Vitamin B6 - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

VITAMIN B6 A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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VITAMIN B6 A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Vitamin B6: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84681-2 1. Vitamin B6-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on vitamin B6. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON VITAMIN B6 .............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Vitamin B6.................................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 30 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND VITAMIN B6 .................................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding Nutrition Studies on Vitamin B6 .................................................................................. 77 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 83 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND VITAMIN B6 .............................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 89 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 97 General References ..................................................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON VITAMIN B6......................................................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Patents on Vitamin B6............................................................................................................... 109 Patent Applications on Vitamin B6........................................................................................... 134 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 151 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON VITAMIN B6............................................................................................. 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 153 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 155 Chapters on Vitamin B6 ............................................................................................................ 155 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON VITAMIN B6............................................................... 159 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 159 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 159 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 162 Academic Periodicals covering Vitamin B6............................................................................... 162 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 165 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 165 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 165 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 167 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 169 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 171 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 171 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 171 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 173 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 175 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 175 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 175 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 175 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 175 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 181 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 182 VITAMIN B6 DICTIONARY....................................................................................................... 183

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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 259

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with vitamin B6 is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about vitamin B6, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to vitamin B6, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on vitamin B6. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to vitamin B6, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on vitamin B6. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON VITAMIN B6 Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on vitamin B6.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and vitamin B6, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Vitamin Supplementation in Persons With Renal Disease Source: EDTNA-ERCA Journal. 8(4): 11-14. October 1992. Contact: Available from R and D Laboratories, Inc. 4640 Admiralty Way, Suite 710, Marina del Rey, CA 90292. (800) 338-9066. Summary: In this article, the author covers vitamin supplementation in people with renal disease. After an introduction that reviews vitamin needs in healthy people, the author covers diet therapy for renal patients; metabolic alterations caused by kidney disease; the effects of drugs given for concurrent disease; the impact of the dialysis process; the fat soluble vitamins of A, D, E, and K; the role of B vitamins in intermediary metabolism; folic acid and B12; and pyridoxine vitamin B6. The author stresses that considerations for vitamin supplementation for persons on renal dialysis should aim to

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Vitamin B6

normalize vitamin intake, to prevent subclinical and frank deficiency, to avoid supplementation that may generate pathology, and (when documented) to use therapeutic amounts to prevent pathology. The therapeutic goal should be to provide supplementation that will guarantee that the majority of dialysis patients have adequate vitamin replacement to assure normalized serum levels and sufficient body stores even with unexpected changes of intake due to illness and/or changes in routine. 1 figure. 2 tables. 38 references. •

Evidence of Poor Vitamin Status in Coeliac Patients on a Gluten-free Diet for 10 Years Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 16(7):1333-1339. July 2002. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: Patients with celiac disease are advised to keep to a lifelong gluten-free diet to remain well. Uncertainty still exists as to whether this gives a nutritionally balanced diet. This article reports on a study undertaken to assess the vitamin nutrition status of a series of celiac patients living on a gluten-free diet for 10 years. The study included 30 adults with celiac disease (mean age 55 years, range 45 to 64 years, 60 percent women), in biopsy-proven remission following 8 to 12 years of dietary treatment. The authors found that celiac patients showed a higher total plasma homocysteine level than the general population, indicative of a poor vitamin status. The mean daily intakes of folate and vitamin B12, but not of vitamin B6, were significantly lower in celiac patients than in controls. The authors conclude that half of the adult celiac patients carefully treated with a gluten-free diet for several years showed signs of a poor vitamin status. This may have clinical implications considering the linkage between vitamin deficiency, elevated total plasma homocysteine levels, and cardiovascular disease. The results may suggest that, when following up adults with celiac disease, the vitamin status should be reviewed. 3 tables. 37 references.

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Vitamins and Minerals Essential for Good Health; Some Have Special Benefits Source: Diabetes in the News. 13(3): 20-23. June 1994. Summary: This article familiarizes readers with current research and recommendations on vitamins and minerals. The author focuses on helping readers with diabetes include adequate vitamins and minerals in their meal plans. Topics include deciding about multivitamin supplements; the role of specific vitamins, including vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), niacin, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene; minerals, including magnesium, chromium, and trace minerals such as manganese, selenium, zinc, and vanadium; and the importance of consumer education and awareness in avoiding problems with vitamins and minerals. The article is accompanied by a second article discussing how vitamins and minerals can affect one's physical appearance.

•

Re-charge Your Batteries Source: Runner's World. 37(5):24, 26, 27. May 2002. Summary: This article helps runners assess their energy level and eating and drinking habits to determine adequacy of the diet. Anemia is a common cause of mental and physical fatigue in runners, and healthy red blood cell production depends upon several nutrients including iron, vitamin B6, folic acid, and vitamin B12. Good food sources of each nutrient are listed. Eating at the right times before, during, and after running can

Studies

5

improve running performance and energy levels. Recommended foods to eat during these times are provided. Drinking caffeinated-beverages can increase energy levels momentarily, but consuming too much caffeine can lead to dependency. The author recommends consuming no more than the caffeine equivalent of 2 to 3 cups of coffee a day and avoiding all caffeine after 2 p.m. to ensure restful sleep. Drinking enough fluids to prevent dehydration is discussed. Depending on body size and sweat rate during exercise, one should drink between 6 and 14 cups of fluid a day. •

Time to Winterize Source: Runner's World. 36(11): 26-28. November 2001. Summary: This article provides suggestions for 'winterizing' one's diet. The shorter daylight hours during the winter months can cause mild depression, called Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). The condition can be improved by increased exposure to sunlight and also by foods containing certain nutrients: bananas and other good sources of vitamin B6, fatty fish (omega-3 fatty acids), lean steak (selenium), and whole grains. Applegate also recommends bolstering the immune system with essential nutrients to reduce the risk of winter colds and illnesses. Nutrients important for the immune system found in seasonal winter foods include vitamin C found in citrus fruits; zinc in clams and oysters; vitamin A in butternut squash; and the antioxidant quercitin in onions, garlic, and leeks. Eating strategies that can keep one feeling energized in the winter include eating small portion sizes, crunching on fresh winter vegetables between meals, keeping hydrated, and checking caffeine intake. The article includes a butternut squash casserole recipe with its nutritional analysis. A sidebar provides a list of fruits and vegetables in season during the winter months, along with the nutrients they provide and suggestions for adding these foods to one's diet.

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Update on Diagnostic Testing and Treatment Options Source: Consultant. 1233-1236,1239-1241; May 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the currently available diagnostic and treatment alternatives for carpal tunnel syndrome. Several reliable tests are available for the evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome, including well-established tests such as Tinel's test, Phalen's maneuver, and two-point discrimination, as well as newer methods such as the Durkan provocative test, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test, and portable electroneurometry. When the diagnosis is confirmed, the physician should start with conservative treatment, such as neutral position wrist splinting and oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This provides relief in many patients; however, predictors of a poor response include patient age greater than 50 years, stenosing tenosynovitis, a duration of symptoms longer than 10 months, constant paresthesia, and a positive Phalen test result at less than 30 seconds. Additional therapies include corticosteroid injection, iontophoresis, and ultrasound treatment. Manipulation has not been shown superior to other therapies, vitamin B6 therapy does not provide relief from the major symptoms, and helium-neon laser therapy is still considered experimental. Surgical decompression of the median nerve may be needed if conservative measures fail. 28 references, 1 figure, and 4 tables. (AAM).

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Vitamin B6

Federally Funded Research on Vitamin B6 The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to vitamin B6. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to vitamin B6. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore vitamin B6. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for vitamin B6: •

Project Title: A RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIAL FOR HOMOCYSTEINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bostom, Andrew G.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Rhode Island Hospital (Providence, Ri) Providence, Ri 029034923 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the application) This multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial has been designed to determine whether total homocysteine (tHcy)-lowering treatment with a standard multivitamin augmented by a high dose combination of folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6, versus treatment with a standard multivitamin devoid of these three B-vitamins, reduces the pooled rate of recurrent and de novo cardiovascular disease outcomes (i.e., pooled occurrence of nonfatal and fatal arteriosclerotic outcomes, including coronary heart, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease events= primary outcome), among clinically stable renal transplant recipients who have mild to moderately elevated tHcy levels. The basic eligibility criteria are age 35 to 75 years old, functioning renal allograft for greater than six-months with serum creatinine based creatinine clearance greater than 30 mL/min, and a screening random tHcy level greater than12 uM/L. Patients will be stratified based on the presence/absence of clinical CVD, and randomly assigned to treatment with a standard multivitamin containing a high dose combination of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, or an identical multivitamin devoid of these three micronutrients. Randomized patients will also undergo a methionine loading test. All patients will receive standard clinical management for traditional CVD risk factor reduction. The study is designed to recruit 4000 patients (2000 in each group) over a two-year period for 83% power to detect a 25% treatment effect. Follow-up continues until occurrence of de novo or recurrent non-fatal CVD, or death, or a maximum of four-years. Data analysis will be performed on the basis of original randomization (intention to treat) using the log-rank test of difference in survival-without-endpoint curves. In the current era of cereal grain flour fortified with physiologic amounts of folic acid, RTRs comprise a patient population particularly well-suited to test the tenable hypothesis that tHcylowering treatment will reduce CVD outcomes, given: a) their persistent excess

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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prevalence of mild hyperhomocysteinemia post-fortification, in contrast, for example, to coronary heart disease patients with normal renal function; b) the demonstrated capability of B-vitamin treatment regimens featuring supraphysiologic amounts of folic acid to successfully "normalize" tHcy levels in RTRs. Furthermore, overall "conditions" in the RTR population (i.e., renal impairment, mild to moderate hyperhomocysteinemia which can be normalized by supraphysiologic dose B-vitamin supplements, and high CVD event rates) are representative of the larger population of patients with chronic renal insufficiency, who are not yet dialysis-dependent. Accordingly, findings from the proposed trial are very likely to be generalizable to the much more sizable population of patients with renal insufficiency progressing to end-stage renal disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: B VITAMIN ATHEROSCLEROSIS INTERVENTION TRAIL Principal Investigator & Institution: Hodis, Howard N.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (adapted from the application): Although primary prevention strategies have focused on key modifiable risk factors for development and progression of atherosclerosis, such as hypercholesterolemia, coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Many individuals who present with clinical sequelae of atherosclerosis do not have identifiable conventional risk factors for CHD. Epidemiological studies indicate a strong association of plasma tHcy levels with atherosclerosis from childhood to the elderly. A large number of studies have shown plasma tHcy levels to be an independent risk factor for CHD that is easily modifiable with the B-vitamins, folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6. Plasma tHcy levels rise 25 % after 50 years of age and may partially account for the age-related risk for CHD. The rise in plasma tHcy levels parallel the age-related decrease in serum levels of folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6. Elevated they levels result even with these vitamin levels in the normal to low-normal range. Elderly individuals seem to be most susceptible to development of subclinical vitamin deficiencies since dietary intake of these B-vitamins is approximately 50% the Daily Value after 50 years of age. Low serum folate and vitamin B6 levels are significantly associated with CHD risk. Therefore, low B-vitamin status and elevated plasma tHcy levels are important risk factors for atherosclerosis. Evidence, including data from the investigator's laboratory suggests that B-vitamin supplementation can reduce the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy individuals. Therefore, the investigators propose a multisite, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2.5-year, arterial imaging clinical trial with folic acid 5 mg, vitamin B12 2 0.4 mg, and vitamin B6 50 mg versus placebo in healthy men and women >40 years old with LDL-C >130 mg/dL and plasma tHcy >8.5/micromol/L. They will target a cohort of 50% elderly (2-60 years old), 50 % women and 50 % minority subjects. The impact of B-vitamins on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis will be noninvasively quantitated across several vascular beds with computer image processed B-mode ultrasonograms of carotid artery intima-media thickness and EBCT of the coronary arteries and abdominal aorta. B-vitamin supplementation may provide a promising approach for reducing the progression of atherosclerosis since it is natural, inexpensive, highly tolerable, and safe. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Vitamin B6

Project Title: BIOLOGICAL DEGENERATION

FACTORS

FOR

AGE-RELATED

MACULAR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Seddon, Johanna M.; Associate Professor; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (Revised 4/8/03) Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss among elderly individuals. Treatment is available for only a small percentage of patients with the neovascular form of AMD and predictive systemic factors have not been identified. Systemic biomarkers shown to protect or increase risk in other age-related disorders have been shown either to play some role in the eye and/or retina, or there is strong biologic plausibility of a role based on available evidence. We will test the hypotheses that certain biological factors shown to be associated with oxidative processes, inflammation and/or vascular disease are associated with AMD. The overall hypothesis is that clinical manifestations of AMD are related to local and systemic biological factors, which may be influenced by modifiable environmental and/or genetic factors. We propose to examine these biomarkers with available assays in 912 subjects (59% female, 41% male): 5% of subjects with no AMD, 25% of subjects with mild AMD, 45 % of subjects with moderate AMD and 25% of subjects with advanced AMD in one eye only, all of whom provided a fasting blood specimen in 1996 (over 90%) or 1997. Subjects will be followed prospectively for at least seven years. This study is an approved ancillary investigation of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), which is designed to assess the incidence, progression and risk factors for AMD and cataract and includes a randomized trial to assess the effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals on these diseases. AREDS provides a unique opportunity to test these associations efficiently and prospectively. This is likely the largest available cohort of patients with various stages of AMD who have been well characterized in terms of AMD and other potential risk factors. The long-term goal is to provide insight into the pathogenesis of AMD and to identify modifiable risk or protective factors that may lead to preventive measures and improved therapies for this common cause of visual loss in the elderly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: B-VITAMIN INTAKE AND BLOOD PRESSURE: THE INTERMAP STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Horn, Linda V.; Professor; Preventive Medicine; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): INTERMAP is a basic epidemiologic investigation to clarify unanswered questions on the role of macronutrients and micronutrients in the etiology of unfavorable blood pressure (BP) patterns prevailing for most middle-aged and older individuals. Supported by NHLBI, ten primary hypotheses, four subgroup hypotheses and multiple exploratory questions on diet and BP are being addressed in this high-quality international cooperative 17-sample population study of 4,680 men and women ages 40-59 from four countries (China, Japan, UK, US) - of varied ethnic-racial and sociodemographic backgrounds - consuming diverse diets. Analyses use extensive data on nutrient intake from four 24-hour recalls and the 4 country databases (developed by INTERMAP) on nutrient composition of all reported foods (data on 71 nutrients), and from two 24-hr urine collections on Na, K, Ca, Mg, urea, creatinine, volume and microalbuminuria. NHLBI-funded research in progress or pending includes

Studies

9

analysis of urinary amino acids of each individual, coding of reported dietary supplements, and special NMR-HPLC analyses of 24-hour urine specimens. New work proposed here - on B vitamin intake and BP - is novel, exploratory, knowledgegenerating and "pre-competitive" in nature, in keeping with the aims of this RFA. It is based on new and unprecedented findings, from ongoing INTERMAP analyses for its 2,195 US participants. These data indicate that lower dietary thiamin, riboflavin, B6, and folate (considered singly) is associated with higher systolic BP (SBP), and plays a role in the higher SBP of African-Americans and of less educated Americans of all ethnicities. These results open up a new research area, on B vitamin intake and BP. These analyses were done only for US participants since data on B vitamin composition of foods are missing for Chinese, Japanese, and UK participants. This application requests funds to overcome this data gap, and make possible comprehensive analyses for all 4,680 participants on relations of B vitamin intake (from foods, supplements, and foods plus supplements) to BP, and to other variables, i.e., to make links between data on B vitamin and other nutrient intakes, urinary data on multiple metabolic characteristics (elucidated by routine and special NMR-HPLC analyses), and SBP/DBP - links not available on populations from any other research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL EVENTS IN KIDNEY DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ojo, Akinlolu O.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant):The aim of this proposal is to enable Dr. Ojo to devote 50% effort to conduct clinical research and to mentor patient-oriented research trainees. The research projects that will be principally utilized for the proposed mentoring plan are: (1) The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study (CRIC); (2) The Folic Acid for Vascular Outcome Reduction in Transplantation Study (FAVORIT); and (3) The Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients (SRTR). CRIC is an NIH-sponsored, multicenter, prospective cohort study designed to determine the risk factors for accelerated decline in renal function and to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). The CRIC will provide the mentored trainees with hands-on application of a nonexperimental study design. The FAVORIT is an NIH-sponsored, multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial designed to determine whether total homocysteine (tHcy)-lowering treatment with a standard multivitamin augmented by a high dose combination of folic acid, vitamin B 12, and vitamin B6 versus treatment with a standard multivitamin devoid of these three B-vitamins, reduces the pooled rate of recurrent and de novo CVD outcomes in stable renal transplant recipients. The FAVORIT will be used as a template to instruct the trainees in the design, conduct and analysis of randomized clinical trials. The SRTR is a longitudinal database designed to conduct scientific investigations of patient-centered outcomes relevant to solid organ retrieval, allocation, and transplantation in the U.S. The SRTR will serve the trainee as a practicum for hypothesis-driven clinical epidemiologic outcome studies. Mentoring Plan: This award will entail the development and implementation of an integrated mentoring program starting from the first year of fellowship and consisting of three key components: (1) the practical experience of an observational study of 500 patients (CRIC), a randomized therapeutic clinical trial of 200 patients (FAVORIT) and outcomes analyses with a database of 300,000 organ recipients (SRTR); (2) rigorous didactic

