation,the VA owls set the precedent for a revivedAthenian coinage in the old Athena-headmanner,while the very inadequacy of the coinage will have given rise to the expansionof the coinage that followed. Period VB inauguratesthe developed imperial coinage with its many reverse types and four denominations,includinga largenew unitof 24-26 mm. thatquicklybecamethe majordenomination. 3 For reconstructionof the instrumentand technique, see D. Sellwood, "Minting,"in RomanCrajfs,D. Strong and

and a surveyof the use of the D. Brown,eds., New York1976(pp. 66-73), pp. 66-67. Foradditionalbibliography pp. 81-82. techniquein ImperialGreece,althoughomittingAthens,seeAmandry, 4 See 166aand b. U and 13:2a D 4:1 Krol and, (1973,p. 327)proposedto datethe VAowls especially, Deposits to the late 1stcenturyafterChriston the evidenceof DepositE 14:2,LevelII, whichwas ceramicallydatedto this time;but as explainedin the list of depositsbelow(pp. 305-306),the dateof thislevelshouldprobablybe extended into the 2nd century.Walker(1980,pp. 257-258)placedthe startof the VA owlsmoreplausiblyin A.D. 111/2, the buteventhisis too early. Athenianarchonship, dateof Hadrian's 5 P. Graindor,Unmilliardaire Atticus HrodeAttiuset safamille,Cairo 1930,pp. 55-57; W.Ameling,Herodes antique, 1. York Hildesheim/Zurich/New II, 1983,p. 6 Thatis, theremightbe a parallelherewiththesmallest unitsof RomanImperialbronze,theobversesof whichwere other some Athena or of the head with deityor symbolratherthanthe headof the emperor.See normallydesigned of certainotherGreekcities. RPCI, p. 41, notingthe omissionof the imperialportraiton the smalldenominations

CHRONOLOGY

115

The VB coinage is notable for the exceptionalqualityand elaboratenessof much of the die cutting, which resulted in some of the most magnificent coins ever struck at Athens (see Sv. 89.3 and or an abbreviatedvariant. The wide range of 94.2-6). Reverse legends are AeH, AeHNAIWN, and of busts of on Athena the obverses indicates that the dies were cut by several styles types artists or groups of artistsworkingover an extended period. The end of the VB coinage is markedby a slight reduction in the diametersof the coins and a simplificationof the obverse dies, which are linked to reversesthat sometimes have the typical VB legend AeHNAIWN, and others that spell the ethnic with a bowed omega, AOHNAIQN.7These "transitional"obverse dies tend to dispensewith the ornate VB aegis and draperyand replace the full bust by a helmeted head with slight draperyaroundthe neck (cf. 175a and 182b). The succeeding PeriodVC coinage has ethnics regularlyin AeHNAIfTN,and the types become orrr simplerand more uniformstill: thereis usuallyjusta plain helmetedhead ofAthena, rather blocky in a and reverse of one The later coins are the most VC square shape, simple figure. commonlyfound of all Period V issues, both in the Agora and in hoards discoveredin Attica, and their numerous, nearly indistinguishableobverse dies and extensive die linking imply a sudden burst of minting activity at the end of Period V Period VB and C coins continued to be minted from cast flans with central cavities. Sawn flans without the cavities,however,were introducedfor late VB or VC fractionsand seem to have been experimentallyused for a few of the largestpieces at the end ofVC,8 t time. apparentlyto speed up flan productionfor intensivecoining at that It is clear from severalhoardsburiedor lost at the time of th the Herulianinvasionof Attica in A.D. 267 that the PeriodVC imperialshad come to an end by the close of the 2nd century,if not already by the reign of Commodus (A.D. 177-192): the Severan sestertiiand many sestertiiof Commodus in these depositsare less worn than the accompanyingAthenianVB and VC pieces. The heavywear of the Athenian pieces is comparableto the sestertiistruckfrom Trajan through Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161-180). As stated, the start of the Period VB coinage should coincide with the start of the Hadrianicrenaissanceof Athens in the 120's.9 The stylistic heterogeneity of the VB obverses suggests a coinage of some duration, struck very likely in severaldisjointedemissions,although it is doubtfulthat there were any lengthy gaps. The existence at the end of VB of a substantialtransitionalcoinage employing "new" obverse dies with occasional "old" AeHNAIWN reverses implies an overall continuity in minting at least to around the middle of the 2nd century,where the transitionalpieces seem to belong. A rough indication of date here comes from an Athenian lead token published in 1900.10 It is an official token of the Athenian Boule signed by an otherwiseunknownPammenes.On the obverseis a bust of Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138-161) with somewhat elderly looking features,and on the reverse is a 7 Characteristicexamples of obverse dies used with both types of reverselegend are 17la (= Sv. 82.29) and 175a (= Sv. 92.5, 6) paired with the VC reverse 264a (= Sv. 92.17, 18). This obverse links with other VC obverses,which are also transitional,throughother reverses,as Sv. 98.22 and 21 (280). 8 Sawing striations are visible on large VC pieces in the Eastern Attica Hoard (note 17 below, p. 117) and the collection of the AmericanNumismaticSociety. 9 On Hadrian and Athens, see D.J. Geagan, "RomanAthens: Some Aspects of Life and Culture,I, 86 B.C.-A.D. 267," AJW 11.7.1, 1979 (pp. 371-437), pp. 389-399, 426-430 (bibliography);to which now add A.J. Spawforthand S. Walker,"The World of the Panhellenion I: Athens and Eleusis,"JRS 75, 1985, pp. 78-104; D. Willers, Hadrians AthensdurchHadrian(AntkeKunstBeiheft 16), 1990, pp. 7-12, BeitrgezuNeugestaltung panhellenisches Programm, Archdologische 93-103; and the papers cited in notes 11, 60, and 61 below,pp. 116 and 124. 10 Svoronos 1900, 334, no. 180, p. pl. 19:22: Obv.: Bust of Antoninus Pius draped and cuirassedr.; at L.,BOT. Rev.: Draped bust of Athena r.; at 1., flAM-M. This Pammenes is a descendant of the well-knownfamily of the 1st centuryB.C.New Style,p. 578; Habicht 1991, p. 15.

116

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

transitional-stylebust of Athena similar to 182b (VB transitional)and 280a (VC). To judge from the token, the transitionallate VB/early VC phase of the coinage had probablybeen completed alreadyby the end of Pius' reign in 161, which suggestsin turn that the VB coinage lasted beyond the end of Hadrian's rule in 138 into the 140's or I50's, leaving the mainstream VC issues to continue apparentlyinto the reign of MarcusAurelius.The exceptional scale and intensityof the concluding VC minting may suggest (on the model of the Period VI coinage, discussed below) emergencypreparationsfor defense against the invadingKostoboksin 170, if not coinage also for the repair of the damage at Eleusis they left behind.11 There is obviously much room here for futurechronologicalrefinement.For the present,the approximatechronologyof PeriodV appears as follows: PeriodVA earlier 120's PeriodVB mid/late 120'sto ca. 140's(or 150's) PeriodVC ca.(140's or) 150'sto ca. 175 The Lifeof Severus(3.7) in the HistoriaAugustareports that Septimius Severus (A.D. 193-211) harboreda grudge against the people of Athens and upon becoming emperor revoked certain of their privilegia.This notice has been cited to explain an assumed cessation of minting at the start of his rule.12But since it now appears that the Period V coinage had run its course even before the joint reign of MarcusAureliusand Commodus in 177-180, Septimus'punishmentof Athens, if it had anything to do with coinage at all, at most could have deterred the resumptionof minting. The Athenians,in any case, again became accustomedto using old and ultimatelyextremelyworn bronzecoins, this time untilafterthe middleof the 3rdcenturywhen the immense PeriodVI coinage was put into production. The Period VI coinage was conceived fundamentallyas a revival of the Hadrianic-Antonine coinage: some new obverseand reversetypes and type variantswere created,but most types are the same. Many reversedies appearto have been copied, with variousdegreesof accuracy,directlyfrom VB and VC coins, some of which may have been worn and unclear in detail.13The reverselegend continuesto read A8HNAI9Nor, on fractions,A9H.Most obverseand reversedies have a prominent borderof dots surroundingthe type (as opposed to PeriodV bordersthat were wreathed,dotted, or omitted). The main, large-denominationcoin is slightly smaller,again, than its VC counterparts and is accompanied by only two smaller denominations,both of which are uncommon and may have been struck largely to legitimize the continuing circulationof worn Period V coins of like value. Finally,instead of being cast, the Period VI blanks were sawn from long, roughly cylindrical bars.14Rapid sawingproduceda number of coins of abnormalthicknessor thinnessand markedly divergentweights, even among coins struckfrom the same pair of dies. The blanks were heated before striking,and blobs of semimolten metal occasionallyadhered to a die to be transferredto the surfaceof the next coin struck(e.g., 284b, 299b, 318a, 343a, 350a). Strikingfaults are far more 11On the Kostobokraid and damageat Eleusis,now see Clinton1989b,pp. 64-65; R. E Townsend,"Roman

Rebuildingof Philon'sPorchand the Telesterionat Eleusis,"Boreas10, 1987, pp. 97-106; cf. idem,"GreekConstruction and Roman Rebuildingat Eleusis"(lecture,Cincinnati 1983),abstractin AJA88, 1984, pp. 262-263. 12 Kroll 1973, p. 323; Walker1980, pp. 251-252, 262-264. Cf. Hari, p. 24. 13 P. 126below.

14

Saw marksare visibleon 284g, 376a, Sv.84.30,85.41, and on many of the faulty,unusedblanksfrom the PeriodVI mint at the southwestcorner of the Agora;see Appendix B:IV and Plate 33.

CHRONOLOGY

117

common than in Period V, as are mistakesof die cutters,who turned out a few reverse dies with retrogradetypes (Sv.89.33, 34, 98.38-43) or with legends that are either retrogradeor abbreviated in some way due to miscalculationof space (see especially378). Rapid strikingwas facilitatedby the soft, cheapened bronze alloy,which contained an exceptionallyhigh admixtureof lead.15 Evidentlya hurried coinage, it was also of immense size and surprisinglycompact. More than 800 obverse and reverse dies were used, as compared to slightly more than 700 for PeriodsVA, VB, and VC combined (TableIX, p. 332 below).While there were surelymany die engravers,they all seem to have been workingwithin a single tradition, without the often extreme differencesof style seen in Period VB. There is, accordingly,no evidence of stylisticdevelopment or of discrete stylisticsubgroupswithin the coinage. Nor is it possible to point to any type or variety as being either early or later in the coinage as a whole. Instead, the entire coinage is closely bound together by a complex matrix of die linkages,certain obverse dies being paired with as many as 15 to 20 reversedies, while a reversedie may be linkedwith up to 7 or 8 obversedies. This scrambleddie-box effect points to a single, compressedspace of miting that, despite the volume of dies and output, need not have lasted for more than a few years. That these are the years immediatelypreceding the catastrophicHerulian invasion of 267 is seen from the fresh condition of the many Period VI coins in hoards and other accumulations buried or lost at the time of the invasion. In addition to the two recordedHerulian-invasionfinds from outside Athens, the 2,000-piece Eleusis 1902 hoard16and the 197-piece EasternAttica 1975 hoard,17a dozen hoards, dropped purses, and destructiondeposits connected with the disasterof 267 have been recoveredby excavatorsin the Agora.18While no two accumulationsare identical in composition, they collectivelygive a relativelycomplete picture of the money in circulationand savings at this time: mid-3rd-century"silver"antoniniani, mostly recent issues of Gallienus' sole reign (A.D. 260-268); some Roman sestertiiof the 2nd century and first half of the 3rd century; but primarilyAthenian imperialbronzesof PeriodsVB (extremelyworn),VC (heavilyworn), and VI (unwornand most plentiful).The representationof virtuallyevery PeriodVI type in one or more of these recorded deposits confirms that the strikingof the coinage had been completed by the time of the barbarianattack,which happened to be responsiblealso for the destructionof the building in the southwestcorner of the Agora where the PeriodVI coinage had been struck(see Appendix B:IV).That the strikingprobablydid not commence beforeGallienusbecame sole emperorin 260 is suggestedby the comparableconditionof the PeriodVI bronzesand the antoninianiof Gallienusin the depositsof 267 and by the haste and intensityof the manufactureof the Athenian coins. Some of the Period VI pieces in the Herulian deposits have been damaged by corrosion and cleaning,especiallyby the redepositingof particlesof copperon the surfacesof the coins. The slightly dulled obverse relief on other hoard and deposit coins,19however,must be due to the wear of the obversedies;for the accompanyingreverses,havingbeen stampedfromdies thatwere changedmore 15

Analysesof four PeriodVI pieces (Caley,pp. 26-27, table IV,nos. 8-11) determinedthat lead made up 26.8 to 32.5 percent of their alloy. In contrast, the lead content of one PeriodVB specimen (ibid.,p. 43, table VII, no. 1) came to only 10.35 percent, and of a single VC piece (ibid.,pp. 26-27, table IV, no. 7) to 23.0 percent. 16 Svoronos 1904; Kroll 1973, pp. 312-321, 329-333; Walker1980, pp. 146-147; Noe, no. 380. '7 A. Walker,"AHoard of Athenian ImperialBronzesof the Third CenturyA.D. from EasternAttica," CH 3, 1977, no. 95, pp. 40-48; Walker 1980, p. 147. Thirty-threecoins in this hoard are fresh antoniniani from the sole reign of Gallienus. 18 For a full list, see Walker 1980, pp. 46-47, 125-130. The most importantof these deposits are those listed below under B 17:1 and Q 19:3, pp. 303-304, 316. 19 Kroll 1973, pp. 315, 318.

118

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFIER CHRIST

frequently,are usually quite sharp. If allowance is made for the soft alloy and rapidityof striking, the Herulian deposit specimens seem not to have experienced any wear from circulation.Their condition is closely paralleledby specimensfrom the similarlylarge and hastilystruckFulminating Zeus issue of 87/6 B.C. (97) found in hoardsand debris from the Sullan sack of 86 B.C.20 As with the latterissue,we surelyhave to do here, too, with a crisiscoinage struckto help financethe resistanceof the city againstimminent attack. In the 260's the new money was needed particularlyfor the rebuilding,repair,and garrisoningof Athens' walls.A remarkof Zosimos (1.29.2-3) indicatesthat the refortificationstartedat the urging of Valerianas early as 254, aftera seriousGermanicattempton Thessalonike.21But the workmust have continuedas long as time and money allowed.The wallsofEleusis were also strengthened,and the maintenance and provisioningof the garrison at Eleusis is now recognized to be the subject of a fragmentaryimperial letter from Gallienus,dated to 265.22 The emperor'spersonal interest in the military defense of Attica was surely a major reason for his visit to the city for a month in the fall of 264. Since the magnitude of the Period VI coinage requiresa period of production of a few years before its end in orjust before 267, it followsthat strikingprobablybegan in connection with this imperial visit.23Not that the emperor himself need have been personally involved with the organizationof a civic coinage. The first citizen of Athens at this time and the leading figure in the city's resistanceagainst the Herulii was the antiquarianand writer of history P. Herennius Dexippus.24If the PeriodVI coinage is to be attributedto the initiativeof any one individual,thereis no better candidatethan this patrioticAthenianworthy. A few moderatelyworn PeriodVI coins from post-267 Agora contexts attest that these pieces continued in circulationfor a short time after the Herulian sack, until the increasinginflation of the 3rd centurydrovethem out of use.25

DENOMINATIONALVALUES Unlike the bronze coins of Hellenistic Athens, whose types and size both played a part in the identificationof denominations, the denominationsof Athens' imperial coins were distinguished by size alone. One denomination was struck in Period VA, four in VB, and three each in VC and VI, although in these last two phases the two smallermodules were minted in relativelyslight quantities.The distribution,averageweight, and normal range of diametersof the denominations are presented in Table VIII (p. 331 below), where each of the modules is identified with one of the four bronze denominationsattestedin the Hadrianicor earlyAntonine property-taxinscription IG II2 2776.26This crucialtext recordssums in denariiand four local Athenian subdivisionsof the

denarius:the drachm(g of thedenarius),thehemidrachm (L), the obol(6), andthe hemiobol(h). The readycorrespondencebetween the fourunitsof value of this systemand the four modulesof the contemporarybronze coinage is, in the absenceof any more plausibleinterpretation,reasonenough for identifyingthe PeriodV moduleswith the drachm/obol units of the inscription.

20 Pp. 69-70 above. 21 On the literaryand archaeologicaldocumentationfor Athens'ValerianWall,see AgoraXXIV pp. 1, 1 ;J.J. Wilkes, "CivilDefence in Third-CenturyAchaia,"in Greek RenJssane, pp. 187-192. 22 D. in 264," ZPE 70, 1987 (pp. 235-258), pp. 246-251. Armstrong,"Gallienus Athens, 23 Ibid., 251, followingWalker1980, pp. 248-251. p. 24 For whom, see Millar 1969, pp. 12-29. 25 Walker1980, pp. 130-131, 133. 26 Pp. 83-84 above.

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A second Athenian inscription,IG II2 1368, of A.D. 175/627 refers to the bronze drachms as to avoid, apparently,any confusionwith silverdrachms.Within "light"drachms,XexCoiU Bp(aXVcal), the 2nd-century context of the inscription, silver drachms would have been denarii, which were x commonly known as 'Axrtxal pacXaltthroughoutthe Roman East.28But if bronze drachmswere first introduced into the Athenian monetary system in the 80's B.C.,as proposed in the preceding chapter,the term XentxoibSpacXji probablygoes back to that time as well, before the denariushad ousted the drachm as the standard silver coin of Athens.29 Indeed, the entire system evidenced by IG II2 2776 seems to have been created in stages during the 1st century B.C., remained intact throughoutthe 1stcentury of our era, and was simplytaken over by the PeriodV imperials. The key denominationhere is the second imperialunit, the bronze hemidrachmof 18-22 mm. and 5.40 g., which was the same size as the basiclate PeriodIV reducedAE 1 unit that stilldominated the circulatingbronze coinage at the time when the PeriodVB imperialsbegan. With the creation of the larger VB bronze drachm, the importance of the old AE 1 hemidrachm faded, however, and before the end of Period VB, minting of this denominationwas discontinued. Hemidrachms from Periods IV and VB remained in circulationas late as the mid-3rd century,as one sees from Deposits B 17:1A and Q 19:3 and from a number of worn Period IV pieces that were punched with cavitieson one side to make them appearlike worn imperials;30and it is possiblethat some of the heavier hemidrachmseventuallypassed as drachms after the diameter of the latter had been reducedin PeriodVI. At any rate therecan be no mistakingthat the new drachmquicklybecame the main denomination of the Athenian imperialbronze alreadyin Period VB and that it underwent a progressivesize and weight reduction with each new phase of minting. Another, more abrupt reductionhad occurredearlierin the Athena/Owl hemiobolsafterthe largerimperialdenominations began to be struckin PeriodVB; for the type continuitybetween the largerAthena/Owl pieces of VA (162-167) and the smallerones of VB and C (226-231) makes it extremelydoubtful that the reductionin module could have involvedan accompanyingchange in denominationalvalue. Athens' idiosyncratic 2nd-century denominational system is not easily compatible with the conventional Roman system, in which the denarius is divided into 16 bronze asses. It has been observed that at certain times and places in the eastern part of the empire, local bronze assaria seem to have been tariffed at 18 to the denarius and that, if the bronze drachms, hemidrachms, obols, and hemiobols of Athens had to be readily convertibleinto assaria, an assarion tariffedat ofa denariuswould give them direct equivalenciesof 3, 1?, This 2, and l assariarespectively.31 neat although conjecturalreconciliationof the Athenian and the Roman systemshas not met with general acceptance,however;and it is more likelythat the Athenian and the Roman bronze systems functioned separately: at Athens the denariuswas divided into 6 bronze drachms, while Roman bronze coins would have been accepted at their own rate of exchange. It follows in any case that, within Athens, the Athenian imperialswere highly overvaluedin terms of the as/assarion,32which probablyexplainswhy they are so seldom found outsideAttica.33 27 A. J. Notopoulos, "Studiesin the ChronologyofAthens under the Empire,"Hesperia18, 1949 (pp. 1-57), pp. 29, 51. 28 See note 67 above, p. 15. 29 See pp. 83-84, 90-91 above. 30 See note 197 above, p. 94. 31 Walker 1980, pp. 166-168; A. S. Walker,"16 or 18 Assaria,Drachmai and Denarii in Mid Second Century A.D. Athens,"IsraelNumismatic Journal6-7, 1982-1983, pp. 142-174. 32 Cf. 91 above. p. 33 Walker(1980, p. 149) mentions the few specimensfrom Boiotia, Corinth, Kenchreai,Isthmia, Olympia, Knossos, and Poitiers,but he notes (p. 170)that all but one or two are fromPeriodVI, as one might have predictedfromthe size of this final coinage, which may have been the largestsingle issue of coinage ever struckin Roman ImperialGreece.

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Althoughthe drachm/obol nomenclatureof the 2nd-centuryimperialswas presumablyretained in PeriodVI, the same probablydid not applyto the value of the coins in Roman silver,which by the mid-3rd century had become extremelydebased. The Period VI drachmsare comparablein size to a number of contemporaryGallienan bronze issues from other mints in Greece; at Sparta and Nikopolis and for the Thessalian League such coins were produced with denominationalmarks, most commonly A for 4 assaria,34showing that they were valued at a quarterof a denarius.One suspectsthat the value of the PeriodVI drachmshad risento a similarlevel of about 4 to the denarius, instead of 6 as earlier. ICONOGRAPHY Numismatically,the most unusualaspectof the Athenianimperialsis the omissionof the portraitand inscriptionof the currentemperor.Such omissionis not altogetherwithoutparallelon contemporary civic coinages, for other cities did strikeissues on which one finds the head of some figure (Roma, the Senate, the Boule, Demos, or a local god or hero) other than the emperor. But these issues, conventionallyknown as pseudo-autonomousissues, normally made up only a small part of the coinage of any city, which consisted for the most part of imperial portrait coins; and they are usually restricted to the smaller denominations.35Although they prove that it was not legally obligatoryfor a coin to bear the emperor'simage, they remain minor exceptions in a world that had come to accept and prefer (presumablywith strongencouragementfrom the Roman authorities36)the image as an expressionof respect and authorityon coinage in general. Even some of the ciitatesliberae,which originallystruckwithout the portraitin earlyJulio-Claudiantimes (p. 88 above),adopted it sooner or later: Rhodes for the firsttime under Nero, Spartaregularlybeginning with Claudius,Tyre under SeptimiusSeverus.Only Athens, Chios, and PisidianTermessos(which may have struckone smallJulio-Claudianissue, RPC I, 3514) held out to the end. All three cities were free, and this may be explanationenough for the exceptionalcoinagesof Chios and Termessos. But at Athens it is possible to go furtherand identify the attitudes that would have resisted any change in the autonomous characterof the city coinage: a proud historicalconsciousnessand a nostalgicconservatismthat ran more deeply here than anywhereelse in the Greekworld. The initial Athena/Owl hemiobols of Period VA, which imitate Athens' 5th-centuryB.C. owl silver,revealjust how sentimentalthe Athenianshad become about the cherishedtraditionsof their ancient coinage. As the intellectual center of the Greek world, the city had become, in fact, a hotbed of learned archaizingconceits.Under the subtitle Athens and the Re-creationof Antiquity," E. L. Bowie has written several amusing pages on the antiquariandreamworldinhabited by the wealthy intellectualsof 2nd-centuryAthens and their obsessiveinfatuationwith the past glories of Hellas.37Therein would seem to be the main impetus for continuing the head of Athena on the 34

Sparta (4, 6, and 8 assaria): Grunauer,pp. 94-96 (Valerianand Gallienus);Nikopolis (4 [see 563 below] and 8 assaria):Oikonomidou,pp. 33 and 188 (Gallienus,sole reign);ThessalianLeague (3 and 4 assaria):Rogers,pp. 53-57 (Valerianthrough Gallienusand Salonina).On the increasein the value of bronze and the mid-3rd-centurymonetary crisisin general, see Howgego, pp. 65-73; Harl, pp. 19-20; Burnett, CRW,pp. 111-114. 35 See A.Johnson, "The So-called 'Pseudo-Autonomous'GreekImperials,"ANSMA 30, 1985, pp. 89-112; Burnett, nea storiadelSenatoRoman,"Memorie dimenticato CRW,pp. 83-84; G. Forni, "IEPAe EEOC CTNKAHTOC,Un capitolo di LinceiVIII.v, 1953, pp. 49-168; and, especially,RPCI, pp. 15, 33, 41-42. dellaR AccademiaNazionale 36 RPC I, pp. 37, 53. 37 E. L. Bowie, "Greeksand Their Past in the Second Sophistic,"PastandPresent46, 1970 (pp. 3-41; reprintedin StudiesinAncientSociet,M. I. Finley,ed., London 1974 [pp. 166-209]), pp. 28-35. The name of Herodes Atticusrecurs throughoutBowie'sessay like a leitmotif.

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imperial coinage, even as the coinage was otherwisemodernized through contemporarytrends in style and type variation.On a symboliclevel, the traditionalAthena heads served as an affirmation of Athens' unique culturaland historicalpreeminence among all cities of antiquityand her claim, widely accepted by all educated Greeks and Romans, to have been the cradle of civilization.38 Given this recognition,there is somethingalmostinevitableabout the revivaland maintenanceof an ancient traditionof coinage in which Rome historicallyhad no place.39As men of culture,Hadrian, the Antonine emperors,and Gallienuswould have appreciatedthis as much as any Greek. The obverseAthenas of PeriodsVB-VI wear either an Attic or, more commonly,a Corinthian helmet. Pick argued that these two general types respectivelyrepresentedAthena Parthenosand Athena Promachos,40but apartfrom the fact that the kind of helmet worn by the Promachosstatue is unknown, the great number of variationsin helmet and bust/head designs imply that the die engraversborrowedfrom many sources,includingthe minor arts, often eclectically.41 Until a die study of the complex PeriodV coinage is completed, only a few generalitiesabout its varied obverse types and styles can be offered here. Beginning in VA, the head of Athena wears a simple Attic helmet in the fashion of 5th-centuryAthenian coins (P1. 15:162a-164a). In VB the representationchanges to a bust, usually with a Corinthian helmet and a small head so that considerableareas of the shoulder and chest, normally wearing an aegis, can be shown. On smallerdenominationsone can distinguishbetween a phase of finely designed busts (Pls. 16:186a190, 17:198-201) and a phase of more coarsely cut ones (Pls. 16:191a-197e, 17:202a-208a). On drachmsthe busts tend to be quite tall and elaborate (P1. 16:169a, 170, 174a, 181a, 182a, 183a185a), but there is one contemporarybust with a larger head wearing a Corinthian helmet with very slight drapery at the neck or shoulderline (P1. 16:172a; Sv. 82.1, 2). Later,or "transitional", VB drachm obverses,although simplified,continue the latter design with large (PI. 16:171a, 175a, 178a, 179a, 182c)or smallerheads (P1.16:182b).These simplifiedbustswith their negligibledrapery become in turn the primaryobversetypes of VC. While full bustscontinue in VC (P1.18:248a,253, 257a, 261a, 269a), they usually were avoided, as they were in Period VI, because of the greater demands in execution. Plate 19:280b-283d illustratesa run of typical mainstreamVC obversesat their most monotonous.42 Like the obverses, the many reversesof the developed coinage emphasize ancient Athenian traditions.The types are mostly of deities and heroes as they were depicted in celebratedAthenian statuesof the 5th and 4th centuriesB.C.The rosterof types createdfor the first developed coinage, early PeriodVB, is of interestfor its size alone: 38

andHerPhilosophers See C. Habicht,Hellenistic Athens (DavidMagieLecture1988),Princeton1989, pp. 20-21, quotingan Amphictionicdecreeof ca. 120 B.c. (FdDHI, ii, no. 69); Cicero(proFlacco62); Plutarch(Moralia 345 F), PlinytheYounger(Lettrs8.14.2);Athenaios(15.691D);andSt.Augustine(Cit ofGod18.9). 39 Millar(1969,p. 21) notesanotherproofof Athenian pride: "Therise of provincialand local familiesinto the Romanaristocracyis of courseone of the greatthemesof Imperialhistory.Athensprovidesexamplesof a different sometimesovercenturies,of a prominentpositionin the intellectual phenomenon,the maintenanceovergenerations, andpoliticallifeof thecitybyfamilieswhosememberscouldeasilyhavesoughtRomanoffice,butwhodidnotchooseto do so. Therewasa realsensein whichAthensremaineda capital,not a provincialcity." 40

Pick 1931, pp. 59-74.

41 Lacroix,pp. 285-286;see note64 below,p. 124.The helmetof AthenaPoliaswas,however, seep. 53 Corinthian; above. 42 Obverse types other than a head or bust of Athena occur on certain VB and C hemiobols: a bust of Theseus with a club over his shoulder (232-241); a bust of Asklepios(paired only with the Telesphorosreverse: 242); a bust of Demeter or Kore (243, 244); a young male bust wearinga wreath (245, 246); and a boukranion (247).

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Athena Parthenos(169-171)43 VelletriAthena holding Nike (172)44 Athena running,pointing (Sv.85.4, cf. 310 [VI]) Athena facing olive tree (173) Contest of Athena and Poseidon,olive tree between them (174)45 Triptolemosin chariot(198) Triptolemosin chariotbetween Demeter and Kore (177) Demeter enthroned(186) Kore holding two torchesdownwards(187) Iakchosholding torch (188)46 Dionysos Eleuthereusenthronedbeforethymiaterionon a table (176)47 Apollo Patroos (191)48

Heraklesherm holding cornucopia(Sv.95.6, 7)49 Theseus leading the Marathonianbull to King Aigeus (Sv.95.23, 24) Theseus drivingthe Marathonianbull (180) Theseus raisingrock at Troizen(181)50 Theseus and Minotaur "boxing"(Sv.96.30-36) Theseus strikingat Minotaur(189, 200, 201) Theseus (or Herakles)holding phiale (199) Themistoklescarryingtrophyon ship (182, 183)51 43 Lacroix,pp. 266-281, especiallypp. 277-278, pls. 23, 24, has the best discussionof the numismaticevidencefor this statue (LMC II, p. 1031, pls. 729-730:220, 221). The Parthenoscontinued as the most common type in PeriodsVC (248-250) and, frequentlywith variantdetailsintroducedby the die engravers,VI (284-294). 44 Forthe statue type,L/MC II, p. 1033,pl. 733:247. 45 NCP, pp. 130-131,pl. Z (relatedrepresentationsand brief discussion). 46 The hemidrachm reverses, 186, 187, and 188, employed with shared obverse dies, were designed together as an Eleusinianset. Collectively,they may representPraxiteles'group of Demeter, Kore, and Iakchos that was seen by Pausanias(1.2.4) near the Pompeion in the Kerameikos(NCP, p. 140, no. 5b). See I. N. Svoronos,I<parLetXous: A7nLTrlp, K6pr}xac IaxXO<ev AO9vcalS>,ApXEpl1911,pp. 39-52. The common Triptolemos-in-chariottype is of course a throwbackto the Eleusinianbronze coinage of the 4th and 3rd centuriesB.C.(3840, 48, 49, 51, 55). 47 It has been universallyassumed that this is the chryselephantinestatue of Dionysos sculptured, according to Pausanias(1.20.3),by the 5th-centurysculptorAlkamenes.The temple that housed the image, however,was not erected beforethe middle of the 4th century(J. Travlos,PictoialDictionary ofAnientAthns, New York/Washington1971, p. 537). The statue is pictured without the table and incense burner on the New Style silver of Diokles-Diodoros(NewStyle, p. 390,pl. 142, nos. 1269, 1270). 48 The statue by Euphranor:LLMCII, p. 145, pls. 184, 185:39;AgoraXIV, pp. 136-139,pl. 69. 49 Forthis statue type in stone, see LMCIV,p. 783,pl. 524:1163-1166. 50 180 and 181 ought to depict statuegroups that Pausaniassaw on the Akropolis(1.27.8-10), although for the bull A. Shapiro, "The MarathonianBull on the Athenian Akropolis,"AJA 92, 1988, pp. 373-382. A H. see dedication, third Akropolisgroup, Theseus fighting the Minotaur (Pausanias 1.24.1), must be representedby one of the several differentreversetypes depictingthis event. 51 Pausanias (1.36.1) mentionsa trophyof Themistokles'victoryon Salamisand goes on to say that a snakeappeared among the ships during the battle. In NCP (p. 153) it is implied that this Salamis trophy might be the Themistokles monument of the coins, since some VB dies show a snake on the ram of the ship. But the monument is much too elaboratefor a battle trophyand would have requireda long, rectangularbase, whereas the probable remains of the trophy on Salamis show that it rested on a ca. 1.80-meter-squarebase (P. W. Wallace, "Psyttaleiaand the Trophies of Salamis,"AJA73, 1969 [pp.293-303], pp. 301-303). The coins probablydepict anothermonument to Themistokles, not necessarilyone of those recorded in extant literatureand listed by G. M. A. Richter, ThePortraits of theGreeks,st in ed., London 1965, pp. 97-98. On the other hand, the trophy on Salamis may be represented the trophy-on-prow symbol of the silver issue of Themisto-Theopompos (NewStle, pp. 221-225, pls. 62, 63, nos. 596-610, 117/6 B.C. [Morkholm1984]). For the 5th-centuryB.C.statueof Themistoklesat Magnesia, see 926.

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Miltiadeswith captive Persianand trophy(190)52 Agonistic table with prizes (184, 192-194)53 Owl in olive tree, with or without amphora(195, 196, 211) Owl on amphora(197) Round altar on base next to olive tree (202)54 Rectangularaltarbetween olive trees (203)55 Akropolisviewed from the north and west (Sv.98.19-20, cf. 280 [VC])56 Boukranion(185). Five furthertypes were introducedlater in the transitionalphase of PeriodVB: Zeus sacrificingat altar(175)57 Demeter and Kore standing(178) HeraklesFarnese(179)58 Goddess (Demeter?)seated on rock (204)59 Nike (207). Veryfew of these VB typesare knownfrommore than one or two reversedies. The concentration of early VB types concerning the Eleusiniandeities and Theseus is notable and should possiblybe 52

Two Athenian monumentsof Miltiadesare known. One was the monument at Marathonmentioned by Pausanias (1.32.4) as being separatefrombut near the famousMarathontrophyof white marble(forwhich, see E. Vanderpool,"A Monument to the Battle of Marathon,"Hesperia35, 1966, 93-106). The other was a statue group of Miltiades and a Persianin the Theater of Dionysos; scholia to Ailios Aristides(W.Dindorf, ArstidesIII, Leipzig 1829, pp. 535-536) explain that the statues of Themistoklesand Miltiadesin the theater were each paired with a Persianprisoner.Since it is unlikely that the coins would give a conflation of two widely separatedmonuments, the monument on the coins mustbe the more importantone at Marathon,as the trophyindicates.The statuein the theaterwas probablya copy of it. Since the armed general with Persianis positioned at the left of most reversesbut in mirror image at the right on a variant die (Sv. 97.32), Richter ([note 51 above, p. 122], pp. 96, 98) naively thought that the coins show two statue groups,thereforethe groups of Miltiadesand Themistoklesin the theater. 53 The prize table was a popular reversetype in the coinages of other Greek cities duringthe 2nd and 3rd centuries after Christ; L. Anson, Numismata graecaI, London 1911, nos. 328-330, 690-740, 750-773, 779, 781, 943-947 gives a useful compendium. The standardAthenian VB type (184) is continued in Period VC (281, 282 = Sv. 58-61) and Period VI (386-400 = Sv. 91.1-45), when, however,the dies of some tables are inscribedwith the name of an Attic festival: AAPIANEIA (396), EAEVCINEIA(397, 398), OAVMnlIA(399), nANAOHNEA (400), and nlANEAAHNIA (Sv. 91.43, 44). On all these Period V and VI tables, the standardthree prizes are wreath, model owl, and model bust of Athena in Corinthian helmet. On the VB hemiobols 192 = Sv. 91.46, 47, the Athena bust is replaced by a standingAthena with shieldat her side, apparentlya model Parthenos,like the ca. 1-meter-tallmarbleVarvakionAthena (LIMCII, pl. 729:220). 54 The caption to Sv. 87.38-40 identifiesthis scene as the "fountain"and olive tree of the Erechtheion(Pausanias 1.26.5 and 27.2). The cylindricaldrum certainlylookslike a wellheadsince it restson a wide base, and thejuxtaposition with the olive tree is suggestive,but can the threetonguesrisingfromthe cylinderon Sv.87.40 be interpretedas spraysor jets of water? It is highly doubtful,as such tongues were commonly employed on coins to representflames on an altar (e.g., the cylindricalflaming altar before Athena on 337 and before the temple of Divine Julius on Crawford,RRC, no. 540). The base of the round altar here possiblywas enlargedto give a clear orientationto the coin type. 55 See p. 56 above. 56 Showing the steps of the PanathenaicWay;the Cave of Pan, occasionallywith what seems to be a statueof the god within it (P.J. Riss, "A Colossal Athenian Pan," ActaArchaeologica 45, 1974 [pp. 124-133], pp. 130-131); the gabled fa9adeof the Propylaia;the statueof Athena Promachos(note 64 below,p. 124),usuallyon a base; and the nonperipteral Erechtheion with east porch. On the earliest dies (Sv. 98.19, 20) the east end of the Akropolisis surmountedby an owl. Compare 280 = Sv. 98.21-29 (VC)and the less dependablePeriodVI reversedies (375, Sv. 98.30-36), including one that was cut retrograde(Sv. 98.37-43). Discussion and bibliography:NCP, pp. 128-129; Pick 1931, pp. 63-70; Lacroix,pp. 281-286; Price and Trell,pp. 75-78. 57 See pp. 55-56 above. 58 Forthe prototype:LUMCIV,pp. 762-764, pl. 493, nos. 681-726. 59 NCP, p. 152, for the total uncertainty surroundingthe identificationof this type.

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ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

understood in light of Hadrian's initiation and patronage at Eleusis60and his massive building program at Athens that made him a second founder of Athens and a New Theseus.61 Beyond documenting monuments to these heroes, the reversesdepicting Miltiades and Themistoklesunderscorethe importanceof Marathonand Salamisin the civic consciousnessof Roman Athens.The theatricalcharacterof both monumentgroupssuggeststhat the sculpturalprototypesmay have been Hellenisticor even Roman in date. In Period VC, the repertoryof major reverse types62was enriched with the introductionof additionaldesigns: Athena fighting(253) Athena of the ParthenonEast Pediment(254-256)63 Athena standing,shield on left arm and holding spear in right hand (257)64 Athena in chariot(210, 260) Athena and Marsyas(262)65 Zeus Olympios (263)66 60

Hadrian and Eleusis: Clinton 1989a, pp. 1516-1525, 1537-1538; and Clinton 1989b. Renaissance See A. Adams, "The Arch of Hadrianat Athens,"in Greek (pp. 10-16), pp. 10-11. 62 Severalminor obol and hemiobol since it is uncertainwhether they are VB or VC. not have been included, types 63 This Athena rushing to the right is similarto the Athena on the Madrid Puteal (LIMCII,pl. 749:373), which is widely believed to representthe missing figureson the ParthenonEast Pediment. NCP, pp. 129-130 notes a general similarityas well to the Athena of the West Pediment, insofar as she is known from the Carrey drawing (LIMCII, pl. 731:234). But the West PedimentAthena moves to the left, and there is no reason why a PeriodV die cutter,having chosen a model, would have reversedits orientation. 64 The identityof thisfigurehas occasionedmuch debate,chieflybecauseit is one of the most common of all Athenian imperialreverse types (althoughit does not appear until after Period VB) and thus might be thought to representan importantmonument.It has been consideredPheidias'colossalAthena Promachosand equatedwith the Athena Medici pl. 86; and in other workscited by Lacroix,p. 284, note 2). But whether its relationto the (NCP,p. 128; caption to Sv., Athena Medici is maintained (P. Chamoux, "Le type de la Minerve Ingres,"BCH 58-59, 1944-1945, pp. 227-229) or rejected (E. B. Harrison, "Lemniaand Lemnos: Sidelightson a Pheidian Athena," AntikeKunstBeiheft 15, 1988, pp. 101-107), the identificationwith the Promachosis impossible.On the reversesdepicting the Akropolis(280: see note 56 above,p. 123),the colossalstatuefacingwest towardsthe Propylaiais shownwith rightarm extended, holdinga Nike, and, on the earlier and best die or dies (Sv. 98.19, 20), with the left arm holding a spear and shield that rest on the ground. Colossalsize, positionbetween the Erechtheionand Propylaia,and orientationmake it clear that, despite the close similaritiesin schema, this is not the Parthenos.As Lacroix(pp. 283-286, with pls. 24, 25) correctlyconcluded in a judicious and fully documented discussion,the Promachosand Parthenoswere apparentlyvery similarin general form, and the miniaturerenderingsof the formeron the Akropolisreversesdo not give enough detailto establishhow the two images may have differed.It is by no means certain,for example,that the Promachoswore a Corinthianhelmet, as Pick (1931) proposed. In light of the Period V coins showing the Akropolis,one is obliged to reject all other reverse Athenas that have been claimed as the Promachos,such as 172, 298-300, the Veletri Athena (note 44 above, p. 122); the Period VI 297= Sv. 83.24-28 (Pick);and the PeriodVI 301 = Sv. 84.1-7 (Price and Trell, p. 76, fig. 132). The very similarityof the Parthenosand the Promachosmay explainwhy the latterseems not to appearindependentlyon the coinage. 65 The statuegroupby Myron on the Akropolis;see Lacroix,pp. 252-254; H. A. Weis,"The 'Marsyas'of Myron: Old Problemsand New Evidence,"AJA83, 1979, pp. 214-219, where it is not appreciatedthat the reversedposition of Athena and Marsyason a PeriodVI reverseis an engraver'serror. 66 As Pheidias'statueat Olympia,but this shouldbe the chryselephantinestatuein Hadrian'scompleted Olympieion that would have been copied from it (Lacroix,p. 266). It is uncertainwhether the Seated Zeus reverse in Period VI a (one die: 356) was intended to replicatethe VC reverse,for it is not a seriouscopy at all: Zeus is seated to the righton the on Zeus was the this that stool rather than on a throne and holds an eagle instead of a Nike. Svoronos thought ParthenonEast Pediment(<,JL4N 14, 1912 (pp. 193-339), p. 273), but as the MadridPuteal suggests(note 63 above), the ParthenonZeus held a thunderboltat his side. The Period VI Zeus appears in fact to 61

ICONOGRAPHY

125

Demeter standing(266)67 Eirene holding Ploutos (267)68 EarlyClassicalnude Apollo holding branch and bow (269)69 Nude Apollo sightingalong arrow(270)70 Young Heraklessacrificing(272) Theseus subduingfallen Minotaur(276) Asklepios(277). Kephisodotos' statue of Eirene and Ploutos may have been introducedbecause of its topical relevance to the peace and prosperity of the Antonine regime. In this connection it could be significantthat the Eirene and Ploutos was one of the three Period VC types not repeated in the PeriodVI coinage.71Might it have been judged too inappropriatefor the troubled260's? Designed to achieve the greatest possible richness in iconographical variety, the Period VI coinage involved more than a dozen differentkinds of obverseAthena heads and busts, including one wearinga Roman maskedcavalryhelmet (401a) and a left-facingbust with a shield and spearat the shoulder(314a, 322a), and at least forty-sevendifferentbasic reversetypes, of which twenty-one are entirelynew: Fifteen entirelynew Athena types (296, 297, 301-304,72 305, 306, 308, 309, 311, 316, Sv.85.41,42 [runningleft], Sv.87.6, 7 [droppingballotin urn]) 317,334-338,348,349, Zeus standingwith perpendicularleft arm (unpublished)73 Hermes (358,359) Apollo Lykeios(363, 364)74 Artemiswith torches(370) Theater of Dionysos (376) Owl, olive tree, amphora,and palm (377-385). have been copied from a silver coin of Alexander the Great, which might have been thought by the Period VI die cutter to show the Zeus of Olympia and thus of the Olympieion. 67 The caption to Sv. 92.22, 23 identifiesthe divinity as Hera, but the image is clearly the same Demeter shown next to Kore on 178. 68 The statue by Kephisodotos;see Lacroix,pp. 295-297. 69 Assumed by some to be the statue of Apollo Alexikakosby Kalamis (Pausanias 1.3.4); LIMC II, p. 217, pl. 206, no. 281. 70 The Vienna specimen(althoughnot the illustrationof it in Sv. [Sv.95.10]) showsthe shaftthat the deity holds up for in his left hand; and from the Berlinspecimen(althoughthis again is not clearfrom the photographpublished inspection Sv. by Svoronos, 95.12) one sees that the god's right hand hanging at his side holds a doubly curved bow in a nearly vertical position. Accordingly,on the ticketsin the Vienna and Berlin trays the figure is correctlyclassifiedas Apollo (ratherthan Theseus [so BMC,p. 105, no. 759] or Hermes [soNCP,p. 149, whence Sv.,pl. 95]). Foran identicallyposed figurewithout preservedattributes,see the statuein EarlyClassicalstyle known as "Stephanos'Athlete"and the similar nude male in the so-called Orestes and ElektraGroup (B. S. Ridgway,TheSevere Syle in Greek Sculture,Princeton 1970, pp. 135-137, figs. 174, 175). On the evidence of the coins, the Stephanosfigureshouldprobablybe identifiedas Apollo. 71 The otherswere the standingDemeter (266) and Apollo (270). A few of the more complicatedPeriodVB typesalso do not reappearin PeriodVI: 177, 178, 190, and Sv. 95.23, 24. 72 N. Eschbach (Statuen des4. Jhs. v. Chr.,Mainz am Rhein 1986, p. 124) compares aufpanatenischn Preisamphoren a statueknown from a Panathenaicamphoraof 336/5 (ibid.,pp. 109-110, 113, pl. 28:1, no. 63) with 301 = Sv. 84.1-7, although on the latter,Athena wears an Attic, not a Corinthian,helmet and holds a spear rather than a stylis in her left hand. 73 See note 91 above, p. 55, and pp. 56-58, where the image is identifiedas the cult statueof Zeus Soter-Eleutherios. On the PeriodVI die, thereis no altarbeforethe image;cf. earlierrepresentationsof the statueon coins (78-80 and 148). 74 LMC II, p. 217, pl. 206, no. 281. The statue is also depicted on the New Style silver of Epigenes-Xenon (New Style,p. 383, pl. 139, nos. 1237-1240; see under 121 above,p. 96).

126

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFI'ER CHRIST

Besides these new types, the Period VI penchant for diversityled to the creation of a great number of type variants,such as the otherwiseidenticalagonistic-tablereversesthat are separately inscribedwith the namesof Athens'fivemajorathleticfestivals(note53 above,p. 123),and seemingly endless versions of Athena Parthenos,including one holding an owl instead of a Nike (293) and another with an owl rather than a snake at her feet (292). On a Period VI die (357) an eagle was gratuitouslyadded to the wrist of the sacrificingleft arm of the Standing Zeus, although, as confirmedby the representationon the VB die (175), the wrist of the statue must have been bare. What all this means of course is that the Period VI die engraverswere not above "improving" on the statue types they reproduced,sometimes because they were copying from other coins and did not know the prototypes at first hand, at other times because variety or speed in execution could be more importantto them than representationalaccuracy. Fidelityto sculpturalprototypes can regularlybe expected only in the more deliberateand conscientiousdie cutting of PeriodsVB and C. In the followingcatalogue,the varietiesare arrangedwithin each period and denominationby reversesubjects,beginningwith Athena, followedby other gods and goddesses,heroesand historical figures, and finally miscellaneoustypes. Reversesare presented whenever possible with the most common varietyfirst, followedby all variantsrepresentedin the Agora collection. No attempthas been made to give a variety number to every known variant or to legend variantsthat are unique to single dies. Owing to the heavily worn condition of most Period VB and C drachms from the excavationsand the contrastinglyfine condition of the many PeriodVI drachmsthat were hoarded or lost during the Herulian invasion of 267, the 2nd-centuryvarieties could not be illustratedso fully as the 3rd-centuryones. Die positions are loose in all phases of the coinage and are not recorded.

CATALOGUE

PERIOD VA

earlier120's afterChrist HEMIOBOLS

162

11 coins *a A-268 *b MM-500

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet; helmet bowl ornamented with two or three upright olive leaves and, usually,a curved tendril ending in a blossom;border of dots. 13-16 Av.2.38 (10) 14 2.02 14 2.50

AIE Owl stg. r.; to 1., olive twig with two leaves and berry;border of dots.

Sv. 88.24, 25

127

CATALOGUE Similar. 163 *a *b *c *d *e *f

200 coins BB-18 E-2122 KTA-51 AA-256 S-5021 OA-125

*a

6 coins 1-1607

I-50

14

*a

12 coins Br'-281

*b 00-270

14-16 Av. 3.22 (11) 16 2.99

16 coins *a 8-499 *b AA-178 *c NN-1334

15

4 coins

Sv. 88.28

AO-H, Ale-H, or A-eH Owl stg. 1.;border of dots.

Sv. 88.29, 30, 46

1.75

A-ElH or AlO-H Owl stg. r.

Sv. 88.31-34

Ale-H or A-OlH Triptolemos seated 1., in winged chariot drawn by two serpents;border of dots.

Sv. 94.7-12

14-17 Av. 3.01 (15) 15 2.78 14 3.22 15 3.08

Bust of Athena r., wearing helmet and aegis.

168

Similar,except Aje-H and Owl stg. 1.

rev. at 1. inscribeddownwards,flA, ITA or TTA (?);found with 5 illegible pre-imperialcoins in a floor layer of the earlier 2nd century after Christ

Similar head or bust of Athena r. 167

Sv. 88.27

2.33

Similar head of Athena or bust of Athena wearing Corinthian helmet and aegis; border of dots. 166

Similar,except A-elH and no olive twig.

13-16 Av.2.50(6) 2.60 13

Similar. 165

Sv. 88.23, 26

13-16 Av. 2.25 (78) 15 2.33 1.89 15 14 2.01 15 2.43 14 2.83 14 2.57

Similar. 164

Similar,except AOH.

14-16 Av. 2.27 (3)

linked through a common obverse die to 166 and 167

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

128

PERIOD VB

ca. 120's-140s orlaterafterChrist DRACHMS Bust of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet; some ("elaborate")busts fully draped and armored with aegis, other ("transitional")busts with little or no drapery at the shoulder line; either wreathed or no border. 169 *a

6 coins T-18

24-26 25

0-635

25

*a

3 coins H'-2817

24-25 24

A9H-N-AIWN Similar,but lacking boukranion.

Sv.-

AeH-NA-IWN Athena Parthenosstg. 1., as last; to 1., coiled snake; border of dots.

Sv. 82.29-31

9.46

Similar,but transitionalbust with slight drapery;border of dots. 171

Sv. 82.1-4

Av. 7.66 (4) 10.32

Similar. *170

AeH-NA-IWN Athena Parthenosstg. 1., holding Nike in outstretchedr. hand and resting 1. hand on shield to r.; between Athena and shield, coiled snake and spear; at 1., boukranion;border of dots.

Av.6.72 (3) 5.46

Similar.

Similar,but details illegible.

Bust of Athena r., of elaborate or transitionaltype; wreathed or dotted border.

Sv. 83.29-32; AOH-NAI-WNor AeHNAI-WN NCP, Z:xxii Athena, wearing Corinthian helmet, aegis, and long dress, stg. r.; holding spear with point downwardsin upraisedr. hand and Nike in outstretched1.;border of dots.

[169-171] 11 coins.

172 *a

8 coins 00-1506

24-25 25

Av.8.39 (6) 8.78

Elaboratebust of Athena r.; wreathed or dotted border.

173

P-185

25

9.54

Sv. 87.15-17 AeH-NAIWN Athena stg. 1., holding transversespear with r. hand and resting 1. on hip; at r., oval shield and snake; at 1., snake and olive tree with owl perching in branches;border of dots.

CATALOGUE Similar,but wreathed border.

174 *a

2 coins IIII-575

24-25 24

2 coins *a II-243

23-24 24

*a

3 coins r-404

22-25 25

2 coins

24-25

Av.8.57 (2)

Transitionalhead of Athena r.; border of dots.

178 *a

2 coins IIII-473

24 24

AEHNAI-UJ-NZeus stg., nude, to r., holding thunderboltat side with r. hand and sacrificing with 1. hand turned downwards over low altar at r.; border of dots.

Sv. 92.5, 6; NCP, BB:iii

AeHNA or AeHNAI-WN Bearded Dionysos, wearing crown of ivy leaves and elaborate robes, seated r. on high-backedthrone; resting r. hand on knee and holding long thyrsoswith 1.;at r., low table bearing burning thymiaterion; border of dots.

Sv. 92.8-11, 14, 15; NCP, CC:ii-iv

AeHNAIWN At center, Triptolemosstg. 1., holding long torch, in chariot drawn by two snakes to 1.;at 1., Demeter stg. r., holding long torch with 1. hand and wheat ears with r.; at r., Kore stg. 1., holding torch with r. hand; border of dots.

Sv. 94.2-6, NCP, BB:xxiv

Av.4.80(2) 5.19

Elaboratebust of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet, necklace of pendants, and cuirasswith aegis; no border.

177

Sv. 89.6-10; NCP, Z:xi, xii, xiv

4.85(1) 4.85

Elaboratebust of Athena r.; wreathed border.

176

AlelH or Ale-H or AeHN-AI At center, olive tree, with owl in branches and snake entwined around trunk;at 1., Poseidon, half nude, stridingr., brandishingtrident in upraised r. hand; at r., Athena moving 1., extending r. hand toward tree and holding spear and shield with 1.;border of dots.

7.90(1) 7.90

Transitionalbust of Athena r.; border of dots.

175

129

8.70 (1) 8.70

(B 17:lb)

Ae-H-NAI At r., Demeter stg. Sv. 94.16, 17 1., holding scepter and wheat ears; at 1., Kore stg. r., holding long torch; border of dots.

130

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST Similar.

179

5 coins *a K-1398

II-966

23

*a

8 coins 00-826

17 coins *a T-545 *b Z-2716 *c 00-35

22-24 22

Av.5.88(5) 8.34

*a

5 coins Z-526

A9H Theseus stg. r., raising the rock at Troizen;border of dots.

Sv. 95.25, 28;. JNCP,DD:ii

GRC,fig. 20

22-25 23 23 25

Av.8.17 (14) 8.99 7.63 8.35

24-26 25

A-OH, elH-A, AIH-e, Ale-H, or AeHN-AIWN Themistokles, in militarydress and holding trophywith 1. hand and wreath with upraisedr., stg. 1. on galley sailing 1.;on prow, owl stg. 1.;on ram, snake to 1.;border of dots.

Sv. 97.1-14; NCP, EE.xxi, xxii

GRC,fig. 20

Elaboratebust of Athena r.; wreathed or no border.

183

Sv. 95.16-20; NCP, DD.vii, viii

10.46

24

Elaborateor transitionalbust of Athena r.; wreathed, dotted, or no border.

182

A9H Theseus driving Marathonianbull to r.; border of dots.

5.94

Similar.

181

Sv. 95.1, 2

23-24 Av.6.32 (4)

Elaboratebust of Athena r.; wreathed border. 180

AeHNAI-WN Herakles,nude and bearded, stg. r., holding r. hand at side and leaning 1. on club propped on rock;lion skin draped around 1. arm; border of dots.

AeH, Ale-H, or Ae-H Similar,

Sv. 97.20-25

but types to r., Themistokles holding trophy over shoulder and, on one die, owl replaced by head of Athena; border of dots.

Av. 7.48 (3) 6.98

Elaborateor transitional bust r.

Similar,but details illegible.

Elaborateor transitionalbust of Athena r.; wreathed or dotted border.

AGHNAI-WNFour-leggedtable with amphora below; at r., palm branch;on table from 1. to r., wreath, helmeted head of Athena r., and owl stg. .; border of dots.

[182, 183] 15 coins.

184 *a

4 coins Z-2416

23-25 24

Av.6.78(3) 7.19

Sv. 88.55-57

131

CATALOGUE Elaboratebust of Athena r.; wreathed or no border. 185 *a

8 coins S-3612

23-26 25

AEH-NAI-WN Boukranionwith fillet hanging from each horn; border of dots.

Sv. 99.1-3

Av. 7.40(4) 8.03

UNCLASSIFIED Illegible reverse type.

Elaborate or transitional bust of Athena r. [169-185] 97 coins.

HEMIDRACHMS

(a)Fine-stleobverses Bust of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet and aegis; border of dots.

186

43 coins *a A-257 *b QA-105 *c T-52

18-22 Av.5.45(17) 19 6.80 19 4.11 20 7.31

Similar busts of Athena r., some with Attic helmets; border of dots. 187

24 coins *a A-666 *b T-285

13 coins *a rr-87 *b S-4635

*a

2 coins III-359

Sv. 93.43-47; NCP, BB:xviii

AOHNAI-WNIakchos,wearing short tunic and boots and holding long torch, stg. r.; border of dots.

Sv. 93.32-35; NCP, BB:xv

18-21 5.32 (7) 19 4.16 18 5.39

Bust of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet and aegis; border of dots. 189

AOH-NAI-WNor AOHNAI-WN Kore stg. r., holding two torches downwardto r.; border of dots.

19-21 Av. 5.05 (13) 19 6.52 20 4.79

Similar.

188

Sv. 93.36-42; AeH-NAIWN, A-EHN-AIWN, or AeHNAI-WN NCP, BB:xxii AEHN-AIWN, Demeter seated 1., holding wheat ears in extended r. hand and long scepter with 1.;at 1., usually,snake to 1.;border of dots.

19-20 5.43 (1) 19 5.43

A-eH Theseus, nude and with Sv. 96.17; club in his upraised r. hand, JVCP,DD:iv striding1.;before him at 1., Minotaur falling 1.;border of dots.

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

132

Bust of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet and aegis; wreathed border.

T-405

*190

22

Ale-H Miltiades,in military dress, stg. r.; holding with both hands Persiancaptive stg. r. with hands bound behind back; at r., trophy; border of dots.

Sv. 97.32-35, NCP, EE:vii, viii

8.82 obverses (b) Coarse-syle

Bust of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet and aegis; border of dots. 191 *a

2 coins E-92

3 coins

fLA-53

A-Hj8 Four-leggedtable with amphora below; on table at 1., owl stg. 1., and at r., statue of Athena Parthenosfacing; border of dots.

Sv. 91.46, 47

18-19 Av.6.51 (3) Similar.

193

Sv. 93.4

18-19 Av.6.49 (2) 18 6.70 Similar.

192

AIH-9 Apollo Patroosstg. ., wearing long robe, holding lyre with 1. hand and phiale in extended r.; border of dots.

20

2.79

Similar.

Similar,but both owl and statue of Athena stg. 1.; border of dots. heavily corroded

Ale-HFour-leggedtable with

Sv. -

Sv. 91.48

amphora below; on table, owl stg. r. and wreath;at 1., palm branch;border of dots. 194

2 coins *a rr-38

20 20

Av.8.85 (2) 8.82

Similar.

Similar,but details illegible.

Similar.

Ale-H Olive tree with owl perching 1. in branches;at r., large amphora;border of dots.

Sv. 90.33

A8-H Similar,but owl perching r.; border of dots.

Sv. 90.34

[192-194] 1 coin.

195 *a

6 coins 8-949

18-19 5.00 (6) 19 6.06 Similar.

196 *a

9 coins T-216

18-19 4.19(8) 19 3.82

133

CATALOGUE Similar.

Similar,but details illegible.

Similar.

A-elH, Ale-H, or AIH-e

[195, 196] 3 coins. Sv. 90.35-38, 40

Owl stg. r. on large amphora; border of dots. 197 *a *b *c *d *e

44 coins A-200 NN-2015 00-1376 ET-186 fl-434

18-20 Av.5.60 (18) 7.63 20 4.81 20 7.23 20 19 5.10 18 5.18

PERIODS VB and C OBOLS

(a)Earlierissues:VB Helmeted bust of Athena 1., with shouldersbare; border of dots. *198

T-103

19

5 coins *a B-171 *b Z-1973

*201

202 *a

I11-663

AeHN-AI-WN Theseus or Herakles stg. 1., holding phiale in r. hand and club with 1.;border of dots.

Sv. 95.13-15; JVCP,DD:i

16-18 Av.5.14 (5) 16 6.27 18 4.20 Similar.

*200

Sv. -

4.45

Similar.

199

AOHNA-IWNTriptolemos, holding long staff, stg. in chariot drawn by two snakes 1.;border of dots.

16

AeHNAI-WN Theseus striding1., Sv. 96.28 nude but for cloak wrapped around 1. arm, and holding club in upraisedr. hand; border of dots. 2.70 AOHNA-IWNTheseus striding1., Sv. 96.19 as last; at 1., Minotaur falling 1.; border of dots.

IIe-470

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet; border of dots. 16 5.87

A-O-H Flaming cylindrical altar on wide base; at r., olive tree; border of dots.

6 coins IIII-273

Bust of Athena r. or 1., wearing Corinthian helmet and aegis; border of dots. 15-16 Av.409(4) 15 4.13

Sv. 87.39 (cf 38, 40, 41)

134

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST Similar,bust r.

203 *a

4 coins 00-269

No legend. Rectangularaltar topped by boukranionbetween two situlae;at 1. and r., olive tree. Altar face ornamented by wreath enclosing boukranion; border of dots.

Sv. 87.42, 43

14-15 Av. 3.37 (4) 16 3.59

(b)LaterIssues:VBorC Head or bust of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet and sometimes aegis; border of dots. 204

25 coins *a 4-75 *b Q-418

205 *a

206

3 coins r-421

50 coins *a B'-929 *b T-286

AleHJNAIIWNDemeter (?) seated r., on rock, leaning 1. arm on low column and resting r. in lap; border of dots.

Sv. 89.35-40; NCP, EE:xvi, xvii

Similar. 17-18 2.99 (2) 3.43 18

AleHINAIIfN Similar to last.

Sv.-

Similar.

A-e-H-NAI, A-eHN-AI, or AeHN-AI Triptolemosstg. 1. in chariot drawn by two snakes to 1.;border of dots.

Sv. 94.22, 38, 40, 41, 43

AOH-NAIor AOHN-AINike stg. 1., holding wreath in upraised r. hand; border of dots.

Sv. 96.44

AeHN-AI Theseus striding1., draperyover 1. arm and shoulder,club in upraised r. hand; border of dots.

Sv. 96.26, 27

AOHN-AlfIN or AeHNA-I2N Theseus striding1., as last; border of dots.

Sv. 96.20, 21

16-18 Av. 3.12 (15) 16 4.59 16 3.79

16-18 Av. 3.04 (15) 18 5.03 17 3.18 Similar.

207 *a

2 coins T-926

17-18 Av. 2.85 (2) 18 3.48 Similar.

208 *a

7 coins AE-14

15-18 Av.3.18(7) 15 2.30 Similar.

209 *a

2 coins Z-1975

17-18 Av. 3.66 (2) 18 4.83

135

CATALOGUE AOH-NAI-fN or AOH-NAIQ-N Athena, wearing armor and hurling spear,stg. r. in biga galloping r.; border of dots.

Sv. 88.10-13

AOHN-AIWN,AOH-N-AI, AGH-NAI,AG-H-NA-I, AOH-N-A, or A-eH Olive tree with owl perching 1. in branches;border of dots.

Sv. 89.19

AOH-N-AIor AGH-NA-I Large amphora with long scepter at r. and palm branch at 1.;wreathed or dotted border.

Sv. 90.41,43

Bust of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet and aegis; wreathed or dotted border. 11-12 Av.2.08(2)

AOHNA-IWNKore walking r., holding two torches;border of dots.

Sv. 94.47, 48; NCP, BB:viii

Similar;border of dots.

AOHN-AIWNor AEHNA-IWN Nike stg. 1., holding wreath in upraisedr. hand; border of dots.

Sv. 96.47

AOH or A-OIH Nike as last, sometimes to r.; border of dots.

Sv. 96.46, 48, 49

AO-HNAIAsklepiosstg. 1., draped with r. shoulder bare, holding 1. hand at waist, resting r. on short staff entwined with snake;border of dots.

Sv. 98.11, 12; JVCP,EE:iv

Similar.

210 *a

13 coins 00-1228

16-18 Av.3.40(7) 18 5.20 Similar.

211 *a *b *c *d *e

24 coins AA-1140 E-2024 IIA-412 E-3976 S-4879

16-19 Av.3.15(24) 17 4.13 16 4.12 16 3.90 17 3.00 19 3.69 Similar.

212 *a

7 coins T-1018

16-18 Av.3.41 (6) 17 4.14

HEMIOBOLS

2 coins

213

214 *a

9 coins T-866

12-14 Av. 2.20 (8) 12 2.19 Similar.

215 *a

16 coins n-289

11-13 Av.2.12(7) 11 1.21 Bust of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet; border of dots.

216 *a

6 coins P-1050

11-12 Av.1.40(6) 1.68 12

136

217

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

31 coins *a B-533 *b K-367

Bust of Athena r. or 1., wearing Corinthianhelmet; border of dots. 11-12 Av. 1.36 (24) 11 1.39 11 1.52

A-9lH Similar figure of Asklepiosstg. 1.;border of dots.

Sv. 98.13, 14

Similar,bust r.

A-elH Drapedfigureof

Sv. 98.15

Telesphorosstg., facing, wearing conical hat; border of dots. 218

AA-755

12 Similar.

219

9 coins *a NN-210

221

222

Sv. 97.37-39, 41-44

11-13 Av. 1.32 (33) 1.32 12 1.41 13 11 1.61 A-eIH Snake emerging 1., from basket with upraised lid; border of dots.

Sv. 94.32-35

28 coins *a 00-1013 *b Z-1687

Bust of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet; border of dots. 11-13 Av. 1.74 (26) 2.00 12 13 Similar.

AeHN-AIWN Tripod; border of dots.

Sv. 93.21, 22

A-EIH or AE-H Tripod;border of dots.

Sv. 93.23, 29, 30

Ale-H or A-elH Olivetree;

Sv. 89.24

7 coins *a AA-387

11-12 Av.2.42 (7) 12 2.44

31 coins *a Z-1147 *b Z-2759

11-12 Av. 1.25 (18) 1.36 12 1.15 12 Similar bust 1. or r.; border of dots.

224

AeH, AeJH, A1eH, or A-eIH Prow of galley r., or 1., often with owl stg. r. on ram; border of dots.

52 coins *a N'-1342 *b E-3615 *c E-4154

Similar,but bust sometimes 1. 223

Sv. 98.17

11-12 Av. 1.53(9) 2.13 12 Similar bust 1. or r., sometimes with Attic helmet; wreathed or dotted border.

220

A-eH Snake coiled 1.;border of dots.

6 coins *a A-1469 *b 00-1203

11-12 Av. 1.30(4) 0.95 11 1.41 11

trunkentwined by snake and owl perched r. in branches; border of dots.

137

CATALOGUE

Ale-H or AeH-N Olive tree as last, but owl 1.

Similar. 9 coins

225

Sv. 89.22, 23

11-13 Av. 1.49(8)

Similar.

Similar,but details illegible.

Similar bust r. or 1.; border of dots. 11-13 Av. 1.54 (72) 1.46 12 1.10 12 1.63 12 1.66 13 11 1.38 11 1.38 12

Alj-H or A-eiH Owl stg. r.; border of dots.

Sv. 88.35, 39, 40

Similar.

AlelH or A-e Owl stg. r.; to r., olive branch; border of dots.

Sv. 88.36, 37

A-ElH Owl as last; wreathed border.

Sv. 88.41

[224, 225] 32 coins.

226 *a *b *c *d *e *f *g

227

78 coins AA-489 r-302 AA-4 E-2334 Z-699 --289 BE-483

17 coins *a M-208 *b --681

11-13 Av. 1.79 (16) 1.44 12 11 1.48

Similar. 228 *a

229 *a *b *c d

3 coins S-6096

11-12 Av.1.36(2) 11 1.17

76 coins M-36 NN-217 E-4051 11-644

Bust of Athena r.; wreathed A-ElH, Ae-H, or Ale-H Owl or dotted border. stg. 1.;border of dots. 10-13 Av. 1.45 (71) 11 1.29 1.40 13 1.81 12 GR(C,fig. 21 13 2.25

chisel markson obv.: II- (?)

Similar;wreathed border.

AlOlHor A-elH Owl stg. I.,

Sv. 88.47-51, 53

Sv. 88.52

on olive branch; border of dots. 230 *a

16 coins IIII-282

10-12 Av. 1.49 (15) 10 1.34

Similar;border of dots. 231

6 coins *a II-426

11-13 Av.1.25(5) 13 1.04

Ae-H Owl stg., facing, with spread wings; border of dots.

Sv. 88.43, 44

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

138

Bust of Theseus r., head bare, with club over 1. shoulder; border of dots. 232 *a

10 coins ST'-704

*a

5 coins t-214

12 coins *a rT-99 *b Z-1965 *c H-416

236

237

Sv. 92.24-26

Sv. 90.45-47 AOH Amphora on conical foot; at r., palm branch;border of dots.

10-12 Av. 1.45 (5) 1.38 12 11 1.87 1.66 10

GRC,fig. 21

Similar.

235

A-EH Grape cluster;border of dots.

10-12 Av. 1.24(4) 11 1.35

Similar. 234

Sv. 94.15

10-12 Av. 1.56(7) 1.39 10

Similar. 233

AeH Piglet walking r.; wreathed or dotted border.

A-e9H or Ae-H Three wheat ears emerging from rounded, handlelessvase or basket;border of dots.

Sv. 94.36

9 coins

10-11 Av.0.96 (9)

A-O-H Tripod;border of dots.

Sv. -

HII-493

Similar. 1.63 11

Similar,but bust sometimes 1.

A-9|H, A-9, or AIO-H Club with handle upwards;border of dots.

Sv. 96.37-40

A-elH, Ale-H, or A9eIH

Sv. 94.50-52

17 coins *a KK-114 *b IIII-152 *c E-3801

9-11 9 10 10

Av.0.97 (7) 1.16 0.75 1.03

Similar,bust r.

Two torches;border of dots. 238 *a

9 coins BB-499

10-11 Av. 1.48(9) 1.86 11

Similar. 239

3 coins

10-12 Av. 1.74(3)

A-OH Five ears of wheat; border of dots.

Sv. 94.53, 54

139

CATALOGUE Similar. 240

39 coins *a Z-438 *b H'-3379 *c IIII-118

AIe-H Boukranion;border of dots.

Sv. 99.39-42

A-eH or A-eIH Winged

Sv. 92.33, 34

Av. 1.37 (25) 1.91 1.42 1.24

9-13 12 10 11

Similar.

caduceus;border of dots. 241 *a

242

243

244 *a b

245

14coins Z-733

10-12 Av. 1.14(9) 11 0.88

A-|eH or Ale-H Telesphoros

6 coins

Draped bust of Asklepios1., snake emerging 1. from drapery;border of dots. 10-11 Av. 1.42 (3)

AeH Piglet stg. r.; border of dots.

Sv. 94.14

EA-203

Draped bust of Demeter or Kore r., wearing necklace; border of dots. 11 1.44

Similar.

Ale-H Two torches;border of dots.

Sv. 94.49

2 coins II-161 MM-36

11-13 1.97(2) 11 1.63 13 2.30

N-723

Male bust r., wearing wreath with leaves above forehead; border of dots. 10 1.04

Sv. 98.16, 18

stg., facing; border of dots.

GRC,fig. 21

Similar.

AE-H Caduceus;border of dots.

Sv. 92.32

Ale-HBoukranion;border of

Sv. 99.43, 44

dots. 246 *a

3 coins Z-2221

9-10 10

Av.0.90 (3) 1.11

Boukranion. 247 *a

2 coins KK-435

9 9

No legend. Three wheat ears.

1.20 (1) 1.20

UNCLASSIFIED Bust of Athena or other deity. [213-246] 277 coins.