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Vitamin B6

instructions in patient-oriented research methodologies through a Master degree in Clinical Research or Epidemiology program or flexibly designed set of course work; and (3) continuous training on rights, ethics and responsibilities in research with human subjects through the University of Michigan Research Responsibility Program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--NUTRITION AND BIOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Antonio D.; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The main objective of this core is to provide support to the overall hypotheses of the Center projects: that selected chronic health conditions shown to be of greater risk among Puerto Rican adults relative to non-Hispanic white adults, are associated with measures of social and psychological stress, operating through indices of allostatic load and inflammation and that these conditions may be modified by vitamin intake. Nutritional measures include plasma vitamin (folate, B6, B 12, C, E, carotenes) concentrations and metabolic markers (homocysteine and methyl-malonic acid); laboratory measures of allostatic load (AL) include plasma glycosylated hemoglobin, HDL and total cholesterol, DHEA-S and urinary cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine. In addition we propose the inclusion, as part of the general AL evaluation, one additional marker of inflammation, C-reactive protein (CRP). For a subset of the cohort, we will also measure additional inflammation markers, including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL6, chemokines (MCP-1), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1), and eicosanoids [Prostaglandins PGE2 and PGI2; and Tromboxane (TxA2)] to explore mechanistic pathways among AL, inflammation and functional declines, for more detail see project 5. Finally, for project 4, we will analyze the distribution of gene variants and haplotypes at multiple loci expected to interact with measures of allostatic load and inflammation in the processes described. Each of the coordinated proposed projects integrates into the program at least some of these dietary, hematologic and genetic measurements. These functions will be performed for all five projects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORONARY HEART DISEASE INCIDENCE IN RELATION TO TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Folsom, Aaron R.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: We used a prospective case-cohort design to determine whether total homocysteine (tHcy)-related factors are associated with incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) over an average of 3.3 years of follow-up in a biracial sample of middleaged men and women. Age-, race-, and field center-adjusted CHD incidence was associated positively (P<0.05) with tHcy in women but not men, and CHD was associated negatively (P<0.05) with plasma folate (women only), plasma pyridoxal 5=phosphate (both sexes), and vitamin supplementation (women only). However, after accounting for other risk factors, only plasma pyridoxal 5=-phosphate was associated with CHD incidence; the relative risk for the highest versus lowest quintile of pyridoxal 5=-phosphate was 0.28 (95% CI=0.1 to 0.7). There was no association of CHD with the C677 T mutation of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene or with three mutations of the cystathionine ?-synthase gene. Our prospective findings add

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uncertainty to conclusions derived mostly from cross-sectional studies that tHcy is a major, independent, causative risk factor for CHD. Our findings point more strongly to the possibility that vitamin B6 offers independent protection. Randomized trials, some of which are under way, are needed to better clarify the interrelationships of tHcy, B vitamins, and cardiovascular disease. FUNDING Collaboration with Dr. Aaron Folsom, University of Minnesota PUBLICATIONS Folsom AR, Nieto FJ, McGovern PG, McGovern PG, Tsai MY, Malinow MR, Eckfeldt JH, Hess DL, Davis CE. Prospective study of coronary heart disease incidence in relation to fasting total homocysteine, related genetic polymorphisms, and B vitamins The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation 98:204-210, 1998. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CYSTATHIONINE HYPERHOMOCYSTENEMIA

BETA

SYNTHASE

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Banerjee, Ruma; Willa Cather Professor of Biochemistry; Biochemistry; University of Nebraska Lincoln Lincoln, Ne 685880430 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Elevated levels of homocysteine constitute a significant, independent, and graded risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In addition, high plasma homocysteine is correlated with the occurrence of neural tube defects, the most common type of birth defect, and with Alzheimer's disease. Homocysteine is a junction metabolite that can either be salvaged back to the methionine cycle via the action of transmethylases or be committed to cysteine biosynthesis via the transsulfuration pathway. The reaction catalyzed by cystathionine beta-synthase, an enzyme that is unique in its dependence on heme and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) for activity, represents the first of two steps that convert homocysteine to cysteine. Mutations in cystathionine beta-synthase are the single most common cause of hereditary hyperhomocysteinemia, characterized by catastrophically high levels of plasma homocysteine with attendant early and aggressive occlusive arterial diseases. In this study, we propose to examine the role of the two cofactors, heme and PLP, and of the allosteric effector, S- adenosylmethionine, in the cystathionine beta-synthase-catalyzed reaction. While the beta replacement chemistry catalyzed by cystathionine beta-synthase suggests an obvious role for PLP, the role of the heme is enigmatic. Studies from our laboratory suggest a regulatory sensor role for the heme. Experiments designed to address the following questions are described in this proposal. (i) What are the intermediates in the reaction cycle catalyzed by cystathionine beta-synthase? (ii) How is the activity of the enzyme regulated by heme and by the allosteric effector, S-adenosylmethionine? (iii) What are the catalytic penalties associated with a select number of missense mutations identified in cystathionine beta-synthasedeficient hyperhomocysteinemic patients? (iv) Does human cystathionine beta-synthase interact with other proteins that modulate its function in the cellular milieu? A combination of biophysical techniques including rapid-reaction kinetics and EPR spectroscopy, and cell biological methods including fluorescence immunolocalization of cystathionine beta-synthase in brain tissue and immunoprecipitation methods will be employed to address the questions that are being posed. These studies will fill significant gaps in our understanding of this key enzyme and advance the field of homocysteine biology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW TREATMENT OF URINARY STONE DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Voziyan, Paul A.; Biostratum, Inc. 4825 Creekstone Dr, Ste 200 Durham, Nc 27703 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 04-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Development of a new method for prophylaxis and treatment of urinary stone disease is proposed. Since a majority of urinary stones are made of calcium oxalate, the level of urinary oxalate is one of the major risk factors of stone formation. Unfortunately, there is no effective pharmacological treatment of stone disease that targets urinary oxalate concentration. Our method is based on chemical trapping of carbonyl precursors of oxalate biosynthesis and, thus, decreasing urinary oxalate concentration. In the preliminary experiments we have effectively trapped oxalate precursors glycolaldehyde and glyoxylate in vitro, and have reduced urinary oxalate excretion in normal animals (rats). In the current Phase I application we propose to check whether our treatment will result in trapping of oxalate precursors and reduction of urinary oxalate levels in the rat model of hyperoxaluna. If these Phase I experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, in Phase Il we will conduct human studies and optimize our method for patient treatment. Proposed Commercial Applications: Given the frequency of urinary stone disease and high rates of recurrent stone formation, there is a significant market potential for the proposed pharmacological treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECT OF DIABETES ON BONE INTEGRATION OF IMPLANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccracken, Michael S.; Biomaterials; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 14-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Traditionally, systemic diabetes has been a relative contraindication for dental implants. However, little literature supports this position, and the process of implant healing in the presence of diabetes is poorly understood. The need exists, therefore, for literature and research which leads to more effective treatment of diabetic patients. Our preliminary results in this area have been surprising. We have found that the bone response (bone volume) adjacent to titanium implants placed in diabetic rats is about 8 times greater than controls. However, osseointegration (bone contact) of these implants is decreased compared to controls. A possible reason for this behavior may be an inactivation of bone regulatory proteins due to the high concentration of glucose present in the diabetic animals (glycation). Indeed, we have found that vitamin B6, a compound which reduces the glycation of proteins, moderates the diabetic bone response to implants. Our HYPOTHESIS is that increased amounts of non-enzymatically glycated proteins will be found adjacent to implants in diabetic rats compared to control rats, an increase that will be prevented in diabetic animals treated with vitamin B6, a compound previously shown to reduce advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) formation in proteins. This research will quantify the bone response to titanium alloy implants placed in the tibiae of rats with diabetes. The bone response will be measured over time by histomorphometric and DXA imaging techniques. Advanced glycation endproducts adjacent to implants will be measured using fluorescence and ELISA utilizing AGE-specific antibodies. The goal of this research is to develop a better understanding of the complex interaction between a host and biomaterial in the presence of diabetes. This knowledge may lead to bioengineered

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materials which will modify and improve bone healing response in diabetic patients who receive implants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF FOLIC ACID AND VITAMIN B6 ON HOMOCYSTEINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Schirch, Laverne G.; Biochemistry; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) in the blood is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Increases in dietary folate and B6 have been shown to lower Hcy levels. There are however, certain groups with other health problems where Hcy remains elevated, these include heart transplant recipients, diabetics, women with preclampsia or retarded fetal growth, end stage renal disease and Parkinson's disease. The aim of this proposal is to elucidate how nutritional insufficiency of folate and B6 affect the pathways of Hcy metabolism in mammalian cells. There are four specific aims: (1) the development of rapid enzyme-based assays for 5,10-methyleneTHF, B6 vitamers and homocysteine; (2) to determine the direction of flux of 1-carbon (1-C) groups in the cytosol and mitochondria of cells in culture, with special emphasis on serine hydroxmethyltransferase (SHMT); (3) to determine the role of mitochondria in the supply of 1-C groups to the cytosol; and (4) to determine the relationship of folate pools and metabolic levels of homocysteine with several different cell lines when either folate or B6 are limiting growth factors. Three hypotheses will be tested, which are: (1) that the role of cytosolic SHMT is not to generate 1-C units but to regulate the levels of glycine and 5,10-methyleneTHF in the cytosol; (2) that 1-C groups used by the cytosol are generated by the mitochondria as formate; and (3) Hcy levels are related to the level of 5,10-methyleneTHF in the cytosol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECT OF HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA ON CEREBROVASCULAR REACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Penix, Laroy P.; Assistant Professor; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECT OF METHOTREXATE ON VITAMIN B6 DEFICIENCY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Roubenoff, Ronenn; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF B-VITAMINS ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN ESRD Principal Investigator & Institution: Chiu, Josephine J.; Medicine; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite improvements in morbidity and mortality from conditions other than cardiovascular diseases, both the incidence and prevalence of ESRD are progressively rising, as is its economical burden. In addition, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among ESRD patients remain high. Management of conventional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia has not been shown to be sufficient to prevent the excess CVD mortality in ESRD patients. Therefore, there is a compelling need to study and target additional cardiovascular risk factors that can account for the increased mortality in ESRD patients. Vitamin B deficiency and resistant hyperhomocysteinemia may contribute to the increase in cardiovascular disease mortality, as well as the reduction of patients' perception of HRQOL. Treatment with B-complex vitamins is safe and inexpensive, and, more importantly, may ultimately reduce the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. It is important to conduct a prospective, randomized placebocontrolled clinical trial to study the effects of B-Vitamins on atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease outcome and health-related quality of life. The proposed study may also provide additional insights into the mechanisms responsible for cardiovascular diseases in ESRD patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ENZYME CATALYSIS OF ELECTRON AND GROUP TRANSFER Principal Investigator & Institution: Frey, Perry A.; Professor; Institute for Enzyme Research; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1981; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The long term objectives of the research supported by this grant are to determine the chemical mechanisms by which the co-enzyme forms of vitamin B6 (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, PLP), vitamin B12 (adenosylcobalamin) S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and [FE-S] clusters function in reactions that cannot be explained by the convention mechanisms established for them. The standard mechanism for the action of PLP entails stabilization of carbanionic intermediates. A major focus of the research supported by this grant is the elucidation of the role of PLP in facilitating isomerizations of substrate radical intermediates, a newly discovered mechanistic role for vitamin B6. PLP- facilitated radical rearrangements appear to take place in aminomutase reactions catalyzed by lysine 2,3-aminomutase, arginine 2,3-aminomutase, D-lysine 5,6aminomutase and ornithine aminomutase. In the reactions of L-lysine 2,3-aminomutase and D-lysine 5,6-aminomutase, radical intermediates derived from the substrates will be characterized spectroscopically. The roles of SAM and [Fe-S] clusters in the initiation of radical formation will be unmasked and characterized chemically, spectroscopically, and kinetically. 5'-Deoxyadenosyl radical formation from either SAM or adenosylcobalamin appear to initiate the radical rearrangements in the two aminomutases, and this process will be characterized. The relationship between the actin of adenosylcobalamin in vitamin B12-dependent aminomutases on one hand and SAM/[Fe-S] cluster dependent 2,3-aminomutase on the other hand will be elucidated. An important aspect of this research is the elucidation of novel chemistry in the actions of vitamins B6 and B12, SAM, and iron- sulfur centers. Aminomutases play important

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roles in the biosynthesis of antibiotics. Catalyze steps in amino acid metabolism and the biosynthesis of antibiotics such as Streptothricin F, Mycomycin, Blasticidin S, and Taxol. The contributions of beta-amino acids to the functions of antibiotics are not known. Beta-amino acids appear as O-beta aminoacyl substituents, and as such they contribute positive charges to antibiotic molecules. It is possible that the positive charges ensure solubility and facilitate the delivery of antibiotic to their sites of action, while the O-betaaminoacyl groups may be biologically stable. If the beta-aminoacyl substituents function in this way, they could become significant in drug delivery strategies, especially for candidate drugs that are minimally soluble. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GLUCOSE NEPHROPATHY

MODIFICATION

OF

PROTEINS

IN

DIABETIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hudson, Billy G.; Chairman; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes leads to serious complications, including neuropathy, retinopathy, microvascular disease, atherosclerosis, and diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The severity of diabetic complications correlates with the severity of hyperglycemia, supporting the hypothesis that the elevated glucose levels trigger these complications. One of the major consequences of hyperglycemic conditions is acceleration of glucose modifications of proteins forming protein-Amadori intermediates that convert to a variety of advanced glycation endproducts, called AGEs. The AGEs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, particularly diabetic nephropathy. Pyridoxamine (PM), a natural intermediate of vitamin B6 metabolism, has been shown to inhibit the conversion of Amadori intermediate to AGEs. Moreover, PM prevents development of early renal disease and retinopathy as well as formation of protein-AGEs in streptozotocin rat and db/db mouse model of diabetes. However, the mechanism of inhibition by PM is unknown, as are the mechanisms for the conversion of protein-Amadori intermediate to AGEs. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that: glucose modification of proteins, through the conversion of Amadori intermediates to AGEs, cause diabetic renal disease. It follows that by inhibiting this conversion; the development of diabetic complications can be prevented. This hypothesis can now be tested because we have developed a novel method for trapping the Amadoriintermediate under physiological conditions that mimic the diabetic state. Using this intermediate, the central hypothesis will be tested by the pursuit of four specific Aims: 1) to: determine the kinetics of post-Amadori reactions and structures of transient intermediates in the pathways of AGE formation; 2) to determine the mechanisms by which pryidoxamine inhibits protein post-Amadori pathways and formation of AGEs; 3) to determine the pathogenicity of albumin-Amadori and albumin-AGE when injected into rats; and 4) to elucidate specific pathogenic mechanisms of Amadori-AGE conversion in kidney basement membranes. The achievement of these aims requires the use of powerful methods of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and classical protein chemistry coupled with animal studies and tissue analysis. We anticipate that the studies will yield novel insights into mechanisms of Amadori to AGE conversion and the role of AGEs in diabetic renal disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Diaz-Arrastia, Ramon R.; Associate Professor; Neurology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: In the past years, two independent case control studies have established a correlation between elevated homocysteine levels and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Since vitamin supplementation with folic acid, vitamin B12, and pyridoxine can lower homocysteine levels, this association raises the exciting possibility that polyvitamin therapy may decrease the incidence of AD. The goal of this proposal is to obtain pilot data necessary to design a large multicenter trial to determine whether vitamin therapy lowers the risk of AD. We plan to do this through the following specific aims: (a) Determine whether fasting or post-methionine load (PML) are best associated with AD. The published studies analyzed homocysteine levels in fasting or randomly drawn serum samples. Since many patients have elevations in homocysteine levels only after a methionine load, and both fasting and PML hyperhomocysteinemia may be associated with dementia, we will determine whether fasting hyperhomocysteinemia, PML hyperhomocysteinemia, or both, are linked to a higher risk of AD. We will also determine whether plasma levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and Sadenosylmethionine (SAM) are nire sensitive markers of functional hyperhomocysteinemia (b) Determine the relative importance of nutritional and genetic factors as determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia. Elevated homocysteine levels result from a complex interplay of genetic and acquired factors, and the link between hyperhomocysteinemia and AD has so far been reported only in Europeans. In an attempt to determine which of these factors is most important in an ethnically and culturally heterogeneous US population, we will administer a nutritional questionnaire and measure vitamin levels in our patients, as well as determine the allelic frequency of the C677T polymorphism of MTHFR, a major genetic determinant of hyperhomocysteinemia. (c) Determine whether vitamin therapy is effective in lowering homocysteine levels in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. All subjects will be treated sequentially for 12 weeks first with low dose vitamin supplementation, followed by high-dose vitamin supplementation. The effectiveness, compliance rates, and potential side effects of these therapies will be monitored. Each of these specific aims is essential to rationally design a large multicenter trial to determine whether polyvitamin therapy lowers AD risk. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LABORATORY FOR ANTI-GERIC TESTING, EVALUATION AND RESEA* Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Richard A.; Professor of Pathology; Pathology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Laboratory for Anti-Geric Testing, Evaluation and Research Funding is sought for a series of investigations of interventions thought likely to extend life span in a population of genetically heterogeneous mice. The protocol will test five new interventions each year in Phase I screening studies, as well as conducting more comprehensive Phase II studies for selected interventions in Years 3, 4, and 5. Key features of the Phase I protocol include: (a) use of asymmetric group assignment to maximize statistical power by over sampling control animals; (b) use of separate

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monitor mice to document drug distribution and effectiveness; and (c) complete assessment of life table for all Phase I interventions. Phase I studies will include assessments of several age-sensitive traits as indirect indices of biological age, including (a) spontaneous activity; (b) IGF-I, glucocorticoid, and glycated hemoglobin levels, (c) five T cell subsets; (d) cataract severity; and (e) tests of learning and memory. Limited necropsy analyses will be done on all Phase I mice, and comprehensive necropsy analysis will be available for all Phase II mice and for those Phase I mice exposed to interventions found either to increase or to decrease longevity to a significant extent. Phase II studies will, in addition to replication of tests used in Phase I, add more comprehensive examinations of immune function, liver enzyme heat stability, eye lens protein extraction rates, tail tendon break time, and array-based analysis of age-sensitive liver and muscle mRNAs. Four interventions are suggested for initial exploration: (a) piaglitazone, an enhancer of insulin sensitivity, (b) pyridoxamine, which inhibits glycation-based cross links, (c) a-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), a scavenger of free radicals, and (d) pegvisomant, an inhibitor of GH action. The project as a whole should serve two important functions: providing critical tests of hypotheses that specific varieties of intervention will delay aging or late life illnesses in mammals; and, perhaps more importantly, provide important new leads to biochemical or hormonal pathways that can indeed modulate aging and delay late life illnesses and disabilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEURAL CONTROL OF POSTURE AND STANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Macpherson, Jane M.; Senior Scientist; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-1991; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The long-term goal of the research is to better understand the neural control of posture and balance. Adequate control of posture is vital for the performance of functional motor tasks, yet little is understood about the sources of sensory feedback and their integration in balance control. The studies in this proposal focus on the role of somatosensory afferents in balance using a novel model of peripheral sensory neuropathy, in which a high dose of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is used to induce widespread deafferentation. This approach has the potential to reveal new and significant information about the role of somatosensation in motor control. The role of somatosensory afferents in the control of posture and balance is unclear. Specific aims 1 and 2 will examine the role of somatosensory inputs in: 1) the automatic postural response to unexpected disturbances of stance, 2) the anticipatory postural adjustment that accompanies voluntary movements. Specific aim 3 will determine the temporal sequence and spatial pattern of large fiber deafferentation induced by pyridoxine at both the functional and the morphological levels. Our preliminary data show that the loss of large diameter afferent fibers that is induced by pyridoxine toxicity results in a significant delay of the automatic postural response to sudden movements of the support surface during stance. This observation is very exciting because it may lead to the first clear demonstration that somatosensory inputs are critical for triggering of the early, automatic postural response. Peripheral neuropathy is a significant health problem not only as a result of common syndromes such as diabetes but also as part of the aging process. Clinical neuropathies often have mixed motor and sensory fiber involvement. The loss of either motor or sensory fibers or both could result in ataxia and balance difficulties with the associated risk of falling. The studies in this proposal will provide a clearer understanding of the role of somatosensory afferents in balance and thereby may suggest better diagnostic tools for evaluating the mechanism of a balance

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Vitamin B6

disorder in patients with peripheral neuropathy. Further, this understanding may lead to new ideas and rehabilitation techniques for improving balance in these patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NOVEL BISPHOSPHONATES FOR BREAST CANCER THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Reinholz, Monica M.; Mbc Research, Inc. 1899 Graylord St Denver, Co 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-SEP-2002; Project End 05-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bisphosphonates are currently used as bone-specific palliative treatments for metastatic bone disease in multiple myeloma and breast cancer patients. However, bisphosphonate use has no proven impact on primary tumor burden and overall survival and only moderately reduces skeletal complications. Bisphosphonate conjugates were synthesized using proprietary technology that employs a unique chemical bridge between anti-cancer (nucleotide analogs) or vitamin B6 moieties and a bisphosphonate backbone. The nucleotide-bisphosphonate conjugates were designed to deliver anti-cancer agents specifically to bone. The vitamin B6 conjugates were designed to increase the cellular uptake of bisphosphonates. Preliminary in vitro studies found increased anti-tumor efficacy of select conjugates compared with that of the anti-cancer or bisphosphonate compounds alone. The overall aim of this project is to further develop bisphosphonate conjugate technology and to evaluate the efficacy of these compounds for treatments of metastatic bone disease and secondarily for the treatment of primary tumor and visceral metastases. Select conjugates will be administered to mice inoculated with mammary tumor cells that produce primary breast tumors as well as bone and visceral metastases. Successful development of this new drug-design concept would provide a biologically and commercially superior approach for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer metastases to bone and other organs. Proposed Commercial Application: Not Available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NUTIRITIONAL AND BIOCHEMICAL/GENETIC MARKERS OF CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Ma, Jing; Assistant Professor of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1986; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose to extend our on-going studies of nutritional and biochemical/genetic markers of colorectal and prostate cancer in the Physicians' Health Study (PHS). Over the past 10 years, we have made major contributions in the field of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and its binding protein (IGFBP)-3, folate and the MTHFR polymorphism, vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and carcinogenesis. We plan to build upon these findings in the next 5 years using a prospective nested case-control study design. Specifically, we plan to extend the IGF hypothesis to assess the role of growth hormone (GH)/IGF/insulin-related biochemical markers in colorectal and prostate cancer. These markers include GH, acid labile subunit (ALS, a third component of the ternary complex with IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in circulation), C-peptide (a marker of insulin secretion), leptin (a marker of total body fat and energy balance), interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) (inflammatory cytokines linked to obesity and insulin resistance). We also plan to extend the folate hypothesis to assess the role of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the principal active form of vitamin B6, and homocysteine along the one-carbon metabolism

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pathway in risk of colorectal cancer. We will evaluate the roles of several common polymorphisms recently identified in the key GH/IGF-I/insulin signaling pathway, in nuclear hormone receptors, and in the folate metabolic pathway. These include polymorphisms in genes encoding the following proteins: the GH1, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, posphatidylinositol 3'- kinase (PI3K)-p85 subunit, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARgamma, a nuclear hormone receptor that plays a key role in adipocyte differentiation), VDR (FokI), IL-6, methionine syntheses reductase (MTRR), and reduced folate carrier (RFC-1). We will evaluate whether these polymorphisms modify the associations of circulating levels of biochemical markers with cancer risk. We will explore potential interactions between IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and vitamin D metabolites and VDR polymorphisms. The PHS originated in 1982 with two decades of follow-up of 14,916 men who provided blood samples at baseline. In 1995, we collected a baseline blood sample from 5,805 new participants. We project a total of 1,902 prostate cancer cases, and 369 colorectal cancer cases, providing reasonably good statistical power. The blood samples are already collected, and several biochemical markers (IGF-I, IGFBP-3, vitamin D metabolites, and folate) and polymorphisms (VDR BsmI and MTHFR C677T) are already assayed for many of the samples (cases and controls identified up to 2000). Hence, the proposed project is highly cost-efficient. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRIENT BIOMARKERS, GENES AND OROFACIAL CLEFTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Munger, Ronald G.; Associate Professor; Nutrition and Food Sciences; Utah State University 1415 Old Main Hill Logan, Ut 843221415 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Description) Orofacial clefts are among the most common birth defects in the world yet little is known about their major causes and regional differences in occurrence. In our previous studies in the Philippines we recently found biochemical evidence that poor vitamin B-6 and folic acid levels of mothers are independently associated with increased risks of clefting and that the MTHFR C677T mutation is associated with a reduced risk of clefting. We propose to elaborate these methods for studying nutrient-gene interactions and apply them in a population-based case- control study of orofacial clefts in Utah with the following specific aims: (1) Children with orofacial clefts (n = 686) will be ascertained by the state- wide Utah birth defects registry and their mothers will be recruited as case participants; (2) Children without clefts (n= 686) will be randomly selected from Utah birth certificates and their mothers wIll be recruited as control participants; (3) Data will be collected on dietary patterns, smoking, alcohol use and other exposures using telephone-based interviews and mailed questionnaires; (4) Venous blood samples will be drawn from mothers, rapidly processed, and assayed for biochemical indicators of vitamin B-6 and folate status; (5) DNA from mothers, children, and fathers will be prepared and genotyped for polymorphic genetic markers related to vitamin B-6 and folate metabolism. The following hypotheses will be addressed: (1) Poor maternal vitamin B-6 status is independently associated with increased risk of orofacial clefts; (2) Poor maternal folate status is independently associated with increased risk of orofacial clefts; (3) The MTHFR C677T allele is associated with a reduced risk of clefting. In addition the association between allelic variants of other folate- and vitamin B-6-related genetic markers and the risk of orofacial clefts will be examined; (4) The nutrients and candidate genes mentioned above interact, additively or multiplicatively, to increase the risk of orofacial clefting. Our multidisciplinary study of maternal nutrition and risk of clefting in the

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context of genes related to metabolic pathways may lead to a better understanding of the causes and prevention of orofacial clefts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITION SUPPLEMENTATION STUDIES IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Stallings, Virginia A.; Professor; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 191044399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 22-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: For several decades it has been recognized that children with sickle cell disease(SCD), especially those with HbSS genotype SCD (SCD-SS), have poor growth and delayed maturation. In addition, children with SCD experience frequent SCDrelated pain and fever episodes and also infection. Increased nutrient requirements and/or poor nutritional status have been documented in children with SCD suggesting that chronic undernutrition may contribute to poor health outcome, growth failure and delayed development. Low serum levels of vitamin A and vitamin B6 have been documented in children with SCD suggesting that dietary intake of these micronutrients may not be adequate to meet the increased nutrient needs of children with SCD. The proposed study consists of two projects to determine whether supplementation of vitamin A or vitamin B6, can improve health outcomes, nutritional status, growth and hematologic status in children with SCD-SS. Our preliminary data from prepubertal children with SCD show that 66% have suboptimal vitamin A status (serum retinol< 30 mu g/dL), and that those children with suboptimal status have more frequent hospitalizations, have reduced body mass index, and poorer hematologic status than those with normal vitamin A status. Furthermore, preliminary studies in children and adolescents with SCD show that suboptimal vitamin B6 status (serum pyridoxal 5'phosphate [PLP]< 20 nmol/L) is also prevalent (77%), and that low serum B6 concentration is associated with poor nutritional status as indicated by reduced body mass index, weight and mid-arm circumference and also with poorer hematologic status. The first study is a randomized placebo-control clinical trial to determine the effect of vitamin A supplementation at the current Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) on number of hospitalizations, the number and length of both SCD-related and nonSCD-related disease events, on growth, body composition, hematologic status, rod cell integrity,and immune status in prepubertal children (ages 2.0 to 9.9 years) with SCD. Seventy-five children with SCD will be screened for vitamin A status and 44 subjects with serum retinol levels< 30 mu g/dL at screening will be randomized to receive either the RDA for vitamin A daily or placebo for 12 months. The second study will explore the effect of vitamin B6, supplementation at two doses on growth and nutritional status and hematological indices of SCD disease severity in children and adolescents (ages 6.0 to 17.9 years) with SCD. A total of 100 children and adolescents with SCD and 100 healthy controls, similar in age, gender and ethnic background, will be screened to document the prevalence of vitamin B6 deficiency in children with SCD. Forty children with serum PLP levels < 20 nmol/L will be identified and randomized to receive either 5 mg/day or 25 mg/day vitamin B6 for 12 months. For both supplementation studies, assessments will be made at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. These two projects will provide systematic investigations of the roles of both vitamin A and vitamin B6 in improving health outcomes, growth and nutritional status in children with SCD and will potentially result in cost-effective nutritional interventions that can be quickly implemented into the standard of care for these children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ONE-CARBON NUTRIENTS IN CANCER PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mason, Joel B.; Associate Professor and Chief; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Accumulating evidence from many different types of scientific studies indicate that inadequate intake of the B vitamin, folate, increases the risk of several cancers. The evidence is most compelling for cancer of the colorectum. However, the prevailing evidence suggests that folate depletion only results in cancer when it operates in concert with other ill-defined genetic and environmental predispositions to cancer. The principle investigator of this K05 application has devoted the majority of his career to investigating this relationship between folate and carcinogenesis. He is now poised to begin to investigate how several other factors, such as age, tobacco, and vitamin B6 and B12 depletion interact with folate metabolism in such a way as to accentuate the promotion of cancer conveyed by folate depletion alone. The financial resources afforded by this K05 award will enable the investigator to dispense with a very substantial burden of clinical and administrative duties in his medical center, thereby allowing him to devote nearly all of his professional energies towards the elucidation of the factors outlined above. The investigator also has an excellent track record of mentoring and has trained several young people who are now fully independent scientists themselves. This award, therefore, would free up enough of the Principal Investigator's time to enable him to take on additional trainees in the future. The studies that are intended to address the abovementioned issues include human and animal experiments that are complimentary in nature. Well-established rat models of B-vitamin depletion, aging, and colorectal carcinogenesis will be used to define which combinations of B-vitamin deficiencies and elder age can potentiate the procarcinogenic milieu produced by folate depletion, and by what mechanisms these effects are mediated. The identification of novel, previously unsuspected, pathways towards cancer will be elucidated by use of DNA microarray technology. A human study, designed to examine habitual cigarette smokers, will examine how smoking alters the metabolism of these vitamins in the mouth in order to convey an increased risk of oral cancer, and whether surrogate biomarkers of this cancer can be improved by the use of folate supplementation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REACTIVE GAMMA-KETOALDEHYDES IN DEMENTIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Roberts, L Jackson.; Assistant Professor; Pharmacology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many established risk factors for dementia induce oxidative injury including age, amyloid Beta, hyperhomocysteinemia, and ApoE4. We have established the occurrence of oxidant injury in neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease (AD), by demonstrating overproduction of isoprostanes (IsoPs), neuroprostanes (NPs) products of free radical induced oxidation of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively. Isoketals (IsoKs) and neuroketals (NKs) are highly reactive gamma-ketoaldehydes produced by the IsoP and NP pathways, respectively. IsoKs and NKs rapidly adduct to proteins and exhibit a unique proclivity to cross link proteins. Recently, we found that pyridoxamine effectively traps and prevents IsoKs from adducting to proteins in vitro. A dominant feature of Alzheimer's disease is the accumulation of aggregated proteins. Proteasome activity is also impaired

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Vitamin B6

in Alzheimer's disease, which can induce apoptosis. The cause of protein aggregation, proteasome inhibition, and the relationship between these phenomena is poorly understood. Recently, we found intense IsoK immunoreactivity in hippocampal neurons in AD brains, which was absent in brains from aged-matched controls. IsoK adducted proteins are poorly degraded by the 20S proteasome and also inhibit proteasome function, lsoKs inhibit proteasome function and induce cell death at nM concentrations in neuroglial cells. These findings have engendered the hypothesis that oxidative injury in Alzheimer's disease and likely other forms of dementia produces IsoKs and NKs, which adduct to proteins and alter neuronal function, inhibit proteasome function, and induce neuronal cell death. To test this hypothesis, we will determine the levels and distribution of IsoK/NK adducts in post-mortem brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease and determine whether IsoK/NK adducts are present in CSF from AD patients. We recently established the occurrence of oxidant injury in an animal model of dementia that is associated with severe memory deficit, aged ApoE null mice overexpressing human ApoE4. We will determine the time-course of development and progression of memory deficit; increased formation of IsoPs, NPs, IsoK/NK adducts, and changes in protease activity in these animals. We will identify IsoK/NK adducted proteins in the hippocampus of AD brains and in brains of the mouse model of dementia. We will also determine the efficacy of 2 antioxidants, Tempol and lipoic acid, to suppress oxidative stress, IsoK/NK adduct formation, and mitigate the memory deficit in the mouse model. We will also explore a novel pharmacologic intervention, the ability of pyridoxamine to selectively prevent IsoK/NK adduction and mitigate the memory deficit in the mouse model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REDUCING HOMOCYSTEINE TO SLOW COGNITIVE DECLINE IN AD Principal Investigator & Institution: Aisen, Paul; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Blood levels of homocysteine are elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and hyperhomocysteinemia may contributed to disease pathophysiology by vascular and direct neurotoxic mechanisms. Homocysteine levels can be reduced to administrating of high dose supplements of folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. We propose a multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial to determine whether reduction of homocysteine levels with high-dose folate/B6/B12 supplementation will slow the rate of cognitive decline in subjects with AD. This will be a parallel design study, including two groups of unequal size: (60% of subjects will receive daily high dose supplements (folate 5mg, vitamin B6 50MG, vitamin B12 1 mg), and 40% will receive identically appearing placebo; the duration of treatment will be 18 months. The primary outcome measure will be longitudinal decline in the ADAScog. To power the trial to detect a 25% reduction in rate of ADAScog decline (80% power, alpha=0.05, drop-out estimate 20%, drop-in estimate 10%), we will enroll a total of 400 subjects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RENAL TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOCYSTEINE LOWERING & COGNITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosenberg, Irwin H.; None; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant) This application is for an ancillary study to determine the cognitive effects of homocysteine Iowering, as an additional outcome in an ongoing, randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Elevated plasma homocysteine levels are associated with diminished cognitive function in the general population, and significantly increase the risk of vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, stroke and dementia. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a pervasive feature of chronic renal insufficiency, even after a successful transplant; however, unlike in other types of chronic renal insufficiency, homocysteine levels can be lowered in RTRs by high doses of B-vitamins. The parent trial (FAVORIT - NIH NIDDK UO1 DK61700-01) is designed to determine the effect of lowering plasma total homocysteine levels on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease outcomes in chronic, stable RTRs. The FAVORIT trial aims to randomize 4000 RTRs with a stable functioning renal graft of > six months to a treatment or placebo group, and to follow them for 4 years or until the occurrence of a cardiovascular event or death. Treatment consists of a standard multivitamin with additional high dose folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 and placebo consists of a multivitamin devoid of these vitamins. This application specifically aims to: (1) determine the cognitive effect of homocysteine lowering under this treatment regime; and (2), characterize cognitive function in relation to homocysteine and other risk factors for vascular disease in this high-risk, non-demented population. To do so we will measure cognitive outcomes in 1000 participants in the FAVORIT trial, at randomization and after a 3-4 year follow up. The outcome of this application may be highly significant in improving health care for RTRs and other groups with chronic renal insufficiency. Our long-term goal is to identify risk factors for cognitive impairment that can be modified through nutritional intervention or dietary supplementation in order to reduce the incidence of cognitive decline and dementia in elderly and other vulnerable populations. Demonstrating the cognitive benefits of lowering homocysteine may pave the way to nutritional modification of cognitive decline in RTRs and other high-risk groups and even in the general population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RESPONSIVITY OF HOMOCYSTEINE TO BEHAVIORAL STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stoney, Catherine M.; Professor; Psychology; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Homocysteine is putative risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). It is an amino acid associated with endothelial damage, which may cause direct injury to intimal cells and assist in the deposition of lipoproteins within atherosclerotic lesions. Homocysteine is bound to lipoproteins. Although several psychological characteristics are associated with CHD, few investigations of psychological risk factors and homocysteine exist. We have shown that homocysteine increases during stress, and that hostility is positively associated with resting homocysteine. The major goals of this proposal are to investigate the etiological significance of stress-induced and personality-associated elevations in homocysteine; to evaluate the relationship between lipids and homocysteine during stress; and to test one viable mechanism for homocysteine reactivity. Study 1 will test whether the stressassociated increases in homocysteine are etiologically meaningful, by comparing individuals with above average risk for CHD (based on American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology recommendations and family history), to those at below average risk. This study will also build on our earlier findings, by