Details uncertain or illegible.

Sv. 99.45-47

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

140

PERIOD VC

(140'sor)150s-ca. 175 afterChrist DRACHMS

248 *a *b *c *d *e *f

249

77 coins 1-1043 MM-446 NN-208 IIe-245 nII-716 E-3750

A-833

Head or simple bust of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet or, rarely,Attic helmet; border of dots. 21-25 Av.6.75(70) 8.38 22 6.86 24 23 8.29 8.48 23 GRC,fig. 2 7.11 23 halved 23

AeH-N-AlQN or, very rarely, Ae-HN-AIAN Athena Parthenosstg. ., as 171; border of dots.

Sv. 82.32-35

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet; border of dots.

AOHN-AIN .Athena Parthenos as last, but with boukranion replacing snake at 1.;border of dots.

Sv. -

AeH-NA-IQN, AeH-N-AIQN, or Ae-HN-AIQN Athena Parthenosstg. 1., as 248, but with phiale in place of Nike; border of dots.

Sv. 87.13

22

6.15

Similar.

250

13 coins

22-23

Av.6.83 (13)

Similar.

Similar,but details illegible.

Bust of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet; border of dots.

AOH-N-AIQNAthena stg. 1., holding Nike in r. hand and leaning 1. on upright spear held aslant;as 172, but type reversed;border of dots.

Sv. 83.37

Legend illegible.Athena as last, but with spear held vertically; at r., upright shield leaning on base of spear; at 1., snake coiled to 1.;border of dots

Sv.-

[248-250] 59 coins.

251

K-1821

23

6.46

Similar.

252

4 coins

22-23

Av.6.77(4)

141

CATALOGUE Sv. 84.36; NCP, AOHNA-IQNAthena stridingr., AA:xvi to strike with spear preparing held in upraised r. hand, and holding round shield with 1.;at r., owl stg. r.; at 1., olive tree entwined with snake;border of dots.

Similar.

*253

IIn-63

8.64

23

Similar head or bust of Athena to r.; border of dots.

254 *a

6 coins B-370

21-23 23

*a

14 coins r-1452

21-24 23

*a

34 coins IIE-47

*a

125 coins MM-139

*a

17 coins ft-19

21-23 23

I-650

22

AOHN-A-IQN,AeH-N-AIQN, AOH-N-A-IQN,AOH-NA-I-QN, AeHN-A-I-QN, or AeHN-AI-QN Athena stg. 1., holding spear with r. hand and round shield with 1.; border of dots.

Sv. 86.1-4

AOHN-AIQNor AeHNA-IQN Athena stg. 1., with olive tree, as 173; border of dots.

Sv. 87.18-20; NCP, Z:xviii

AOH-NAIQNSimilar,but with snake entwined around tree; border of dots.

Sv. 87.21

Av.6.16(14) 7.98

Similar. 259

Sv. 85.12-18 AeHN-A-IQN, AeH-N-A-IQN, AOH-N-AIQN,AEH-NA-IQN, AEHNA-I-QN, or AeHN-AI-QN Similar to 255, but with only snake at r.; border of dots.

Av. 6.63 (44) 4.36

21-24 23

Similar.

258

Sv. 85.32-35; NCP, Z:viii

Av.6.40 (32) 7.02

21-24 22

Similar.

257

AeH-NAI-QN Similar to 254, but at r., owl stg. r. and, at 1., olive tree entwined by snake; border of dots.

Av.6.56(14) 10.55

Similar.

256

Sv. 85.8-10

Av.6.50(6) 8.20

Similar.

255

AOHN-AI-f-N Athena striding r., looking 1.;1. arm slipped through strap of round shield, 1. hand holding spear; r. arm extended to 1.;at r., snake to r.; at 1., owl stg. r.; border of dots.

6.64

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

142

Similar.

260 *a

13 coins E-3396

*a

4 coins NN-66

22-24 24

*a

4 coins II1-277

22-24 23

*a

3 coins A-56

22-23 23

Av. 7.24 (3) 6.76

*a

2 coins IIII-510

23 23

Av. 7.42 (2) 7.80

Similar. 265 *a

3 coins 1-1262

23 23

Q-58

23

Sv. 89.26-32; NCP, Z:xx

AeHN-AI2N Zeus seated on throne to 1., holding Nike in r. hand, long scepter in I.; border of dots.

Sv. 92.1, 2; NCP, BB:iv

AOHNA-I.N Bearded Dionysos seated r., behind low table. As 176; border of dots.

Sv. 92.17, 18; NCP, CC:ii

AOHNA-I-DNAs 264, but no table; border of dots.

Sv. 92.19

AOHN-AinN Demeter stg., facing, head turned to r., holding long scepter in upraised 1. hand and wheat ears in lowered r.; border of dots.

Sv. 92.22, 23

(B 17:lb)

Av.6.79 (3) 10.13

Similar.

*266

A9HNAIJONor AEHNA-I-fN Athena stg., facing, arms at sides and looking r.; at r., Marsyas,nude, advancing towardAthena with r. arm raised;border of dots.

GRC,fig. 20

Similar.

264

Sv. 89.11-15; NCP, Z:xvi

Av. 7.13(3) 5.87

Similar.

263

AEHNA-I-QN Contest of Athena and Poseidon, as 174; border of dots.

Av.8.27 (2) 8.67

Similar.

262

Sv. 88.8, 9

Av. 7.50 (10) 7.52

22-25 23

Similar.

261

AOH-NAID-NAthena, holding shield and hurling spear with r. hand, in biga galloping r.; below horses at r., giant emerging from earth preparingto throw boulder with both hands; border of dots.

7.55

143

CATALOGUE Similar.

267 *a

8 coins IIII-871

22-24 24

*a

7 coins Z-1581

*a

11 coins 00-619

IIII-229

*a

26 coins E-4313

21-24 23

*a

2 coins r-1482

24 24

Sv. 93.8, 9

A9HNAI-fN Apollo, nude, stg. Sv. 95.10-12; with head turned to r., NCP, DD:xxii, xxiii frontally, down arrow which is held sighting up in 1. hand; r. arm at side holding bow; border of dots.

Sv. 94.20, 21, 23, 24 A-9H-NA-IfN, AEH-NA-IQN, AEH-NAIfN, A-EH-N-AI2N, Ae-HNA-IlN, or AEHN-A-I-lN Triptolemos,holding torch and wheat ears, stg. 1. in chariot drawn by two snakes to 1.;border of dots.

Av.6.71(19) 7.68

Similar.

272

AOHNA-I-QNApollo, nude, stg. r., holding bow in 1. hand and branch in r.; border of dots.

4.30

23

Similar.

271

Sv. 93.2, 3; JNCP, CC:xxi

Av. 7.18(10) 7.37

23-24 24

Similar.

*270

AOH-NA-IQNApollo Patroos, wearing long chiton, stg. 1., holding lyre with 1. hand and phiale in outstretchedr.; border of dots.

Av.6.74 (6) 9.38

22-25 24

Similar.

269

Sv. 92.38-44; NCP, DD:ix, x

Av.6.32 (8) 6.49

Similar.

268

AGHN-AIfN Eirene, draped, stg., facing, holding long scepter in r. hand and turning head to look at infant Ploutos held on 1. arm; Ploutos raises r. hand towardsEirene'sface and holds cornucopia in 1.;border of dots.

Av. 7.84 (2) 6.49

AeH-N-AIQN Herakles,nude, stg. 1., holding phiale in outstretchedr. hand and club, resting on ground, in 1.;border of dots.

Sv. 95.8; .CP, DD:xiii

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

144

Similar.

273

2 coins *a AA-605

23 23

2 coins

23

Sv. 95.21, 22

AeHN-AIfN Theseus raising rock at Troizen, as 181; border of dots.

Sv. 95.26, 27, 29

A9-HNA-I-flN Theseus

Sv. 96.15, 16

Av. 7.92 (2) 7.19

Similar.

274

A9H-NAIl|N Theseus driving Marathonianbull, as 180; border of dots.

5.53 (1)

Similar.

attackingfalling Minotaur,as 189; border of dots. 275 *a

3 coins Qf-329

23-24 24

Av. 7.06(2) 8.29

Similar.

276 *a

11 coins KK-300

22-24 24

4 coins *a IIA-77

23-24 23

Sv. 96.1-7

A9HN-AIQN Asklepiosstg., facing, head to 1., wearing himation, with 1. hand at waist and leaning r. on staff entwined with snake;border of dots.

Sv. 98.1, 2

AeHNA-IQNor AeHN-AID-N

Sv. 97.15, 19

Av.6.22 (10) 7.49

Similar.

277

AOHNA-IQNor AeHNAI-RN Theseus leaning r., holding club with r. hand and, with 1. hand, clutching horn of Minotaur,who falls to r.; border of dots.

Av.5.46 (3) 5.85

Similar.

Themistokleson galley to r., as 183, but owl stg. 1. on prow and no snake on ram; border of dots. 278 *a

7 coins E-1171

22-23 22

Av.6.20 (6) 5.45

Similar. 279 *a

17 coins A-1589

21-24 24

Av.6.44(17) 8.28

Similar. [278, 279] 11 coins.

AeHNA-IQN As 278, but owl stg. r.; border of dots.

Similar,but deails illegible.

Sv. 97.16-18

145

CATALOGUE Sv. 98.21-29; AOHN-AIQNor AOH-NAIQN View of Akropolisseen from NCP, Z:iii-vi north and west. On r., steps of Panathenaicway lead up to Propylaia;at center, colossal statue of Athena Promachosstg. r. and holding Nike in outstretched r. hand, sometimeswith owl stg. r. below; to 1., Erechtheion.Halfway up Akropolisrock, to 1. of stairs, niche with curved lintel representing Cave of Pan; within niche, minuscule statue of Pan; border of dots.

Similar.

280

11 coins *a KTA-117 *b IIII-485 *c E-5367

21-24 22 21 22

Av.5.93 (9) 8.76 5.79 6.13

Similar.

281

19 coins *a N'-1290 *b T-1013

21-24 24 23

4 coins

22-23

AOHNA-I-Q-N,AOHNAI-QN, or AOHNAIQNAgonistic table as 184; border of dots.

Sv. 88.58-60

AO-HNAIQNSimilar to 281, but on table, owl stg. I., bust of Athena r. and wreath;border of dots.

Sv. 88.61

Av.6.96 (17) 6.81 8.05

Similar.

282

(B 17:lb)

Av.7.04(4)

Similar.

Details illegible.

Similar.

Sv. 99.7-9, 23 AeH-NA-IQN, AeHN-A-IQN, or AeHNA-IQN AeHN-AIQN, Boukranionwith fillet hanging from each horn, as 185; border of dots.

[281,282] 11 coins.

283 *a *b *c *d

76 coins OA-219 M-140 IIII-172 S-1172

21-24 22 22 21 23

Av.6.75 (47) 6.53 6.62 7.11 7.27 UNCLASSIFIED

Similar. [248-283] 83 coins. a 1-1336 24

Illegible reverse type. heavily worn and halved

146

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST PERIOD VI

ca. A.D. 264-267

284 *a *b *c d e *f *g h

133 coins AA-1091 AA-1029 AA-1006 AA-1070 AA-1097 B-328 III-491 r-279

Head or bust of Athenat r., AOHN-A-I2N Athena Sv. 82.5-24, 26-28; in Y:xviii Corin Nike Parthenos thian, 1., 1., NCP, wearing stg. rarely holding outstretchedr. hand and spear with Attic, or composite heirnet, often highly varied in sttyle. 1., which rests on a shield, shown in profile,with base on the ground She occasionallywears a necklace. If a head, truincation line; similar to 169-171 and 248; is either bare or with sliight border of dots. drapery;if a bust, it may be heavily draped or armo,red with aegis; border of doits. 19-23 Av.5.15 (108) 5.43 20 (Q 19:3) 5.96 23 (Q 19:3) 3.67 21 (Q 19:3) 4.35 21 (Q 19:3)H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:b 6.61 21 (Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:c 4.55 22 (F 10:2) 3.78 21 (B 17:lb) 22 8.25 GRC,fig. 4

Similar.

AOHN-AIQN,AeHN-A-1-QN,

Sv. 82.25

AeHNA-IQNor AeH-N-A-IQN Athena Parthenosas 284; border of dots. 285 *a

10 coins AA-1019

19-23 Av.6.23 (8) 7.07 21

(Q 19:3)

Similar.

13 coins

286

20-23

15 coins *a AA-1050 *b AA-1132

20-23 21 21

Av.5.33(14) 4.65 5.21

*a

19 coins AA-1118

20-22 21

Ae-H-NAIQN As 286.

Sv. 82.39, 40; 83.4, 10; NCP, Y:xx

AOH-NAIQNAs 286.

Sv. 83.12

(Q 19:3) (Q 19:3)

Similar. 288

Sv. 83.8

Av.5.32 (13)

Similar. 287

AeH-N-AIQN Athena Parthenosas last, but at 1., snake coiled to 1., as 171; border of dots.

Av.5.13(15) 2.99

(Q 19:3)

147

CATALOGUE Similar. 289 *a

14 coins AA-1104

Av.4.91 (10) 4.55

20-22 20

Similar.

AO-HNAIQNor Ae-H-N-AIQN As 286.

Sv. 82.36, 38; 83.1-3

AOH-N-AIMN,AOH-NA-InN, AEHN-A-InN, or AeHNA-I2N As 286.

Sv. 83.5-7, 9, 11, 13, 14

Sv. 82.37, 41

(Q 19:3)

290

4 coins

20-21

4 coins

Similar. 20-23 Av.4.82 (2)

Ae-H-NAfN As 286.

291

Similar.

AO-H-NAIfN or AOH-N-AIQN Sv. 82.42 Similar to 286 but, at 1., in place of snake, owl stg. 1.;border of dots.

292

2 coins

Av.4.36 (4)

Av.5.12 (2)

20-21

Similar.

Similar,but details illegible.

Similar.

A-eH-NAIQN Athena stg. I., similarto 284, but, in place of Nike, holding owl r. in r. hand; at 1., snake coiled to 1.;border of dots.

[284-292] 82 coins.

*293

AA-1098

21

6.32

Similar.

294

3 coins

21-23

3 coins

21-23

(Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pL 44:d

AOH-NAIfN or AEH-N-AIQN Athena stg. 1., similar to 284, but seen so that shield is facing and not in profile;shield emblazoned with gorgoneion;border of dots.

Sv. 83.15-19; NCP, Y:xix

AE-H-NA-I Athena stg. 1., holding Nike in outstretched r. hand and raising 1. to grasp upright spear; at r., between Athena's legs and spear butt, shield seen in profile;at 1., snake coiled to 1.;border of dots.

Sv. 83.22, 23

Av.5.76(3)

Similar.

295

Sv. 83.38, 40

Av.6.71(3)

148

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST Similar.

3 coins

296

20-21

Av.4.76 (3)

Similar.

297 *a

7 coins ZZ-95

20-22 21

4 coins *a 1-509

20-21 20

Ae-H-NAIQN or Ae-HNAIf2N Sv. 83.24-28; Athena stg. 1., holding Nike in NCP, Z:xxiii outstretchedr. hand; she passes her 1. arm through strap of shield at shoulder and holds spear with 1. hand; wreathed or dotted border.

Av.5.07 (7) 5.76

Similar.

298

AEH-NAIQN or A8HN-AIQN Sv. 84.24, 25 Athena stg. r., raising r. hand to grasp upright spear and resting 1. on profile shield with base on ground before her to r.; between shield and Athena's legs, sometimes snake to r.; border of dots.

AOHNAI-fN or AeHNA-I-QN Athena stg. r., holding Nike and spear,as 172; border of dots.

Sv. 83.33, 34

As 298, but AOHNA-I-QN

Sv. 83.35, 36

Av. 3.76 (3) 3.93

Similar.

Athena holds owl 1. or r. in place of Nike; border of dots. 299

6 coins *a AA-1087 *b -802

19-22 Av.5.04 (2) 5.59 22 4.60 19 Similar.

300 *a

5 coins E-357

(Q 19:3) GRC,fig. 22

Sv. 83.39, 41, 42; AeH-NA-IQN, AeH-N-AIQN, Ae-HNAIQN, Ae-H-NAIfN, or NCP, AA:iii A-e-HNAI Athena stg. 1., holding owl in outstretchedr. hand and graspingdownwardpointing spear in upraised 1.; sometimes with coiled snake to 1.; similar to 299; border of dots.

19-21 Av.4.58 (4) 4.59 20 Similar.

A8HNAI-QNor AeHNAI-f-N Athena stg. r., holding owl r. or 1. in r. hand and transversespear with point downwardin 1.; between spear point and legs of Athena, usually snake coiled to r.; border of dots.

301

11 coins *a I-1420 b NN-963

21-22 21 22

Av.4.91(11) 6.04 5.04

GRC,fig. 22

Sv. 84.1-7; NCP, AA:iv

149

CATALOGUE AOHN-AIQNAthena stg. r. with owl in r. hand, as 301, 1. hand not visible; at 1., column on base supportingflat plinth, upon which stands owl facing; border of dots.

Similar.

302 *a

3 coins EA-231

20-21 21

Av.4.82(3) 5.04

Similar.

303

AA-1083

7.07

20

AeHNAI-Q-N Athena stg. r., as 301; in addition to spear, she carrieslarge, round shield over 1. shoulder;border of dots. (Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:e

Similar.

304

0-375

*a

4 coins NN-841

*a

3 coins AA-1085

20-22 21

Av.6.61 (3) 4.20

Similar. 307 *a

2 coins AA-1032

AOH-N-AIQNAs 303, but Athena's r. arm extended straightout, not bent upwards at elbow, and she holds Nike in place of owl; border of dots.

Sv. 84.18-21

AOHN-AI-QNor AeHNA-I2N Athena stg. r., holding round shield with 1. hand and butt of downward-pointingspear with upraisedr.; at r., snake coiled to r.; border of dots.

Sv. 84.26; JVCP, AA:ix

AOHN-A-IQNor AEHN-AI-QN Athena advancing r., brandishing aegis before her with 1. hand and holding spear with r.; border of dots.

Sv. 84.31-35; NCP, AA:xix

AEHNA-IfN Athena attacking to r., as 253; border of dots.

Sv. 84.37-40

Av.5.29 (3) 5.85

20-22 22

Similar.

306

Sv. 84.15-17, 22, 23

fragmentary

Similar.

305

Sv. 84.9-14

20-22 22

6.94 (1) 6.94

(Q 19:3)

(Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:f

150

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST Similar.

308

2 coins *a r-368

20-22 21

AOHN-A-IQNAthena stg. r., holding shield with 1. hand and preparingto hurl spear with upraisedr.; border of dots.

Av.6.24 (2) 8.15

Similar.

309

3 coins

20-22

AOHNAI-QNAthena advancing Sv. 85.1-3 r., holding round shield with 1. hand and transversespear,point upwards,with 1.;at r., snake coiled to r.; Athena wears either Attic or Corinthianhelmet; border of dots.

Av. 5.11(3)

AeHN-A-IQN Athena running to r., round shield over 1. shoulder; she points r. with 1. hand and holds transversespear,point upwards,in r.; at r., snake coiled to r.; border of dots.

Similar.

310 a

3 coins 111-469

21-22 22

Av.5.59(2) 4.49

9 coins *a AA-1004

20-22 22

Av.4.75(9) 6.96

Sv. 85.38-40; AOHNA-IQNor AeHNAI-fQN Athena advancing r., head NCP, AA:x turned back, holding round shield with 1. hand and pointing r. with r.; at r., snake coiled to r.; border of dots. (Q 19:3)

Similar.

312

20 coins *a K-1633

20-22 22

AeHNA-fI-N, A9HN-AI-QN, AeHN-A-IQN, AeH-NA-I-QN, AOH-N-AIQN,or AeH-N-A-I2N Athena advancing r., head turned back; similar to 254-256 but without snake, owl, or tree; border of dots.

*a

2 coins AA-1049

20-22 20

Sv. 85.24-31

Av. 5.58 (20) 7.54

Sv. 85.21 variant; A9HN-AI-Q-N As last, but with snake to r., as 256; border of dots. NCP, Z:ix

Similar. 313

Sv. 85.5-7: NCP, AA:xi

GRC,fig. 22

Similar.

311

Sv. 84.29, 30; NCP, AA:xv

Av. 7.75 (2) 7.96

(Q 19:3)

151

CATALOGUE Sv. 85.19, 20, 22, AeH-NA-I-QN, Ae-HNA-I-QN, or A-e-HNAIQN As last, but at 1. 23; NCP, Z:x of Athena, snake coiled to 1.; border of dots.

Similar.

4 coins *a AA-1033

314

20-21 20

Av.6.00(4) 5.88

(Q 19:3)

Similar.

*315

S-6401

AOH-NAI-Q-NSimilar,but at 1. of Athena, olive tree entwined by snake; as 255 but no owl; border of dots.

Sv. 85.36, 37

AOHN-A-I-QNAthena stg. r., head to 1., holding Nike with r. hand outstretchedto 1., and spear and round shield with 1.; at 1., snake coiled to 1.;border of dots.

Sv.-

AOH-N-AIQNAthena stg. 1., holding Nike in outstretched r. hand, round shield over 1. shoulder and spear in 1. hand; at 1., snake coiled to 1.; border of dots.

Sv. -

AOHN-A-I-QNAthena with spear and shield, as 257; border of dots.

Sv. 86.6-12, 14-18; NCP, Z:i, ii

AOHNAI-f-N Athena as 257.

Sv.-

Similar. 20-22 Av.5.60 (9)

AOHNA-I-QNAs last.

Sv. 86.24, 25, 28, 29

Similar.

AOHN-AI-QNAs last.

Sv. 86.13, 19

20

5.59

Similar.

*316

S-3220

21

5.16

Similar.

*317

ST-353

5.58

21

Similar. 318

71 coins *a AA-1018 *b E-2 *c S-4308

Av. 5.43 (63) 5.38 7.37 4.98

20-24 22 21 22

(Q 19:3)

Similar. 319

3 coins *a 1-768

320

10 coins

321 *a

7 coins AA-1057

Av.5.28 (3) 4.74

21-22 21

20-22 20

Av.4.72 (6) 6.06

(Q 19:3)

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

152

Similar. 322

3 coins *a AA-1022

Av.6.52 (3) 4.67

20-21 21

1 coin

a

11 coins AA-1023

20-23 21

Av.5.95 (8) 5.43

7 coins

6 coins

AA-1028

AGHNAIQ-NAs last.

Sv. 86.22, 38

AeHNAI-n-N As last.

Sv. -

AEHNA-I-QNAs last.

Sv. 86.26, 27

AeHNA-I-Q-N As last.

Sv. -

AOHN-A-IlN As last.

Sv.-

Similar. 21-22 Av. 6.77 (4) 7.83 22

AeHN-A-I-fN As last.

Sv. 86.37

Similar.

AeH-NA-I-fN As last,

Sv. 86.5, 31, 33-36

20-22

Av.5.02 (7)

21-22

Av.5.56(4)

21

5.38

Similar. 5 coins

328

20-22

4 coins

20-21

Av.5.85 (4)

Similar. 330

III-337

331

4 coins *a IIA-164

21

(Q 19:3)

Av. 5.27 (3)

Similar. 329

Sv. 86.21, 23

Sv. 86.20, 39

Similar. 327

AOHN-AI-QNAthena with spear and shield, as 257 but, to r., snake coiled to r.; border of dots.

AeHN-AI-Q-N As last.

Similar. 326

Sv.-

(Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:a

Similar. 325

AGH-N-AIQNAs last.

4.05

22

Similar.

324

Sv.-

(Q 19:3)

Similar. 323

AeH-NA-I-fQNAs last.

4.53

sometimeswith owl at 1. 332 a

333

7 coins Z-1408

21-24 21

10 coins

Similar. 20-22 Av.5.72 (9)

Av.5.95(6) 4.49

GRC,fig. 22 AeH-N-AI-IfN As 324.

Sv. 86.32

153

CATALOGUE Similar.

334 *a

3 coins AA-1101

20-22 20

AE-HNAI-fN or Ae-HNA-I-.N Sv. 86.40 Athena stg. r., head 1., holding phiale 1. in outstretchedr. hand, and round shield and spear in 1.;at 1., snake coiled to 1.;border of dots.

Av.5.97 (3) 5.18

(Q 19:3)

Similar. 335

00-1196

21

B-318

22

5.26

AA-1109

AA-1007

4.80

20

20

4.72

Similar.

339

3 coins

20-22

(Q 19:3)

*a

2 coins IIII-1036

21-22 22

AeHNAI-fN As last, but in place of snake, owl facing; border of dots.

Sv. 87.9, 10

AeHNA-IfN Athena stg. 1., as 250, but in place of snake, low altar;border of dots.

Sv. 87.14

AOHNA-IQNAthena stg. 1., with 1. hand on hip and right holding upward-pointingspear; at r., below, round shield; similar to 173; border of dots.

Sv. 87.1-5; NCP, AA:vii

(Q 19:3)

Av.4.84 (3)

Similar.

340

Sv. 86.41, 42

Sv. 87.8, 11 AeHNAI-f2N Athena stg. 1., holding phiale in outstretched r. hand; 1. arm goes through strap of round shield at 1. shoulder,and she holds transversespear,point upwards,with 1. hand; at 1., low flaming altar;at r., snake coiled to 1.;border of dots.

Similar.

338

AOHNAISimilar to last, but at 1., low altar and no snake; border of dots. (F 10:2)

Similar.

*337

Sv.

4.87

Similar.

*336

AOHNAIf-N As 334, but snake, coiled to r., at r. of Athena; border of dots.

Av.5.53 (2) 5.89

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

154

Similar.

341 *a

5 coins AA-1122

20-21 20

Av.5.86(4) 5.75

2 coins

21-22

6 coins *a AA-11

20-21 21

Av.6.28 (6) 5.44

Similar.

344

5-428

*a

3 coins B-354

20-21 21

4 coins

20-21

III-1055

21

AeHN-AIQN Similar to 341, but with snake entwined around tree; border of dots.

Sv. 87.31, 32

AOH-NAIlN Athena and olive tree, as 258; border of dots.

Sv. 87.22, 24, 25

AQH-NAIS2NAs 345 but, in place of snake, owl stg. I.; border of dots.

Sv. 87.26

A-eHNAIMN Athena stg. 1., holding round shield and spear with 1. hand, and extending r. towardsolive tree at I.; border of dots.

Sv. 87.12

(Q 19:3)

4.96

Similar. [341-347] 3 coins.

Sv. 87.28; NCP, Z:xix

Av.5.42 (4)

Similar.

347

AeHN-AIQN or AOH-NAIQN Similar,but with owl perched to 1. or r. in tree; border of dots.

Av.6.34 (2) 6.58

Similar.

346

Sv 87.23

3.32

20

Similar. 345

A8-H-NAIQ As last.

4.99(1)

Similar.

343

Sv. 87.27, 29, 30

(Q 19:3)

Similar. 342

AOHN-AI2N Athena stg. 1., with olive tree to 1.;similar to 258, but without snake between Athena and tree; border of dots.

Similar,but details illegible.

155

CATALOGUE Sv. 88.1-7; Ae-H-N-AIQN, Ae-H-NAIQN, 1. seated Athena or AeH-N-AInN NCP, AA:xx Nike on backlessthrone, holding in outstretchedr. hand, transverse spear in 1.;she rests 1. elbow on an upright shield seen in profile; border of dots.

Similar.

348 *a

9 coins AA-1102

20-22 21

Av.5.50 (8) 6.29

(Q 19:3) A-eH-NAIfN Similar to 348, but Athena holds phiale in place of Nike; at 1., olive tree entwined with snake;border of dots.

Similar.

349 a

2 coins AA-1103

20-21 20

Av.5.90(2) 6.90

(Q 19:3) GRC,fig. 22

Similar.

350 *a

4 coins AA-1081

20-21 21

Av.4.90(4) 4.84

*a b

13 coins 0-204 AA-1056

20-22 21 20

Av.5.71 (10) 5.56 6.10

*a

5 coins IIII-478

20-22 21

Av.4.57 (4) 5.13

*a

3 coins AA-1030

21-22 22

Av.5.88(3) 6.40

AO-HNAIf2N,AOHN-A-IM-N, AOHN-AIf-N, AeHNAI-fN, AEHNA-IRN, or AeHNIAIlIN Athena in biga galloping to r., as 260, but without giant emerging from ground; wreathed or dotted border.

Sv. 88.14-18; JCP, AA:xxii

AOHNAIIQNor AeHN-AIIN2 As 351, but biga to 1.;border of dots.

Sv. 88.19, 20

AeHNIAI|IN Similar to 351, but Athena in triga to r.; border of dots.

Sv. 88.22; NCP, AA:xxiii

(B 17:lb)

Similar.

353

Sv. 87.33, 36

(Q 19:3) GRC,fig. 22

Similar.

352

AOHNAIfiN or AOH-NAIfN Athena seated 1., on backless throne, holding phiale in outstretchedr. hand, raising 1. to grasp upright spear; at 1., olive tree entwined by snake; at r., leaning against back of throne, upright shield seen in profile;border of dots. (Q 19:3)

Similar.

351

Sv. 87.34, 35; NCP, AA:xxi

(Q 19:3)

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST

156

Similar.

354 *a

5 coins 1-970

20-22 21

AeHINAIlfN Similar to 351, but Athena in quadriga to r.; border of dots.

Av.5.76 (3) 4.20

Sv. 89.16-18; AOH (in ex.) Olive tree entwined with snake, owl JCP, Z:xvii in at r. branches; 1., perched Athena stg. r., 1. hand pointing to r., and r. holding spear and resting on profile shield; at r., Poseidon stg. 1., r. foot on rock, holding trident (head downwards?) in upraised1. hand and dolphin (?) in r.; border of dots.

Similar.

355

7 coins 20-22 *a IIIn-1100 20

Av.4.99 (5) 4.03

AOHNA-I-fN Zeus seated r. on stool, holding vertical scepter in upraisedr. hand and eagle, looking back with wreath in beak, in 1.;border of dots.

Similar.

356 *a

3 coins AA-1009

20-22 21

Av.6.22 (3) 7.47

Similar.

Z-415

*357

20

*a b

2 coins 1-1400 AA-1034

22-23 23 22

Av.6.75 (2) 6.17 7.33

Similar.

359 *a

2 coins 1-593

20-21 20

Sv. 92.3, 4

(Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:g AOHNAI-f-N Zeus sacrificing r., over altar;as 175, but with eagle on 1. wrist;border of dots.

Sv. 92.7

AOH-NAIfN (retrogradefrom lower r.) Hermes, nude but for cloak billowing over shoulders, striding1., wearing petasos and holding coin sack with outstretchedr. hand, caduceus with 1.;border of dots.

Sv. 92.27-29; DD:xxi NVCP,

5.98

Similar.

358

Sv. 88.21

Av.5.94 (2) 3.70

(Q 19:3) GRC,fig. 22 AeH-N-AIRN Hermes as 358, but stridingr. and r. hand empty (?);border of dots.

Sv. 92.35-37

157

CATALOGUE Similar. *360

IIIn-544

7.52

20

Similar.

361 *a

4 coins 1-1520

20-22 20

r-1258

M-193

21

4.82

Similar.

*364

I-1036

*a

8 coins Z-1979

21-22 21

E-1281

21

17 coins *a M-191 *b IIn-551

21-23 21 21

Sv. 93.15-20; NCP, CC:xvii

AOHNAI-f-N Apollo Lykeios stg. r., holding bow with r. hand and placing 1. atop head; at r., tripod entwined with snake; border of dots. GRC,fig. 22

Sv. 93.28

AOHNAI-Q-NApollo Lykeios, as 363, but with laurel bush at 1.;border of dots.

Sv. 93.27

AEHNAI-QN Herakles leaning on club r., as 179; border of dots.

Sv. 95.3-5; VCP, DD:xi

AeH-N-AIQN Herakles holding phiale 1., as 272; border of dots.

Sv. 95.9

AeHN-AIQN, AeH-NAIQN, or AeHNA-IQN Asklepiosstg. 1., as 277; border of dots.

Sv. 98.3-10; NCP, EE:iii

5.03

Similar.

367

AOHNA-I-Q-NSimilar to 361, but Apollo holds laurel branch before him with r. hand; border of dots.

Av.5.84 (7) 6.51

Similar. 366

Sv. 93.10-14; NCP, CC:xvi

4.64

21

Similar.

365

AOHN-AIQNor AeHN-A-IQN Nude Apollo stg. r., as 269; border of dots.

(B 17:lc)

5.66

21

Similar.

*363

Sv. 93.5-7; NCP, CC:xx

Av.6.30(3) 5.80

Similar.

*362

AeH-NAI-QN Apollo Patroos stg. 1., as 268; border of dots.

Av.6.30 (16) 8.73 6.94

158

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST Sv. 94.25, 26, 28, 29 AOHNA-I-NN,AeH-N-AIQN, or A-eHNA-If-N Triptolemosin chariot to 1., as 271; border of dots.

Similar.

368

9 coins *a N-202

21-22 22

Av.5.44(6) 7.57

Similar.

2 coins

369

20

2 coins *a Q- 154

21-22 22

4.59(1) 4.59

1-888

20

17 coins *a AA-1072 *b AA-1099

21-24 21 21

Av.4.94 (13) 5.22 4.92

4 coins

20-22

6 coins *a AA-1067

20-22 22

Sv. 95.30-36

AeHNA-I-QN, AGHN-A-I-QN, ANA HN-A --NHN-HN-A-I, , or AeHN-AI-2 Theseus and fallen Minotaur,as 276; border of dots.

Sv. 96.8-14; NCP, DD:ii

A-OH-N-AI-O-NTheseus, nude but for chlamys covering outstretched1. arm, striding r., preparingto swing club held in r. hand outstretched behind him; border of dots.

Sv. 95.37-40; NCP, DD:xviii

Ae-HNAIQ-N, AeHN-AIQN, or AeHN-A-IfN Themistokles on galley to r., as 279, but sometimes with owl on stern; border of dots.

Sv. 97.27-31

Av.4.57 (3)

Similar.

374

AOHN-AI-Q-NTheseus r., raising rock at Troizen, as 181 and 274; border of dots.

(Q 19:3) (Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:h

Similar.

373

Sv. 94.44, 45; NCP, BB:xi

5.52

Similar.

372

Ae-HN-AIQN or Ae-H-NAIQN Artemis walking 1., usually quiver over shoulder,holding two torches;border of dots. holed

Similar.

*371

Sv. 94.27, 30, 31

Av. 3.84 (2)

Similar.

370

AeH-N-A-IMN or A-eHNA-I-fN Similar to 368, but Triptolemos holds wheat ear in outstretchedr. hand, sheaf of wheat in I.; border of dots.

Av. 5.96(3) 5.97

(Q 19:3)

159

CATALOGUE A9HNA-IQN, AOHNAIQ-N,or AeHNAI-QN Akropolis,seen from north and west, as 280; border of dots.

Similar.

375

6 coins *a AA-1059 *b B-329 *c I-560

Av.5.76 (4) 7.42 3.56 5.67

21-22 21 21 21

(Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:j; GRC,fig. 22 broken (F 10:2)

AOHN-AIQNor AEHNA-IfN Theater of Dionysos, seen from south; above, at center, Parthenon;at 1., possibly the Chalkothekeor Propylaia;at r. of Parthenon,round temple of Roma and Augustus;border of dots.

Similar.

376 *a

4 coins AA-1052

21-22 21

Av.4.38(3) 4.72

14 coins *a Z-393 *b 1II-986

Sv. 98.44-46; NCP, CC:ix, x

(Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:i; GRC,fig. 22

Similar.

377

Sv. 98.30-36

Sv. 90.1, 2, 5-8 AeHNAIQIN, AeHNAIIQN, AeHNAIIQN, AeHNA, or AOH (legendsin ex. only). From 1. to r., amphora, olive tree, and owl stg. r.; sometimes palm branch under legend in ex.; border of dots.

19-22 Av.4.54 (10) 6.88 21 19 4.73 Similar.

GAIHN-AI-fN, HGAIN-A-I-2,

Sv. 90.19, 20

HGAIN-A-I-Q-N, AGHIN,or AeHNIN-Q-I-A (legends begin in ex., often partiallyretrograde). As 377. 378

17 coins *a AA-1035 *b 1-302

19-22 Av.4.86 (17) 19 5.09 7.70 22

(Q 19:3)

Similar. 379

K-1452

21

*a

5 coins B-320

Sv. 90.15

AGHNAIQN,AOH-NAIIQN,or, in ex., AGH From 1. to r., amphora, olive tree, owl facing; palm branch sometimes in ex.; border of dots.

Sv. 90.9-12, 16, 18

4.23

Similar.

380

A-GH-N-AI-QN(egend ending in ex.). As 377.

19-23 Av.4.92 (5) 23 5.74

(F 10:2)

160

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST Similar.

381

6 coins *a 5-734

20-22 20

AGHNAIjIN or AeHIN-f-IAN (legend in ex. or beginning in ex. and then retrograde).From 1. to r., amphora, olive tree, owl stg. 1.; border of dots.

Sv. 90.13

Av.4.42 (6) 4.11

Similar.

Similar,but details illegible.

Similar.

AGHNAIfN, AeHNAIM-N, AeHN-AtNOi, or AeHINAiQN (legend sometimes finishingin ex.). From 1. to r., owl facing, olive tree, amphora;sometimes palm tree on r. or palm branch in ex.; border of dots.

Sv. 90.17, 22-26, 30, 31

AeHNAIfN (in ex.). From 1. to r., owl stg. r., olive tree, amphora;border of dots.

Sv. -

[377-381] 6 coins.

382

14 coins *a IIII-710 *b K-1482

20-22 21 21

Av.4.42 (11) 5.82 4.53

Similar.

383

2 coins *a AA-1016 *b AA-61

19-20 Av.5.05 (2) 4.83 20 19 5.27

(Q 19:3)

Similar.

Similar,but details illegible.

Similar.

AeHNAIIND (legend finishing in ex.). From 1. to r., owl stg. r., amphora, olive tree; border of dots.

Sv. 90.27

ASHNAIIflN (legend in ex.). From 1. to r., olive tree, amphora, owl facing, palm tree; border of dots.

Sv. 90.29

[382, 383] 6 coins.

384

AA-297

21

5.24

Similar.

385

PP-841

19

4.87

Similar. [377-385] 1 coin.

(Q 19:3)

Similar,but details illegible.

161

CATALOGUE

Sv. 91.2-7, 9-15, 19 AeHNAIQN, AeHNAIQ-N, AeHN-A-IQN, AeHN-A-IQ-N, AeHN-A-I-QN, AeH-N-AI-QN, AeH-N-AIINR, or AeH-N-A-IQN Four-leggedtable, sometimes seen in perspective,with amphora below; on table top, from 1. to r., wreath, head of Athena r., owl stg. 1.;border of dots.

Similar.

386 *a b

12 coins Q-242 AA-1069

19-23 Av.4.46 (12) 5.54 21 4.49 21

(Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:1

Similar.

387

7 coins *a AA-1092 *b I-796

Av.5.91 (6) 5.44 6.55

20-22 20 20

AOHNAI-Q-N,AeHN-AI-f-N, or AeHNAI As 386, but with palm branch to r.; border of dots. (Q 19:3) GRC,fig. 22

Similar.

388

4 coins

20-21

4 coins

4 coins

20-21

AA-1125

22

4.24

Similar.

392

4 coins *a AA-1001 *b AA-1079

20-21 20 20

AeH-NAIQN or AeH-NAIINn Similar to 386, but with owl facing; border of dots.

Sv. 91.8

AeH Similar to 386, but on top of table, from 1. to r., owl stg. r., head of Athena r., wreath;border of dots.

Sv. 91.29

AeH-NAIQN As 390, but owl facing; border of dots.

Sv. -

AOH-N-AIQNor AeH-N-A-I As 386, but on top of table, from 1. to r., owl stg. r., head of Athena 1., wreath;border of dots.

Sv. -

Av.4.21(4)

Similar. 391

Sv. 91.1, 22, 23

Av.4.96(3)

20-22

Similar.

390

Ae-H-N-AIQN or AeHNIAIQN Similar to 386, but no amphora below table; border of dots.

Av.5.08(2)

Similar.

389

Sv. 91.16-18, 20, 21

Av.4.93(3) 4.30 4.94

(Q 19:3)

(Q 19:3) (Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:k

162

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST Similar.

393

Z-1214

00-431

6 coins

21-22

T-174

20

S-3694

21

3 coins

20-21

5 coins

21-22

AeHN-AIfQ-NFour-legged table with amphora below; on table top, from 1. to r., bust of Athena r., owl facing, wreath; along front of table, in tiny letters, AAPIANEIA;palm branch in ex.; border of dots.

Sv. 91.33-38

AeH-NAIMN Similar to 396, but Sv. on table top, from 1. to r., wreath, bust of Athena r., owl stg. 1.; along front of table, in tiny letters, border of dots. [EAEVCINEIA];

AeHN-AIQN As 397, but owl facing; border of dots.

Sv. 91.42

AeHNA-I-N Similar.On table top, from 1. to r., owl facing, bust of Athena 1., wreath; along front of table, in tiny letters, OAVMnIA;border of dots.

Sv. 91.39, 40

Av.4.20(3)

Similar.

399

Sv. 91.27, 28

5.60

Similar. 398

AeHNAI-Q-N or Ae-HNAIQN Four-leggedtable seen in elevated perspectivewith amphora below; on top of table, from 1. to r., owl stg. 1. or r., bust of Athena r., prize crown; palm branch sometimes to r.; border of dots.

5.73

Similar.

*397

Sv. 91.31

Av.6.17(5)

Similar.

396

AeIHNIA As last, but no amphora, and palm to 1.;border of dots.

3.10

21

Similar.

395

Sv. 91.30

6.01

23

Similar.

*394

AeHNjAIA2NAs 392, but legend beneath table and amphora, and palm to r.; border of dots.

Av.4.93(4)

163

CATALOGUE AOHNAIQ-NSimilar to 399, but along front of table, in tiny letters, nANAOHNEA; border of dots.

Similar.

III-769

400

20

Sv. 91.41, 45

4.14

Similar.

Similar,but details illegible.

Similar.

AOH-NA-IQNBoukranionwith fillets hanging from horns; rarely, star above skull;as 185 and 283; border of dots.

[386-400] 15 coins.

401

74 coins *a AA-1013 *b AA-1002

Sv. 99.24-37

Av.5.21 (63)

T-598

20-23 21 21 21 22

Sv. 99.38

7 coins

Similar. 20-22 Av. 5.46 (6)

AOH-NAI-QNAs last.

402

Sv. 99.10-12

*a b c

15 coins AA-1096 AA-1012 AA-1089

Similar. 20-22 Av. 5.79 (14) 7.69 20 7.19 21 6.17 21

A6HN-AIQN As last.

403

*a

14 coins AA-1062

Similar. 20-22 Av.5.55 (13) 6.66 21

*c

d

404

BB-352

5.49 5.87 4.86 6.42

(Q 19:3) (Q 19:3) GRC,fig. 4 GRC,fig. 22

(Q 19:3) (Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:m (Q 19:3) H. A. Thompson 1958, pl. 44:n AOHN-AI-QNAs last. (Q 19:3)

Similar. 405

11 coins *a AA-1003 *b AA-1063

20-22 20 21

Av. 5.63 (10) 5.70 5.60

Similar.

406

3 coins *a I-559

20-21 21

[401-406] 20 coins.

Sv. 99.15-18 AOHNA-IQN,AOHNA-I-QN, A-eHN-AI-QN, or A-OH-NAIQN As last. (Q 19:3) (Q 19:3) AOHN-AIQNBoukranion as above, but within ornamental frame; border of dots.

Av.4.73 (2) 5.13

Similar.

Sv. 99.19-22

Similar,but details illegible.

Sv. 99.13, 14

164

ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS: SECOND AND THIRD CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST UNCLASSIFIED Similar.

Types illegible.

Head or bust of Athena r., border of dots.

Ae-H-N-AIMN (obscure) Triptolemosin chariot to 1., as 206; border of dots.

Sv. 94.37

AeHNA-IQN or AeHN-AIQN Theseus attackingto 1., as 209; border of dots.

Sv. 96.22-25, 29

[284-406] 88 coins. OBOLS

407

H'-3647

fragmentary Similar.

408 *a

15 coins NN-666

16-18 Av. 3.15 (14) 16 3.48 AQHN-AIf2NNike advancing r., Sv. 96.45 holding wreath in r. hand and palm branch over shoulder with 1.; border of dots.

Similar.

409

13 coins *a rr-47 *b NN-833

15-18 Av. 2.89 (12) 16 3.59 17 4.44 Similar.

410

3 coins AA-880 *a *b NN-1283 *c T-1425

15-18 15 18 17

4 coins

Sv. 89.20, 21

AOHNAIIN (legend in ex.). From 1. to r., owl facing, olive tree, amphora;border of dots.

Sv.-

AOH-NA-I.N Tripod; border of dots.

Sv. 93.31

AeHNINf2IA (legend ending in ex.). Prow of galley to r.; border of dots.

Sv. 97.40

Av. 3.81 (3) 4.52 3.96 2.95

Similar.

411

Ae-HNjAI-QN Olive tree with owl perching r. in branches; border of dots.

16-17 Av.2.44(4)

HEMIOBOLS

Similar. 1-1324

*412

13

1.69

Similar.

413 *a

2 coins EI-3562

12-13 Av. 1.35(2) 0.99 13

CHRONOLOGY Similar. 414 *a

5 coins Q2-139

E-4658

12

5 coins *a 4-237 *b E-869

AOH-NAIQNAs last.

Sv.-

A-@ Owl stg. 1.;border of dots.

Sv. 88.54

11-13 Av.1.41 (5) 11 1.10 13 1.43 Similar.

[414-416] 2 coins.

Sv. 88.38

1.94

Similar. 416

A-e Owl stg. r.; border of dots.

13-14 Av. 1.59(4) 14 1.98 Similar.

*415

165

Type uncertain.

IV NON-ATHENIANCOINS THE 2,197 identifiableforeigncoins cataloguedin thischapterspan nearlythe entirechronological range of ancient Greek numismatichistory.The earliestcoins, two Aiginetan silverstaters (658a and b) and a plated counterfeitof a Siphnian hemidrachm(846), go back to the 6th century B.C. The latest, dating after the collapse of civic minting in the Greek East in the 260's and 270's of our era, belong to the final issuesof the Roman provinceof Egypt under Diocletian (1029, 1030) and to the last known ruler of the Black Sea Kingdom of Bosphoros, King RheskouporisVI, a contemporaryof Constantinethe Great (853a and b). Geographicalrepresentationextends from Italy and Sicily in the west to the PersianEmpire in the east, and fromthe Crimeancoast of the BlackSea in the northto Egypt, Cyrene,and Numidia in the south. The range is impressive,but no more so than one would expect from excavationsin the heartof Athens,which possessedone of the majorportsof the EasternMediterraneanand whose festivals,monuments,and educationalinstitutionsmade it a culturalmecca for visitorsfrom all over the Greco-Romanworld. Predictably,most of the largerconcentrationsof coins come fromneighboringand nearbystates. Megara heads the list with over 300 pieces, chieflyfrom two prolificbronze varietiesof the late 4th and earlier 3rd centuries B.C. (643, 644). Then follow three mints that are representedby more than 100 cataloguedpieces each: the Boiotian League, the city of Chalkis,and, particularlyafter refoundationas a Roman colony in 44 or 43 B.C., the city of Corinth. The only other foreign coinage that has been found in comparable quantity is the coinage of the Macedonian kings from Alexander III through Antigonos Gonatas. Many of the more than 250 Macedonian regal coins must have originallybeen used by Macedonian troops in the garrisonsimposed on the Athenians from 317 to 307 and again from 296 to 229. But it should be emphasized that about two-thirdsof the total come from a single coinage and reign, the Panerecting-trophybronze of Antigonos Gonatas (507, 508). Although it is possible that all coins of this type were originallyconsigned to Attica for garrisonpay and dispersedonly secondarilyinto general circulation,the tremendousnumber of the Pan-erecting-trophycoins in the currencypool of 3rd-centuryAthens might equally result from an undocumenteddonative of bronze money by Gonatas to the Athenian people (p. 36 above).Nor can one insist that all the precious-metalcoins of Alexander and Philip III recoveredfrom the Agora, a gold stater (487) and ten silver drachms (488a-h, 496a, b), were necessarilysent to Athens in militarypayrolls;for such coins of Alexander served as one of the dominant internationaltrade currenciesof the Aegean world as late as the early 2nd centuryB.C., and some at least must have arrivedin commerce. It is notablein this connectionthat most of the otherforeigngold and silverfromthe excavations alsobelongsto coinagesthat enjoyedin theirday a similarstatusas preferredinternationalcurrencies for commerce and for militarypay. These include the severalsilver statersof Aigina (658a and b, 660, 661), an electrum staterof Kyzikos(866), a Persiangold daric (1003), three silver Lysimachi (461-463), a Rhodian didrachmand two or three pseudo-Rhodiandrachms(959-962), and fifteen Histiaian tetrobols(632a-o, of which eight had been deposited together in a hoard). If the loss of these pieces in the Agora is somehow a reflection of their wide distributionand popularity,the presence of plated forgeriesof silver coins can be attributedto their worthlessnessonce they were

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

167

detected and evidently thrown away.To thefourreeAthenian coins mentioned previously(pp. 4, 7, 9-10), the non-Atheniancatalogueadds a plated Celtic drachm(417), a plated drachmof Alexander (488i), a plated hemidrachmof Siphnos(846), a platedstaterof Elis (747), which had been cut in half to expose and probablydemonitizeit, and a platedAiginetanstatercunninglyprovidedwith a bogus test cut during manufacture(659). Three hemidrachmsof Demetrios Poliorketes(502a and b, 503), whose presence suggests,perhaps, Macedonian militarypay, a Euboian League drachm (610), a Corinthian drachm (666), an Achaian League hemidrachm (745), a tetradrachmof Ptolemy VI (1011), and a denariusofJuba I (1035) complete the modest total of foreignnon-Roman silverfrom the excavations. The bronze coins struckby or in the name of Athens'severalcleruchiesmake up anothernotable group. As full-fledgedcitizens of Athens permanentlyresidingabroad in territorialcommunitiesof their own, Athenian cleruchsare sometimesidentifiedin writingsand inscriptionsas Atheniansbut at other times by a localized ethnic, as Lemnians,the people of Salamis,or the like.1Their coinages are similarlyvaried. In the 4th and early3rd centuriesB.C.,Myrinaand Hephaistia,the two cleruchy cities on the island of Lemnos, each minted coins with AthenianAthena head/Owl types that were accompanied by a local legend and an adjunct symbol, MYPIwith a branch of Apollo and H4A with the tongs of Hephaistos (455, 455A). But when Lemnos, after a century of independence, was returnedto Athens in 167/6 and the cleruchieswere reestablished,their coins bore the legend AOEbut used reverse types emblematic of the issuing city: Artemis' quiver and bow at Myrina (456) and a lighted race torch at Hephaistia(454). Still later,in the earlyAugustanperiod, Athens minted for the island a coinage with the types of Athena head/Hephaistos head and thejoint ethnic AOEIAHMNI (159A). SimilarAugustanissueswere struckfor the cleruchiesof Skyros(160: AE| CKY) and Imbros (161: AeEINBPI).Whether Augustan or earlier,the smaller Lemnian cleruchy coins with Artemis/Stag types (159: AEEIAHMNI) also belong to the 1st centuryB.C. transfer to Athenian in Upon ownership 167/6 B.C.,Delos became the most importantof Athens' overseaspossessions. Because of its proximityand closer ties to Athens, the island used Athenian money and did not have a coinage of its own. The one momentary exception is a special bronze emissionin two denominationsstruckby the Roman legate GaiusValeriusTriariusafterthe piratical devastationof the island in 69 B.C. (see 830); Triarius'name appears on obverses, but the ethnic is the AOEof the Athenian demos. Owing to its entirely "non-Athenian"character,the more common 4th-century bronze "of the people of Salamis,"inscribedEAAA(Ltvi.ov) (640-642), stands somewhat apart from foregoing cleruchycoinages.Archaeologicaldata indicatethat the Salaminianbronze began in the firsthalf of the century,apparentlyto fill a void in the small-denominationcurrencyon the islandand ultimately throughoutAttica in general. Its utility was diminishedwhen Athens' Eleusinianbronze entered circulation,and afterAthens was coining bronze in her own name later in the century,the Salamis bronze was finallydiscontinued. Turningto the smallerconcentrationsof foreigncoins, one suspectsthat the nine pieces fromthe northernBlackSea ports of Olbia, Pantikapaion,IstrianonLimen, and Phanagoria(430-434, 852) were broughtby sailorsaboardtransportsengagedin the Euxinegrain tradeand that the majorityof the fifteen early Ptolemaic bronzes (1004-1006, 1009) came with the soldiers sent by Ptolemy II to guard Attica at the outbreakof the ChremonideanWar.The abundant finds of Ptolemy I and II coins at severalAttic fortswhere these troopswere stationedmakeit clearthat for a few yearsin the early 260's B.C., Athens was being suppliedwith Ptolemaicmoney as at no other time in her history 1

2nd ed., Chicago 1983, pp. 167-168. CityinAncientGreece, A.J. Graham, ColonyandMother

168

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

(note 42 above, p. 11).But beyond such limited conjecturesas these, diminishinghistoricalreturns set in quickly,and it becomes difficultto attach significanceto the rest of the mostly isolated and seemingly random finds from dozens of Greek mints. A few coins owe their interest to discovery in a chronologicallysignificantcontext. Good examples are the three-assariacoins of Chios, 948a and 949, whose contextsof the mid-3rdcenturyafterChriststrengthenthe recent downdatingof the importantseriesof Chiote imperialsas a whole. Mention shouldalso be made of the few bronzecoins from the excavationsthat are noteworthyfor their artisticmerit. The large medallionlikeimperial bronzes from Philippolis(447), Pergamon(878), and Mytilene (905) stand out for their showiness and exceptionalcondition. Less well preservedbut of considerabledocumentaryvalue for the later career,heroization,and portraitureof the ostracizedAthenian statesmanThemistoklesis the large and quite rare imperial bronze of Magnesia on the Maiandrosthat pictures the altar and bronze statueof Themistoklesthat stood in the city agora (926). The essential question for the bronze coins catalogued in this chapter is to what extent they could havebeen used as money in a foreigncity likeAthens.Producedas token or fiduciarycurrency, did they retain their value when transportedacross the borders of the state that issued them and implicitlyguaranteedtheirredeemabilityat a given amountof silver?Or,leavingtheirvalue behind, were they lost or intentionallydiscardedin the Agora on account of their very worthlessness?The large cast bronze of Olbia, 433, may have made a fine souveniror barteringtrinketin 4th-century Athens, but it is hard to imagine an Athenian shopkeeperaccepting it as a conventionalmeans of payment in a normal retail transaction.But this is a highly unusual coin, which ordinarilywould have to be taken to a moneychanger.When we turn to smaller,more conventional coins, there is reason to believe that at least in the 4th and 3rd centuriesB.C., foreign bronzes were generally negotiablein Athenian commerce.2 The best evidence comes from the Agora A 18:8 hoard, analyzed and dated to the 260's B.C. on pages 35 and 302. Apart from four Athenian lead military tokens and two small silver coins (a hemidrachmof Demetrios Poliorketesand a drachm of Lysimachos),the deposit contained 92 legible bronze coins, of which 45 are Athenian, 21 Eleusinian,and the remaining 30 percent from foreign mints: Megara (16), Phokis (4), Lokris(2), and the Carian mint of Demetrios Poliorketes, Aigina, Chalkis,and Larissa(1 coin each). Since the hoard'sowner clearlyregardedthese non-Attic bronze coins as worth holding on to, the presumptionis that he could have spent them about as freelyas he could have spent his local Athenian bronze money.And since all the non-Atticbronzes are essentiallysimilarin diameter and weight to the Athenian and Eleusinianpieces in the hoard, all AE 3 dichalkia,one expects that the non-Attic coins would have passed in Athens at the same value. In supportof these suppositionsit shouldbe rememberedthat in the 4th centurythe Athenians became accustomedto usingthe bronzecoins of Salamisand the Eleusinianfestivalsfor a generation or more before the appearance of their Athena/Owl bronze and that for a while after the latter entered circulation, all three bronze currenciesremained in use together.3 In an already mixed monetary context such as this, one would not expect random AE 3 pieces from Megara, Chalkis, or other Greek states to meet with much discrimination,especiallysince their value was so slight: if each coin was worth no more than a quarterof an obol, it is unlikelyto have made much difference to anyone whether a given AE 3 piece happened to have been minted locally or outside Attica. This suggests in turn that it did not make much differenceto the state. For whether or not the 2

Acceptabilityof most foreignbronze coins found at Corinth is assumedin Price 1967, pp. 367-369. 3 See the late 4th-centurydestructiondeposit of KerameikosBuildingZ-3, p. 298 below.

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

169

Athenianseverpassed a law in the 4th or earlier3rd centurydiscriminatingagainstthe use of foreign bronze coins, there is certainlyno evidence for the effectivenessof such legislation. The higher-valuePan-erecting-trophyAE 2 hemiobols of Antigonos Gonatas provide further evidence of the actual use of non-Athenianbronze coins in 3rd-centuryB.C. Athens. Granted that these were introducedwhile Athenswas underMacedoniancontroland beforeAthens had begun to mint in this larger bronze denomination, the Macedonian bronze circulatedneverthelessin such volume that when the Athenians called it in after 224, they were able to restrikeover it a very substantialbronze coinage of their own (69). The duoviralbronze of Antonian andJulio-ClaudianCorinth (670-704) is another non-Attic currencythat calls for special consideration.The close size equivalencybetween the duoviralasses and the Athenian Period IV AE 1 pieces that constitutedAthens' main bronze currencyin these same periods surely accounts for the exceptional total of 48 Corinthianasses found in the Agora. Proof of their absorptioninto the pool of circulatingmoney comes from the five asses with heads of Nero that had been intentionallycut in half. This operation was performed on a number of local AE 1 coins circulatingin Julio-ClaudianAthens but is unattested among the duoviralasses recoveredin the excavationsat Corinthitself.4Even so, it is doubtfulwhether such Corinthianasses ever reached Athens in sufficientquantity to have had a perceptibleeffect on the city's currency. In numbersof Agora finds,no other non-AthenianGreekcoinage of the Roman period can begin to rival the duoviralbronze of Corinth. But when the Agora total of 63 duoviralasses and fractions is compared with the approximately4,000 Athenian Period IV coins from the excavations,it is clear that this Corinthian coinage could have made a barely marginaldifferenceat most. Indeed, for non-Attic Greek bronze coinages that did have a significantimpact on Athenian monetary circulation,one must go back to the late 4th- and early 3rd-centuryAE 3 coinage of Megara and to the Pan-erecting-trophybronze of Antigonos Gonatas. After the Athenian restrikingof this Macedonian bronze in the 220's, therefore, the inflow of supplementaryoutside bronze currencieswas sharply reduced, either because the supply of Athenian bronze had become more abundantor, more probably,because a new attitudeor policy discouragedthe,use of non-Athenian bronze now that bronze coins were more commonly issued in larger denominations and were playing a larger role vis-a-vis silver in the monetary economy. The figures collected on page xxvi show that of the total 4th- and 3rd-centuryB.C. bronze coins excavated in the Agora, approximately20 percent are non-Attic. For later centuries (except for the 1st century after Christ when Athens did not strike coins), the percentage ranges from 7 to 2 percent if we count only Greek coins, or 12 to 2 percent if we include all Roman bronze with the Greek. Attic hoards give the same picture. In contrastto the sizable non-Attic component of the 3rd-centuryA 18:8 hoard, bronze hoards from the 2nd and 1st centuriesB.C. contain only the occasional strayforeignpiece. If allowanceis made for the exceptionalhoardingof Roman sestertii in the mid-3rd century after Christ, the evidence from the Herulian-invasionhoards of A.D. 267 is no different.The straynon-AthenianGreekcoins accountfor a mere 0.3 percentof the total coins in all these post-3rd-centuryB.C. hoards.5Whethersuch strayswere keepsakesor coins hastilymistaken 4

See above, pp. 92-93. 729, a Neronian as of Sikyon,was also halved at Athens. Only 15 of the 3,402 bronzecoins fromthe fourteenAttichoardsof the late 2nd and early 1stcenturiesB.C. surveyed on pp. 66 and 67 above are not Athenian. There is 1 non-Athenianpiece among the 713 coins of the Chaidari and Agia Varvarahoards of the end of the 1st century B.C.(pp. 80-81 above). Herulian-invasionhoards (p. 117 above) have producedjust 4 coins from other Greek cities: 1 of Thessalonikeand 1 of Argos in the ca. 972-piece Numismatic Collection of Athens lot of the Eleusis 1902 hoard, and 1 of Chios (949) and 1 of Lydian Tripolis (969b) in the Agora hoard Deposit B 17:1A. 5

170

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

as Athenian, one cannot attach any more significanceto them than to the occasional Canadian penny or dime that will usuallyturn up in a large accumulationof U.S. change today. The Canadian-U.S. analogy probably illuminatesthe "circulation"at Athens of most of the non-Atticcoins cataloguedbelow.As with any Canadiancoin in the U.S., the lower its value and the more similarits appearanceto local coins, the more likelythat a foreigncoin might informallypass from hand to hand. But this is hardlythe same as officialacceptability.No foreign coin could ever enjoy the advantageof legally enforcedcirculation6and could alwaysbe refused,in which case its owner would have to go to the money-changersand take the best exchange he was offered. After the restrikingof Macedonian bronze in the later 220's B.C., foreign bronze coins apparentlywere disfavoredin normalretailtransactions.Nevertheless,since they were alwaysworth somethingat the money-changers'tables, the great bulk of those that have turned up in the Agora were, like the thousandsof local Athenian bronze coins from the excavations,most likelylost by accident. The coins are catalogued in the traditionalorder: by geographicalarea, then by cities of the area arrangedalphabeticallyand by rulers.Coin varietiesin the earlierpart of the catalogue,Italy to Thessaly, are chiefly referencedto entries in the fully illustratedCopenhagen Sylloge,which is From generally more useful than the correspondingearly volumes of the BritishMuseumCatalogue. Illyricumonwards I cite the more complete BMC. References to these works are directly to the coin numbers of the city (BMC)or region (Copenhagen Sylloge)under consideration. Thus, for example,the referenceBMC 145-148 undervariety573 is to coin nos. 145-148 of Leukas,regionof Akarnania,in the BMC volume ThessalytoAetolia(p. 184). The dates assigned to the pre-imperial coinagesare probablymore eclecticallyderivedthan they shouldbe. On the whole, the datingof the with its practiceof assigningbroaddatesby centuriesis preferredto the absolute CopenhagenSylloge historicaldates favoredby the BMC,except when such precisehistoricaldating is warranted.

CATALOGUE

ITALY

CISALPINECELTS

2nd-lst centuyB.C. AR DRACHM CoUNERFErrOFMASSALIAN PLATED

Female head r.

*417

6

PP'-1 153

15 \

2.80

A. Pautasso,Le MonetePrAomane del' Itaia Settentrionale,Varese 1966, pls. xxvii ff. No traces of silver plating remain. For subaerateGaulish coins such as this that have been found in North Italian hoards, see ibid., pp. 95-96. Lion 1.;above, traces of a few blunderedletters.

On this essentialprinciple,see the papersof Buttreyreferencednote 3 above, p. 5.

171

CATALOGUE BRUNDISIUM

ca. 217-200 B.C.7 SEMIS

B[RVN]below Youth on dolphin 1., holding Nike and lyre; to r., S.

Head of Poseidon r.

*418

AA-126

Cop723-729

20 +- 8.45

KROTON

B.C. 4thcentury

*419

K-645a

Head of young Herakles r. 12 \ 1.29

[KPO] below Crab.

Cop1823

RHEGION

ca. 203-89 B.C. TETRAS

Head of Artemis r. *420

E-3806

16 /

PHrINQN at r. of Lyre.

Cop1980

2.40

SICILY

AKRAGAS

late5thcentury-406B.C. HEMILTrRON

*421

00-1142

[AKPArANTINON] Eagle stg. 1., wings spread. 26 / 12.11

Crab; below, conch shell and octopus; six pellets around.

Calciati I, p. 177, no. 47

intentionallyhalved (found with coin 00-1141, a specimen of Athens variety 59, of the 260's B.C.)

StaatlicheMunzsammlungMunchen 3, Berlin 1973, nos. 558-569; cf. Crawford,CMRR,p. 66. 7 SNGDeutschland,

172

NON-ATHENIAN COINS GELA

ca. 420-405B.C.

TRIAS Horned head of river god r.; behind, wheat grain. *422

2-82

18 4 3.93

FEAAEabove Bull walking 1.; in ex., three pellets. GRC,fig. 19

G. K. Jenkins, The Coinageof Gela, Berlin 1970, no. 497

MAMERTINOI

ca. 220-200 B.C. PENTOKION

423

I-280a

Head of Apollo 1.; behind, lyre. 25 1 7.88+

[MAMEPTINQN]Warrior stg., facing; at r., n.

Calciati I, p. 103, no. 26

Head of Zeus r.; behind, spearhead. 27 / 9.70+

[MAMEPTINfN] Warriorcharging r.; at r., n.

Calciati I, p. 109, no. 41 Ds 2

PENTOKION

424

H-1234

SYRACUSE

ca. 410-400 B.C. HEMILITRON

Female head 1. 425

EE-30

17

4 2.93+

[EYPA] between Dolphin 1. and scallop shell.

Calciati II, pp. 55-58, no. 24

Hippocamp 1.

Calciati II, pp. 76-94, nos. 34, 35, 41-45

LrTRA

426 a b

NN-2123 Z-2994

[EYPA] above Head of Athena 1., wearing Corinthianhelmet. 20 \ 6.65+ 17 / 4.85 (broken)

317-289 B.C.

[EMTEIPA] Head of Artemis r. 427

--706

22 -+ 7.23+

Winged thunderboltbetween illegible two-line legend.

Calciat II, pp. 277-279, no. 142

173

CATALOGUE SICULO-PUNIC COINAGE8 ca. 310-270 B.C.

Head of Persephone1. 428 a b

H'-2682 T-158a

17 / 16 l

Horse stg. r., before palm tree.

Cop(Zeugitania: 109-119 Carthage)

Sicilian mint same

1.83+ 2.09

earl-mid-3rd centuryB.C.

Head of Persephone1. *429

Horse head r.; at r., o.

, 4.01

Cop(Zeugitania: 151 Carthage)

Sardinianmint; GRC,fig. 19 Fora modern imitationof a Siculo-Punictetradrachmfound while demolishinga modern house in the Agora, see Appendix A, coin b (p. 291 below). nII-105

19

TAURIC CHERSONESE

PANTIKAPAION

ca. 330-315 B.C.

Head of young satyr r. 430 *a E-4260 b N-316

13 f 14 -

nAN ITI above and below Bow in case.

Shelov, no. 55

1.75 broken

first half 3rd centuryB.C.

Head of young satyr 1. 431 a E-1163 *b BA-405

18 14 l

3.36 1.85

nAN below Bow and arrow. Shelov, no. 65 Shelov, no. 66

Shelov, nos. 65, 66

thirdquarter 3rdcentury B.C. Head of Poseidon r. *432 8

A-195a

22 f

3.95

Shelov, no. 75 nAN[TI] below Prow 1. obv. cmk.: head of Athena r. in Corinthian helmet

Formint attributionsand dating,see Morgantina II, pp. 113, 150-151, nos. 436, 437.

174

NON-ATHENIAN COINS SARMATIA

OLBIA

4th centuryB.C.

O-All-8

Gorgoneion.

Cop74

Eagle on dolphin 1. *433

NN-2160

37 t

19.43

rev. in ex., inscribed n; GRC,fig. 19

ISTRLANON LIMEN

B.C. late5th-early4thcentury

IET.

Four-spokedwheel.

434 *a b

PP'-1221 ET'-458a

13 12 -

1.30 1.71

E. H. Minns, andGreeks, Scythians Cambridge 1913, p. 484, pi. 11:5

(foundwith pottery of first half 4th century B.C.)

THRACE

ABDERA

4th centuryB.C.

[Griffinseated on club r.]

435

N-1116

13 f

2.24+

ABA-HP]I[TE-.N] Head of Apollo r. in linear square.

Cop374

(K 9-10:1)

APOLLONIAPONTICA

after400 B.C.

Head of Apollo r., laur. 436

AA-251

11 IJ

0.91

A at lower 1. of Anchor; at r., crayfish.

cf. Cop462 (which is larger)

CATALOGUE

175

BYZANTION

4th centuy B.C.9

r Y above 437

B'-620a

Trident between two dolphins.

Cop488

Cow walking on dolphin 1. 17 \ 3.09+

DEULTUM

A.D.

IVLIAMA-MEAAVG Bust r.

*438

IIe-790

24 t

6.93

222-235: JuliaMamea COL-FLPA-CDEVL around Eagle on altar;on each side a standardwith a star in center; in ex., T.

J. Jurukova,Die Munzriigungvon Deultum,Berlin 1973, no. 173

(A 14:2) GRC,fig. 24

MARONEIA

ca. 398-347 B.C. Horse prancing r.

439 *a b c

Br-279 BB-274 00-934

13 \ 15 t 11 t

MAP-lNI-TQN Square containing vine and grapes.

E. Schonert-Geiss, Die Miinprgung vonMaroneia,Berlin 1987, nos. 598-943

1.95 1.90+ 1.35

ca. 189-45 B.C.

Head of young Dionysos r.

440

r-964a

26 t

6.77+

Similar. 441 *a b

X-120 r-171

18 \ 17 t

5.92 3.99+

SchOnert-Geiss [AIONY'OY- EQTHPOEMAPQNITQN]Dionysos (under 439 above), two and nos. 1354-1510 stg. 1., holding spears grapes. ob,v., two circularcmks.: one containing a head, one a rose(?) Similar,but at lower 1. monogram based on H.

Schonert-Geiss (under 439 above), nos. 1511-1639

9 E. Schonert-Geiss(DieMinzrigungvonByzantion, Berlin/Amsterdam1970, pp. 128-129) gives thisvarietyto the 5th

and 4th centuries B.C.

176

NON-ATHENIAN COINS MESEMBRIA

4th centuryB.C.

Helmet facing. 442 a b

NN-2068 AA-634

19 13 -

4.42+ 1.63

[M]-E-T-Awithin four spokes of Wheel.

BMC 5-7

(BMC 5, 6) smallermodule (BMC 7)

3rd-2nd cenfry B.C.

Female head r. 443

NN-279

16 t

2N] [M]ETA[MIBPIAN Athena fighting 1.

Cop660, 661

4.35+

PAUTALIA

A.D. 161: Lcius Verus

AV KAI A AV-PHAIOC OVHPOC Bust r. *444

0-428

30 /

Hr rAP AN[TEIK-OV nAVTAAIQTf2N] Fish-tailedserpent rising erect from multiple coils.

L. Ruzicka,Die Minzenvon Pautalia,Sophia 1933, no. 161

17.47

PERNTHOS

late3rd centuryB.C.and later

Jugate heads of Serapis and Isis r.

445

IIII-53a

23 t

[nEPINIr.N] Anubis stg. r.

E. Schonert-Geiss, Die Minzpr'gzqg vonPeinthos,Berlin 1965, nos. 31-39

5.42

A.D. 253-268: Galienus

AYT rAAAIHNOCCEB Bust 1., cuir., spear and shield.

*446

1-1590

30 /

17.80

nEPINl1QN AlE NEQ2KOPQN Herakles slaying stag 1.