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comparing homocysteine reactivity among high hostile individuals to low hostile individuals. Study 2 will test whether individuals with exaggerated homocysteine reactivity have greater stress-induced alterations in vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate than do those with smaller homocysteine reactivity. An additional purpose of this study will be to test whether individuals given B vitamin supplements for 4 weeks prior to an acute stressor display smaller elevations in stress-induced homocysteine, relative to individuals given placebo. Because homocysteine is bound to lipoproteins, and because it appears to modify the atherogenicity of low density lipoprotein, both studies will test the relationships between homocysteine and lipid reactivity. The results of this research will extend the available but limited data testing the impact of stress and hostility on homocysteine concentrations; will allow one test of the etiological significance of stressrelated homocysteine elevations; will allow us to examine the relationship between lipid reactivity and homocysteine reactivity; and will test a viable mechanism for the homocysteine elevations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SAFE PREGNANCY BY INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONTROL IN KINSHASA Principal Investigator & Institution: Ryder, Robert W.; Professor; Epidemiology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Malaria, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and tuberculosis (TB), are frequent in pregnant women (PW) in sub-Saharan Africa and are important preventable causes of poor birth outcomes and maternal morbidity and mortality. Many PW in Africa seek antenatal care (ANC) but do not receive appropriate care for these infections, although presumptive therapy (PT) with antibiotics or antimalarials and preventive therapy for TB can be effective. The antenatal visit thus represents a "missed opportunity" to improve maternal and infant health in resourcepoor settings. We propose to develop two new antenatal interventions against these infections that can be widely implemented in the region. First, we will evaluate PT with azithromycin (AZM) in high-risk PW. AZM is effective against bacterial STIs; however cost-effective, practical PT regimens need to be identified. AZM also has antimalarial activity; by combining AZM with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP; standard-of-care PT for malaria), we hope to improve effectiveness and delay the onset of SP-resistant malaria. Second, we will test the safety of, and compliance with, a short-course regimen for latent TB infection in HIV (+) PW. We propose to work in two large antenatal care clinics in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo where we are currently offering antenatal HIV screening and treatment. At these clinics, our team will concurrently conduct two randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials: (1) a four-arm trial to determine the efficacy of presumptive AZM (2 g) treatment taken by high-risk HIV (-) PW in the second trimester, third trimester, neither or both times (with all groups receiving SP); and (2) a separate two-arm trial in HIV (+), TB-infected PW to compare the safety of (and compliance to) the standard regimen of 9 months of isoniazid 300 mg/d with a short course regimen of 3 months of isoniazid (300 mg/d) plus rifampin (600 mg/d) for latent M. tb infection. This project is one of the first attempts to develop an integrated, practical approach to managing highly prevalent malaria, STIs, and TB in PW in resource-poor Africa. It will build on a productive history of collaboration between investigators in the USA and Kinshasa, especially Projet SIDA, where large longitudinal cohort studies in PW have been successful. It will also build upon, and

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augment, a burgeoning, multidisciplinary research and training program at the Kinshasa School of Public Health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SERUM HOMOCYSTEINE IN SICKLE ANEMIA-- VITAMIN STATUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Edgar R.; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Homocysteine is a recognized risk factor for atherosclerotic and thrombotic disease. Sickle cell anemia is a disease characterized by vaso-occlusive crises and thromboses. Therefore, we are investigating homocysteine levels in patients with sickle cell anemia, with a hypothesis that these patients may have hyperhomocysteinemia secondary to folate depletion from accelerated hematopoesis. Alternatively, their intake of folate and vitamins B12 and B6 may be insufficient to meet their needs, resulting in hyperhomocysteinemia. We are conducting a cross-sectional study of 70 children with homozygous sickle cell anemia and 30 healthy African-American children recruited from among the siblings of the patients. Each child has a fasting blood draw for measurement of serum homocysteine, serum folate, red blood cell folate, vitamins B12 and B6, hemoglobin, reticulocyte count, and creatinine. A nutritionist conducts a 24hour dietary recall with each participant for assessment of protein and vitamin intake, and repeats this recall three more times over one year. Each participant has his or her medical history recorded, and a height and weight measurement. For our analysis, we are investigating whether the participants with sickle cell anemia have significantly different levels of homocysteine, folate, and vitamins from the healthy children. We are also investigating the relationship between homocysteine and the vitamins in the two groups, and whether the serum and plasma levels of vitamins vary differently based on intake in the two participant populations. We do not anticipate having sufficient power in this study to make strong conclusions regarding homocysteine and the participant's history of stroke or other thrombotic events. We anticipate that the results of this study will provide a basis for prospective studies of homocysteine and disease activity and also for interventions with vitamin supplementation aimed at lowering homocysteine levels in patients with sickle cell anemia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRATEGIES TO MODIFY ALLOSTATIC LOAD IN HISPANIC ELDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bermudez, Odilia I.; Assistant Professor; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The complexities of causal factors and nutrition and health outcomes associated with the wide health disparities gap observed among US population groups demand that innovative approaches, from different disciplines should be designed, implemented and evaluated in the search for effective and sustainable solutions. With this research project, we proposed to engage in collaborative work with a Hispanic and researchers with expertise in social, psychological, behavioral, and biological sciences, all working together in our search for solutions directed to alleviate social, cultural, health and nutritional inequalities in the Hispanic population of Massachusetts. The objective of this proposal is to test the effects of a nutrient supplementation intervention and two participatory-community-based approaches, community nutrition and social

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participation programs, in the alleviation of environmental and social stressors that contribute to the allostatic load of older Puerto Ricans, 60-75 y., living in the greater Boston area. The main hypothesis to be tested with each intervention is that by affecting nutrient intake (environmental stressor) or social isolation (social stressor) the biological parameters of the allostatic load will be improved or further progression will be contained or delayed. Working collaboratively with our partners at Alianza Hispana, a Boston community-based organization, and with colleagues here at HNRCA, at the New England Medical Center, and Northeastern University, we will test those three interventions with 125 individuals per intervention, randomly selected from the cohort established for Project 1. The remaining segment of the cohort (about 1100 subjects) will serve as control group for each intervention. Duration of each intervention is 2 years, during which they will be instructed in their corresponding intervention protocol, and, at the same time, will be followed-up as members of the cohort study, through a periodically monitoring process (every 6 months). At the end of the cohort study and the intervention (both planned for 2 years) subjects will get final evaluations as described in Project 1. Our specific aims are: To assess the effects of 1) a multivitamin supplementation; 2) a community nutrition program, complemented with a monthly food coupon for acquiring whole grain products, fruit and vegetables, and 3) of a social interaction program, on biological parameters of the allostatic load of Puerto Rican elders as compared with a control group. Elderly Puerto Ricans constitute an underserved, disadvantaged minority group, who is in need of culturally acceptable, sustainable and effective interventions directed at improvements in inequalities associated with their nutrition and health conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SULFOTRANSFERASE DOMAIN OF HUMAN HEPARAN SULFATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Pedersen, Lars; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: As part of our ongoing collaborative efforts in Structural Genomics we have identified a number of yeast gene products with no known structural homologue. One of the identified proteins, Pyridoxamine 5 -phosphate oxidase, was expressed in E. coli, purified to homogeneity and crystallized. The initial characterization of very small crystals (~10 microns maximum dimension) at X9B showed that diffraction extends to at least 3.0E and is consistent with the hexagonal space group P3121 (or enantiomorph) (a=b=74.8, c=157.7E). The solution of this structure will particularly interesting as it promises to provide a non-conventional fold for a flavin containing protein, and is likely to represent a completely novel fold. Furthermore, this structure will be of great interest to the field of basic metabolic chemistry as this enzyme is responsible for the biosynthesis of vitamin B6 and pyridoxal-5 -phosphate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THERAPY HOMOCYSTEINEMIA

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DIALYSIS

HYPOALBUMINEMIA

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Eustace, Joseph A.; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the application) End stage renal disease is associated with several complex nutritional problems. Hypoalbuminemia, the strongest predictor of

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mortality on dialysis, is related to a combination of nutritional, inflammatory and comorbid factors, but the relative importance of these factors has not been prospectively evaluated. Relative vitamin deficiencies, especially that of B6, B12 and folate, also occur. Hyperhomocysteinemia (hyperHcy), a novel cardio-vascular and thrombotic risk factor, is at least partly correctable with folate and vitamin B6 and B12 supplementation but the clinical benefits of this therapy is not established. The projects outlined in this application will allow Dr. Eustace to continue his mentored research into these two major nutritional problems, hypoalbuminemia and hyperHcy. The PI will: (1A) Conduct a longitudinal analysis of risk factors for dialysis-associated hypoalbuminemia focusing on protein intake and inflammation (C-Reactive Protein), using data collected in the CHOICE cohort study. This is a nationally representative cohort of 925 incident dialysis patients in its 5th year of follow-up, headed by Drs. Powe, Klag and Coresh. (1B) Build on a clinical trial, he recently completed, by conducting a two-center, 2 x 2 factorial trial of 280 recently hospitalized hemodialysis patients, with serum albumins of less then 4.0 g/dl, examining in one arm of the trial the efficacy of oral essential amino acids supplements versus placebo at improving serum albumin levels and reducing hospitalization rates and (1C) Use a decision analysis model to compare the costeffectiveness, utility and outcomes of oral supplements versus alternative management strategies, including parenteral nutrition, naso-gastric feeding and anabolic agents. (2A) Compare, in the second arm of the above clinical trial, the efficacy of high versus standard dose folate, B6 & B12 supplementation at reducing all cause cardiovascular endpoints and vascular access thromboses. (2B) Perform a meta-analysis of published trials of the benefit of vitamin therapy on actual patient survival. This combination of observational and experimental research under the mentorship of Drs. Coresh and Klag, combined with didactic course work, in the supportive context of the Welch Center will allow Dr. Eustace to build on his current theoretical knowledge, make the transition into an independent clinical scientist and prepare him for a career investigating the role of nutrition in renal disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRIAL OF ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY OF CVD IN WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Manson, Joann E.; Associate Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1993; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application proposes to extend the Trial of Antioxidant Therapy of CVD in Women (Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study ) for an additional 3.5 years of randomized treatment and follow-up. WACS is an ongoing randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2x2x2x2 factorial trial of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and folic acid/vitamin B6/vitamin B12 in the prevention of cardiovascular events among women aged > 40 years with preexisting cardiovascular disease or > 3 coronary risk factors. Its goal is to provide clear positive results or definitive null results on which to base clinical and public health recommendations about the use of antioxidants and B vitamins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The current mean duration is 4.8 years in the antioxidant arm (n=8,171) and 2.6 years in the folic acid/vitamin B6/vitamin B12 arm (n=5,442). Based on a May 2000 review of the unblinded data, the trial's Data and Safety Monitoring Board unanimously recommended extending WACS beyond its scheduled termination in August 2002 in order to provide informative and conclusive results. With an additional 3.5 years of randomized treatment and follow-up, WACS will not only meet its original objectives but will also be able to assess the effects of antioxidant vitamins on

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individual endpoints and test whether antioxidant combinations are more effective than individual supplements alone, a valuable aim given conflicting results from single-agent trials. Archived blood samples (n=5,922) allow for the assessment of possible modifying effects of baseline vitamin and homocysteine levels. The WACS population, women at high risk of cardiovascular events, has been historically underrepresented in secondary prevention trials. Given its committed participants with high compliance, excellent follow-up, and willingness to continue, the trial is in an exceptional position to conclusively answer its central questions, as well as to evaluate the effects of homocysteine-lowering agents and antioxidant vitamins among women with diabetes, at less than $60/randomized participant/year in direct costs, a fraction of the usual cost of a secondary prevention trial. With the gaps in knowledge this study is intended to address and the certain intense interest in its findings by the medical, lay, and regulatory communities, the proposed extension of this trial in women is both important and timely. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRIALS OF PREVENTION OF COGNITIVE DECLINE IN WOMEN AND M Principal Investigator & Institution: Grodstein, Francine; Assistant Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VITAMIN B6 ADEQUACY, SMOKING AND DNA DAMAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Shultz, Terry D.; Professor; Food Science & Human Nutrition; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, Wa 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Description) We propose to obtain information on the relationship between vitamin B-6 (B-6) intake and cigarette associated with DNA damage and cancer. Preliminary data reveal that vitamin B-6 inadequacy increases uracil incorporation in DNA. Furthermore, smoking reduces vitamin B- 6 status and increases oxidative damage to smoking in men and women by studying functional measures of vitamin B-6 and folate metabolism which are DNA. A controlled diet study will be conducted in men and women, during which 16 subjects (8 smokers and 8 nonsmokers) will be moderately depleted of vitamin B-6 (0.5 mg B-6/d for 28 d), and then repleted using two levels of vitamin B-6 intake (1.3 and 2.1 mg/d, respectively) for successive 28d periods. Venous blood will be collected from fasting subjects weekly; 24h urine collections will be obtained daily. Vitamin B-6 metabolite concentrations [i.e., pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), pyridoxamine phosphate, pyridoxal, pyridoxine and 4pyridoxic acid] will be determined in plasma and erythrocytes, and PLP concentrations measured in lymphocytes. Activities of erythrocyte alanine and aspartate aminotransferase will be assessed with and without added PLP. Urine will be analyzed for 4-pyridoxic acid. Lymphocytes collected on day 1 and at the end of each experimental period will be analyzed for DNA uracil content, strand breaks, and apurinic/apyridiminic sites. Lymphocyte serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) activity will be analyzed in the presence and absence of excess PLP. Relationships among vitamin B-6 status, measures of disturbances in DNA composition and smoking will be assessed. The vitamin B-6 intake which optimizes functional measures related to

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DNA damage and cancer prevention in men and women, smokers and nonsmokers, will be evaluated. This study will permit carefully controlled evaluation of the responsiveness of traditional and novel (i.e., lymphocyte DNA composition and SHMT activity) biochemical status measures to alterations in dietary vitamin B-6 intake and smoking, thereby providing recommendations for vitamin B-6 intake based on functional endpoints related to cancer prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VITAMIN B6 BIOSYNTHESIS: A STUDY OF THE PDXJ MECHANISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Frydrychowski, Valerie A.; Chemistry; Brown University Box 1929 Providence, Ri 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Vitamin B6 is an essential coenzyme, required by nearly all enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism. Studies of the biosynthesis of vitamin B6 in Escherichia coli have identified the enzymes involved, and their functions. PdxJ, or pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase, is known to catalyze the condensation of 1 -aminoacetone-3-phosphate and 1 -deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate to form pyridoxine 5'-phosphate, the precursor to the active form of vitamin B6. However, the precise mechanism of cyclization is not well understood. A two-fold approach is proposed to probe the mechanism of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase. First, sitedirected mutagenesis will be used to investigate several active site residues to determine their roles in catalysis and/or in the binding of substrates. Second, rapid quench studies will be carried out to trap intermediates that would not normally be released from the active site. Isolation and characterization of these intermediates is expected to delineate the detailed mechanistic pathway from 1-aminoacetone-3-phosphate and 1-deoxy-Dxylulose to pyridoxine 5-phosphate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VITAMIN INTERVENTION FOR STROKE PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Fisher, Mark; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VITAMIN INTERVENTION FOR STROKE PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hanna, Joseph; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This multicenter, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial has been designed to determine whether the addition of a multivitamin with high dose folic acid, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) to best medical/surgical management and risk factor modification reduces recurrent cerebral infarction (primary end point) and myocardial infarction or fatal coronary heart disease (CHD, secondary endpoint) in patients with a nondisabling cerebral infarctioin(NDCI) who have basal homocyst(e)ine levels above 9.5 millimol/L at screening. The fundamental eligibility criteria are the occurrence of a NDCI within 120 days prior to randomization and a qualifying homocyst(e)ine level. All patients will receive best management for risk

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factor reduction, which includes counseling and interventions for hypertension, high low-density lipoprotein, low high -density lipoprotein, tobacco use, diabetes and other recognized factors which add excess risk for cerebral and myocardial infarction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VITAMIN INTERVENTION FOR STROKE PREVENTION (VISP) Principal Investigator & Institution: Dempsey, Robert J.; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VITAMIN INTERVENTION IN STROKE PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Pettigrew, L. Creed.; Professor; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This study is to determine whether folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 will reduce levels of homocysteine in patients suffering nondisabling cerebral infarction, thereby preventing recurrent infarctions and reducing the risk of myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for vitamin B6 in the PubMed Central database: •

A highly conserved sequence is a novel gene involved in de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis. by Ehrenshaft M, Bilski P, Li MY, Chignell CF, Daub ME.; 1999 Aug 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17790

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ABNORMAL CELLULAR MORPHOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH A VITAMIN B6 DEFICIENCY IN LACTOBACILLUS ARABINOSUS. by Holden JT, Holman J.; 1957 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=314628

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Abnormal Tryptophan Metabolism in Patients with Adult Celiac Disease, with Evidence for Deficiency of Vitamin B6. by Kowlessar OD, Haeffner LJ, Benson GD.; 1964 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=289568

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An Escherichia coli K-12 tktA tktB mutant deficient in transketolase activity requires pyridoxine (vitamin B6) as well as the aromatic amino acids and vitamins for growth. by Zhao G, Winkler ME.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=196835

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An unusual genetic link between vitamin B6 biosynthesis and tRNA pseudouridine modification in Escherichia coli K-12. by Arps PJ, Winkler ME.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211902

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Biosynthesis of Vitamin B6 by a Yeast Mutant. by Pardini RS, Argoudelis CJ.; 1968 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252358

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Biosynthesis of vitamin B6 by bacteria. by Dempsey WB.; 1967 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276568

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Control of Vitamin B6 Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. by Dempsey WB.; 1971 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247080

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Conversion of Vitamin B6 Compounds to Active Forms in the Red Blood Cell. by Anderson BB, Fulford-Jones CE, Child JA, Beard ME, Bateman CJ.; 1971 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=292116

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Crystal structure of glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminomutase: An [alpha]2-dimeric vitamin B6-dependent enzyme with asymmetry in structure and active site reactivity. by Hennig M, Grimm B, Contestabile R, John RA, Jansonius JN.; 1997 May 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24597

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Escherichia coli K-12 mutant with alternate requirements for vitamin B6 or branchedchain amino acids and lacking transaminase C activity. by Falkinham JO 3rd.; 1977 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235247

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Identification of the Forms of Vitamin B6 Present in the Culture Media of "Vitamin B6 Control" Mutants. by Dempsey WB, Arcement LJ.; 1971 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246967

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Involvement of Vitamin B6 in the Dethiomethylation of Methionine by Rumen Microorganisms. by Merricks DL, Salsbury RL.; 1974 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186603

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Metabolic relationships between pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and serine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K-12. by Lam HM, Winkler ME.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213008

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Morphological aberrations of nutritionally deficient streptococci: association with pyridoxal (vitamin B6) concentration and potential role in antibiotic resistance. by Clark RB, Gordon RE, Bottone EJ, Reitano M.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264573

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Role of Vitamin B6 Biosynthetic Rate in the Study of Vitamin B6 Synthesis in Escherichia coli. by Dempsey WB.; 1971 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247181

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Salmonella typhimurium Mutants with Alternate Requirements for Vitamin B6 or Isoleucine. by Guirard BM, Ames BN, Snell EE.; 1971 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247074

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The Arabidopsis salt overly sensitive 4 Mutants Uncover a Critical Role for Vitamin B6 in Plant Salt Tolerance. by Shi H, Xiong L, Stevenson B, Lu T, Zhu JK.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150580

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Vitamin B6 Metabolism in Chronic Alcohol Abuse PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE LEVELS IN PLASMA AND THE EFFECTS OF ACETALDEHYDE ON PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES. by Lumeng L, Li TK.; 1974 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=333049

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Vitamin B6 metabolism in chronic alcohol abuse The effect of ethanol oxidation on hepatic pyridoxal 5'-phosphate metabolism. by Vech RL, Lumeng L, Li TK.; 1975 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=301849

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VITAMIN B6 PHOSPHATES, GROWTH FACTORS FOR LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES. by Cheldelin VH, Nygaard AP, Kornberg HA, Williams RJ.; 1951 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=386095

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Vitamin B6 requirements of nutritionally variant Streptococcus mitior. by Schiller NL, Roberts RB.; 1982 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272178

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with vitamin B6, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for vitamin B6 (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 15-year follow-up of a boy with pyridoxine (vitamin B6)-dependent seizures with autism, breath holding, and severe mental retardation. Author(s): Burd L, Stenehjem A, Franceschini LA, Kerbeshian J. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2000 November; 15(11): 763-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11108513

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A deficiency of vitamin B6 is a plausible molecular basis of the retinopathy of patients with diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ellis JM, Folkers K, Minadeo M, VanBuskirk R, Xia LJ, Tamagawa H. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1991 August 30; 179(1): 615-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1883384

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A multicompartment model of vitamin B6 metabolism. Author(s): Coburn SP, Townsend DW. Source: Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1988; 12(3): 227-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3075306

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A new antioxidative vitamin B6 analogue modulates pathophysiological cell proliferation and damage. Author(s): Kesel AJ, Sonnenbichler I, Polborn K, Gurtler L, Klinkert WE, Modolell M, Nussler AK, Oberthur W. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 1999 February; 7(2): 359-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10218829

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A novel vitamin B6 metabolite may be a circulating marker of cancer. Author(s): Gregory JF. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1992 October; 50(10): 295-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1436766

with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A paradoxical rise of neonatal seizures after treatment with vitamin B6. Author(s): Hammen A, Wagner B, Berkhoff M, Donati F. Source: European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : Ejpn : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 1998; 2(6): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10727199

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A prospective study of folate and vitamin B6 and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. Author(s): Chasan-Taber L, Selhub J, Rosenberg IH, Malinow MR, Terry P, Tishler PV, Willett W, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1996 April; 15(2): 136-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8778142

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A randomized comparison of ginger and vitamin B6 in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Author(s): Sripramote M, Lekhyananda N. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 September; 86(9): 846-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14649969

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A simple liquid-chromatographic method for measuring vitamin B6 compounds in plasma. Author(s): Edwards P, Liu PK, Rose GA. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1989 February; 35(2): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2914368

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A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Author(s): De Souza MC, Walker AF, Robinson PA, Bolland K. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2000 March; 9(2): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10746516

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Abnormal vitamin B6 status in childhood leukemia. Author(s): Pais RC, Vanous E, Hollins B, Faraj BA, Davis R, Camp VM, Ragab AH. Source: Cancer. 1990 December 1; 66(11): 2421-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2245400

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Abnormal vitamin B6 status in rheumatoid cachexia. Association with spontaneous tumor necrosis factor alpha production and markers of inflammation. Author(s): Roubenoff R, Roubenoff RA, Selhub J, Nadeau MR, Cannon JG, Freeman LM, Dinarello CA, Rosenberg IH. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1995 January; 38(1): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7818558

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Activities of the hepatic enzymes of vitamin B6 metabolism for patients with cirrhosis. Author(s): Merrill AH Jr, Henderson JM, Wang E, Codner MA, Hollins B, Millikan WJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986 October; 44(4): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3020959

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Adequacy of maternal pyridoxine supplementation during pregnancy in relation to the vitamin B6 status and growth of neonates at birth. Author(s): Chang SJ. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1999 August; 45(4): 449-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10575635

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Adequacy of vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy: a prospective study. Author(s): Lumeng L, Cleary RE, Wagner R, Yu P-L, Li T-K. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1976 December; 29(12): 1376-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=998549

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Age differences in vitamin B6 status of 617 men. Author(s): Rose CS, Gyorgy P, Butler M, Andres R, Norris AH, Shock NW, Tobin J, Brin M, Spiegel H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1976 August; 29(8): 847-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=941866

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Alcohol intakes and deficiencies in thiamine and vitamin B6 in black patients with cardiac failure. Author(s): Tobias SL, van der Westhuyzen J, Davis RE, Icke GC, Atkinson PM. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1989 October 7; 76(7): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2799573

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An appraisal of vitamin B6 status indices and associated confounders, in young people aged 4-18 years and in people aged 65 years and over, in two national British surveys. Author(s): Bates CJ, Pentieva KD, Prentice A. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 1999 December; 2(4): 529-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10656472

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An in vitro method for estimating biologically available vitamin B6 in processed foods. Author(s): Ekanayake A, Nelson PE. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1986 March; 55(2): 235-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3676156

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Analysis of vitamin B6 vitamers in human tissue by cation-exchange highperformance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Shephard GS, Van der Westhuizen L, Labadarios D. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1989 June 30; 491(1): 226-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2793974

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Analysis of vitamin B6 vitamers in plasma by cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Shephard GS, Louw ME, Labadarios D. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 April 24; 416(1): 138-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3597629

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Antimicrobial therapy of vitamin B6-dependent streptococcal endocarditis. Author(s): Carey RB, Brause BD, Roberts RB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1977 August; 87(2): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=889195

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Antitumor effect of vitamin B6 and its mechanisms. Author(s): Komatsu S, Yanaka N, Matsubara K, Kato N. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 April 11; 1647(1-2): 127-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686121

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Apparent deficiency of vitamin B6 in typical individuals who commonly serve as normal controls. Author(s): Azuma J, Kishi T, Williams RH, Folkers K. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1976 June; 14(2): 343-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=940965

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Apparent vitamin B6 deficiency in sickle cell anemia. Author(s): Natta CL, Reynolds RD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1984 August; 40(2): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6465055

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Assay of vitamin B6 in human plasma with graphitic carbon column. Author(s): Kurioka S, Ishioka N, Sato J, Nakamura J, Ohkubo T, Matsuda M. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1993 May-June; 7(3): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8318835

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Association effects of vitamin B6 and various magnesium salts on a pharmacological model: the human amniotic membrane. Author(s): Bara M, Guiet-Bara A, Durlach J. Source: Magnes Res. 2000 September; 13(3): 175-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11008924

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Association of vitamin B6 status with parameters of immune function in early HIV-1 infection. Author(s): Baum MK, Mantero-Atienza E, Shor-Posner G, Fletcher MA, Morgan R, Eisdorfer C, Sauberlich HE, Cornwell PE, Beach RS. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 1991; 4(11): 1122-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1753340

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Atrophic gastritis does not impair vitamin B6 status in the elderly. Author(s): Ribaya-Mercado JD, Otradovec CL, Russell RM, Samloff IM. Source: Gastroenterology. 1987 July; 93(1): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3582913

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Availability of vitamin B6 from different food sources. Author(s): Roth-Maier DA, Kettler SI, Kirchgessner M. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2002 March; 53(2): 171-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939111

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Background and rationale of the SU.FOL.OM3 study: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled secondary prevention trial to test the impact of supplementation with folate, vitamin B6 and B12 and/or omega-3 fatty acids on the prevention of recurrent ischemic events in subjects with atherosclerosis in the coronary or cerebral arteries. Author(s): Galan P, de Bree A, Mennen L, Potier de Courcy G, Preziozi P, Bertrais S, Castetbon K, Hercberg S. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2003; 7(6): 428-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625623

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Bacterial endocarditis caused by vitamin B6-dependent viridans group Streptococcus. Author(s): Feder HM Jr, Olsen N, McLaughlin JC, Bartlett RC, Chameides L. Source: Pediatrics. 1980 August; 66(2): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7402819

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Biochemical and physiological changes in vitamin B6 deficiency. Author(s): Linkswiler H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 June; 20(6): 547-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6027578

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Biochemical assessment of vitamin B6 nutritional status in pregnant women with orolingual manifestations. Author(s): Bapurao S, Raman L, Tulpule PG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1982 October; 36(4): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7124659

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Biochemical evaluation of riboflavin and vitamin B6 status of institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly in Central Kentucky. Author(s): Chen LH, Fan-Chiang WL. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1981; 51(3): 232-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7319723

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Biochemical evidence for a deficiency of vitamin B6 in subjects reacting to monosodium L-glutamate by the Chinese restaurant syndrome. Author(s): Folkers K, Shizukuishi S, Scudder SL, Willis R, Takemura K, Longenecker JB. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1981 June 16; 100(3): 972-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7271813

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Biochemical evidence for a deficiency of vitamin B6 in the carpal tunnel syndrome based on a crossover clinical study. Author(s): Folkers K, Ellis J, Watanabe T, Saji S, Kaji M. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1978 July; 75(7): 3410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=277941

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Biochemical vitamin B6 deficiency in adults with chronic glomerulonephritides with and without the nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Labadarios D, Shephard GS, Mineur LG, Van Buuren AJ, Hutchison ME, Oosthuizen OJ. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1984; 54(4): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6526596

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Biochemistry and pathology of tryptophan metabolism and its regulation by amino acids, vitamin B6, and steroid hormones. Author(s): Brown RR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1971 February; 24(2): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5545851

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Blood and urine levels of vitamin B6 in the mother and fetus before and after loading of the mother with vitamin B6. Author(s): Contractor SF, Shane B. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970 June 15; 107(4): 635-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5452317

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Bread fortification with folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 in Hungary. Author(s): Czeizel AE, Merhala Z. Source: Lancet. 1998 October 10; 352(9135): 1225. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9777867

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Breath-holding spells and vitamin B6. Author(s): Abecasis MK. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1973 August; 15(4): 541. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4732908

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Brief communication: effect of pharmacologic doses of vitamin B6 on carpal tunnel syndrome, electroencephalographic results, and pain. Author(s): Bernstein AL, Dinesen JS. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1993 February; 12(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8440821

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Brief report: an open middle-term study of combined vitamin B6-magnesium in a subgroup of autistic children selected on their sensitivity to this treatment. Author(s): Martineau J, Barthelemy C, Cheliakine C, Lelord G. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1988 September; 18(3): 435-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3170459

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Can dietary supplements with folic acid or vitamin B6 reduce cardiovascular risk? Design of clinical trials to test the homocysteine hypothesis of vascular disease. Author(s): Clarke R, Collins R. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Risk. 1998 August; 5(4): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9919473

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Carbon monoxide, vitamin B6, and multiple sclerosis: a theory of interrelationship. Author(s): Mitchell DA, Schandl EK. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1973 August; 26(8): 890-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4578538

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Cardiac outputs of control individuals and cancer patients and evidence of deficiencies of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin B6. Author(s): Folkers K, Kaji M, Baker L, Richardson PC, Saji S, Shizukuishi S. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1980 April; 28(1): 145-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7394311

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Carpal tunnel syndrome and vitamin B6 deficiency. Author(s): Hamfelt A. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1982 April; 28(4 Pt 1): 721. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7074851

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Carpal tunnel syndrome and vitamin B6. Author(s): Laso Guzman FJ, Gonzalez-Buitrago JM, de Arriba F, Mateos F, Moyano JC, Lopez-Alburquerque T. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1989 January 4; 67(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2921840

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Carpal tunnel syndrome and vitamin B6. Author(s): Kasdan ML, Janes C. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1987 March; 79(3): 456-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3823219

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Cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of vitamin B6. Author(s): Coburn SP, Mahuren JD. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1986; 122: 102-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3702679

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Cholesterol metabolism and vitamin B6. II. Intestinal cholesterogenesis in vitamin B6 deficient rats. Author(s): Avery MD, Lupien PJ. Source: Lipids. 1970 January; 5(1): 109-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5461469

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Clinical and biological effects of high doses of vitamin B6 and magnesium on autistic children. Author(s): Lelord G, Callaway E, Muh JP. Source: Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 1982; 4(1-2): 27-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7124567

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Clinical aspects of treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with vitamin B6. Author(s): Ellis JM, Folkers K. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 585: 302-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2356988

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Clinical chemistry of vitamin B6. Author(s): Wilson RG, Davis RE. Source: Adv Clin Chem. 1983; 23: 1-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6398613

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Clinical implications of the correlation between coenzyme Q10 and vitamin B6 status. Author(s): Willis R, Anthony M, Sun L, Honse Y, Qiao G. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416053

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Clinical trial of vitamin B6 for gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Author(s): Weleber RG, Kennaway NG. Source: Ophthalmology. 1981 April; 88(4): 316-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6789268

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Clinical trials of vitamin B6 and proline supplementation for gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Author(s): Hayasaka S, Saito T, Nakajima H, Takahashi O, Mizuno K, Tada K. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1985 April; 69(4): 283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3922397

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Coenzyme Q10, iron, and vitamin B6 in genetically-confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Imagawa M, Naruse S, Tsuji S, Fujioka A, Yamaguchi H. Source: Lancet. 1992 September 12; 340(8820): 671. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1355228

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Combinations of low thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin C intake among Dutch adults. (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). Author(s): van der Beek EJ, Lowik MR, Hulshof KF, Kistemaker C. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1994 August; 13(4): 383-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7963145

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Combined estradiol and vitamin B6 treatment in women with major depression. Author(s): Holsboen F, Benkert O, Meier L, Kreuz-Kersting A. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 May; 142(5): 658. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3885763

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Combined vitamin B6 plus folic acid therapy in young patients with arteriosclerosis and hyperhomocysteinemia. Author(s): van den Berg M, Franken DG, Boers GH, Blom HJ, Jakobs C, Stehouwer CD, Rauwerda JA. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 1994 December; 20(6): 933-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7990188

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Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Nye C, Brice A. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd003497. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519599

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Comparative experimental study of Mg lactate, vitamin B6 and their association on the permeability of a human membrane. 1. Effect on the total ionic transfer through isolated amniotic membrane. Author(s): Bara M, Guiet-Bara A, Durlach J. Source: Magnes Res. 1997 December; 10(4): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9513925

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Comparative experimental study of Mg lactate, vitamin B6 and their association on the permeability of a human membrane. 2. Effects on cellular and paracellular ionic transfer through isolated amniotic membrane. Author(s): Bara M, Guiet-Bara A, Durlach J. Source: Magnes Res. 1998 December; 11(4): 259-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9884984

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Comparison of dried milk preparations for babies on sale in 7 European countries. II. Folic acid, vitamin B6, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin E. Author(s): Ford JE, Porter JW, Scott KJ, Thompson SY, Le Marquand J, Truswell AS. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1974 November; 49(11): 874-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4474843

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Comparison of tryptophan metabolism in vivo and in isolated hepatocytes from vitamin B6 deficient mice. Author(s): Bender DA, Njagi EN, Danielian PS. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1991; 294: 359-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1772074

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Concentration of vitamin B6 and activities of enzymes of B6 metabolism in the blood of alcoholic and nonalcoholic men. Author(s): Fonda ML, Brown SG, Pendleton MW. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1989 December; 13(6): 804-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2557775

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Contact allergy to vitamin B6. Author(s): Camarasa JG, Serra-Baldrich E, Lluch M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1990 August; 23(2): 115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2145120

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Critique of “Efficacy of vitamin B6 and magnesium in the treatment of autism”. Author(s): Rimland B. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 December; 28(6): 580-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9932246

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Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: a qualitative abnormality of the deficient enzyme modified by vitamin B6 therapy. Author(s): Longhi RC, Fleisher LD, Tallan HH, Gaull GE. Source: Pediatric Research. 1977 February; 11(2): 100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=840498

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Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: observations on the biochemical lesion in a vitamin B6 non-responsive patient. Author(s): Griffiths R. Source: Monogr Hum Genet. 1978; 9: 135-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=732830

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Cystathioninuria not associated with vitamin B6 dependency: a probably new type of cystathioninuria. Author(s): Tada K, Yoshida T, Yokoyama Y, Sato T, Nakagawa H. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1968 July; 95(3): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5707897

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Dangers of vitamin B6 in nursing mothers. Author(s): Greentree LB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 January 18; 300(3): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=569255

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Debate continues on vitamin B6. Author(s): Marks J. Source: Lancet. 1998 July 4; 352(9121): 63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9800773