Schonert-Geiss (under 445 above), nos. 899 (obv.)and 854 (rev. [Gordian Il])

177

CATALOGUE PHILIPPOPOLIS

A.D. 218-222: Elagabalus

MHTPOnOAEQC

AVTO M AVPHAANTONEINOC CEB Bust 1., laur., cuir., dr. *447

S-3788

41 f

37.63

Cop784

0iAinnononAEQCNQI[K]OPOV (sic)Herakles stg. 1., hand resting on club, holding lion's skin. GRC,fig. 25

TRAIANA AUGUSTA

A.D. 193-217: Julia Domna

[IOVAIA]AO-MNA CEBA Bust r. 448

Z-2135a

26

-

6.53

AVrOVCTHC TPAIAN[HC]Illegible type.

cf. BMC 8, 9

(H 12:4)

THE THRACIAN CHERSONESE

COELA

A.D.218-222: Elagabalus ANTO-NINVS PIVS Bust of Elagabalusr., laur., cuir., dr. *449

rr-5

17 t

AELMVNICOE-LA Prow r.; cornucopia above.

BMC 4

2.54

SESTOS

4th-3rdcentury B.C. Herm.

450

Cop932, 933

[EHE] at r. of Lyre.

Cop936, 937

NN-1036a 12 -+ 1.63

Head of Hermes r. 451

[E]-A Amphora.

K-1073

19 t

broken

178

NON-ATHENIAN COINS THRACIAN ISLANDS

IMBROS

276/261-167 B.C. Female head r.

[IMBPOY]at 1. of Hermes Imbriamosstg. r., before thymiaterion,holding branch. Kleiner 1976, p. 20, no. 1 (B 20:9)

Cop952-957

15 t 3.45 13 t 1.92 12 4 1.27 Between 166 and 86 B.C.the reestablishedAtheniancleruchyon Imbrosstruckan AE 2 emissionwith a reverse that repeatsthe present reverseof ithyphallicHermes Imbriamosbefore thymiaterion,althoughwith the legend AeENAIfN; the obverse type, Athena head in Corinthianhelmet, was modeled on the obverseof the standard 2nd-centuryB.C.Athenian FulminatingZeus AE 2 (F.W. Imhoof-Blumer,"Muinzender KleruchenaufImbros," AM 7, 1882, pp. 146-148; idem,Monnaesgrecs,Amsterdam1883, p. 49, no. 49). The bronze here representedin three Agora specimensshould be earlierand presumablybelongs to the long period of Imbrian independence from Athens which began in 276 or 261 B.C. (Ferguson,p. 320, note 3). For an Augustan"cleruchy"issue with the compound legend AGE INBPI,see 161.

452 *a b *c

NN-1126 9-994 ET-285

LEMNOS

Hephaistia 276/261-167 B.C. H-0IA-I Race torch between pilei of the Kabeiroi.

Male head r., diad.

453 *a T-856 b NN-1498 c A-1104 d II-902

15 18 18 16

/

3.24+

t 5.03 t t

Cop979

(from drain deposit with coins to 86 B.C.)

3.75 3.99

166-86B.C.

454 *a IIO-115 b 1-44 c A-26

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 15 \ 2.88 12 / 2.79 14 \ 2.70

AE

E Race torch bound with fillet.

Cop(Atica) 102, BMCAttica577

By size and arrangementof the ethnic, this last varietyis relatedto AthenianAE 3 varietiesof ca. 170-86 B.C. (PeriodIII).The race-torchreverseand the rude styleof the Athena head make it dear, however,that it shouldbe attributedto the Atheniancleruchyat HephaistiaafterLemnoswas retured to Athens in 167/6 (Polybios30.20). 456 is a parallelstrikingfrom Lemnos'second cleruchycity,Myrina.

179

CATALOGUE

It is probablethat at least a few of the coinslistedunder455A are from4th- or early3rd-centuryB.C. Hephaistia. For an early Augustanissue in the name of the Lemnian Atheniansbut with an Hephaistos-headreversetype, see 159A.

Myrina

386-276/261 B.C. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 455 *a *b *c *d *e *f g h

41 coins ME-31 0-505 ET'-528 fl-432 NN-1790 T-1602 II9-697 X-107

12-16 14 t 15 t 14 -17 t 13 t 12 t 13 A 15 v-

Av. 2.19 (27) 3.16 2.82 2.16 2.47 1.82 1.71 2.26 very worn

MYPI (usuallyupward at 1.) Owl stg., facing; usually at r., a branch.

Cop988, 990

GRC,fig. 19 MYPI downwardat 1. (as also --173) (B 13:1) (N 18:3)

Similar.

Similar,except legend and symbol illegible. 455A 28 coins 12-15 mm., of variety 455 or the parallelbut less common Hephaistia variety Cop973: Head of Athena in Corinthianhelmet/Owl, stg., facing,between tongs (on 1.)and HOAdownwards(at r.). *a Z-2854 14 \ 1.98 obv. cmk.: X in incuse circle b 0-657 14 t 1.91 same c E-91 14 - very worn (N21:4) d IIE-529 14 - 2.58 (B 13:1) Three specimensof 455 were excavatedat Olynthos,one definitelyfromthe floorof a house destroyedin 348,10 the other two in less clear stratigraphicalcircumstances,which neverthelessrelate to the pre-348 occupation of the city."1The Athena/Owl coinage of Myrina (and Hephaistia,see 455A) thus began between the restoration of the Lemnian cleruchies in 386 and the middle of the 4th century.A considerablevariety in style implies a lengthy period of minting, lasting probablyuntil the loss of Lemnos to Athens in 314, or even later if some of the coins shouldhappen to belong to the restoredcleruchyof 307-276 or -261 (Ferguson,pp. 49, 64, 320, note 3). Since the larger 14-17 mm. pieces were probablyissued as dichalkia(see p. 38 above), the countermarkingof 455Aa and b with an X might have servedto devalue each to a X(aXxou0). Forspecimensin published2nd-centuryB.C.deposits,see Kleiner 1975, p. 307, nos. 112, 113 (Myrina),p. 312, no. 195 (Myrinaor Hephaistia,not Athens as published);p. 319, no. 267 (Myrina);Kleiner 1976, 12, nos. 4, 5 p. (Myrinaor Hephaistia). 10 XIV p. 422, no. 1; from the floor of house B vi, room f. Olynthus 1 Olynthus VI, p. 86, nos. 760, 761, respectivelyfrom Streetvi before house A vi 2, and from a house(?)in Section G, Area 29, probablyat floor level. Nicholas Cahill informspe litterasthat the areas,levels, coins, and other materialfound with these coins point to deposit at the time of the 348 destructionor during the habitationthat preceded it. Although also belonging to 348 destructiondebris, OlnthusIX, p. 240, no. 1 is not a coin of Myrina.

180

NON-ATHENIAN COINS 166-86B.C. A Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet.

456 *a *b *c *d

13 coins E-370a IIE-84 T-1809 A-347a

13-16 14 / 14 / 13 \ 13 \

E

Quiver,upright, crossed by Q diagonal bow.

Sv. 106.27-29

Av.2.42 (7) 2.49 3.25 2.21 2.12

A-9E; same obv. die as 456c Size, format,and crudeobversestyleassociatethisvarietywith the Athena/Race torchAE 3 cleruchyemission of Hephaistia 454. Since the bow and quiver of Apollo or Artemis was, like Apollo's branch on 455 and the bow on Cop989, used from time to time as a symbol of Myrina (see under 159 and note 218 above, p. 111), the presentemissionis doubtlessfrom this second cleruchycity on Lemnos.

SAMOHRACE

2nd-early1stcenuryB.C.12 EAMO (457a, b) or EAM00P (457c) at 1. of great goddess seated 1. rev., downwardsat r., nYeOK same name illegible

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 457 a b c

1-57 K-1558 E-988a

19 \ 4.47 18 +- 4.51 18 - 6.38

[EAMO] Forepartof ram r.

Similar. 458

00-1479

15 f

Cop993-1001

cf. Cop1002

3.89

THASOS

ca. 390-310

B.c.13

CHALKOUS [eA]EION between Bow and club; rudder within bow. below bow, star within bow, A, and caduceus?

Head of young Herakles r. 459 a b

K-176 A-1554

11 -+ 0.97 10 - 0.63

cf. Cop1050, 1051

HEMIOBOL

Head of bearded Herakles r. 460

BA-316

GAEION above. Club over bow.

cf. Cop1052

20 -+ 5.72

12 O. Picard,"Thrace,"in CRWLR(pp. 79-92), p. 81. 13 0. Picard,"L'ateliermonetairede Thasos,"RN,ser.6, 29, 1987, pp. 7-9, identifyingalso the denominationsof 459 and 460.

181

CATALOGUE KINGS OF THRACE

306-281 B.C. Lysimachos, AR DRACHM Head of young Herakles,r.

*461

T-1598

16 /

3.41

BAEIAEQEIAYIIMAXOY Zeus seated 1., holding eagle and scepter;at 1., dolphin above lion's forepart;below throne, tripod or quiver(?).

Thompson, EssaysRobinson, no. 36 (but with differentsymbol below throne)

Lampsakosmint, 299-296 B.C.

AR DRACHM Head of deified Alexander r.

*462

_E-79

20 4 4.26

BAEIAEflEI AYSIMAXOY Athena seated 1., holding Nike; at 1., lyre.

Thompson, EssaysRobinson, no. 174

Ephesos mint, ca. 294-287 B.C.;EABC,p. 152, pl. 17, coin R:69 (A 18:8);GRC,fig. 16

AR TETRADRAcHM Similar,except at 1., k; on throne, BY; below, trident between dolphins.

Similar.

*463

AA-300

35 t

13.85

Posthumousstrikingof Byzantion: 2nd century B.C.;14 (D 4:1)

Head of Ares r., wearing Attic helmet. 464 a b

ZZ-109 e-345

18 X 18 t

3.76 3.03

cf. Cop1142, 1143

BAIIAEQE[ AYEIMAXOY Lion running r.; beneath, spearhead.

Cop1149-1157

above lion 1., BA;below, IE (Cop1157) no details

RhoimetakesI, 11 B.C.-A.D. 12

BAYIiAEQEPOIMHTAAKOY Head r., diad. 465

BB-619

19

KAIZAPOE EEBASTOY Head of Augustusr., bare.

Cop1192-1195; RPC I, 1718

4 4.39

14 H. Seyrig,"Monnaieshellenistiquesde Byzance et de Calcedoine, in EssaysRobinson (pp. 183-200), pp. 197-198: "Les'emissionsde Byzance avec tridentorni et initiales."

182

NON-ATHENIAN COINS MACEDONIA

AKANTHOS

first halfof 4th centuy B.C.15

466

Z-461

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 18 -+ 4.39

A-KIA-Nin the four quarters of a Wheel.

Cop24

AMPHIPOLIS

ca. 31-27B.c.:

AM lInOA[EITDN]below Artemis Tauropolisriding bull r.

[KAIEAPiEOY YlOE] Head of Octavian r. 467

2-729

22 -

Octuian

Cop89-91; RPC I, 1626

4.84

A.D. 161-175: FaustinaII

[<(AYETEINA]CEBACTH Bust r. *468

AA-451

[AMOlnOAEI]TQN Artemis Tauropolis riding bull r.

Cop107

18 4 broken

APHYTIS

ca. 187 B.C. Head of Zeus Ammon I *469

NN-1121

16 t

3.46

[AtY] above Two birds billing. Kleiner 1976, p. 15, no. 1 (A-B 19-20:1)

Cop131, 132

BOTrrIAA

187-168/7

Head of young Pan r. 470

IIIn-533

21

B.C.16

B above Two goats, kneeling r.; all in oak wreath.

BMC, p. 13, no. 46

. 11.55

15 OlyntusIX, p. 216, no. 3; pp. 263-266: eight specimens. Note the seventy Olynthos specimens of the related smallerdenomination(Cop22, 23), Athena head/AKIANin square(Olynthus IX, p. 263, and Olynthus XI, p. 413, no. 2). 16 7:17. Touratsoglou,CRWLR,p. 55, pl.

183

CATALOGUE DION

43 B.C. (orlater)

DI[ANA BAPHYR] Diana Baphyras running r., trampling on a vexillum.

COL-[DIENSIS] Plow r. *471

P-549a

RPC I, 1503

16 -4 3.00

OLYNTHOS: CHALKIDIAN LEAGUE

ca. 400-348 B.C. Head of Apollo r., laur. *472

T-11

XAA-KIA-Ef2Naround Lyre.

Cop246

15 4 2.87

OURANOPOLIS

4th-3rdcentury B.C. Star of eight rays. 473 a b

rr-268 Br'-309

[OYPANIAQ-nOAERE] Aphrodite Ourania seated 1.

Cop455-457

18 - blistered 16 - brokenedges

PELLA

after168/7 B.C.17

Head of Athena Parthenosr. 474

PP'-443

16 /

nEAI[AHE]Cow feeding r.

Cop266-275

5.97

PHILIPPOI

ca. 356-350 B.C. Head of young Herakles r.

*475 17

K-7

16 -4 5.45

? IAIlfll2Nat r. of

BMC 13

Tripod; above, branch; at 1., bunch of grapes.

Price, CRWLR,p. 100, and Mattingly 1990, p. 67. Touratsoglou (CRWLR,pp. 55, 63, pi. 10:2) prefers 187-168/7 B.C.

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

184

27B.C.-A.D. 68

COHOR PRAE PHILThree militarystandards.

VIC-AVGNike stg. 1. 476 *a MM-150 b IIO-864 c II-650

Cop305, 306; RPCI, 1651

20 t 2.75 18 4 2.99+ 17 4 3.01+

Forpossibleadditionalcoins of the Roman colony,see under 868-870. SKIONE

B.C.18 firsthalfof 4thcentury

[E]KI-QDove r.

Head of Aphrodite r. Z-1695

477

13 1

Cop322

3.01

THESSALONIKE

187-168/7 B.c.19 Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet.

478 a r-1099 b

A-291

21 t blistered 20 f 5.69

eEEEAAOINIKHE Horse running r. below horse, caduceus (BMC 40) (E 14:3) rev. symbol illegible

BMC 40-42

168/7-146 B.C.20 Head ofJanus. 479

S-2981

Cop370 [e]EEEAA[O]JNIKHE] Two centaurs rearingback to back.

18 -+ 4.22

37B.C.

*480

E-1325

[AmrNOEIIA] Head of Agonothesia r. 20 \ 5.41

ANTIKAIin laurel wreath.

Cop375-377; RPC I, 1552

A.D. 54-68: Nero

[--------]

Head of Nero 1. 481

ST-91a

16

eEEE[A-A]O[NIKH] Nike stg. 1. on globe.

Touratsoglou 1988, p. 174, nos. 6-10; RPC I, 1595

4 4.11

18 Oyntus IX, p. 227, no. 4; pp. 311-312; Olynt XIV, p. 419, no. 2: total offifty-eight specimensfrom Olynthos. 19 Touratsoglou,CRWR,Ip. 55, pl. 8:9. 20 Ibid.,pl.8:16.

185

CATALOGUE A.D. 98-117: Trajan

[------- ]

eECCAAO[N IKEWN]

Bust of Trajan r. AA-7a

482

26 1

Nike striding1.; in field 1., crescent.

10.76+

A.D.

211-217: Julia Domna

]

[------

Nike [OEC]CAAO-[NIKEWN]

Bust ofJ. Domna r. 483

r-158

24 t

striding1., carrying Kabeiros image and palm.

Z-1756a

Touratsoglou 1988, pp. 222-223, nos. 31-55

9.18

A.D.

484

Touratsoglou 1988, pp. 186-187, nos. 5-12

243-249: timeof Philip I (?)

eE[CCA]IAON[IKH]Bust of city goddess r., veiled and turreted. 16 +- 2.17

in laurel OECICAAOINIKEJ2N wreath.

Touratsoglou 1988, pp. 348-350, nos. 1-8

KINGS OF MACEDONIA

Philip II, 359-336 B.C.

485 a b c

d e

486

BB-1262 00-1011 Q-473 00-563 T-1369

$-215

Young male head (ApoU lo?)r., [IAIllnnOY]above taenia. Nude horseman r. wearing 19 - blistered below horse, NE(as McClean3374) 17 \ broken same? 15 +- broken below horse, N-monogram 17 - 4.34 no details 15 - broken obv. head 1. (as Cop616); no details

Cop581-612

Head of young Herakless, r.

Cop618-620

12 -

0IAinl[nOY] Club.

broken

Alexander III, 336-323 B.C.,includigposthumous coinage AV STATER

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet decorated with snake. *487

ME-204

19 t

8.60

AAE-ANAPOY behind BMCAlexander 2598 Nike stg. 1., holding wreath and stylis;to 1., : and race torch. Sardis mint, ca. 323-319 B.C.;Kleiner 1975, p. 307, pl. 76, no. 114 DrachmMints : 12-14); GRC,fig. 16; M. Thompson, Alexander's desandMiletus(Numismatic Studies16), New York 1983, no. 170,

186

NON-ATHENIAN COINS AR DRAcIm Head of young Herakles r.

16 t

3.90

*b II-525

18 t

3.96

*c

17 t

3.47

*d T-1503

16 t

3.00

*e

E-356

20 /

3.52

*f *g

K-1387 0-431 T-352 EA-320

19 t 16 t 18 ? 18 /

3.02 3.41 broken 2.47

488 *a

h *i

ET-250

A-415

AAE-ANAPOY behind Zeus seated 1., holding eagle and scepter.

revr.at 1., t. BMCAkxander 3109: Kition mint, ca. 325-320 B.C.GRC, 16 fig. revv.at 1., spearhead;below, star.BMCAexander1761: "Kolophon" mint, ca. 323-319 B.C. revr.at 1., 4; below, r. BMCAexander 1817: "Kolophon"mint, ca. 3140-301 B.C. revv.at 1.,ME;below [ivy leaf]. BMCAkxander 1560: "Abydos"mint, ca. 310-301 B.C. revv.at 1., E; no symbol below. BMCAkxander 2771: WesternAsia inor(?)mint, ca. 323-280 B.C. v.at 1., crescent(?) details details LtedAE; no details

MacedonianBronze,ca. 336-323 B.C. Young male head r., diad. 489 a b c d e

Symbolson rev.illegible 17 -+ 3.76 A-217 14 \ 3.44 B'-935 15 t 4.10 K-1505 NN-1686 17 . 3.59 16 \ 4.31 -440

*a b c d

491

BMCAlxander338370

Kleiner 1976, p. 16, no. 2 (A-B 19-20:1)

AAEEANAPOYbetween Bow in case and club.

BMCAxander325, 326, 329-333, etc.

Similar. 13 / 1.64

Similar.

BMCAexander 328

Similar.

Similar,except club above bow in case.

BMCAkxander 327

Head of young Heraklesr. 490

AAEEANAPOYabove Horse prancing r.

Symbolson rev.illegible 18 t 4.90 K-1756 20 4 4.20 BE-298 17 4 5.23 BE-576 19 - 4.97 S-3a

H-292

492 *a BB-546 *b MM-23 c 00-1246

10\ 11 \ 12 -

1.15 1.34 2.01

187

CATALOGUE ca. 325-310 Similar. *493

NN-2046

18 e

4.84

Similar. AA-939a

494

18 -

4.85

Similar.

495

AP-34

19 +- 5.68

B.C.

BAEI between Bow in case and club. Macedonian mint

267 BMCAlexander

B A between Bow with quiver and club. symbol on rev. illegible;Macedonian mint

BMCAlexander 376-390

BAEIAEfZ between Bow in case and club; below, race torch. WesternAsia Minor(?) mint

BMCAlexander 2800

PhilipIII, 323-316B.C.

AR DRACHM

0IAinnOYbehind

Similar.

496 *a

00-1051

16 t

3.80

*b ME-136

16 t

3.90

Zeus seated 1., holding eagle and scepter. rev. at 1., torch; below, Ml. BMCAlexander P68: Sardis mint, ca. 323319 B.C.

rev. at 1., bee or rosebud;below TI. BMCAlexander P92, 92A: Sardis mint, ca. 323-319 B.C. RegalBronze Anonymous ca. 325-300 B.C.

*497

E-1946

Macedonian shield; in center, club. 16 - 3.98

B-A Macedonian helmet.

BMCAlexander 419

The datingby K. Liampi("ZurChronologieder sogennanten'anonymen'makedonischenMunzen des spaten 4. Jhs. v. Chr.,"JVG 36, 1986, pp. 41-65) of this (ibid.,group 11.3)and all other varieties of the Macedonian Shield/Helmet Bronzewithouta royalmonogramon the shieldto the last quarterof the 4th centuryis confirmed by the thirteen Shield/Helmet pieces that were excavated, along with coins of Alexander III and a coin of Kassandros,in the Northwest Quarter of Olynthos, inhabited until 316 (Olynthus IX, pp. 237, 394, nos. 2-4, with pp. 329-330 and p. 297 below)and the twentyexamplesexcavatedat the Olynthianport at Mekyberna,also abandoned in 316 (Olynthus IX, pp. 257, 397, nos. 3-5, with pp. 372-374).

498

Similar. Similar,except symbol or monogram on shield illegible. 9 coins, 16-17 mm., of uncertainMacedonian Shield/Helmet variety Tracesof a royalmonogramappearin the centerof the obverseon two of these coins (BB-666, T-346), but it is unclear whether the monogram is that of Demetrios (as 506), Pyrrhos,or Antigonos Gonatas. For the issues of these kings,see Liampi (aboveunder 497), p. 45, pl. 6:a-c.

NON-ATHENILANCOINS

188

316-297 B.C. Kassandros, Head of young Herakles r. XA-76

499

17

[K]AEElA[NIAPOYI

Cop1 38-1141

BAE:IAEflEKAEEANLPOY

Cop1142-1153

Recumbent lion r.

t 4.33

Similar.

Nude horseman crowning horse r. 500

16 coins *a NN-1462 b E-2458 *c 1-151

17-21 Av.5.35 (12) 19 - 3.80 19 t 5.69 20 t 4.87

below horse'sbelly, A (?),cf. Cop1147 between horse's legs, bunch of grapes(?),cf. Cop 1151 no details, as on all other specimens

BAEIAE.QE Cop1160-1162 KALEANA[POY]l

Head of Apollo r., laur. 00-1343

*501

17

t

Tripod lebes.

5.85 306-283 PbIior*etes, Demetrios

AR

B.c.

HEMIDRACHM

Nike on prow 1.

502

rr- 187 ,..U.-78

14 13

t

1.59

t 1.51

AHMHTPIOYI BAEIAMER

Newell, no. 45

Poseidon, striding brandishing trident 1.;at 1., A; at r., S. Tarsos mint, ca. 298-295 B.C. GRC,fig, 16 EABC,p. 152, p1. 17, no. Q.68 (A 18:8)

(reweighed) AR - HEEMIDRACHM

Head of Demetrios r., vvearing diadem and bull's horn '11-330

*503

504 *a *b c d

e f g h

12 +- 0.96+

B A above Prow r. Newel, nos. 20, 34, Head of Demetrios r., 40, 170, 172-174 wearing Corinthianhelinet with horn. 300-295 B.c. 15-17 Av.2.87(13) 18 coins details no 16 3.94 A-283 same 16 t 2.55 11-6 same 16 t 2.27 NN-131 same 16 t 3.61 BB-20 below prow,M1.Newell, no. 20: Salamis mint broken r-781 same (A 17:3) 1111-1002 broken below prow,R. Newell, no. 34: Tarsosmint broken 00-338 broken EA-377 (O-R 7-10)

t

Head of Poseidon r. *505

AHMH[TPIOYI BAEIIAE[flEI Newell, no. 56 or 58

Poseidon brandishing trident 1.;at r., ivy leaf. Ephesos mint, Ca.301-295 B.C.

0Er-63

16

t

2.11

B A above Prow r.; at r., Newell, no. 167 double axe; below,R. Carian mint?, after 300 B.c.; EABC,p. 152, p1. 17, no. P:67 (A 18:8)

189

CATALOGUE Macedonian shield; in center, M1P.

506

BA-EI Macedonian helmet; Newell, nos. 125uncertain symbol at 1. 131 / NN-1688 17 3.81 Amphipolisor Pella mint, ca. 294-288 B.C.;Kleiner 1976, p. 16, no. 10 (A-B 19-20:1) For the attributionof this variety to Demetrios Poliorketes(as opposed to Demetrios II, cf. Cop1224-1229), see Newell, pp. 118-120, and Liampi (under497 above),p. 45. 277-239 Antigonos Gonatas, Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet.

507 *a *b *c d *e *f g h i j *k *1 *m *n

160 coins 00-305 NN-1585 N-529 InnI-260 r-1110 NN-2116 E-4386 ME-328 Z-1118 e-189 A-210a H-46 A-1 _-467

18-22 Av. 5.52 (99) 20 -* 5.39 21 +- 8.73 6.06 21 19 6.12 21 -+ 8.00 18 / 4.49 6.68 20 22 - 5.28 20 4.43 21 +- worn 19 1 6.22 19 4 5.29 18 - 5.25 19 6.57

5 coins *a NN-969 *b A-1106

16-17 Av. 3.50 (5) 16 / 2.66 17 -+ 3.94

B-A on either side of Pan erecting trophy;between legs, 4J.

Cop1205-1211

rev. at 1., 1 at 1., 0 (as also r-619 and r-1098) at 1., 0 or flower(?)(as also H'-2326) at 1., K over 4>(as also K-1307) thick, angularflan, as 507b rev. Pan, holding wreath in r., crowning trophy at 1., K (as also T-7) at 1., Macedonian helmet with two side plumes same, and at lower r., B at lower r., trident at lower 1., pedum; obv. cmk.: facing head of Hera obv. cmk.: facing head of Hera (as also 00-327) cmk.: head of Pan r. in circularincuse (as also rr-348) cmk.: wreath (as also K-1004)

Similar. 508

B.C.

Similar.

Cop1212, 1213

Pan crowning(?)trophy same

The size distinction between the two denominationsof this Pan-erecting-trophybronze is clearer from the than fromour illustrations.To judge from the Athenian evidence specimensillustratedin the Copenhagen Sylloge (p. 38 above), the common AE 2 variety 507 ought to representthe hemiobol, the rare AE 3 variety 508 the quarter-obol. The countermarkof a facinghead of Hera on threeAgora specimens(see 507k, 1)was added at Chalcis;Picard, Chakis,pp. 180-181, for other examplesand discussion.The identificationof the profilehead in the countermark of 507m (cf.McClean3606, 3608; also 509c below)as Pan'sseems clear from the little horn above the brow. Head of young Herakles r. 509

19 coins

*a 0-6 *b c *, d e

HI-759 NN-1455 ET'-549 EA-161

16-19 16 4 17 t 17 \ 19 +- 4

Av.4.00 (15) 3.32 4.10 4.40 3.84 broken

B A above Nude horseman crowning horse r.; below, J1.

Cop1214-1221

at r. of horse, crescent

rev. cmk.: head of Pan r. in incuse circle obv. cmk.: Boiotian helmet in incuse circle between front legs of horse, 4 These Herakles/Horsemancoins bear the same ANTI monogramas Gonatas'Athena/Pan bronze (507, 508) and have been variouslyascribedto Gonatas(Cop2114-2121; Price 1967, p. 374, no. 28) or to AntigonosDoson, 229-220 B.C. (e.g., by Head 1881, pp. 261-263; Svoronos 1908, p. 230; Walker 1978, p. 43). The problem is bound up with the attributionof the AntigonidPoseidon/Apollo-prowtetradrachms,which I. L. Merker gave to

190

NON-ATHENIAN COINS Doson ("TheSilverCoinage ofAntigonos Gonatasand AntigonosDoson,"ANSMN9, 1960, pp. 39-52, followed by Boehringer[p. 99]), but which more recent studies(R. W. Mathisen, "PanHeads and Poseidon Heads: Two Third-CenturyMacedonian TetradrachmTypes," SAN 16, 1985, pp. 29-35; N. G. L. Hammond and F. W. Walbank,A Historyof Macedonia III, Oxford 1988, pp. 594-595, following C. T. H. R. Erhardt, Studiesin the Doson[diss. State Universityof New Yorkat Buffalo 1975]) now reattribute Reigs of Dmetrus II andAntsgonus to the later years of Gonatas' long reign. This reattributionleaves Doson without any silver in his own name, but this is paralleledby the preceding monarch, Demetrios II, 239-229 B.C., who did not mint, at least in his own name, in either silveror bronze. ProfessorMathisen has compiled a record of severalhundredAntigonid bronzes and in correspondencehas kindlyexplained that there are good groundsfor assigningthe Herakles/Horsemanpieces to Gonatas. Some of these coins are markedwith a controlsymbolof Macedonianhelmetwith two largesideplumes,which occursalso on a numberof the Athena/Pan bronzes(cf.507h and Cop1205-1207) and all Gonatas'silverdrachms(Cop1203). To this one may add that (eaving aside the rare,small-moduleAthena/Pans, 508, which may antedatethe start of the horseman series)the two bronze varietieshave differentsizes and weights, clearlyrepresenttwo different denominations,and could verywell havebeen struckconcurrently.Unlike the AE 2 Athena/Pan pieces, the AE 3 Herakles/Horsemanbronzedid not circulatevery commonlyin Athens,nor like the Athena/Pan coins were they called in duringthe 220's and overstruckwith Atheniantypes(see 69). But both circumstancesmay be explained by the smallersize and value of the Herakles/Horsemancoins and need not imply any chronologicaldistinction. Just as Athens massively recoined the larger Athena/Pan pieces, so thousands of the Antigonid Herakles/Horseman bronzeswere overstruckwith local types in Boiotia;see 595.

[500 or 509] 4 coins of 18-19 mm. Herakles/Horsemantype of either Kassandrosor Antigonos. Philp V,220-178 B.C.

Head of Zeus r.

*510

H-2190

19

-+

IIn-852

21

-4

Cop1244-1246

B-AI[0] Two goats kneeling r.

Cop1248-1251

OlAinnoY BAEIAEtEI

Cop1261, 1262

3.35

Head of young Heraklesr. 511

B [A]I0 Athena Alkidamos stridingr., brandishing thunderboltin raised r. hand, holding shield on extended 1. arm; at lower r., bird.

broken

Similar.

Harpa r.; all in oak wreath. 512

r-1390

23 -+ broken [Head of Perseusr.]

513

EA-385

18 -

4.06

[BAEI]AE[nfE]tlIAInnOY

Cop1264

Harpa 1.;all in oak wreath. in (intrusive O-R 7-10) 178-168 B.C. PhilipVorPerseus,

[Head of Perseusr.]

[----

]

Eagle stg three-quarters1., wings lifted, head to r. 514

BA-362

20

-

3.73

(Q6:2, see under P 6:2 and Q6:2)

Cop1254-1256 or 1271-1280

191

CATALOGUE LEAGUE MACEDONIAN

3rdcentury afterChrist

515 *a b c

1-316 K-1796 _-la

KOINONMAKEAONQN B NEQ Horseman r.

AAEEANAPOY Head of Alexander wearing lion's skin r. 24 4 9.95 24 4 10.93 27 1 6.75

Cop1372, 1373

THESSALY

ANIANES

B.C. 4th-3rdcentury [AINIANQN]Warriorslinging r.

Head of Zeus 1., laur. 516 a b

A-511 A-315

Rogers, no. 137; Cop4, 5

16 4. 1.18 15 \ 1.78

B.C. ca. 168-1st century Head of Zeus r., laur. *517

'i-132

20 f

Similar.

Rogers, nos. 143150; Cop22, 23

6.48

ATRAX

3rd centuryB.C.

Head of Apollo r., laur. 518

KTA-123

18 t

ATP-[Arl]-QN Horseman r.

Rogers, nos. 169172; Cop30, 31

4.66

GOMPHOI

4th-3rd centuryB.C.

519

K-294

Head of nymph facing threequartersr. 19 t 4.16+

[rOM4] Zeus Palamnaios, with scepter,seated 1. on rocks.

Rogers, no. 214; Cop50

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

192

GYRTON

4thcentury B.C. FYPT-f2NIQN Horse Rogers, nos. 232235; Cop59, 60 stepping r. Zeus head r. same Zeus head 1.; M monogram below horse (D 4:1) Zeus head 1.

Head of Zeus 1. or r., laur. 520 a b c d

fA-47 S-1841 AA-298 KK-523

19 18 21 18

/

t t

4.53 5.08 5.74 4.15

HALOS

B.C. 4thcentury Head of nymph facing.

*521

NN-2104a 15 % 4.75

cf. Rogers, nos. 238240, 242-245 and Cop 64, 65, all with Zeus-head obverses (4th-centuryB.C. context: in stone bedding of pebble floor of house) A. Moustaka,KulteundMythenaufthessalische Miinzen,Wirzburg 1983, p. 135, pl. 2, no. 168. [AAEf2N]Phrixos riding ram r.

KRANNON

B.C. 4thcentury Head of Poseidon r., laur. 522

B-504

19 /

E-5010

15 t

Rogers, nos. 179185; Cop39, 40

MAFNIKPANNBull charging r.

variant of Rogers, nos. 187-189 and Cop41, 42

3.69+

Thessalian horseman r.

*523

[KPA]Thessalian horseman r.

2.46 LAMIA

B.C. 4thcentury Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet. 524

1-1209

15 4

II-532

14 /

Rogers, no. 384; Cop87, 88

[AAMIEf2N]Philoktetes kneeling,shooting r.

Rogers, no. 388; Cop84-86

1.75

Head of nymph Lamia r. 525

[M]AAIE[fN] Philoktetesstg., shooting r.

broken

193

CATALOGUE LARISSA

4th centuryB.C.

526

527

T-22

A-11

Head of nymph Larissafacing three-quarters1. 20 \ 7.75

[AAPIEEAinN] Horse stepping r.

Rogers, nos. 269280; Cop136-139

[Similar.]

[AAPIEEAIQN] Horseman holding lance r.

Rogers, nos. 284287; Cop140, 141

[AAPIEjEAIQN] Horse grazing r.

Rogers, no. 288; Cop142

[AAnlElEAIQN] Horse grazing 1.

Rogers, no. 295; Cop144

17 -

7.05

Head of nymph Larissar. *528

AA-167

17 f

4.26

Similar.

13 t 2.34 EABC,p. 152, pl. 17, coin S:70 (A18:8) 12 / broken The good condition (w2) of 529a in the A 18:8 hoard of the 260's suggeststhat the bronze coinage of Larissa might have continued into the 3rd century (so Kroll, EABC,p. 152), even though Larissa ceased to mint in silver around 320 B.C. (Martin [note 50 above, p. 12], p. 52). That this and the other Larissabronze varieties began well before the middle of the 4th centuryis clearneverthelessfrom the seventeenpieces (mostlyof varieties 528 and 529) from the Olynthos excavations(Olynthus IX, p. 343; Olynthus XIV, p. 424).

529 *a -_-30 b nI-408

LARISSA KREMASTE

ca. 302-286B.C.

Head of nymph 1.

530

0-137

AAPI below Harpa r.; all in olive wreath.

Rogers, nos. 319, 320; cf. Cop152 (head r.)

12 +- 1.68

MAGNETES

ca. 197-146B.C. Head of Zeus r., laur. *531

00-290

MAr-NH-TQ[N] Centaur r.; below, star.

31 +- 6.56 Head of Zeus.1. or r., diad.

532 *a 1-487 b T-671

Rogers, no. 339; cf. Cop157-160

20 " 5.67 17 1 2.21

MArNHITQN Prow r. Zeus head r. same

Rogers, nos. 348352; Cop161, 162

194

NON-ATHENIAN COINS c d

A-10 1-227

20 f 18 t

5.38 4.45

Zeus head 1. same

Head of Zeus r. 533

4-15

MAr[NIH]T2N Horse stepping r.

18 -+ 4.99

235-238: Maximinus

A.D.

534

0-44

Rogers, no. 353

[FA]IOYK BH [MAEIMEINOC] [APFrQMArNHTfN] Bust r., laur., dr. Argo with rowers r. " 23 5.38+

Rogers, no. 375

ORTHE

4th-3rd centuy B.C.

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 535

Q-206a

[oP-el]

Trident in wreath.

Rogers, nos. 423425; Cop184

16 -+ broken

PHALANNA

4th centuryB.C.

Young male head r. 536 *a *b c d

KK-267 0-323 Z-2268 ET'-450

20 20 19 19

t / / /

6.36 5.90 6.41 7.45

4AAANNAIDN Head of nymph r. rev., behind head, A; behind shoulder,Bo no rev. letters (Rogers,no. 452)

Rogers, nos. 446452; Cop203-208

PHARSALOS

4thcentury B.C.

*537

538 a

E-4593

AA-64

Head of Athena facing three-quartersI., wearing helmet with three crests. 17 \ 2.74

e-A-P-n Horseman charging r.

Rogers, nos. 494, 495

Similar.

Similar.

Rogers, nos. 489492, 496-507; Cop230-233

20 f

5.81

195

CATALOGUE b c

T-660 H-1568

20 f 19 -

5.27 3.75

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. *539

NN-1642

[<-A-P-E] Horse's head r.

Rogers, no. 509

10 +- 0.98

THssALAN LEAGUE

196-1st centuryB.C.

Head of Apollo r., laur.

eEESAlAQN Athena Itonia fighting r.

540 *a *b c d e f g

21 coins NN-1992 00-14 1-168 E-3490 $-36 II-1276 K-1467

17-23 Av.5.80 (17) 19 \ 6.93 18 t 6.43 17 t 4.44 20 t 6.62 19 t 6.62 19 t 6.70 21 t 6.48

rev. at r., lC(Rogers,no. 17)

F (Rogers,nos. 29, 30) [(i]-AOKIA-OPlE[
(Rogers,nos. 42, 42b) T-[II]M-[A] at 1., T (cf. Rogers, no. 15) Kleiner 1975, p. 312, pl. 76, no. 201 (H-I 14:1)

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 541 *a r-912 b H-651 c e-242 d e-352 e KTA-2

18 18 18 16 16

t t t t t

24 t

19 -

ETPATHrOY [ANTIrONOY] Athena Itonia fighting r.

Rogers, no. 64; Cop333; RPC I, 1435

81-96: DomitianandDomitia

[AOMITIANONKAIEAPA eEEEAAOI] Bust r., laur. BB-655a

14-37: Tzberius

5.75

A.D.

543

Rogers, nos. 43-51b; Cop324-328

Kleiner 1975, p. 307, no. 117 (H-K 12-14)

OEEE[AANQN EEBA]ETHfN Head of emperor 1. e-857

eEEEAIAQN Horse stepping r.

obv.,NYEIEANI[APOY] (Rogers,no. 45)

5.43 5.41 3.23 2.53 2.60

A.D.

542

Rogers, nos. 5-42; Cop310-317

4.15

[AOMITIANEEBAETH] Bust r.

Rogers, nos. 88, 89; Cop339

196

NON-ATHENIAN COINS A.D. 117-138: Hadrian

[AAPIANON KAICAPA

eECCAAOI] Bust r., laur. 544

545

*546

[A OX NIKO-MAXOY] Athena Itonia fighting r.

Rogers, nos. 90, 91; Cop340

4 4.38

H'-3439

21

NIKO-[MAXOY] Horse stepping r.; below, R.

Rogers, no. 92; Cop341, 342

00-698

[AXIA-AEYC] Bust of Achilles r., wearing crested helmet. 17 , broken

[AXIA]-AEYC Bust of Achilles r., wearing crested helmet.

[eE]CCAAQIN Horse stepping r.

Rogers, no. 93; Cop344

A-479

13

/

2.13

A.D.211-217: Caracalla probably

[-----

547

II-32a

[KOINONeECCAAflN] Athena Itonia fighting r.

Bust of emperor (Caracalla?)r. 27 . extremelyworn

cf. Rogers, nos. 107, 108; Cop351

A.D.253-268: Gallienus probably

[-----

eECCAA[QN]

]

Bust of emperor (Gallienus?)r. 548

1-321

24

Athena Itonia fighting r.

cf. Rogers, nos. 126, 127; Cop355, 356

4 extremelyworn ISLANDSOF THESSALY:PEPARETHOS

3rd-2ndcentury B.C.

*549

r-727

Head of young Dionysos r., wearing ivy wreath. 18 t 3.00

n-EIn-A Kantharos.

Rogers, no. 562; Cop362

B.C. 2nd-lst century Athena Itonia fighting r. 550

H-1907

16

4

nE[nA]

Rogers, no. 566

Owl 1. 3.45

Fora coin of Peparethosin a 4th-centuryB.C.context, see p. 300 below.Forcoins of earlyAugustantimesstruck in the name of the Atheniancleruchsof the Thessalianisland of Skyros,see 160.

197

CATALOGUE ILLYRICUM

DYRRHACHION

2nd-lst century B.C. Head of Dodonian Zeuss r.

AYP below Tripod; at 1. and r., magistrate'sname; all in olive

BMC 158-169

wreath.

551 *;a 1b c d e f

E-462 I10-297 A-297 Q-504 S-4885 r-1617a

17 . 18 t 18 f 17 18 .

3.36 3.76 3.90 4.81 2.85

XAIPIAIAOY(BMC 169) VIAQlTA(BMC 167, 168) [4I]AnQTA [nO]AAIl[f2NO'] (BMC 165)

16 f

3.22

[---]lAPro[--

55 if comes froma context of the earlier1stcenturyB.C.:"r MartyrII, layer4 to east of terracottapipes."In this layer,the latestAtheniancoin, of variety94 (99/8 B.C.),is worn to the same slightdegree as the Dyrrhachioncoin.

SKODRA

168-1st century B.C. Head of Dodonian Zeus r. *552

00-320a

[IKOAPI-NQN] Illyriangalley.

BMC 1

16 -+ 6.33

EPEIROS

NIKOPOLIS

A.D. 98-117: Trajan

[---]-

Bust of Trajan r., laur., cuir. *553

E-1245

19

[-----] Emperor charging on horsebackr.

4 3.37

Oikonomidou, Trajan, nos. 2-4 (obv.);rev. unpublished

A.D. 117-138: Hadrian

AAPIANOC KAI[CAP] Bust r., laur. *554

NN-979

19 \

2.68

NEIK[On]O-[AEWC] Tyche stg. r., with rudder and cornucopia.

Oikonomidou, Hadrian, no. 32

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

198

[AYrOYCTOC]

[NEIKOnOAEWC] Prow in form of boar's head r.

Head of Augustusr.

*555

E-155a

21 +- 3.01

A.D.

136-137: Alius Caesar

[A AIAIOCKAICAP] Head of Aelius r. 556

00-726a

17 \

[NIKOnOAEWC] Galley 1.

193-217: Julia Domna

[I]OYAIAAO[MNA CEB] Bust r. B-255a

22 t

cf. Oikonomidou, Aelius Caesar, nos. 12-15

3.19

A.D.

557

Oikonomidou, Augustus,no. 53 (obv.);Augustus, no. 57 and Hadrian, no. 5 (rev.)21

IEPAC] [NEKonOAEfQC| Kybele riding lion r.

Oikonomidou,Julia Domna, no. 43

5.65

A.D. 198-217: Caracall

[------]

Bust of Caracalla r. 558

IIA-260

11-582

25 f

561

S-3696

23 /

IIn-719a

[-------I Bust of Caracallar., laur., dr. 22 / 6.48

21 On the

IEPA[C]NEI-KOnOAE?C

Oikonomidou, Caracalla,nos. 22, 23 (obv.);Julia Domna, no. 25a (rev.)

TurretedNike, walking r., holding palm and wreath; at lower r., wreath.

6.81

M AV ANTMNEINOY Bust r. *560

Oikonomidou, Caracalla,no. 21

23 N 7.86

A K M AV-ANTQ[NEINOC] Bust r., laur., dr., cuir.

*559

[IEPACNEIKO]nOAEQ[C]

Tyche stg. r., with scepter and cornucopia.

NEIKOnOAEQC Aktia seated 1., holding agonistic urn and scepter.

Oikonomidou, Caracalla, no. 41

IEPA[CNEIKOnrOAEnC] Nike walking r., with globe.

Oikonomidou, Caracalla,no. 128

6.38

posthumousAugustusissuesofNikopolis, see C. M. Kraays reviewof Oikonomidou,NC, ser. 7, 16, 1976, pp. 238-244; RPC I, p. 272.

199

CATALOGUE A.D.218-222: Elagabalus

[-------]

BB-130

562

[NEIKO]lOAEWC Galley r.

Bust of Elagabalusr., laur., dr. 22 4 4.56

A.D. 260-268:

A'-482a

563

20

4

Salonina

[IEPACNIKOnOAI]

[KOP] CAA[WNINA] Bust r.

Oikonomidou, Elagabalus, no. 17

Nike walking 1.;at 1., A.

Oikonomidou, Salonina, no. 96

5.55 EPEIROTELEAGUE

234-168 B.C. Head of Dione r., wearing stephanos and veil; behind, 3(. *564

*565

[An]EIIPQTAN Tripod; all in laurel wreath.

P. Franke,Die Antiken MiinzenvonEpirus, Wiesbaden 1961, no. 400 (this coin)

E-887

22 +- 4.80

AnlEIlIPTAN Spearhead;all in laurel wreath.

Franke(under 564), nos. 610-612

0-475

Bust of Artemis r.; bow and quiver at shoulder; at 1., K; at r., CE. 21 / 7.69 Head of young Herakles r.

AnEIIPQTAN

Franke(under 564), nos. 663-676

Club; all in wreath. 566

T-28a

12 /

1.69

4th centuryB.C.

Head of young Herakles r. 567 a b c

d

A-323 A-415 A-234 E-3175

17 15 16 17

t t t

2.56 3.60 2.89 2.90

0-7K or K-O Bunch of grapes.

BMC 101-116

0-7W ethnic? same same 300-229 B.C.

568

K-154

Prow of galley r. 16 4. 1.71+

Bunch of grapes.

BMC 281

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

200

229-48 B.C. BMC 449-468

Head of Poseidon r., laur. Bull'shead; all in laurel wreath. 569

570

III-440

17 t

NIKAINQP

BMC 521-523

EA-402

[KOPKYIPAIQN] Aplustre. 17 -+ 2.85 Head of young Herakles r.

Forepartof galley r.

BMC 482-550, passim

571 *a AE-6 b IIII-102 c 00-673 d M-430 e Z-2096 f T-651 g A-976 h EA-416

20 22 20 24 21 19 20 20

t 4. t t t

3.40

7.81 8.84 7.63 6.98 7.15 5.94 3.66 4.87

rev. above, kIl(IAQN (BMC 536, 537) same same same rev. above, [KOPKYIPAI2N];below, illegible name (H 12:4) rev. same rev. same

Bust of Poseidon r., trident at shoulder. *572

AP-50

[KOP] KYRA Amphora.

BMC 619-621

16 4 3.68

AKARNANIA

LEUKAS

after167B.C.

Head of young Heraklesr.

573 *a b

IIO-358 BE-487

19 \

3.45

-

2.60

18

AEYKAAII[N] and wheat ear above Club r.; below, AHMAPETOE; all in oak wreath.

BMC 145-148

MEDON

4th centuryB.C.

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. *574

Br-921

14

-*

broken

ME upwardsbehind Owl r.

cf. BMC 6, 7 (owl 1.)

CATALOGUE

201

THYRRHEION

4th centuryB.C.

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. *575

I-812

14 \

OYP at lower r. of Owl r.; at 1. boukranion.

BMC 10

2.50

AITOLIA

AITOLIANTLEAGUE

late 4th centuryB.C.22

Head of Aitolia r., wearing kausia. 576

BB-1219

AITlAfnN

BMC 27-33

Kalydonian boar r.

18 +- 3.33

Similar.

[AITQlAfN]

BMC 35-37

Spearhead 1. 577 a b c

H'-3562 Hn-878 11-242

18 \

5.04

-

4.29 -

17 16

no details same same; heavily worn

ca. 300-191 B.C.

Young male head r.

[A]IT|IA2N

BMC 39

Trophy;at lower 1., (. *578

IIn-851

15 -+ 3.45

Similar.

AITIAfQN

BMC 43-62

Spearhead and jawbone of boar; at 1., bunch of grapes. 579 *a b

19 BB-10 17 E-4742 c A-1272 17 d AA-982 16 e nIIn-942 20 f T-67a 16 16 g r-540 h-k H-144, NN-139,

22

4.29 \ 3.15 betwe< en spearheadand jawbone, 41 or tICE / broken KAEI(BMC 58) / broken ) (BMC 51) / 4.40 - 3.64 t 4.23 0-440, Q-354, all broken /

Picard,Antre,pp. 284-285, whose chronologyis followedalso for the other Aitolian League varieties.

202

NON-ATHENIAN COINS earl 2nd centuryB..?

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 580 a *b c d

8-288 4-103 H'-3542 Z-2798a

18 18 17 20

\ \ +f

4.25 4.50 3.87 4.10

AITfQAf2N Herakles stg. half 1. rev. above,,; at 1., F1(BMC 64)

BMC 64-72

LOKRIS

LOKRIAN LEAGUE

338-ca. 300 B.C.

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 581 *a b c

14 coins I-59 nIE-514

_--72

13-15 Av. 1.75(11) 14 t 1.52 13 f 1.17 13 \ 1.42

AOK-PQN Bunch of grapes.

BMC 57-68

obv. above, KA (BMC 66); GRC,fig. 17 EABC,p. 153, no. 71 (A 18:8) ca. 300 B.C.

Similar. 582

1-567

13 f

AOKP-EnlKN[A] Bunch of grapes.

BMC 71-76

1.94

[581, 582] 7 coins of uncertainAthena/Grapes variety. ca. 300-272 B.C.

Head of Apollo 1., laur. 583

IIn-195a

15 /

19 coins *a IIII-841 *b ZT'-506 c _-518 d ---77d

14-16 Av. 2.23 (14) 14 t 2.34 15 -+ 2.61

15 16 t

BMC 51-56

A-O Bunch of grapes.

BMC 77-80

2.20

Head of Athena r., weal Corinthianhelmet. 584

A-O Bunch of grapes.

2.23 2.31

rev. at 1., greave (BMC 80) at r., ivy leaf (BMC 79) same EABC,p. 153, no. 72 (A 18:8) 196-146 B.C.

Similar. 585 a

1-1635

17 \

4.26

[OnOYNTIQN] Bunch of grapes.

BMC 81-84

203

CATALOGUE b c

NN-1396 II-537

17 18 -

4.35 4.62 [OnOYNTIQN]behind Hero stg. r., with sword and lance, feeding snake.

Head of Apollo r., laur.

586

Cop79

19 - 5.75 00-948 For the dating of varieties581-584, see Picard,Antre,pp. 287-288, followingJacqueline Humphris'Lokrian mint study currentlyin preparation.We thank Mmine. Humphrisfor her assistancein classifyingthe more worn Agora specimens. The two Lokriancoins from the Agora A 18:8 hoard of the 260's, 581c and 584d, are heavily and identically worn, suggestingthat the second coin was minted probablynot much after the startof the 3rd century.

PHOKIS PHOKIAN LEAGUE

mid-4thcentury-346 B.c.

587 a b

E-207 NN-1843

Facing bull's head. 18 - 4.82 12 - 1.97

Of2 in laurel wreath.

BMC 94-100

BMC 94-96 small module: BMC 97-100 late4th-earlier 3rdcentuyB.C.

0 or 0f' in olive wreath. BMC 66-77 Helmeted head of Athena, facing. 588 22 coins 12-15 Av. 1.70(14) (H-K 12-14)23 *a e-335 14 4 1.51 *b NN-1828 12 4 1.93 Kleiner 1976, p. 16, no. 12 (A-B 19-20:1) 14 t 1.30 c E-25a EABC,p. 153, pl. 17, no. 73 (A 18:8) d SS-25b 13 1.94 EABC,no. 74 (A 18:8) e EE-43a 12 t 1.50 EABC,pl. 17, no. 75 (A 18:8) f EE-43b 13 f 1.62 EABC,no. 76 (A 18:8) For the chronology of the two varietiessee Picard,Antre,pp. 281-283. The Agora A 18:8 hoard of the 260's produced four pieces of the facing Athena variety(588c-f) in a notablyworn (w4)condition. DELpHI

A.D.

*589

KTA-19

23 For the coin

AYT[O KAI TPAIANOC]AAPIANOC AY[ Bust r., laur., cuir. 21 -- 3.59

117-138:Hadrian AEA-0TN around Laurel wreath, within which

BMC 24

nYlelA.

mistakenlylisted as e-335 in Kleiner 1975, p. 308, no. 150, see 723A (Sikyon: -450). At the time Kleiner was preparinghis paper,6-335 and 6-450 had become transposed.

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

204

afterA.D. 141: defiedFaustinaI

eEA 0AY-CTEINA Bust r. *590

NN-978

24 \

8.02

AEA4)TN below Temple of Apollo: side and front, with statue of Apollo shown within. GRC,fig. 23

Similar.

AElA0[nN]

BMC 33, 34

BMC 41

Bust of Apollo with long hair, r. *591

II-447

20 f

6.00

BOIOTIA

BOIOTINLEAGUE

338-early 3rd centuryB..24

BOIQTQNat 1. of Ornamented trident; at r., dolphin.

Boiotian shield.

592 *a *b *c *d e f

33 coins I-536 IIe-768 K-1320 P-134 P-1602 A-165

12-14 13 t 13 t 12 t 14 / 13 t 14 -

Av. 1.98(27) 1.36 2.69 2.34 2.58 2.06 1.20+

BMC 57-62

rev., symbol?;GRC,fig. 17 symbol? symbol? symbol? at lower r., ivy leaf (BMC 57, 58) at lower r., K

288-244 B.C.25

BOIQTQNat r. of Trophy. Kleiner 1976, p. 20, no. 2 (B 20:9)

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet. 593 a b c

NN-1 106 IIII-652 NN-1369

d

rr-lo8

23 23 21 19

e

Ql-188

18 t 4.43

24 See

t t t

5.64 5.48 5.78 5.71

BMC 64, 65

smallerflan and dies than 593a-d

Picard,Antre,p. 289, who observesthat Head's (1881, p. 254) 338-315 B.C.datingmust be extended to account for specimensin Boiotiantombsofthe secondquarterof the 3rdcentury(C. Vatin,P.Brunea, C. Rolley,and T. Hackens, V Tombes demetal-momies, Paris 1976, pp. 21, 127, coin M 79). dePhocide, MMdon helustiques,Objets 25 Head 1881, pp. 258-259. Relativewear of specimensin IGCH229 and 233 confirmthe priorityof Athena/Trophy (593) to the FacingDemeter or Kore head/Poseidon overstrikes(595). On the other hand, it is unlikelythat the trophy reverseof the formercould belong after the Aitoliansdefeatedthe Boiotiansin 246 and 244 B.C.

205

CATALOGUE Head of young Dionysos r.

S -82a

*594

[BOIQ]T[QN]at r. of Apollo with bow seated 1. on cippus;behind on cippus, tripod;on side of cippus, trident r.; [at 1., wreath].

BMC 74

17 -+ 3.04

later3rd(oreary2nd?)century B.C.

595 *a *b *c *d e

122 coins rr-23 II-357 r-164 AA-984 X-102

BOIQTQNbehind Head of Demeter or Kore, Poseidon stg. 1., with trident, three-quartersfacing 1., r. foot on rock. wreath. wheat resting wearing 16-20 Av. 3.54 (52) tra,ces of undertypes;GRC,fig. 5 20 4- 3.77 tra,ces of undertypes 20 4 3.98 18 \ 3.61 sanne

BMC 81-89

16 1 2.89 18 -

-

daimaged(N 18:3) This entire coinage was overstruckon Herakles head/Horseman bronzes of Antigonos Gonatas (509). Assuming that the Antigonid coins date from the reign of Antigonos Doson, Svoronos (1908, pp. 230-232) thought they were given by the king as a gift to the Boiotians,who fought with him against Sparta in the late 220's, and that the overstrikingwas a routine conversionof foreign into local money. Because of the presence of the overstruckcoins in two hoardsthat date from the second quarterof the 2nd century(IGCH229 and 233), Hackens (1969, pp. 727-728) preferredto date the overstrikingaround 168, while Crawford(CMRR,pp. 124, 316), noting the wear of the hoarded coins, inclines to an earlier date, "between the late third century and 168." Since the Macedonian undertypesalmostcertainlyantedateDoson, however,and since the Boiotian types used for the bronze first appear on drachms as early as the middle of the 3rd century (Picard, Chalcis,p. 162; idem,Antre,p. 289), a plausible case can be made that the Macedonian coins entered Boiotia during the reign of Antigonos Gonatas or Demetrios II (who occupied the countryafter 236) and that the overstrikingtook place during the sharp anti-Macedonianreactionupon Demetrios'death in 229 (see Hammond and Walbank[above under 509], pp. 326-329, 341). This reconstructionat least has the advantageof close parallelismwith Athens, where a similarlytremendousinfluxof Gonatas'bronzeaccompaniedMacedonianoccupationbut was eventually overstruckafter the occupation ended (pp. 36, 51-52 above).

196-146 B.C.

Boiotian shield.

596 a b

e-696 nI-600a

15 f 14 t

*a

6 coins E-3341

BMC 105-107

BOIQTf2Nat 1. of Trident; at r., dolphin.

BMC 108-111

3.08 3.67

Boiotian shield. 597

[BOIQTQN]at r. of Nike stg. 1. with wreath and trident.

12-13 Av.1.60(5) 13 \ 1.24

General confirmationof Head's 196-146 dating for 596 comes from the Agrinion hoard (IGCH271) with its freshBoiotianLeague drachms,which have an identicalNike-leftreverse.Whether597 is to be similarlydated is less clear.The coins are a revivalof 592 but with a plainer,squaredtridentand no issue symbol.

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

206

[592 or 597] 6 coins of uncertainShield/Trident variety.

ORCHOKENOS

2nd-lst centryB.c.?

598

NN-1906

Veiled head of Hera r.; scepter over shoulder. 12 A 1.59

E-PI[X-O]

BMC 39, 40

Tripod; all in laurel wreath.

TANAGRA

Ist-2ndcentuyafterChrist

TANAirPAIInN

T-AIN-A Winged caduceus.

in laurel wreath. 599

Z-3011

BMC 50

15 +- 2.95

1stcntuy afterChrist

Head ofJulio-Claudian emperor(?)r.; border of dots.

*600

K-1469

12 t

T-AIN-A Bearded male, nude, stg., facing, holding spear in r. hand and sword on shield resting on ground in 1.

RPC I, 1322

1.16

A.D. 5-19: Grmaicus

[FEPMANIKOE] Head r. 601 *a b

XE-1036a 16 t 14 t 00-447

T-AIN-A Apollo stg., facing, holding branch and bow.

BMC 57, 58; RPCI, 1318

3.04 2.57

A.D. 14-37: Tibenius

TIBEPI-OCKAICAP Head r. 602 *a 00-273 *b BE-541 c K-433a d Z-2944

18 19 19 19

4 5.06 \ 5.80 +- 6.29 -+ 5.69

TANAIrPAIQN Tripod. rev. cmk.: tripod in incuse oval

BMC 55; RPC I, 1317

207

CATALOGUE A.D.161-180: MarcusAurelius

[---------]

TANArPA[IQN]at 1. of Hermes stg. r. before tree, on which eagle; at r., altar.

Head of M. Aureliusr., laur. 603

E-457

27 t

Cop240

9.55 THEBES

378-338 B.C.

Club and bow; above, [IA], below FEPr.

Head of young Herakles r. 604

BB-310

14 /

BMC 184, 185

2.11 315-288 B.C.

Similar. 605

8 coins *a S-4323 *b A-268 c r-1055

11-14 13 +12 14 /

eHBAIQN between Thyrsos and club.

Av. 1.88(7) 2.41 1.47 broken

BMC 201-206

(E 14:3) THESPIAI

ca. 210-208 B.C.

Head of Muse r., wearing modius and veil, laur. 606

8 coins *a E-6461 *b K-38

607 *a b

K-1282 S-4753

EErnilEnN

BMC 14-25

Lyre; all in laurel wreath.

14-16 Av. 3.75 (8) 16 / 3.89 16 / 4.72 Same. 12 / 1.45 12 +- 1.64

BMC 26 Same, except no wreath. (fromfill containing Athenian bronze to the 80's B.C.)

The above dating is that of A. Schachter,"ANote on the Reorganizationof the Thespian Museia,"JC, ser.7, 1, 1961, pp. 67-70. A specimen of 606 has been recoveredfrom a pre-146 B.C.well deposit at Corinth (Price 1967, p. 377, no. 62); another was overstruckin an emission of Sikyon, dated probably ca. 200 B.C.(Warren 1984, p. 2, no. 7.C.xiv). A.D. 81-96: Domitian

[----

608 a b

00-799 S-6323

]

[eEZnl-EQN]

Head of Domitian r., rad. Apollo seated r., holding lyre. 15 / 3.20 15 i 2.67 olbv.head may be laureate

cf. BMC 30-32

208

NON-ATHENIAN COINS c d

14 \ 15 -

Br-432 II-396a

2.40 3.23

obv. head radiate;rev. illegible same

EUBOIA26

EUBOIAN LEAGUE

348-338 B.C. UNIT

Head of nymph Euboia r. 609 a b

14 t 13 -

BA-482 T-857

[EYB] Protome of bull r., head facing.

Picard, Chalis, p. 168, no. 5

1.45

304-ca. 290 B.C.

AR DRACHM Head of nymph Euboia 1. *610

15 t

T-1512

[E Y] above Protome of bull r., head facing; at r., symbol(?).

Picard, Chalcis, pp. 155-156, nos. 9-12

[EY-BO-ERN]below Two bunches of grapes on a branch.

Picard, Chacis, pp. 168-169, nos. 13-19

E-Y below Bunch of grapes; [above, star].

Picard, Chacis, p. 170, no. 2027

broken

QUADRUPLE

Bull recumbent 1.

611

I-328

21 t

6.92

DOUBLE

r-969

*612

Bull stg. 1.; [above, star; below, monogram]. 14 / 2.40

ca. 253-245 B.C. UNIT

Bull stg. r. 613 a b

24 coins r-1063 NN-2103

12-15 Av. 1.85 (15) 13 t 1.74 14 t 2.18

EYBO Bunch of grapes on branch.

Picard, Chalcis, pp. 170-171, nos. 22-26

rev. below, EY-BO (no symbol) (Picard, Chalis, no. 22) (E 14:3) same

26 For the chronologyfollowed below, see Picard, Chalis, especiallythe "Tableaudes monnayageseubeens (IVe-II

siecle),"facing p. 350. The denominationalnomenclatureis also Picard's.His "unit","doubleunit", and "quadruple unit"denote the chalkous,the dichalkon,and the hemiobol (note 62 above,p. 38). 27 With W. P. New York1956, p. 128, no. 3, pl. XIV:11. Wallace, TheEuboianLeagueandIts Coinage,

209

CATALOGUE c

d e f g

t

1.84 1.98 1.78

00-412 NN-1990 AA-581

12 12 13

NN-1484 e-399

12 t 1.62 13 +- 1.95

h i

00-750 Q-512 AA-222 *k HH-283 *1 Q-471 *m A-1065

13 14 13 13 12 12

t t

t 1.85

t

t t

1.90 2.35 1.60 1.41+ 2.11

same

rev. below, [E]-Y obv. above, club; rev. at r. EYBO downwards(Picard, Chalcis, no. 23) similar,with leaf on grape branch at 1. obv. above, sword;rev. at r., EYBO downward (Picard, Chalkis, no. 26). Kleiner 1975, p. 307, no. 123 (H-K 12-14) same obv. and rev. obv. above, sword;rev. at r., trophy(?)(BMC 22) obv. at r., thymiaterion(?);rev. below, EY-[BO] (BMC 28) rev. at 1., leaf on grape branch rev. at 1., star(?) rev. at r., EYB[ downwards 191-170 B.C.

UNrr DOUBLE Veiled female head r.

614

6 coins *a HH-322 *b E-1611 c NN-1088

16-18 18 / 17 ' 17 \

Av.3.94(4) 3.80 3.92 4.93

EYBOIIEQN Bull butting r.

Picard, Chalis, pp. 194-195, nos. 29-38

rev. in ex. at r., wheat ear (Picard, Chakis,no. 37); GRC,fig. 17 rev. symbol effaced same; Kleiner 1976, p. 20, no. 5 (B 20:9) before146B.C.

Head of Hermes r.

E EY[BOI]EN

BMC 4828

Wheat ear r. 615

E-1494

12 t

1.64

CHALKIS

Coins cataloguedwith Agora inventorynumbersin Picard, Chacisare referencedin italics. 338-308 B.C. UNTr

616 *a rr- 10 b 1-110 c NN-2056 *d ET-380 e BB-638 f B'-1034 28

Bust of Hera facing, XAA Picard, Chalcis, diadem with fi% ve nos. 12-22 wearing Eagle holding snake; Ionic c on at disks, resting r., symbol. apital. 13 ' 2.04 trophy symbol (Picard, Chakis,p. 48, pl. XI, no. 15) 13 f broken cornucopia (Picard, Chakis,p. 49, no. 17) 14 t broken star (Picard, Chalcis,p. 50, no. 19) 13 f 1.77 no symbol (Picard, Chakis,p. 51, no. 20) 13 4 2.04 same 13 / 1.58 same

Cf. Wallace (note 27 above, p. 208), pp. 130-131, pi. XV:21, which, like the BMC, also puts this rare variety at the end of the Euboian League coinage.

210

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

13 t 1.99 g BA-343 h H'-3301 14 / 1.43 Obv. below,collar in place of capital *i KTA-106 12 f 1.75 13 \ broken j IIe-644 k 5S-50 13 t 1.11

same same no symbol (Picard, Cialcis,p. 53, pl. XI, no. 21) no symbol (Picard, Chalis, p. 53, no. 21) same; EABC,p. 153, pl. 17, coin U:73 (A 18:8) 290-273 B.C.

Similar. 617

NN-1887

13 t

Similar. 1.23

Picard, Calcis, p. 71, no.33f

trophy symbol 245-196 B.C.

Similar.

Similar.

618

Picard, Chacis, nos. 43-53

UNrr 13 - 2.09 III-1056 bunch of grapes (Picard, Chakis,p. 79, no. 43) A-224 12 / 1.29 herm (Picard, Chakis,p. 80, pl. XVII, no. 44) 13 . 1.20 KK-331 herm (Picard, GCalcs,p. 80, no. 44) A-155 13 t 1.76 wreath (Picard, Chacis,p. 81, pl. XVII, no. 46) ZZ-135 13 / 1.13 rose (Picard, Chakis,p. 82, pl. XVII, no. 48) DoUBLE f r-873 18 . 3.83 0IAIZ-AAe (Picard, Chakis,p. 86, no. 53 [14-Z]) 17 / 3.80 0IAIE-AAe obv. cmk.: dolphin (Picard, Chakis,p. 87, no.53) *g 0-39 h-y 18 other Agora specimens of Picard emission no. 53, all listed in Picard, Chacis,p. 87 a *b c d e

[616-618] 41 coins of Facing Hera/Eagle type that cannot be classifiedby emission. Of these, 6 are of the double, 16-18 mm. denomination. 170-46B.C. DOUBLE Head of Hera r.

619 a b

17 coins H-1757 A-1427

16-18 Av.3.99(9) 16 - broken 15 / 4.30 Similar.

620 a b c

d e

DOUBLE Z-2145 E-2410 K-937 IIe-10oo 00-1379

15 17 \ 16 15 15 4.

3.33 3.00 3.21 broken 3.85

XAA Eagle holding snake; at r., symbol.

Picard, Chakis, nos. 66-80

star (Picard, Chalis, p. 100, no. 66) symbol? XAAKI-AEQN Eagle holding snake; no symbol.

Picard, Chakis, p. 110, no. 81

211

CATALOGUE f *g h i

Z-2239 AA-873a EA-21 T-833

UNrr *j K-1496 *k Z-2964

16 16 16 15

-

3.95

4 4.19 -

2.91 3.39

11 t 11 1

1.37 1.63

obv. cmk.: bunch of grapes same

1stcentu(y afterChrist

621 *a b

KK-538 00-1481

Head of Poseidon r.; trident behind. 18 f 6.05 18 f 5.58

XAAKI-AEQN Baetyl within baldacino. Picard, Chalcis,pl. XXII, no. 97

Head of Zeus r.

*622

Eagle holding snake r.

Picard, Chalcis, p. 128, pl. XXII, no. 98.2b

18 f 3.88 Obv. cmk.: owl stg.r., facing,over? or X, in incuse square.Picard(Chalcis, p. 128)notes that the countermark is known only from this specimen and suggestsbecause of the owl that it was added in Athens. 00-1330

A.D.

198-217: Caracalla

[AV K MAP AV ANTQNINOC] Bust r., laur., dr. 623 *a b

Q-347a E-3905

24 \ 25 t

AA-766a

27 /

XAAKI-AEQN Hera seated 1., bull at her feet.

Picard, Chakis, p. 132, no. 101:[4-g]

XAAKI-[AEfN] Hermes facing, strikingfallen opponent (Panoptes)at r. with caduceus.

Picard, Chalcis, p. 136, pl. XXIV no. 108

10.25 9.07

Similar.

*624

Picard, Chalcis, p. 127, no. 97

16.06

ERETRIA

192-191 B.c. DoUBLE Bull recumbent r.; in ex. [MANTIAfPOZ] *625

BB-821

14 /

[EPETPIEQN]above Two bunches of grapes.

Picard, Chacis, p. 185, pl. XXX:lalit

2.39

Attributableto this Eretrian emission by size. Cf. the larger 16+ mm. pieces of the Euboian League with same types, Picard, Chalcis,pl. XXX:28.

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

212

170-146B.C.

Veiled female head 1.

626 a b

N'-1343 NN-1953

17 t 17 t

3.50 3.02

EPETPIEfN below Bull recumbent1.;above, name in two lines.

BMC 46-48; Picard, Chalcis, p. 196

obv., [AY]EANlaPOE obv. name illegible soonafter146B.c.?

UNIT

Head of bull, with fillets, E-PE below at 1. and r. of BMC, pp. 96, nos. 19-20 facing; [borderof dots]. Octopus; [all in border of dots]. (H 16:4) ET'-578 *627 12 +- 1.73 tablefacingp. 350) and suitsthe late, sketchy The post-146 B.C. datingis tentativelyproposedby Picard(Chalcis, style of the coinage and its dotted obverse and reverseborders. Even so, the Agora context precludes a date much after the middle of the 2nd century.Note that the types are revivedfrom 5th-centuryB.C.Eretriansilver fractions(BMC,p. 122, nos. 33-39). HISTIAIA 338-late 3rdcentury B.C.29

Head of Maenad r., wearing vine wreath. 628 a b c

T-18 K-138a IA-384

7 coins *a rr-69 b K-907 c N-96

630 a b

T-319 ET-125

29

E-803 BB-1221 1-1235

IE-TI below Forepartof bull r.

BMC 10-20

13-16 Av. 1.84 (4) 13 t 1.81 13 \ 1.35+ 14 t 2.04

rev. above, two bunches of grapes same symbol? (foundwith 1007e, 247-222 B.C.)

Similar. 14 \ 2.40 12 t 1.50

Similar,except bull walking r. rev. above, trophy same

Similar.

631 a b c

Cop510, 511

17 4 3.53 19 4 4.37 16 4 3.40 Similar.

629

[IETI]below Bull stg. r., before vine with two bunches of grapes.

IETI above Protome of bull, with fillets, three-quartersto r.; at 1., bunch of grapes.

BMC 7-9

BMC 29, 30

16 t broken 16 4 2.47 14 1 2.09

Picard,Antre,pp. 289-291; with referenceto Picard, Chalcis,pp. 176-178 (startof bronze after 338).

CATALOGUE

213

late3rd centuryto 146 B.C. AR TETROBOL

ISTI-AIEQN Nymph Histiaia seated r. on stern of ship, holding stylis.

Similar.

632 *a *b *c *d *e *f *g *h

FromM 21:1 14 AA-72 AA-90 15 15 AA-91 14 AA-92 AA-93 15 14 AA-94 14 AA-95 AA-96 15

+- 1.73 - 1.88 t 2.06 / 1.62 \ 1.49 / 1.51 t 2.01 - 1.89

Other proveniences *i H-1380 15 +- 1.71 14 4 2.20 *j E-944 15 / 1.79 *k T-1224 I B-155 m 11n-737 n AA-185 *0 T-180 p KTA-130

14 14 12

- 1.56 - broken - broken t 1.79 - chipped

BMC 34-131

on stern, aplustre winged thunderbolt;cf. BMC 113, GRC,fig. 16 AE no rev. symbols visible on stern, star?;cf. BMC 123-126 star?,aplustre;below, trident (BMC 36, 37) rev. symbols off flan rev. below, Ef (BMC 131) on stern, aplustre;below, E (BMC 79, 80) aplustre;below, A?, cf. BMC 42; same obv. die as 632b obv.: gorgoneion cmk.; Kleiner 1975, p. 319, pl. 76, no. 268 (M-N 15:1) same obv.: cmk. same same

obv.: indistinctcmk. no details

Forthe late 3rd century-146 B.C.datingof thisprolifictetrobolcoinage, see W. P.Wallace,"The Meeting-Point of the Histiaian and Macedonian Tetrobols,"JVC,ser. 7, 2, 1962, pp. 17-22, who isolates a small group of emissionsof ca. 178-168 B.C.and explainsthat it belongsabout midway in the full series.Our 632a-h were found together in the uppermost fill of cistern M 21:1, known as the Komos Cistern. Shortly after excavationof the cisternin 1947 ProfessorWallaceexaminedthe tetrobolsand reported(in a letterto VirginiaGrace at the Agora, dated September 7, 1949) that based on the issues representedand the respectivewear of the coins, the cistern hoardwas deposited"considerablyafter 170, say, 160-150 B.C." He noted that similarissuesin similarcondition are known from another hoard "believedto date very roughlyabout 150 B.C." The two latestbronze coins from the cistern date from the 180's, as does its latest stamped amphora handle (Rhodian, ca. 186 B.C.),and there is no reason to suspect that any of the pottery from the fill is later. Consequently,it appears that the "purse" of eight Histiaean tetrobolslost or secretedat the top of the fillingis a later intrusion. The gorgoneioncountermarkof 632k-n has been attributedto Parionin Mysiaby W. Schwabacherin a review of L. Robert, Atudesdenumismatiquegrecque, Paris 1951, Gnomon 25, 1953, p. 242; cf. L. Robert, "Circulationdes monnaies d'Histiee,"Hellenica11-12, 1960 (pp. 63-69), pp. 63-64.

ca. 2nd-lst centuryB.C.

Similar. *633

00-1043

16 t

3.25

Similar. 634 *a N-230 b M-94

18 \" 3.70

19 1 2.93

ITTI[A]-IE[2N] Tripod.

BMC 138

ITIA-IEMN Bunch of grapes.

BMC 134-136

(D 17:5)

rev. above, club?

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

214 c

d

S-4690 K-1022

18 4 3.44 18 - broken

alpha with broken bar

aboveand below IETIAIIEQ[N]

Similar.

cf. BMC 137

EYA/ [- -]; all in ivy wreath. 635

Z-475

15 t

broken

KARYSTOS

B.C. 2nd-Ist century K A above Protome of bull with fillets, three-quartersr.; at r. Ap.

Head of young Herakles r. 636 a b

KK-82a Z-939a

BMC 19-21

17 - 3.62 17 t broken

[636 or BMC 15, 16]: 2 coins (K-326, NN-1004) with the types Herakles head (young or bearded)/Bull'sprotome three-quartersr. No details. Head of Poseidon r. 637

e-390

16 t

Z-2661

13 t

HO-221

13 -

[KA] above Trident.

BMC 25

KAIPY Dolphin r.

BMC 27

1.50

[Youthfulbust r.] 639

BMC 24

4.09

Similar. 638

[K-AIP-YIT-I:|Q-IIN] Dolphin twined around trident.

-

damaged

ATTICA excludingAthens and the Eleusiniancoinage SALAMIS

4th centuy B.C.

Head of nymph Salamis r., wearing stephane. 640 a b

42 coins PP-631 AA-30

15-19 Av.2.99 (18) 19 - 3.57 18 - 3.25

EA-AA Shield of Ajax, on which his sword in sheath with strap.

BMC 1-6; Cop455, 456

215

CATALOGUE *c N'-1360 *d NN-2104

17 \ 16 -

*e *f g

NN-1876 00-1045 f2-322

15 15\ 17 -

h

F-1432 r-1441a r-1441b

18 17 15

i j

t

2.28 2.98

(froma layer containing pottery of the 5th and early 4th centuries B.C.)30

2.84 3.20 -

broken (from a fill with "a few sherds of the late 5th century"B.C. [section f notebook]) broken (D 15:3) same same

Only eight of the forty-two-cointotal are entirelylegible. The rest are attributedto this variety solely by their large 17-19 mm. flans. Similar.

*641 1

-16

16 1

'AA[A]

B-524

15 -

BMC 7, 8; Cop458

[E]A-A[A] Shield of Ajax, [on which sword in sheath].

BMC 9

2.72

Head of Kore r., wearing wheat wreath. *642

downward at r. of Shield of Ajax; at 1., sword in sheath; [?triskelesdevice on shield].

2.59

[640-642] 55 coins (13-16 mm.) of uncertain Female head/Shield type. Most have 15-16 mm. diameters, and of these the bulk doubtlessbelong to the common variety640. Clearly of some duration, the bronze coinage of Salamis was minted in several phases, the first and most substantialof which is representedby the common, largerpieces of variety 640, almost certainlydichalkia.In a later emission, the sword on the reverse is displaced to the left (641), on at least some pieces by a triskeles device on the shield (AmericanNumismatic Society). The slightly smaller coins of variety 642 with the Kore obverse representanother emission.There are finallyseveralsmall-flanvarieties(cf. BMC 9, 10, Cop547; Traitd, pl. 194:5),some with blazons(includinga gorgoneionand an eagle)on the shield: at 11-13 mm. and 1.50-2.00 g., these should be AE 4 chalkoi;their cruderstyle locates them at the end of the series. The two specimens of 640 excavatedat Olynthos3l inform that minting began earlier than 348. But by how much? The contextsof640d and g suggesta relativelyearlydate in the 4th century,as does the reportof another Salamis coin (18 mm.) that was excavated in the Kerameikosfrom a grave dated 400-395 B.C.,32although it would be prematureto drawany firm chronologicalconclusionsuntil the potteryfromthis importantgravegroup has been published. The destructiondeposit of Building Z-3 in the Kerameikos(p. 298 below) shows that the Salamis bronze was still in use as late as the last decade of the 4th century,while the absence of any pieces in the sizableAgora A 18:8 hoard is a good indicationthat it had ceased to circulateby the 260's. 30

Room 4B of house "N", Layer 11: "potterymostly of 5th century but note a fragment of a small coarse saucer with bpack] gpaze], probablyearly IV" (NN notebook,p. 7226). 31 Oylnthus VI, no. 830 (pl. 20), found on the floor of the destroyedhouse A 11, room 1; and Olynthus IX, no. 1722 from house A vii, room 5. The stratigraphicposition of the latter coin is unknown, but in correspondence (pl. 32:23) Nicholas Cahill explainsthat the area was free of later occupation. The three coins reportedto be from a hoardfound at Aspropyrgosnear Eleusis(IGCH99) compriseanotherfind of aroundthe middle of the 4th century.The date is impliedby two of the pieces, which are earlyEleusinian(38: ivy-branch symbol, 17 mm., w4; grapevinesymbol, 16 mm., w3); the thirdis Salamis, 18 mm., in fine (w2)condition. 32 Mentioned in ApAeXAX18, 1963, B', p. 50, note 6. Dr. Peter R. Frankekindly sent a photograph of the (18 mm.) coin and his notes on the find.

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

216

The very existence of a Salaminiancoinage is curious.Since the island was a subjectterritoryof Athens and settled by Athenian cleruchs, some scholars have argued that the coinage must belong to a time of political independence from Athens.33In 31734 a successionistparty of Salaminians,probably cleruchs, betrayed the island to Kassandrosand apparentlygovernedit for a decade, but this episode belongs around the end, not the start of the coinage. More than a century ago Paul Monceaux suggestedthat Salamis may have broken away from Athens for a time at the conclusion of the PeloponnesianWar,35but however convenient this hypothesis might be for explaining an early 4th-centuryorigin of the coinage, it, too, does not carry conviction. Apart fromthe unsoundnessof Monceaux'sepigraphicalargument,it is knownthat the islandwas stillsubjectto Athens under the Thirty Tyrantsin the springof 403 and that when Athens sent out new cleruchiesin 386 to Lemnos, Imbros, and Skyros,overseaspossessionsthat she had lost in 404, these cleruchieswere to be modeled on the one then existingon Salamis.36Salamishad remainedAthenian. If the coinage cannot be attributedto an independent Salamis, it has to be understood in terms of the cleruchy status of the island. As explained under 455, the cleruchycities of Lemnian Myrina and Hephaistia also struckcoins before the middle of the 4th century.Although these cities were certainlymore distant from Athens than was Salamis,their constitutionalpositionwith respectto Athenswas the same, and so, one assumes, was their motivation for minting a bronze coinage: such a coinage was apparentlyneeded, and as none was being supplied by Athens, the cleruchy governmentswere left to produce it themselves. It may well be that the Athenians encouraged the Salaminianbronze, which they were able to use while continuing their policy of strikingexclusivelyin silver.

MEGARIS

MEGARA

B.C. lasthalforthirdof 4tharly 3rdcentury

Prow1., on which stands a tripod. 643

160 coins *a *b *c d *e

MEF or MEFAbetween Two dolphins swimming r. in circle;border of dots.

BMC 21-29

13-16 Av.2.43(54)

MEr (legibleon 35 coins) 15 t 2.42 S-3655 15 -+ 2.20 A-891 14 \ 2.76 ME-192 14 t 2.56 IIA-1 14 -+ 2.40 X-36

obv. above, trident 1. (BMC 22); GRC,fig. 17 same obv. same same

33 raiti II, iii, pp. 142-143; Picard,Antre,pp. 292-293. 34 Saamae, Basel (dissertation)1901, pp. 11-12; Ferguson According to Picard,Antre,and C. Horner, QZaestiones (p. 117, note 2) prefers304 B.C. 35 P. Monceaux, "Inscriptionsde Salamine,"BCH 6, 1882 (pp. 521-539), pp. 522-523. Monceaux's argumentfor Salaminianindependence rested on IG II2 3093, an early 4th-centurychoregic monument from Salamis that names a local archonin its datingformula.We know,however,fromAristotle,Athenaion Polita 58.8 and 62.2 that 6 iv EacXoaiMvt for he was directly responsible organizingthe local Dionysia, and that he served &pXovwas an Athenian official, that as the normaleponymousmagistrateof the island.Horner (note 34 above)adds that, as a privatededication,IG I12 3093 should not be expected to recordthe name of the archonin Athens after the name of the archon in Salamis. 36 Salamisunder the Thirty: DiodorusSiculus 14.32.4. Existingcleruchyin 386: G I2 30, line b 7 ( p. 165, line 34, in the expandedtext with commentaryby R. S. Stroud,"Inscriptionsfrom the North Slope of the Acropolis,I," Hesperia 40, 1971, pp. 162-173), citing the cleruchy on Salamis as a legal precedent in regulationsfor the new cleruchy on Lemnos.

217

CATALOGUE MErA (egible on 20 coins) *f AP-25 15 N 2.38 *g NN-1054 16 / 1.90 *h NN-1754 15 K\ 2.17

Either ethnic i 00-1075 14 -+ 2.15 obv., prow r. EABC,p. 153, pl. 17, nos. W:78-85 (A 18:8) j-q 8 _ coins The above dating is deduced from the worn example from a 348-316 B.C.house at Olynthos37and the moderate to heavy wear of the eight pieces (643j-q) in the Agora A 18:8 hoard of the 260's (EABC,p. 154). For fifteen published specimens from Late Hellenistic deposits in the Agora, see Kleiner 1975, p. 308, pl. 76, nos. 141-143, and p. 312, no. 203 (allH-K 12-14); Kleiner 1976, p. 18, nos. 131-141 (A-B 19-20:1).

secondquarter 3rdcentury B.C. MEFA above or below Prow 1. 644

127 coins

Tripod between two dolphins upward;border of dots.

BMC 30-34

13-16 Av. 2.23 (44)

MEFAabove (23 coins) *a -5-31 14 / 2.16 *b NN-1014 16 t 2.58 *c IO-488 14 / 1.85 *d r-301 13 / 2.42

EABC,p. 153, pl. 17, no. X:86 (A 18:8)

MErA below (8 coins) 14 \ 2.51 M-209 r-456 14 \ 2.30 NN-1741 14 4 2.18 Eitherformat h AA-762 14 t i-o 7 E_ coins

2.50

obv., prow r. EABC,pp. 153-154, pl. 17, nos. X:87-93 (A 18:8) 644i-o were among the freshestcoins in the A 18:8 hoard and could hardly have been minted before the 270's (EABC,p. 154). Twenty Agora pieces from deposits of the 2nd and early 1st century B.C.are listed in Kleiner 1975, p. 308, nos. 144-146; p. 311, nos. 186-188 (H-K 12-14); Kleiner 1976, p. 19, nos. 142-154 (A-B 19-20:1); and p. 21, no. 111 (B 20:9).

second 2ndcentury B.C. half3rdcentury-early MEFA above Prow 1. 645A *a *b *c *d e 37

15 coins NN-1966 H'-3298 NN-743 rr-44 T-1284

Obelisk of Apollo between two dolphins upwards; border of dots.

13-15 Av.2.04(10) 15 4 1.80

15 t 1.83 14 t 2.09 13 t 2.03 13

4 broken

Kleiner 1975, p. 323, no. 332 (M-N 15:1)

IX, pp. 245, 249-250, 370, pl. 32:24. Olynthus

BMC 35-39

218

NON-ATHENIAN COINS Same.

645B *a *b c d

r-1323 NN-2024 NN-1871 nIII-918

11 11 12 12

/ /

/ -

Same. 0.73 1.07 1.03 broken

firn a WeUll E 0. Waage (Greek BrownCoins atMegara[JNM 70], New York, 1935, p. 17) has alreadynoted that this Prow/Obelisk-dolphinsbronzewas minted in two denominations.The smaller('AE 4": here 11-12 mm., ca. 1.00 g.) should be the chalkous,the largerAE 3 denomination,representedby varieties643 and 644, as well as 645A, its double (seep. 38 above).TypologicallyderivedfromProw/Tripod-dolphins(644), the Prow/Obelisk bronzeought to followit at some point afterthe 260's B.C.burialof the A 18:8hoard.A pre-183 B.C.datingfor the followingApollo/Lyre AE 2 is providedby the context of 646b. Head of Apollo r.

MErAI[PEnN]

BMC 11-14

Lyre. 646

6 coins *a A-229 *b K-1310

19-21 Av.5.46 (6) 21 i 5.01 19 - 5.27

obv.: illegible cmk. Kleiner 1975, p. 311, no. 185 (H-K 12-14) 2nd-Ist centuryB.C.

MErAIPEfN Tripod.

BMC 16-18

Similar. 15 t 2.66 15 t 4.66

MEIr in laurel wreath.

BMC 19

Similar.

[M-E] Lyre.

BMC 44-46

Head of Apollo r., laur. 647

10 coins *a BB-51 *b AA-230

648 *a AA-995 *b II-330

649

H'-3565

15-17 Av.3.76(7) 16 t 4.63 15 t 2.17

16 -

broken 1stcenry B.c.-3rd c

Head of Zeus r.; linear border. *650

II-680a

14 I

ryafterChrist

[MErA]IPEWN at 1. and r. of Tripod.

unpublished

broken

Bust of Athena r., wearing unpublished [ME]-rA-PE1.,above, and r. of Tripod;border Corinthianhelmet; of dots. border of dots. / 2.21 12 651 *a N-976 11 \ 0.85 *b II-957 Lunateepsilonsand the cursiveomega of650 place the latterand 651 in the Roman era. Althoughthe Athena bust of 651 is similar to some on Hadrianic-Antoninecoins of Athens (see 229-231), it is most unlikelythat

CATALOGUE

219

the coin was minted to commemoratea reconciliationbetweenAthensand MegaraunderHadrian,as mentioned in T. L. Shear, "The Campaign of 1937," Hesperia7, 1938 (pp. 311-362), pp. 357-358.

A.D. 172-192: Commodus

ANT K[- -AN]TWNINO Head r., laur. *652

Br'-486

25

/

MEr[AP]EWN Demeter stg. r., lighting large torch.

6.21

MErA-P[EWN]

[-------] Head of Commodus(?)r. 653

E-4700

cf. BMC 48 (S. Severus)

24 t

BMC 46

Zeus seated r., with scepter [and Nike].

4.04

A.D. 193-217: Sepimius Severus

A[VT- -C]En-C[EOVHPO]C

n[EP] Head r., laur. 654

E-6410

25 /

M[Er-APEWN] Tyche, with phiale, sacrificing 1. over altar.

BMC 51, 52

8.69

A.D. 193-217: Julia Domna

[-------]

MEr[AP]EWN Artemis running r., with torch in each hand.

Bust ofJulia Domna r. *655

Br'-487

24

. 6.02

A.D. 202-212:

[AOY CEnlT] ETA [KA] Bust r. *656

E-4259

25 $

cf. BMC 47 (Commodus)

Geta

MErA-PEWN Artemis running r., holding bow and drawing arrow.

5.46

cf. BMC 49 (S. Severus),53 (Caracalla)

PAGAI

A.D. 161-180: MarcusAurelius

M AVP ANTW-NEINOCAV Bust r., laur.

*657

S-3979

26 \

9.80

nAr-AIWN Gate with large central entrance and two smaller niches with statues at either side; on top, three statues. GRC,fig. 23

cf. NCP, p. 9, pl. A:v, vi; Cop500 (all Severan)

220

NON-ATHENIAN COINS AIGINA ca. 510-490 B.C. AR STATER

Sea turtle.

658*a T-240 *b H-2192

18 17 /

Incuse square with five sunken triangularsegments.

Kraay,ACGC, p. 44, pi. 6, no. 11638

11.78 11.23

PLATE CUNTERFEITOFAR STATER

Similar.

*659

__-4

20

-

7.03

cf. Kraay,ACGC, Incuse square with "windmill sail"pattern of four triangular p. 44, pl. 6, no. 11539 segments. obv. cut with two chisel gashes before plating in order to deceive the receiver.No traces of the silver plating remain. ca. 490-480 B.C.

AR STATER

Incuse square divided into five "smallskew"compartments.

Similar.

*660

PP-273

19 -

Kraay,ACGC, p. 44, pi. 6, no. 11740

10.31 479-456 B.C.

AR STATER

Sea turtle with T-shaped arrangementof pellets on shell. *661

KK-9

22 t

11.71

Incuse square divided into five "largeskew"compartments.

Kraay,ACGC, p. 46, pl. 6, no. I23

GRC,fig. 7 B.C. 4t-first haf 3rdcentury

662

14 coins *a SZ-66 *b *c

d

I-464 I-79 nI-765

BMC 206-222 Incuse square divided into five A between Two dolphins compartments. upwards. 10-14 Av.1.58(8) rev., in lower 1. compartment,A (BMC 213, 214); FABC p. 154, 11 1 1.59 p . 16, no. Y:94 (A 18:8) s;ame rev. 12 4 1.27 1.50 12 t 14 A blistered

38 M. Price and N. Waggoner,ArhaicGrekCoinage:The 'y"

Hoard,London 1975, pp. 6-70, "GroupII," with N. M. and the chronology of C. Arnold-Biucchi,L. Beer-Tobey, Waggoner, "A Greek Archaic Silver Hoard from Selinus,"AIV5N 33, 1988 (pp. 1-36), p. 17. 39 Price and Waggoner,op.cit.,p. 71, "GroupIV". 40 Ibid., 73, "GroupVII". p.

CATALOGUE

221

e f

ME-57 10 - chipped Kleiner 1975, p. 308, no. 147 (H-K 12-14) NN-1669 14 4 chipped Kleiner 1976, p. 19, no. 155 (A-B 19-20) Two examples from the Olynthos excavations41imply a startingdate before 348 B.C. The context and good condition of 662a suggestthat the coinage extended throughthe firstquarteror third of the 3rd century.

3rd-2ndcentury B.C. AI[rI]above 663 *a b

ME-53 A-661

Prow r. 16 t 4.18 17 T 3.99 Head of Zeus r.; border of dots.

*664

IIII-183

17 t

4.25

ArAA below Ram's head r.; border of dots.

Kleiner 1975, p. 308, pl. 76, no. 148 (H-K 12-14)

A-[I]Ir-IIN-H

[0OY]ABIA nAAYTIAAA Bust r. NN-689

23 /

BMC 236, 237

Archaic statue of Apollo stg. r., with branch and bow. (found in earth layer with 67i of the 220's B.C.) A.D. 202-212:

*665

BMC 230-232

PlautiUa

AIrEI[N-HTWN] Hekate triformisholding two torches.

BMC 239

4.69

CORINTHIA CORITH

4th centuryB.C.

AR DRACHM

*666

EE-22

? below Pegasos flying 1. 13 t 1.55+

Head of Aphrodite 1., hair bound up.

BMC 181, 182

late5th-3rdcentury B.C.

667

41

54 coins *a BB-1263 b T-4 *c rr-4 d e-354 e X-52

? below Pegasos flying 1. 11-14 Av. 1.60 (24) 13 / 1.81 11 - 1.16 12 / 1.58 13 \ 1.29 13 +- 1.59

OlyntusIX, pp. 350-351.

Trident upward.

BMC 423-471

rev. at r., running griffin (BMC 437); GRC,fig. 18 tripod (BMC 439) race torch (BMC 441) same same

222

NON-ATHENIAN COINS f g h *i

ET'-510 IF-176 K-1586 1-894 J 00-1210 k A-81 *1 Z-1020 m T-1252 n E-795 *o Z-400

13 14 12 13 13 13 12 12 12

\ -

1.65 blistered . 1.24 - 1.59 A 1.40 / 1.10+ x 1.72 1.69

rev. at ., A (BMC 453) rev. [A] - pine cone (BMC 453) EY - Ares holding scepter (BMC 456) H - wreath (BMC 458-460) E - thunderbolt(Corinth VI, p. 15) ? -amphora amphora-? A? - ?; Kleiner 1975, p. 323, pl. 76, no. 333 (M-N 15:1) -A -? 131.58 flan cut down before striking Five publishedexamplesfrom context of ca. 100 B.C.:Kleiner 1976, p. 19, nos. 156-160 (A-B 19-20:1). Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet.

668 *a II9-574 b T-254

14 / 2.35 14 +- 1.30+

669

[Head of bearded Heraklesr., wearing wreath.] 11 $ 1.15

A-892

K beneath Pegasosflying r.

BMC 476

? beneath Forepartof Pegasos r.

BMC 481, 482

Recent excavationdata at Corinthindicatethat the startof the Pegasos/Tridentbronze (667) may go back as 55, 1986, pp. 184, earlyas the later5th century;see 0. Zervos,"CoinsExcavatedat Corinth, 1978-1980," Hesperia 203; with Warren1983, p. 33, note 46, supplementedin Warren1984, pp. 23-24. Price (1967, pp. 365-367) puts the end of the pre-Romanbronze of Corinthbefore 200 B.C. As ROMAN COLONY Coinage Signed by Duoviri Coins cataloguedwith Agora inventorynumbersin Amandryare referencedin italics. L AeficiusCertus, C. Iulius,44 or43 B.C. As LAVSIVLIICORINT Head ofJulius Caesar r., laur. 670 a b

8-401 II-944

23 / 23 -

7.02 broken

[L CE]RTOAEFICIOI[C IVLIOIIVIR] Bellerophon,strikingwith spear,on Pegasos flying r.

Amandry,p. 121, no. Ia; RPC I, 1116

Amandry,no.Ia:d7-r19:3

43 or42 B.C. P TadiusChilo,C. IuliusJicephorus, As P TADI CHILOICIVLI NICEPIIIVIR Poseidon, with trident, seated r. on rock. no. Amandry, II: d6-r7:1

CORINTHVMin ex. Bellerophonrestraining Pegasos r. before a porclh. *671

NN-465

24 /

7.10

Amandry,p. 124, no. II; RPCI, 1117

223

CATALOGUE 40 B.C. Cn.Publiius,M. AntoniusOrestes, SEXTANS

COIRINin wreath.

C PVBLIANTOR Vase with one handle 1. 672 *a b

II-66 00-683

11 11

Amandry,no.IVb:d3-r5 Amandry,no.IVb:d4-r5:6

4 1.98 1.58

.

Amandry,pp. 129130, no. IVb; RPCI, 1123

PAebutius,C. Pinnius,39-36B.c. As

P AE[BVTIOC PIN]NIOIIVIR

[CORINT]

Prow 1.

Head of M. Antony 1. 673

BB-515

Amandry,pp. 130131, no. Va; RPC I, 1124

24 -- broken

As

674

II-304

[CORINT]

P AEBVTIOC PINNIOIIIVIR Amandry,p. 132,

Head of Poseidon r.

Chimaera r.

no. Vb; RPC I, 1125

22 4 5.74

SEMIS

P AEBVTIOIC PINNIOIIIVIR in pine wreath. Amandry,no. Vc:dll-r5:2

Similar. 675

Br-931

16 \

4.07

Amandry,p. 133, no. Vc; RPC I, 1126

C. HeiusPamphius,Q Caecilius Niger,34-31 B.C. As

HEIOPAM Q CAECIL-NIGRI[C IIVIR] Bellerophonon Pegasosr., fightingChimaera.

[CORINT] Head of Aphrodite r.

676 a b

E-6295 8-69

22 -+ broken 22 4 6.73

Amandry,pp. 137138, no. VIc; RPC I, 1128

as above

effaced inscriptions

P Aebutis 30 B.C. M. AntoniusTheophilus, SEMIS

[MA.ANT.]THEOPH[IL.]II.VIR.I[QVINQ] *677

E-1685

Boukranion. 18 / 2.94

[P] AEBVTIVSIIVIRQUINQ Vaseto r., withpalmdrooping overtop.

Amandry,p. 139,

no. VIIb;RPCI, 1130

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

224

C. Srvilis C.f Primus, M. Antonius Hiparchus,2/1

B.C.

As [C SERVILIOC F PRIMO M ANTONIO HIPPARCHOIIVIR] Heads of Gaius and Lucius 1. and r.

[CAESARI CORINT] Head of Augustusr. 678 a b

KK-244 MM-104

Amandry,pp. 145147, no. XIa, b; RPC I, 1136

20 -+ 5.39 20 - 5.57

C. Mussius riscus, C. Heus PolUo,A.D. 4/5

As GER[MANIC]VSCAESAR[COR] C HEIOPOILLIONEITERIC MVSSIOPRIISCOIIVIRin Head of Germanicusr. parsley wreath. 679

H'-3619

22

4

Amandry,p. 154, no. XIIIe; RPC I, 1139

Amandry,pls. XIII, XIYVno.XIIIe4:2

6.38

A. Vatronius L RutiliusPlancus, Labeo,A.D. 12/13-15/16 As

[---------

[------------

Nike stg. 1. [on globe].

Head of Tiberius 1.

680

r-1205

Amandry,pp. 160165, nos. XIV2141, 60-73; RPC I, 1146

19 +- 5.61 L. Arris Peregrins,L. FuriusLab, A.D.32/33

As

*681

E-1934

IIVIRI [L ARR]IOPERE[GRINOIIVIR] [L FV]RIOLABE-ONE in ex. [COR] Head of Augustus1., rad. Hexastyle temple, inscribed [GENT IVLI]. Amandry,pl. XXI, no.XVI.19:b-If3 21 t 6.61

Amandry,p. 173, no. XVI.19; RPC I, 1151

[L. FVRIOLA-BEONEIIV] Head of Augustus1., rad.

Amandry,p. 174, no. XVI.22; RPC I, 1157

As [L ARRIO]PEREGRIN[O

IIVIR]in ex. [COR]

Similar hexastyle temple. 682

r-1481a

19 -+ 6.49

Am;andry,no.XVI.22:aa-IIa2:2

SEMIS

683 a b

00-742 00-1187

[COR]below Melikerteswith thyrsos riding dolphin r. 16 / 2.84 16 \ 3.76

[C]ORbelow Pegasosflying r.

Amandry,p. 178, no. XVI.47; RPC I, 1162

225

CATALOGUE SEMIS

COR below Pegasos flying r. IIII-564

684

16 \

[COR]below Pegasos flying r.

Amandry,p. 178, no. XVI.48; RPC I, 1163

[S E] Isthmos, nude, stg. frontally,with rudder in each hand.

Amandry,p. 179, nos. XVI.54-61; RPC I, 1168

2.32

SEMIS

COR below Pegasos flying r. 685 a b

AA-444 r-1105

14 t 2.43 16 +- 2.94

A.D.37/38 P Vipsanius M. BelliusProculus, Agrippa, As (1) C CAESARAVGVS or

686 *a N-429 *b NN-968 c H-163 d n1-293

P.VIPSANIOAGRIPPAIIVIRI COR below Pegasos flying r.

Amandry, pp. 184-186, nos. XVII. 1-27; RPCI, 1172

M BELLIOPROCVLOIIVIRI COR below Pegasos flying r.

Amandry, pp. 186-189, nos. XVII.29-67; RPCI, 1173

(2) CAIVS-CAESARAVG Head of Caligula. head 1.;obv. legend (1);Amandry,nos. XVII.3, 8, 11, or 22 19 t 5.91 head r.; obv. legend (2);Amandry,no.XVII.17:e-Ih3:2 21 - 7.49 head r.; obv. legend ? 22 \ 5.92 same 21 t 6.39

As Similar.

687 *a b c

MM-136 S-4224 ET'-739

21 - 7.73 20 t 7.06 4 4.96 21

head r.; obv. legend ? same same

[686 or 687] Two asses of uncertainCaligulahead/Pegasos variety. head r. 19 -4 6.10 a EA-453 head r.; Pegasos 1. b P-1609 20 +- 6.51

M. AciliusCandidus, Q Fulius Flaccus,A.D.54/55 As Q FVL FLACCOIIVIRICOR Amandry,p. 204, no. XX.21; RPC I, Genius of Colony with phiale 1190 and cornucopia;in field, GEN COR. GRC,fig. 24; Amandry,pl. XXXIV, no.XX.21:h-b5

AGRIPPINA-AVGVSTA Bust of Agrippina Minor r.

*688

AA-203

20 t

8.39

226

NON-ATHENIAN COINS As AGRIPPIN-AVGV Bust of AgrippinaMincir 1.

689 a b

NN-128 II-173

21 \ 6.48 21 A 6.61

[M AC] CANDIDO IIVIRCOR Aphrodite in biga drawn 1. by tritons. Amandry,no.XX.73:2 effaced obv. and rev. legends

Amandry,p. 208, no. XX.73; RPC I, 1198

IIVIRCOR [Q] FVLFLACCO

Amandry,p. 209, no. XX.80; RPC I, 1200

As [NERO]CLA[V-CA]ESAVG] Head of Nero r., laur. 690

--589

21 \

Bust of Aphrodite I.; beneath, galley 1. Amaridry,no.XX.80:3

6.58

T7.ClaudwsOptatus, C. uitusPolyaeu, A.D. 57/58 or58/59 As NERO CLAV-CAESAVG Head of Nero r.

691 *a b *c

Z-653 N-1138 H-1544

21 \ 21 / 21 \

8.64 7.40 halved

(1) TI CL[AVDIO]OPTATO IIVIR Amandry,pp. 211COR or 213, no. XXI.1-18; (2) C IV[LIOPOLYAENOIIVIR] RPC I, 1201 COR Bellerophonwith shield leaning r., restrainingPegasos 1.

rev. legend (1);Amandry,pl. XXXVI, no.XX.5:a-a6:l rev. legend (1);Amandry,no.XXI.5:a-a6:2(L 19:2) rev. legend (2);Amandry,no. XXI.12-18

As NERO CLAVD-CAES AVG Head of Nero.

692 *a IIA-213 b r-291 c KTA-17

(1) TI CLAVDIOOPTATO IIVIR Amandry, or pp. 213-215,

(2) C. IVLIO[POLYA]ENOIIVIR nos. XXI.19-33; RPC I, 1202 ISTHIMIAin parsley wreath; COR below. head 1.;rev. legend (1);Amandry,pl. XXXVII, no.XXI.22:g-a4: head r., legend ?; rev. legend (1); Amandry,nos. XXI. 19, 20, 23-26 head r., legend ?; rev. legend (2); Amandry,nos. XXI.29-31

19 -+ 6.85 19 - 4.99 21 . 7.07

L RutiiusPiso,P Memmius Cleaner,A.D. 66/67 As NERO CAE-AVGIMP Head of Nero r., rad.

693 *a '-6 b AA-161

22 +- 7.19 20 -4 6.40

[L] R PISON[E IIVI]QVI COR Galley 1.;in field, ADVEIAVG.

Amandry,no.XXII.9 similar,but head 1. and both legends effaced

Amandry, pp. 217-219, nos. XXII. 1-28; RPC I, 1204

227

CATALOGUE As [NERO CAESARIMP] Head of Nero.

694 a b *c

d e f

118-224 rr-122 I-143a P-512a I-325a I-1257a

19 20 18 18 20 19

7.00

t 5.64 t halved 4' halved halved halved

(1) [L RVT PISONE IIVIRQVIN] Amandry, or pp. 219-221, nos. XXII.29-51; (2) [P MEM CLEANDROIIVIR RPC I, 1205 QUIN] Emperoron tribunal,orating to 1.;in field, AD-LOIAV-G. head r., laur.;rev. legend (1);Amandry,no.XXI.29:3 head r., laur. head 1.;rev. legend (2);Amandry,no.XXII.44:2 head 1. head r. head r.

P Ventidiws Anaxilaus, A.D.67/68 Ti. Claudius Fronto, As [NERO CAE-SAR] Head of Nero 1., laur.

695 *a b

AE-1

20 \

6.88

AP-49a

16 -

4.24

P VE FRONTONE IIVIRICOR Emperor stg. 1., with phiale, being crowned by Tyche.

Amandry, pp. 221-223, nos. XXIII. 1-12; RPC I, 1207 Amandry,pl. XL, no.XXIII.7;obv. cmk.: tripod in incuse square (Howego, no. 478) rev. legend effaced

As [NERO CAE-SAR] Head of Nero 1., laur.

696

P-1555

19 \

P VE ]FRON-TONE[ IIVIR]I [COR] Emperor stg., facing, with phiale, on podium of tetrastyletemple.

Amandry,p. 225, no. XXII.24; RPC I, 1208

6.21

[690-696] As (P-994a) with obv. head of Nero r.;rev.effaced. L Caninis Agrippa,A.D. 68/69 As

[SENATV-P.Q.R.] Veiled bust of Senate r. 697

BB-1315

19 -

[L CANAGRIPPAE IIVIICOR] Amandry,p. 230, Clasped hands holding poppy and wheat ears.

no. XXIV2 or 9; RPC I, 1210

Same.

Amandry, pp. 230-231, nos. XCI7, 8, 14-16; RPC I, 1213

6.37

As [ROMAEET IMPERIO] Turretedbust of TycheRoma r. 698

T-229

19 -

3.66

228

NON-ATHENIAN COINS As [SENATV]-P.Q.R. Veiled bust of Senate r.

699

EA-215

21

-?

6.56

L CAN AG[RIPP]AEIIVIICOR Tetrastyletemple shown in perspective. Amandry,no.XXIV.59:a-IIIb6:2

Amandry,p. 234, no. XXIV59; RPCI, 1218

As [L CAN AGRIPPAEIIVIR]I [COR]Isthmos stg. 1., with two rudders.

[NEPTVNOIAVG] Head of Poseidon r. 700

IIO-345a

19 '

Amandry,p. 236, nos. XXIV71-73; RPC I, 1222

6.37

AnonymousFractions,41-31 B.C. SEMIS

Bust of Helios r. 701 a b

BB-186 Z-470

[CORINT]below Pegasos flying r.

Amandry,p. 238, no. C3; RPC I, 1227

[COR]beside Rudder. 12 - 1.03

Dolphin 1.

Amandry,p. 240, no. Fl; RPC I, 1231

COR at 1. of Rudder.

Trident.

Amandry,p. 240, no. F2; RPC I, 1232

14 , 2.35 16 +- 2.58

QUADRANS

702

KK-209a QUADRANS

*703

A-94

15 4 2.79

Amandry,pl. XLVI, no.F2:1

Head of Poseidon r.

COR below Pegasos flying r. Amandry,no.1:2

SEMIS

704 *a b

A-3 N-372a

16 t 14 /

2.76 1.93

Amandry,p. 242, no. I; RPC I, 1235

WithoutNames of Duoviri

A.D. 117-138: Hadrianic

Head of Aphrodite r.

*705 42

H-1761

24

COL-IVLCOR Tyche stg 1., with cornucopia and phiale(?).42

Cop30

4 7.52

Although it should be a phiale, the object held in the goddess' right hand is large and globular,like the apple held by Aphroditeon other imperialreversesof Corinth;see 706 and 719. The die cuttermay have conflatedattributes.

CATALOGUE

229

A.D. 161-80: MarcusAurelius

Head of laur. Head of M. M. Aurelius Aureliusr., r., laur. 706

T-947

27 t

708

BMC 607

[CLICOR] Melikerteson dolphin r., under pine tree.

Cop329

ISITHMIIAin celery wreath.

Cop325

13.72

[M AVR]ANTO[NINVSAVG] Head r., laur. 707

CLI-COR Aphrodite stg. r., with scepter and apple.

H'-3678

21 t

PP'-62

]M AVR A[NTONINVSAVG] Bust r. 26 / 13.24

4.96

A.D. 161-169: Lucis Verus

IMP L AVR-VERVSAVG Bust r., laur. *709

r-124

21 t

CLICOR Melikerteson dolphin r., under pine tree. GRC,fig. 24

6.62

IMP L AVR VERVS AVG Bust r., laur., dr. *710

Q-277

T-716

CLICOR Tyche sacrificing1. at altar, with cornucopia and phiale.

cf. Cop323 (M. Aurelius)

CLICOR Hermes seated 1. on rock; at 1., a ram.

Cop344

27 -+ 11.90

[-- ---]AVG Bust of L. Verus r. *711

BMC 623

26 \

10.74

A.D. 176-192: Commodus

[-- COMMOD]V[S]A[NTON--] Bust r., laur. 712

00-272

193-211: Septimius Severus

L SEPT SEVRE [PT AVG] Bust r., laur. A-44

Corinth VI, 174

27 +- 11.93

A.D.

*713

[CLICOR] Athena stg. 1., with Nike and spear; at foot, owl and shield.

25 +- 10.97

CLICOR Peirene seated 1. on rock, holding vase.

BMC 656

230

714

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

0-434

L SEPT SEV PER[T A]VG IMP VIII Bust 1., laur.,with shield and spear. 18 A broken

[-----

]

[CLICOR] Pegasoswalking 1.

Bust of S. Severus r. 715

ET'-669a

16 \

[. .]C COR

198-217: Caracala

M AVRELIVSCAE[SAR] Bust r.

P-1035

25

McCkan6201

broken

A.D.

*716

BMC 648-649

Melikerteson dolphin r., under pine tree.

4 8.71

CL[I]C[OR] Building,from which rises taperingcolumn with statue on top; at 1. and r., equestrian statue. olbv.: obscure cmk.

NCP, p. 15, pl. C.xlviii

AL.D.202-212: PlautiUa

PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE Bust r.

*717

NN-702

24 N 5.35

PLAVTILLAAVGUSTA Bust r. *718

00-50

1-1047

SEPTIMIVS GETASCAES Bust r.

nI-3

CLICOR Athena stg. 1., with Nike and spear.

BMC 667, 668

CLI[C]OR

BMC 669

Aphrodite stg. r., with scepter and apple.

24 -+ broken

A.D.

*720

BMC 673

24 +- 5.70

PLAVTILLAE AVGV[STAE] Bust r. 719

CLICOR Tyche sacrificing1. before lighted altar,with cornucopia and phiale.

23 t

7.37

209-212: Geta

CLICOR unpublished? Nike walking r., head 1., holding palm in 1., and in r. shield with gorgoneion(?) device. Thee reverseis entirelydifferentfrom the other Nike reverses cribedand illustratedin Corinth VI, pp. 39-40, pl. VI, nos. 223, , 227.

231

CATALOGUE PHLIASIA

PHLIOUS

4th centuryB.C.

Bull butting 1. 721 *a H-1112 b K-1086 c e-272 d B'-910 e H'-3758 f OA-181

14 14 13 12 12 17/

\ \ 1 -

broken 1.16 1.82 1.11+ broken 2.66

0 framed by four globules.

cf. BMC 13-17

Kleiner 1975, p. 308, no. 149 (H-K 12-14)

All belong to "Issue 1 [ca. 400-350 B.C.]"of J. D. Mac Isaac, "PhliasianBronze Coinage,"ANSMJV33, 1988, pp. 45-54. Denominations are the chalkous (721a-e, Mac Isaac type A) and the dichalkon (721f, Mac Isaac type B).

SIKYONIA

SIKYON

ca. 345/325 B.C. Head of Apollo r. 722

K-299

17 t

E in olive wreath.

Warren 1983, Group 3

2.49

ca. 330-200 B.C. Dove flying r. or 1. 723

16 coins *a 0-15 *b ET'-468 *c NN-447

12-16 Av. 1.97 (8) 16 $ 2.81 14 \ 2.20 12 / 2.11

E or El in olive wreath.

Warren 1983, Group 4

Warren 1983, no. 4.c.8.viii

ca. 303 B.C.?

Dove flying 1. 723A

0-450

14 /

3.06

AH above H in olive wreath.

Warren 1983, Group 5.9f

Kleiner 1975, p. 308, no. 150, but with wrong inventorynumber and provenience.See note 23 above, p. 203.

232

NON-ATHENIAN COINS late3rdcenry-1 60/150 El above Dove feeding r.

B.C.

Tripod in olive wreath.

Warren 1983, Group

724

9 coins *a Z-2248 *b E-2057 c 00-848

13-16 16 15 / 14 -

Z-1180

Av.2.24(8) 3.42 2.91 1.63

obv. below, AH (Warren1984, Group 9.8) dove 1.

Dove flying 1.; in field, [letter]. 15 \ 2.32

Dove flying 1.; above wing, OA[YMllA](?). r-483

B.C.

El (with serifs)in olive wreath tied above.

ca. 160/150-146

726

or 1984,

Group 9

ca. 196-160/150

*725

6B;

Warren 1984, Group 8

B.C.

El in olive wreath.

Warren 1984, Group 10.1

15 -+ 2.86

[723, 725, 726] 39 coins of Dove flying l./E, El, or [?] in olive-wreathtype. A few of these pieces could belong to Warren1983, Group 5: lettersother than El in the reversewreath.The 39 coins include 2 from Deposit B 20:9 (Kleiner 1976, p. 21, nos. 112, 113). 1stcentury B.C. [El] Dove flying or alighting 1.; in field, name.

Head of Apollo r. 727 *a II-636 b 0-647 c BB-7a d AA-260

17 17 17 17

\ / f t

2.00 1.86 3.43 4.68

Warren 1984, Group 12

dove flying;AINEA[E].Warren,Group 12.1; GRC,fig. 18 similar,but name not preserved dove alighting;name(?) same

For the overstrikingof pieces signed by Aineas in late Ist-centuryB.C. Athens, see Warren 1984, p. 20, and under 152 (p. 108 above).

A.D. 67-68:

Enl F.l.nO-AYAINOY Nude, male youth, walking r. with raised arms.

RPC I, 1241

BZ-29

19 /

RPCI, 1238

Z-1922a

[NE KAI ZEYC] EAEYOEPIOC [nOAY]AINOY.AA Man on horse 1.;in ex., [Cl]. Head of Nero r. 18 4 3.28 intentionallyhalved

N K ZEYC EAEYOEPI-OC Head of Nero r., laur. *728

*729

Nero

7.30

233

CATALOGUE A.D. 209-212:

[- - EEnTIM?]IOC r[ETA- -] Bust of Geta r. *730

ET'-502

25

K\

Geta

CIKY-W-N-I-WN Artemis stg. half r., holding raised torches.

VCP,H.xvii, xviii

4.69

ACHAIA

AIGION

ca. 32-31 B.C.

AIrIEfN Head of Zeus r., laur.

*731

732

[eEOE]IOE KAHTAIOE Zeus stridingr., throwing thunderbolt,eagle on extended 1. wrist. GRC,fig. 18

r-2

22 4 5.28

BB-945

AIrIEfN Head of young Dionysos r., wearing ivy crown. 18 t 3.02

[eEOE]IOS KAHTAIO' Eagle stg. three-quarters1.

BMC 4, 5

BMC 6, 7

2ndcentury afterChrist? AE HEMIOBOL

AlrlE[QN] Head of Zeus r., laur. *733

HMI[OBE]AIN(ast three letters retrogradein ex.) Goat stg. r., nursing baby Zeus within a cave.

NCP, R.xiv; JHS 17, 1897, p. 82, no. 5

NN-84a

21 J 7.73 The Dionysos and eagle typesof 732 shouldreferto Antony and Kleopatra(seepp. 103-105 above)and date it and the other issues signed Theoxios-Kletaiosjust before Actium. The chronology of 733 and related Aigion varieties inscribed HMIOBEAINis more problematic.Al use lunate epsilons, as do Aigion's imperial portrait issues, which begin under Antoninus Pius. Head (HN2, p. 413) assigned the coins with hemiobol inscriptions to the time of Hadrian and later,Price (CRWLR,p. 97) to the time of AntoninusPius. BouRA

A.D. 193-211: SeptimiusSeveu

[-------]

*734

NN-705

Bust of Severus r., laur., dr. 22 t 4.67

BOVPA-EWN Tyche stg. 1., with cornucopia and rudder.

unpublished

234

NON-ATHENIAN COINS PATRAI

ca. 146-14 B.C.

Head of bearded Herakles r. 735 *a X-178 b

PP-243

FIat 1. of Athena, BMC 7-13 advancingr., with shield and lowered spear. MHTflOAWPOC MENEKAEOCnATPEWN; at r., owl rev., 8-1 1) (BMC [NIKOCTP]ATOCKAAAICTPATOYnATP[ELN]; at 1., palm (BMC 12, 13)

21 +- 6.67 broken

22 f

[flATPE-QN] below Cista mystica of Dionysos. 736 a b

H417a IIA-426

19 t 18 /

RPat 1. of Dionysos stg. 1., with torch. rev., name (?) same

3.32 4.75

Cop156, 157

As Roman Colony, fiom 14 B.C.

737

00-982

Cista mystica between bunch of grapes and thyrsos. 15 t 1.95

COL.A-[A PATR] Club.

BMC 16; RPC I, 1250

A.D.81-96: Domitian

738

E-683

IMP CAES DOM[---] Head r., laur. 24 1 6.07

COL A A I [PATRENS] Priestwith two oxen plowing 1.

BMC 27

A.D. 161-180: MarcusAulius

I-------I Bust of M. Aureliusr.

739

r-376

20 /

COL AA PATR Distyle temple containing statue of Athena with spear [and phiale]; at feet, owl.

JVCP,Qxiv (rev.); cf. Co 200 (Commodus)

4.83 A.D. 176-192: Commodus

[-------

]

Bust of Commodus r. 740

EE-68

[COLAA P]ATR Zeus seated 1., with scepter and [Nike]; at feet, eagle.

Cop191

24 +- 5.10 A.D. 198-217: Caracalla

[--...---741

BB-1259

]

Bust of Caracallar. 19 f 3.77

COL A[A] PATR Hermes seated 1., on rock.

BMC 47

235

CATALOGUE

742 *a b

AA-977 H-941

M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PATR COLAA GERM Distyle temple containing statue of Hermes seated 1. Bust r., laur., dr. 18 \ 4.09 " 20 4.33 GRC,fig. 24

BMC 51

PELLENE

4th-3rd centuryB.C.

rEabove Ram's head; all in laurel wreath.

Head of Apollo r., laur. 743 *a b c

d e f

EA-475 NN-263 ME-99 ST'-599 r-1356 NN-1653

14 k/ 2.10 15 2.65 15 / 2.43 16 N/ 4.03 16 broken 19 3.81

obv. head 1. or r.; rev. ethnic above or below.

A.D.

193-211: Septims Seveus

I--------]

[TE]N[EA]TfN Tyche stg. 1., with phiale and cornucopia.

Bust of S. Severus r. *744

1-1034

21

-+

BMC 10-12

3.71 ACHAIA LEAGUE

befor251 B.C. ARHElIRACH

Head of Zeus r., laur.

*745

A-980

X in laurel wreath.

M. G. Clerk, Catalogu of theCoinsof theAchaeanLeague, London 1895, p. 1, no. 1; BMC 1

14 +- 2.58

191-146 B.C.43

Zeus stg 1., with Nike and scepter;border of dlots. 746 *a

43

S-305

20 t

6.66

Female figure (Achaia)seated 1., with wreath and scepter.

obv., AXAIQNover A(?); rev. at 1., upwards, EPMIONEfN; at r., downwards,MNHEI[E]. Hermione mint (Clerk,op.ci., p. 24, no. 47: "Epidauros")

According tJennifer Warren,whose study of the Achaian League bronze is in preparation.We thank her also for the mint attributionsof 746b and 746e.

236

NON-ATHENIAN COINS b c

r-1239 BA-522

22 t

6.50

d

E-2229

18 t

5.90

e

EA-62

20 /

4.47

f g h

EA-133 A-1432 AA-1 19

3.47+ 20 19 / broken 18 A fragment

-

17

broken

obv., [AXJAI[QN].Hermione mint? obv., AEXIAE; rev., AXAIfMNMEEEANIQN.Messene mint (Clerk, op.cit.,p. 31, no. 108; BMC 154) obv. at r., XAPMIA[AE];rev. AX[AtIN nArAIfN]. Pagai mint (Clerk,op.cit.,p. 23, no. 33; BMC 135) rev., [MErA]PfN. Megara mint (Clerk,op.cit., p. 23, nos. 33-37). Kleiner 1975, p. 317, no. 253 (P-R 6-12) details and mint unclear same same

ELIS

ca. 363-323 B.C.44 PLATED COUNTERFEr OFAR STATER

*747

N-328

[F]-A Head of Hera r. 21 \ 3.61

BMC 95, 96 Eagle stg r., wings spread; in olive wreath. intentionallyhalved; no survivingtrace of silver plating 312-271 B.C.

Head of Zeus 1., laur. 748

B-351

20 \

[F-A] Eagle stg. 1., wings spread.

BMC 115

5.49

271-191 B.C. [Head of Zeus r.]

749

H'-2755

20

-

BMC 141

[F-A] Horse trottingr.

BMC 144, 145 (or 129)

6.51

Head of Zeus, laur. 750 *a ne-406 b T-23 c B'-849a

F-A Eagle r., wings spread, seizing snake; at 1. [KAA].

19 \ 4.99 19 % 5.13 18 t 5.48

head 1. (BMC 145) head r. same

afer 191 B.C.

[Head of Zeus r.] 751

A-405

44 C. T.

18 -

[F-A] Winged thunderbolt; all in olive wreath.

BMC 148

4.38+

Coinsof Olmpia,Cambridge 1921, pp. 92-105, Group GH1, Series XXX. Seltman, The nempk

237

CATALOGUE [FAIAEIlN] in olive wreath.

Head of Zeus r., laur. 752 a b

ME-295 T-1650

20 18 -

6.08 3.39

Kleiner 1975, p. 324, no. 353 (M-N 15:1)

A.D.

753

754

II-1098

ET-52

ET'-432a

117-138: Hadrian

[--------

[HAEIIWN]in olive wreath.

BMC 157, 158

Same.

[HAEI-WN] Zeus stridingr., throwing thunderbolt.

BMC 159

[HAEI-WN] Youthfulnude Zeus stg. r., arms extended 1. and r. [holding thunderboltand eagle].

Liegle, pl. III:5

Bust of Hadrian r., laur. 27 - 9.84

19 4

2.55

Same.

*755

BMC 149-155

16

, 3.75

KEPHALLENIA

Kranion

4th-3rd centuryB.C.

756

757

Bow in oblong incuse.

BMC 18

NN-2062

Ram stg. 1. 19 \ 5.45

[K] in incusesquare.

BMC 26, 27

r-1568

Crested helmet with cheek pieces 1. 12 - 1.70

Same

4th-3rd centuryB.C.

758

D-242

Bust of Athena facing. 11 - disintegrated

<

in wreath.

BMC 18

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

238

ZAKYNTHOS

4th-3rd centuy B.c.

Head of Apollo r., laur.

I-A|[.-.]

BMC 42-47

Tripod. 759 *a b

T-203 r-637

15 \ 18 -

3.06 broken

MFSSENIA

MESSENE

370-280 B.C.

Head of Demeter 1., wearing wheat wreath. 760 a b

EA-391 NN-1122

16 / 15 -

3.85 broken

M-E Tripod.

BMC 4, 5

Kleiner 1976, p. 19, no. 162 (A-B 19-20:1)

280-146 B.C. Head of Demeter r., wearing wheat wreath. 761 a b c

NN-9 Z-147 NN-1863

20 4 6.81 21 , 21 t

6.35 5.78

E-4256 BB-639

BMC 21-36

no details same obv., head 1.;rev., tripod at 1. (cf BMC 34)

Head of Asklepiosr., laur.

762 *a b

ItEat 1. of Zeus stridingr., throwingthunderbolt;at r., tripod.

MEat r. of Snake on staff;at 1., NIKAPIXOE.

Cop522

18 t 2.62 18 4 3.47

KYPARIssIA

A.D. 198-217: Caracall

[---------I

Bust of C Caracallar. 763

T-72

22 +- 3.02

KYnA[PICCIEWN] Athena stg. 1., with spear and phiale.

BMC 3

239

CATALOGUE MrOTHONE

A.D.193-211: SepimiusSeraus

[--------]

[MOe]QN-[AIQN]

764

E-1553a

cf. BMC 6 (Geta)

Athena stg 1., with spear.

Bust of S. Severus r. 22 +- 5.15

THOURIA

ca. 220-182 B.C.

eoY at 1.of Athena,

Head of Zeus r., diad.

*765

E-6462

20 "

BMC 2, 3

stg, facing, with spear and shield; downwardat 1., [NI]KfNYMOS; at r., wreath. 3.76

A.D.198-217: Caracalla ?

[--------]. ]

Bust of Caracalla() r. 766

X-185

21 4- 3.25+

[eOYPIANWN]

BMC 5, 6

A-A 1. and r. of Athena stg. 1., with phiale and spear. pierced with 4 mm. hole

LAKONIA

LAKEDAIMON

ca. 223-222 B.C. Two pilei of the Dioskouroi; border of dots. 767

BB-66

15 +- 1.74

A-A Club.

Grunauer,p. 116, coin a

caa 197-192

Head of Apollo r.

B.C.

[AAKEAAI-MONIf2N] Two pilei of the Dioskouroi; between them the monograms A (above)and ? (below).

768

BB-1300

16 t

2.50

Grunauer,p. 116, Group VII

Grunauer,p. 127, Group XI

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

240

ca. 48-40 B.C.

Head of Athena in Corinthian helmet r. 769

00-865

13 /

E-825 BB-705

Grunauer, pp. 127-129, Group XII

A-A Club; in field, [etters]; all in olive wreath.

Grunauer, pp. 129-134, Group XIV

1.41

Head of bearded Heraklesr.

770 a b

[A-A] Owl stg. r., in olive wreath.

16 14 -

2.55 1.80

Grunauer,p. 134, coin f

ca. 43-31 B.C. Jugate heads of the Dioskouroir. 771 a b c

Z-412 E-2430 Z-1963

19 18 16 -

00-986

19 -

Grunauer, pp. 134-140, Group XV

A-A Eagle stg. r., wings closed; at l.; at r.,A.

Grunauer,p. 147, Group XVI, Ser. 14

2.72 2.85 1.61+

[Head of Lakedaimon,r., diad.] 772

[A-A] Two amphorasentwined by snakes;in field, [letters]; all in olive wreath.

4.68

35-31 B.C. [NOMOOYAAKEC] Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. *773

NN-143

27 /

[rEPONTON] K-1562

25 \

Grunatier, pp. 155-156, Group XVIII

A-A I -i1 Artemis 1., leaning on spear;beside her, dog; all in wreath.

Grunauer,p. 156, Group XIX, Ser. 1

15.47

Head of Apollo r., laur. 774

A-A Dioskouroistg., facing, with spears;between them, A PICITAINA; all in wreath.

11.43

31-7 B.C.

Head of Zeus r.

KAEjO-E A-AIEni-EYIPY1. and r. of Club.

775 a b

A-119 NN-404a

22 20

- 5.12 - 6.60

Grunauer,pp. 163168, Group XXVI; RPCI, 1103

241

CATALOGUE ca. 21 B.c.: Augusts

Enli[EYP]YKAEOE IA-A

K[AIC]

Eaglestg r.

Head of Augustusr. 776 *a b c

E-949 P-1621 Z-605

17 17 / 18 4

2.24 1.53 2.97

Grunauer,p. 168, Group XXVII; RPCI, 1104

legends effaced same A.D. 117-138: Hadrian

unpublished AAK[--- -] AAthena r., peplos stg. wearing with archaisticoverfolds, holding shield in 1. and brandishingspear in upraised r.; border of dots. for the reverse type at Sparta, see Grunauer,p. 103, pl. 32:40 (Geta)

AV KAIC[---] Bust of Hadrian r., rad., ~, with drapery on far shoulder; border of dots.

*777

II-2

14 -+ 2.70

A.D. 138-161: AntonnusPius

778

779

A-308a

KK-208'

[AYTOKPATQP-ANTNNEINOC Club between pilei of Head r., laur.] Dioskouroi,in wreath. 19 3.58

Grunauer,p. 185, Group XL, Ser. 1

Similar.

Grunauer,p. 186, Group XL, Ser. 4

[AAKEAAIMONIfiN] Apollo stg frontally,with lyre, head 1.

19 A 2.95

after146B.C.

780

0-416

HPI behind Bust of Aphrodite r. 18 - 2.99

[K-Y]

BMC 14, 15

Dove flying 1.

ARGOLIS ARGOS

4th-3rd centry B.C.

Head of wolf 1. 781

BB-46

12 -

broken

A; below, B in shallow incuse square.

BMC 98

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

242

782 *a ME-304 b K-830

Archaic Athena fighting 1. Head of Hera r., wearing inscribed [APrE]. stephanos Kleiner 1975, p. 309, no. 151 (H-K 12-14) 17 \ 3.97 17 t 3.14

BMC 106, 107

3rd-2nd cntby B.C.

783 a b c d

784 a b c

Wolf at bay.

AA-110 T-954 0-196 1-52

PP-736 n-571 IIII-852

BMC 131-135 Head of Apollo r., laur. Tripod. 14 / 1.88+ rev., [E]Y-eMIM-[E], [B] and club (BMC 131, 132) 16 , 1.90 rev., A-[All[K-PA],club and B (BMC 133) no details 14 - 2.19

types 1.;rev., above, [A] (BMC 125, 126) types r.; rev., above, X(BMC 128-130) same types r.; rev. above, APrEfi[N]; below, K (McClar 6865, 6866)

[Head of Hera r., wearing stephanos.] 785

IIA-427

16 -

Z-320

n-[AMljJA-[HZ] Quiver; to 1. [trident];to r. prow.

193-211: SepimusSerus NEIMEIIA in parsleywreath.

[---]CE[nT] CEBH[POC] Head r., laur. 24 \ 6.11 A.D.

T-227

26

4

cf BMC 170 (Julia Domna)

198-217: Caracalla

-]ANTWNEINO[C] [----Head r.

*787

BMC 140-142

1.37+

A.D.

*786

BMC 125-130

Head of Apollo, laur. 15 \- broken 15 4- 2.34 15 2.44 17 % 2.84

AP[rE]IJWN Leto stg r., 1. hand extended over child Chloris.

J. Sabatier, "Monnaiesimperiales grecques,"RBN, ser. 4, 3, 1960 (pp. 1-25), pp. 1011,pl. I:8l;ith .NCP,p. 38

7.44 jEPIDAROS

4th-3rd cetury B.C.

788 a ET'-638 b A-1046 c K-83 d r-1608

Head of Asklepiosr., laur. 15 f fragment 12 t 1.21+ 12 - 1.24+ 11 - 1.14+

E in laurel wreath.

BMC 16-21

243

CATALOGUE Similar. 789 a b

Z-2643 0-528

c

ee-123 K-1536 00-476

BMC 23

E above Coiled snake r.

cf. BMC 27 (monogram retrograde)

16 N 1.77 16 t 2.66

Similar.

790 a b

E Thymiaterionbetween two cupping vessels.

15 t 15 14 -

chipped 3.14 4.18

after146B.C.

Similar. *791

rr-291a

EnlAAYPOY around IEIPAEin wreath.

20 N 6.63

Cop 132

HERMIONE

secondquarter 4thcentury B.C. CHALOUS

Head of Demeter 1., wearing wheat wreath. 792 *a b

E-5552 X-175

14 \ 12 -

2.30 fragment

E-P Torch; all in wheat wreath.

Grandjean, Groups I, II

Grandjean,p. 33, pl. 8, d4-r6 (emission 1) Grandjean,p. 43 (emission 11) (N 19:1)

TRICHALKON

Head of Demeter facing, wearing wheat wreath.

793

r-1197

15

3.42

t in wheat wreath.

Grandjean, Group I, emission 6

Grandjean,p. 39, pl. 10, d69-r?

thirdquarte4thcentury B.C. DICHALKON Head of Demeter r., wearing wheat wreath. 794

NN-2022

15 t

2.13+

EP between Two torches; all in wheat wreath.

Grandjean,p. 44, pl. 11, d107-rl 12

Grandjean, Group IV, emission 13

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

244 CHALvOUS Same as 792.

794A

Z-683

13

4

Same as 792.

Grandjean, Group IV, emission 14

1.50

Grandjean,p. 45 not rely on the evidence from Olynthos, the Group II Hermione coin Although Grandjean(op.cit., note 22) did = excavatedat this site (ibid.,p. 38 Olynthus III, p. 94, pl. xviii, no. 785 = Olynthus IX, p. 352, b) in an area that lay abandonedafter 348 B.C.(see p. 297 below)confirmsher datingof GroupsI and II before ca. 350. A.D. 198-217: Caracalla

[--- -] M AV ANTfNI Bust r., laur., dr. *795

E-3753

25 ?

[E]PMIONEW)N Tyche stg. 1., with cornucopia and rudder.

cf. BMC 19 (Plautilla)

6.22

KLEONAI

late 4th centuryB.C.

796 a b

Z-1366 I-502a

KA/Ef2in parsleywreath.

Head of young Heraklesr. 14 - 1.72 12 - 1.41+

BMC 9, 10

A.D. 198-212: PhlutiUa

[--------]

[K]AEM[NAIN] Athena stridingr., with spear and shield.

Bust of Plautillar. 797

Z-902

23

Corinth VI, no. 419

t 2.50 METHANA

A.D.

193-211: Sepmius Severus

[--------

ME9ANA-IWN Artemis stg. I., holding bow and drawing arrowsfrom quiver.

Bust of S. Severus r.

798

00-51

18

4

BMC 18

4.38

TROIZEN

B.C. 4th-3rdcentury

[TPO] Trident.

Head [of Poseidon].

799

r-1082

16 -

3.37

(E 14:3)

BMC 17 (head 1.) or Cop160, 161 (head r.)

245

CATALOGUE A.D. 180-192: Commodus

[ --------

[TPOZHNIWN] Theseus r., raising rock.

Head of Commodus r., laur. 800

Z-2099

22 /

6.75

BMC 20

(H 12:4)

ARKADIA

ARKADIAN LEAGUE

aftr ca. 370 B.c.

Head of young Pan r. 801

A-245

20 $

r-1584 (-107

BMC 62-69

A Syrinx;below, thunderbolt; in field, [F M].

BMC 87, 88

5.32+

Head of Zeus 1., laur. 802 a b

A Syrinx.

18 4. 2.17 18 4 2.40

HERAIA

4th centuryB.C.

Head of Athena 1., wearing Attic helmet. 803

Z-344

15 -

(-328

13

BMC 23

H with curved sides.

BMC 24, 25

2.99

Similar. 804

H with curved sides and four pellets around.

1 2.69

A specimenof 804 was excavatedat Olynthos;see OynthusVI, p. 82, pl. XVII, no. 729 = Oynths IX, p. 352, d.

KLEFTOR

after370

805

4-193

Head of Helios facing. 13 - 0.81

B.C.

BMC 12, 13

246

NON-ATHENIAN COINS MANTINEIA

afer 370 B.C.

806 a b

807

II1-581 r-359

00-597a

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhelmet. 15 \ 2.29 14 -+ 2.40

[MAN] Trident.

BMC 20-23

Similar.

M-A 1. and r. of shaft of Trident.

unpublished?

9 t

0.49

broken

MEGALOPOLIS

ca. 234-146B.c.

ME-r Pan seated 1. on rock; in field, AE-
Head of Zeus 1., laur.

808

MM-366

23 t

BMC 16

5.59

ORCHOMENOS

after370 B.c. Artemis kneeling r., with bow.

809

Z-1103

20 /

[EPXOMEN-IQN] Kallisto seated 1., pierced by arrow;child Arkasbehind.

BMC 1, 2

4.83+

PHENEOS

after370 B.C.

810

IIII-1098

Head of Demeter r., wearing wheat wreath. 15 - broken

[E]-E Caduceus.

BMC 20

A.D. 198-217: Caracalla

M AVP ANTQNINOC Bust r., laur. *811

AA-22

23 /

3.65

[0E]NE-ATQN Dionysos seated 1., with thyrsosand [kantharos]. GRC,fig. 23

unpublished; cf. NCP, p. 98

CATALOGUE

247

TEGEA

4th-3rdcentuyB.C.

812 *a A-225 *b EE-25 c $-156 d PP'-756 e Br-293

813

I-148a

Head of Athena r., wearing TEFE or TE Owl stg. Attic helmet. 16 f 3.87 TEfrE;owl r. (as McClean7020) 15 \x 1.79 TE; owl 1. (BMC 10) 14 -* 1.07 samte 13 -+ 2.26 TEr ; owl 1. 15 \ 2.55 legend effaced;owl 1.

BMC 8-10

Similar.

[TErEA] Warriorcharging r.

BMC 12, 13

[TEFEA] Athena stg. r., [placing hair of Medusa in amphora held by child Sterope].

BMC 17-19

14

4

2.89

Head of Eileithyiaor Demeter r., [with torch over shoulder]. 814

T-1450

18 /

2.25

after146B.c.

[AAEOE] Head of Aleos r.

815 a b

nI-315 ET'-576

22 f 21 -

[TEFEATAN] Athena and Kepheus stg., face to face; between them, Sterope receiving hair of Medusa in amphora; [above and below, monograms].

BMC 20, 21

broken 6.15

A.D. 193-211: SeptmiusSeverus

[--

816

T-1059

---- ]

Bust of S. Severus r. 21 - 4.37

TErE[-- -] Type effaced.

CRETE APTERA

ca. 250-67 B.C.

*817

e-351

Head of Artemis r., wearing stephanos. 16 t 2.91

[An]-T[A] at 1. and r. of handle of Race torch.

cf. BMC 12, 13

248

NON-ATHENIAN COINS ARSINOE

3rd centuryB.C.

Head of Athena 1., wearing Corinthianhelmet. *818

00-454

15 t

[AP]EI Two dolphins swimming r., the lower one inverted.

BMC 6

1.01

KNossos

ca. 200-67 B.C.

[Head of Artemis r.] 819

0-24

15 -

[K-N]fn-Eliln-N Winged caduceus.

BMC 70

1.96

A.D. 4-14: T beus as Caesar

[POLLIONEITER LABEONE F IIVI]Stag stg. r.

[Tl CAESAR] Head r. 819A

NN-1994

RPC I, 983

19 4 4.32

CRETE AS ROMANPROVINCE

A.D. 138-161: AntoninusPius

K-K Artemis running r., drawing arrow from quiver.

AV AN[T-WN]EINOC Head r., laur.

*820

X-211a

16 \

j. N. Svoronos, Nuismatiquede la Crte ancienne, Macon 1890, p. 354, no. 126

1.95

See also 1033 and 1034.

AEGEAN ISLANDS

ANDROS 4th-2ndcenry B.C.

821 a b

KK-27 IIII-667

Head of young Dionysos r., wearing ivy wreath. 18 . 5.50 (C 9:2) 16 - 3.80

[AIN-IIA-P] Amphora.

BMC 3-5

249

CATALOGUE

*822

823 *a b c

d e f

824

BMC 7

NN-1835

Head of bearded Dionysos r., Kantharos, AIN-[IIIA-[P] wearing ivy wreath. 15 t 3.30 Klein(er 1976, p. 19, no. 163 (A-B 19-20:1)

BMC 14-19

A-1550 00-97a E-2069 S-5669 Z-2440 T-222

Head of young Dionysos r., A-NIA-PI Thrysos. wearing ivy wreath. 16 t 3.07 17 t 2.66 obv. cmk.: bunch of grapes in incuse circle 17 f 3.23 17 t 3.65 16 t 3.00 16 1 1.05+

r-1612a

Head of bearded Dionyrsos r., BMC 20-22 A-NIA-PI Tripod. wreath. wearing ivy 10 t 0.90 (context ["Layer2 of MJ'1 with Period III Athenian coins to third quarterof 2nd century B.C. [three variety 98: Athena/Amphora]; see 984) DELOS

before167

Head of Apollo 1., laur. 825

NN-2013

18 f

EA-83

t

H-8 Z-2804

17 t 16 f

3.07 4.08

Head of Apollo, laur. 828 Apollo head 1.(Sv. 105.35-41, 64-74) BB-903 12 t 0.80 NN-857 11 t 0.86 c Z-2767 10 t 1.41 *d II-447 9 t 0.99 head r. Apollo (Sv. 105.49-63) e Q-33 10 t 1.03 f E-1148 10 t 0.88 a b

Sv. 105.75-78

A behind Bust of Artemis r., with quiver at shoulder.

Sv. 105.91-93

A-H Lyre.

Sv. 105.32-34

fragment

Similar. 827 *a b

A-H Palm tree.

4.73+

Similar.

826

B.C.

Kleiner 1976, p. 15, no. 93 (H 12:1) Similar.

Sv. 105.35-41, 49-74

250

NON-ATHENIAN COINS 10 9 f - t

g h i

NN-935 Z-2837 T-1702

j k

Apollo head 1.or r. A-1314 12 - 1.76 IIA-148 10 - 1.11

0.70 0.72 fragment

Head of Apollo r., laur. 829

r-1565

7 t

Kleiner 1976, p. 15, no. 95 (corrected)(H 12:1) Kleiner 1975, p. 322, no. 325 (M-N 15:1)

Similar.

Sv. 105.30-31

0.45

The Delian Apollo/Lyre bronzewas minted in threedenominations.Accordingto the criteriaoutlinedabove, p. 38, the larger,AE 3 unit (827) should be the dichalkon,which leaves 828 and 829 to be identified as the AE 4 chalkousand the AE 5 half-chalkousrespectivelySome of the smallerand lighterpieces listed under 828 may in fact belong to 829.

As ATHENmAN CLERUCH

ca. 69 B.C. TPIA below Head of Apollo r., with quiver at neck. *830

AA-1149

18 t

A-eE Owl stg. r., facing, on horizontalamphora.