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Debate continues on vitamin B6. Author(s): Downing D. Source: Lancet. 1998 July 4; 352(9121): 63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9800772

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Debate continues on vitamin B6. Author(s): Woodward RJ. Source: Lancet. 1998 July 4; 352(9121): 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9800771

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Debate continues on vitamin B6. Author(s): Dalton K, Dalton M. Source: Lancet. 1998 July 4; 352(9121): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9800770

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Debate continues on vitamin B6. Author(s): Beckett A. Source: Lancet. 1998 July 4; 352(9121): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9800769

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Deficiency of vitamin B6 in women taking contraceptive formulations. Author(s): Kishi H, Kishi T, Williams RH, Watanabe T, Folkers K, Stahl ML. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1977 June; 17(2): 283-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=877413

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Depression induced by oral contraception and the role of vitamin B6 in its management. Author(s): Leeton J. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1974 June; 8(2): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4547177

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Determination of 5-pyridoxic acid, 5-pyridoxic acid lactone, and other vitamin B6 compounds by cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Mahuren JD, Coburn SP. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1997; 280: 22-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9211301

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Determination of total pyridoxal in human plasma following oral administration of vitamin B6 by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. Author(s): Mascher H. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1993 September; 82(9): 972-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8229700

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Determination of vitamin B6 in raw and cooked foods by microbiological method. Author(s): Kovats MT. Source: Int Z Vitaminforsch. 1965; 35(4): 353-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5869782

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Determination of vitamin B6 vitamers and pyridoxic acid in biological samples. Author(s): Sharma SK, Dakshinamurti K. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1992 July 1; 578(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1400785

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Determination of vitamin B6 vitamers and pyridoxic acid in plasma: development and evaluation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay. Author(s): Bisp MR, Bor MV, Heinsvig EM, Kall MA, Nexo E. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 2002 June 1; 305(1): 82-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12018948

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Dietary and other determinants of vitamin B6 parameters. Author(s): Brussaard JH, Lowik MR, van den Berg H, Brants HA, Bemelmans W. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 November; 51 Suppl 3: S39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9598767

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Dietary folate and vitamin B6 are independent predictors of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Author(s): Wilmink AB, Welch AA, Quick CR, Burns PJ, Hubbard CS, Bradbury AW, Day NE. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2004 March; 39(3): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14981440

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Dietary intake among adults with special reference to vitamin B6. Author(s): Brants HA, Brussaard JH, Bouman M, Lowik MR. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 November; 51 Suppl 3: S25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9598765

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Dietary protein--its relationship to vitamin B6 requirements and function. Author(s): Canham JE, Baker EM, Harding RS, Sauberlich HE, Plough IC. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1969 September 30; 166(1): 16-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5262013

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Differences in vitamin B6 status indicator responses between young and middle-aged women fed constant diets with two levels of vitamin B6. Author(s): Lee CM, Leklem JE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1985 August; 42(2): 226-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4025194

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Disappearance of neonatal seizures and low CSF GABA levels after treatment with vitamin B6. Author(s): Kurlemann G, Loscher W, Dominick HC, Palm GD. Source: Epilepsy Research. 1987 March; 1(2): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3504392

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Diseases associated with defects in vitamin B6 metabolism or utilization. Author(s): Merrill AH Jr, Henderson JM. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 1987; 7: 137-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3300730

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Distribution of vitamin B6 deficiency in university students. Author(s): Shizukuishi S, Nishii S, Folkers K. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1981; 27(3): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7288513

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Double-blind trial of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthma. Author(s): Sur S, Camara M, Buchmeier A, Morgan S, Nelson HS. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 February; 70(2): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8430923

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Double-blind trial of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthma. Author(s): Kaslow JE. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 November; 71(5): 492. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8250357

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Drug--vitamin B6 interaction. Author(s): Bhagavan HN, Brin M. Source: Curr Concepts Nutr. 1983; 12: 1-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6342968

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Early effect of a low dose (30 micrograms) ethinyl estradiol-containing Triphasil on vitamin B6 status. A follow-up study on six menstrual cycles. Author(s): Masse PG, van den Berg H, Duguay C, Beaulieu G, Simard JM. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1996; 66(1): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698546

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Effect of dietary fiber on the vitamin B6 status among vegetarian and nonvegetarian elderly (Dutch nutrition surveillance system). Author(s): Lowik MR, Schrijver J, van den Berg H, Hulshof KF, Wedel M, Ockhuizen T. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1990 June; 9(3): 241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2162868

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Effect of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 on clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention: the Swiss Heart study: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Schnyder G, Roffi M, Flammer Y, Pin R, Hess OM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 August 28; 288(8): 973-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12190367

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Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B6 on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Vermeulen EG, Stehouwer CD, Twisk JW, van den Berg M, de Jong SC, Mackaay AJ, van Campen CM, Visser FC, Jakobs CA, Bulterjis EJ, Rauwerda JA. Source: Lancet. 2000 February 12; 355(9203): 517-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10683000

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Effect of treatment with folic acid and vitamin B6 on lipid and homocysteine concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Mark L, Erdei F, Markizay J, Kondacs A, Katona A. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 May; 18(5): 428-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11985950

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Effect of vitamin B6 on immunocompetence in the elderly. Author(s): Miller LT, Kerkvliet NI. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 587: 49-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2193583

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Effect of vitamin B6 on the side effects of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive. Author(s): Villegas-Salas E, Ponce de Leon R, Juarez-Perez MA, Grubb GS. Source: Contraception. 1997 April; 55(4): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9179457

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Effect of vitamin B6 supplementation in McArdle's disease: a strategic case study. Author(s): Phoenix J, Hopkins P, Bartram C, Beynon RJ, Quinlivan RC, Edwards RH. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 1998 May; 8(3-4): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9631404

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Effect of vitamin B6 supplementation on plasma oxalate and oxalate removal rate in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Costello JF, Sadovnic MC, Smith M, Stolarski C. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 1992 October; 3(4): 101824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1450364

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Effects of folic acid and vitamin B6 supplementation on women with hyperhomocysteinemia and a history of preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Author(s): Leeda M, Riyazi N, de Vries JI, Jakobs C, van Geijn HP, Dekker GA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 July; 179(1): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9704778

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Effects of high-dose vitamin B6 therapy on microcytic and hypochromic anemia in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Toriyama T, Matsuo S, Fukatsu A, Takahashi H, Sato K, Mimuro N, Kawahara H. Source: Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 1993 August; 35(8): 975-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8255009

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Effects of seven low-dose combined contraceptives on vitamin B6 status. Author(s): van der Vange N, van der Berg H, Kloosterboer HJ, Haspels AA. Source: Contraception. 1989 September; 40(3): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2527729

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Effects of vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin B6 supplements in elderly people with normal serum vitamin concentrations. Author(s): Naurath HJ, Joosten E, Riezler R, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Lindenbaum J. Source: Lancet. 1995 July 8; 346(8967): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7603218

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Efficacy of vitamin B6 and magnesium in the treatment of autism: a methodology review and summary of outcomes. Author(s): Pfeiffer SI, Norton J, Nelson L, Shott S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 October; 25(5): 481-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8567594

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Electrophysiological effects of fenfluramine or combined vitamin B6 and magnesium on children with autistic behaviour. Author(s): Martineau J, Barthelemy C, Roux S, Garreau B, Lelord G. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1989 December; 31(6): 721-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2599266

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Elevated plasma vitamers of vitamin B6 in patients with chronic renal failure on regular haemodialysis. Author(s): Allman MA, Pang E, Yau DF, Stewart PM, Tiller DJ, Truswell AS. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 September; 46(9): 679-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1396485

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Estimation of vitamin needs--riboflavin, vitamin B6 and ascorbic acid-according to blood parameters and functional-cognitive and emotional indices in a selected wellestablished group of elderly in a home for the aged in Israel. Author(s): Dror Y, Stern F, Nemesh L, Hart J, Grinblat J. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1996 October; 15(5): 481-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8892175

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Evidence of a theophylline-induced vitamin B6 deficiency caused by noncompetitive inhibition of pyridoxal kinase. Author(s): Ubbink JB, Delport R, Becker PJ, Bissbort S. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1989 January; 113(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2535870

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Evidence on vitamin B6 questioned. Author(s): Marks J. Source: Lancet. 1998 August 22; 352(9128): 656. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9746056

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Evidence on vitamin B6 questioned. Author(s): Chalmers C, Barker W. Source: Lancet. 1998 August 22; 352(9128): 655-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9746055

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Failure of vitamin B6 to reverse the L-dopa effect in patients on a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor. Author(s): Klawans HL, Ringel SP, Shenker DM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1971 December; 34(6): 6826. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5158783

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Fasting and post-methionine loading concentrations of homocysteine, vitamin B2, and vitamin B6 in patients on antiepileptic drugs. Author(s): Apeland T, Mansoor MA, Pentieva K, McNulty H, Strandjord RE. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2003 June; 49(6 Pt 1): 1005-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12766014

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Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. Author(s): Rimm EB. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 2001; (55): 42-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11125584

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Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. Author(s): Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, Sampson L, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Hennekens C, Stampfer MJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 February 4; 279(5): 359-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9459468

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Folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 and one carbon metabolism. Author(s): Selhub J. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2002; 6(1): 39-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11813080

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Folate, vitamin B6, and B12 intakes in relation to risk of stroke among men. Author(s): He K, Merchant A, Rimm EB, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2004 January; 35(1): 169-74. Epub 2003 December 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14671243

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Folic acid and Vitamin B6 supplementation and plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy young women. Author(s): Dierkes J, Kroesen M, Pietrzik K. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998; 68(2): 98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9565824

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Food consumption methods. Development, reproducibility and validation of a food frequency questionnaire for vitamin B6. Author(s): Brants HA, Lowik MR, Brussaard JH, Kistemaker C, Van Erp-Baart AM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 November; 51 Suppl 3: S12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9598763

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Forms of vitamin B6 in human milk. Author(s): Vanderslice JT, Brownlee SG, Maire CE, Reynolds RD, Polansky M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1983 May; 37(5): 867-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6846227

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Free amino acids in liver of patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency: effects of vitamin B6. Author(s): Rassin DK, Longhi RC, Gaull GE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 October; 91(4): 574-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=908976

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Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in mammalian tissue outside the central nervous system, and its possible relevance to hereditary vitamin B6 dependency with seizures. Author(s): Scriver CR, Whelan DT. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1969 September 30; 166(1): 83-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5262035

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Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina with hyperornithinemia: biochemical and histologic studies and response to vitamin B6. Author(s): Kennaway NG, Weleber RG, Buist NR. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1980 July; 32(4): 529-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7395865

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Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: characterization of mutant ornithine aminotransferase and mechanism of response to vitamin B6. Author(s): Kennaway NG, Stankova L, Wirtz MK, Weleber RG. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1989 March; 44(3): 344-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2916580

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Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: clinical and biochemical heterogeneity and response to vitamin B6. Author(s): Weleber RG, Wirtz MK, Kennaway NG. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1982; 18(6): 219-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7171757

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Gyrate atrophy with hyperornithinaemia: different types of responsiveness to vitamin B6. Author(s): Hayasaka S, Saito T, Nakajima H, Takaku Y, Shiono T, Mizuno K, Ohmura K, Tada K. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1981 July; 65(7): 478-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7260021

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Hematologic abnormalities involving vitamin B6 and folate metabolism in alcoholic subjects. Author(s): Hines JD. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1975 April 25; 252: 316-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1056732

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Heterogeneity and complementation analysis of fibroblasts from vitamin B6 responsive and non-responsive patients with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Author(s): Wirtz MK, Kennaway NG, Weleber RG. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1985; 8(2): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3939534

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High dose vitamin B6 and magnesium in treating autism: response to study by Findling et al. Author(s): Rimland B. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 December; 28(6): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9932247

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High homocysteine, low folate, and low vitamin B6 concentrations: prevalent risk factors for vascular disease in heart transplant recipients. Author(s): Gupta A, Moustapha A, Jacobsen DW, Goormastic M, Tuzcu EM, Hobbs R, Young J, James K, McCarthy P, van Lente F, Green R, Robinson K. Source: Transplantation. 1998 February 27; 65(4): 544-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9500631

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High performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of pyridoxal5-phosphate in human plasma: how appropriate are cut-off values for vitamin B6 deficiency? Author(s): Bailey AL, Wright AJ, Southon S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 June; 53(6): 448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10403580

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High-dose vitamin E plus vitamin B6 treatment of risperidone-related neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Author(s): Dursun SM, Oluboka OJ, Devarajan S, Kutcher SP. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1998; 12(2): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9694035

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High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of erythrocyte enzyme activity levels involved in vitamin B6 metabolism. Author(s): Ubbink JB, Schnell AM. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1988 October 14; 431(2): 406-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3243796

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Hip fracture patients may be vitamin B6 deficient. Controlled study of serum pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. Author(s): Reynolds TM, Marshall PD, Brain AM. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1992 December; 63(6): 635-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1471512

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Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B6, and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): McCully KS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 February 4; 279(5): 392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9459475

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Homocysteine, vitamin B6, and vascular disease in AD patients. Author(s): Miller JW, Green R, Mungas DM, Reed BR, Jagust WJ. Source: Neurology. 2002 May 28; 58(10): 1471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12034781

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Homocysteine, vitamin B6, and vascular disease in patients with AD. Author(s): Borroni B, Agosti C, Panzali AF, Di Luca M, Padovani A. Source: Neurology. 2002 November 12; 59(9): 1475; Author Reply 1475-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427917

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Homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B6 lowers urinary albumin excretion but not plasma markers of endothelial function or C-reactive protein: further analysis of secondary end-points of a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Vermeulen EG, Rauwerda JA, van den Berg M, de Jong SC, Schalkwijk C, Twisk JW, Stehouwer CD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 March; 33(3): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12641538

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Homocystinuria of vitamin B6 dependent type. Author(s): Yoshida T, Tada K, Yokoyama Y, Arakawa T. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1968 November; 96(3): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5717883

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Homocystinuria: vitamin B6 dependent or not? Author(s): Frimpter GW. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1969 July; 71(1): 209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5791095

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Human deficiencies of vitamin B6. I. Studies on parameters of the assay of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase by the CAS principle. Author(s): Kishi H, Kishi T, Williams RH, Folkers K. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975 November; 12(3): 557-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1197932

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Human placental vitamin B6 (pyridoxal) transport: normal characteristics and effects of ethanol. Author(s): Schenker S, Johnson RF, Mahuren JD, Henderson GI, Coburn SP. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1992 June; 262(6 Pt 2): R966-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1621875

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Hyperhomocysteinaemia therapy in haemodialysis patients: folinic versus folic acid in combination with vitamin B6 and B12. Author(s): Ducloux D, Aboubakr A, Motte G, Toubin G, Fournier V, Chalopin JM, Drueke T, Massy ZA. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2002 May; 17(5): 86570. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981075

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Hyperornithinaemia associated with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: in vivo and in vitro response to vitamin B6. Author(s): Tada K, Saito T, Omura K, Hayasaka S, Mizuno K. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1981; 4(2): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6790848

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Hypothesis: potential utility of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (vitamin B6) and levamisole in immune modulation and HIV-1 infection. Author(s): Salhany JM, Stevenson M. Source: Aids Patient Care and Stds. 1996 December; 10(6): 353-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11361551

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Impact of vitamin B6 status on psychological distress in a longitudinal study of HIV-1 infection. Author(s): Shor-Posner G, Feaster D, Blaney NT, Rocca H, Mantero-Atienza E, Szapocznik J, Eisdorfer C, Goodkin K, Baum MK. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1994; 24(3): 209-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7890479

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Inability of chronic alcoholics with liver disease to use food as a source of folates, thiamin and vitamin B6. Author(s): Baker H, Frank O, Zetterman RK, Rajan KS, ten Hove W, Leevy CM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1975 December; 28(12): 1377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=802999

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Incidence of biochemical vitamin B6 deficiency in Nigerian adolescents. Author(s): Korede O. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1990; 34(5): 273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2244748

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Increased plasma clearance of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in vitamin B6-deficient uremic man. Author(s): Spannuth CL Jr, Warnock LG, Wagner C, Stone WJ. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1977 October; 90(4): 632-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=903695

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Increased plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and vitamin B6 in male adolescents after 4500-meter run. Author(s): Leklem JE, Shultz TD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1983 October; 38(4): 541-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6624696

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Induction of sister-chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes by vitamin B6. Author(s): Dozi-Vassiliades J, Mourelatos D, Myrtsiotis A. Source: Mutation Research. 1983 November; 124(2): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6646157

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Inflammation, homocysteine, and vitamin B6 status after ischemic stroke. Author(s): Kelly PJ, Kistler JP, Shih VE, Mandell R, Atassi N, Barron M, Lee H, Silveira S, Furie KL. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2004 January; 35(1): 12-5. Epub 2003 December 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657454

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Influence of oral contraceptives, pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and tryptophan on carbohydrate metabolism. Author(s): Adams PW, Wynn V, Folkard J, Seed M. Source: Lancet. 1976 April 10; 1(7963): 759-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=56585

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Influence of vitamin B6 intake on the content of the vitamin in human milk. Author(s): West KD, Kirksey A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1976 September; 29(9): 961-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=986761

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Inhibition of cathepsin activities by vitamin B6 derivatives. Author(s): Matsui A, Tsuzuki H, Murata E, Tada Y, Asao T, Katunuma N. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2000; 11(1-2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10705980

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Inhibitory effect of vitamin B6 on nonenzymatic glycation of albumin and hemoglobin. Author(s): Michailova M, Keita Y, Caspary S, Solem E, Kratzer W, Worner G, Rietbrock N. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1992 November; 30(11): 547-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1490829

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Interrelationships between riboflavin and vitamin B6 among elderly people (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). Author(s): Lowik MR, van den Berg H, Kistemaker C, Brants HA, Brussaard JH. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1994; 64(3): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7814235

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Is vitamin B6 supplementation of isoniazid therapy useful in childhood tuberculosis. Author(s): Mbala L, Matendo R, Nkailu R. Source: Trop Doct. 1998 April; 28(2): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9594683

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Isoniazid-induced vitamin B6 deficiency. Metabolic studies and preliminary vitamin B6 excretion studies. Author(s): Levy L, Higgins LJ, Burbridge TN. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1967 November; 96(5): 910-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4293817

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Kinetic analysis and chemical modification of vitamin B6 phosphatase from human erythrocytes. Author(s): Gao GJ, Fonda ML. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1994 March 11; 269(10): 7163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8125926

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Liquid chromatographic analysis of vitamin B6 in soy-based infant formula. Author(s): Mann DL, Chase GW Jr, Eitenmiller RR. Source: J Aoac Int. 2001 September-October; 84(5): 1593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11601481

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Liquid chromatographic studies of vitamin B6 metabolism in man. Author(s): Edwards P, Liu PK, Rose GA. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1990 September; 190(1-2): 67-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2208740

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Lithium-induced tremor treated with vitamin B6: a preliminary case series. Author(s): Miodownik C, Witztum E, Lerner V. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2002; 32(1): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075913

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Location and turnover of vitamin B6 pools and vitamin B6 requirements of humans. Author(s): Coburn SP. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 585: 76-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192627

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Long-term diuretic therapy in hypertensive patients: effects on serum homocysteine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and red blood cell folate concentrations. Author(s): Morrow LE, Grimsley EW. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1999 September; 92(9): 866-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10498160

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Long-term effects of combined vitamin B6-magnesium administration in an autistic child. Author(s): Martineau J, Barthelemy C, Lelord G. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1986 May; 21(5-6): 511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3083877

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Long-term follow-up of an individual with vitamin B6-dependent seizures. Author(s): Ohtsuka Y, Hattori J, Ishida T, Ogino T, Oka E. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1999 March; 41(3): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10210253

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Low circulating folate and vitamin B6 concentrations: risk factors for stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease. European COMAC Group. Author(s): Robinson K, Arheart K, Refsum H, Brattstrom L, Boers G, Ueland P, Rubba P, Palma-Reis R, Meleady R, Daly L, Witteman J, Graham I. Source: Circulation. 1998 February 10; 97(5): 437-43. Erratum In: Circulation 1999 Feb 23; 99(7): 983. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9490237

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Low level of GABA in CSF in vitamin B6-dependent seizures. Author(s): Kurlemann G, Menges EM, Palm DG. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1991 August; 33(8): 749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1916030

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Low vitamin B6 but not homocyst(e)ine is associated with increased risk of stroke and transient ischemic attack in the era of folic acid grain fortification. Author(s): Kelly PJ, Shih VE, Kistler JP, Barron M, Lee H, Mandell R, Furie KL. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 June; 34(6): E51-4. Epub 2003 May 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12738890

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Low vitamin B6 status associated with slow growth in healthy breast-fed infants. Author(s): Heiskanen K, Siimes MA, Salmenpera L, Perheentupa J. Source: Pediatric Research. 1995 November; 38(5): 740-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8552443

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Low vitamin B6 status in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Kok FJ, Schrijver J, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Kruyssen DA, Remme WJ, Valkenburg HA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1989 March 1; 63(9): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2919556

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Magnesium hydrogen carbonate natural mineral water enriched with K(+)-citrate and vitamin B6 improves urinary abnormalities in patients with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Author(s): Bren A, Kmetec A, Kveder R, Kaplan-Pavlovcic S. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1998; 60(2): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9563149

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Magnesium pyridoxal-5'-phosphate glutamate, “A vitamin B6 derivative”, does not affect lipoprotein levels in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Knipscheer HC, Kindt I, van den Ende A, Nurmohamed MT, Smalbraak H, Mulder WJ, Kastelein JJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997; 51(6): 499-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9112067

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Markedly increased circulating pyridoxal-5'-phosphate levels in hypophosphatasia. Alkaline phosphatase acts in vitamin B6 metabolism. Author(s): Whyte MP, Mahuren JD, Vrabel LA, Coburn SP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1985 August; 76(2): 752-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4031070

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Maternal and fetal plasma levels of pyridoxal phosphate at term: adequacy of vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy. Author(s): Cleary RE, Lumeng L, Li TK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 January 1; 121(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1115111

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Maternal plasma concentration of pyridoxal phosphate during pregnancy: adequacy of vitamin B6 supplementation during isoniazid therapy. Author(s): Atkins JN. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 October; 126(4): 714-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7125367

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Metabolism of methionine in oral contraceptive users and control women receiving controlled intakes of vitamin B6. Author(s): Leklem JE, Linkswiler HM, Brown RR, Rose DP, Anand CR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1977 July; 30(7): 1122-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=879076

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Metabolism of tryptophan and niacin in oral contraceptives users receiving controlled intakes of vitamin B6. Author(s): Leklem JE, Brown RR, Rose DP, Linkswiler H, Arend RA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1975 February; 28(2): 146-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1115024

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Metabolism of vitamin B6 and its requirement in chronic renal failure. Author(s): Mydlik M, Derzsiova K, Zemberova E. Source: Kidney International. Supplement. 1997 November; 62: S56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9350682

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Methionine loading, vitamin B6 status, and premature thromboembolic disease. Author(s): Bostom AG. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1996 September 1; 125(5): 419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8702095

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Methionine metabolism and vitamin B6 status in women using oral contraceptives. Author(s): Miller LT, Dow MJ, Kokkeler SC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1978 April; 31(4): 619-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=637037

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Micronutrient status, with special reference to vitamin B6. Author(s): Brussaard JH, Lowik MR, van den Berg H, Brants HA, Kistemaker C. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 November; 51 Suppl 3: S32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9598766

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Modeling vitamin B6 metabolism. Author(s): Coburn SP. Source: Adv Food Nutr Res. 1996; 40: 107-32. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8858809

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Modification of ribonucleic acid by vitamin B6. 1. Specific interaction of pyridoxal 5'phosphate with transfer ribonucleic acid. Author(s): Kopelovich L, Wolfe G. Source: Biochemistry. 1977 August 9; 16(16): 3721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=196640

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Modulation by vitamin B6 of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene expression requires transcription factors in addition to the glucocorticoid receptor. Author(s): Allgood VE, Oakley RH, Cidlowski JA. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1993 October 5; 268(28): 20870-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8407919

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Modulation of steroid receptor-mediated gene expression by vitamin B6. Author(s): Tully DB, Allgood VE, Cidlowski JA. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1994 March 1; 8(3): 343-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8143940

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More on dangers of vitamin B6 in nursing mothers. Author(s): Rivlin RS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 April 19; 300(16): 927. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=423949

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More on dangers of vitamin B6 in nursing mothers. Author(s): Greentree LB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 April 19; 300(16): 927. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=423948

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More on dangers of vitamin B6 in nursing mothers. Author(s): Lande NI. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 April 19; 300(16): 926-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=423947

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Morning sickness and vitamin B6 status of pregnant women. Author(s): Schuster K, Bailey LB, Dimperio D, Mahan CS. Source: Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1985 January; 39(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3997551

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Morphological, biochemical, and functional consequences of vitamin B6 deficits during central nervous system development. Author(s): Kirksey A, Wasynczuk AZ. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1993 March 15; 678: 62-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8494293

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Niacin and vitamin B6 in mental functioning: a review of controlled trials in humans. Author(s): Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 May 1; 29(9): 931-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1828703

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Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B6. Author(s): Bender DA. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1999 January; 81(1): 7-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10341670

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North-south differences in some indices of Vitamin B6 nutritional status in older British people. Author(s): Pentieva KD, Bates CJ, Prentice A, Cole TJ. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999 November; 69(6): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10642894

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Novel functions of vitamin B6. Author(s): Bender DA. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1994 November; 53(3): 625-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7886061

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Nutritional supplementation with megadoses of vitamin B6. Effective therapy, placebo, or potentiator of neuropathy? Author(s): Podell RN. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1985 February 15; 77(3): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2983295

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Nutritionally relevant supplementation of vitamin B6 in lactating women: effect on plasma prolactin. Author(s): Andon MB, Howard MP, Moser PB, Reynolds RD. Source: Pediatrics. 1985 November; 76(5): 769-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4058985

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Occupational and systemic contact dermatitis with photosensitivity due to vitamin B6. Author(s): Bajaj AK, Rastogi S, Misra A, Misra K, Bajaj S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 March; 44(3): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11217995

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Oestrogens and vitamin B6--actions and interactions. Author(s): Bender DA. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1987; 51: 140-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3314189

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Oral contraceptives and vitamin B6 metabolism. Author(s): Aly HE, Donald EA, Simpson MH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1971 March; 24(3): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5548735

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Paresthesias developing in an elderly patient after chronic usage of nitrofurantoin and vitamin B6. Author(s): Lacerna RA, Chien C. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 December; 51(12): 1822-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687374

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Peritoneal clearance and peritoneal transfer of oxalic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin B6 during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Mydlik M, Derzsiova K, Svac J, Dlhopolcek P, Zemberova E. Source: Artificial Organs. 1998 September; 22(9): 784-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9754466

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Pharmacorefractory status epilepticus due to low vitamin B6 levels during pregnancy. Author(s): Schulze-Bonhage A, Kurthen M, Walger P, Elger CE. Source: Epilepsia. 2004 January; 45(1): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692912

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Photosensitivity from pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6). Author(s): Morimoto K, Kawada A, Hiruma M, Ishibashi A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 August; 35(2 Pt 2): 3045. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698911

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Phylogenetic analyses and comparative genomics of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and pyridoxal phosphate biosynthesis pathways. Author(s): Mittenhuber G. Source: Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2001 January; 3(1): 1-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11200221

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Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Zhang SM, Willett WC, Selhub J, Hunter DJ, Giovannucci EL, Holmes MD, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 March 5; 95(5): 373-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12618502

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Plasma homocyst(e)ine, folate, vitamin B6 and coronary artery disease risk. Author(s): Herzlich BC. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1996 April; 15(2): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8778137

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Plasma homocysteine level in relation to folate and vitamin B6 status in apparently normal men. Author(s): Lakshmi AV, Maniprabha C, Krishna TP. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001; 10(3): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11708307

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Plasma homocysteine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid in end-stage renal disease during low-dose supplementation with folic acid. Author(s): Hong SY, Yang DH, Chang SK. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1998; 18(5): 367-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9730558

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Plasma pyridoxal phosphate as indicator of vitamin B6 status in morbidly obese women after gastric restriction surgery. Author(s): Turkki PR, Ingerman L, Schroeder LA, Chung RS, Chen M, Dearlove J. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1989 July-August; 5(4): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2520297

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Plasma total homocysteine levels, dietary vitamin B6 and folate intake in AD and healthy aging. Author(s): Mizrahi EH, Jacobsen DW, Debanne SM, Traore F, Lerner AJ, Friedland RP, Petot GJ. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2003; 7(3): 160-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12766793

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Plasma total homocysteine response to oral doses of folic acid and pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) in healthy individuals. Oral doses of vitamin B6 reduce concentrations of serum folate. Author(s): Mansoor MA, Kristensen O, Hervig T, Bates CJ, Pentieva K, Vefring H, Osland A, Berge T, Drablos PA, Hetland O, Rolfsen S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1999 April; 59(2): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353328

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Plasma vitamin B6 vitamers before and after oral vitamin B6 treatment: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Bor MV, Refsum H, Bisp MR, Bleie O, Schneede J, Nordrehaug JE, Ueland PM, Nygard OK, Nexo E. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2003 January; 49(1): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507972

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Poor-quality studies suggest that vitamin B6 use is beneficial in premenstrual syndrome. Author(s): Macdougall M. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 April; 172(4): 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10778376

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Possible consequences of vitamin B6 responsive growth in certain malignant tumors of human origin. Author(s): Fortmeyer HP. Source: Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie : Organ Der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft . [et Al]. 1989 July; 165(7): 563-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2749500

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Protoporphyrinaemia and decreased activities of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase and uroporphyrinogen I synthetase in erythrocytes of a Vitamin B6-deficient epileptic boy given valproic acid and carbamazepine. Author(s): Haust HL, Poon HC, Carson R, VanDeWetering C, Peter F. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1989 June; 22(3): 201-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2500271

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Pyridoxal phosphate de-activation by pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid. Increased risk of vitamin B6 deficiency and seizures in hyperprolinemia type II. Author(s): Farrant RD, Walker V, Mills GA, Mellor JM, Langley GJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 May 4; 276(18): 15107-16. Epub 2000 December 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11134058

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Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the premenstrual syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. Author(s): Doll H, Brown S, Thurston A, Vessey M. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1989 September; 39(326): 364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2558186

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Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in pregnancy. Author(s): Mahomed K, Gulmezoglu AM. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000179. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10796172

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Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase: de novo synthesis of vitamin B6 and beyond. Author(s): Garrido-Franco M. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 April 11; 1647(1-2): 92-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686115

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Quantities of B6 vitamers in human milk by high-performance liquid chromatography. Influence of maternal vitamin B6 status. Author(s): Morrison LA, Driskell JA. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 February 8; 337(2): 249-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3988856

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Re: Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Schroecksnadel K, Frick B, Fuchs D. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 July 16; 95(14): 1091; Author Reply 1091. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865462

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Reduction of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonate concentrations in apparently healthy elderly subjects after treatment with folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6: a randomised trial. Author(s): Lewerin C, Nilsson-Ehle H, Matousek M, Lindstedt G, Steen B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 November; 57(11): 1426-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576756

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Refractory postpartum anemia due to vitamin B6 deficiency. Author(s): Orehek AJ, Kollas CD. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 May 15; 126(10): 834-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9148674

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Regulation of immune responses by vitamin B6. Author(s): Chandra RK, Sudhakaran L. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 585: 404-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192621

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Regulation of vitamin B6 metabolism in human red cells. Author(s): Solomon LR, Hillman RS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1979 September; 32(9): 1824-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=474471

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Relationship between body store of vitamin B6 and plasma pyridoxal-P clearance: metabolic balance studies in humans. Author(s): Lui A, Lumeng L, Aronoff GR, Li TK. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1985 November; 106(5): 491-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4056565

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Relationship between maternal and neonatal vitamin B6 metabolism: perspectives from enzyme studies. Author(s): Delport R, Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, Shaw A, Bissbort S, Becker PJ. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1991 July-August; 7(4): 260-4; Discussion 264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1666321

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Relationship between tryptophan metabolism and vitamin B6 and nicotinamide in aged subjects. Author(s): Crepaldi G, Allegri G, De Antoni A, Costa C, Muggeo M. Source: Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 1975; 29(1-6): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=146412

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Relationship of dietary folate and vitamin B6 with coronary heart disease in women. Author(s): Littell JT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 August 5; 280(5): 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701068

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Relationship of dietary folate and vitamin B6 with coronary heart disease in women. Author(s): Herbert V. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 August 5; 280(5): 418; Author Reply 418-9. Erratum In: Jama 1998 September 23-30; 280(12): 1054. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701067

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Relationship of dietary folate and vitamin B6 with coronary heart disease in women. Author(s): Lowin L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 August 5; 280(5): 418; Author Reply 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701066

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Relationship of dietary folate and vitamin B6 with coronary heart disease in women. Author(s): Morrison HI, Ellison LF, Schaubel D, Wigle DT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 August 5; 280(5): 417-8; Author Reply 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701065

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Relationship of dietary folate and vitamin B6 with coronary heart disease in women. Author(s): Cleophas TJ, van der Meulen J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 August 5; 280(5): 417; Author Reply 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701064

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Relationships between some lithogenetic factors and vitamin B6-status in idiopathic calcium lithiasis. Author(s): Tolomelli B, Caudarella R, Rizzoli E, Marchetti M. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1991; 61(4): 304-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1806534

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Reversal of psychopathology in adult coeliac disease with the aid of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Author(s): Hallert C, Astrom J, Walan A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1983 March; 18(2): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6369511

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Risk of low vitamin B6 status in infants breast-fed exclusively beyond six months. Author(s): Heiskanen K, Siimes MA, Perheentupa J, Salmenpera L. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1996 July; 23(1): 38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8811522

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S-adenosylhomocysteine and the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine to Sadenosylhomocysteine are not related to folate, cobalamin and vitamin B6 concentrations. Author(s): Becker A, Smulders YM, Teerlink T, Struys EA, de Meer K, Kostense PJ, Jakobs C, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 January; 33(1): 17-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492448

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Semi-automated fluorometric determination of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (vitamin B6) in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Author(s): Schrijver J, Speek AJ, Schreurs WH. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1981; 51(3): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7319721

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Sensory and motor neuropathy caused by excessive ingestion of vitamin B6: a case report. Author(s): Morra M, Philipszoon HD, D'Andrea G, Cananzi AR, L'Erario R, Milone FF. Source: Funct Neurol. 1993 November-December; 8(6): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8150322

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Sensory neuropathy and vitamin B6 treatment in homocystinuria. Author(s): Ludolph AC, Masur H, Oberwittler C, Koch HG, Ullrich K. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1993 March; 152(3): 271. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8444262

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Serum vitamin B6 in pure pregnancy depression. Author(s): Pulkkinen MO, Salminen J, Virtanen S. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1978; 57(5): 471-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=726879

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Serum vitamin B6 in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients with and without tardive dyskinesia. Author(s): Miodownik C, Lerner V, Cohen H, Kotler M. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2000 July-August; 23(4): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11020126

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Short-term effect of ovral and norgestrel on the vitamin B6 and B1 status of women. Author(s): Joshi UM, Lahiri A, Kora S, Dikshit SS, Virkar K. Source: Contraception. 1975 October; 12(4): 425-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1192731

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Skin sores in kwashiorkor, pellagra, and vitamin B6 deficiency. Author(s): Van Winkle LJ. Source: Lancet. 1980 October 4; 2(8197): 750-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6106863

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Stability of pyridoxal-5-phosphate semicarbazone: applications in plasma vitamin B6 analysis and population surveys of vitamin B6 nutritional status. Author(s): Ubbink JB, Serfontein WJ, de Villiers LS. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 August 9; 342(2): 277-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4055950