Sv. 106.66-71

4.57

This is the only coin of this variety with a recorded Athenian provenience. All other specimens whose place of discovery is known (namely,the nineteen pieces in the Numismatic Collection of Athens, including Sv. 106.66-71) come from Delos.45 The obverse inscription is the signature of the admiral Gaius Valerius Triarius,legate of Lucullusin the Aegean and Black Seas duringthe Second MithradaticWar.4 Using Delos as his base of operations,Triariuscould have minted the coinage to compensate sailors in his'fleet; but in view of the Athenian ethnic and types of the coins, it seems far more likely that the coinage was ordered to pay the workmenon the fortificationwall that Triariusconstructedaround the ruined city of Delos after the pirate Athenodoros devastatedthe island in 69.47 The nineteen Numismatic Collection specimens have an average weight of 5.05 g. This AE 2 issue was accompanied by an AE 3 denomination with the first three letters of Triarius'name in a monogram (Sv. 106.73-75, 13-14 mm., av. [of the eight NumismaticCollection specimens] 3.10 g.): Obv. --A at 1.and r. of Bust of Artemisr.;borderof dots. Rev. A-OE Two wheat ears;borderof dots. All exampleswith a recordedprovenienceare also from Delos.48 On the mistakenattributionof other AOE bronze varietiesto Delos after its transferto Athenian control in 167/6 B.C.,see above pp. 68-69 and under 104. Svoronos 1907, pp. 194-214, nos. 66, 76, 124, 125, 164, 304-306, pl. IV:8-10. Idem1911, pp. 60-61, nos. 85, 105;pp. 83-92, nos. 9.8, 9.9, 11.3, 14.26, 16.20, 16.21. 46 T. R. S. Broughton, TheMagstrates of theRomn Repanubc I, New York 1952, pp. 113, 120, 125, 134, 141; Roussel, 331-333. note and 1, pp. p. 48, 47 P.BruneauandJ. Ducat, Guidede los,3rd ed., Paris 1983, p. 198. 48 Svoronos 1907, pp. 194-214, nos. 67 (pl. IV:11),77, 165-166, 307; idem1911, p. 78, no. 7.18. 45

251

CATALOGUE KEOS

FederalCoinage

secondhalf3rd centuy B.C.49

BMC 1-9 KEIor KEIQN of Sirios 1., Forepart dog encircled by rays. KE- IQ N ethnic? Kleiner 1976, p. 19, no. 164 (A-B 19-20:1) ethnic? same same same

Bearded head (Aristaios)r., laur. 831 a r-1481 *b NN-1612 C AA-436 d A-599a e $-368 f N'-1257

16 18 18 15 14 15

t 3.45 t 4.93 t t

2.15+ 2.27+ 1.30+ 3.52

Head of Apollo r., laur. 832 *a Z-457 b II-8

Similar.

BMC 12

11 -4 1.26 11 -4 1.18

Karthaia

4th-2nd centuryB.C.

Head of young Dionysos r., wearing ivy wreath. 833 *a b

S-1427 E-595

*835 49 G.

BMC 42

[KAPeA] Forepartof dog Sirios r., encircled by rays.

BMC 44

K A P e A between rays of Star.

cf. BMC 46 (Apollo head obv.)

19 \ 3.19 18 ., 5.95

Head of Apollo r., laur.

834

[KAPeA] Bunch of grapes; at 1., star.

II-51

16 t

rr-65

Bearded male head (Dionysos?) r. 13 - 1.73

4.88

as Long-term Reger and M. Risser,"Coinageand Federationon HellenisticKeos,"in Landscape Archaeology History: Keosin the Cycladic Northern Islands,J. Davis, J. Cherry, and E. Mantzourani, edd., Los Angeles 1991 (pp. 305-315), pp. 307-308.

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

252

Koressia

B.C. 4th-2ndcentury

836

8-373

Bearded male head (Aristaios)r. 13 - broken

K 0 P [H] between rays of Star.

(found with two Athenian bronze of variety 85 or 108: Cicada/Amphora,

T-37a T-1205

18 4 6.44 19 t

2nd century

B.C.)

[KOIPH]Bee.

Head of Apollo r., laur. 837 *a b

BMC 57, 58

BMC 66

obv. cmk.: head 1., in incuse circle

3.86

Ioulis

4th-2nd centuryB.C.

Head of young Dionysos r.

*838

BB-445

11 t

r-806a

13

EA-182

IOY Forepartof dog Sirios r. [encircledby rays].

cf. McClean7246

[IOYAIC]Bee.

BMC 78-83

1.29

/

Bearded head r., laur. 840

cf. BMC 69, 70 (beardedDionysos head)

1.06

Head of Apollo r.

839

IOY 1. of Bunch of grapes.

13 /

1.91

KYTHNOS

3rd-lst cenaryB.C.

Female head r. 841

E-5564

12 1

N-963

17

BMC 5

K-[Y]Rose.

BMC 7

1.47

Head of Apollo r., laur. 842

[K-Y] Bunch of grapes; all in incuse square.

4 2.76

253

CATALOGUE MELOS

lst-3rd century afterChrist

843

IIII-1007

MHIAI[W]Nin olive wreath.

Bust of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 25 f 7.67

BMC 38

A.D. 176-192

*844

NN-618

Elnl APXOIOA

MHAIhN Bust of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 25 4 6.14

BMC 48

E(nAI|POAIITOY in olive wreath.

PAROS

beforeca. 150 B.C.

845 a b

EA-25 N'-1315a

Head of Demeter or Kore r., wearing wheat wreath. 16 t 3.58 17 t 2.45+

nAPI above Goat stg. r.; in front, star.

BMC 32-34

(context of before ca. 150 B.C.50)

SIPHNOS

6th centuryB.C. PLATEDCOUNERFErT OFAR HEMIDR ACHM

*846

A-663

Eagle flying r. 15 - 2.13

Incuse square. BMC 3 Bronze clearlyvisible beneath the silver envelope. The coin appears to have been intentionallyflattened. SYROS

B.C. 3rd-lst century

Head of bearded Pan r. 847 a b c

00-1261 NN-57 e-414

16 t 2.72 16 / 3.18 15 +- 3.05

50 The coin was found stuckto a

[EYPI] above Goat. goat stg. 1.;obv.: indistinctcircularcmk. goat stg. 1. goat walking r.

BMC 1-12

poros fragmentfrom cisternQ9-1 0:1, which was coveredover duringconstruction of the terrace of the Stoa of Attalos in the middle of the 2nd century B.C. The cistern may have gone out of use in the early 3rd centurywhen the SquarePeristylewas built (p. 315 below),but because of 2nd-centuryB.C.contamination, it is unclearwhether the contextual terminus antequemfor the coin should be pushed back to ca. 300.

254

NON-ATHENIAN COINS TENOS

288-ca. 230

Head of bearded Zeus Ammon r., laur. *848

T-1316

12 t

1.23

T-H Bunch of grapes.

E-336 T-4a

14 t 16 t

2.30 4.70

Tnos II, p. 232, ser. 110

TenosII, p. 246, no. 1 (context of first third of 2nd century B.C.51)

Head of young Zeus Ammon r., laur. 849 a b

B.C.

T-[H] or [N-I]IT-[H] Bunch of grapes.

Tros II, p. 231, ser. 109

Kleiner 1975, p. 309, no. 152 (H-K 12-14); Tnos II, p. 246, no. 7 Tens II, p. 246, no. 1

toca. 188 B.C. endof3rdcentury Head of Poseidon r., laur.

850 a BA-72 *b E-5550

19 t 11 t

4.60+ 1.30

[T]-HIN-I Trident, handle flanked by dolphins.

TenosII, p. 246, no. 4 (ser.205:iv) Tbnosn, p. 246, no. 5 (ser.206)

Head of young Zeus Ammon r., laur. Cmk.: bunch of grapes in incuse circle. 851 *a b

KK-278a EA-46

22 / 20 -

6.07 5.03

TbwsII, pp. 239241, ser. 205-206

THNIQN Poseidon stg. 1., with trident.

TbnosII, pp. 241243, ser. 207

TinosII, p. 246, no. 6 rev.: obsscurecmk. (owl?);TenosII, p. 246, no. 3

ASIATICBOSPHOROS

PHANAGORIA

1st centuryB.C.

Head of Artemis r.

4ANA[rOIPITfN]below

Cop5

Stag recumbent1. 852

S-3566a

21 t

broken

51 Embeddedin layerc, the thirdfloorlayerbelow the finalfloor of ca. 150 B.C.;Section T Shop Building,room 2. Out of a dozen identifiableAthenian coins from this layer,the latestis from the 180'sB.C.(85: Cicada/Amphora).

255

CATALOGUE KINGS

V: A.D.314-342 Rheskouporis

[-----

---]

[- ----]

Bust of Emperorr.

Bust of Rheskouporisr.

853 a b

MM-27 E-1147a

N. A. Frolova, The Coingeof theKingdom A.D. of Bosporous 242-341/342 (BAR InternationalSeries 166), Oxford 1983, pp. 209-210

19 4 6.29 18 - 6.42

PONTOS

AMIsos

ca. 120-63 timeofMithradates Eupator,

854

IIn-877

Head of young Ares r., wearing helmet. 18 t 5.72

B.C.

[A]MI-O[Y] Sword in sheath with strap.

Head of young Dionysos r., wearing ivy wreath. 855 *a b

IIe-632 K-552

21 t 22 t

6.41 5.65+

AMIZOYbelow Cista mystica;behind it, thyrsoswith fillet and bell. rev. at 1.,hr (BMC 53, 54) no <details

BMC 40-50

BMC 53-56

BITHYNIA

BITHINANLEAGUE

A.D. 117-138: Hadrian

856

r-1522

[AVTO KAICTPAI]AAPIANOC CEB Head r., laur. 33 4 17.10+

KOI-(NO]NIBElOYNIAC Octastyle temple. (E 14:2)

BMC 12-21

256

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

A.D.

857

r-396

253-260: ValrianI andGalleus

AVT OVAAEPIANOC rAAAIH[NOC]CEBB Busts, rad., facing one another. 29 t 11.07

OMH[POCNI]KAIEfN Homer seated 1. on cippus, raising r. hand, with 1. hand on seat.

A.D.

161-180: MarcusAureus

AV K M AVP-ANTl[NINOC] Head r., laur.

*858

P-1145

MHTP NEf NIKOMHI[AEQfN] Cop557 Eagle stg. r., wings spread, head turned 1., fighting snake rising at 1.

25 +- 7.43

A.D. 248-251:

*859

AA-505

00-1424

Tran Decius

AVT KA TPAIN AEKIOC NIKOMHAEQAIC NEQKOPQN VonAulock850 Athena stg. 1., with shield on AV CEB 1. arm, holding phiale in r. Bust r., rad. 23 f 4.63 ob\v.:indistinctcircularcmk.

Similar. 860

VonAulock7081

22

-

5.25

NIKOMHAE[---[Type effaced]. obv. cmk.: Z in incuse circle

]

KINGS

Prousias II, 183-149 B.C. Head of ProusiasII r., diad. 861

IIe-251

18 t

r-1036

14 t

BMC 3-7

BAZIAE2iFnPOYEIOY Centaur Chiron r., playing lyre; to r., tr.

BMC 14

broken

Head of young Dionysos r., wearing ivy wreath. *862

[BA I]AEf[E] nPO[YI OY] Heraklesstg. 1., holding club and lion's skin.

4.74

(E 14:3) GRC,fig. 19

257

CATALOGUE MYSIA

ADRAMYTEION

B.C. 2nd-lst century

Head of Apollo 1., laur. 863

K-1184

20 t

AAPA-MYITH-[NQN] Cornucopia between pilei of the Dioskouroi.

BMC 7-8

8.13

A.D. 198-217: Caracala

*864

T-1023

AVTKA[I]MA[VP ANTQNE]INOC

H. von Fritz, Die anEnl [CTPAA-IAKO]M0 NEIKOV AAPAMV]TH[NfN] tikn MunzenMysiens,

Bust r., laur.

Zeus stg. 1., holding scepter in 1. hand; eagle on outstretchedr.

Berlin 1913, p. 51, no. 152

34 14 16.17

ATARNEUS

4th-3rd centuryB.C.

Head of Apollo r., laur. 865

II-353a

16 1

[ATAP] Forepartof horse r.; coiled snake above.

BMC 1-4

3.59

KYzIKos

B.C. mid?)-5thcentury EL STATER Bull stg. 1., on tuna.

*866

Br-68

18 -

Quadripartiteincuse square.

H. von Fritz, "Die Electronpragungvon Kyzikos,"Nomisma7, 1912, no. 88

16.10

GRC,fig. 6 Besidesbeing paid into the Athenian treasuryas tributein the second half of the 5th century,52great numbers of Kyzikene staters served Athenian private interests.In 403 B.C.the strongboxthat the orator Lysias kept in his bedroom contained 3 talentsof silvercoin, 4 silvercups, 100 gold darics,and 400 Kyzikenes(Lysias12.11).

52 See S. K. W 16, 1970,pp. 13-22. Eddy,"The Value of the Cyzicene Staterat Athens in the Fifth Century,"ANSM

IGCH 47, a hoard of eighty Kyzikenes found in the Peiraeusin 1882, is now dated to the end of the 5th century (M. Laloux, "Circulationdes monnaies de Cyzique,"RBN 117, 1971 [pp. 31-69], p. 59).

258

NON-ATHENIAN COINS 4th centuryB.c.

Head of Kore Soteira r. 867

H'-3178a

17 t

[K-YIZ-I]Tripod;below, tuna.

BMC 136-143

4.82

Fourspecimensfrom Olynthos (O!ynthus IX, p. 354, no. 56) confirm that this coinage began before the middle of the century. PARUON(?) A.D. 14-37: Tberius

868

*869

*870

Two priestsplowing with two oxen r.

BMC 89-91; RPC I, 1657

E-1484

[TI AVG] Head of Tiberius r. 16 t 2.29

Similar.

RPC I, 1659

PP'-1249

DRV-CA Head of Drusus r. 17 1 5.32

Similar.

BMC 92; RPC I, 1658

OA-15

[TI AVGDRVSVS] CAESAR Jugate heads of Tiberius and Drusus r. 17 / 5.41

1stcenry afterChrist BMC 86-95 Priest or priests plowing with oxen r. T 18 - 5.41 871 a ST'-415 Julio-Claudianhead r.; obv. cmk.: E in incuse square 17 - 3.71 b EA-399 Julio-Claudianhead r. same 16 - 3.64 c III-1088 same 15 t 2.31 d 0-999 head 1. 16 4 2.69 (e 00-363 +head 1., Nerva(?) (BMC 94) 18 f H-1777 4.24 In RPC I (pp. 309-310), 868-870 are tentativelyassigned to an uncertain Roman colony in Macedonia, possiblyPhilippoi.

[---

-]

Head of uncertainemperor.

PERGAMON

Royalcoinage,mid-2ndcenturyB.C.53

872 *a b

T-1297 r-507

BMC 78-83 OIAETAIPOYat r. of Head of Athena r., wearing Coiled snake. Attic helmet. rev. at 1.,M.. Kleiner 1975, p. 323, pl. 76, no. 334 (M-N 15:1) 16 f 4.30 details effaced 16

Berlin 1910;and E. V Hanse, Th 53 Johnston, SardisM7, pp. 19, 74, followingH. von Fritz,DieMwzn vonPergamon, AttaidsofPgamon, Ithaca 1971, pp. 475-484.

259

CATALOGUE ca. 197-133 Municipalcoinage, Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet.

873

r-685

17

B.C.54

nE[P]r[AMH]

BMC 135-138

Nike stg. r., crowning inscriptionwith wreath in r.; in 1., palm.

t 6.0

Head of Asklepiosr., laur.

n-EPIr-AIMHNQN

BMC 144-149

Eagle stg 1., wings spread, on thunderbolt. 874

2E-99

21

t 7.43

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet ornamented with star. 875

B'-669

16 -

00-533a

25 f

BMC 190-204

[nEPrAMHN9.N] Asklepiosstg., facing, with staff.

BMC 129-134

at 1.,T(?);at r., M(?).

-

Bust of Athena 1., wearing aegis and Corinthian helmet. 876

[AeH]NA[E]INIKH4OPOY Owl, wings spread, stg., facing, on palm branch;

7.66

Periodof Vespasian toHadrian

*877

EA-401

[eEON CYNKAHTON]

eEAN P-[fMHN]

Bust of Senate r.

Bust of Roma, turreted,r.; border of dots.

15

.

2.13

A.D.

AVTOKAIM-AVPH KOMOAOC Bust r., laur., cuir., dr. *878

OA-245

46 f

VonAulock13851387; with RPC I, p. 399

49.9

54 Johnston, SardisM7, pp. 20-21.

176-192: Commodus

Enl CTP n A r-AVKf2NIANOVIVonAulock 7508 nEPrAMHNfN[I-BNEOKOPMIN (samedies) Statue of Asklepioson pedestal; on each side, centaur with a torch. GRC,fig. 25

260

NON-ATHENIAN COINS PERPERENE

1stcentury ater Christ

879 a b

BB-1292 NN-1804

[eEAN PfMHN] Bust of Roma, turreted,r. 16 t 3.38 15 -

[nEPnE-PHNIQN]

RPC I, 2350

Bunch of grapes.

PrrANE

4th-3rdcentury B.C. [Head of Zeus Ammon r.] 880

1-1592

13 -

n I [T A] between points of

BMC 7-1055

Pentagram. 1.26

TROAS

ALEXANDRIA TROAS

A.D. 198-217: Caacalla

881

1-1550

M AV ANTON[IN] PIVS AV Bust r., laur., dr. 24 4, 7.05 ANTONIN-VS PIVS AV Bust r., laur.

*883

Belinger A261: cf. BMC 95-97

COLALEXIAVG

BellingerA261; cf. BMC 95-97

Horse grazing r.

4 7.36

Z-416

24

NN-1151

M AVRANT-ONINVS PIVS AVG Bust r., laur., dr. 26 4 10.65

*882

COL AVGTROAD Horse grazing r.

COL A TROAD Eagle flying 1., carrying bull's head.

BellingerA262; cf. BMC 98-101

A.D.249-251: Trajan Decus

884

P-1399

55 Fora

[IMP] Q C M [TRAI]ANV DECIVS Bust r., laur., cuir., dr. 17 1 2.40

COL AVGVI TRO Horse grazing r.

IX, pp. 247, 355. specimen excavatedat Olynthos, see Olynthus

BellingerA396

261

CATALOGUE A.D.251-253:

IMP.C.VIBIAFINI OLVSSIANV Bust r., laur., dr. *885

IIO-792

22 4 5.01

Volsian

COL-AVGTRO Eagle stg.; facing, head 1., holding bull's head. (A 14:2) GRC,fig. 24

BellingerA423

Assos A.D. 180-193: Commodus

[--------

[Eni CTPATIB KA]AV APICTOAA[M]; upwardsin 1. field, ACCIQN; Zeus stg. frontally,holding eagle in r. and scepter in 1.

]

Bust of Commodus r.

886

B-441a

31

F Imhoof-Blumer, "Griechische Miinzen aus dem Museum in Klagenfurt,"NZ 16, 1884, pp. 264-265, no. 83

4 13.01 ILION

Flavianperiod,A.D.79-96

887

00-385

[IAI]Bust of Athena 1., wearing aegis and Corinthian helmet. 20 t 5.06

Aineas walking r., carrying Anchises and leading Askanios.

BellingerT129

NEANDRIA

before310 B.C.

*888

889

KTA-109

EA-99

Head of Apollo r., laur. 10 +- 1.07

NE-AN Wheat ear.

BMC 6

Similar.

[NE]AN above Horse grazing r.; in ex., wheat ear.

BMC 8-11

17 -+ 5.57

SKEPSIS

4th centuryB.C.

890

T-212a

Forepartof winged horse 1., body ending in cornucopia. 16 t 3.71+

[E]-KH Fir tree in linear square.

BMC 19, 20

262

NON-ATHENIAN COINS TENEDOS

4thcentury B.C.orlater

891

NN-163a

Female head r. 9 - 0.50

[T]-E Double axe.

BMC 22-25

AIOLIS

AlGAI

2nd-Ist centuryB.C.

892 *a NN-439 b A-746

Head of Athena r., wearing AIrAEf2NZeus stg. 1., Attic helmet ornamented holding scepter in 1.; with griffin. [eagle] in outstretchedr. 18 t 6.16 obv. cmk.: owl r. in incuse circle 16 t 4.26+

BMC 12, 13

A.D. 222-235: SeveAuAlexander

[-------

-]

Enl CT-PAEVT-VX-OV:

Bust of S. Alexander r., laur., cuir., dr. *893

X-8a

AIFrAE[N] Similar Zeus.

cf. onAulock1601 (Decius)

26 4 5.91 AUroKANE 4th-2nd centuryB.C.

Head of Zeus r.

894

r-1412

11

[AYTOKAN]Female head r., hair rolled.

4 1.35

L. Forrer,The WeberCollection: Greek CoinsIII, London 1926-1929, p. 171, no. 5472

ELAIA

ca. 133 B.c.-lst cenry afterChrist

895

Z-1190

Head of Kore or Demeter, wearing wheat wreath. 15 t 3.60

E-AAIIT-QNTorch; all in wheat wreath.

BMC 20-29; with RPC I, p. 408

263

CATALOGUE

B.C. 4th-3rdcentury

896

897 a b

K-Y Vase with one handle.

BMC 16-20

Vase with one handle. [KY] Forepartof horse r. obv. name and rev. monogram effaced 16 f 3.04 same 17 - 3.39

BMC 40-52

[Eagle stg. r.] VT'-539 10 - 0.75

T-20 00-220

2ndcentury B.C.

*898

MM-26

Bust of Artemis r., bow and quiver at shoulder. 16 f 4.33

KY above Vase with one handle;

BMC 90-92

in field,A-nAIT-OYIP-II0-E.

2ndcentury afterChrist

899

AA-749a

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 14 t 1.41

[KVM]Eagle stg. 1.

Cop118

A.D. 238-244: Tranquillina

OOVPIATPANKVAAEINA CEB Bust r.

*900

IIn-788

30

4

15.64

E AVP ACKAHnI-IAKOV r B KVMIAI-flNStatue of Ephesian Artemis with forepart of stag at either side.

BMC 145 (same rev. die)

(A 14:2)

LESBOS

Methymna

ca. 350/330-250/240 Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. Cmk.: bee.

901

D-32

12 t

1.44

(M 18:10)

B.C.

[M]-AI[e]-YKantharos.

BMC 19-23; P. R. Franke,in H.-G. Buchholz, Methymna, Mainz 1975, p. 170, no. 22

264

NON-ATHENIAN COINS 2nd-lst centuryB.C.

Similar,but cmk.: lyre. 902

rr-49

17 f

[M]-AIe-Y Kantharos;border of dots.

BMC 29-33; Franke (under 901), p. 171, no. 25

4.02

Mytilene

4th-3rd centuryB.C.

Female head r. 903 *a b

E-1787 E-3899

13 t 14 -

1.80 1.53

M-YIT-ILyre.

BMC 37-95

rev. at 1., T;at r., club

2nd-lst centuryB.C.

Head of Zeus Ammon r.

M-[Y]IT-[I]

BMC 132-138

Herm of Dionysos on prow; at 1., vine branch with grapes. 904

IIA-428

20 t

4.88

A.D. 198-217: Caracalla

AVT KPAT K-MAP AVPH ANTfNEINOC Bust r., laur., cuir., dr.

*905

OA-290

47

4 50.49

BEnl CTPAnlEAAOV

MENEMAXOVI MVTIAHNAIIQN Mounted emperor r., spearingfallen enemy. GRC,fig. 25

cf. VonAulock1751 (but larger)

IONIA

EPvmSOS

4th-3rdcentury B.C. E-0 Bee. 906

I-696

16 t

Z-2032

11

BMC 63-67

[E]-< Bee.

BMC 68-70 (head 1.)

2.43

Head of city goddess r., turreted. 907

Stag kneeling 1., head turned back; above, astragal.

4 0.73+

265

CATALOGUE ca. 48-27

Bust of Artemis r., bow and quiver at shoulder. 908

B'-927

19 t

B.C.

[E-0] Long torch between two stags;above, below, and in field [magistrates'names].

BMC 182-184

3.77

27 B.C.-A.D. 14: Augustus

[- - -- - ] Cult statue of Ephesian Artemis.

Head of Augustusr., bare.

909

Z-3005

16 f

BMC 195, 196; RPC I, 2586, 2588, 2590, 2592

3.93

A.D. 138-161: AntoninusPius

[--------]

[HPAKAEIT]OC-E<EC[IQ2N] Herakleitosstg. 1., with club in 1.;r. hand raised.

Bust of Antoninus Pius r. *910

00-473

23 t

cf BMC 340, 341 (Philip II)

5.05

A.D. 161-169: L Verus

911

IIII-156

OVH-POC KAI Bust r., laur. 17 , 2.97

E(<ECIQNStag stg. r.

A.D.

193-211: SeptimiusSeverus(?)

I[]-----

912

1-1603

E?ECIfN Stag walking r.

S-3807

rE-TAC AV Bust r., laur., dr. 17 $ 3.95

28 4 8.77

BMC 289

248-251: Eruscilla

EPEN ETPOYCKIAAACEB Bust r., crescent behind. IIII-466

209-212: Geta

E4<-ECIIQNStag stg. r.

A.D.

*914

cf. BMC 262

Bust of S. Severus(?)r. 17 4 2.21

A.D.

*913

BMC 248

AnHMH-IEPAIEEECIQN Sacred wagon drawn by two mules.

cf. BMC 335 (GordianIII)

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

266

A.D. 253-255: Saloninus

KOP OVAAEP[IA]NOCKAI Bust r., laur. *915

Br'-474

21 /

EOECI[nN A]-NE-OKOPQ Artemis holding transverse torch r.

cf. BMC 381 (Gallienus)

4.82 ERYTHRAI 4th-3rdcentuyB.C. cf. BMC 66-81 (ethnic above club) (pro)bablyfrom H-K 12-14, but not listed in Kleiner 1975, pp. 304-312)

[Head of young Herakles r.] 916

ME-212

14 -

1.35

Head of young Heraklesr.

917

H-1714

18 t

EPY below Club and bow in case.

EPY above Club and bow in case; between and below, [--]AKAE[-- I - -]ME[- - ].

BMC 85-94

nlOAYK[PI]ITOEI

BMC 115

3.49

Similar.

EPY. [nl]OAK[PI]lTOYI 918

IIn-174

15 t

2.79+ afer ca. 133 B.C.

[Head of Zeus r.]

[EYPI M]ENEKPAI[THE]

Cop739

ArAen2NOE. 919

ET'-579a

18 -

5.45+ KLAZOMENAI

4thcentury B.C.andlater

920

921

T-198a

N-581a

Helmeted head of Athena three-quartersfacing r. 12 t 1.35

] [----Ram walking r.

BMC 56-72

Similar.

[KAAZOMEINIMN] Forepartof ram r.

BMC 73-80

above KAAZO[MElINIQN Ram recumbent r.; below, [--- - - ].

BMC 85, 86

16 f

3.56

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 922

A-317

17 t

4.83

267

CATALOGUE MAGNESIA ON THE MAANDROS

4th-3rd centuy B.C.

Cavalrymanon prancing horse r. *923

B'-646

8 t

MArN above Bull butting 1.; below, - -][.].

BMC 35; Cop819821

0.57

after ca. 190 B.C.

Head of Athena r., wearing crested helmet.

*924

II-30

19 t

H-133

18 f

BMC 44, 45

EYKAHEIKPATINOE1. and r. of Statue of Artemis Lykophryene.

BMC 47

10.57

[MArNHT] below Stag stg. r.; above, star. 925

[MArN]HTfN above Cavalrymancharging on horse r.; below [EYKAHEI KPATINOE].

3.13

A.D. 198-217: Caracalla

AVT KAI M AVP ANTfNEINOC Bust r., laur., dr.

Enl rP APICTO[KA]OV MArNHTfN Statue of Themistoklesstg. 1., with phiale in extended r. hand and sword in sheath in 1.;at 1., burning altar and, on ground, slain bull. Above and below statue'sextended hand,

eEMICITOKAHIC.

*926

NN-595

40 1

cf. S. Schultz, Die M'inprigug vonMagnesiaam Mdanderin der romischen Kaiserzeit, Hildesheim/New York 1975, p. 61, pl. 7, no. 103 (AntoninusPius), and p. 85, pl. 19, no. 244 (Severus Alexander).

23.46

METROPOLIS

1st centuy B.C.

927

r-1251

Helmeted head of Ares or Athena r. 15 *- 3.25

MHTPOnlOAITf[N] Thunderbolt.

BMC 1, 2

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

268

MILETOS

370-350's B.C.56

A ) 0 B H T 0 E around Star with eight rays.

Lion 1., looking back; above, M.

*928

OA-217

13 -

2.05

B. Deppert-Lippitz, Die Minprgung Miets vonvirtenbis ersterJahruhndert v. Chr.,Aarau/ Frankfurtam Main/ Salzburg 1984, p. 150, nos. 265-269

GRC,fig. 19 mid-at 4th centuryB.C.57

Lion stg. r., looking back; above, star;below [name].

Head of Apollo r., laur.

929 a b c

N-620 S-6322 00-1054

19 t 18 t 18 t

Deppert-Lippitz (under 928), pp. 155-158, nos. 341-398

3.92 2.94 2.85 A.D. 81-96: Domitian

[EEBA]-ETO[E] Head of Domitian r., laur. 930

T-282

18

[MIAHEIRN] Lion stg. r., looking back at star;all in wreath.

BMC 154; Cop1015

4 3.57 PHOKAIA

B.C.or ater 3rdcentury

931

K-975a

Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 12 t 1.68

Forepartof griffinbetween pilei of Dioskouroibelow, nYe[i]E.

Cop1036

SMYRNA

ca. 288-280 B.c.

932

NN-1836

Veiled head of Eurydike "I; [EYPYAIKEfN] at 1. of r. of s) Tripod. (daughter LysimachoE Kleiner 1976, p. 19, no. 165 (A-B 19-20:1) 14 \ 1.19

56 P. Kinns, "The Coinage of Miletus,"NJC146, 1986 (pp. 233-260), p. 250. 57 Cf. ibid.,p. 251.

Milne 1923, nos. 6, 7

269

CATALOGUE ca. 280-190 B.C.

EMYPNAIQNand [magistrate's name] on either side of Tripod.

Head of Apollo r., laur. 933 a b

NN-1113 NN-1665

13 , 14 /

1.85 1.23

Milne 1923, nos. 928

EMYPN only, at r. [IMYP]NAIQN at r.; [- -]-[- -] at 1.

ca. 190-105B.c.

Head of Kybele r., turreted.

934

M-78a

18 t

[ZMYPNAIQN] r. and 1. of [---------] Stratonikis Aphrodite stg. r.

6.15

ca. 75-50

Head of Apollo r., laur. 935

H'-2602

Milne 1927, nos. 92, 98, etc.: Type M

B.C.

[ZMYPNAIQN]at r. of Hand in caestus;at 1., [MH or IA]TPOAfPO[E].

Milne 1928, no. 383 or 399

15 -+ 2.71

A.D.

88/89: Julia Tt

[Enl 0AOPOYANOY] ZMYPNAIQN

IOYAIACEBACTH Bust r.

Klose, pp. 242-243, no. XLI

Kybele seated 1. *936

IA-112

22 t

4.82

A.D. 117-130: Hadrian

[AY KAI TPA AAPIANOC CE] Bust r. 937

I-23

22 t

[CTEnOM CEETOYZMYP] Hexastyle temple.

Klose, pp. 247-248, nos. XLIV.1-18

8.25

ca. A.D. 193-235

938

11-419

ZEVC AKPAIOC Head of Zeus Akraiosr. 18 , 2.96

CMVPN-AIIQN Prow r.

Klose, pp. 160-162, nos. VI.65-77

ca. A.D.210-235

[-----939

r-1463

Bust of Serapis r., wearing modius. 16 4 broken

[C]MYPN-[AI]|QN Prow r.

Klose, pp. 180-181, nos. XI.2-11

270

NON-ATHENIAN COINS A.D.

222-235: JuliaMamaea

IOV MAME-ACEB[ACTH] Bust r.

*940

Z-984a

29

,

10.46

AVT K no AIKINrAA Bust r., laur., cuir., dr.

PP-797

24 t

Klose, p. 301, no. LXVI.5

Amazon (Smyrna)stg. 1., with temple in r., bipennis and pelta in 1.

A.D.

*941

[CMYP]NAIQNr NEQKOPQN

En c r KAIOrE-NO[YC]

6.69

260-268: Galienus

CMVPNAIfN r NEfKO En Klose, p. 321, nos. LXXV36-50 C M AVP CE--CT-OV SimilarAmazon with temple, bipennis, and pelta. obv. cmk: 5 in incuse circle (Howgego, no. 813) TEOS 3rd-lst cntu,yB.C.

942

E-1456

17 f

VonAulock2284

TH-IQ[N]above Kantharos;below, ANTA-rOP[Ai].

Griffinseated r.

3.44 Cmos

3rd-2ndcentury B.c.58 [Sphinx seated r.]

943

X-113a

19 -

4.07

at 1. and r. [Xl]0ol [M]ENEEE of Amphora.

Mavrogordato 1916, no. 623; BMC 82-83

XIOL at 1. of Amphora; at r., magistrate'sname; all in vine wreath.

Mavrogordato1916, no. 67; BMC 8597

(N 18:3)

Sphinx seated with forepaw raised over bunch of grapes. 944 Sphinx r. a H'-2939 b B'-770 *c rr-225 d NN- 1730 *e AA-51 f B'-962 g K-841

14 12 t? 14 t 14 t 16 K, 12 T 13

2.21 1.61 2.85 1.40 1.98 1.71 1.65

AnEAAHE (BMC 86) MHTPOA[I|PO?] (BMC 94) rOPrIA[ (Mavrogordato1916, p. 321) (F 19:6) same rPYIiOS-? no details same

58 Mavrogordato(1916, pp. 297-355) assigns these issues of his Period IX to 190-84 B.c. But it is clear from the context of 943 that this varietybegan before then.

271

CATALOGUE h i

J

00-945 IIII-239 $-29

13 t 14 t 13 t

2.49 2.66 2.64

same same same

*k

Sphinx 1. gI-239

1a4 t

1.56

1'4 t 1() t Sphinx 1.or r. E-6405 1i2 -

2.59 0.75

AEfAEIIOE; two pilei of the Dioskouroi between XI and 0O (cf. BMC 89: sphinx r.) [Z]HNOAOPIO:] (sic)(cf. BMC 50: drachm) no details

1 rr-77 m NN-1937 n

1stcentury afterChrist B.C.-1stcentury Sphinx seated 1.;border of dots. 945

T-106

16 f

[XIOE] at 1. of Amphora; at r., [magistrate'sname].

Mavrogordato1917, nos. 83-87; BMC 103-106

1.95

2ndcentury afterChrist59 TETRACHALKON

946

r-1467

[XIQN]above Sphinx seated 1., with raised forepaw. 16 t 2.95

[TETPA-XAAKON]around Bunch of grapes.

Mavrogordato1918, no. 124y, BMC 110, 111

[XIQN]

ACCA-[PION]around Amphora between two stars.

Mavrogordato1918, no. 115p

ASSARION

Sphinx seated 1. 947

1-1055

17 t

3.42

later2ndorearly3rdcentuyafterChrist 3 ASSARIA

948 *a b

II-793 1-895

59 Klose

AC-CAP-IAJTPIA (in ex.) X-IIj-N Amphora between two poppies; all in wreath. Sphinx seated r. or 1., forepaw raised over prow. 30 t 10.79 sphinx r. (A 14:2: ca. A.D. 250) 32 t 8.83(worn) sphinx 1.;inscriptionseffaced

Mavrogordato1918, nos. 127a, 128

(pp. 114-115) providesa chronologicalframeworkfor the later imperialbronze coinage of Chios by dating the issuessigned by the magistratesPreimos,Irenaios,and Chrysogonosto specificperiods in the 2nd and 3rd centuries after Christ on metrological grounds. Pending an inclusive re-studyof the entire coinage, it can be noted here that the comparativeweights of the unsignedvarietiescataloguedhere locate 946 and 947 respectivelybefore and around the time of the Hadrianic-earlyAntonineissueof Preimos,948 between the issue of Preimosand the essentiallySeveran issue of Irenaios(the context and condition of 948a imply a date as late in the Antonine or Severanperiod as possible), 949 around the time of Irenaios,and 950 aroundthe time of Chrysogonos(betweenA.D.222 and 238 [Klose]).

272

NON-ATHENIAN COINS firsthalf3rdcentury afterChrist 3 ASSARIA ACCAP-IAITPIA (in ex.) Sphinx seated r., 1. forepaw raised over prow.

*949

IIII-442

29

4 7.94

X I Q N around Apollo and Dionysos stg., facing, sacrificingat altar between them; in ex., star.

Mavrogorgato1918, no. 134

Kroll 1973, p. 319, no. 14 (B 17:la: A.D. 267). As shown by the fairlyfresh condition of the obverse, the effacement of the reverse is due to corrosion, not wear.

1 ASSARIA

950

E-6376

X I Q N above Sphinx seated r., r. forepaw raised above amphora. 20 - 3.95

[ACCAP-IONHM-VCV] around Two crossed thyrsoi; all in ivy wreath.

Mavrogordato1918, no. 136a; BMC 136, 137

SAMOS

ca. 129-20

Head of Hera r., wearing stephane.

B.C.

[EAMINN]below Peacockr. [on caduceus; behind, scepter;in field, two monograms].

BMC 201-208; Cop1721-1724

951 *a b c d e

Large module, as Cop1721 ET-55 20 t 7.77 Intermediatemodule, as BMC 201-208, Cop1722-1724 15 -+ 2.90 rev. above, A-monogram (cf. BMC 201) EA-392 15 t 4.02 0-429a 15 f 3.55 0-629 14 t 3.75 EA-488

A.D.

238-244: Tranquilna

0OVPIA TPA-NKVIAAINA CEB Bust r. 952

P-354

22

4 6.15

CAM-I!QN Tyche stg. 1., with rudder and cornucopia.

BMC 311

273

CATALOGUE KARIA

KNDOS

4th-mid-3rdcenturyB.C.60

Head of Aphrodite r. 953 a b

r-384 BA-438

12 t 13 -

Z-2835

10 J

BMC 55-64

Similar.

BMC 67-71

0.64 broken

Head of Apollo r., laur. *954

[KNI]above Prow r.

0.84

Kleiner 1976, p. 15, no. 96 (H 12:1)

210-190 B.C.61

Head of city-goddess1., turreted. *955

BZ-73

18

K

KNIAI[fN] Forepartof lion 1.

BMC 52-54

4.66

MYLASA

B.C. 2nd-lst century Double axe.

*956

r-121

9 f

MYAA|IEf2N 1. and r. of Trident.

BMC 14-16

1.40

MYNDOS

B.C. 2nd-lst century Head of Zeus r., laur. *957 60

OA-270a

15

4 4.20

M-[YN]IAI-fN1.and r. of verticalWinged thunderbolt.

cf. Cop445 (thunderbolt horizontal)

of the10thInternational J. H. Nordb0, "The Coinage of Cnidus after 394 B.C.,"in Procedings Congress of I. A. Carradice,ed., London 1986 (pp. 50-56), pp. 53-54, 56, pl. 5:8, 9, 11. 61 Ibid.,pp. 54-56, pl. 5:17.

nimumatics,

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

274

Kos

ca. 190-166B.C.62

Head of young Herakle,s three-quartersfacing, r. 958 a b

K-1422 e-291

17 /

1.95+

-

broken

-

KQIONabove BMC 103-110 Bow in case and club; below, magistrate'sname. Kleiner 1975, p. 311, no. 189 [Kf2ON]ITEAEtE0OP[OE];63 (corrected)(H-K 12-14) KOIONI[- --]; (foundwith other coins, the latest being Athenian Period II pieces of ca. 220's-190's B.C.and 991, Antiochos m, 223187 B.C.)

(c ?d

E-52 T-860

17 t 15 t

2.55+ 2.93

inscriptionseffaced same

It is possible that 958c, d, or both might come from the later variety,BMC 156-164, "166-88 B.C.," ethnic KOIQN.

RHODES

304-ca. 265 B.C.64

AR DIDRACH Head of Helios three-quarters facing, r. *959

E-551

18 t

POAION above Rose with bud at r.; at lower 1., EY and bunch of grapes.

BMC 35

6.02

ornorthern mintedin central Imitations Greee,ca. 175 B.C.65 AR DRACHM Similar.Cmk: dolphin in incuse rectangle. *960

IIn-130

IIe-512

BMC 199, 200

Rose with bud at r.; above, NIKOETPA[TOE].

cf. BMC 199-202

15 -+ 2.42

Similar.Same cmk. *961

[P]-O Rose with bud at r.; above, AHMOKAH[E]; at 1., dolphin.

19 /

2.35

62 The contexts of 958a and b are compatiblewith this standardcatalogue dating but suggest that the series might have begun somewhatearlier. 63 W. R. Paton and E. L. Hicks, TheInscriptions of Cos,Oxford 1891, p. 309, no. 85. 64 R. Ashton, "RhodianCoinage and the Colossus,"RN, ser.6, 30, 1988, pp. 78, 86: Series 2. 65 R. Ashton, "Pseudo-RhodianDrachmsand the Beginningof the Lycian Ceagu e e,"JC 147, 197, pp. 16also to mainland countermark their and attributes both which mentions and notes 15 dolphin 18, 17, Agora specimens in 168." of the battle after Greece, "perhaps Pydna

275

CATALOGUE B.C. 4th-2ndcentury AR DRACHM 00-1160

962

Similar.

Similar. 14 - 1.61+

too damaged for classification ca. 330'sate 3rd cntury B.C.66

963 a MM-172 *b A-492 A-900 c d r-489 e E-6105

P-O Rose with bud on r. Head of Rhodos r., wearing stephane. rev. at 1., H 11 t 1.21

11 t

1.42

11 4

1.10

9 t 1.16 9 t 1.05 ca. 200

Z-3303 BB-1231

B.C.

P-O Rose.

Head of Helios r., rad. 964 a b

BMC 74-117

BMC 324-326

11 4 0.97 12 -

-

ca. 188-88 B.c.

965 a b

BB-841 NN-1085

Head of Rhodos r., rad., P-O Rose with branch on each side; all in incuse square. wearing stephane. rev. above, (?)nOY[--] 13 f 1.69 Kleiner 1976, p. 21, no. 114 (B 20:9) 13 t 1.68

BMC 327-333

late 1st centuryB.C. orlater

Head of Helios r., rad. *966

NN-113

16

POAIQ-N Asklepiosstg., facing, with staff.

4 2.26

BMC 411-413

LYDIA

HERMOKAPELIA

A.D.

117-138: timeofHadrian

eEON CVN-[KAHTON] Young male bust of Senate r. 967 66

M-141

17 $

EPMOKAnH-AITQN Bust of Roma r., turreted; at r., *.

2.83

Dates for the Rhodian bronze we owe to personalcommunicationfrom Mr. Ashton.

BMC 11-12

276

NON-ATHENIAN COINS SARDIS

after133 B.C.67

Head of Apollo r., laur. 968 a b c

r-98 X-187 EA-394

EAPAIIANQN Club; [monogram] below; all in oak wreath.

BMC 10-21

15 . 2.39 15 - 2.36 15 t 3.41

TRIPOIS

late2ndorearly3rdcaturyafterChrist Bust of Serapis r., wearing modius. 969 *a b

--426 III-464

TPlnO-AEITQN

VonAulock3312

Isis stg 1., with sistrum and situla.

18 4 3.49 18 4 2.62

Kroll 1973, p. 319, no. 15, where wrongly identified as from PhrygianHierapolis (B 17:1a)68

PHRYGIA

AKMONEIA

1st centuy B.C.

Head of Zeus r., laur.

970

00-729a

15 t

[AKMONEQNI MHN]OAOTOIDIAAQN Asklepiosleaning frontally on staff.

BMC 16

3.20

APAMEIA

ca. 133-48 B.C.

Head of Zeus r., laur.

971

r-393

18 t

[An]AME at r. of Cult statue of Artemis Anaitis; [magistrate'sname] at 1.

BMC 33-36, 40-42, 48, 61, etc.

5.05

67 Sardis M7, pp. 42, 79-80. 68 The somewhat worn condition of the coin (w4/5) is comparableto that of the Severan and late Antonine coins in this Herulian-invasionhoard.

277

CATALOGUE LAODIKEIA

after133 B.C.

972

K-779

Female head r., wearing stephane. 18 t 4.79

[AAOAI]KEQNDouble cornucopia.

BMC 31-38

SYNNADA

Imperialperiod Head of city-goddessr., turreted. 973 *a H'-3811 b IIII-456

19 f 19

CVNNA-AEDN Athena stg. 1., with phiale in r. and spear in 1.

BMC 13, 14

3.87

4 2.82

LYCIA LYcIANLEAGUE

ca. 100-mid-30'sB.c. Head of Apollo r., laur.

974 a b

1-925 K-8

12 10 -

[AYKIabove and initials of mint city on either side of] Crossed bow and quiver;all in incuse square.

H. A. Troxell, The Coinageof theLycian League(mJM 162), New York 1982, p. 100 (unit)

1.12 0.91 late30's-ear1y20's B.C.

[A-Y]Head of Artemis r., bow and quiver at shoulder. 975

00-546

18 \

2.39

M A Stag stg. r.; [Inno above].

Troxell (under 974), p. 191, no. 169; RPC I, 3314

Masikytesmint PATARA

168 B.c.-Imperial period Head of Apollo r., laur. 976

AA-123a

8 f

0.83

[IIATAPE2N]Head of Artemis 1., wearing stephane.

BMC 5-8

278

NON-ATHENIAN COINS PAMPHYLIA ATTALEIA

A.D.116-117: Trajan(Parthics)

*977

E-5588

[A K TPAIANOC]-nlA[PeiKOC] [ATTAAEWJN] Head r., laur. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 18 $ 3.83

BMC 16

PERGE

3rd centuryB.C.

Sphinx seated 1. *978

N-805

13 t

MANAWAEInPEI[IAE] Artemis stg. 1., with wreath and scepter.

BMC 15-20

2.08 SIDE

B.C. 3rd-2ndcentury Head of Athena r., weaz Corinthianhelmet.

Pomegranate.

BMC 59-61, 71, 72

979 Largermodule (BMC59-61) PP'-1024 15 \ 2.69 Smallermodule (BMC 71, 72) 'b T-1652 13 t 1.91 c E-65a 12 d NN-8777a 10 a

3'

(U 13:2) Kleiner 1975, p. 324, no. 354 (M-N 15:1)

ca. 200-36 B.C.

980

K-1551

Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. 16 t 2.69

EI-AHT[DN] before Nike 1.

BMC 65-68

SILLYON

A.D. 181-193: Conmodus

*981

00-1499

M AP AV KOMM-[ANTNN] EINOC Bust r., laur., cuir. 34 4. 29.30

[CIAAV]EfN Men on horseback1.

VonAulock4874 (same dies)

279

CATALOGUE PISIDIA

ANTIOCH

2ndcentury afterChrist ANTI[OCH] Bust of Hermes r., caduceus at shoulder.

982

Z-1725

14 \

COLO-NIAE Lighted altar.

A. Krzyzanowska, Monnaiescoloniales de Pisid'Antioche die,Warsaw 1970, p. 140, no. VI/6; p. 144, no. V/5

1.85

SELGE

B.C. 2nd-Ist century Head of bearded Herakles r., club at shoulder. 983

K-92

13 t

[E]-E Winged thunderbolt and bow terminatingat upper end in head of stag.

BMC 47, 48

2.73

CILICIA

SELEUKIAON THE KALYKADNOS

2nd centuryB.C.

N E-E Head of Apollo r., laur.

*984

r-1612

20 t

4.25

EEAEYKEQNTN nlPOE TOI BMC 11-14 KAAYKAAN2I Forepartof horse r.; above, ZH; below, AYHE.

(fromthe same 2nd-centuryB.C.layer as 824 [Andros])

SOLOI-POMPEIOPOLIS

4th centuryB.C.

985

E-2368

Head r., [wearinghelmet?]. [EOA]EfN(?) Bunch of grapes. 11 4, attributionof this coin to Soloi uncertain

cf. BMC 34

280

NON-ATHENIAN COINS after 66B.C.

nOMnE-IOnOAIEfNNike

Head of Pompey r.

walkingr., with wreath and palm; at r., AP. 0

VonAulock5887, 5888

AH *986

II-64a

20 t

7.57

SYEDRA

A.D. 235-238: Maximus

r IOVOVHMAEIMOC KAI Bust r., cuir., dr. 987

E-3422

19 f

CVEAPEWN Prize crown containing two palm branches.

BMC 8

3.57 TARsos ca. 130-31 B.C.69

at r. of [T]APEEQ[N]

Head of city-goddessr., turreted. 988

KTA-121

20 f

BMC 106-114

Pyramidalpyre of Sandon.

7.14

KINGS OF GALATIA 36-25 B.C. Amyntas, Bust of Artemis r., bow and quiver at shoulder. 989

H'-2742a

17 f

BAIAE-ArElI[AMY]NTOM Stag stg. r.

BMC 14, 15; RPC I, 3503

3.26

SYRIA SELEUCID KINGS

WSMand Copassignall the followingto the mint of Antioch on the Orontes. SelukosIII, 226-223 B.C. Head of Artemis r., quiver at shoulder. 990 69

E-1295

15 t

[BAEIAEnqZIE]EAEYKOY Apollo seated 1., on omphalos.

WSM,no. 1032

3.71

at GiUiiKuk(Tarsus D. H. Cox, "The Coins,"in Excavations I), H. Goldman, ed., Princeton 1950, pp. 54-61.

281

CATALOGUE Antiochos III, 223-187 B.C. [Head of Apollo r.]

991

0-309

11 -

[BAZIA]EQEI [AN]TIOXOY Elephant 1.

WSM,nos. 1110, 1114

1.65

SelukosIV,187-175 B.C.

BAZIAEfEIZEAEYKOY

Bust of young Dionysos r., wearing ivy wreath, thrysos at shoulder;behind, ME. *992

E-468

20 f

Forepartof galley 1.; above, A1 .

BMC 26; cf. Cop176

serratededge

6.09

Alexander IBalas, 150-145 B.C. Head of Alexander r., wearing helmet. 993

00-256

9 t

[BAZIAEfEl AAEEANAPOY] Nike stg. 1., crowning second line of inscriptionwith wreath.

BMC 51-54; Cop263-265

5.82

Antiochos VII,138-129 B.C. Winged bust of Eros r.

*994

NN-1964 18 f

BAEIAE1EI ANTIOXOYI EYPrET[OY]Crown of Isis; below, nP; at r., H.

cf. BMC 60, 61; Cop327

5.09

ANTIOCHON THE ORONTES

47-40 B.C.

Head of Zeus r., laur.

ANTIOXE[f2N]ITHEI

MHTPOnOAE[QE]I KAIAYTONO[MOY]

BMC 49; with RPC I, 4218-4225 for date

Zeus seated 1., holding Nike and scepter;thunderboltabove; pilei of Dioskouroi 1. and r.; all in wreath. *995

AA-268

30 /

12.60

(D 4:1)

A.D. 117-138: Hadrian

[-------]

996

I-983a

Bust of Hadrian r. 20 t broken

s c

A in wreath.

BMC 289

282

NON-ATHENIAN COINS A.D. 252-254:

Volusian

BILL.TETRADRAcHM

- ]

[---

AHMAPX-E-OVCIACEagle, stg., facing, head 1., wreath in beak; in ex., S C.

Bust of Volusian r., rad. 997

H'-3726

BMC 658-663

26 4 9.95

JUDEA Alexander Jannaios,103-76B.C. Imitation Anchor in circle. *998

PP-597

13 -

Star with eight rays, surrounded by diadem. illegible traces of inscriptions

0.67

Meshorer I, p. 122, nos. Ce 1-8

HerodArchelaos,4 B.C.-A.D. 6

HPWA[OY] Bunch of grapes on branch with leaf. *999

K-801

18

\

EENAPXO Macedonian helmet; at 1., caduceus.

Meshorer II, p. 241, no. 6; RPC I, 4917

2.01+

Agrippa, year 6 = A.D. 41/2

ArPln[A] [BACIAEWC]

L-S Three wheat ears.

Umbrella with fringe. 1000 a b c d

NN-1048 NN-661 00-173 rr-95

18 16 17 16

inscriptionsas above details illegible same same

2.63 -

t -

Meshorer II, p. 249, no. 11; RPC I, 4981

A.D. 58/9: Nero,year5

NEPIWNOICin olive wreath. *1001

K-1176

17 t

L E KAIC-APOC Palm branch.

Meshorer II, p. 285, no. 35; RPC I, 4972

2.24 TheJewishWar,year 2 = A.D. 67/8 ?m nr(l)nr

Krater. 1002 *a b

Q1-109 rr-191

17 16

t -

Vine branch.

1.84 1.65

Meshorer II, pp. 260-261, nos. 11-13

283

CATALOGUE PERSIAN EMPIRE 480's-mid-4thcentuyB.C. AV DARIC

Oblong incuse.

King running r., carrying spear and bow.

*1003

15 -

I. Carradice,"The 'Regal' Coinage of the Persian Empire,"in Carradice, pp. 73-93, Type IIIb (early)

GRC,fig. 16 On daricsat Athens, see under866 and the Athens 1929 hoard (IGCH32) of severalhundreddarics,recovered near the Ilissosriver. 9-83

8.33

EGYPT

PrOLEMAIC KINGS

II, 285-246 B.C. Ptolemy Veiled head of Arsinoe II r.

*1004

NN-995

18

X-207

[nTOAEMAIOY] BAIAE[QRE] IIxoXepalEcv,

K-1676

Eagle stg. 1. on thunderbolt, wings lifted; at 1., E above shield; between legs, [letter].

pl. XIII:18-24

[nlTOAEMAIOY BAEIAEQE]

IIcoXgatlov, no. 839

14.60

27 f

Head of Zeus Ammon r. 1006

IIxoXcreatv, no. 351

t 4.33

Head of Zeus r., laur.

1005

nTOAEMAIOYBAEIAEfI Eagle stg. 1. on thunderbolt, wings lifted; at r., AI.

14 t

2.64

Eagle stg. 1.;at 1., trident. Berytos mint III, 247-222 B.C. Ptolemy

Bust of Ptolemy III, laur. and wearing aegis. 1007 *a BB-874 b Z-517a c E-9a d 0-78 e N-95a

20 23 20 20 19

nTOAEMAIOYBAEIAEQE Eagle stg. 1. on thunderbolt; cornucopia behind.

t 5.24 t f t

t

7.15+ 4.59+ 4.59+ broken

(found with 629c)

HIxoXeaiakov, no. 1000

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

284

PtolmyIV,222-204 B.C. Veiled head of Arsinoe r. 1008

K-861

13 t

[nTOAEMAIOYBAEIAEQE] Double cornucopia. Cyprus mint

1.38

IInoXcaljcov, no. 1160

I-IV,3rduntuy B.C. UndassifiabPtolemy Head of Zeus Ammon r.

1009

All extremelyworn AA-82 29 0-583 28 t c N-1167 28 t d r-1224 27 t e 00-621 27 f 8-166 27 27 t g flA-94 h fl-152 26 t i 00-875 26 t - K-882 k NN-1888 20 t 1 nII-272a 21 a b

13.58+ 13.62+ 14.18+ 14.09+ 11.12+ 8.90+ 10.65+ 10.80+ 11.44+

[nTOAEMAIOYBAEIAEBQ] Eagle stg 1. on thunderbolt, wings lifted.

(M 21:1) pierced (K 9-10:1)

(N 20:4) fragment

6.30+ 6.40+

PtolemyV and VIII,jot coiageof 170-163 B.C. Head of Zeus Ammon r.

1010 *a b c

KTA-120 19 19 T-102 NN-1786 18

nTOAEMAIOYBAEIAEQE Two eagles stg. 1. on thunderbolt;at 1., cornucopia.

ntoXcEaklcv, no. 1426

t 8.34 t 8.91 t

6.80

PtolemyVI,181-146 B.C. AR TETRADRAC

Head of Ptolemy I, diad. and wearing aegis. *1011

IIe-590

23 f

11.64+

Year 21 (160

Head of Ptolemy VII r., diad. Cmk.: K in incuse square. 1012

r-1330

19 f

4.31

[nTOAEMAIOYBAEIAEf] Eagle stg. 1. on thunderbolt; at r., nA; at 1., LKA. B.C.).

Paphos mint

[nTOAEMAIOYBAEIAEQE] Eagle stg 1., wings lifted, on thunderbolt;at 1., dolphin.

Syrian mint

loXepalov, no. 1433

HIIroXqalCv, no. 1488

CATALOGUE

285

PtolemyVIII, 145-116 B.C.

Head of Zeus Ammon r.

1013 a

NN-1972

22 f

6.05

17 t

4.01

[BAEIAEMZ nTOAE]MA[IOY] IIloXes1a61v,

nos. 1651, 1652 EYrEPr[ETOY] Eagle stg. 1., wings lifted, on thunderbolt,at 1., eE. larger module (IIrxoXeclaov,no. 1651); legend effaced. Cyrenaica mint70

*b BB-561

Similar.

smaller module (IIroX)aiawv, no. 1652);legend as above. Same mint

BAEI[AEQZ nT]OAEMAIOY EYEPrETO Eagle stg. r., wings lifted, on thunderbolt.

*1014

NN-1581 33 t

19.86

InoXe.o1alv, no. 1653

(?) Cyrenaicamint. GRC,fig. 19 Ptolemy X, 117-81 B.C.

Similar.

nlTOA]EMAI[OY] IIoXe,iaclov, BAEIA[EQZ Isis crown; at 1. and r., E-Q.

1015 *a

S-147

b B-514

14 14

t 1.7 t 1.67

no. 1722

Cyrenaicamint same

PtolemyXI, 114-88 B.C.

Similar. 1016 a

00-1039

12 t

*b NN-1009 11 t 13 t c rr-26

H-1002

Hno.1ca73 v, no. 1733

nTOAEMAIOY BADIAEQE

IIHxoXeralov, no. 1813

0.96 1.20 1.25

Similar.

*1017

B-A Eagle stg. 1. on thunderbolt.

28 f

7.30

Eagle stg. 1. on thunderbolt; at 1., aplustre. Cyprus mint

PtolmyXII, 80-51 B.C. Similar.

[nITOAEMAIOY BAEIAEQE] Two eagles stg. 1. on thunderbolt;at 1., Isis crown on stand.

1018

NN-201

20 f

nroXoepaov, no. 1842

3.12

In the forthcomingcatalogue of coins from the Universityof PennsylvaniaMuseum excavationsof the Demeter sanctuaryat Cyrene, Theodore V Buttreyattributes1013, 1014, and 1015 to the Cyrenaica.See also 1032 below. 70

NON-ATHENIAN COINS

286

KlopatraVII,51-30 B.C. Bust of Kleopatra, diad.

1019

N-2a

20 f

[KAEOnATPAEBAEIAIEZHE] Eagle stg. 1. on thunderbolt; at r., [M].

IIno.187 v, no. 1872

7.81+

ALEXANDRIA

A.D.81-96 Domitian,

1020

BB-1252

AVTOK KAI-EAP A[OMITIANOZEEB] Head r., laur. 19 t 4.05 Year 3

Hawk stg. r., wearing skhent;

at 1., !:.

Milne 1933, no. 477; BMC 329

Trajn,A.D.96-117

[-----

]

Hemhem crown of Harpokrates; in field, [LI]-Z.

Head of Trajan r., laur. 1021

E-4447a

13 f

1.79

Milne 1933, no. 710; BMC 561

Year 17 Hadrian,A.D.117-138

Head of Hadrian r.

*1022

A-1443

10

f 0.98

Two pilei of Dioskouroi; below, LAE. Year 10. GRC,fig. 23

AVT KAI-TPAIAAPIA CEB Bust r., laur.

*1023

1024

E-5882

33 t

H-2151a

[---]-TPAI[---] Bust r. 35 t 20.10

20.10

Milne 1933, no. 1172; BMC 909

Nilus reclining1., with cornucopia and reed, 1. arm on elephant; in ex., LAUAEK. pierced. Year 12

Milne 1933, nos. 1264-1269; BMC 786, 787

Similar,but letters and details effaced. Year Antoninu ISPius, A.D. 138-161

*1025

I-488a

AVT K T AI[AAAP ANTWNINOC]EY Head r., laur. 34 t 20.90

X-147a

Head of Antoninus r. 20 t 3.36

[-------

1026

Bust of Hermanubis r., wearing modius [date letters].

cf. Milne 1933, no. 1722; BMC 1135-1137

pierced with two holes. Year ? Griffinseated r.; above, LH.

]

Year 8

Milne 1933, no. 1843

287

CATALOGUE Pius hrjan-Antoninus

Crown of Isis.

Effaced head of emperor.

1027

00-543

12 -

Milne 1933, nos. 1171, 52705272; BMC 560, 561, 891-901, 1211

0.99+

Probus,A.D. 276-282

BILL.TErRADRAcHM A K M AVP nPO-BOC CEB Bust r., laur., dr. *1028

I-1

21 t

Elpis stg. 1., with flower; at l., B. L

Milne 1933, no. 4528; BMC 2417

Year 2

6.86

Diocletian,A.D. 284-305

BILL.TETRADRACHM A K rOYA AIOKAHTIANOC CEB Bust r., laur., dr. *1029

E-2889

20 f

6.78

Dikaiosyne stg. 1., with scales and cornucopia;in field, L-[?].

Milne 1933, nos. 4768-4773, 4935-4936

Bust of Serapis r.; in field, L-IA.

cf. Milne 1933, nos. 5229, 5230

Years 2-6

BnLL.TEnRDRACHM

AIOKAHTIANOCCEB Bust r., laur., cuir. *1030

00-705

19 t

5.68

Year 11

CYRENAICA

CYRENE

late 4th centuryB.C.

Head of Karneios r. 1031

00-1286

K Y P Triple silphiumplant.

BMC 198-200

14 4. 1.15

"REGAL"COINAGE

ca. 140-96B.c. Head of Ptolemy I r. *1032

I-1115a

13

t

See also 1013-1015.

1.17

Head of Libya r.

BMC, p. 89, nos. 95-104

288

NON-ATHENIAN COINS ROMANPROVINCEOF CYRENAICAAND CRETE

ca. 67 B.C.

Head of Roma r., weari Corinthian helmet. EE-78

1033

24 f

11.63

Bee in dotted circle. (N 21:4) Minted in Crete 37-34

Head of Artemis r., bow and quiver at shoulder;

beneathchin, r. *1034

r-1122

29 t

13.01

BMC,p. 113, no. 1; RPC I, 904

B.C.

[L. LOL-LI]VSStag stg. r.; below belly, [two letters].

BMC, p. 115, nos. 14 or 16; RPC I, 909

]Minted in Crete

NUMIDIA

Jubal, 60-46B.c.

AR DENARIUS REX IVBA Bust r., diad., scepter over shoulder.

*1035

K-1477

18 f

HMMLKT IOBAI in Neo-Punic characters. Octastyle temple approachedby steps.

3.30

UNCLASSIFIED UnattributableGreekImperialswith IdentifiableObverse Portraits 1036 a

Augustus PP-62

15

b c

Nero 0-600 T-1092

16 16

d e f

Julio-Claudianemperor 0-619 24 11 00-771 18 PP'-284

g

Hadrian Z-2126

h i j

M. Aurelius,L. Verus,or Commodus E-1843a 22 21 00-1276 22 0-239

k

Caracalla ET-364 22

18

J. Mazard, Corpus Nwummorum Nwmndiae Paris Mauretanique, 1955, nos. 84-86; Cop523, 524

CATALOGUE

289

IllegibleCoins with Countermarks The listing is by countermarks,which are stamped in an incuse circle unless otherwise noted. Nearly all the coins are totally worn.

1037

4th centuryB.C.and Hllenistic

d

Cornucopia in incuse oval 14 E-3912 Dolphin on trident rev. type of beardlesshead 18 NN-502 r-1088 20 Dolphin on tridentin incuse square 15 KK-166

e

Lyre K-1568

a b c

15

Rosette or star H-1810 17 14 EA-15 Z-3004 13 18 BE-424 Bunch of grapes 15 j K-1497 k 00-1263 15 Crude wreath? 1 N-1120 20 f g h i

X m B-606

15 Greek Imperials

n

o p q

Open left hand in incuse field of same shape IIII-230 22 The countermark,located in front of the obv. head, is considerably larger than the open-hand countermarksfound on earlier duoviral asses of Corinth (Amandry,pp. 30-31, pl. I). in incuse Star(?) square T-141a 21 obv. head ofJulio-Claudian emperor IN BE-501 20 R in incuse field of same shape P-1494 17 Halved Coins, Worn Illegible

1038 a b c d e f

16 17 19 21 24 25 By size and fabricthe firstthree could be Athenian (PeriodsIII and IV). 8-182 I-323 BZ-165 Z-1003 Z-1273 Z-1511

290

NON-ATHENIAN COINS UNIDEN'Tl'IED

1039

130 badly preservednon-Atheniancoins have so far resistedidentification.These are kept together in the Agora records office for furtherstudy by staff and visiting numismaticspecialists.

APPENDIXA THREE MODERN IMITATIONS (Plate 32:a-c) As noted in ChapterI (p. 7 above),a few of the 5th-centuryB.C. Atheniandrachmsand tetradrachms fromthe Agora are suspect:if not ancientimitations,one or two conceivablycould be modern. Here we list three Greek coins from the Agora whose modern fabricationcannot be doubted. The source of the first, the Athenian tetradrachm,is uncertain,but one assumes that the coin either is a lost souvenir or derives from a house or tourist shop that stood above or near the place of discovery. The other two come from 19th- or early 20th-centuryhouses that were demolishedfor excavation. Whether any of the bona fide ancient coins from recent or disturbedcontexts in the excavations might be similarstraysfrom modern collections,antiquitiesshops,or the like, there is usuallyno way of knowing.But these three fakesmake it a clear possibility. *a. "AR"forgeryof an Athenian tetradrachmof the second half of the 5th centuryB.C.Compare variety8 above. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. PP-192

AeE Owl stg. r., facing; behind, olive spray and crescent.

24 -+ 10.14 g.

Betrayedby its mediocre style, light weight, pewterlikealloy, and dulled, cast relief, all of which are typical of cheap, modern imitations.Foundin mixed, late, althoughnot obviously"modern"fill. *b. AR forgeryof a Siculo-Punictetradrachmof the 4th centuryB.C. Compare Cop(Sicily)978-982. Head of Persephone-Tanit; around, three dolphins. Z-1

22 /j

Horse's head 1.;behind, palm tree; below, traces of Punic inscription.

7.33g.

The metal has a pitted, cast look, and the weight is less than half of what it should be. Found in the cellar of a modern house. *c. AR forgeryof a gold staterof PhilipII, King of Macedon, 359-336 B.C.Compare G. Le Rider,Lemonnayage et d'argent d'ordePhilippeII, Paris 1977, pp. 71-198, pls. 53-82. Head of Apollo r., laur.

AA-14

18

\

4.06 g.

IAIlnnlOY Chariot drawn by two galloping horses r. holed

Apartfrom the fact that these typeswere not ancientlystruckin silver,the surfaceof the metal, especiallyon the reverse, has the pitted texture of a modern cast. The coin, drilled for attachmentas an ornament, was found in 1937 during the demolition of modern houses.

APPENDIXB UNSTRUCK BLANKSAND THE MINTS OF THE AGORA (Plates32 and 33) I The large square btuildingknown as "The Mint" at the southeast corner of the Agora square (P-Q 16) owes its identificationto the more than 160 coin blanksexcavatedfrom its floors.1The best-knownblanksare the ten that were found in 1953 with the remainderof the bronze rod from which they had been chopped (P1.32:d).Renewed excavationin 1959 recoveredeight similarblanks from the floor of another room (see P1.32:e). During the final explorationof the building in 1978, floor areasand refusepits dug throughthe floor yielded an additional 144 blanksand relatedpieces of scrapbronze. Measuringabout 27 by 29 m., the structurehad the form of an open courtyardwith threeroofed rooms along the backwall. The room at the southwestcornerwas much the largest,takingup about a quarterof the entireplan. The remainsof two furnacesand some cement-linedwater basinsset in the floor show that most of the bronze-workingactivitytook place in this southwestroom. Beforethe excavationsof 1978, it was assumedthat thiswas the mint of Classicaland Hellenistic Athens, t6 &pyupoxoxniov,mentionedin severalepigraphicaland literarytexts of the 5th, 4th, and 2nd centuries B.c.,2 and that Athenian silver as well as bronze coins were minted here. It is now apparent,however,that the presentbuildingplayeda far more limitedrole in the historyof Athenian coinage. Analyses of furnishingsand debris excavatedfrom the buildingin 1978 failed to produce trace elementsof silver,much less any more conspicuousindicationsof silverworking.And although the latest pottery recoveredbeneath the floors placed the constructionof the building as early as "the years around 400 B.C.,"3 none of the excavatedbronze blanks appear to be earlier than the Period IVB coinage of 42/1-32 B.C.,by which time Athens had ceased to mint in silver.Further study of the coin blanks may require minor chronologicaladjustments,but at present the dating of the three main groupsof blanksfrom the mint restson the followingconsiderations: Group 1 (1953). Plate 32:d illustratesten of the eleven pieces that were found together "immediately beneath the latest ancient ground level"just northeast of the large southwest room in 1953 and prompted identificationof the building as a mint.4 Collectivelyinventoriedas B(ronze) 1 For the building: H. A. Thompson, "Excavationsin the Athenian Agora: 1953," Hesperia23, 1954 (pp. 31-67), "Activitiesin "Activitiesin the Athenian Agora: 1954," Hesperia24, 1955 (pp. 50-71), p. 59; idemn, 45-48; idem, pp. the the Athenian Agora: 1959," Hesperia29, 1960 (pp. 327-368), pp. 343-344. A. Frantz, The Church of HolyApostles AgoraXX), Princeton 1971, p. 3, pls. 2:b, 28. AgoraXIV, pp. 78-79. Camp, pp. 128-130, figs. 107, 108. (TheAthenian Guide4,pp. 162-163, figs. 106, 107. 2 To the testimonia collected in AgoraIII, pp. 160-161, add B. D. Meritt, "GreekInscriptions,"Hesperia32, 1963 no. 29. (pp. 1-56), pp. 31-32, 3 Camp, p. 129. 4 Thompson 1954 (note 1 above), pp. 46-47, pl. 14:b (with the photograph reproducedin M. Lang, TheAthnian Citzen[Excavationsof the Athenian Agora PictureBook 4], Princeton 1960, fig. 13;AgoraXIV, pl. 33:c; ide3,fig. 78; GRC,fig. 3);Thompson 1955 (note 1 above),p. 59.

APPENDIXB:UNSTRUCKBLANKSAND THE MINTSOF THE AGORA

293

1046, they comprisea shortlength of bronzerod, eight usableblanksthat had been chopped from it, and two unusableblanksthat had been chopped off incompletely.Diameters are 12 to 14 mm. The eight complete blanks have thicknessesof 7 to 10 mm., with an average thicknessof 8 mm., and weights of 7.58 to 5.10 g., with an averageof 6.48 g.5 One of the two incomplete blanks was sent for chemical analysis to E. R. Caley and W. H. Deebel at The Ohio State University,who determinedthat its alloy was composed of 66.5 percent copper, 7 percent tin, and 26.7 percent lead.6 The lead:tinratio (a critical index for metallurgical comparison,accordingto Caley and Deebel) is 3.62:1. Since the lead percentageis extremelyhigh for any pre-imperialissue of Athens (see Tables III and IV, pp. 324-327 below), Caley and Deebel correctlyrecognized that the blanksmust belong to the Athenian bronze coinage of the 1st century B.C., that is, the coinage of PeriodsIVB-E. In fact, the only AE 1 issueof Athensthat even approaches this percentage is the Antonian Zeus/Dionysos issue 144, which dates a year before the Battle of Actium to 32 B.C.The one specimen of 144 (froma privatecollection)that has been metallurgically analyzedprovedto have a lead content of 22.73 percentand a 3.61:1 lead:tinratio7that is essentially identicalto the one obtainedfor the blank.Eighteenslightlyworn hoard specimensof 144 (TableIV) gave an averageweight of 6.33 g., which again is remarkablyclose to the 6.48-g. averageof the eight complete blanks. It would be helpful to analyze more PeriodIV coins for comparison.Towardsthis end several specimens of each Period IVB-D issue were selected in 1991 for nondestructiveanalysis.Until the resultsof this project are available,the blanksand rod fragmentfound in 1953 are to be connected with variety 144 and dated with it to 32 B.C. Group 2 (1959). The second group consistsof eight pieces that were found in 1959 "embedded in the ancient floor in one of the rooms of the SW block."8Six others are illustratedon Plate 32:e: B 1242 (5.33 g.), B 1243 (5.32 g.), B 1237 (7.70 g.), B 1238 (broken, 1.85 g.), B 1239 (end of rod, 6.94 g.), B 1244 (7.60 g.). There is no reason to disassociatethese chronologicallyfrom the pieces found in 1953. Diameters and weights are similar. The two blanks,B 1068a (7.02 g.)and b (6.58 g.),on Plate 32:e are also contemporary.Both were found in 1952 in the same area as the 1953 blanksbut at a higher level. The one blankfrom within the mint that may be slightly earlier,or, less likely,later, than the rest is B 1245, which is wider (diam. 15 mm.) and heavier (8.96 g.). Its relation to the other blanks and its place in the IVB or IVB-E coinage (it is too light for Period IVA)should become clear when it is analyzed for its lead content along with the coins mentioned above and with a numberof other blanks.In additionto the foregoing blanks excavatedwithin the mint, ten similarblanks randomly turned up in the 1950's in digging in the generalvicinity,mostly in Roman Imperialand later contexts. Group 3 (1978). The 1978 excavationsrecovered 144 blanks, rod ends, and pieces of bronze scrap. Most come from pits in the floor of the building and are in such a corroded condition that little of the originalmetal remains.Consistingalmost entirelyof corrosionproducts,they could not be cleaned. A full listing with weights will be published once samples have been analyzed. Here, however,it should be mentioned that three sizes are represented.In diameterand weight the larger pieces are similarto the better-preserved(reducedAE 1) Group 1 and 2 blanksfound in the 1950's. 5

Weightsof the eight: 7.58, 7.14, 6.78 (2), 6.50, 6.03, 5.93, 5.10. E. R. Caley and W. H. Deebel, "The Chemical Dating of Bronze Coin Blanks from the Athenian Agora," The OhioJournalof Science 44, 1955, pp. 44-46. Cf. Thompson 1954 (note 1 above, p. 292), p. 47, note 21. 7 VNew Stle, p. 640. 8 Thompson 1960 (note 1 above, p. 292), p. 343. 6

294

APPENDIX B:UNSTRUCK BLANKS ANDTHE INTSOFTHEAGORA

The intermediateblanks are of reduced AE 2 size (ca.2.25-4.00 g.); a few smaller ones are AE 4 (1.50-2.00 g.). At the time of excavation,it was assumed from the sizes of the blanks that most of them belong to the 3rd and 2nd centuriesB.C.9 But a date in the AntonianPeriodIVB (42/1-32 B.C.) is just as suitable for the three denominationsand is to be preferredin light of the more closely studiedblanksfrom the earlierexcavations. Whateverpurposethe buildingservedbeforethe middle of the 1st centuryB.C., presentevidence suggests that it was probably not converted to use as a mint until after the Battle of Philippi in 42 B.C. Metallurgicalanalysesof more blanksshould clarifywhether minting continued here only to the end of Period IVB in 31 B.C.or whether some of the blanksbelong as late as the Augustan Period IVC-E coinage, in which case the buildingwill have functionedas a mint well into the last quarter of the 1st century B.C. A new mint was clearly establishedat some other location when coining resumed in the 2nd century after Christ (Period V), for in the course of that century the site of the structurein the southeast corner of the Agora was largely built over by the Southeast Temple and the Nymphaeum.10 II All or nearly all the blanks from the Period IV mint in the southeast corner of the Agora are unfinished. Very thick and having rough, faceted surfaces, they are stil chopped segments of a bronze rod. Before being struckbetween coin dies they had to be heated and hammered to give them the necessary smoothness and disk shape of the twenty-fivefinished coin blanks illustrated on Plate 32:f. Size, weight, and fabricindicatethat these finishedblanksdate too from PeriodIVB or B-E, and so they were very likelypreparedin the mint at the southeastcorner of the Agora. They were found, however,in 1933 in the opposite, southwestcorner of the Agora square, between the Tholos and the Middle Stoa, in a pocket of gravellyfill beside the Great Drain (Deposit H 12:4); the latestcoins date the fill to the middleof the 3rd centuryafterChrist.Presumablydiscardedin the second half of the 1st centuryB.C., the blankswere probablytransportedfrom their originalplace of depositionin old, redug earth. The sharp,unworn edges of the pieces make it clear that these are unstruckcoin blanksfrom a mint and not heavily circulatedPeriod IV coins like those picturedon Plate 34 that had lost their typesthroughwear.There are two sizes.The twenty-tworeducedAE 1 pieces11measure 16-18 mm. in diameter and weigh 5.44 to 8.55 g.; the mean weight is 6.95 g. The three smallerpieces12have 13-mm. diameters and weigh 2.7 to 2.9 g. Several specimenswill be analyzed for lead content to assistidentificationwith specificissuesof the PeriodIV coinage. III The one Agora blankthat survivesfromthe manufactureofthe Hadrianic-AntoninePeriodVB or C coinage is the stray B 1641 (P1.33:a; 22 mm., 8.51 g.). Associationwith the 2nd-centuryimperial coinage is shown instantlyby the shallow cavity punched on one side.13The beveled edge of the blank is furtherproof that the blank had been manufacturedby casting.Found during excavation 9 Camp,p. 129;Guide4, p. 162. 10 W. B. Dinsmoor,Jr., "Anchoring Two FloatingTemples,"Hesperia 51, 1982 (pp. 410-452), p. 411, fig. 1, and The Nymphaem is Antonine. the first half of the in 2nd the date of for the century. 432-433, temple pp. 11Theseblanksstillcarrytheiroriginalcoininventorynumbers:Z-2076,2077, 3,2084,2086, 2088,2089,2091, 2093-2095,2101,2104,2105, 2109,2111,2113,2116,2118,2121,2131, 2140. 12 Z-2079, 2100, 2117. 13 Pp. 113-114, 115 above.

APPENDIXB:UNSTRUCKBLANKSAND THE MINTSOF THE AGORA

295

of the northernpart of the Stoa of Attalosin mixed fill, it had apparentlycirculatedas a coin, since it has been stamped with a countermarkof an open right hand in an incuse oval. This particular countermarkhas not been found on otherAgora coins, althoughfor the countermarkof an open left hand, see 1037n. IV

The Athenian mint of the 2nd centuryafterChristapparentlylay outsidethe excavatedarea. In the middle of the 3rd century,however,mintingreturnedto the south side of the Agora square,although this time in the venerable old building at the opposite, southwestcorner, the building labeled on Plate 36 the RectangularPeribolos.14Originallybuilt in the 6th century B.C.as a governmentalor religiousstructure,it was heavilydamagedby Sulla'sforcesin 86 B.C.and was subsequentlyoccupied for most of the Roman period by various industrialestablishments.In the 1st and 2nd centuries afterChrist,occupantsincludedpottersand marbleworkers.15Remainsof bronzeworkinghave also been found and were assigned to a reuse of the site after the Herulians destroyedthe building in A.D.267.16 But this evidence will have to be reexamined since at least some of it datesjust before the destruction, ca. A.D.264-267, when the building served as the mint for Athens' last coinage, the PeriodVI imperials. In 1961 thirty-eightunstruckflans of sawn, Period VI type (Inv.B 1254) and four broken or misstruckPeriodVI coins (K-1641-1644) were found together in a pit in the floor of the building's southwestperistyle(DepositI 1:3;P1.33:b).Likethe four coins, most of the blanksare rejects.Six of the blankswere sawnfrom a bar at an angle and are not completelycircular.A large air bubblein the bar from which fifteen of the other blanks were sawn was responsiblefor the holes in them. The burial of this refuse in a pit implies that it had been swept together in a clean-up, possibly while the mint was still in operation. It is doubtful, of course, whether this building was ever formally called a mint since coins were never struckhere for more than a few years. As with the building in the southeastcorner of the Agora, we again have to do with a structurethat was temporarilytaken over for the manufactureof bronze coins long afterits use in other capacities.17 14

See AgoraXIV pp. 62-65, identifying the building as the Heliaia. Camp (pp. 46-47, 108) calls it probably a lawcourt.Now R. S. Stroud("The Sanctuaryof Aiakosin the AthenianAgora" Pecture,New Orleans 1992], abstractin AJA97, 1993, pp. 308-309) identifiesit as the Aiakeion. 15 Guide,pp. 168 = Guide4,pp. 180-181; AgoraXI, p. 186. 16 Guid2, p. 106: "The final destructioncame with the Herulian sack of AD.267 after which a colony of bronze workerssettled for a time among the ruins." 17 Unstruck coin blanks have been found at a number of other Greek sites: Eretria (G. F Hill, "AncientMethods of Coining," NC, ser. 5, 2, 1922, p. 11, pl. 1:6); Olynthos (Olynthus XIV, pp. 403-406, pl. 173:23-25); Halieis J. A. 'The Mint of Ancient Halieis" D.C. Presented atthe pecture,Washington, 1975], abstractin Summaries Dengate, ofthePapers 77thGeneralMeeting the Institute December New York Consolaki 28-30, 1975, 1975, p. 4);Argos (H. of Archaeological ofAmerica, and T. Hackens, "Un atelier monetaire dans un temple argien?,"ttudes argiennes [BCH Supplement 4], Paris 1980, pp. 279-284, figs. 10-13); Chalkis(ibid.,p. 289, fig. 14 [silver]);TauricChersonesos(if these blanksare indeed Classical and not Byzantine, see ibid., p. 286, note 16); and Pella, where the Hellenistic mint has been recently excavated at the edge of the agora (publicationby Dr. Mando Oikonomidou,forthcoming).

DEPOSITS,INCLUDINGHOARDS A. OUTSIDE THE AGORA Summarizedhere is the evidence from the Olynthos, Kerameikos,and Pnyx excavationsthat has a special relevance for the chronology of Athenian and related bronze coinages in the 4th century B.C. The other

accumulationsof coins found outside the Agora and cited in this volume are the hoards listed under item 6 below.

1. OLYNTHOS At a colloquium on ancient Olynthos held in Boston in December 1989, the two principleparticipants confirmedthe conclusionsof the excavator,D. M. Robinson,thatthe excavatedportionof the citywas destroyed and abandonedin 348 B.C.except for the NorthwestQuarter,whose housescontinuedto be inhabiteduntilthe foundingof Kassandreiain 316.1 SusanRotroffinferredthe correctnessof Robinson'shistoricalreconstruction from independent ceramic comparanda.2Nicholas Cahill, who has studied the excavationnotebooks and wrote his doctoral dissertation (University of California at Berkeley 1991) on Olynthos, emphasized, as Robinson had earlier, that nearly all the Macedonian regal coins from the excavation that date after 348 B.C. were concentratedin the pre-316 B.C.Northwesthouses;the few,randomexceptionsare to be understood

as stray pieces that scavengersdropped while plunderingthe ruins for stone and other building material.3 The proposal of some of Robinson's critics to downdate the abandonment of all the Olynthos houses to 316 or later4 can no longer be regarded as tenable. Even so, one still has to be cautious in citing Olynthos for numismatic chronology. Every coin should be checked for its findspot and the coins found with it to ensure that it does come from a house destroyed

or abandoned in 348. In most cases the provenienceconcordancesat the back of Olynthus IX and XIV are sufficient for this kind of checking. More detailed information, including the level at which each coin was found, is recorded in the unpublishednotebooks. I am gratefulto Dr. Cahill for generouslyproviding such unpublished information for the catalogue notes on the coins of Lemnian Myrina (455) and Attic Salamis (640). 1 Onthus IX, pp. 368-370. 2 S. I. and Other

Rotroff,"Olynthos Deposits-The Pottery"(lecture,Boston 1989),abstractin AJA94, 1990, 315-316. 'Athenian Hellenistic Acten desXIII.Internationalen Idem, pp. Pottery:Towardsa FirmerChronology," Kongresses

Berlin1988, Mainz 1990 (pp. 175-178), pp. 174-176. firklassischeArchiologie:

3 The atOlynthos,"AJA publishedabstractof Cahill'spaper,"SocialandSpatialOrganization 94, 1990,pp.314-315, does not includehis prefatoryobservations on the coinsand on the destructionchronology.On the latercoinsfrom theNorthwestQuarter,seeunder497 above.On stonerobbingas a majoractivityafter348 at thesite,seeW.Hoepfner

and E.-L. Schwandner,HausundStadtimklassischen Munich 1986, p. 29, with note 67. Griechenland, 4 A. R. toDavidMooreRobinson Bellinger,"Notes on Coins from Olynthus,"in StudiesPresented II, G. E. Mylonas and

D. Raymond,eds., St. Louis 1953(pp. 180-186),pp. 184-185. M. Rose,"AReconsideration of the CoinsFoundat Olynthus"(lecture,Cincinnati1983),abstractin AJA88, 1984,p. 258; idem,"Coinsand the Historyof Olynthus" (lecture,Boston1989),abstractinAJA94, 1990,p. 315. J. Dengate,"TheAbandonment of Olynthosin 316:A Solution to theProblemof EarlyHellenisticChronology, 350-260"(unpublished lecture),followedbyW.D. E. Coulson,"Chatby

Reconsidered,"JournalofEgyptian 73, 1987, pp. 234-236. Archaeology

298

DEPOSITS,INCLUDINGHOARDS

2. KERAMEKOS BUIDNG Z-3 DESTRUCTION DEBRIS

In the last quarterof the 4th century,the superstructureof this largebuildingjustinside the SacredGate5 collapsedand covered interalia an unusuallylarge numberof coins scatteredon the floor.Among them was a tetradrachmof Alexander IH from the mint of Amphipolis6and datable, through the latest Amphipolis issues in the Demanhur hoard, to ca. 320-317 B.C.7 The remaining coins, summarizedhere through the generosityof the excavator,Dr. Ursula Knigge, are bronze: 1 EleusisPigleton staff(38) Athens 1 AeE Pigleton staff(39) 33 Double-bodied owl(41-43) 10Twoowls,no symbol(46) 4 Twoowls,detailsillegible(44-47) 4 EleusisWreathedpiglet,shortethnicaboveor below(48, 49) Salamis 2 Nymph/Shield(640) 1 Twodolphins(643) Megara 1 Twodolphins(662) Aigina 1 Apollo/Musselshell Grynion (Cop[Aeolis-Lesbos], pl. 5:202-207). The destructionof the buildingoccurredbetweenthe ca.320-317 issueofthe Alexandertetradrachmand the circulationof Athens' Owl-leftbronze (50), which is absentfrom the deposit but which must have been in circulationby 304 B.C.(see item 3, next)and probablybegan in 307/6 (p. 33 above).Dr. Knigge has attributed the destructionto a naturalcatastrophe,possiblyan earthquake.8But since thereis no contemporaryevidence elsewherein Athensfor such an event, a respectablealternativecase can be madet thate structurewas hastily demolishedto facilitatethe extensive307-304 B.C.renovationof the adjacentcity walls.9 3. KERAMEOSDIPYLON ROADLEVELS

During excavationsof the Dipylon gate in the 1960's,GottfriedGrubenrecovereda small but important sequence of bronze coins from the successive4th-centurylevels of the road that ran through the gate.l0 In advance of the final excavationreport,we are able, throughthe kindnessof Drs. Gruben, PeterFranke,and Judith Binder,to list the coins from the numismaticallysignificantLevelsIII throughIV 1 EleusisPigleton staff(38) Athens Foundon RoadLevelIIIb Salamis 1 Nymph/Shield(640) Salamis 1 Nymph/Shield(640) embeddedin RoadLevelIIIb Athens 1 EleusisPigleton staff(38) embeddedin RoadLevelIIIc Salamis 1 Nymph/Shield(640) embeddedin RoadLevelIV owl(42, 43) Athens 3 Double-bodied 1 OwlI.(50) Road Level IX which gives the earliest datable context for the Athenian Owl-left variety, was laid immediatelyafterthe rebuildingof the Dipylon that tookplace betweenthe publicationof IG II2 463 in 307/6 5 U. Knigge, DerKerameikosnAthen,Fiiur

durch Ausgrabgn undGesic,

Athens 1988, pp. 88-94.

6 U. 1978,"AA1980(pp. 246-265),p. 265, note 13, withfig. 12. Variety Tatigkeitsbericht Knigge,"Kerameikos: ofBMCAlxander129.

7 BMCA.4xander,52,86, 101, 102.Cf.G. ASMN 9, 1960 K.Jenkins("AnEarlyPtolemaicHoardfromPhacous," pp. [pp. 17-37], pp. 19, 27),who datesthisAmphipolisseriesca.318-316 B.C.Forthe Demanhurhoardof ca.318 B.C., see IGCH1664. 8 Knigge (note 5 above),p. 93. 9 Forthe renovation,ibid.,pp. 55, 64. 10 G. Gruben, "Die Ausgrabenim Kerameikos,"AA 1964 (pp. 384-419), pp. 409-410.

DEPOSITS,INCLUDINGHOARDS

299

(cf. line 53) and Kassandros' siege of Athens in 304." Road Level IIIb goes back probably to around 350 and ought not in any case be later than ca. 325 (according toJudith Binder, who was assigned the pottery

from Gruben'sinvestigations). The Athenian bronze coin that was found in a joint of the Dipylon masonry and that originallyled Gruben to date the gate complex to the early 3rd century12has now been cleaned and found to be of the Double-bodiedowl varietyof the thirdquarterof the 4th century. 4. KERAMEIKOS WELLB-l DIPYLON Two corroded lumps of bronze coins from the bottom of this well in the courtyardof the Dipylon13 representtwo pursesthat were droppeddown the well earlyin its use. The coins, illustratedby Karin Braun14 and assignedfactorsof wear in EABC,pp. 140-142, are PurseA Athens 12Twoowlsoverplemochoe(45) 4 EleusisWreathedpiglet,EAEYabove(48) PurseB 1 AR triobol(19) Athens 1 Twoowlsoverplemochoe(45) 6 Twoowls,no symbol(46) 8 Owl1.(50) 2 EleusisWreathedpiglet,EAEYIIbelow(51). The well was constructed sometime after 307/6, since it was dug through the Dipylon Road Level IV and

was apparentlyin use alreadyby the time that Kassandroswas besiegingAthens in 304. ChristianHabicht attributesthe lead curse tablet from the bottom of the well to the year of this siege.15 The tablet, which cursesKassandros,two of his generals,and Demetrios of Phaleron,could hardlyhave been buriedin a tomb outside the city walls before being dumped down the well16if the cursing was performed while the siege was in progress. The tablet would, rather,have been intentionallythrown into the well immediately after inscribing,like the lead defixiones deposited in wells and springsin Roman times.17Deposition in a well may have been exceptionalas earlyas the 4th centuryB.C.;but with enemy forcesoccupyingthe cemeteryoutside the Dipylon, it would have been impossibleto activate the curse by the preferredprocedure of burying it in a grave. The latest pottery from the bottom fill of the well has been independentlyestimatedto date from around 300 B.C.or a little later.18

5. FILL OF THE LAST PERIOD(III) OF THEASSEMBLYPLACEON THEPNYX

The constructiondate of the Third Periodof the AssemblyPlace is disputed.The excavatorsoriginally believedit to be Hadrianic.19Laterworkand reflectionled Homer Thompson to arguefor the thirdquarterof 1 G. Gruben,"DerDipylon-Brunnen B1:LageundBefund.DatierungdesDipylon,"AM 85, 1970(pp. 114-128), Cf. 125-127. 5 pp. Knigge(note above,p. 298),pp. 70-72. 12 Gruben1964 (note10 above,p. 298),pp. 409-410;Gruben1970(note11 above),p. 125. 13 Gruben1970(note 11above),pp. 114-124. 14 K. Braun,"DerDipylon-Brunnen B1:Die Funde,"AM85, 1970(pp. 129-269),pp. 138-139,pl. 78. 15 C. Habicht, Pausanias' GuidetoAncientGreece, Berkeley1985, pp. 81-82.

16 SoD. R.Jordan,"TwoInscribedLeadTabletsfroma WellintheAthenianKerameikos," AM95, 1980,pp.225-239. 17 See D. R. Cornerof the AthenianAgora,"Hesperia Jordan,"Defixionesfroma Wellnearthe Southwestern 54, 1985(pp.205-255),pp. 207-210.W.S. Fox,"Submerged TabellaeDefixionum," AJP33, 1912,pp. 301-330.R. S. O.

Tablets Tomlin, TabelaeSulis:RomanInscribed of TrmandLeadfirmtheSard Springat Bath,Oxford 1988. 18 Braun1970 (note 14 above),pp. 194, 196;J. Binder,citedby Gruben 11 233; cf.

(note above),p. AgoraXXII, p. 111,andRotroff1984,pp. 352-353,nos.9 and 12. 19 K. Kouroniotes andH. A. Thompson,"ThePnyxin Athens,"Hesperia 1, 1932(pp.90-217),pp. 181-189.

300

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS

the 4th century B.C., in particular the 340's and 330's.20 Recently, Mogens H. Hansen writes that the original attribution to the time of Hadrian was right all along.21 The eight bronze coins excavated in 1931 from the fill22 fall into two tight chronological groups, one of approximately the third quarter of the 4th century B.C., the other of the Early Imperial period: (a) Athens Salamis Peparethos (b) Athens

1 Double-bodiedowl (4143) 4 Nymph/Shield (640) 1 Dionysos/Kantharos(Cop[Thessay]359, 360) 1 Parthenos/Owl on prow (152) 1 Parthenos/Sphinx(153).

The six 4th-century coins go with the great mass of material from the fill that dates from the third quarter of the 4th century and earlier. The two Augustan coins of the second group are the kind that remained in circulation throughout the 1st century into the 2nd century after Christ. They indicate either that the final construction of the Assembly Place was indeed Roman or, if the construction happened to be earlier, that its fill was heavily disturbed by some kind of Roman repair work. Others will want to discuss these two possibilities further. Here it needs only be observed that the fill, or at least the main 4th-century part of the fill, provides another important context before the last quarter or third of the century for coins ofSalamis. 6. HOARDSCITED IGCH

20

32 46 47 89 99 127 134 159 187 193 229 233 237 249 269 271 274 275 276 277 279 280 281 282 283

Athens (Ilissosriver)1929 Peiraeus(not "Eleusis")1902 Peiraeus 1882 Agios Ioannis Rentis,Attica, 1962 Aspropyrgos,Attica, 1951 Peiraeus 1956 Thorikos 1969 Phyattosca. 1956 Corinth 1938 Thebes 1935 Kopais 1908 Thebes 1965 Larissa-Sitichoro1968 Tambouria,Peiraeus,1938 Attica 1949 Agrinion 1959 Attica (Pnyx) 1937 Athens (Plaka)ca. 1942 Athens 1955 Keratea,Attica, 1954 PortoRaphti, Attica, 1967 Attica 1906 Attica 1927 Attica 1937 Attica ca. 1951

p. 283 above pp. 7-8 above note 52 above, p. 257 note 25 above, p. 8 note 31 above, p. 215 note 66 above, p. 49 p. 10 above note 47 above, p. 12 p. 13 above pp. 10-11 above pp. 204-205 above pp. 204-205 above p. 13 above p. 66 above p. 66 above p. 205 above note 109 above,p. 67 note 109 above, p. 67 p. 66 above p. 67 above p. 67 above note 109 above, p. 67 note 109 above, p. 67 note 109 above,p. 67 note 109 above,p. 67

H. A. Thompson and R. L. Scranton, "Stoas and City Walls on the Pnyx," Hesperia12, 1943 (pp. 269-383), toEgn HistoryandTopogwpyPresened pp. 298-299. H. A. Thompson, "The Pnyx in Models,"StudiesinAtticEigr Vanderpool Supplement 19), Princeton 1982 (pp. 133-147), pp. 144-145. (Hesperia 21 M. H. Hansen, TheAhenianEccsia, II, A Collction ofArtics 1983-89, Copenhagen 1989, p. 141; idem,TheAthenian Mass. in the 1989, pp. 4, 128. Age Oxford/Cambridge, ofDemosthes, Democracy 22 Kouroniotesand Thompson (note 19 above,p. 299), pp. 211-212, nos. 1-3, 5-9.

301

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS 297 316 322 324 340 341 342 343 347 352 1664 2117 2119 2121 CH 1, 1975 38 95 CH 3, 1977 22 73 75 95 Noe 380

Delos (ES) 1912 Peiraeus 1926 Delos 1910 Delos 1968 AkropolisNorth Slope 1936 Agia Varvara,Attica, 1932 Chaidari,Attica, 1929 Attica 1927 Delos (A) 1905 Hierapytna 1933? Demanhur 1905 Leontini 1957 Contessa 1888 Manfria 1948 Babylon 1973 Athens 1969 Babylon 1973 Peiraeus 1973 Attica before 1940 EasternAttica 1975 Eleusis 1902

note 144 above, p. 81 note 111 above, p. 67; p. 68 note 141 above,p. 81; Table VI, p. 329 below note 105 above,pp. 65-66 note 141 above, p. 81 pp. 80-81 above pp. 80-81 above note 141 above,p. 81 note 144 above, p. 81 p. 97 above p. 298 above note 25 above, p. 8 note 25 above, p. 8 note 25 above,p. 8 note 29 above, p. 9 note 109 above, p. 67 note 29 above,p. 9 note 111 above, p. 67 note 112 above,p. 67 p. 117 above p. 117 above

B. AGORA DEPOSITS These are the more importantAgora deposits for Greek numismaticchronology.Each deposit is identified by its letter and number coordinateson the Agora grid (Pls. 35 and 36) and the number assigned to the deposit within this grid square.Since most of the depositsare summarizedor discussedin other publications, the following notices rarely go beyond bibliographyand a listing of the coins. In the case of deposits that have been variouslydated, asterisksdenote the most current or informativecitation or citations. Boldface varietynumbersare used to referencecoins that are not cataloguedindividuallyin this volume. Coin numbers in roman type cite the coins that are individuallycatalogued. Factorsof wear (wl-6, see p. 2 above) are given when potentiallyuseful. Eight of the depositsare hoards,that is, groupsof coins that were intentionally collected before being buried or lost together.The remainingdeposits are accumulationsof discardedand randomlylost material. A 14:2 Cistern (middle fill) Walker1980, pp. 49, 123, no. 2. Athens

6 pre-imperial(PeriodIV and earlier) 1 PeriodVC imperial(279), w5 1J. Mamea, A.D. 222-235 (438),w2 1 Volusian,A.D.251-253 (885),wl 1 Tranquillina,A.D. 238-244 (900), w3 1 3-assaria(948a),w3 1 FaustinaII, sestertius,rev.illegible,w5

Deultum AlexandriaTroas Kyme Chios Roman

A 17:3

Well

Rotroff 1983, p. 262. Athens Macedon

ca. A.D. 250

into early 3rd century B.C. 2 Two owls (44-47) 1 Two owls, AOH (47b) 1 Demetrios Poliorketes(504f)

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS

302

Hoard in botto,s of die-lined shft

A 18:8

mid- or late 260's B.C.

See pp. 35, 168 above. Fullpublicationof coins, with coefficientsof relativewear,in EABC,pp. 139-142, 150-154, pl. 17. Thompson 1942, pp. 223-224, note 32. IGCH 157. Fourlead tokensfound with the coins: AgoraX, p. 36, with Kroll 1977, pp. 141-146. Athens

Thrace Macedon Larissa Lokris Phokis Chalkis Megara Aigina Illegible

1 Double-bodiedowl (41-43) 8 Two owls, no symbol(46, includingl-p) 3 Owl 1.(50, including1,m) 3 Owl r., AeH (52f-h) 15 Owl in wheat wreath(53, includingi-n)

6 Owlin olivewreath(54, includingb) 19 EleusisWreathedpiglet(55, includingc) 2 EleusisWreathedor unwreathed piglet(38, 48, 49, 51, 55) 1 Twoowls(56d) 3 Owlwithsymbol(57b,c; [57-60]a) 5 Owlr.(52-54, 57-60) AR drachm(462) 1 Lysimachos 1 AR hemidrachm 2 DemetriosPoliorketes: (502b) 1 Poseidon/Prow (505) 1 Nymph/Horse1.(529a) 2 Athena/Grapes(581c,584d) 4 Athena/OQ(588c-f) 1 Hera/Eagle(616k) 8 Twodolphins(643j-q) 8 Tripodanddolphins(644a,i-o) 1 Twodolphins(662a) 9

to 86 B.C. Fill in Great Drain A-B 19-20:1 Kleiner 1976, pp. 15-19, 32, observing that the deposit is essentiallyof the third quarter of the 2nd centuryB.C.but with slight,latercontamination.AgoraIV X, XII, *XXII. R. S. Young,'An IndustrialDistrict of AncientAthens,"Hesperia 20, 1951 (pp. 135-288), pp. 262-263. owl(41-43) 28 Double-bodied Athens 18Twoowls(44-47) 11 Owl 1.(50)

1 Owlr.,AH (52) 12 Owlin wheatwreath(53) 1 Owlin olivewreath(54d) 12EleusisWreathedandunwreathed piglet(38, 48, 49, 51, 55) 2 Twoowls(56) 10 Owlwithsymbol(57-60) 1 Zeus/AthenaPolias(66) 1 Owlon thunderbolt (67q) 4 Owlthree-quarters r.,amphora(69) 2 Owlon rudder(71) 1 Owlon thunderbolt (81) 2 FulminatingZeus, eagle, wheat ear (83)

1 Cicada/Amphora (85) 1 Demeter/Piglet(86) 1 Apollo/Owlwithlyre(87) 2 Twoowlson thunderbolt (99) 1 Apollo/Plemochoe (103b)

DEPOSITS,INCLUDINGHOARDS Macedon

Phokis Salamis Megara Aigina Corinth Sikyon Messene Andros Keos Smyrna

303

1 Aphytis:Zeus/Twobirds(469) 1 Alexanderm: Head/Horse(489d) 1 Head/Prow(504) 2 DemetriosPoliorketes: 1 Helmet/Shield(506) 1 Athena/Qfl(588b) 2 Head/Shield(640-642) 11Twodolphins(643) 13Tripodanddolphins(644) 1 Twodolphins(662f) 5 Pegasos/Trident (667) 1 Doveflying/I:in olivewreath(723) 1 Demeter/Tripod (760b) 1 BeardedDionysos/Kantharos (822) of dog(83lb) 1 Beardedhead/Forepart 1 Eurydike/Tripod (932) CimLein, lower dlhmped fill

B 13:1

AgoraV, VII Athens Myrina Myrinaor Hephaistia B 17:1

late 3rd century B.C.

1 Owl1.(50c) 1 Owlthree-quarters r.,amphora(69),unworn 1 Athena/Owl(455g) 1 Athena/Owl(455Ad) Three hoards from the "South House"

destroyedby fire A.D. 267

Kroll 1973, pp. 318-320, with references to AgoraII for the Roman coins. Walker 1980, pp. 53-54, 126,

no. 12. H. A. Thompson, "The Excavationof the Athenian Agora, Twelfth Season: 1947," Hesperia17, 1948 (pp. 149-196), pp. 178, 192; idem,"Excavationsin the AthenianAgora: 1948," 18, 1949 (pp. 211-229), pp. 217-218. Hoarda, a savings hoard that probably had been hidden in a wall or upper superstructure of the house in the 250's, before the striking of Athens Period VI imperials began. The coins were found together on the

floor of the "Room of the Two Marble Busts". 1 Parthenos/Athena Athens advancing(151),w6 4 PeriodVB imperials(169-185 [2], 195-196 [2]),w6 4 PeriodVB/C imperialfractions(204, 211),w5-6 4 PeriodVC imperials(248 [3], 256),w5 Chios 1 Sphinx/ApolloandDionysos(949),w2 1 Serapis/Isis(969b),w4/5 Tripolis(Lydia) Roman 42 Trajanto TrajanDecius(A.D. 249-251),sestertii,w2-623 ?1 Gallienus,antoninianus,A.D. 260-268, w2 If the hoard was secreted before ca. 260, this last coin could not belong. It would have to be a stray piece that had separately come to rest on the floor with the hoard coins at the time of the destruction of

the house. Hoardb, the contents of a purse that had been droppedon the floor of the kitchen. Athens 8 PeriodVB imperials(172, 178a,185, 186 [2], 195, 197, 167-185), w6 3 PeriodVB/C imperialfractions(204, 216, 213-247) 14 PeriodVC imperials(248 [2], 250, 254, 256 [2], 257 [2], 264a,267, 270, 280b, 283,248-283), w4-6 15 PeriodVI imperials(284 [3, including284g],286, 318 [2], 328, 333 [2], 343, 352a,375,388,401,405), wl-2 23

Fourof these sestertiiare illustratedin GRC,fig. 32: Maximinus,Philip I, Otacilia Severa, and TrajanDecius.

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS

304

Hoardc, another "dropped purse" on the house floor. I PeriodVB imperial(182) Athens 2 PeriodVC imperials(252, 256) 11 PeriodVI imperials(284 [2], 318 [2], 333, 352, 355, 360,386, 392,402) to ca. 86 B.c.

Fill in Great Drain South

B 20:9

Kleiner 1976, pp. 19-21, 32. AgoraX, p. 135. 1 EleusisPiglet on staff(38) Athens 3 Double-bodiedowl (41-43) 1 Owl 1.(50) 1 EleusisWreathedpiglet (55) 1 Owl on rudder(71) 1 Plemochoe/Eleusisring (75) 4 FulminatingZeus: 1 eagle, wheat ear (80) 1 eagle, cornucopia,plemochoe (91) 1 thyrsos(96) 1 mysticstaffor thyrsos(95 or 96) 2 Athena/Amphora (98) 23 Two owls on thunderbolt(99) 2 Cicada/Owl on thunderbolt(100) 64 Cicada/Amphora (85 and 108) 1 Femalehead/Hermes (452a) Imbros 1 Athena/Trophy (593a) Boiotian League 1 Veiledhead/Lyre (606) Thespiai 1 Femalehead/Bull butting(614c) Euboian League 1 Hera/Eagle flying,serpent(616-618) Chalkis 1 Tripodand dolphins(644) Megara 2 Dove flying1. /(?) in olive wreath(723, 725, or 726) Sikyon 1 Rhodos head/Rose (965b) Rhodes

C]imteAn, dwimped fill

C 9:2

mid4th into 3rd century B.C.

AgoraXII (under C 8:5).

Athens Andros

3 Double-bodiedowl (41-43) 1 YoungDionysos/Amphora (82 la)

Susan I. Rotroff (personal communication) states that most of the pottery dates from the third quarter of the 4th century.

Cistern D 4:1 (Group G) Price 1964, pp. 32- -33, deposit V *Kroll 1973, p. 325, no. 6. Walker 1980, pp. 62, 113, 115, no. 34.

IV,V VII. Agora Layer II Athens

Thrace Gyrton Aigina

second quarter 1st century after Christ Dumpedfill 2 Double-bodiedowl (41-43) 1 Apollo/Amphora (105) 1 Parthenos/Owl on amphora,no symbol ( 15a) 1 Parthenos/ApolloDelios (143) 1 Parthenos/Illegible 1 Demeter/Poppy and wheat ear (150) 1 Triptolemos/Mysticstaffand wheat ear (154) 1 LysimachosposthumousAR tetradrachm(463) 1 Zeus/Horse (520c) 1 Two dolphins(643)

DEPOSITS,INCLUDINGHOARDS Antioch Roman

305

1 Zeus/SeatedZeus(995) 1 Tiberius,denarius,A.D. 27-37 (Agora II, no. 18),w2/3

time of Hadrian Dumpedfill 1 EleusisWreathedpiglet(55) 1 Parthenos/Owlon prow(152),w6 1 PeriodIV reducedAE 1, wornillegible,countermarked withA andamphora (p. 110above,P1.15 [115-158]a),w6 1 VAimperial,Athena/Owl(163),wl This last coin was found inside a small, completejug (Agora V, G 182). LayerIII Athens

to mid-1st centuryafterChrist D 11:1 Well, iumped fill IV *V *VII. Kroll 1973, p. 324, no. 1. Walker1980, p. 63, no. 36, Agora Athens 1 Owlthree-quarters r.,amphora(69) 1 Fulminating Zeus,plemochoe,cornucopia(91),w5 1 Parthenos/Owlon prow(152),w4 1 Parthenos/Sphinx (153),w6 2 Parthenos/Owlon amphora,cicada(158),w5 Cistern, dimped fill

D 15:3

second into fourthquarterof 4th centuryB.C.

AgoraXII: "ca. 375-330 B.C.",P. E. Corbett, "Attic Pottery of the Later Fifth Century from the Athenian

Agora,"Hesperia18, 1949 (pp. 298-351), p. 343, no. 140. 3 Double-bodied Athens owl,no symbol(42) Salamis 3 Nymph/Shield(640h-j) According to the unpublishednotes of Susan I. Rotroff, most of the pottery belongs to the mid- and third quarter of the 4th century, but one pot (P 5364) is later, probably of the last quarter.

D 17:5

Cistern

AgoraIV, *XXII. Young 1951 (under A-B 19-20:1 above), p. 182; D. B. Thompson, "Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas: V The Mid-Second Century B.C., VI Late Second Century B.C. to 86 B.C.,"

Hesperia34, 1965 (pp. 34-71), p. 50 (PapposilenosCistern). fill Upper Athens 2 Cicada/Amphora (85) 1 Twodolphins(643) Megara Lowerfill Histiaia 1 Maenad/Tripod(633)

third quarter2nd centuryB.C. second quarter2nd centuryB.C.

D-E 8-9:1

Cistern system (dumped fill) into early 3rd century B.C. *XXII. P. E. "Palmette from an Attic Black-Glaze Corbett, AgoraXX, Stamps Workshop," Hesperia24, 1955 (pp. 172-186), p. 178, no. 2.

Athens

E 14:2

1 EleusisPigleton staff(38) 1 Double-bodied owl(41-43) 1 Twoowls,Eleusisring(44) 1 Twoowls,no symbol(46) 1 Twoowls,variety?(44-47) 1 Wreathedpiglet,EAEYabove(48) 1 Wreathedpiglet,EAEYbelow(49) Well

Kroll 1973, pp. 325-327, no. 7. Walker 1980, pp. 69, 113-115, no. 49. AgoraIV, V, dating Level II to the late Ist century after Christ. But unless the three early Period V Athenian imperial fractions from near the top of this fill filtered down from Level III, it is probable that Level II continued into the 2nd century.

306

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS Level I: Lowerusefill Athens

Level II: Upperusefill Athens

Level III: Dumpedfill Athens

BithynianLeague

to mid- 1st century after Christ 2 Gorgoneion/Athena (139) 1 Dionysos/Athena (140) 3 Zeus/Dionysos (144) 1 Parthenos/Nike(147) 4 Parthenos/Athenaadvancing(149, 151) 2 Parthenos/Owl on Prow (152) 1 Parthenos/Sphinx(153) 1 Parthenos/Owl on amphora,cicada (158) probably early 2nd century after Christ 1 Parthenos/Owl on amphora,caduceus(124) 1 Zeus/Dionysos (144) 1 Parthenos/Nike(147) 4 Parthenos/Athenaadvancing(149, 151) 2 PeriodIV AE 1 worn illegible 2 VA imperial:Athena/Owl (163), 1 unworn, 1 heavilycorroded 1 VA (or B) imperialfractionno longer availablefor study 3rd century after Christ 1 Parthenos/Owl on amphora,wheat ear (122) 1 Parthenos/Athenaadvancing(149, 151) 1 PeriodIV AE 1 worn illegible 1 Hadrian/Temple (856)

Drawshaft (m;ddle fill) E 14:3 early 70's B.C. note 6. Kroll See Table VI, p. 329 below. Price 1964, pp. 32-33. 1973, p. 89, AgoraIV, *XXII. D. B. Thompson, "Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas: VII The Early First Century B.C., B. The Mask Cistern; VIII The Late First Century B.C.," Hesperia35, 1966 (pp. 252-267), pp. 252-259; Dlos XXVII, p. 391. 1 Owl three-quartersr., amphora(69) Athens 1 Demeter/Piglet (86) 1 Zeus/FulminatingAthena (89) 5 FulminatingZeus: 1 eagle, cornucopia(91) 1 two pilei (94) 2 starand crescents(97) 1 issue? 1 Two owls on thunderbolt(99) 1 Cicada/Owl on thunderbolt(100) 1 Apollo/Amphora (101 or 105) 5 Owl on amphora:3 no symbol (115) 1 poppy and wheat ears (118d) 1 issue? (115, 118-126) 1 Kore/Iakchos ( 17a) 2 Demeter/Triptolemos(127, 128) 3 Apollo/Cicada (131, includingg) 1 Apollo/Poppy and wheat ears (133a) 5 Apollo/Two wheat ears (135g-k) [1 Triptolemos/Mysticstaffand wheat ear (154f)24] 1 Athena/Horse (478a) Thessalonike 24 Worn and clearly intrusivecontaminationfrom the upper fill, as is also a fragment of Western Arretine ware

(P 20494), of the second or thirddecade afterChrist.

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS Macedon Thebes Euboian League Troizen Bithynia

307

1 Antigonos Gonatas: Athena/Pan (507) 1 Herakles/Thyrsos-club(605c) I Bull/Grapes (613a) 1 Poseidon/Trident(799) 1 ProusiasII (862)

to near end of 1st century B.C. Cistern The five IVD-E coins show little wear. there not late as but coins so stated. Period *XXII, IV; Agora 1 Parthenos/Tripod(138) Athens 1 Demeter/Poppy between wheat ears (150g) 2 Parthenos/Owl on prow (152) 2 Parthenos/Owl on amphora,cicada (158), one cut in half

E 15:3

A.D. 267 Hoard at Innwer corner of late wall F 10:2 Kroll 1973, p. 317, note 23, hoard a. Walker 1980, p. 72, no. 58. Athens 13 PeriodVI imperials,wl-2 (284f, 290, 301,318, 336, 348, 375b, 378, 380a, 382,

401 [2], 403) F 11:1 into early 2nd century after Christ Well, dlnmped fill Kroll 1973, p. 324, no. 4. Walker 1980, pp. 72, 117, no. 59. AgoraV VII. 1 Dolphin-trident/Plemochoe(129c),w3 Athens 1 Parthenos/Athenaadvancing,owl (149), w5 2 Parthenos/Illegible,PeriodIV AE I, w6 Roman 1 Trajan,plated denarius,A.D. 112-117 (Agora II, no. 51), w3 F 11:2

Well ca. late 290's B.C. fill much ceramic debris from to the Tholos around the turn of the 4th containing Dumped damage to the 3rd century B..: H. A. Thompson, "The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora, Eleventh Report: Buildings on the West Side of the Agora," Hesperia6, 1937 (pp. 1-226), pp. 165-167; dem, The Tholos ofAthensandIts Predecessors (HesperiaSupplement 4), Princeton 1940, pp. 98-101, 134-135. AgoraIV, XII. Susan I. Rotroff (*1984, pp. 343-346) associates the damage with a presumed civil disturbance either during the stasisof Lachares in March of 295 or during Demetrios Poliorketes' siege of Athens in 295/4. In either case the debris would have been cleaned up and discarded after Athens' capitulation in the spring of 294. Athens 1 AR tetradrachm(8h) 3 Double-bodiedowl (41-43) 1 Two owls on Eleusisring (44) 2 Two owls, no details (44-47) 1 Owl 1.(50), w2 2 EleusisHeavy wreathedpiglet (51), wl and 3 1 EleusisWreathedor unwreathedpiglet (38, 48, 49, 51, 55) F 19:6

Well IV *XXII. D6los XXVII, p. 391. Agora X, Chios 1 Sphinx/Amphora (944c)

G 6:2 (Group C)

Cislei

(sealed lower fill)

to mid-lst century B.C.

to early second quarter of 2nd century B.C. AgoraIV; XII; XXII, pp. 101, 109. H. A. Thompson, "Two Centuries of Hellenistic Pottery" Hesperia 3, 1934(pp. 309-476), pp. 345-369; *Rotroff 1983, pp. 276-278. Athens 2 Owl r. in wreath (50-54) 1 Two piglets/Mystic staff(62f)

308

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS 1 Athena/Triobol owl (64f) 1 Owl three-quartersr., amphora(69)

H 6:9

Cisle-

260's B.C.

(lower fill)

See p. 35 above. *Pounder(note 52 above, p. 35), pp. 243-244; Rotroff 1983, pp. 258-276, 283-294. AgoraIV X, XII, XXII. 1 Owlwithwreath(57g) Athens Fill in Great Drain

H 12:1

into thirdor fourthquarter of 2nd century B.C.

Kleiner 1976,pp. 11-15,32. AgoraIV, X, XXII. H. A. Thompson 1940(underF 11:2above),pp. 119-121. 2 Pigleton staff(39) Athens 7 Double-bodied owl(41-43)

Myrina Macedon Boiotian League Delos Knidos

7 Two owls (44-47) 3 Owl 1.(50) 1 Owl r., AOH (52) 12 Owl in wheat wreath(53) 1 Owl with cornucopia(59) 8 Owl r. (52-54, 57-60) 1 Two owls (65b) 2 Owl on thunderbolt(67j and r) 2 Owl three-quartersr.: 1 amphora(69) 1 symbol? (69, 70) 3 Demeter/Plemochoe (72-74) 7 Plemochoe/Eleusisring (75) 1 Zeus/Amphora (76g) 3 StandingZeus: 1 owl (78) 1 prow (79) 1 symbol? (78-80) 3 Owl on thunderbolt(81) 10 FulminatingZeus, eagle: 1 star(82) 1 wheat ear (83) 3 cornucopia(84) 5 symbol? (82-84) 2 FulminatingZeus, illegible(82-84) 4 Cicada/Amphora (85) 1 Demeter/Piglet (86e) 1 Zeus/Plemochoe (102g) 1 Apollo/Plemochoe (103e) 2 Athena/Owl (455) 3 AntigonosGonatas:2 Athena/Pan (507) 1 Herakles/Horseman(509) 1 Shield/Trident (592) 1 Demeter/Poseidon (595) 1 Apollo/Lyre (828h) 1 Apollo/Prow (954)

H 12:4 Gravelly pocket beside Great Drain See p. 294 above, with Plate 32:f (the 25 unstruck coin blanks). Walker 1980, p. 78, no. 72. 1 Double-bodiedowl, Eleusisring (43) Athens 1 Owl on thunderbolt(81)

to A.D.267

309

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS 1 Apollo/Owl with lyre (87) 1 Two owls on thunderbolt(99) 2 Parthenos/Owl on amphora,issue? (115, 118, etc.) 22 UnstruckPeriod V,reducedAE 1 blanks 3 UnstruckPeriodIV reducedAE 2 or 3 blanks 8+ PeriodVB-C imperials(177, 197, 204, 220, 226, 3+ unclassifiable) 3 PeriodVI imperials(297, 318-333, 409)

1JuliaDomna/llegible(448)

AugustaTraiana Korkyra Megara Sikyon Troizen

1 Herakles/Forepartof galley (57le) 1 Two Dolphins (643) 1 Dove feeding/Tripod (724) 1 Commodus/Theseus (800)

H 16:3 (Group B) to ca. 240 B.C. Cisterns AgoraIV; XII; XXI; *XXII, pp. 102, 108. H. A. Thompson 1934 (under G 6:2 above), pp. 330-345. V R. Grace, "Revisionsin EarlyHellenisticChronology"(witha "NumismaticAppendix"byJ. H. Kroll),AM 89, 1974, pp. 196-197, 202-203.

Athens

1 EleusisWreathedpiglet(48, 49, 51, 55), worn 1 Owlin wheatwreath(53),heavilyworn

H 16:4 (Group D) Pithos third quarter2nd centuryB.C. AgoraIV;XII; XXI; *XXII, pp. 102, 109-110. H. A. Thompson 1934 (underG 6:2 above),pp. 369-392; *Grace 1985, p. 37. Athens 1 Double-bodied owl(4143) 1 Owlwithcornucopia(59) 1 Cicada/Amphora (85) Eretria

1 Bull head/Octopus (627)

H-I 14:1

Fill near northwest corner of the Rectangular Peribolos Kleiner 1975, pp. 311-312, 329, deposit III. Athens 1 EleusisPiglet on staff(38) 3 Doubled-bodiedowl (41-43) 1 Two owls (44-47) 1 Owl with symbol (57-60) 1 Owl r. (52-54, 57-60) 1 Owl three-quartersr., amphora(69) 1 Owl on rudder(71) 2 Owl on thunderbolt(81, includingh) 1 Zeus/FulminatingAthena ([88-89]a) Thessalian League 1 Apollo/Athena Itonia (540g) 1 Two dolphins(643) Megara

H-K 12-14

Middle Stoa binlding

fill

to ca. 140 B.C.

to ca. 183 B.C.

See note 70 above, p. 50 and Kleiner 1975, pp. 304-313, 329, deposits I (constructionfill under floor of west end of the stoa)and II (fillbetween stoa and RectangularPeribolosto south).Kleiner 1976, pp. 29, 32. AgoraIV; XII; XIV, pp. 66-68; *XXII. Dilos XXVII, pp. 317-319. *Grace 1985, pp. 11-54. S. I. Rotroff, "The Long-PetalBowl from the Pithos SettlingBasin,"Hesperia 57, 1988, pp. 87-93. Athens 1 AR triobol(19c) 4 EleusisPigleton staff(38) 14 Double-bodied owl(41-43, including43m and [41-43]h)

310

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS

Myrina Macedon

ThessalianLeague Phokis Boiotian League Euboian League Chalkis Salamis Megara

Aigina Phlious Argos Tenos ?Erythrai Kos

36 Two owls (44-47, including44f, 46a, 46f) 15 Owl 1.(50, includingf and g) 2 Owl r., AeH (52, includingc) 8 Owl in wheat wreath(53, includingc) 13 EleusisWreathedpiglet (48, 49, 51, 55) 3 Two owls (56, includingg) 9 Owl with symbol (57-60) 13 Owl r. (52-54, 57-60) 1 Two piglets/Mystic staff(62e) 1 Two owls (65f) 1 Zeus/Athena Polias(66e) 1 Owl on thunderbolt(67h) 1 Artemis/Athena Polias(68d) 6 Owl three-quartersr.:3 amphora(69, includingj, k) 1 plemochoe (70c) 2 symbol? (69, 70) 1 Owl on rudder(71, includingh) 4 Demeter/Plemochoe (72-74) 3 Plemochoe/Eleusisring (75, includinge, g) 6 StandingZeus: 3 prow (79, includingb) 3 symbol? (78-80) 1 Owl on thunderbolt(81h) 12 FulminatingZeus, eagle: 4 star (82, includingf) 4 wheat ear (83, includingg) 4 cornucopia(84, includingf, g) 4 Cicada/Amphora (85, includingi) 2 Athena/Owl (455) 1 AV AlexanderIII (487) 1 Demetrios Poliorketes:Head/Prow (504) 2 AntigonosGonatas:Athena/Pan (507) 1 Athena/Horse (541c) 1 Athena/
I 1:3 Pit in southwest corner of the Rectangular Peribolos See p. 295 above and Plate 33:b. Walker 1980, pp. 83, 127-128, no. 85. 4 misstruckPeriodVI imperials,of which 2 are fragments Athens 38 unstruckblanksfor PeriodVI imperials

A.D.

264-267

311

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS Crossroads

J 5:2

Sanctuary

Enclosure

Layer of 420's

B.C.

See note 72 above, p. 17. 1 Platedtetradrachm Athens (9a) Red fill west of Odeion

late 1st (or early 2nd?) century afterChrist Kroll 1973, p. 324, no. 2. Walker 1980, pp. 65, 118, no. 89. AgoraVI, VII, X. H. A. Thompson, "Excavationsin the AthenianAgora: 1952,"Hesperia 22, 1953 (pp. 25-56), p. 42. With only a few exceptions, the Athenian PeriodIV coins are heavilyworn (w5-6). Athens 1 Twoowls(44-47) 1 Owlin wheatwreath(53) 3 Fulminating Zeus:1 eagle,star(82) 1 starandcrescents(97) 1 uncertainsymbol 2 Cicada/Amphora (85, 108) 1 Apollo/Cicada(131) 1 Parthenos/Fulminating Zeus(137) 1 Parthenos/Tripod (138) 2 Gorgoneion/Athena (139) 1 Parthenos/Apollo Delios(143) 2 Zeus/Dionysos(144) 2 Parthenos/Athena advancing(149, 151) 1 Parthenos/Owlon prow(152) 1 Parthenos/Owlon amphora,snake(157) 4 Parthenos/Illegible [1 PeriodVC imperial(279),intrusive] Abdera 1 Griffin/Apollo (435) Corinth 1 Nero/Bellerophon (691b),w3 1 I-IV Egypt Ptolemy (1009c)

K 9-10:1

Roman

1 Augustus/Illegible,w6 [1 Valeninian I, intrusive] [1 ConstansII, intrusive]

K 18:2 Cistern into early 2nd centuryB.C. handles ca. to V B.C.: 200 R. "The Grace, CanaaniteJar,"in TheAegeanandtheNear Stamped amphora Studies Presented to S. S. East, HettyGoldman, Weinberg;ed., Locust Valley,NY. 1956 (pp. 80-109), pp. 95, 107-108. Athens 3 Double-bodied owl(41-43) 1 Twoowls,plemochoe(45) 1 Owlin wheatwreath(53) 2 Owlr.(42-54,57-60) 1 Artemis/Athena Polias(68) 1 Owlthree-quarters r.,amphora(69) 1 StandingZeus,prow(79g) Myrina L 17:7 AgoraXII, XXII Athens

2 Athena/Owl (455) Cisteis 1 Archaicowl obol (7) 1 Owl r. (52-54, 57-60)

second half 3rd century B.C.

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS

312

to ca. 150 B.C.

Cistern

L 19:2 AgoraXXII.

Athens

1 EleusisPigleton staff(38c) 1 Double-bodied owl(41-43) 2 Twoowls(44-47) 1 Artemis/Athena Polias(68h)(inlowerfill,of late3rd/early2ndcenturyB.C.) 1 StandingZeus,symbol?(78-80) 2 or 3 Owl on thunderbolt(81)

1st to 6th century after Christ M 17:1 (Group M) Well, use fills Kroll 1973, pp. 325-326, no. 8, gives a synopsis of the coins recorded from the lowest three levels, representing the mid-ist to late 2nd centuries after Christ. It would be pointless to list these coins again since most of them have disintegrated or were discarded as being insufficiently legible after preliminary, and usually very vague, identifications were made at time of excavation in 1937. The interesting coin is an Athenian imperial Period VB fraction with Theseus or Herakles sacrificing reverse (199) recovered from Level I of the 1st century after Christ, apparently with another Period VB fraction that is now unavailable for examination. Coming from a continuous-use accumulation, these two 2nd-century coins were doubtless intrusions from a higher level in the well. Walker 1980, pp. 88, 114, 119, 130, no. 95. AgoraV VII. late 3rd to first quarter of 2nd century B.C. *AgoraXXII. D. B. Thompson, "Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas, The Second Century B.C. Part I, The Early Second Century," Hesperia32, 1963 (pp. 301-317), p. 317; idem1965 (under D 17:5 above),

M 18:10

p. 50.

Well, homogeneous

Athens Macedon Methymna

fill

1 Owlr.in wreath(52-54) 1 AntigonosGonatas:Athena/Pan(507) 1 Athena/Kantharos (901)

to 180's B.C. fill M 21:1 Cistern, homogeneous See p. 213 above. AgoraIV V XII, *XXII. H. A. Thompson 1948 (under B 17:1 above), pp. 160-161; G. R. Edwards, "Panathenaics of Hellenistic and Roman Times," Hesperia26, 1957 (pp. 320-349), pp. 345346; D. B. Thompson, "Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas, Part III, The Late Third Century B.C.," Hesperia32, 1963 (pp. 276-292), pp. 276-291 (Komos Cistern). Dilos XXVII, p. 391. 3 Two owls (44-47) Athens

Histiaia Egypt

2 Owlr.(52-54,57-60) owl(64g) 1 Athena/Triobol 1 owl(74b) 2 Demeter/Plemochoe: 1 symbol?(72-74) 2 Fulminating Zeus,eagle,symbol?(78-80) insertedtherelater) 8 AR tetrobols(632a-h)(hoardfromthe topof thefill,apparently 1 PtolemyI-IV (1009a),extremelyworn

to ca. 140 B.C. fill South Stoa II constrluctin M-N 15 1 I Stoa destruction VII Kleiner 1975, pp. 318-325, deposits VI (construction fill), debris), and VIII (South (South Stoa I latest floor fills). Kleiner 1976, pp. 29, 32. AgoraXII; XIV p. 68; *XXII. D. B. Thompson 1963 (under M 18:10 above), p. 317. DJlosXXVII, p. 392. 2 EleusisPiglet on staff(38) Athens 1 Piglet on staff(39) 7 Double-bodiedowl (41-43)

9 Twoowls(44-47, including46h) K7einer 2 Owl r., AeH (52) correcting

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS

Myrina Histiaia Chalkis Salamis Megara Corinth Elis Delos Pergamon Side

313

8 Owl in wheat wreath(53) 3 Owl r. (52-54) 2 EleusisWreathedPiglet (48, 49, 51, 55) 1 Two owls (56) 9 Owl with symbol (57-60) 2 Zeus/Athena Polias(66, includinga) 2 Owl on thunderbolt(67d, g) 1 Owl on rudder(7li) 4 Demeter/Plemochoe: 1 aplustre(73e) 3 symbol? (72-74) 3 Plemochoe/Eleusis ring (75) 1 Owl 1.with amphora(77b) 2 StandingZeus: 1 prow (79) 1 symbol? (78-80) 1 Owl on thunderbolt(81) 20 FulminatingZeus, eagle: 4 star(82, includingi) 3 wheat ear (83) 5 cornucopia(84, includingi) 8 symbol? (82-84) 2 Cicada/Amphora (85, includingf) 1 Zeus/FulminatingAthena (88c) 1 Apollo/Amphora (10le) 1 Athena/Owl (455) 1 AR tetrobol(632k) 1 Hera/Eagle (616-618) 1 Nymph/Shield (640-642) 1 Obelisk,dolphins(645Ae) 1 Pegasus/Trident(667m) 1 Zeus/Wreath (752b) 1 Apollo/Lyre (828i) 1 Athena/Coiled snake (872a) 1 Athena/Pomegranate(979b)

N 18:3

Cistern fill into early 2nd century B.C. *XXII. D. B. "Three Centuries of Hellenistic AgoraIV, X, XII, XII, Terracottas, II C. The Thompson, Satyr Cistern," Hesperia31, 1962 (pp. 244-262), p. 246, note 10. Athens 1 AR Triobol (19b) 1 Piglet/Mystic staff(63) 1 StandingZeus, prow (79h) 1 Athena/Owl (455h) Myrina Boiotian League 1 Demeter/Poseidon (595e) Chios 1 Sphinx/Amphora, MENEE (943)

N 19:1 (Group F) Cistern Price 1964, pp. 32-33, deposit III. AgoraIV, V, VII, *XXII. D. B. Thompson 1965 (under D 17:5 above), pp. 66-68 (Kybele Cistern). Dilos XXVII, p. 391. to end of 1st century B.C. Upperfill Athens 1 FulminatingZeus, star and crescents(97) 1 Two owls on thunderbolt(99) 1 Apollo/Lyre (I lla) 1 Parthenos/Tripod(138) 1 Parthenos/ApolloDelios (143) 1 Parthenos/Nike (147)

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS

314

1 Parthenos/Athenaadvancing,snake (151) 1 Parthenos/Owl on prow (152) 1 Parthenos/Owl on amphora(157 or 158) Middlefill Athens

Hermione

Sullan destruction debris 1 Owl three-quartersr., amphora(69) 1 FulminatingZeus, two pilei (94) 2 FulminatingZeus, star and crescents(97) 1 Two owls on thunderbolt(99) 2 Cicada/Owl (100) 1 Apollo/Cicada (131) 1 Demeter/Torch (792b)

soon after 86 B.C. N 20:4 Cistern See Table VI, p. 329 below. Price 1964, pp. 32-33, deposit I. Kleiner 1973, pp. 183-189. AgoraIV, V, *XXII. D. B. Thompson 1966 (under E 14:3 above), pp. 252-259. Dlos XXVII, p. 391. Athens

Egypt

1 Two owls (44-47) 1 EleusisWreathedpiglet (48, 49,51, 55) 2 Zeus/FulminatingAthena (1 89; 1 88, 89) 16 FulminatingZeus: 1 two pilei (94) 13 starand crescents(97) 2 symbol? 2 Two owls on thunderbolt(99) 1 Cicada/Amphora (108) 1 Owl on amphora,no symbol (115) 1 Demeter/Triptolemos(127, 128) 1 PtolemyI-IV (1009h) Cistern

N 20:6

to early 2nd century B.C.

AgoraXXII. Athens

1 Owl 1.(50) 1 StandingZeus, owl (78b)

Cistern D. B. Thompson 1962 (under N 18:3 above), pp. 244-262 (Satyr Cistern). AgoraIV XII,*XXII. 1st century after Christ Uppr fill 1 FulminatingZeus, starand crescents(97) Athens 1 Head/Bee (1033),worn Cyrenaica

N 21:4

Middlefill Athens

Chalkis Lowerfill Athens

Myrina or Hephaistia

first quarter 2nd century star 1 FulminatingZeus, eagle, (82), 1 FulminatingZeus, symbol? [1 Parthenos/Owl on prow (152), probablyfrom upper fill] 1 Hera/Eagle (618) last quarter 3rd century 2 Double-bodiedowl (41-43) 1 Two owls (44-47) 4 Owl 1.or r. (50,52-54,57-60) 1 Athena/Owl (455Ac)

B.C.

B.C.

DEPOSITS,INCLUDINGHOARDS 0 17:1

Cistern, dumped fill

315 into last quarter 1st century afterChrist

Kroll 1973, p. 324, no. 3. AgoraV VII. All coins extremelyworn. 2 Parthenos/Owlon amphora(115, 118-126) Athens Delios(143) 1 Parthenos/Apollo 1 Parthenos/Sphinx (153) 1 Parthenos/Illegible O-R 7-10 early 3rd centuryB.C. Square Peristyle bllHwAingfill in of 4th it teens and the the 20's Earlierdiscussionsof the building placed century (AgoraXIYVp. 61; 50, 1981 [pp. 343-355], p. 350), but EABC,pp. 146-147; H. A. Thompson, "AthensFacesAdversity,"Hesperia Sparksand Talcottbelievedthat the constructionfillwas "probablynot sealedoveruntil or near the end of the century"(AgoraXII, p. 396). Rotroffs reexaminationof the pottery and the subsequentidentificationof a coin fragment as belonging to an issue of Demetrios Poliorketes(Kroll 1982, pp. 241-242) have led to the currentdating to soon afterca. 300 (Rotroff1984, p. 348). Full publicationis forthcomingin R. F. Townsend, TheEastSideof theAgora:Remainsbeneath theStoaofAttalos,volume 27 in the Athenian Agoraseries. 8 Double-bodied Athens owl(41-43) 1 Twoowlsoverplemochoe(45) 2 Twoowls,no symbol(46) 4 Owl1.(50) 2 EleusisWreathedor unwreathed piglet(38, 48, 49, 51, 55) [1 StandingZeus(78-80), intrusive] Macedon 1 DemetriosPoliorketes (504h) [1 PhilipV (513),intrusive] In addition,an AthensTwo owls, no symbol(42) and EleusisPigleton staff(38) were found on the floorof the structurethat was demolishedto make way for the SquarePeristyle(EABC,p. 146, note 17). A third group of coins from the Square Peristyleis the hoard of six early 2nd-centuryAthenian bronzes found stuck together and embedded in the earthen floor of the building at grid P-Q 7-8. The coins are Kleiner 1975, p. 317, nos. 254-259 (depositV): 3 FulminatingZeus, eagle and star(82, includingg and h) and 3 FulminatingZeus, eagle and wheat ear (83, includingh and i). P 6:2 and Q6:2 Refuse pits early 2nd centuryafterChrist Fills of debris from buildings demolished for constructionof the Early Hadrianic Northeast Basilica. *T. L. Shear,Jr.,"The AthenianAgora: Excavationsof 1971,"Hesperia 42, 1973 (pp. 121-179), pp. 136-139, notes 39-42. Kroll 1973, p. 324, pl. 61, no. 5. Walker1980, pp. 94, 114, no. 109. Ah coins are exceedingly worn. 1 Zeus/Dionysos(144) Athens 4 Parthenos/Owlon prow(151) 2 Parthenos/Owlon amphora,cicada(158) Macedon 1 PhilipV or Perseus(514) One 151 and both 158 were found stuck to the bottom of a discardedterracottasavingsbank (Kroll 1973, pl. 61). P 7:10

Hoard or dropped purse

second quarter3rd century afterChrist Kroll 1973, p. 317, note 23, group b; but the absenceof any PeriodVI imperialsimpliesa date beforethe 260's. Walker1980, p. 95, no. 110. Athens 2 PeriodVB imperials(169-185, 172),w6 7 PeriodVC imperials(257, 262, 270, 278, 281 [2], 283), w4-5 Roman 1 Commodus,sestertius, A.D. 192(Agora II, no. 192),w5

316

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS

P 21:4

fill into early 2nd century B.C. Cistern, homogeneous Shear P XXII. 1973 and 6:2 154-156. *Agora Q6:2 above), pp. (under 1 Artemis/Athena Polias(68) Athens 1 FulminatingZeus, eagle, star(82) 1 FulminatingZeus, eagle, wheat ear (83) 2-3 Cicada/Amphora (85) [1 Parthenos/Athenaadvancing(149 or 151), heavilyworn and intrusive] 1 AntigonosGonatas:Athena/Pan (507) Macedon 1 Theodosius or colleague,A.D.393-395, intrusive] [Roman

P-R 6-12 Stoa ofAttalos buiilding fill to ca. 157 B.C. Kleiner 1975, pp. 313-318, 329, deposit IV (this deposit and Q-R 10-1 1:1; see also under O-R 7-10 for the coins listed in Kleiner 1975 as deposit V). Kleiner 1976, pp. 29, 32. AgoraIV; XII; XYI pp. 104-107; *XXII: to 145 B.C.;D. B. Thompson 1963 (under M 18:10 above), p. 317. DdlosXXVII, pp. 391-392. *Grace 1985, pp. 14-15: ca. 157 B.C.Rotroff 1988 (under H-K 12-14 above), pp. 92-93. 2 EleusisPiglet on staff(38, includingk) Athens 6 Doubled-bodiedowl (41-43) 9 Two owls (44-47) 1 Owl 1.(50) 1 Two owls (51) 1 Owl in wheat wreath(53) 3 Owl with symbol(57-60) 1 Athena/Triobol owl (64h) 3 Owl three-quartersr.: 1 amphora(69) 2 symbol? (69, 70) 2 Owl on rudder(71, includingj) 1 Demeter/Plemochoe, aplustre(73a) 1 Plemochoe/Eleusisring (75) 5 Owl on thunderbolt(81) 1 FulminatingZeus, eagle: cornucopia(84) 3 FulminatingZeus, symbol? (82-84) 3 Cicada/Amphora (85) 1 Zeus/Achaia (746e) Achaian League Cistern Q 9-10:1 See note 50 above, p. 253, under 845a (Paros). Hoard from pit in floor of house destroyed A.D. 267 Q 19:3 H. A. Thompson 1958, pp. 155-157, pl. 44. Kroll 1973, p. 318. Walker 1980, pp. 101, 129, no. 126. For the house in its rebuilt, post-Herulian phase, see AgoraXXIY pp. 39-40, pls. 6, 26, 29 (Areopagus House B). 1 PeriodVB imperial(illegiblehemidrachm,cf. Sv. 96.30, 31) w5 Athens 130 Period VI imperials (284 [15, including a-e], 285 [2, including a], 286, 287 [4, includinga, b], 288 [3, includinga], 289a, 291 [4], 293a, 298, 299a, 300, 301, 303a, 305, 306a, 307a, 31 la, 312, 313a, 314 [2, includinga], 318 [8, includinga], 320, 321 [2, includinga], 322a, 324 [3, includinga], 327, 331, 332, 333 [2], 334a, 337a, 338, 341 [2, including a], 343a, 346a, 348a, 349a, 350a, 351 [2, including b], 352, 353 [2, includinga], 356a, 358b, 361, 365, 368, 369, 372 [4, includinga, b], 374 [3, includinga], 375a, 376a, 377 [2], 378 [2, includinga], 382 [3], 383a, 384, 386 [2, including b], 387a, 388, 389, 391, 392a, b, 398, 399, 401 [10, including a, b], 402, 403a-c, 404 [2, includinga], 405 [3, includinga, b]) wl-2 2 Gallienus,antoniniani,wl-2 Roman

317

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS Q-R 10-11:1

Fill snder floor of Brick Bildlng

second quarter 2nd century B.C.

AgoraXXII. In Kleiner 1975, pp. 313-318, 329, cf Kleiner 1976, pp. 29, 32, these BrickBuildingcoins (Kleiner,nos. 220, 223, 233, 242, 245, 250) are listed togetherwith the coins from the more extensiveand slightlylater Deposit P-R 6-12, Stoa of Attalosbuildingfill. Athens

1 Two owls (44-47)

1 Owlwithsymbol(57-60) 1 Twopiglets/Mysticstaff(62b) 1 Fulminating Zeus,eaglecornucopia(84) 1 Fulminating Zeus,symbol?(82-84) Macedon

1 Antigonos Gonatas: Herakles/Horseman(509)

S 19:3 Cistlei (upper layer) to ca. 330-320 B.C. D. B. Thompson, "Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas,IA," Hesperia21, 1952 (pp. 116-164), pp. 120-164 (Coroplasts'Dump). AgoraIV,*XII. Athens

1 EleusisPiglet on staff(38) 6 Double-bodiedowl (41-43)

U 13:2 Library of Pantpanos North Stoa, floor fills of Room 7 See note 185 above, p. 92, with Plate 34 (a selection of thirty-four coins from fill "a"). *T. L. Shear, Jr., "The Athenian Agora: Excavations of 1973-1974," Hesperia44, 1975 (pp. 331-374), pp. 343-346, note 23. Walker 1980, pp. 108, 118, no. 145. The date of the first (construction) fill is that of the library itself, which was dedicated between ca. 98 and 103. The Period VB fractions in the second fill date it no earlier than the reign of Hadrian. All Athenian Period III and IV coins are exceedingly worn (w6). a. Packing beneath original floor (Floor A) Athens 1 Two-bodiedowl, Eleusisring (43)

ca. A.D. 100

1 Owlr.,AeH (52)

Side Greek imperials Roman

1 Owl three-quartersr., amphora(69) 3 FulminatingZeus (82-84, 90-97). Plate 34:1-3 = [82-84, 90-97]c, d; 97j 1 Two owls on thunderbolt(99) 1 Parthenos/Owl on amphora,wheat ears (122) 1 Parthenos/Tripod(138) 1 Gorgoneion/Athena (139) 2 Parthenos/Athenaadvancing,owl (149). Plate 34:4 = 149j 2 Parthenos/Owl on prow (152). Plate 34:5 = 152h 3 Parthenos/Owl on amphora,cicada or snake (157, 158). Plate 34:6, 7 = 158g, [157-158]a 26 PeriodIV AE 1 coins, worn illegible.Plate 34:8-33, with p. 110 above 1 Athena/Pomegranate(979a) 3 non-Athenianillegible 1 Titus: denarius,A.D. 79, w4. Plate 34:34

b. Packingbeneath second majorfloor (FloorD) Athens

1 Owl r. (52-54, 57-60) 1 Parthenos/FulminatingZeus (137) 1 Parthenos/Tripod(138) 1 Zeus/Dionysos (144) 1 Parthenos/Owl on amphora,cicada (158) 8 PeriodIV AE 1 worn illegible

ca. A.D. 125-130 or later

DEPOSITS, INCLUDING HOARDS

318

Roman

4 PeriodVB imperials:1 Athena/Owl (229, 230) 1 Owl on amphora(197) 1 Altar and olive tree (202) 1 Basketand snake (220) 1 Nero: denarius,A.D. 64-68 (BMCRE90-93), w4 2 Trajan:1 sestertius,A.D. 100 (BMCRE730-733), w4 1 dupondius,rev.illegible,w5

TABLES

320

TABLEI PERIOD I CHRONOLOGY Athens legend

(i) ca. 350's-early/mid-

Eleusislegend

38 Piglet on mystic staff, EAEYII (above) 15 emissions 15-18 mm., 3.20 g.

330's B.C.

39 [& 40] Piglet on mystic staff, AOE (above)[or below,40]) 13-15 mm., 2.51 g.

(i) ca.early/mid-330's through322/317 B.C.

A Double-bodiedowl, e E 41 on mysticstaff 13-15 mm., 2.14 g. 42 no symbol 11-15 mm., 1.75 g. 43 on Eleusisring 10-14 mm., 1.85 g.

(ii) 322/317-307 B.C.

44 Two owls over Eleusisring, A)E, in olive wreath 13-15 mm., 2.70 g. 45 Two owls over plemochoe, AO, in olive wreath 13-15 mm., 2.50 g

46 Two owls, no symbol, AG, in olive wreath 13-15 mm., 2.34 g.

48 Piglet in wheat wreath, EAEY(above) 13-15 mm., 2.55 g. 49 Piglet in wheat wreath, EAEY(below) 13-15 mm., 2.40 g.

47 Two owls, no symbol A9H, in olive wreath 14-15 mm., 2.81 (iv) 307-ca. 300 B.C.

50 Owl 1., He/A, in olive wreath 14-16 mm., 3.52 g.

51 Piglet in wheat wreath, EAEYZI(below) Heavy:15-17 mm., 3.73 g.

321

TABLEI: PERIOD I CHRONOLOGY

Athens legend

Eleusislegend

(v) 287-284 B.C.

52 Owl r., A/eH, in olive wreath 13-15 mm., 2.40 g.

284-270's B.C.

53 Owl r., A/e, in wheat wreath 12-15 mm., 2.37 g. 54 Owl r., A/e, in olive wreath 12-14 mm., 2.34 g.

(vi) ca. 270 B.C.

(vii) 260's B.C.

55 Piglet in wheat wreath, EAEYEI(below) Light:11-14 mm., 2.26 g.

A 56 Two owls, e in olive wreath 13-15 mm., 2.35 g. A Owl r., e E, with symbol 57 wreath 13-15 mm., 2.13 g. 58 wheat ear 13-15 mm., 2.27 g. 59 cornucopia 12-14 mm., 2.35 g. 60 Eleusisring

(vii) 261-229 B.C.

62 Two piglets 1./Upright mystic staff,A-E, in olive wreath 13-14 mm., 2.21 g. 63 Piglet r., (?)AeE/Upright mystic staff, EAE-YEI 12 mm., 1.50-1.75 g.

(Chronological position uncertain) 61 Demeter head/Plemochoe on Eleusisring, in wheat wreath, EAEYEI(above) 13-15 mm., 3.23 g.

322

TABLEII STRUCTUREOF THE PERIODII COINAGE AE 229 B.C.

AE2

64 Athena, Attic helmet/Triobol owl 66 Zeus/Athena Polias 68 Artemis/Athena Polias

224/3

B.C.

69 Athena, Attic helmet/Owl three-quartersr., amphora(struckover Antigonos Gonatas) 70 Athena, Attic helmet/Owl three-quartersr., plemochoe 72 Demeter/Plemochoe, Eleusisring (struckover ?) 73 Demeter/Plemochoe, aplustre(struckover 69, 70) 74 Demeter/Plemochoe, owl (struckover 69, 70)

198 B.C.

76 Zeus/Amphora with owl in olive wreath (struckover 69, 70, 72-74, and Antigonos Gonatas)

196 B.C.

78 Athena, Winged, then Corinthianhelmet/Standing Zeus, owl (firstones struckover?) 79 Athena, Corinthianhelmet/Standing Zeus, prow (some struckover ?) 80 Athena, Corinthianhelmet/Standing Zeus, wheat ear

ca. 190 B.C.

82 Athena, Corinthianhelmet/FulminatingZeus, eagle, star 83 Athena, Corinthianhelmet/FulminatingZeus, eagle, wheat ear 84 Athena, Corinthianhelmet/FulminatingZeus, eagle, cornucopia

ca. 183 B.C.

TABLE II: STRUCTURE OF THE PERIOD II COINAGE

AE3 229 B.C.

AE4

65 Athena, Attic helmet/Two owls 67 Athena, Corinthianhelmet/Owl r. on thunderbolt

224/3 B.C.

71 Athena, Corinthianhelmet/Owl r. on rudder 75 Plemochoe/Eleusis ring in wheat wreath

198 B.C.

77 Athena, winged helmet/Owl 1. with amphora in olive wreath

196 B.C.

81 Athena, Attic helmet/Owl r. on thunderbolt

ca. 190 B.C.

85 Cicada/Amphora

ca. 183

B.C.

323

324

TABLEIII LATEPERIODII AND PERIODIIIVARIETIES Number from Agora

Number from DelosI

Averageweight ofhoard speciens

Averageweight ofAgora specimens

Lead %3

0.22 (1)

AE2 Late PeriodII4 79

StandingZeus, prow

58

-

4.96 (1)

5.00 (27)

82

FulminatingZeus, star, eagle

41

-

6.25 (23)

6.19 (37)

83

FulminatingZeus, wheat ear, eagle

68

6.65 (40)

6.10(37)

84

FulminatingZeus, cornucopia,eagle

42

6.65 (26)

5.96 (23)

2.73 (1)

5.70 (9)

6.15 (5)

6.54 (1)

Period III 86

Demeter/Piglet

18

-

87

Apollo/Owl with lyre

24

-4.52

88

Zeus/FulminatingAthena, helmet, horse head

10

6.60 (29)

6.53 (6)

89

Zeus/FulminatingAthena, wheat ear, snake

23

5.97 (83)

5.36 (5)

90

FulminatingZeus, pileus, eagle

91

FulminatingZeus, plemochoe cornucopia,eagle

92

(12)

4.54 (11)

4

-

5.35 (12)

5.13(4)

25

-

5.48 (34)

5.12 (22)

FulminatingZeus, amphora cornucopia,eagle

1

-

5.94 (8)

3.72 (1)

93

FulminatingZeus, amphora eagle

18

5.96 (37)

5.20 (13)

94

FulminatingZeus, two pilei

69

2

6.04 (184)

5.55 (26)

95

FulminatingZeus, mysticstaff

10

-6.53

96

FulminatingZeus, thyrsos

9

97

FulminatingZeus, star and crescents

201

1

(63)

5.80 (8)

-

6.58 (83)

6.18 (6)

2

7.65 (235)

7.27 (62)

0.28 (1)

1.03 (2)

12.33 (3)

Svoronos1907,pp. 196,208,andSvoronos1911,pp.58, 78,87 (for Dos XXVH,p. 409,andIGCH324(forAE4 and5 varieties); Figuresfrtom

AE 2 varieties),and NumismaticCollection of Athens traysfor AE 3 varieties.

2 I, pp.24-27),and324 (note105above, WeightsfromIGCH316 (Kleiner1975),249,269, 276, 277,283 (Kleiner1976,pp.23-28),274(Pnyx p. 66). 3 AnalysesfromCaley,pp. 26-53 andJw' Stk, pp.639-640. 4 FourAE2 issueslistedfor withAE2 issuesof PeriodIII. andmetallurgical comparison metrological

TABLEIII: LATE PERIOD II AND PERIOD III VARIETIES Number from Agora

Number from Delos

Averageweight of hoard specimens

Averageweight of Agora specimens

325 Lead %

AE3 98

Athena/Amphora

99

Athena/Two owls on thunderbolt

100

Cicada/Owl on thunderbolt

29

2.55(24)

2.61 (12)

635

2.69 (579)

2.84 (147)

3.49 (182)

2.85 (18)

72

2

13.98 (2)

AE4 1

1.64 (15)

101

Apollo/Amphora

19

102

Zeus/Plemochoe

8

103

Apollo/Plemochoe

104

Artemis/Plemochoe

105

Apollo/Amphora

31

145

1.72 (20)

1.10 (1)

106

Kore(?)/Piglet

81

2

1.45 (42)

20.84 (1)

107

Nike/Quiver

33

7

1.34 (21)

108

Cicada/Amphora

58+?6

109

Cicada/Quiver

1.63 (7)

21

1

2

104

3

100

1.97 (1)

1.58 (10) 1.37 (2)

1.07 (27)

9

1.13 (20) 1.17(1)

AE5 110

Apollo/Owl on amphora

111

54

163

Apollo/Lyre

6

32

0.43 (3)

112

Apollo/Tripod

5

14

0.59 (5)

113

Apollo/Cicada

4

30

0.56 (3)

114

Athena/Tripod

2

1

0.34 (2)

s Someof these maybelongto variety101.

6

0.55 (6)

0.88 (11)

Tothetotalof fifty-eight shouldbe addeda substantial butuncertainnumberof specimens listedundertheheavierPeriodII Cicada/Amphora variety85. Seepp.65-66.

326

TABLEIV PERIOD IV AE 1 VARIETIES Number from Agora

Averageweight of Agora specimens

Averageweight of hoard specimens1

Lead %2

Period IVA: 86-42 B.C. 115 Parthenos/Owl on amphora, no symbol

60

10.46 (31)

116 Demeter/Triptolemos

1

117 Kore/Iakchos

2

9.07 (1)

10.82 (46)

118

Parthenos/Owl on amphora poppy and wheat ears

18

9.72 (13)

11.85 (11)

119

mysic staff

33

10.11 (16)

10.20 (16)

120

plemochoe

1

11.32 (1)

[9.57 (2)]

121

tripod

8

8.64 (5)

10.31(17)

122

two wheat ears

31

9.61 (11)

10.73 (26)

123

flower

124

caduceus

125

thyrsos

126

two pilei

1

5.15 (1)

11.50 (1) 9.61 (12)

10.78 (9)

9.72 (1)

[13.30 (2)]

25

9.40 (14)

10.99 (13)

45

7.65 (21)

9.24 (18)

139

7.47 (47)

8.67 (32)

9.93 (1)

139 Gorgoneion/Athena advancing

79

7.88 (30)

8.54 (17)

15.31 (2)

140 Young Dionysos/Athena advancing

29

5.68 (16)

6.31 (11)

18.82 (1)

143 Parthenos/ApolloDelios

81

5.33 (36)

5.84 (15)

152

5.47 (61)

6.33 (18)

23 1

Period IVB: 42/1-32 B.C. 137 Parthenos/FulminatingZeus 138 Parthenos/Tripod

144 Zeus/Bearded Dionysos head

22.73 (1)

1 ChaXdariand Agia Varvarahoards, Kroll 1973, pp. 106-119. The number of hoard coins weighed (in parentheses)is the same as the total numberof each varietypresentin the two hoards.Abnormalaverageweightsskewedby too small a sample are bracketed. 2 From Jew Styk,p. 640 and (forvariety 146) Caley,pp. 52-53, table IX, no. 10.

TABLEIV: PERIOD IV AE 1 VARIElT'IES Number from Agora

327

Averageweight of Agora specimens

Averageweight of hoard specimens

5

7.82 (5)

8.09 (3)

43

8.08 (17)

8.51 (14)

8.16 (1)

9.52 (1)

345

6.88 (101)

7.80 (118)

Lead %

Period IVC: 31-early 20's B.C. 146 Athena, Corinthianhelmet/Demeter 147 Parthenos/Nike 148 Parthenos/StandingZeus

1

10.45 (1)

Period IVD: mid-20's-19 B.C. 149

Parthenos/ Athena advancing,owl

151

Athena advancing,snake

135

6.83 (49)

7.53 (43)

152

Owl on prow

501

6.84 (140)

7.48 (88)

153

Sphinx

277

6.80(92)

7.57 (42)

18.68 (1)

17.49(4)

Period IVE: ca. later 10's B.C. 157

Parthenos/ Owl on amphora, snake

116

5.55 (38)

6.42 (49)

158

Owl on amphora, cicada

199

5.53 (57)

6.20 (58)

17.72 (1)

328

TABLEV PERIOD IV FRACTIONS Normal range of diametersand averageweightsof Agora specimens AE2

AE3

AE4

Period IVA: 86-42 B.C. 127 Demeter/Triptolemos 128

similar,with poppy head

16-18/5.76 (7) 15-17/4.35 (7)

129 Dolphin on trident/Plemochoe

14-17/4.09 (15)

130 Athena/Artemis

15-16/3.85 (6) 14-16/3.89 (35)

131 Apollo/Cicada

12/1.93 (1)

132 Apollo/Two wheat ears in wreath 133-134 Apollo or Athena/ Poppyand two wheat ears

10-12/1.84 (12)

135-136 Apollo or Athena/ Two wheat ears

10-11/1.74(25)

Period IVB: 42/1-32 B.C. 141 YoungDionysos/Kantharos

13-15/2.60* (16) 11-12/1.39* (19)

142 BeardedDionysos/Athena bust 145 Zeus/Eagle on thunderbolt

13-15/3.24 (13)

Period IVD: mid-20's to 19 B.C. 150 Demeter/Poppy and wheat ears

13-15/3.26 (26)

154 Triptolemos/Mysticstaffand wheat ear 14-15/3.46 (17) 155 Triptolemos/Nike

13-14/3.14(6)

156 Parthenos/Two owls on thunderbolt

15-19/2.97 (9)

* Note reductionof module size and weight after PeriodIVA.

329

TABLEVI THREEEARLYPERIODIVADEPOSITS Agora Deposit N 20:4

Delos 1910 Hoard'

Agora Deposit E 14:3

Before Period IV Various,includingnon-Athenian 97 FulminatingZeus, starbetween crescents

11

1

15 2w2

13wl-2

(87/6 B.C.)

Period IVA AE1 115 Owl on amphora no symbol (86 B.C.)

1 w2

9 w2-3

1 w2

117 Kore/Iakchos (?84 B.C.)

118 Owl on amphora poppy and wheat ears (early70's B.C.)

1 w2

1 w2 1 w? (damaged)

illegible symbol

--

3 w2-3

AE2 127 Demeter/Triptolemos

w2

(?84 B.C.)

127 or 128 Same, but poppy head?

lw? (damaged)

w3 1 w5]2

[154 Triptolemos/Mysticstaffand wheat ear

AE3 131 Apollo/Cicada

3w3-4

AE4 132 Apollo/Two wheat ears in wreath

4 w2-3

133 Apollo/Poppy and wheat ears 135 Apollo/Two wheat ears

1 IGCH322;Krol 1973, 87-88. The actualdateof burial be 69 B.c. note 145 pp. above,p. 82). may (see 154f,a wornPeriodIVD coin,is intrusive(seenote216 above,p. 109)andhencelistedherein brackets.

2

wl 5wl-3

330

TABLEVII HYPOTHETICAL DEVELOPMENTOF THE ATHENIANBRONZE SYSTEMS DENOMINATIONAL ANDCOMPARISON WITHTHEROMANSYSTEM

Modulel

Athens before 86 B.C.

(PeriodIII)

Athens 86-42

B.C.

(PeriodIVA)

Athens after 42

B.C.

(PeriodIVB-IVE)

( ARdrachm)

AE Hemidrachm (?12 denarius)

AE Hemidrachm (l denarius)

As (1 denarius)

AE Hemidrachm (' AR drachm)

AE Quarter-drachm (1 denarius)

Obol (I denarius)

Semis (?32 denarius)

AE Drachm

AE1

Hemiobol ( 1 AR drachm)

AE3

Roman2

AE Drachm (I denarius)

AEO

AE2

Athens 2nd cent. after Christ (PeriodV)

Quarter-obol AE Quarter-drachm (I AR drachm) (I (24 AR drachm)

discontinued

Quadrans (- denarius) Hemiobol3 (~ denarius)

AE4

AE5

Chalkous (1 AR drachm)

Chalkous? (' AR drachm)

Half chalkous (? AR drachm)

discontinued

Half chalkous? (1 denarius?)

Sextans

(1 denarius)

1 See pp. 38, 90 and Tables HI-V and VIII. After 42 B.c., the AE 1 and 2 modules were reduced in size and weight to become the effective equivalentof the formerAE 2 and 3 modules. 2 Using the generalweight/size modulesof the Corinthianduoviralbronze,Amandry,pp.82-83, table 12. s The fourthdenominationof Athens' imperialcoinage began at AE 3 size but was soon reducedto AE 4 for eriodVB (see Table VII).

331

TABLEVIII ATHENIAN IMPERIALDENOMINATIONS (Normal range of diameters,averageweights, and numbersof Agora specimens) Period VA

VB

VC

VI

Drachm

24-26 mm. 7.37 g. (175)

22-23 mm. 6.67 g. (709)

20-22 mm. 5.30 g. (1115)

Hemidrachm

18-22 mm. 5.40 g. (154)

Obol

16-18 mm. 4.28 g. (133)

16-18mm. 3.39 g. (18)

16-18 mm. 3.20 g. (36)

11-12 mm. 11-12mm. 1.50 g. 1.50 g. --(845)*-

12-13 mm. 1.53 g. (16)

Hemiobol

14-16 mm. 2.43 g. (250)

*It is impossibleto distinguishbetween VB and VC hemiobolswhen the obversedepicts some figureother than Athena. Nearly all the Athena-head hemiobols,however,appear to be VB, and this is probablythe case for the VB-VC hemiobols as a whole.

332

TABLEIX TOTALS OF ATHENIAN IMPERIAL DIES Based on specimensfrom the Agora and other public and privatecollections Number of obversedies Period VA

Total

Number of reversedies

hemiobols

28+

61

VB VB

drachms hemidrachms

32+ 12+

59 36

VB-C VB-C

obols hemiobols

24+ 60+

51 163

VC

drachms

55+*

133

VI VI VI

drachms obols hemiobols

ca. 280 15+ 6+

ca. 554 16 7

ca. 512+

ca. 1080

*Excludingfive or six "transitional"obversedrachmdies introducedin PeriodVB and continued in PeriodVC.

CONCORDANCES

CONCORDANCEOF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS A-1 A-10 A-81 A-99 A-159bis A-200 A-223 A-245 A-268 A-297 A-321 A-323 A-415 A-479 A-492 A-511 A-599a A-661 A-663 A-666 A-686 A-746 A-833 A-891 A-892 A-900 A-976 A-980 A-985 A-998 A-1046 A-1065 A-1104 A-1106 A-1109 A-1145 A-1230 A-1241 A-1272 A-1314 A-1427 A-1432 A-1443 A-1452 A-1466

507 532 667 153 105 197 115 801 162 551 108 567 567 546 963 516 831 663 846 187 59 892 249 643 669 963 571 745 12 57 788 613 453 508 149 151 [149, 151] 158 579 828 619 746 1022 62 64

A-1469 A-1550 A-1554 A-1582 A-1589 AA-14 AA-15 AA-23 AA-81 AA-119 AA-123a AA-171 AA-185 AA-191 AA-203 AA-230 AA-251 AA-266 AA-294a AA-297 AA-436 AA-444 AA-451 AA-461 AA-489 AA-507 AA-520 AA-555 AA-581 AA-605 AA-634 AA-665 AA-749a AA-755 AA-762 AA-766a AA-788

224 823 459 151 279 AppendixA 158 13 138 746 976 143 632 97 688 647 436 108 35 384 831 685 468 13 226 52 119 144 613 273 442 145 899 218 644 624 [115-126, etc.], p. 110

AA-845bis AA-873a AA-880 AA-939a AA-973 AA-977 AA-982

87 620 410 494 38 742 579

AA-984 AA-991 AA-995 AA-1001 AA-1002 AA-1003 AA-1004 AA-1006 AA-1007 AA-1009 AA-1012 AA-1013 AA-1016 AA-1018 AA-1019 AA-1022 AA-1023 AA-1028 AA-1029 AA-1030 AA-1032 AA-1033 AA-1034 AA-1035 AA-1049 AA-1050 AA-1052 AA-1056 AA-1057 AA-1059 AA-1062 AA-1063 AA-1067 AA-1069 AA-1070 AA-1072 AA-1079 AA-1081 AA-1083 AA-1085 AA-1087 AA-1089 AA-1091 AA-1092 AA-1096

595 [41-43] 648 392 401 405 311 284 338 356 403 401 383 318 285 322 324 327 284 353 307 314 358 378 313 287 376 351 321 375 404 405 374 386 284 372 392 350 303 306 299 403 284 387 403

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS

336 284 293 372 334 348 349 289 337 343 288 341 391 287 211 830 643 100 495 695 572 48 150 143 632 154 199 557 129 336 380 284 375 748 345 135 254 51

B'-729bis B'-770 B'-830 B'-849a B'-861 B'-910 B'-927 B'-928 B'-929 B'-935 B'-948 B'-962 B'-996 B'-1009 B'-1011 B'-1018 B'-1024 B'-1034 B'-1104 BB-7a BB-10 BB-15 BB-18 BB-20 BB-46 BB-51 BB-52 BB-63 BB-66 BB-130 BB-161 BB-177 BB-186 BB-226 BB-274 BB-285

110 944 41 750 79 721 908 128 206 489 130 944 126 90 119 65 50 616 153 727 579 66 163 504 781 647 153 122 767 562 [157,158] [115-126, etc.], p. 110 701 39 439 91

B-441a

886

BB-286

B-504 B-508 B-511 B-514 B-524 B-533 B-556 B-560 B-602bis B-606 B'-620a B'-646 B'-669 B'-693

522 8 70 1015 642 217 68 16 109 1037 437 923 875 116

BB-310 BB-324 BB-352 BB-416 BB-445 BB-475 BB-494 BB-499 BB-515 BB-546 BB-561 BB-602 BB-605 BB-619

AA-1097 AA-1098 AA-1099 AA-1101 AA-1102 AA-1103 AA- 1104 AA- 1109 AA-111 AA-1118 AA-1122 AA-1125 AA-1132 AA-1140 AA-1149 AP-25 AP-31 AP-34 AP-49a AP-50 AP-84 B-77 B-100 B-155 B-165 B-171 B-255a B-262 B-318 B-320 B-328 B-329 B-351 B-354 B-358bis B-370 B-374

BB-638 BB-639 BB-655a BB-666 BB-705 BB-706 BB-821 BB-841 BB-874 BB-892 BB-903 BB-945 BB-980 BB-1015 BB-1203 BB-1219 BB-1221 BB-1231 BB-1252 BB-1259 BB-1262 BB-1263 BB-1280 BB-1292 BB-1300 BB-1315 Br-68 Br-230 Br-238 Br-279 Br-293 Br-465 Br-895 Br-921 Br-931 Br'- 11 Br'-281

616 762 543 498 770 108 625 965 1007 48 828 732 122 149 17 576 631 964 1020 741 485 667 87 879 768 697 866 10 10 439 812 98 9 574 675 153 166

51

Br'-309

473

604 20 401 134 838 81 99 238 673 492 1013 137 [149, 151] 465

Br'-432 B'-474 Br'-486 Br'-487 Br'-875 BA-56 BA-72 BA-78 BA-107 BA-197 BA-207 BA-316 BA-343 BA-362

608 915 652 655 42 59 850 108 127 135 38 460 616 514

CONCORDANCEOF CATALOGUED AGORACOINS BA-363 BA-405 BA-414 BA-437 BA-438 BA-482 BA-522 BE-73 BE-115 BE-298 BE-325 BE-337 BE-424 BE-483 BE-487 BE-501 BE-541 BE-576 BZ-29 BZ-73 BZ-165 r-2

137 431 144 26 953 609 746 20 3 490 12 13 1037 226 573 1037 602 490 728 955 1038 731

r-421 r-432 r-456 r-483 r-484 r-489 r-498 r-507 r-522 r-540 r-619 r-637 r-642 r-654 r-670 r-685 r-727 r-781 r-806a r-873 r-912 r-963

205 152 644 726 152 963 125 872 94 579 507 759 13 58 76 873 549 504 839 618 541 147

r-1224 r-1239 r-1251 r-1258 r-1284 r-1323 r-1330 r-1356 r-1390 r-1412 r-1432 r-1441a r-1441b r-1452 r-1456 r-1463 r-1467 r-1481 r-1481a r-1482 r-1522 r-1565

337

1009 746 927 362 79 645B 1012 743 512 894 640 640 640 255 33 939 946 831 682 272 856 829

r-98

968

r-964a

440

r-1568

757

r-110 r-121 r-124 r-137 r-140 r-149 r-153 r-158 r-164 r-170

106 956 709 37 99 50 156 483 595 137

r-969 r-981 r-1036 r-1038 r-1043 r-1045 r-1054a r-1054b r-1055 r-1056

612 57 862 154 118 127 135 135 605 127

r-1584 r-1605 r-1608 r-161 la r-1612 r-1612a r-1617a r-1630 rr-4 rr-5

802 106 788 98 984 824 551 99 667 449

r-171

441

r-1059

135

rr-8

81

r-208 r-242 r-279 r-291 r-301 r-302 r-325

101 94 284 692 644 226 57

r-1063 r-1064 r-1068 r-1080 r-1082 r-1084 r-1088

613 133 131 135 799 117 1037

rr-14 rr-18 rr-23 rr-26 Fr-37 rr-38 rr-44

141 147 595 1016 44 194 645A

r-326

111

r-1098

507

rr-47

409

r-354 r-359 r-368 r-376 r-381 r-384 r-391 r-393 r-396 r-404

76 806 308 739 53 953 67 971 857 176

r-1099 r-1105 r-1110 r-1122 r-1150b r-1197 r-1204 r-1205 r-1208 r-1222

478 685 507 1034 158 793 150 680 46 [64,66, or 68]

rr-49 rr-65 rr-69 rr-77 rr-87 rr-94 rr-95 rr-97 rr-99 rr-101

902 835 629 944 188 129 1000 52 234 142

AGORACOINS CONCORDANCEOF CATALOGUED

338

rr-108 rr-1 0 rr-122 rr-151 rr-181 rr-187 rr-191 rr-225 rr-258

593 616 694 97

152 502 1002 944 [115-126, etc.], p. 110

rr-420 A-3

473 [149, 151] 791 132 507 53 704

A-9

76

A-26 A-31 A-67 A-94 A-137 A-155 A-163 A-165 A-169 A-195a A-207 A-208 A-217 A-222 A-234 A-244 A-257 A-267 A-268 A-270 A-287 A-293

454 46 138

rr-268

rr-285 rr-291a rr-301 rr-348

A-308a

A-317 A-322 A-347 A-347a A-356 A-416 A-422 A'-482a AA-4

AA-7a AA-11

703 147 618

142 592 101

432 43 39 489

8 567 53 186 41 605 [41-43] 92 19 778 922 22 69 456 64 69 103 563 226 482 56

AA-22 AA-39 AA-50 AA-51 AA-55 AA-61

AA-63 AA-72 AA-80 AA-81 AA-82 AA-90 AA-91

AA-92 AA-93 AA-94 AA-95

AA-96 AE-1 AE-6 AE-10 AE-14 E-24 E-65a E-91 E-155a E-189 E-242 E-260 E-318

E-356 E-441 E-473 E-474 E-545 E-548 E-551 E-562 E-724 E-729 E-803 E-869 E-887 E-988a E-1053 E-1104 E-1148 E-1163 E-1206 E-1245 E-1295

811 81 38 944 54 383 68 632 64 74 1009

632 632 632 632 632 632 632 695

571 126 208 144 979 455A 555 13 19

152 142 488 [115-126, etc.], p. 110

46 99

4 100

959 13 14 105 631 416 564 457 112 14 828 431 29 553 990

E-1299

E-1325 E-1365 E-1456 E-1463 E-1484 E-1494 E-1553a E-1610 E-1611 E-1685 E-1703 E-1787 E-1917 E-1946 E-2024 E-2122 E-2175 E-2249 E-2334 E-2368 E-2406 E-2410 E-2420 E-2430 E-2450 E-2458 E-2494 E-2499 EE-4 EE-22 EE-25 EE-30 EE-37 EE-40 EE-68 EE-78 EA-15 EA-182 EA-189 EA-203 EA-215 EA-223 EA-320 Z-1 Z-27 Z-147 Z-275 Z-320 Z-344 Z-393 Z-394

113 480 16 942

38 868 615 764 71 614 677 10

903 55 497 211 163 13 151 226 985 48

620 16 771 97 500 154

152 35 666 812 425 67 91

740 1033 1037 840 83 243 699 43 488 AppendixA [115,118-126] 761 39 786 803 377 43

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS Z-400 Z-412 Z-415 Z-416 Z-438 Z-457 Z-461 Z-470 Z-475 Z-517a Z-526 Z-605 Z-610bis Z-653 Z-671 Z-680 Z-683 Z-699 Z-733 Z-767 Z-833 Z-902 Z-904 Z-917 Z-939a Z-984a Z-1003 Z-1020 Z-1077 Z-1103 Z-1108 Z-1113 Z-1118 Z-1147 Z-1180 Z-1182 Z-1190 Z-1196 Z-1214 Z-1273 Z-1366 Z-1398 Z-1408 Z-1506 Z-1511 Z-1528 Z-1538 Z-1581 Z-1687 Z-1695

667 771 357 882 240 832 466 701 635 1007 183 776 101 691 12 133 794A 226 241 [115-126, etc.], p. 110 29 797 153 155 636 940 1038 667 [115-126, etc.], p. 110 809 143 157 507 223 725 [115,118-126] 895 [157,158] 393 1038 796 67 332 73 1038 114 153 268 221 477

Z-1716bis Z-1725 Z-1756a Z-1895 Z-1922a Z-1963 Z-1965 Z-1973 Z-1975 Z-1979 Z-2032 Z-2096 Z-2099 Z-2126 Z-2135a Z-2145 Z-2198bis Z-2205 Z-2221 Z-2231 Z-2239 Z-2248 Z-2268 Z-2403 Z-2416 Z-2440 Z-2541 Z-2594 Z-2617 Z-2643 Z-2644bis Z-2661 Z-2711 Z-2716 Z-2723 Z-2738 Z-2743 Z-2750 Z-2759 Z-2767 Z-2769 Z-2781 Z-2785 Z-2798a Z-2804 Z-2812 Z-2835 Z-2837 Z-2852 Z-2854 Z-2856 Z-2869

114 982 484 140 729 771 234 199 209 365 907 571 800 1036 448 620 100 106 246 152 620 724 536 68 184 823 12 138 13 789 85 638 69 182 103 86 102 67 223 828 76 78 19 580 827 67 954 828 110 455A 65 3

Z-2884 Z-2944 Z-2964 Z-2986 Z-2994 Z-2995 Z-3004 Z-3005 Z-3011 Z-3303 ZZ-34 ZZ-35 ZZ-95 ZZ-109 ZZ-129 ZZ-135 H-8 H-17 H-46 H-83 H-133 H-144 H-163 H-292 H-416 H-417a H-421 H-941 H-1002 H-1112 H-1148 H-1234 H-1380 H-1439 H-1465 H-1466 H-1544 H-1568 H-1714 H-1718 H-1725 H-1757 H-1761 H-1777 H-1810 H-1887 H-1907 H-1935 H-1936 H-1937 H-1938 H-1962

339 153 602 620 55 426 50 1037 909 599 964 99 133 297 464 152 618 827 97 507 158 925 579 686 491 234 736 34 742 1017 721 21 424 632 [157,158] 16 16 691 538 917 144 16 619 705 871 1037 158 550 16 16 16 16 16

340 H-2024 H-2099 H-2134 H-2151a H-2164 H-2165 H-2166 H-2186 H-2190 H-2192 H'-2245 H'-2247 H'-2326 H'-2337 H'-2357 H'-2504 H'-2602 H'-2627a H'-2682 H'-2742a H'-2755 H'-2817 H'-2901 H'-2939 H'-3178a H'-3181 H'-3273 H'-3296bis H'-3298 H'-3301 H'-3347 H'-3379 H'-3439 H'-3542 H'-3562 H'-3565 H'-3600 H'-3619 H'-3647 H'-3648 H'-3678 H'-3726 H'-3758 H'-3811 H'-3850 H'-3859 HH-26 HH-27 HH-60 HH-77 HH-217 HH-222

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS 16 75 16 1024 16 16 16 58 510 658 44 50 507 29 153 19 935 13 428 989 749 171 38 944 867 38 38 136 645 616 32 240 544 580 577 649 129 679 407 69 707 997 721 973 21 8 143 [41-43] 93 152 79 67

HH-283 HH-322 8-24 8-69 8-94 8- 14 8-148 8-150 8-166 8-174 8-182 8-189 8-206 8-218 8-231 8-237 8-240 8-242 8-269 8-272 8-274 8-288 8-291 8-296 8-309 8-314 8-335 8-336 8-345 8-351 8-352 8-354 8-357 8-370a 8-373 8)-375 8-384 8-390 8-396 8-399 8-401 8-403 8-414 8-426 8-450 8)-462 8-499 8-505 8-534 8-624 8-637 8-657

613 614 819 676 51 100 84 44 1009 89 1038 507 45 35 73 82 79 541 46 721 [41-43] 580 958 69 991 65 588 849 464 817 541 667 300 456 836 64 76 637 45 613 670 53 847 [115,118-126] 723A 551 167 455 67 10 68 455A

8-672

8-696 8-714 8-737 8-768 8-785 8-787 8-792bis 8-857 8-949 8-991 8-994 8-999

88-6 Ei8-25 88-123 I-i I-50 I-52 I-57 I-143a 1-168 1-227 1-312 I-320 I-328 I-487 I-488a I-502a I-509 '-559 I-560 I-567 '-593 I-650 I-696 1-768 1-796 I-799 I-812 1-846 I-855 1-894 1-895 I-925 I-969 I-970 I-983a I-1034 1-1036

153 596 85 35 151 56 44 85 542 195 99 452 871 509 [115-126, etc., p. 110 790 1028 165 783 457 616 694 540 532 84 [115,118-126] 611 532 1025 796 298 406 375 582 359 259 906 319 387 119 575 95 75 667 948 974 39 354 996 744 364

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS I-1043 1-1047 I-1055 I-1115a 1-1209 1-1235 I-1257a 1-1262 1-1324 I-1336 1-1344 1-1400 1-1420 1-1458 1-1483 1-1520 I-1537 1-1550 I-1590 1-1592 1-1603 I-1607 I-1635 I-1664 II-6 II-8 II-28 II-66 H1-243 II-247 H1-289 11-353a H-419 H-447 11-453 II-489 H-510 H-582 II-592 II-615 1-616 HI-629 II-644 H-650 K-7 K-8 K-38 K-39 K-83 K-92 K-125 K-138a

248 719 947 1032 524 631 694 265 412 [248-283] 5 358 301 105 156 361 152 881 446 880 912 164 585 154 504 832 38 672 175 158 89 865 938 591 112 64 10 559 13 68 99 59 229 476 475 974 606 86 788 983 151 628

K-154 K-176 K-201 K-269 K-290 K-294 K-299 K-326 K-360 K-366 K-367 K-401 K-433a K-476 K-520 K-552 K-584 K-587 K-645a K-772 K-779 K-801 K-830 K-841 K-861 K-882 K-898 K-907 K-937 K-939 K-975a K-981 K-1004 K-1022 K-1028 K-1036 K-1054 K-1073 K-1086 K-1176 K-1184 K-1190 K-1198 K-1211 K-1254 K-1255 K-1262a K-1264 K-1282 K-1284 K-1294 K-1298

568 459 143 67 49 519 722 [636] 102 [149, 151] 217 43 602 [149, 151] 102 855 138 131 419 44 972 999 782 944 1008 1009 12 629 620 12 931 86 507 634 108 140 13 451 721 1001 863 130 106 107 142 106 99 94 607 102 69 75

K-1301 K-1307 K-1310 K-1317 K-1320 K-1322 K-1327 K-1356 K-1387 K-1388 K-1398 K-1415 K-1422 K-1428 K-1452 K-1458 K-1466 K-1467 K-1469 K-1477 K-1482 K-1487 K-1496 K-1497 K-1505 K-1518 K-1536 K-1549 K-1551 K-1558 K-1562 K-1568 K-1586 K-1592 K-1603 K-1610 K-1616 K-1622 K-1630 K-1633 K-1647 K-1676 K-1687 K-1692 K-1702 K-1730 K-1756 K-1759 K-1770 K-1796 K-1821 KK-9

341 46 507 646 97 592 71 [78-80] 19 488 30 179 [149,151] 958 43 379 89 81 540 600 1035 382 141 620 1037 489 [115,118-126] 790 81 980 457 774 1037 667 136 149 71 50 [82-84,90-97] 115 312 64 1006 122 160 50 25 490 103 48 515 251 661

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUED AGORACOINS

342 KK-9bis KK-12 KK-14 KK-27 KK-29bis KK-59 KK-65

131 [157, 158] 126 821 135 120 153

KK-67 KK-82a KK-114 KK-134 KK-149 KK-166

82 636 237 52 138 1037

KK-208' KK-209a KK-231 KK-244 KK-267 KK-278a KK-282 KK-300 KK-331 KK-359 KK-419bis KK-435 KK-461 KK-523 KK-538 KTA-2 KTA-15 KTA-17 KTA-19 KTA-51 KTA-57 KTA-105 KTA-106 KTA-109

779 702 152 678 536 851 128 276 618 137 113 247 10 520 621 541 151 692 589 163 52 84 616 888

KTA-115

13

KTA-117 KTA-120 KTA-121 KTA-123 KTA-130 A-1 A-9 A-11 A-20 A-44 A-56 A-72bis A-73 A-94

280 1010 988 518 632 38 38 527 [82-84,90-97] 713 263 135 124 89

A-119 A-164 A-190 A-210a A-214 A-224 A-225 A-229 A-265 A-283 A-291 A-315 A-400 A-405 A-410 A-414 A-415 A-417 A-419 AA-30 AA-50 AA-54

775 152 149 507 42 618 812 646 4 504 478 516 53 751 50 75 488 44 22 640 60 [115-126, etc.], p. 110

AA-64 AA-73

AA-110 AA-126 AA-161

AA-167 AA-178 AA-185 AA-222 AA-247 AA-254 AA-256 AA-260 AA-263 AA-268 AA-271 AA-276 AA-278 AA-285 AA-295 AA-298 AA-299 AA-300 AA-328 AA-365 AA-387 AA-404 AA-488

538 161 783 418 693 528 167 10

613 139 117 163 727 [115-126, etc.], p. 110

995 56 84 160 143 43 520 115 463 75 160 222 153 139

AA-505 AA-540 M-36 M-78a M-94 M-107 M-129 M-140 M-141 M-191 M-193 M-208 M-209 M-282 M-353 M-430 MM-23 MM-26 MM-27 MM-36 MM-83 MM-104 MM-136 MM-139 MM-150 MM-172 MM-193 MM-346 MM-366 MM-378 MM-430 MM-446 MM-485 MM-500 MM-505 ME-14 ME-20 ME-31 ME-35 ME-53 ME-57 ME-58 ME-64 ME-67 ME-99

ME-131 ME-136 ME-157 ME-169 ME-176 ME-186 ME-192

859

153 229 934 634 97 12 283 967

367 363 227 644 124 122 571 492 898 853 244 48 678 687 257 476 963 152 157 808 69

69 248 95 162 144 84 53 455 43 663 662 70 141 62 743 85 496 14 55 49 48 643

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS ME-204 ME-212 ME-216 ME-230 ME-238 ME-249 ME-261 ME-270 ME-295 ME-304 ME-315 ME-316 ME-328 ME-327 ME-337 ME-366 N-2a N-95a N-96 N-166 N-202 N-230 N-298 N-316 N-328 N-339 N-340 N-372a N-429 N-44o N-529 N-581a N-583 N-620 N-663 N-722 N-723 N-805 N-813 N-824 N-833 N-850 N-899 N-963 N-976 N-1112 N-1113 N-1116 N-i 120 N-1138 N-1167 N'-1257

487 916 66 82 50 51 69 56 752 782 67 83 507 53 66 52 1019 1007 629 106 368 634 65 430 747 146 118 704 686 137 507 921 87 929 138 149 245 978 138 150 [149, 151] 53 107 842 651 143 934 435 1037 691 1009 831

N'-1290 N'-1315a N'-1321 N'-1342 N'-1343 N'-1360 NN-9 NN-20 NN-50 NN-57 NN-66 NN-84a NN-113 NN-128 NN-131 NN-139 NN-143 NN-163a NN-200 NN-201 NN-208 NN-210 NN-217 NN-224 NN-263 NN-279 NN-322 NN-328 NN-368 NN-404a NN-439 NN-447 NN-465 NN-474 NN-502 NN-524 NN-565 NN-569 NN-595 NN-618 NN-661 NN-666 NN-676 NN-679 NN-683 NN-689 NN-702 NN-705 NN-743 NN-781 NN-788 NN-816

281 845 20 220 626 640 761 97 82 847 261 733 966 689 504 579 773 891 108 1018 248 219 229 149 743 443 95 43 150 775 892 723 671 107 1037 139 122 160 926 844 1000 408 148 142 105 665 717 734 645A 57 56 150

NN-833 NN-841 NN-857 NN-881 NN-922 NN-934 NN-935 NN-957 NN-963 NN-968 NN-969 NN-978 NN-979 NN-987 NN-995 NN-1004 NN-1006 NN-1009 NN-1014 NN-1036a NN-1048 NN-1054 NN-1066 NN-1072 NN-1074 NN-1085 NN-1088 NN-1 106 NN-1113 NN-1 120 NN-1121 NN-1 122 NN-1 126 NN-1 151 NN-1 165 NN-1205 NN-1220 NN-1243 NN-1259 NN-1283 NN-1284 NN-1285 NN-1297 NN-1299 NN-1304 NN-1309 NN-1318 NN-1323 NN-1334 NN-1369 NN-1370 NN-1372

343 409 305 828 153 81 6 828 [82-84,90-97] 301 686 508 590 554 136 1004 [636] 35 1016 644 450 1000 643 153 56 12 965 614 593 933 103 469 760 452 883 119 124 99 67 70 410 85 137 13 110 90 138 157 128 167 593 150 82

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS

344? NN-1 396 NN-1401 NN-1445 NN-1455 NN-1462 NN- 1484 NN- 1498 NN-1546a NN-1556 NN-1581 NN-1585 NN-1586 NN-1612 NN- 1625 NN-1633 NN-1 642 NN-1653 NN-1656 NN-1658 NN-1665 NN-1669 NN-1686 NN-1688 NN-1719 NN-1730 NN-1732 NN-1 741 NN-1746 NN-1754 NN-1786 NN-1788 NN-1789 NN-1790 NN-1804 NN-1828 NN-1835 NN-1836 NN-1843 NN-1845 NN-1863 NN-1871 NN-1876 NN-1887 NN-1 888 NN-1906 NN-1937 NN-1952 NN-1953 NN-1964 NN-1966 NN-1972 NN-1979

585 85 10 509 500 613 453 138 103 1014 507 65 831 35 157 539 743 103 71 933 662 489 506 54 944 107 644 74 643 1010 66 9 455 879 588 822 932 587 54 761 645B 640 617 1009 598 944 85 626 994 645A 1013 58

NN-1990 NN-1992 NN-1994 NN-2004 NN-2013 NN-2015 NN-2022 NN-2024 NN-2035 NN-2040 NN-2046 NN-2053 NN-2056 NN-2062 NN-2068 NN-2071 NN-2099 NN-2103 NN-2104 NN-2104a NN-2116 NN-2120 NN-2122 NN-2123 NN-2135 NN-2160 NN-8777a NSR-76

-52 134 ~-207 %-278 289 E-292 E-426 -428

E-44e0 -465 E-467 E-518 %-589 %-598 =-683 =-706 ~-729 =-734 E-795 -802 .-803 E-825

613 540 819A 38 825 197 794 645B 62 50 493 109 616 756 442 46 54 613 640 521 507 11 [41-43] 426 13 433 979 105 958 109 587 88 226 144 969 344 489 152 507 584 690 85 227 738 427 467 381 667 299 82 770 515

E-3a

~~-9a ~~-25a %.-25b ~-27 ..-28a

Et~-28b &--30

%..-63

I.h.-77d r-"%.-78

&..-79 &..0-82 O-82a Sr

0-1 0-137

0....-86a

0-177 0-196 0-204 0-239 0-323 0-375 0-4126 0-428 0-4277 0-434 0-244 0-475 0-528

0-583

318 490 659 1007 641 588 588 56 57 57 [57-60] 529 644 588 588 54 55 616 505 662 53 581 584 502 462 422 594 15 874 723 618 534 1007 71 115 115 9 530 102 783 351 1036 536 304 780 444 951 714 579 565 789 1009

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS 0-589 0-619 0-629 0-635 0-647 OA-15 OA-125 OA-181 OA-217 OA-219 OA-220 OA-245 OA-259 OA-270a OA-275 OA-290 OE-42 OE-43 00-14 00-35 00-50 00-51 00-97a 00-173 00-220 00-246 00-256 00-263 00-269 00-270 00-272 00-273 00-290 00-305 00-320a 00-327 00-332 00-338 00-363 00-385 00-412 00-431 00-447 00-453 00-454 00-461 00-468 00-473 00-476 00-510 00-528 00-533a

161 1036 951 170 727 870 163 721 928 283 13 878 99 957 110 905 59 45 540 182 718 798 823 1000 897 28 993 111 203 166 712 602 531 507 552 507 54 504 871 887 613 394 601 140 818 38 102 910 790 55 81 876

00-543 00-546 00-551 00-563 00-597a 00-618 00-619 00-621 00-673 00-683 00-698 00-705 00-726a 00-729a 00-742 00-750 00-771 00-799 00-814 00-815 00-826 00-848 00-865 00-875 00-934 00-945 00-948 00-956 00-982 00-986 00-1011 00-1013 00-1032 00-1039 00-1043 00-1045 00-1051 00-1054 00-1069 00-1075 00-1089 00-1105 00-1116 00-1121 00-1127 00-1134 00-1141 00-1142 00-1147 00-1149 00-1152 00-1160

1027 975 154 485 807 147 269 1009 571 672 545 1030 556 970 683 613 1036 608 15 59 181 724 769 1009 439 944 586 135 737 772 485 221 43 1016 633 640 496 929 99 643 77 [149, 151] 143 19 119 18 59, seep. 171 421 159A 19 71 962

00-1187 00-1196 00-1203 00-1210 00-1215 00-1222 00-1228 00-1230 00-1246 00-1248 00-1261 00-1263 00-1276 00-1286 00-1330 00-1343 00-1376 00-1379 00-1424 00-1479 00-1480 00-1481 00-1486 00-1499 00-1506 00-1586 OX-9 1-2 H-8 1-10 1-30 II-59 I-148a H-173 1-240 11-265 H-289 1-293 1-304 11-330 1-347 1-420 1-447 11-464 1-473 1-507 11-525 1-532 1-536 1-569 1-571 1-602

345 683 335 224 667 [149, 151] 103 210 153 492 152 847 1037 1036 1031 622 501 197 620 860 458 153 621 115 981 172 144 [133,134] 777 149 39 924 581 813 689 62 149 215 686 674 648 157 99 828 662 138 42 488 525 592 12 784 128

OF CATALOGUED AGORACOINS CONCORDANCE

346

I-651 I-667 I-702 I-741

541 73 107 [115-126, etc.], p. 110

I-877 I-888 I-895 I-902 11-903 I-944 I-957 II-966 I-972 II-998 n-1098 H-1276 IA-1 HA-5 HA-8 HA-77 IIA-112 IA-144 IA-148 HA-164 HA-213 IIA-260

HA-384 IA-412 HA-426 IA-427 IIA-428 nII-3 1e-12 nII-30 IIe-32a II8-33 IIe-47 Ie-51 I18-59 nII-63 nII-64a IIn-84 II8-85 nI-100 nIe-105 II-1 15 ne-124 nII-130 nIe-139 IIe-142

38 371 27 453 3 670 651 180 110 99

753 540 643 2 57 277 936

38 828 331 692 558 628 211 736 785 904 720 43 93 547 96 256 834 154 253 986 456 51 620 429

454 [41-43] 960 126 138

II8-143 nI-146 nII-149 IIn-156 IIO-161 IIn-167 IIn-172 In-177 IIn-195a HI-221 nII-224 nII-229 18-238 II8-245 IIn-251 IIn-272a nI-287 II8-290a IIO-297 nI-312 nII-314 nIe-315 IIn-321 IIe-323 Ine-327 IIn-345a II8-350 IIn-357 II8-358 nII-396a

Ie-406 ne-408 Ine-424 IIe-426 11n447 IIO-470 II8-488 I8e-491 II8-493 IIn-512 ne-514 ne-516 nII-519 nI-529 IIE-537 nIe-551 nII-556 II8-574 II8-581 Ie-590 IIe-600a

149

38 91

161 244 [149, 151] 124 [115,118-126] 583 639 694 156 144 248 861 1009

105 104 551 69 94 815 139 156 81 700 137 595 573 608 750 529 99

231 131 201 644 99

236 961 581 66 961 455A 585 367 23 668 806 1011

596

11n-632 18-636 IIe-644

ne-649 In8-654 1ne-680a Ie-690 nII-697 II8-698 IIn-7 9a nII-759 IIn-765 II8-768 118-788 II8-790 IIn-792 11e-793 IIE-796 Ie-815 118-852 n11-864 IIn-878 nII-46 IIH-53a IIn-89 HII-102 Inn-117 nII-1 18 IIII-132 IHI-152 IIII-156 HH-172 Hn-173 InI-174 nII-175 IIIn-183 Inn-191 IHn-229 IIH-230 HHI-239 H11-242 II-260 Hn-273 nIII-274 nI-277 IIII-282

IIn-289 HH-322 1In-337 Hn-358 HII-359

855 727 616 35 12 650 50 455 60 561 509 662 592 900

438 885 948 151 106 511 476 577 139

445 46 571 153 240 127 237 911

283 131 918 118 664 67 270 1037 944 67 507 202 102 262 230 128 58 330 46 189

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS

IIII-384 1111-385

1111-440 1111-442 111-456 1111-464 1111-466 1111-469

111-473 1111478 1111-485 111-491 1111-510 1111-531 111-532 111-5533

1111-544 111-564 1111-575 11-594 1111-624 111-650 1111-652 1111-663 1111-667 1111-710 1111--716 1111-737 111-769 1111-825 111-835 1111-841

1111-851 1111-852 1111-862 1111-871 1111-872 1111-876 H111-877 1111-888

111-918 1111-939 1111-942 1111-986

1111-990 11-1000 1111-1002 11111007 1111-1036 055 1111-1 11--1056

159 141 569 949 973 969 914 310 178 352 280 284 264 10 19 470 360 684 174 76 100 89 593 200 821 382 248 632 400 50 67 584 578 784 158 267 28 80 854 83 645B 104 579 377 150 47 504 843 340 347 618

1111-I1088 871 1111-I1098 810 1111-1100 355 P-7 P-134 P-185 P-290 P-354 P-452 P-512a P-549a P-994a P-1035 P-1050 P-i 145 P-1203 P-1395 P-1399 P-1494 P-1555 P-1602 P-1609 P-1621 P-1661 PP-62 PP-81 PP-132 PP-192 PP-243 PP-273 PP-597 PP-628 PP-631 PP-647 PP-692 PP-736 PP-797 PP-803 PP-821 PP-823 PP-824 PP-827 PP-841 PP'-62 PP'-1 74 PP'-284 PP'-413 PP'-443 PP'-730 PP'-756 PP'-1004

96 592 173 137 952 149 694 471 [690-696] 716 216 858 83 129 884 1037 696 592 687 776 12 1036 49 137 Appendix A 735 660 998 140 640 135 159 784 941 134 41

8 8 149 385 708 72 1036 24 474 161 812 [82-84,90-97]

347

PP,-1005 PP'-1006 PP'-1007 PP'-1008 PP'-10091022 PP'-1024 PP'-1031 PP'-1032 PP'-10331037 PP'-1047 PP' 10731079 PP'-i 153 PP'-1221 PP'-1249 E-8 E-92 J-118 E-147 E-278 E-305 E-457 E-468 E-595 E-736 E-861

E-944 E-949 E-1018 E-1036a E-1090

-I 147a E- 1171

E-1i172 E-i205 E-1281 E-1427 E-1841 E- 1843a E-i934 E-2033 E-2057 E-2069 E-2114 E-2229 E-2889 E-2930 E-2981 E-3018

[82-84,90-97] 97 158 [157, 158] [115-126, etc.], p. 110 979 152 149 [115-126, etc.], p. 110 140 [115-126, etc.], p. 110 417 434 869 70 191 83 1015 143 746 603 992 833 [149, 151] 79 632 776 13 601 115 853 278 283 157 366 833 520 1036 681 119 724 823 111 746 1029 55 479 127

348 S-3019 S-3088 S-3100 S-3175 S-3220 S-3341 S-3392 S-3396 S-3422 S-3486bis S-3490 S-3535 S-3562 S-3566a S-3612 S-3615 S-3655 S-3694 S-3696 S-3721 S-3732 S-3750 S-3753 S-3788 S-3801 S-3806 S-3807 S-3899 S-3905 S-3912 S-3957 E-3976 S-3979 S-3992 S-4035 S-4051 S-4073 S-4129 S-4136 S-4144 S-4154 S-4224 E-4256 E-4259 S-4260 S-4308 S-4313 S-4323 S-4386 S-4433 S-4437 S-4447a

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS 15 42 38 567 316 597 149 260 987 129 540 [88,89] 413 852 185 220 643 397 560 139 [41-43] 248 795 447 237 420 913 903 623 1037 144 211 657 151 1 229 99 146 144 [115, 118-126] 220 687 762 656 430 318 271 605 507 67 147 1021

S-4593 S-4635 S-4649 S-4658 S-4690 S-4700 S-4742 S-4753 S-4879 S-4885 S-5010 S-5021 S-5061 S-5367 S-5380 S-5469 S-5550 S-5552 S-5564 S-5588 S-5621 S-5669 S-5688 S-5882 S-6016 S-6096 S-6105 S-6253 S-6295 S-6322 S-6323 S-6376 S-6401 S-6405 S-6410 S-6430 S-6448 E-6461 S-6462 S-6467 S-6481 SA-10 SA-15 SA-21 SA-25 SA-46 EA-62 SA-65 EA-76 EA-83 SA-99 SA-103

537 188 8 415 634 653 579 607 211 551 523 163 47 280 65 101 850 792 841 977 149 823 155 1023 43 228 963 13 676 929 608 950 315 944 654 25 38 606 765 55 24 62 84 620 845 851 746 84 499 826 889 73

SA- 115 SA-133 SA- 161 SA-171 SA-173 SA-209 SA-211 SA-212 SA-214 SA-231 SA-250 SA-269 SA-270 SA-296 SA-373 SA-377 SA-385 SA-391 SA-392 SA-394 SA-399 EA-401 SA-402 SA-416 SA-453 SA-475 SA-486 SA-488 ST-32 ST-52 ST-55 ST-91a ST-97 ST- 125 ST-143 ST- 163 ST-186 ST-198 ST-209 ST-233 ST-250 ST-285 ST-353 ST-364 ST-380 ST'-415 ST'-417 ST'-432a ST'-450 ST'-451 ST'-458a ST'-468

67 746 509 51 86 83 83 82 82 302 38 85 71 64 45 504 513 760 951 968 871 877 570 571 687 743 76 951 121 754 951 481 43 630 91 94 197 67 45 42 488 452 317 1036 616 871 [149,151] 755 536 75 434 723

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS ET'-502 ET'-506 VT'-5I0 VT'-511 VT'-528 ET'-531 ET'-539 ET'-549 ET'-562 ET'-576 VT'-578 ET'-579a ET'-584 ET'-586 VT'-590 ET'-599 ET'-625 VT'-638 ET'-669a ET'-683 ET'-699 EVT'-704 ET'-727 ET'-739 T-4 T-4a T-1 1 T-18 T-20 T-28a T-37a T-51 T-56 T-67a T-89 T-102 T-106 T-113 T-134 T-141a T-158a T-167 T-174 T-180 T-198a T-206 T-212a T-227 T-240 T-254 T-282 T-285

730 584 667 46 455 128 896 509 158 815 627 919 [149, 151] 45 112 743 12 788 715 8 94 232 128 687 667 849 472 628 897 566 837 71 152 579 71 1010 945 139 15 1037 428 94 396 632 920 61 890 787 105 668 930 187

T-286 T-319 T-346 T-352 T-405 T-420 T-517 T-545 T-598 T-636 T-651 T-660 T-661 T-671 T-716 T-727 T-833 T-843 T-856 T-857 T-860 T-866 T-920 T-926 T-947 T-954 T-990 T-1013 T-1015 T-1018 T-1023 T-1059 T-1064 T-1069 T-1092 T-1 157 T-1 189 T-1 194 T-1 195 T-1196 T-1205 T-1224 T- 1227 T-1252 T-1284 T-1297 T-1316 T- 1369 T-1375 T-1377 T-1402

206 630 498 488 190 97 100 182 401 79 571 538 88 532 711 127 620 131 453 609 958 214 44 207 706 783 [115,118-126] 281 46 212 864 816 [115-126, etc.], p. 110 75 1036 69 112 88 82 67 837 632 77 667 645A 872 848 485 71 101 40

T-1425 T-1450 T-1498 T-1503 T-1508 T-1509 T-1512 T-1598 T-1602 T-1604 T-1645 T-1650 T-1651 T-1652 T-1664 T-1668 T- 1702 T-1760 T-1774 T-1805 T-1809 T-1844 T-1863 T-1867 T-18 T-22 T-23 T-52 T-64 T-72 T-103 T-177 T-186 T-203 T-216 T-222 T-229 T-240 T-242 4-15 D-29 4-32 4)-36 D-75 (P-98 4D-103 4D-107 4-132 4-138 4-154 o-173

3499 410 814 12A 488 78 68 610 461 455 46 84 752 66 979 83 73 828 85 67 10 456 64 67 65 169 526 750 186 15 763 198 68 79 759 196 823 698 658 107 693 533 944 901 540 204 145 580 802 86 10 370 455

350 D-183 ,-193 D-215 $-237 4-242 (4-328 D-344 D-346 $-349 I,-358 o-360 (D-368 D-389 4-391 X-8a X-33 X-36 X-42 X-49 X-52 X-99 X-101 X-102 X-107 X-1 10 X-113a X-115 X-120 X-147a X-175 X-178 X-185 X-187 X-207 X-21 la X-220 $f-7 T-23

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEDAGORA COINS 42 805 486 416 758 804 7 139 54 31 131 831 15 12 893 111 643 97 138 667 140 79 595 455 19 943 63 441 1026 792 735 766 968 1005 820 15 507 937

W-32 I-44 W-73 '-79 'I-83 'I-104 W-132 IF -151 T-156 TI-176 T-193 'I-214 'L-237 'I-239 $-242 'I-280a '-302 I-316 '-321 I-323 W-325a '1-328 '1-330 fi-6 f-19 /-33 i-58 fi-101 Q2-109 -138 -139 f1-152 f1-157 f-164 ?1-183 /1-188 ?Z-206a f-242

118 454 83 662 1003 149 517 500 812 667 53 233 416 944 577 423 378 515 548 1038 694 10 503 43 258 828 266 62 1002 126 414 1009 87 [127, 128] 48 593 535 386

f-249 /-257 ?1-262 f-277 f2-313 Q-322 /1-329 ?l-347a /1-354 /'-357 f2-359 /1-375 f-418 f-431 /-432 f1-433 /1-434 f2-445 Q2-460 Q-471 /l-473 /1-504 /-512 f-515 0-562 0-564 f-600 QA-10 f2A-13 fA-41 f2A-42 fiA-47 f7A-53 /1A-59 flA-76 flA-84 flA-94 QtA-105

51 91 [41-43] 710 138 640 275 623 579 98 78 58 204 488 455 67 197 10 158 613 485 551 613 38 68 8 1036 118 84 127 145 520 193 93 123 137 1009 186

CONCORDANCETO ATHENIANBRONZECOINS TLLUSTRATED IN SVORONOS Sv. P1. and fig. 18.1-179 22.35-42 43 44-46 50, 51 53, 54 55 59-61 64-70 71, 72,84 73, 74 75 76, 77 78, 79 80 81-83 85-88 89-92 93-96 97,98 23.46 47-49 50-52 24.10-17 25-27 29-31 33 34-39 42-50 51-57 58, 59 60-68 25.1-4 5-10 11,12 13, 14 15-21 22-28 29-32 33-35 36-42 43-50 70.20 25 72.17 75.24 78.10

Variety p. 24 43 41 42 37 88 89 145 53 54 59 60 57 58 53 52 50 77 35 36 67 81 71 69 64 65 70 45 44 46 56 99 66 68 117 146 76 139 140 141 144 142 123 125 121 159 147

Period I I I IH IH IVB I I I I I I I (see p. 34) I I II

II II II n II II II I I I I HI II II IVA IVC II IVB IVB IVB IVB IVB IVA IVA IVA IV: Athens-Lemnos IVC

Sv. PI. and fig. 79.2-7 8-14 15-17 18-21 22-24 25-28 30, 31 32, 33 35 36, 37 38-42 80.1-7 8-14 15-17 18-21 22-24 25-28 29-32 33, 34 37-43 44

45-47 81.1-6 7,8 9-16 17, 18 19, 22-24 20, 21 25-27 28, 29 30, 31 32-39 40-44 45-48 49-52 53-56 82.1-4 5-24, 26-28 25 29-31 32-35 36, 38 37, 41 39, 40 42

Variety 115 126 118 119 122 124 123 121 120 157 158 138 143 147 153 148 137 149 151 152

156 78 80 79 82 91 92 93 83 90 94 96 97 95 130 169 284 285 171 248 289 291 287 292

Period IVA IVA IVA IVA IVA IVA IVA IVA IVA IVE IVE IVB IVB IVD rvC IVD IVB IVD

IVD IVD IVD: AthensMyrina (see note 218 above, p. l1) IVD II II II II III III III II III III III III III IVA VB VI VI VB VC VI VI VI VI

352

CONCORDANCE TO ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS ILLUSTRATEDIN SVORONOS

Sv. PI. and fig.

Variety

Period

Sv. PI. and fig.

83.1-3

289

VI VI

87.1-5

4,10 5-7, 9, 11,13,14 8 12

15-19 20, 21 22, 23 24-28 29-32 33, 34 35, 36 37 38, 40 39, 41, 42 84.1-7 8 9-14

15-17,22,23 18-21

24,25 26

27,28 29, 30 31-35 36 37-40 41,42 85.1-3 4 5-7 8-10 11 12-18 19,20,22,23 21 24-31 32-35 36, 37 38-40

41,42 86.1-4 5, 31, 33-36

6-12, 14-18 13, 19

20, 39 21,23 22 24,25,28,29 26,27 30 32 37 38 40 41, 42

287

290 286 288 294 cf. 295 295 297 172 298

299 251 293 300 301

VI VI VI VI VI

VI VI VB VI VI VC VI VI

VI

cf. 301,302

VI

302 303 304 296 305 cf. 305 308 306 253 307 cf. 307 309 p. 122 310 254

VI VI VI

VI VI VI VI VI

VC VI VI VI VB VI

314 313 312 255 315 311 p. 125

VC VB VC VI VI VI VC VI VI VI

257

VC

332 318 321 325 324 326 320 328

VI

cf. 334

VI

333 331 326 334 336

VI VI VI VI

256

VI VI

VI VI VI VI VI

VI

6, 7 8,11 9, 10 12 13 14 15-17 18-20 21 22, 24, 25 23 26 27, 29, 30 28 31, 32 33, 36 34, 35 37 38-41 42,43 88.1-7 8, 9 10-13 14-18 19, 20 21 22 23, 26

24, 25 27 28

29, 30, 46 31-34 35, 39, 40 36, 37 38 41 42

Variety 340 p. 125 337 338

347 250 339 173 258 259 345

342 346 341 343 344

350 349

cf. 350 202 203 348

260 210 351 352 354

353 163 162 164 165 166

167 226 227 414

228 Lakedaimon, Grunauer GruppeXIII

43, 44

231

45 47-51, 53 52 54 55-57

cf. 229

58-60 61 89.1-5 6-10 11-15 16-18 19 20, 21 22, 23 24

229 230 416 184 281 282 cf. 174 174

261 355 211 410 225

224

Period VI VI VI VI VI

VC VI

VB VC VC VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VB VB VI VC

VC VI VI VI VI VA

VA VA VA VA VA VB

VB VI VB

VB VB VB VB VI

VB VC VC VB VB VC VI VB VI VB VB

CONCORDANCE TO ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS ILLUSTRATED IN SVORONOS Sv. PI. and fig. 25 26-32 33, 34 35-40 90.1,2,5-8 3,4 9-12, 16, 18 13 14 15

17,22-26,30,31 19,20 21 27 28 29 32 33 34 35-38, 40 39 41,43 42 44 45-47 91.1,22,23 2-7, 9-15, 19 8

16-18, 20, 21 24, 25 27,28 29 30 31 32 33-38 39,40 41,45 42 43-44

46,47 48 92.1, 2 3,4 5, 6 7

8-11, 14, 15 12, 16 13

17, 18 19 20,21 22, 23 24-26 27-29 30,31 32

Variety 262

Period

Sv. PI. and fig.

VB-C

33, 34 35-37 38-44 93.1 2, 3

VC VI

204 377 cf. 377 380 381 cf. 379 379 382 378 384 385 195 196 197 212 234 388 386 389 387 cf. 395 395 390 393 394 396 399 400 398 p. 123,note53 192 194 263 356 175 357 176 cf. 176 cf. 264 264 265

VB VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VB VB VB VB VB VB VB VC VB-C VI VI VI VI VI

VI VI VI

VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VB VB

VC VI VB VI VB VB VC VC VC VI

266 233 358

VC VB-C VI

245

VB-C VB-C

4

5-7 8,9 10-14 15-20 21, 22 23, 29,30 .24-26 27 28 31 32-35 36-42 43-47 94.1 2-6 7-12 14 15 16, 17 18 19 20,21,23,24 22, 38, 40, 41, 43 25, 26, 28, 29 27,30,31 32-35 36 37 39 42 44,45

46 47,48 49 50-52 53,54 95.1, 2 3-5 6, 7 8 9

10-12 13-15 16-20 21,22 23, 24 25, 28 26, 27,29 30-36 37-40

Variety 241 359 267 268 191 360 269 361 362 222 223 364 363 412 188 186 187 177 168 243 232 178 cf. 178 cf. 271 271 206 368 369 221 235 407 cf. 206 370 213 244 238 239 179 365 p. 122

272 366 270 199 180 273 p. 122

181 274 371 373

353 Period VB-C VI VC VB VC VB VI

VC VI

VI VB VB VI VI VI VI VB VB VB VB VB VA VB-C VB-C VB VB VB VC VB VI VI VB VB-C VI VI

VB VI VB VB VB-C VB-C VB-C VB VI VB VC VI VC VB VB VC VB VB VC VI VI

354

CONCORDANCE TO ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS ILLUSTRATED IN SVORONOS

Sv. PI. and fig.

Variety

Period

96.1-7 8-14 15, 16 17 18 19 20,21 22-25, 29 26, 27 28 30-36 37-40 41-43

276 372 275

VC VI VC

44 45 46, 48,49 47 97.1-14 15, 19 16-18

20-25 26 27-31 32-35 36

189

VB

VI 201 209 408 208 200 p. 122

237

VB

VC VI VB VB VB VB

13, 14 15 16, 18 17 19,20 21-29

30-36 37-43 44-46 99.1-3 4-6

7-9, 23 10-12 13, 14 15-18 19-22

24-37

41 42-46

48 55 49 61 39 Obv.:57, 58 Rev.:45 62 62

47-49

409 215 214 182

VB VI VB VB VB

50-56 57-64 104.1,2

278 279

VC VC

3,4

5-7

or 68 68 64

183

VB

8, 9

72

10-13

374

VC VI

74 73 75 116 127 128 150 154 155 87

207

VB 190 Lebedus, F.Imhoof-Blumer,

p. 72,nos. 1, 2

11, 12

17-21 22, 25 23, 27 26, 28 29-32 33-37 40

Variety 38 51

VI

AeinasiascheMunzn, Vienna 1901-1902, 37-39, 41-44 40 98.1,2 3-10

Sv. P1. and fig. 103.1-15

220 413 277 367 216 217 218 242 219

VB-C VI

VC VI VB-C VB-C VB-C VB-C VB-C

14-19 21-23 24-28 29, 30 31-35 38-45 46-50 51-53 106.1-7 8-11

12-16 18, 19 20 = Sv. 107.42-45 21,22 23-26

27-29

86 106

p.67 101

112 111 456

30 33-35 36-41 42, 43

107

185 cf. 185

VI VI VI VB VB

44

114

283

VC

403 406 405

VI VI VI VI VI VI VB-C VB-C VB-C

280

375 cf. 375

376

404

38 39-42 43,44

401 402 240 246

45-47

247

31, 32

45,46 48-51 52-64 66-75

76-81 82-83 107.1-8 9-11 12-14

15 16, 17

I I I I I I I I (see p. 32) I (see p. 36) I II? (see note 87 above,

p. 54) III I

64, 66,

VB VC

p. 123

Period

103 110 830 104 129 102 132 cf. 133(?) 134

II II II II II II A IVA IVA IVD IVD III III III III III III III: Myina III III III III III III III III III WV: Delos III III

IVA III IVA

IVA IVA

CONCORDANCE TO ATHENIAN BRONZE COINS ILLUSTRATED IN SVORONOS Sv. PI. and fig.

18-21 22, 23

Variety

Period

135 136

IVA IVA

131 105 113

II or IV IVA III III IV (seenote 120above,

24, 25

28-35 36-41 42-45 46-49-

p. 69)

Sv. P1. and fig.

50-54 55-58 60-69 70-73 75-79

Variety 100 85 108 109 98

355 Period

III II III III III

INDEXES I. GENERAL aretopagenumbers References ACHAIAN LEAGUE:36, 49, 235-236 Aesillas:81143 Agonistictables: 123. SeealsoIndex 11.3:Table, agonistic. Aiakeion: 29514 Akropolis: 53, 55, 56; view of 123, 12464. Seealso Index 11.3. AlexanderIII:coinage in Athens 34, 124-12566, 166,298. SeealsoIndex II.2. Alkamenes: 12247 Altars: 55-56, 123. SeealsoIndex 11.3. AmphictionicDecree: 14-15 Amphipolis: 2613.SeealsoIndex II. 1. Amphora: handles, stamped 2, 5070, 64, 67, 213; Panathenaic, on Athenian coins 51, 52, 53, 54, 68. Seealso Indexes 11.3,II.4. Antigonos Doson: 189-190, 205 Antigonos Gonatas: 10, 12-13, 35, 48, 51, 52, 53, 68, 189-190; coinage in Athens 36-37, 166, 169; coinage overstruck51-52, 53, 61, 62, 205. SeealsoIndex 11.2. Antipatros:10, 32 Antoniniani.SeeRoman coins. AntoninusPius: 57, 115, 233. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Antony, M.: 15, 80, 85-87, 89, 99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 113, 233. SeealsoKleopatra;Index III.3. Apollo: 67-68, 83, 122, 125. SeealsoIndex II.3. Aratos: 49 Ares, Temple of: 9, 20 Argos: 29517.SeealsoIndex II.1. Aristion: 14, 70, 74, 82 Aristophanes:7, 24, 25, 53, 54 Armor.SeeTokens or Symbola. "Arsenal,"Hellenistic: 35 Artemis: 52, 54, 68, 83149,111. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Asklepios: 12142,125. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Athena: Alkis (Alkidamos)53, 68; Polias (Archegetis)49, 53, 54, 58; types and statues of on Athenian imperial coins 102, 113-114, 121-126; wearingwinged helmet 50-51. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Athens: as culturalcapital 120-121; decline of 92; as free and allied city 57102,86, 88, 106, 120;revoltof in A.D.13 81140 Augustus-Octavian:58, 87-89, 105-106, 111-112; civic coinages under 88-89, 113. SeealsoEleusis;Index 11.3.

SeeEleusisring. RING." "BAKCHOS "Bakchos."SeeMystic staff. Blanks,for manufactureof coins: 104, 11614,292-295 Boiotian League: 36, 166, 204-206 BrickBuilding: 317 Bouphonia: 56 Bronze coinage, Athenian: alloy of 3139,33, 70, 84, 104, 117, 293; denominations of 1-2, 26-27, 32, 36-39, 48-49, 52, 68, 80, 82-84, 90-91, 118-120, 168-169. emergency(of406/5 B.C.)7-8, 25-26. SeealsoKollybos. Brutus:85-86 PUNCHED ONCOINBLANKS ANDWORNCOENs:94, CAVrrIES,

113-114 Chalkis:29517.SeealsoIndex II.1. Chersonesos,Tauric: 29517 Chios: 88, 113, 120, 168. SeealsoIndex II. 1. Chremonidean War: 10-11, 12, 34, 35, 167. See also Antigonos Gonatas. Cicada: 53, 54, 68, 83, 104. SeealsoIndexes11.3,11.4. Claudius: 120 Cleruchies.SeeDelos; Imbros;Hephaistia;Lemnos; Myrina; Salamis;Skyros. Coinage Degree: 6 Commodus: 115, 116. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Corinth: 89, 91182'183,92189,93, 166, 169; well deposits at 3862,207. SeealsoIndex II. 1. Counterfeits.SeeSilvercoinage, imitationsof. Countermarking: 64-65, 68, 70-71, 93. See also Index II.5. Curse tablet: 299 Cut or intentionallydefaced coins: 4, 7, 9, 70, 167. See alsoHalving of coins. ATATHEN:257, 282 DARICS, Delos: Athenianacquisitionand loss of 13, 54, 66, 67, 82; coinage ofcleruchy 15, 68-69, 76, 77, 167; devastation and decline of 14, 81, 104; hoards from 301. Seealso Hoards;Triarius;Index II. 1. Delphi: 86, 101. SeealsoAmphictionicDecree; Index II. 1. Demeter: 28, 54, 67, 83, 87, 12142, 122, 123, 125. See alsoIndex 11.3. DemetriosII, of Macedon: 48, 189, 190, 205

358

INDEXES

Demetrios of Phaleron: 32, 299 Demetrios Poliorketes:10, 27, 33, 3447,35, 53, 167, 168, 307. SeealsoIndex 11.2. Denarius: in Athenian inscriptions83-84, 90, 118-119; in Greece 15-16, 50-51, 86-87, 89, 91, 113, 120. See alsoBronze coinage, denominationsof. Denominations.SeeBronze coinage. Dexippus, P.Herennius: 118 Dionysios Chalkous:24 Dionysos: 84-85, 99, 102-103, 104, 122. See also Index H1.3. Dipylon. SeeKerameikos. Dokimastes:5, 9 Dolphin on Trident, on Athenian coins: 98-99. Seealso Index Hn.3. Domitian: 115. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Dyme: 89 cOINS:87, 104, 105. Seealso InEAGLE,ON ATHENAN dexes 11.3,11.4. Eirene and Ploutos: 125 Electrum.SeeKyzikos. Eleusinia:28, 12353 Eleusis: Athenian control of 27, 25-29, 34; coinage of and Mysteries27-30, 31-32, 34, 35-36, 52, 54, 67-68, 82, 89, 95, 99, 105; coin types and denominational significance84, 88; damage by Kostobocks 116; garrisoned against Herulians 118; initiationof AugustusOctavian at 87, 89, 105, of Hadrian at 124, of Sulla at 82, 95; Macedonian occupationof 27, 34 Eleusisring: 28. SeealsoIndexes 11.3,11.4. Eleutheria,at Larissa:57 Elis: silvercoinage of 29. SeealsoIndex II. 1. Ephesos: 86166.Seealo Index II. 1. Erechtheion: 12354'56 Eretria:89, 29517.SeealsoIndex II. 1. Euboulos: 8 Euphranor:12248 Exchangerate, bronze:silver:91181 OF: 29-30, 66108. Seealso Eleusis. COINAGE FESTIVALS,

Flamininus:2, 51, 57, 106207 bronze coins. SeePlated orfourrke Fburr6e. GALLENus: 117,1118,121. SeealsoIndex II.3. Gold coinage, Athenian: 6, 7, 32, 66, 74 Gorgoneion,on Athenian coins: 102. Seeaso Index 11.3. HADRIAN:57, 113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 124, 218-219,

233. SeealsoEleusis,initiationof Hadrianat; Index 11.3. Hadriania: 12353

Haleis: 29517 Halving of coins: 71, 92-93, 236. SeealsoCut coins. Heliaia: 29514 Hephaistia, Lemnos: 111218,167, 178-179. SeealsoIndex II.1. Heraldes: 123, 125. SeealsoIndex 11.3. HerodesAtticus: 114 Herulianinvasion:94, 113, 115, 117, 295. SeealsoHoards, with Herulian invasion. Hippias: 5, 1770 Hoards: from the Agora 34, 35, 117, 168, 302, 303304, 315, 316; not from the Agora 300-301 (fulllist); connected with the Laurion slave revolt(?) 66, with Herulian invasion 94, 115, 117, 118, 126, 169, 27668, 303-304, 316, with piraticalattack on Delos 81, with Sulla'sinvasion67, 118, 1695. SeealsoPeiraeus. IAKCHOS: 82, 95, 122. SeealsoIndex II.3. Imbros:69, 88, 111-112, 167, 178. SeealsoIndex II. 1. Imitations.SeeSilvercoinage, imitationsof. KALAMIS: 12569 Kassandros:10, 32, 187, 216, 299. SeealsoIndex 11.2. Kephisodotos: 125 Kerameikos:BuildingZ-3 32, 33, 215, 298; Dipylon gate, road and well 32, 298-299; grave 215 Kernos: 2824.SeealsoPlemochoe. Klazomenai: 3962. SeealsoIndex II. 1. Kleopatra:58, 87, 104, 105, 233. SeealsoIndex 11.2. Knidos. SeeAmphora, handles;Index II. 1. Kollybos: 24-25, 38. SeealsoBronze coinage, denominations of. Konon: 8 Kore: 68, 82, 87, 95, 12142,122, 123. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Koronifort: 34. SeealsoPtolemaiccoinage. Kostoboks: 116 Kyzikos:electrumstatersof 50, 166, 257 LACHARES: 10, 307 Larissa:57, 9287. SeealsoIndex II. 1. Laurion: mines at 6, 8, 10, 15; slave revolt at 15, 66. See alsoHoards, connected with Laurionslaverevolt(?). Lemnos: 69, 88, 111-112, 167, 178-180, 216. Seealso Index II. 1. Leochares:56 Libraryof Pantainos:91-92, 317-318 Lykourgos:30, 31 Lyre, on Athenian coins: 68, 69120.SeealsoIndexes 11.3, 1.4. Lysimachos:10, 35, 167, 168. SeealsoIndex 11.2.

I. GENERAL MACEDONIAN IN ATHES: 36-37, 51-52, COINAGE,

166-

167, 169, 205. SeealsoAntigonos Gonatas. MacedonianWar: Second 51, 53, 58; Third 13, 68 Marathon trophy: 12352 MarcusAurelius: 115, 116, 166. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Megara: coinage of in Athens 166, 168, 169; reconciliation of with Athens 219. SeealsoIndex II.1. Metroon-Old Boleuterion:9, 1772,20 Middle Stoa: 49-50, 294, 309-310 Miltiades,monument: 123, 124 Mints, in Agora: 104, 292-294, 295 MithradatesVI: 14, 58, 66, 68, 70, 74, 81-82 Mouseion: garrisonat 12, 34 Mounychia:liberationof 54. SeealsoPeiraeus. Myrina, Lemnos: 111218, 167, 178, 179-180. See also Index II 1. Myron: 12465 Mysteries.SeeEleusis,coinage of. Mystic staff: 28. SeealsoIndexes 11.3,II.4. NERo:93, 106209,120. SeealsoIndex 11.3. New Style coinage. See Silver coinage, Athenian, New Style. Nikopolis: 92189,120. SeealsoIndex II.1. Nymphaeum: 294 OCTAVIA:85, 103, 104

Octavian. SeeAugustus-Octavian. Olynthos: coins from 25-26, 39, 179, 18215,18418,187, 193, 215, 217, 221, 244, 245, 258, 26055;coin blanks from 29517;destructiondate of 297 PAMMENES: 115 cave of: 12356 Pan, Panathenaia: 51, 53, 12353;Antonian 85. SeealsoAmphora, Panathenaic. Panhellenia: 12353 Patrai:92189.SeealsoIndex II. 1. Peiraeus: 7, 48, 49, 51, 67, 69, 89, 99201;hoards from 300-301 (fulllist). SeealsoMounychia. Peisistratos:5 Pella: 12, 53, 86162,29517.SeealsoIndex II. 1. Pergamon:51, 88. SeealsoIndex II. 1. Perseus:57. SeealsoIndex II.2. Philip II: forgeryof coin of 291. SeealsoIndex 11.2. PhilipV: 5074,51, 5277,5487, 57, 68. SeealsoIndex 11.2. Phokion: 32 Piglet,on Attic coins: 28, 35-36, 38, 67. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Plated or fourreebronze coins: 4, 7-8, 9-10, 1772, 49, 167-168 Plemochoe, on Atheniancoins: 28, 30, 52, 64-65, 68, 99. Seealso Indexes 11.3, II.4.

359

Pnyx: excavationcoins from 26, 299-300; hoard 67109 Pompeythe Great: 99. SeealsoIndex II.3. Poppy,on Athenian coins: 83, 98. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Poseidon: 99, 122. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Praxiteles: 12246 Prow,on Athenian coins: 88. SeealsoIndexes 11.3,II.4. Ptolemaiccoinage: Athenian coin types relatedto 11, 58, 87, 104, 105; in Attica 11, 52, 167 PtolemyI: 10, 1140,167 Ptolemy I: 10, 11, 167. SeealsoIndex II.2. PtolemyIII (Euergetes):36, 49, 52. SeealsoIndex 11.2. PtolemyV: 36

RECTANGULAR PERIBmoos:295, 309, 310

Revival of historicalAthenian coin types: 90, 102, 110, 113, 114, 120 Rhodes: 36, 51, 88, 120. See also Amphora, handles; Index II1. Roma, goddess: 50, 51, 53, 57, 120. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Roman coins: finds of in the Agora xxvi, 92, 115, 117, 301, 303, 307, 311, 315, 316, 317, 318; in Attica 115, 117. SeealsoDenarius. Rudder,on Athenian coins: 52, 53. SeealsoIndex II.4.

SALAMIS: coinage of 25, 27, 29, 3758,69, 167, 168, 214216, 300. SeealsoThemistokles;Index II.1. SeptimiusSeverus: 116, 120. SeealsoIndex II.3. Sikyon,coinage of: 93, 108, 207. SeealsoIndex II.1. Silver coinage, Athenian: fineness of 10, 15; imitations of 4, 6-7, 9, 11-12, 291; law on 5, 9, 20; New Style 13-16, 23, 48, 49, 50, 66, 73, 74, 80, 81-82, 83, 84, 85-86, 89, 12574.SeealsoDenarius; Macedonian coinage; Plated orfourreebronze coins; Ptolemaic coinage; Wappenmunzen. Skiathos: 102 Skyros:69, 88, 111, 167. SeealsoIndex II. 1. South Stoa: 67, 76, 312-313 SoutheastTemple: 294 Sparta: 88, 89, 92189,120. SeealsoIndex II.1. Sphinx: 88 SquarePeristyle:25350,3344,315 Stephanephoric coinage. See Silver coinage, Athenian, New Style. Stephanos,sculptor: 12570 Stoa ofAttalos: 67, 25350,295, 316, 317 Stoa of Zeus: 56-58, 106 Sulla: 14, 60, 61, 66, 69, 70, 74, 80, 81, 84, 295. See alsoEleusis, initiation of Sulla at; Hoards, with Sulla's invasion. Symbola. SeeTokensor Symbola.

360

INDEXES

TERMEssos INPIsmA: 113, 120 Theater of Dionysos: 12352,125 Thebes: 26, 300. SeealsoIndex II.1. Themistokles: 122, 12352,124, 168 Theseus: 12142,122, 123-124 ThessalianLeague: 14, 57, 92189,120. SeealsoIndex II. 1. Thessalonike: 57, 86162, 92189, 105, 118. See also Index II. 1. Thucydides: 54 Thunderbolt,on Atheniancoins: 57. SeealsoIndexesII.3, II.4. Timotheos: 25-26 Tokensor Symbola: 24, 4064, 115-116; for armor 35, 39, 168, 302 Trajan:57. SeealsoLibraryof Pantainos;Index 11.3. Triarius,G. Valerius:69, 84, 167, 250 Tripod, on Athenian coins: 68, 85-86, 101-102. Seealso Indexes 11.3,II.4.

Triptolemos:28, 32, 83, 122. SeealsoIndex 11.3. Tyre: 88, 120 VALERIAN: 118. Seealso Index 11.3. WAPPENMNZEN: 5, 16, 25, 102

Wheat ear, or kernel, on Athenian coins: 26, 83. Seealso Indexes11.3,II.4. XENOPHON: 8

ZAKYNTHOS: 105. SeealsoIndex II 1. Zeus: Eleutherios54, 56-58, 106; head 51, 54, 87, 104, 105; Polieus 55-56; statue of, seated (Olympias) 124, standingor striding50-51, 54-58, 68, 106, 123, 125, 126. SeealsoIndex 11.3.

II. INDEXES TO THE CATALOGUE aretocoinvariety numbers References

INDEX II. 1 GEOGRAPHICAL Regionsarein italics Abdera 435 Achaia731-746 Adramyteion863, 864 Aigai 892,893 Aigina 658-665 Aigion 731-733 Ainianes516,517 Aiolis892-905 Aitolia576-580 Akanthos466 Akarnania 573-575 Akmoneia970 Akragas421 Alexandria(Egypt)1020-1030 AlexandriaTroas 881-885 Amisos 854, 855 Amphipolis467, 468 Andros 821-824 Antioch on the Orontes 995-997 Antioch (Pisidia)982 Apameia 971 Aphytis469 Apollonia Pontica436 Aptera 817 Argolis781-800 Argos 781-787 Arkadia801-816 Arsinoe (Crete)818 Assos 886 Atarneus865 Athens, including "Eleusinian" coinage 1-416, 830, Appendix A:a Atrax 518 Attaleia 977 Attica1-146, 640-642 AugustaTraiana448 Autokane894

Bithynia856-862 Boiotia592-608 Asiatic,852, 853 Bosphoros, Bottiaia470 Boura 734 Brundisium418 Byzantion437 Chalkidike 472 Chalkis616-624 Chios 943-950 Ciicia984-989 CisalpineCelts 417 Coela 449 Corinth 666-720 Crete 817-820, 1033, 1034 Cyrenaica1031-1034 Cyrene 1031, 1032 Delos 825-830 Delphi 589-591 Deultum 438 Dion 471 Dyrrhachion551 Egypt1004-1030 Elaia 895 Eleusis.SeeAthens. Elis 747-759 Epeiros553-572 Ephesos906-915 Epidauros788-791 Eretria625-627 Erythrai916-919 Euboia609-639

362

INDEXES

Gela 422 Gomphoi 519 Gyrton520

Lokis581-586 Lycia974-976 Lydia967-969

Halos 521 Hephaistia453, 454 Heraia 803, 804 Hermione 792-795 Hermokapelia967 Histiaia 628-635

Macedonia 466-515, Appendix A:c Magnesiaon the Maiandros923-926 Magnetes531-534 Mamertinoi423, 424 Mantineia806, 807 Maroneia439-441 Medon 574 Megalopolis808 Megara 643-656 Megaris643-657 Melos 843, 844 Mesembria442, 443 Messene 760-762 Messenia760-766 Methana 798 Methymna901, 902 Metropolis927 Miletos 928-930 Mothone 764 Mylasa956 Myndos 957 Myrina(Lemnos)455, 455A, 456 Mysia863-880 Mytilene 903-905

Ilion 887 Illyrinm551, 552 Imbros 161, 452 lonia906-952 Ioulis 838-840 IstrianonLimen 434 Itay 417-420 Judea998-1002 Karia953-966 Karthaia833-835 Karystos636-639 Keos 831-840 Kephallenia756-758 Klazomenai920-922 Kleitor 805 Kleonai 796, 797 Knidos 953-955 Knossos 819, 819A Koressia836, 837 Korkyra567-572 Kos 958 Kranion 756, 757 Krannon 522,523 Kroton 419 Kyme 896-900 Kyparissia763 Kythera780 Kythnos841, 842 Kyzikos866, 867 Lakedaimon767-779 Lakonia767-780 Lamia 524,525 Laodikeia972 Larissa526-529 LarissaKremaste530 Lemnos 159, 159A, 453-456 Lesbos901-905 Leukas573

Neandria888, 889 Nikaia 857 Nikomedia858860 Nikopolis553-563 1035 Nwumdia Olbia 433, 434 Olynthos 472 Orchomenos(Boiotia)598 Orchomenos(Arkadia)809 Orthe 535 Ouranopolis473 Pagai 657 977-981 Pamphylia Pantikapaion430-432 Parion(?)868-871 Paros845 Patara976 Patrai735-742 Pautalia444 Pella474 Pellene743

II. INDEXES TO THE CATALOGUE:1. GEOGRAPHICAL Peparethos549,550 Pergamon872-878 Perge978 Perinthos445, 446 Perperene879 PersianEmpire 1003 Phalanna536 Phanagoria852 Pharsalos537-539 Pheneos 810,811 Philippoi475, 476. Seealso868-870 Philippopolis447 Phlious 721 Phokaia931 Phokis587-591 Phrygia970-973 Pisidia982, 983 Pitane 880 Pontos854, 855 Rhegion 420 Rhodes 959-966 Salamis 640-642 Same 758 Samos 951, 952 Samothrace457, 458 Sardis968 Sarmatia 433, 434 Seleukiaon the Kalykadnos984 Selge 983 Sestos 450, 451 Sicily421-429, Appendix A:b Side 979, 980 Sikyon 722-730

Sillyon981 Siphnos 846 Skepsis890 Skione 477 Skodra552 Skyros160 Smyrna932-941 Soloi-Pompeiopolis985, 986 Syedra987 Synnada973 Syracuse425-427 Syria990-997 Syros847 Tanagra599-603 Tarsos988 TauricChersonese 430-432 Tegea 812-816 Tenea 744 Tenedos 891 Tenos 848-851 Teos 942 Thasos 459, 460 Thebes 604, 605 Thespiai 606-608 7hessay516-550 Thessalonike478-484 Thouria 765, 766 Thrace435-465 Thyrrheion575 Tripolis969 Troas881-891 Troizen 799, 800 Zakynthos759

363

364

INDEXES

INDEX 11.2 KINGS AND RULERS

Thrace Lysimachos461-464 Rhoimetalkes465

SeleukosIV 992 AlexanderI Balas 993 AntiochosVII 994

Macedon PhilipII 485, 486, Appendix A:c AlexanderHI 487-495 PhilipIII 496 Anonymousregal coinage 497, 498 Kassandros499-501 Demetrios Poliorketes502-506 AntigonosGonatas 507-509 PhilipV 510-513 PhilipV or Perseus514 Bosphoros RheskouporisVI 853 Bithynia ProusiasII 861,862 Galata Amyntas989

Judea AlexanderJannaios998 Herod Archelaos999 AgrippaI 1000 Egypt PtolemyII 1004-1006 PtolemyIII 1007 PtolemyIV 1008 UnclassifiablePtolemyI-IV 1009 PtolemyVI and VIII 1010 PtolemyVI 1011, 1012 PtolemyVIII 1013, 1014 PtolemyIX 1015 PtolemyXI 1016, 1017 PtolemyXII 1018 KleopatraVII 1019 Numidia Juba 11035

Syria SeleukosIII 990 Antiochos 1I991

For Roman emperors, generals, and members of the imperial family,see the Index of Types (Index 11.3),under the followingnames (listedhere in chronologicalorder): Pompey Julius Caesar M. Antony Augustus Gaius and Lucius Germanicus Tiberius Drusus Caligula Nero AgrippinaMinor

Julio-Claudianemperor Julia Titi Domitian Trajan Hadrian Aelius Caesar AntoninusPius FaustinaI MarcusAurelius FaustinaII Verus

Commodus SeptimiusSeverus Julia Domna Geta Caracalla Plautilla Elagabalus SeverusAlexander Julia Mamea Maximinus Maximus

Tranquillina TrajanDecius Etruscilla Volusian Gallienusand Valerian Gallienus Salonina Saloninus Probus Diocletian

II. INDEXES TO THE CATALOGUE:3. TYPES

365

INDEX II.3 TYPES Headsareinprofile,unlessstatedothrwise. A in incuse square:Argos: 781 A or A: ArkadianLeague 801, 802 Achaia, seated: Achaian League 746 Achilles,bust: ThessalianLeague 545, 546 Aelius Caesar,head: Nikopolis556 Agonothesia,head: Thessalonike480 AgrippinaMinor,bust: Corinth 688, 689 Aineas, with Anchises and Askanios:Ilion 887 Aitolia, head wearing kausia:Aitolian League 576, 577 Ajax. SeeShield of. Akropolis:Athens 280, 375. SeealsoTheater of Dionysos. Aktia, seated with scepter and agonistic urn: Nikopolis 560 Aleos, head: Tegea 815 AlexanderI Balas,helmeted head: AlexanderI Balas993 Alexander III (the Great), head: Lysimachos462, 463, Macedonian League 515 Altar: Athens 202, 203, Antioch 982; with eagle between standards:Deultum 438. SeealsoAthena;Apollo, standing;Themistokles;Tyche;Zeus, standing. Amazon (Smyrna), standing, holding temple: Smyrna 940, 941 Amphora: Athens 76, 85, 98, 101, 105, 108, 184, 212, 234, Sestos 450, Korkyra 572, Andros 821, Chios 943-945, 947, 948. SeealsoTree, olive. Amphoras,two, with snakes:Lakedaimon771 Anchor: Apollonia Pontica436, AlexanderJannaios998 Antoninus Pius, head or bust: Crete 820, Lakedaimon 778, 779, Ephesos 910, Alexandria1025, 1026 Antony,M., head: Corinth 673 Anubis,standing: Perinthos445 Aphrodite head or bust: Skione 477, Corinth 666, 676, 690, 705, Kythera780, Knidos 953 seated: Ouranopolis 473; in biga drawn by tritons: Corinth 689 standing:Corinth 706, 719, Smyrna934 Aplustre:Korkyra570 Apollo head or bust: Athens 87, 101, 103, 105, 110-113, 131, 132, 135, Mamertinoi 423, Abdera 435, Apollonia Pontica 436, Olynthos 472, Philip II 485(?), Kassandros 501, Atrax 518, Thessalian League 540, Lokrian League 583, 586, Delphi 591, Megara 646-649, Sikyon 722, 727, Pellene 743, Zakynthos 759, Lakedaimon 768, 774, Argos 783, 784, Delos 825-830, Keos 832,

Karthaia834, Koressia837, Ioulis 839, Kythnos 842, Adramyteion863, Atarneus865, Neandria 888,889, Miletos 929, Smyrna933,935, Knidos 954, Sardis968, LycianLeague 974, Patara976, Seleukiaon Kalykadnos984, AntiochosIII 991 seated: Boiotian League 594, Thespiai 608, SeleukosIII 990 standing:Athens 269,270,361,362, Tanagra601, Lakedaimon 779; archaic statue: Aigina 664; Delios statue: Athens 143; Lykeios: Athens 363, 364; Patroos,with lyre: Athens 191, 268, 360; sacrificing,with Dionysos at altar: Chios 949 SeealsoTemple. Ares, head in helmet: Lysimachos464, Amisos 854; or Athena head in helmet: Metropolis927 Aristaios,head, bearded: Keos 831, Koressia836 Arkas.SeeKallisto. Arrow.SeeBow. Arsinoe,veiled head: Ptolemaic 1004, 1008 Artemis with bow, standing: Methana 798; running: Dion 471, Megara 656, Methana 798, Crete 820; kneeling: Orchomenos 809 head or bust: Athens 68, 104, Athens-Lemnos159, Rhegion 420, Syracuse 427, Epeirote League 565, Knossos 819, Delos 826, Aptera 817, Phanagoria 852, Kyme 898, Ephesos 908, Lycian League 975, Patara976, Amyntas989, Seleukos HI 990, Cyrenaicaand Crete 1034 ridingbull: Amphipolis467, 468 standing,with wreathand scepter:Perge978; Ephesia statue:Kyme 900, Ephesos909; Lykophryene statue: Magnesia on the Maiandros925; Anaitis statue: Apameia 971; leaning on spear,with dog: Lakedaimon774 with torchor torches,standing:Sikyon730, Ephesos 915; walking:Athens 370; running: Athens 130, Megara 655 Asklepios head or bust: Athens 242, Messene 762, Epidauros 788-791, Pergamon874 standing: Athens, 216, 217, 277, 367, Pergamon 876, Rhodes 966, Akmoneia 970; statue flanked by centaurs:Pergamon878 Athena head or bust in Attic helmet: Athens 6-27, 2931, 35-37, 41-47, 64-65, 69, 70, 81, 99, 136,

366

INDEXES 162-168, 177, 183, 187-189, 216, 220, 248, 284-416, Akanthos 466, Orthe 535, Pharsalos 539, Medon 574, Thyrrheion575, Heraia 803, 804, Tegea 812, 813, Pergamon872, 873, 875, Phokaia 931, Magnesia on the Maiandros 924; with wing: Athens 77, 78; with griffin:Aigai 892. SeealsoAres, head. head or bust in Corinthian helmet: Athens 28, 50, 52-54, 56-60, 67, 71, 78-80, 82-84, 9098, 114, 130, 134, 142, 146, 166-176, 178188, 190-215, 217-231, 248-416, Syracuse 426, Hephaistia 454, Myrina 455, 455A, 456, Samothrace457,458, Thessalonike478, Alexander III 487, Antigonos Gonatas507, 508, Lamia 524, Thessalian League 541, Aitolian League 580, Lokrian League 581, 582, 584, 585, Boiotian League 593, Megara 651, Corinth 668, Lakedaimon769, 773, Mantineia 806, 807, Arsinoe 818, Melos 843, 844, Pergamon876, Ilion 887, Kyme 899, Methymna 901, 902, Klazomenai 922, Attaleia 977, Side 979, 980 helmeted facing head or bust: Pharsalos537, 538, Phokian League 588, Kranion 758, Klazomenai 920, 921 and Marsyas:Athens 262 Parthenoshead:Athens32-34, 115, 118-126, 137, 138, 143, 147-149, 151-153, 156-158, 159A161, Pella 474. SeealsoTable,agonistic. and Poseidonwith olive tree: Athens 174, 261,355 seated, with Nike or phiale: Athens 348-350, Lysimachos 462, 463 standing in chariot: Athens 210, 260, 351-354 facingolive tree: Athens 173, 258, 259, 341-347 with Nike: Athens 169-171, 248, 249, 284292, 294 (Athena Parthenos. See also Table, agonistic), 172, 251, 252, 295, 298 (Velletri type), 297, 304, 316, 317, Corinth 712, 718 with owl: Athens 293, 299-303 with owl and phiale: Athens66, 68 (AthenaPolias) with phiale: Athens 250, 334-339, Kyparissia 763, Mothone 764, Thouria 766, Nikomedia 859, Synnada 973 brandishingspear: Athens 308, Lakedaimon777 with spear and shield: Athens 257, 296, 305, 318-333, 340, Thouria 765 striding: Athens 254-256, 311-315 (Athena of Parthenon East Pediment); brandishing spear: Athens 253, 307, Mesembria 443, Thessalian League 540, 542, 544, 547, 548 (Athena Itonia), Peparethos550 (AthenaItonia),Argos 782; with lowered spear and aegis: Athens 139, 140,

149, 151, 306; with spear and shield: Athens 309, 310, Patrai735, Thouria 765, Kleonai 797 throwingthunderboltAthens88, 89, PhilipV 510 (AthenaAlkidamos) SeealsoSterope. Augustus,head or bust: RhoimetalkesI 465, Amphipolis 467, Nikopolis555, Corinth 678, 681, 682, Lakedaimon 776, Ephesos909, uncertain1036 Axe, double: Tenedos 891, Mylasa 956

Baetylin baldacino: Chalkis621 Basket.SeeCista Mystica;Snake;Wheat ears. Bee: Koressia837, Ioulis 840, Ephesos 906, 907, Cyrenaica and Crete 1033 Bellerophon,on Pegasosand fighting Chimera: Corinth 676; riding or restrainingPegasos: Corinth 670, 671, 691 Birds,two, billing:Aphytis469 Boar,Kalydonian:Aitolian League 576. SeealsoJawbone of; Prow,in form of boar'shead. Boukranion,fillet hanging from each horn: Athens 185, 283, 401-406; without fillet: Athens 240, 246, 247, Corinth 677. SeealsoBull, head. Bow: Kranion 756 and arrow: Pantikapaion431 in case: Pantkapaion 430 in case with club: Alexander III 490-493, 495, Erythrai916, 917, Kos 958 and club: Thasos 459, 460, Thebes 604 and club and quiver:AlexanderHI 494 crossedwith quiver:Athens 107, 109, Myrina 456, LycianLeague 974 with stag-headterminal: Selge 983 SeealsoArtemis,with bow. Buildingwith column and statues: Corinth 716. Seealso Temple. Bull buttingor charging:Krannon523, EuboianLeague 614, Phlious 721, Magnesia on the Maiandros 923 forepart:Histiaia 629 head: Athens5, Korkyra569, PhokianLeague 587, Eretria627. SeealsoEagle, holding. protome: Euboian League 609, 610, Histiaia 631, Karystos636 recumbent:Euboian League 611, Eretria625, 626 standing on tuna or walking: Gela 422, Euboian League 612, 613, Histiaia628, 630, Kyzikos866 SeealsoArtemis, riding; Boukranion;Hera, seated; Themistoldes, statue, facing altar and slain bull; Theseus, driving.

I. INDEXES TO THE CATALOGUE:3. TYPES

367

Caduceus (usuallywinged): Athens 241, 245, Tanagra 599, Pheneos 810, Knossos 819. SeealsoHermes. Caestus,hand in: Smyrna 935 Caligula,head: Corinth 686, 687 Caracalla, bust: Thessalian League 547(?), Nikopolis 558-561, Chalkis 623, 624, Corinth 716, Patrai 741, 742, Kyparissia 763, Thouria 766(?), Argos 787, Hermione 795, Pheneos 811, Adramyteion864, Alexandria Troas 881-883, Mytilene 905, Magnesia on the Maiandros926, uncertain 1036; mounted, spearingenemy: Mytilene 905 Cavalryman.SeeHorseman. Centaur: Magnetes 531; with lyre (Chiron):Nikomedia 862 Centaurs,back to back: Thessalonike479; with torches, flankingstatue: Pergamon878 Chariot. SeeAthena;Triptolemos. Chimera. Corinth 674. SeealsoBellerophon. Chiron. SeeCentaur. Chloris.SeeLeto. Cicada: Athens 85, 100, 108, 109, 113, 131 Cista Mystica: Patrai 736, 737, Amisos 855. See also Snake. City-goddess, bust, veiled and turreted: Thessalonike 484; head, turreted: Ephesos 907, Knidos 955, Synnada 973, Tarsos988 Club: Athens 237, Philip II 486, Epeirote League 566, Leukas573, Patrai737, Lakedaimon767, 770, 775, Sardis 968; between pilei of Dioskouroi: Lakedaimon 778; and thyrsos:Thebes 605. SeealsoBow; Herakles. Column supportingstatue: Corinth 716 Commodus, bust: Megara 652, 653(?), Corinth 712, Patrai740, Troizen800, Corinth 712, Pergamon878, Assos 886, Sillyon 981 Cornucopia: Skepsis 890; between pilei of Dioskouroi: Adramyteion863; double: Laodikeia972, PtolemyIV 1008. SeealsoGenius of Corinth;Tyche. Cow, walking on dolphin: Byzantion 437; feeding: Pella 474 Crab: Kroton 419, Akragas421 Crescents,three: Athens 21, 37 Crown, prize: Synedra 987; (hemhem)of Harpokrates: Alexandria 1021; of Isis: AntiochosVII 994, Ptolemy XII 1015, Alexandria1027 Cuppingvessels.SeeThymiaterion.

and Kore, standing:Athens 178. SeealsoTriptolemos between. seated: Athens 186, 204(?), 205(?) standing:Athens 266; lightingtorch: Megara 652 Demeter or Kore, bust: Athens 243, 244, Paros 845, Elaia895; head facing: BoiotianLeague595; standing, carryingtorch: Athens 146 Demetrios Poliorketes,head: D. Poliorketes503, 504 Diana. SeeArtemis. Dikaiosyne,standingwith scalesand cornucopia:Alexandria 1029 Diocletian, bust: Alexandria1029, 1030 Dione, veiled head: EpeiroteLeague 564 Dionysos head, bearded: Athens 142, 144, Andros822, 824, Karthaia835(?) head (or bust), young: Athens 140, 141, Maroneia 440, 441, Peparethos549, Boiotian League 594, Aigion 732, Andros 821, 823, Karthaia 833, Ioulis838, Amisos855, Nikomedia862, Seleukos IV 992 (bust) sacrificing,with Apollo: Chios 949 seated, with torch: Pheneos 811; before table with thymiaterion(D. Eleutherios):Athens 176, 264, 265 standing,with torch: Patrai736; holding spearsand grapes: Maroneia 440, 441; herm of, on prow: Mytilene 904 Dioskouroi,jugate heads: Lakedaimon 771; standing: Lakedaimon773. SeealsoPilei. Dog (Sirios),forepartencircled by rays: Keos 831, 832, Karthaia834, Ioulis 839. SeealsoArtemis. Dolphin: Karystos 639, Corinth 702; entwined on trident: Athens 129, Karystos 637; and shell: Syracuse 425. See also Cow, walking on; Eagle, flying above; Melekertes;Youth,riding. Dolphins, two: Megara 643, Aigina 662, Arsinoe 818. Seealso Obelisk, between; Trident, between; Tripod, between. Domitian, head: Thespiai 608, Patrai738, Miletos 930, Alexandria1020 Domitian and Domitia, busts: ThessalianLeague 543 Dove: Skione 477, Sikyon 723-727, Kythera780 Drusus,head: Parion(?)869 Drususand Tiberius,headsjugate: Parion(?)870

Demeter head: "Eleusis"61, Athens 72-74, 86, 116, 127, 128, 150, Messene 760, 761, Hermione 792, 794, 794A, Pheneos 810, Tegea 814 head facing: Hermione 793

Eagle flying: Siphnos 846; above dolphin: Olbia 433; holding bull'shead, AlexandriaTroas883 standing: Akragas 421, Philip V or Perseus 514, Aigion 732, Elis 747-749, Lakedaimon 772, 776, Kyme 896, 899, Ptolemy II, 1006; on

368

INDEXES

thunderbolt:Athens 145, Pergamon874, Kings of Egypt 1004-1005, 1007, 1009, 1011-1014, 1016, 1017, 1019; holding bull's head, Alexandria Troas885; holding snake: Chalkis616-620, 622, Nikomedia858; holdingwreath:Antiochon the Orontes 997 SeealsoAltar;Zeus. Eagles, two, standing on thunderbolt: Kings of Egypt 1010, 1018 Eileithyia,head: Tegea 814 Eirene,holding Ploutos:Athens 267 Elagabalus,bust: Philippopolis447, Coela 449, Nikopolis 562 Elephant:AntiochosHI 991 Eleusisring in wheat wreath:Athens 75 Elpis,standing:Alexandria1028 Eros,winged bust: AntiochosVII 994 Etruscilla,bust: Ephesos 914 Eurydike(daughterof Lysimachos),veiled head: Smyrna 932 FaustinaI, bust: Delphi 590, 591 FaustinaII, bust: Amphipolis468 Femaledeity,seated on throne: Athens-Syros160. Seealso Great Goddess. Female, head: Cisalpine Celts 417, Syracuse 425, Mesembria443, Imbros452, Kythnos841, Tenedos891, Autokane 894, Mytilene 903, Laodikeia972; veiled: Euboian League 614, Eretria 626. See also Nymph, head. Fir tree. SeeTree, fir. Gaius and Lucius,heads: Corinth 678 Galley: Skodra 552, Nikopolis 556, 562, Corinth 693; forepart of: Korkyra571, Seleukos IV 992. Seealso Prow. Gallienus,bust: Perinthos446, ThessalianLeague548(?), Smyrna941 Gallienusand ValerianI, busts:Nikaia 857 Gate with statuesand three arches:Pagai 657 Genius of Corinth: Corinth 688 Germanicus,head: Tanagra601, Corinth 679 Geta, bust: Megara 656, Corinth 720, Sikyon 730, Ephesos 913 Goat, standingor walking:Paros845, Syros847; nursing Zeus in cave: Aigion 733 Goats, two, kneeling: Bottiaia470, PhilipV 511 Gorgoneion:Athens 139, Olbia 433 Grapes,cluster:Athens 233, Korkyra567, 568, Lokrian League 581-585, Euboian League 612, 613, Histiaia 634, Karthaia 833, Ioulis 838, Kythnos 841,

Tenos 848, 849, Perperene 879, Chios 946, SoloiPompeiopolis985, Herod Archelaos999; two clusters: Euboian League 611, Eretria625. SeealsoVine, with. Great Goddess,seated: Samothrace457 Griffin,forepart:Phokaia931; seated: Abdera435, Teos 942, Alexandria1026 H with curvedsides: Heraia 804 R-: Kleitor805 Hadrian,bustor head: ThessalianLeague544, Nikopolis 554, Delphi 589, Elis 753-755, Lakedaimon 777, BithynianLeague 856, Smyrna 937, Antioch on the Orontes996, Alexandria1022-1024, uncertain1036 Hand. SeeCaestus. Hands, clasped, holding poppy and grain ears: Corinth 697, 698 Harpa: PhilipV 512, 513, LarissaKremaste530 Harpokratescrown. SeeCrown. Hawk: Alexandria1020 Hekate, holding two torches:Aigina 665 Helios, head or bust: Corinth 701, Kleitor 805, Rhodes 964, 966; head facing: Rhodes 959-962 Helmet: Mesembria 442, Kranion 757; Macedonian: Macedonian Kings 497, 498, 506, Herod Archelaos 999 Hephaistos,head: Athens-Lemnos159A Hera bust, facing,on Ionic capital: Chalkis616-618 head: Chalkis619, 620, Elis 747, Argos 782, 785, Samos 951; veiled: Orchomenos598 seated, bull at feet: Chalkis623 Herakles head, bearded: Thasos 460, Corinth 669, Patrai 735, Lakedaimon770, Selge 983 head, young: Kroton 419, Thasos 459, Lysimachos 461, Philippoi 475, Philip II 486, AlexanderIII 488, 490-495, Philip III 496, Kassandros499, 500, Antigonos Gonatas509, PhilipV 511-512, EpeiroteLeague 566, Korkyra567, 571, Leukas 573, Thebes 604, 605, Karystos 636, Kleonai 796, Erythrai916-918 head, young, facing: Kos 958 slayingstag: Perinthos446 standing, with club and lion skin: Athens 179, 365 (HeraklesFarnese),Philippopolis447, Aitolian League 580, Nikomedia 861; with club and phiale: Athens 272, 366 Herakles or Theseus, standing, with club and phiale: Athens 199 Herakleitos,standing:Ephesos 910 Herm: Sestos 450. SeealsoDionysos, standing. Hermanubis,bust: Alexandria1025

I. INDEXES TO THE CATALOGUE:3. TYPES Hermes head or bust: Sestos 451, Euboian League 615, Antioch 982 seated: Corinth 711, Patrai 741; statue in temple, Patrai742 standing, before thymiaterion: Imbros 452; before tree and altar: Tanagra 603 strikingfallen Panoptes: Chalkis624 walking,with coin sack and caduceus: Athens 358,

359 Hero, feeding snake: LokrianLeague 586 Hippocamp: Syracuse426 Homer, seated: Nikaia 857 Horse forepart:Atarneus865, Kyme 897, Seleukiaon the Kalykadnos984; winged, ending in cornucopia: Skepsis890 grazing: Larissa528, 529, AlexandriaTroas 881, 882, 884, Neandria 889 head: Siculo-Punic429, Pharsalos539 hindquarters:Athens 2 running: Thessalonike478 standingbefore palm tree: Siculo-Punic428 stepping or prancing: Maroneia 439, AlexanderIII 489, Gyrton 520, Larissa 526, Magnetes 533, Thessalian League 541,545,546, Elis 750 Horseman: Philip II 485, Kassandros500, Atrax 518, Krannon 522, 523, Larissa527, Macedonian League 515, Sikyon 729; charging or on prancing horse: Pharsalos537, 538, Magnesia on the Maiandros923, 924; crowninghorse: Antigonos Gonatas 509. Seealso Men. Iakchos,standing,holding torch: Athens 117, 188 Incuse square: Athens 1-5, Aigina 658-662, Siphnos 846, Kyzikos866 Isis, standing: Tripolis (Lydia)969. Seealso Serapis and Isis. Isis crown. SeeCrown of Isis. IET: IstrianonLimen 434 Isthmos,standing,holding rudder: Corinth 685, 700 Janus, head: Thessalonike479 Jawbone of boar, and spearhead:Aitolian League 579 Juba I, bust:Juba I 1035 Julia Domna, bust: Augusta Traiana 448, Thessalonike 483, Nikopolis557, Megara 655 Julia Mamea, bust: Deultum 438, Smyrna 940 Julia Titi, bust: Smyrna 936 Julio-Claudianemperor,head: Tanagra 600(?), Parion(?) 871, uncertain 1036 Julius Caesar,head: Corinth 670

369

K in incuse square: Kranion 757 Kabeirosor Kabeiroi. SeeNike; Pilei;Torch. Kallisto,seated, with child Arkas:Orchomenos809 Kantharos: Athens 141, Peparethos549, Andros 822, Methymna901,902, Teos 942 Karneios, head: Cyrene 1031 Kepheus. SeeSterope,with Athena and Kepheus. King, Persian,running: PersianEmpire 1003 KleopatraVII, bust: KleopatraVII 1019 Kore (Persephone),head: Athens 106(?), 117, SiculoPunic 428, 429, Salamis 642, Kyzikos 867 (Soteira); standingor walking,with torches:Athens 187,213. See alsoDemeter, and Kore;Demeter or Kore. Krater:Judea 1002 Kybele, head: Smyrna 934; riding lion: Nikopolis 557; seated: Samothrace457, Smyrna 936 Lakedaimon,head: Lakedaimon772 Leto, standing,with child Chloris:Argos 787 Libya,head: Cyrenaica 1032 Lion, forepart: Knidos 955; recumbent: Kassandros 499; running: Lysimachos464; standing or walking: CisalpineCelts 417, Miletos 928-930. SeealsoKybele, riding. Lucius.SeeGaius and Lucius. LuciusVerus.SeeVerus. Lyre: Athens 111, Rhegion 420, Sestos 451, Olynthos 472, Thespiai606-608, Megara646,649, Delos 827829, Mytlene 903 Maenad, head: Histiaia 628-635 Male, bearded, nude, standing, with spear and shield: Tanagra 600; head or bust, young: Athens 245, 246, Hephaistia 453, Philip II 485, Alexander III 489, Phalanna 536, Aitolian League 578, 579, Karystos 639. SeealsoYouth. MarcusAurelius,bust or head: Tanagra 603, Pagai 657, Corinth 706-708, Patrai739, Nikomedia 858 Marsyas.SeeAthena, and Marsyas. Maximinus,bust: Magnetes 534 Maximus,bust: Syedra987 Medusa, hair of. SeeSterope. Melikertes,riding dolphin: Corinth 683, 707, 709, 714 Men on horseback:Sillyon 981 Miltiades,with Persiancaptive and trophy:Athens 190 Muse, veiled head with modius: Thespiai 606, 607 Mystic staff: Athens 62, 63; crossed with wheat ear: Athens 154. SeealsoPiglet. Nero head: Thessalonike481, Corinth 690-696, Sikyon 728, 729, uncertain 1036

370

INDEXES standing, on temple podium: Corinth 696; on tribunal orating: Corinth 694; being crowned by Tyche: Corinth 695

Nike head: Athens 107 standing:Philippoi476, AlexanderIII 487, Boiotian League 596, Side 980; prow: Demetrios Poliorketes 502; on globe: Thessalonike481, Corinth 680 walking and/or crowning: Athens 147, 155, 207, 214,215, 409, Thessalonike482, Nikopolis559, 563, Corinth 720, Pergamon 873, SoloiPompeiopolis 986, Alexander I Balas 993; carrying globe: Nikopolis 561; carrying Kabeiros image: Thessalonike483 SeealsoAthena;Zeus. Nilus, reclining:Alexandria1023 Nymph, head: Lamia 525, Larissa 528, 529, Larissa Kremaste 530, Phalanna 536, Euboian League 609, 610, Salamis 640, 641; head facing: Gomphoi 519, Halos 521, Larissa526, 527; seated, on stern of ship: Histiaia632 Obelisk,between dolphins: Megara 645 Octavian. SeeAugustus. Octopus: Eretria627 Olive tree. SeeTree, olive. Owl Double-bodied,standing:Athens 20, 41-43 standing facing: Athens 12, 19, 35, 36, 64, 231, Myrinaand Hephaistia455, 455A standing sideways, head facing: Athens 6-11, 1318, 22-27, 30, 31, 50, 52-54, 57-60, 77, 87, 162-167, 226-230, 414-416, Peparethos550, Medon 574, Thyrrheion575, Lakedaimon769, Tegea 812; on amphora: Athens 32-34, 110, 115, 118-126, 157, 158, 197; Delos (cleruchy) 830; on palm branch: Pergamon875; on prow: Athens 152; on rudder: Athens 71; on thunderbolt: Athens 67, 81, 100. SeealsoTree, olive. standingthree-quartersfacing: Athens 28, 69, 70 Owls, two, standing:Athens 12A, 29, 44-47, 56, 65; on thunderbolt:Athens 99, 156 Palm, branch:Judea 1001; tree: Delos 825; with horse: Siculo-Punic428 Pan erectingtrophy:AntigonosGonatas507, 508 head, bearded: Syros847 head, young: Bottiaia470, ArkadianLeague 801 seated: Megalopolis808 Panoptes.SeeHermes, striking.

Peacock:Samos 951 Pegasos,flying: Corinth 666-668, 683-687, 701, 704; forepart: Corinth 669; walking: Corinth 715. Seealso Bellerophon. Peirene,seated: Corinth 713 Pentagram:Pitane 880 Persephone.SeeKore (Persephone). Perseus,head: PhilipV 513, PhilipV or Perseus514 0 framedby four globules: Phlious 721 Philoktetes,shooting: Lamia 524, 525 Phrixos,ridingram: Halos 521 Piglet, on mystic staff: "Eleusis"38, 48, 49, 51, 55, Athens 39, 40; standing: Athens 63, 86, 106, 232, 243 Piglets,two: Athens 62 Pilei of Dioskouroi or Kaberoi: Athens-Imbros 161, Lakedaimon767, 768, Alexandria1022. SeealsoCornucopia, between;Club, between;Torch,between. Plautilla,bust: Aigina 665, Corinth 717-719, Kleonai 797 Plemochoe: "Eleusis"61, Athens 72-75, 102-104, 129 Plow: Dion 471. SeealsoPriest. Pomegranate:Side 979 Pompey,head: Soloi-Pompeiopolis986 Poppy, between crossed wheat ears: Athens 133, 134, 150 Poseidon head or bust: Brundisium418, Pantikapaion432, Demetrios Poliorketes505, Krannon 522, Korkyra569, 572, Chalkis621, Karystos637, 638, Corinth 674, 675, 700, 704, Troizen 799, Tenos 850 seated: Corinth 671 standing:BoiotianLeague 595, Tenos 851 striding,brandishingtrident: Demetrios Poliorketes 502, 503 SeealsoAthena, and Poseidon. Priestor Priests,plowingwith oxen: Patrai738, Parion(?) 868-871 Prize crown. SeeCrown. Probus,bust: Alexandria1028 ProusiasH, head: Nikomedia861 Prow: Pantikapaion432, Coela 449, Demetrios Poliorketes 504, 505, Magnetes 532, Korkyra568, Megara 643-645, Aigina663, Corinth673, Smyrna938, 939, Knidos 953, 954; in form of boar's head: Nikopolis 555; often with owl on ram: Athens 220, 413. Seeaso Dionysos,standing,herm on; Galley. PtolemyI, head: PtolemyVI 1011, Cyrenaica 1032 PtolemyIII, bust: PtolemyIII 1007 PtolemyVII, head: PtolemyVI 1012 Pyreof Sandon: Tarsos988

II. INDEXES TO THE CATALOGUE:3. TYPES Quiver: Argos 785. SeealsoBow, and club. Race torch. SeeTorch. Ram, forepart:Samothrace458, Klazomenai921; head: Aigina663, Pellene743; recumbent:Klazomenai922; standing:Kranion 756; walking: Klazomenai920. See alsoPhrixos,riding. RheskouporisVI, bust: 853 Rhodos, head: Rhodes 963, 965 RhoimetalkesI, head: 465 River god, horned head: Gela 422 Roma, head in Corinthianhelmet: Cyrenaicaand Crete 1033; turreted bust: Corinth 698, Pergamon 877, Perperene979, Hermokapelia967 Rose: Kythnos 842, Rhodes 959-965 Rudder: Corinth 702, 703. SeealsoIsthmos;Owl; Tyche. Salonina, bust: Nikopolis563 Saloninus,bust: Ephesos 915 Sandon, SeePyre of. Satyr,young head: Pantikapaion430, 431 Senate, bust: Pergamon877, Hermokapelia967; veiled: Corinth 697, 699 SeptimiusSeverus,bust: Megara 654, Corinth713-715, Boura 734, Tenea 744, Mothone 764, Argos 786, Methana 798, Tegea 816, Ephesos 912(?) Serapis, bust: Smyrna 939, Tripolis 969, Alexandria 1030; and Isis,jugate heads: Perinthos445 Serpent, fish-tailed:Pautalia444 SeverusAlexander,bust: Aigai 893 Shell. SeeDolphin and. Shield, Macedonian: Macedonian Kings 497, 498,506; Boiotian: Boiotian League 592, 596, 597; of Ajax, with sheathed sword: Salamis640-642 Ship, Argo with rowers: Magnetes 534. SeealsoGalley; Prow;Themistokles. Silphiumplant: Cyrene 1031 Sirios.SeeDog. Slinger:Ainianes 516, 517 Smyrna. SeeAmazon. Snake, basket with: Athens 221; coiled: Athens 219, Epidauros 790, Pergamon 872; on staff: Messene 762. SeealsoAmphoras;Eagle, standing,holding;Hero, feeding;Tree, olive; Triptolemos. Soteira. SeeKore. Spearhead: Epeirote League 565, Aitolian League 577, SeealsoJawboneof boar. Sphinx, seated: Athens 153, Chios 943-950, Perge978 Square.SeeIncuse square;Vine. Staff,mystic. SeeMystic staff;Piglet. Stag, kneeling: Ephesos 906; recumbent: Phanagoria 852; standing: Athens-Lemnos 159, Knossos 819A,

371

Ephesos 911, 913, Magnesia on the Maiandros925, Lycian League 975, Amyntas 989, Cyrenaica and Crete 1034; walking: Ephesos 912. SeealsoHerakles, slaying;Torch,between. Standards,military: Philippoi 476. See also Altar, with eagle. Star with eight rays: Ouranopolis 473, Karthaia 835, Koressia836, Miletos 928, AlexanderJannaios998 Sterope, receiving hair of Medusa with Athena: Tegea 814; with Athena and Kepheus: Tegea 815 Sword, sheathed:Amisos 854. SeealsoShield. Syrinx:ArkadianLeague 801, 802 Table, agonistic, with amphora, owl, head of Athena or statuette of Athena Parthenos, and usually wreath and/or palm branch:Athens 184,192-194,281,282, 386-400 Telesphoros:Athens 218, 242 Temple distyle,with statueof Athena or Hermes: Patrai739, 742 hexastyle:Corinth 681, 682, Smyrna 937 octastyle:BithynianLeague 856,Juba I 1035 side and front,with statueof Apollo: Delphi 590 tetrastyle:Corinth 696, 699 SeealsoAmazon, holding. Theater of Dionysos: Athens 376 Themistokles,standingon galley: Athens 182, 183, 278, 279, 374; statue facing altar and slain bull: Magnesia on the Maiandros926 Theseus bust: Athens 232-241 attackingwith club: Athens 200, 208, 209, 373, 408 drivingbull: Athens 180, 273 and Minotaur:Athens 189, 201, 275, 276, 372 raisingrock: Athens 181, 274, 371, Troizen 800 SeealsoHeraklesor Theseus. Thunderbolt: Syracuse 427, Elis 751, Pergamon 874, Metropolis 927, Myndos 957, Selge 983. See also Athena;Owl; Owls; Zeus. Thymiaterion,between cupping vessels: Epidauros789. SeealsoDionysos, seated before; Hermes, standingbefore. Thyrsos:Andros823; and club: Thebes 605 Thyrsoi,crossed:Chios 950 Tiberius, head: Thessalian League 542, Tanagra 602, Corinth 680, Knossos 819A, Parion(?)868 Tiberiusand Drusus,heads: Parion(?)870 Torch Hermione 792, 794A, Elaia 895; between stags: Ephesos908

372

INDEXES

race torch,boundwith fillet:Hephaistia454, Aptera 817; between pilei ofKabeiroi: Hephaistia453 SeealsoArtemis;Demeter. Torches,two: Athens 238, 244, Hermione 794. Seealso Hekate. Trajan, charging on horseback: Nikopolis 553; head or bust: Thessalonike482, Nikopolis 553, Attaleia 977, Alexandria1021 Trajan Decius, bust: Nikomedia 859, 860, Alexandria Troas884 Tranquillina,bust: Kyme 900, Samos 952 Tree fir: Skepsis890 olive, with owl: Athens 211, 410 with owl and amphora: Athens 195, 196, 377385, 411 with owl, amphora, and entwiningsnake: Athens 224, 225 SeealsoAthena, standing;Athena, and Poseidon. Trident:Orthe 535, BoiotianLeague592, 597, Karystos 638, Corinth 667, 703, Troizen 799, Mantineia 806, 807, Mylasa 956; between dolphins: Byzantion 437, Tenos 850. See also Dolphin; Athena, and Poseidon; Poseidon. Tripod: Athens 112, 114, 138, 222, 223, 236, 412: Philippoi475, Kassandros501, Dyrrachion551, Epeirote League 564, Orchomenos 598, Tanagra 602, Histiaia 633, Megara 647, 650, 651, Sikyon 724, Zakynthos759, Messene 760, Argos784, Andros824, Kyzikos 867, Smyrna 932, 933; between dolphins: Megara 644. SeealsoApollo, seated. Triptolemos,between Demeter and Kore: Athens 177; in or mountingsnake-drawnchariot: "Eleusis"38, 48, 49, 51, 55, Athens 39, 40, 116, 127, 128, 154, 155, 168, 198, 206, 271,368,369,407 Trophy:Aitolian League 578, Boiotian League 593 Turtle:Aigina 658-661 Tyche bust, turreted:Corinth 698 standing, with cornucopia and rudder: Nikopolis 554, Boura 734, Hermione 795, Samos 952; and scepter: Nikopolis 558; and phiale: Corinth 705, Tenea 744; and phiale at altar:Megara654, Corinth 710, 717 SeealsoCity-goddess;Nero, standing,being crowned by. Umbrella:AgrippaI 1000

Valerian.SeeGallienusand Valerian.

Vase, with one handle: Corinth 672, Kyme 896-898; with palm: Corinth677. SeealsoAmphora;Kantharos; Krater;Peirene. Verus, bust: Pautalia 444, Corinth 709-711, Ephesos 911 Vine, branch: Judea 1002; with grapes: Histiaia 628; with grapesin square:Maroneia439 Volusian, bust: Alexandria Troas 885, Antioch on the Orontes 997 Wagon, drawnby mules: Ephesos 914 Warrior,charging:Mamertinoi424, Tegea 813; slinging: Ainianes516, 517; standing:Mamertinoi423 Wheat ear: Euboian League 615, Neandria 888 Wheat ears: Athens 132, 135, 136, 239, 247, Agrippa I 1000; in vase or basket,Athens 235. SeealsoPoppy. Wheel, with four spokes:Athens 3, IstrianonLimen 434, Mesembria442, Akanthos466 Wolf,head: Argos 781; at bay: Argos 783 Wreath,surrounding ANTIKAIin wreath: Thessalonike480 X : Achaian League 745 BAZIAElIj:|(IAinnlOY: PhilipV 512, 513

Corinth672 COIRIN: AHIM: Sikyon 723A E in laurelwreath: Epidauros788 t in wheat wreath: Hermione 793 Elis 752 FAIAEllIQN: HAEIIWN:Elis 753 eECAAOINIKEIf2N:Thessalonike484 IEIPA:: Epidauros791 ItITHMIIA: Corinth 708; IETIAIIEQN:Histiaia 635 Kleonai 796 KAIEfQ: ME r in wreath: Megara 648 MHIAIWN:Melos 843 NEIMEIIA:Argos 786 NEPIWNOIC:Judea1001 nlYIIlA: Delphi 589 : Same 758 E or El: Sikyon 722, 723, 725, 726 SCI A in wreath:Antioch on the Orontes 996 TANAIrPAIIfN:Tanagra599 0 or (lQ/: PhokianLeague 587, 588 Youth, riding dolphin: Brundisium418; walking, with raisedarms: Sikyon728 Zeus head, bearded: Athens 66, 76, 88, 89, 102, 144, 145, Mamertinoi 424, Aphytis 469, Philip V 510, Ainianes 516, 517, Gyrton 520, Magnetes

II. INDEXES TO THE CATALOGUE:3. TYPES 531-533, Dyrrachion 551, Skodra552, Chalkis 622, Megara 650, Aigina 664, Aigion 731, 733, AchaianLeague745, Elis748-752, Thouria 765, Lakedaimon 775, ArkadianLeague 802, Megalopolis 808, Tenos 848, Pitane 880, Autokane 894, Mytilene 904, Erythrai919, Smyrna 938, Myndos 957, Akmoneia 970, Apameia 971, Antioch on the Orontes 995, Kings of Egypt 1005, 1006, 1009, 1010, 1013-1018; bearded,young: Tenos 849, 851 seated, with scepter and eagle: Athens 356, Lysimachos 461, Alexander III 488, Philip III 496; with scepter and Nike: Athens 263, Megara 653,

373

Patrai 740, Antioch on the Orontes 995; with scepteron rocks: Gomphoi 519 standing with arms extended: Elis 755 sacrificingat altar:Athens 175, 357 with scepter and eagle: Adramyteion864, Assos 886, Aigai 892,893 with scepter and Nike: Achaian League 746 with lowered thunderbolt,Athens 78-80, 148 striding,throwingthunderbolt:Athens 82-84, 9097, 137, Aigion 731, Elis 754, Messene 761 SeealsoGoat, nursingZeus in cave.

374

INDEXES

Index 11.4 SYMBOLS ANDADJUNCTTYPES Amphora:Athens 28, 69, 77, 92, 93, Corinth667, Chios 950 Anchor: Athens 32 Aplustre:Athens 73, Histiaia632, PtolemyXI 1017 Ares, holding scepter: Corinth 667 Astragal:"Eleusis"38, Ephesos 906 Axe, double: Demetrios Poliorketes505

Isis crownon stand: PtolemyXII 1018 Ivy branchwith leaves: "Eleusis"38 Ivy leafi "Eleusis"38, AlexanderIII 488, Demetrios Poliorketes503, LokrianLeague: 584, Boiotian League 592

Bee: PhilipIII 496 Bird: PhilipV 510 Boukranion:"Eleusis"38, Athens 169, 249, Thyrrheion 575 Branch:Myrina 455, Philippoi475

Mystic staff:Athens 41, 95, 119

Caduceus: Athens 124, Thasos 459, Thessalonike478, Samos 951, Herod Archelaos999 Cicada: Athens 143, 158 Club: Abdera 435, Euboian League 613, Histiaia 634, Argos 784, Mytilene 903 Cbrnucopia:Athens 59, 84, 91, 92, Coela 449, Chalkis 616, PtolemyIII 1007, PtolemyVI and VIII 1010 Crayfish:Apollonia Pontica436 Crescent: Thessalonike482, AlexanderIII 488, Antigonos Gonatas 509, Ephesos914 Dolphin: "Eleusis"38, Byzantion437, Lysimachos461, Boiotian League 592, 597, Rhodes 960, Ptolemy VI 1012 Eagle: Athens 82-84, 90-93 Elephant:Alexandria1023 Eleusisring: Athens 43, 44, 60, 72, "Eleusis"61 Flower:Athens 123, Antigonos Gonatas507(?) Galley: Corinth 690 Grapes,cluster:Philippoi475, Kassandros500, Aitolian League 579, Chalkis 618, Histiaia 631, Patrai 737, Chios 944, Rhodes 959; two clusters: Histiaia 628, 629. SeealsoVine branch. Greave:LokrianLeague 584 Griffin,running: Corinth 667 Helmet: Athens 88, Antigonos Gonatas507 Herm: Chalkis618 Horse'shead: Athens 88

Lion, forepart:Lysimachos461 Lyre:Athens 87, Mamertinoi423, Lysimachos462

Octopus: Akragas421 Owl: Athens 74, 76, 78, 149 Palm: Patrai735 Pedum:AntigonosGonatas 507 Pig'shead: "Eleusis"38 Pilei, two, of the Dioskouroi: Athens 94, 126, Phokaia 931, Chios 944, Antioch on the Orontes 995 Pileus:Athens 90 Pine cone: Corinth 667 Plemochoe:Athens 39, 45, 70, 91, 116, 117, 120, 146 Poppies,two: Chios 948 Poppy:Athens 128, 138 Poppyhead, between two wheat ears: Athens 118 Prow:Athens 79, Argos 785, Chios 948, 949 Quiver: Lysimachos461 Race Torch. SeeTorch. Ram's head: "Eleusis"38 Rose: Chalkis618 Rosebud:Philip III 496 Rudder:Athens 71, Thasos 459 Scepter: Samos 951 Shell: "Eleusis"38, Akragas421 Shield: PtolemyII 1005 Snake: Athens 89, 151, 157, Atarneus865 Spearhead: Mamertinoi 424, Lysimachos464, Alexander III 488 Staff.SeeMystic staff. Star:Athens82, 85,401, Thasos 459, AlexanderHI 488, Magnetes 531, Euboian League 612, 613, Chalkis 616, 619, Histiaia 632, Karthaia 833, Paros 845, Magnesia on the Maiandros 925, Miletos 929, 930, Chios 949; between crescents:Athens 97 Stars,two: Chios 947 Sword: Euboian League 613

II. INDEXES TO THE CATALOGUE:4. SYMBOLS AND ADJUNCT TYPES Thunderbolt:Athens 67, 81, 99, 100, 138, Histiaia632, Corinth 667, Arkadian League 802, Antioch on the Orontes 995 Thymiaterion:Euboian League 613(?) Thyrsos: Athens 96, 125: Patrai737; with fillet and bell: Amisos 855 Tongs: Hephaistia 455A Torch: Alexander III 487, 495, Philip III 496, Corinth 667 Trident: Antigonos Gonatas 507, Boiotian League 594, Histiaia 632, Megara 643, Argos 785, Ptolemy II 1006; between dolphins: Lysimachos463 Tripod: Athens 121, Lysimachos461, Boiotian League 594, Megara 643, Corinth 667, Messene 761 Triskeles:Salamis641(?)

375

Trophy: Euboian League 613(?), Chalkis616, 617, Histiaia 630 Tuna: Kyzikos866, 867 Tyche, holding staff:Athens 34; voting: Athens 33 Vine branch, with grape cluster: Mytilene 904. Seealso Grapes. Wheat ear: Athens 58, 80, 83, 89, 137, 152, Leukas 573, Euboian League 614, Neandria 889 Wheat ears, two: Athens 122 Wheat kernel: Athens 35, 36, Gela 422 Wreath:Athens 57, Nikopolis559, Chalkis618, Corinth 667, Thouria 765

376

INDEXES

INDEX II.5 COUNERMARKS A8E: Athens [115-126 etc.], p. 110 5: Smyrna 941 Z: Nikomedia860 IN:uncertain1037 K:PtolemyVI 1012 R:uncertain1037 TIE: Parion(?)871 X: Myrina or Hephaistia 455A, uncertain 1037. Seealso Owl, standing Amphoraat r. of A: Athens [115-126 etc.], p. 110 Bee: Methymna901 Cicada: Athens 94, 95 Cornucopia:uncertain 1037 Dolphin: Chalkis 618, Rhodes (imitation)960, 961; on trident:uncertain1037 Gorgoneion: Histiaia633

Grapes, cluster: Chalkis 620, Andros 823, Tenos 851, uncertain1037 Hand, open, right: Athens, pp. 294-295; open, left: uncertain1037 Head: Maroneia440; 1.,Koressia837 of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet: Pantikapaion 432 of Hera, facing: Antigonos Gonatas 507 of Pan r.: AntigonosGonatas 507, 509 Helmet, Boiotian: Antigonos Gonatas 509 Lyre: Methymna902, uncertain 1037 Owl: Athens 144, Tenos 851(?),Aigai 892; standingover ? or X: Chalcis 622 Rose(?):Maroneia440 Star or rosette:Athens [88, 89], uncertain 1037 Tripod:Tanagra602, Corinth 695 Wreath:Antigonos Gonatas507, uncertain1037?

PLATES

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199a

199b

206a

20Gb0

21C2c

22Gb

226d

232a

21Ile

220c

226e

233a

200

212a

221b

222a

226f

226g

227a,

234b

202a

201

209a

221a

234a

PAE1 PLATE

234c

214a

223a

227b

237a

215a

223b

228a

237b

216a

224a

229a

237c

203a

204a

2

211a

2

210a

217a

217b

219a

2

22Gb

2

224b

226a

29b

229c

230a

2

240a

24Gb

2

238a

ATHENIAN

PLATE 18

BRONZE, 2ND CENTURY

AFTER CHRIS

-I ^8ftL

sgK^^^ -

_

248b

248a

253

W"~ - 254a

260a

_...s

261a

266

i_

267a

272a

!73a

248c

MOP'255a

262a

268a

275a

B

W

248d

256a

~

248e

ME" 257a

263a

264a

269a

270

276a

277a

24

25

_m"265

27

27

ATHENIAN

BRONZE, 2ND AND 3RD CENTURIES

279a

280a

PLATE

AFTER CHRIST

280b

280c

281a

28

,

-

283a

,",

284a

299b

_C=_

-s.o

283b

284b

284c

288a

289a

293

300a

301a

302a

l-

284f

iO_

283d

VOJJC

~

284g

297a

305a

285aI

O

L

298a

306a

30

PLATE 20

ATHENIAN

308a

__

311a

312a

317

318a

318b

331a

334a

336

345a

355a

_

348a

350a

357

BRONZE, 3RD CENTURY

313a

_ loon-

314a

AFTER CHRIST

315

31

318c

319a

321a

3

337

340a

341a

34

351a

352a

353a

35

358a

359a

360

36

ATHENIAN

BRONZE, 3RD CENTURY

-

_lAM&k

362

370a

_

363

371

375c

376a

381a

382a

~"00'387b

392a

PLATE

AFTER CHRIST

~

"d

364

372a

377a

382b

392b

365a

372b

377b

383a

394

367b

374a

378a

383b

397

36

375a

378b

38

386a

38

401a

40

PLATE 22 -.0pslooks-

ATHENIAN PLATE 22 BRONZE, 3RD CENTURY AFTER CHRIST. ITALY, SICILY, THRAC

403a

dom.-401c

409b

410a

404a

410b

*.9VM

405a

410c

412

~,403b

413a

-m,406a

414a

415

408a

4

416a

41

419

,34a

439a

441a

14

THRACE, MACEDONIA

PLATE

w454a

456b

q

455a

456c

w

455b

456d

O

_

468

469

472

t

l eS - 476a

480

487

488a

488b

488c

488d

48

I S. 492a 488f

497

488g

488i

500c

1

490a

501

493

502a.

502b

503

496a

504a

50

PLATE 24

505

507m

MACEDONIA,

. 507a

507n

V

507c

507b

508a

508b

507e

507f

509b

509a

THESSALY, EPEIRO

507k

509c

50

509d

I

521

532a

536a

536b

537 37

539 539

523

528

540a

540b

529a

541a

be

549

551a

552

553

I

-

554

555 559

5

5

EPEIROS TO PHOKIS, BOIOTIA, EUBOIA

574

573a

572

PLATE

575

.

579a

578

580b

581a

58

589

597a

,610

;18b

__ 600

L612

618g

601a

_

595a

594

592c

602a

613k -m

620g

6131

620j

~

602b

613m

W

605a

614a

595b

605b

614b

= 606a

616a

595c

606b

616d

620k 622

59

60

PLATE 26 SALAMIS, MEGARID ~~~~~~~~~EUBOIA,

PLATE 26

W627

632h

629a

332i

632b

632a

632j

632k

632d

632c

633

632o

632e

634a

640c

W

I

Ii4Oe

640f

643g

643h

645Ab

648b

645Ac

650

641

642

644d

644a

645Ad 645Ba

64~6 8b651 50 a6

643b

643a

644e

646b

645Bb

56 652

6555

643c

644f

643e

-644g

647b

64

t\IGINA,

__ CORINTH

PLATE

658b

658a

664

691c

709

666

665

677

672a

659

660

667a

681

692a

661

667c

686a -----

662b

662a

667i

6671

686b ----

-,,.- ..

6670

662c

66

668a

687a

688 --lW

..

6

iQ vV

693a

710

711

713

716

717

PLATE 28

PELOPONNESOS

718

W

720

727a

735a

755

786

721a

723a

723b

759a

744

743a

765

762a

787

724a

731

729

742a

723c

791

745

773

792a

795

724b

733

7

7

746a

747

75

776a

777

78

811

812a

81

CRETE, CYCLADES, PONTOS TO AIOLIS

817

818

855a

822

820

835

833a

832a

837a

858

PLATE

827a

823a

828d

830

83

838

859

862

866

870

883

885

888

S

892a

893

898

PLATE 30

AIOLIS, IONIA, KARI

903a

913

915

923

924

0

I

928

936

940

9

926

944c

944e

944k

0 954

0

955

956

959

960

961

963b

96

LYDIA TO JUDEA, PERSIAN EMPIRE, EGYPT TO NUMIDIA

969a

973a

978

992

999

1001

1002a

PLATE

979b

994

1003

99

1004

1007a

lOlOa

1015a 013b

1016b

022

1032

1017

10

PLATE 32

MODERN

IMITATIONS.

a

c

Modern imitations

d. Chopped coin blanks and rod segment from the "Mint":Group 1 (B 1046)

3 1243

1242

"'B 1245

-

B 1244

B 1237 -'

B 1068a

B 1238

B 1068b

e. Chopped coin blanks from the "Mint":Group 2 and others

B 1239

COIN BLANK

PLATE

COIN BLANKS AND REJECTS

a. Period V B/C blank, with countermark:B 1641

b. Period VI rejectsand sawn coin blanks from the Rectangular Peribolos (Deposit I 1:3): B 1254

PLATE 34

COINS FROM THE LIBRARY OF PANTAINOS NORTH STO

8. 99

15

14

*9

20

31

16

21

6

*5

12

@1

@10

22

17

8

23

24

0

7

32

33

34

Coins from the original floor packing of Room 7 (Deposit U 13:2a) ca. A.D. 100

.....

PLAN A

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