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Stability, bactericidal activity, vitamin B6 activity and gastrointestinal absorption of benzoic acid esters of pyridoxine. Author(s): Mizuno N, Fukumoto-Hato M, Matsumoto-Yoshino M, Morita E. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1981; 27(3): 165-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6793703

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Studies on the basal specific activity of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase of erythrocytes in relationship to a deficiency of vitamin B6. Author(s): Folkers K, Watanabe T, Ellis JM. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1977 May; 17(1): 187-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=877403

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Successful therapy with vitamin B6 and vitamin B2 of the carpal tunnel syndrome and need for determination of the RDAs for vitamins B6 and B2 for disease states. Author(s): Folkers K, Ellis J. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 585: 295-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192614

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Suppression of pimozide-induced prolactin secretion by piridoxine (vitamin B6). Author(s): Delitala G, Masala A, Alagna S. Source: Biomedicine. 1977 July; 27(5): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=562688

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Synthesis of adenosine-N6-methyl, propylthioether-N-pyridoxamine: an analog of a novel vitamin B6 tumor product. Author(s): Tryfiates GP, Bishop RE. Source: In Vivo. 1989 May-June; 3(3): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2519852

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The activities of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin B6 for immune responses. Author(s): Folkers K, Morita M, McRee J Jr. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1993 May 28; 193(1): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8503942

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The bioavailability of vitamin B6. Recent findings. Author(s): Gregory JF. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 585: 86-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192628

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The effect of alpha-tocopherol on the growth of vitamin B6 responsive tumors in nude mice. Author(s): Fortmeyer HP, Liebert A, Busse E. Source: Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie : Organ Der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft . [et Al]. 1989 July; 165(7): 561-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2749498

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The effect of vitamin B6 and folate supplements on plasma homocysteine and serum lipids levels in patients on regular hemodialysis. Author(s): Ziakka S, Rammos G, Kountouris S, Doulgerakis C, Karakasis P, Kourvelou C, Papagalanis N. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 33(3): 559-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12230295

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The effects of vitamin B6 supplementation on premenstrual symptoms. Author(s): Kendall KE, Schnurr PP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 August; 70(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3299182

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The evaluation of C-reactive protein, homocysteine and vitamin B6 concentrations in Behcet and rheumatoid arthritis disease. Author(s): Bekpinar S, Kocak H, Unlucerci Y, Genc S, Akdag-Kose A, Gogus F. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2003 March; 329(1-2): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589977

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The manifold of vitamin B6 dependent enzymes. Author(s): Schneider G, Kack H, Lindqvist Y. Source: Structure with Folding & Design. 2000 January 15; 8(1): R1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10673430

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The pathogenesis of decreased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity in the plasma of hemodialysis patients: the role of vitamin B6 deficiency. Author(s): Ono K, Ono T, Matsumata T. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1995 June; 43(6): 405-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554526

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The relationship between vitamin B6 metabolism, asthma, and theophylline therapy. Author(s): Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, Delport R, Serfontein WJ, Bartel P. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 585: 285-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192613

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The relationship of vitamin B6 status to median nerve function and carpal tunnel syndrome among active industrial workers. Author(s): Franzblau A, Rock CL, Werner RA, Albers JW, Kelly MP, Johnston EC. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1996 May; 38(5): 485-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8733640

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Theophylline increases pyridoxal kinase activity independently from vitamin B6 nutritional status. Author(s): Delport R, Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, Becker PJ. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1993 March; 79(3): 325-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8480077

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Thiamin and vitamin B6 intakes and erythrocyte transketolase and aminotransferase activities in morbidly obese females before and after gastroplasty. Author(s): Turkki PR, Ingerman L, Schroeder LA, Chung RS, Chen M, Russo-Mcgraw MA, Dearlove J. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1992 June; 11(3): 272-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1619179

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Three months supplementation of hyperhomocysteinaemic patients with folic acid and vitamin B6 improves biological markers of endothelial dysfunction. Author(s): Constans J, Blann AD, Resplandy F, Parrot F, Renard M, Seigneur M, Guerin V, Boisseau M, Conri C. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1999 December; 107(4): 776-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606884

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Transmembrane pH gradients in vivo: measurements using fluorinated vitamin B6 derivatives. Author(s): Mason RP. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. 1999 June; 6(6): 481-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10213795

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Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with vitamin B6. Author(s): Ellis JM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1987 July; 80(7): 882-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3603108

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Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with vitamin B6: a double-blind study. Author(s): Stransky M, Rubin A, Lava NS, Lazaro RP. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1989 July; 82(7): 841-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2749352

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Treatment of infantile spasms with high-dosage vitamin B6. Author(s): Pietz J, Benninger C, Schafer H, Sontheimer D, Mittermaier G, Rating D. Source: Epilepsia. 1993 July-August; 34(4): 757-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8330589

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Tryptophan metabolism and vitamin B6 nutritional status in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni and in infected mice. Author(s): Njagi EN, Bender DA, Okelo GB. Source: Parasitology. 1992 June; 104 ( Pt 3): 433-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1641243

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Tryptophan metabolites, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and their influence on the recurrence rate of superficial bladder cancer. Results of a prospective, randomised phase III study performed by the EORTC GU Group. EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. Author(s): Newling DW, Robinson MR, Smith PH, Byar D, Lockwood R, Stevens I, De Pauw M, Sylvester R. Source: European Urology. 1995; 27(2): 110-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7744151

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Two siblings with vitamin B6-nonresponsive cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency and differing blood methionine levels during the neonatal period. Author(s): Watanabe T, Ito M, Naito E, Yokota I, Matsuda J, Kuroda Y. Source: J Med Invest. 1997 August; 44(1-2): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9395725

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Urinary 4-pyridoxic acid excretion in 24-hour versus random urine samples as a measurement of vitamin B6 status in humans. Author(s): Schuster K, Bailey LB, Cerda JJ, Gregory JF 3rd. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1984 March; 39(3): 466-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6695847

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Urinary 4-pyridoxic acid, plasma pyridoxal phosphate, and erythrocyte aminotransferase levels in oral contraceptive users receiving controlled intakes of vitamin B6. Author(s): Brown RR, Rose DP, Leklem JE, Linkswiler H, Anand R. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1975 January; 28(1): 10-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1115011

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Use and abuse of high dosages of vitamin B6. Author(s): Bassler KH. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1989; 30: 120-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2507692

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Validation and sensitivity analysis of probabilistic models of dietary exposure to micronutrients: an example based on vitamin B6. Author(s): Rubingh CM, Kruizinga AG, Hulshof KF, Brussaard JH. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 October; 20 Suppl 1: S50-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14555357

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Validity of the self-administered food frequency questionnaire used in the 5-year follow-up survey for the JPHC Study to assess folate, vitamin B6 and B12 intake: comparison with dietary records and blood level. Author(s): Iso H, Moriyama Y, Yoshino K, Sasaki S, Ishihara J, Tsugane S; JPHC. Source: J Epidemiol. 2003 January; 13(1 Suppl): S98-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12701636

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Vitamin B6 as add-on treatment in chronic schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Lerner V, Miodownik C, Kaptsan A, Cohen H, Loewenthal U, Kotler M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 January; 63(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11838627

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Vitamin B6 in clinical neurology. Author(s): Bernstein AL. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 585: 250-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2162644

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Vitamin B6 intakes and status assessment of elderly men and women in Taiwan. Author(s): Huang YC, Yan YY, Wong Y, Cheng CH. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2001 September; 71(5): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11725697

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Vitamin B6 intakes and status of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients in Taiwan. Author(s): Huang YC, Lan PH, Cheng CH, Lee BJ, Kan MN. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 May; 56(5): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12001008

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Vitamin B6 levels in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Author(s): Fuhr JE, Farrow A, Nelson HS Jr. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1989 November; 124(11): 1329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2818188

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Vitamin B6 metabolism and homocysteine in end-stage renal disease and chronic renal insufficiency. Author(s): Lindner A, Bankson DD, Stehman-Breen C, Mahuren JD, Coburn SP. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 January; 39(1): 134-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11774112

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Vitamin B6 metabolism by human liver. Author(s): Merrill AH Jr, Henderson JM. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 585: 110-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192606

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Vitamin B6 phototoxicity induced by UVA radiation. Author(s): Maeda T, Taguchi H, Minami H, Sato K, Shiga T, Kosaka H, Yoshikawa K. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2000 November; 292(11): 562-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11194895

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Vitamin B6 repletion in cirrhosis with oral pyridoxine: failure to improve amino acid metabolism. Author(s): Henderson JM, Scott SS, Merrill AH, Hollins B, Kutner MH. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1989 April; 9(4): 582-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2925164

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Vitamin B6 requirements and recommendations. Author(s): Bender DA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989 May; 43(5): 289-309. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2661220

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Vitamin B6 requirements of patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Ross EA, Shah GM, Reynolds RD, Sabo A, Pichon M. Source: Kidney International. 1989 October; 36(4): 702-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2811067

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Vitamin B6 resistant primary hyperoxaluria type I. Report of 5 cases. Author(s): Streefland M, Donckerwolcke RA. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1989 February; 43(4): 313-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2708072

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Vitamin B6 responsive growth of human lung cancers in nude mice. Author(s): Krauhausen U, Blum U, Fortmeyer HP. Source: Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie : Organ Der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft . [et Al]. 1989 July; 165(7): 562-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2749499

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Vitamin B6 safety issues. Author(s): Bendich A, Cohen M. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 585: 321-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192616

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Vitamin B6 status of breast-fed infants in relation to pyridoxine HCl supplementation of mothers. Author(s): Chang SJ, Kirksey A. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 February; 48(1): 10-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12026182

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Vitamin B6 status of children with sickle cell disease. Author(s): Nelson MC, Zemel BS, Kawchak DA, Barden EM, Frongillo EA Jr, Coburn SP, Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2002 August-September; 24(6): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218594

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Vitamin B6 therapy during childbearing years: cause for caution? Author(s): Masino SA, Kahle JS. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2002 September; 5(4): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12168686

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND VITAMIN B6 Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and vitamin B6.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Vitamin B6 The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on vitamin B6: •

A novel vitamin B6 metabolite may be a circulating marker of cancer. Author(s): Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0370. Source: Gregory, J F Nutr-Revolume 1992 October; 50(10): 295-7 0029-6643

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Dietary protein and vitamin B6 requirements. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1987 January; 45(1): 23-5 0029-6643

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Infant vitamin B6 deficiency and preconvulsant activity in brain. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1988 October; 46(10): 358-60 0029-6643

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Modulation of gene expression by vitamin B6. Source: Oka, T. Nutr-res-rev. Wallingford, Oxon, U.K. : CAB International. December 2001. volume 14 (2) page 257-265. 0954-4224

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Role of glycosylated vitamin B6 in human nutrition. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1990 June; 48(6): 251-3 0029-6643

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Role of intestinal microflora in vitamin B6 metabolism. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1989 September; 47(9): 277-9 0029-6643

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Vitamin B6 and immune competence. Author(s): Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111. Source: Rall, L C Meydani, S N Nutr-Revolume 1993 August; 51(8): 217-25 0029-6643

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Zinc and the regulation of vitamin B6 metabolism. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1990 June; 48(6): 255-8 0029-6643

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “vitamin B6” (or a synonym): •

Vitamin B6 requirements of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus fed two dietary protein concentrations. Author(s): National Taiwan Ocean Univ., Keelung Source: Shiau, S.Y. Hsieh, H.L. Fisheries-Science (Japan). (December 1997). volume 63(6) page 1002-1007.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A model for vitamin B6--amino-acid-related metal complexes. Neutron diffraction study of aqua(N-salicylideneglycinato)copper(II) hemihydrate at 130 K. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973. Source: Bkouche Waksman, I Barbe, J M Kvick, A Acta-Crystallogr-B. 1988 December 1; 44 ( Pt 6)595-601 0108-7681

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A modified microbiological method for the assay of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Source: Tanner, A.C. Furlonger, J.E. Lab-Pract. London : United Trade Press. August 1983. volume 32 (8) page 68-69. 0023-6853

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A new antioxidative vitamin B6 analogue modulates pathophysiological cell proliferation and damage. Author(s): Max-Planck-Institut fur Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.

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Source: Kesel, A J Sonnenbichler, I Polborn, K Gurtler, L Klinkert, W E Modolell, M Nussler, A K Oberthur, W Bioorg-Med-Chem. 1999 February; 7(2): 359-67 0968-0896 •

A paradoxical rise of neonatal seizures after treatment with vitamin B6. Author(s): Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, Switzerland. Source: Hammen, A Wagner, B Berkhoff, M Donati, F Europ-J-Paediatr-Neurol. 1998; 2(6): 319-22 1090-3798

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A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Reading, United Kingdom. Source: De Souza, M C Walker, A F Robinson, P A Bolland, K J-Womens-Health-GendBased-Med. 2000 March; 9(2): 131-9 1524-6094

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Acid-base chemistry of vitamin B6 compounds in methanol. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland. Source: Makela, M Elo, A Korpela, T J-Protein-Chem. 1988 October; 7(5): 549-59 02778033

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Acute effects of vitamin B6 and fixed combinations of vitamin B1, B6 and B12 on nociceptive activity evoked in the rat thalamus: dose-response relationship and combinations with morphine and paracetamol. Author(s): Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Universitat des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar. Source: Jurna, I Carlsson, K H Komen, W Bonke, D Klin-Wochenschr. 1990 January 19; 68(2): 129-35 0023-2173

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Alcohol intakes and deficiencies in thiamine and vitamin B6 in black patients with cardiac failure. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Source: Tobias, S L van der Westhuyzen, J Davis, R E Icke, G C Atkinson, P M S-AfrMed-J. 1989 October 7; 76(7): 299-302 0038-2469

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Analysis of free and glycosylated vitamin B6 in wheat by high-performance liquid chromatography. Source: Sampson, D.A. Eoff, L.A. Yan, X.L. Lorenz, K. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. Mar/April 1995. volume 72 (2) page 217-221. 0009-0352

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Determination of vitamin B6 in plasma by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Source: Morita, E. Mizuno, N. Vitamins-J-Vitamin-Soc-Jap. Kyoto, Japan : Nippon Bitamin Gakkai. December 1984. volume 58 (12) page 597-601. ill. 0006-386X

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Development of novel 19F NMR pH indicators: synthesis and evaluation of a series of fluorinated vitamin B6 analogues. Author(s): University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235, USA. Source: He, S Mason, R P HunJanuary, S Mehta, V D Arora, V Katipally, R Kulkarni, P V Antich, P P Bioorg-Med-Chem. 1998 September; 6(9): 1631-9 0968-0896

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Dietary vitamin B6 supplementation prevents ethanol-induced hypertension in rats. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada. Source: Vasdev, S Wadhawan, S Ford, C A Parai, S Longerich, L Gadag, V Nutr-MetabCardiovasc-Dis. 1999 April; 9(2): 55-63 0939-4753

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Effect of exposure to carbon disulfide on tryptophan metabolism and the tissue vitamin B6 contents of rats. Author(s): Department of Environmental Health, Osaka University Medical School, Japan. Source: Okayama, A Fun, L Yamatodani, A Ogawa, Y Wada, H Goto, S Arch-Toxicol. 1987 August; 60(6): 450-3 0340-5761

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Effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on histamine metabolism in the magnesium-deficient rats. Source: Ishiguro, S. Sawano, Y. Nishio, A. Miyao, N. Gakujutsu-Hokoku-Bull-Fac-AgricKagoshima-Univolume Kagoshima : Kagoshima University. March 1986. (36) page 197203. 0453-0845

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Folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 and one carbon metabolism. Author(s): JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. [email protected] Source: Selhub, J J-Nutr-Health-Aging. 2002; 6(1): 39-42 1279-7707

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High-dose vitamin E plus vitamin B6 treatment of risperidone-related neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. [email protected] Source: Dursun, S M Oluboka, O J DevaraJanuary, S Kutcher, S P J-Psychopharmacol. 1998; 12(2): 220-1 0269-8811

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In situ intestinal absorption of vitamin B6 in rats. Source: Morita, E. Yamada, Y. Mizuno, N. Vitamins-J-Vitamin-Soc-Jap. Kyoto, Japan : Nippon Bitamin Gakkai. January 1985. volume 59 (1) page 1-5. 0006-386X

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In vitro effect of lectins from peas (Pisum sativum) and lentils (Lens culinaris) on lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity in normal and vitamin B6 deficient albino rats. Author(s): Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. Source: Bansal, A K Mehta, J Mehta, M Soni, G L Singh, R Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1990 January; 28(1): 98-100 0019-5189

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Induction of sister-chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes by vitamin B6. Source: Dozi Vassiliades, J. Mourelatos, D. Myrtsiotis, A. Mutat-Res-Genet-Toxicol-Test. Amsterdam : Elsevier. November 1983. volume 124 (2) page 175-178. 0165-1218

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Influence of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) on lead intoxication in rats. Source: Tandon, S K Flora, S J Singh, S Ind-Health. 1987; 25(2): 93-6 0019-8366

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Lithium-induced tremor treated with vitamin B6: a preliminary case series. Author(s): Be'er-Sheva Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. Source: Miodownik, C Witztum, E Lerner, V Int-J-Psychiatry-Med. 2002; 32(1): 103-8 0091-2174

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Magnesium hydrogen carbonate natural mineral water enriched with K(+)-citrate and vitamin B6 improves urinary abnormalities in patients with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Author(s): Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia. [email protected] Source: Bren, A Kmetec, A Kveder, R Kaplan Pavlovcic, S Urol-Int. 1998; 60(2): 105-7 0042-1138

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Perinatal vitamin B6 deficiency and poverty--is there a link. Source: Jarvis, J.K. Neville, K. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lipponcott Williams & Wilkins. Nov/December 2000. volume 35 (6) page 222-229. 0029-666X

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Possible consequences of vitamin B6 responsive growth in certain malignant tumors of human origin. Author(s): TVA des Klinikums der J.-W.-Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt/M. Source: Fortmeyer, H P Strahlenther-Onkol. 1989 July; 165(7): 563-4 0179-7158

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Pyridoxine (a vitamin B6) and its derivative pyridoxal as treatment for Albizia versicolor poisoning in guinea-pigs. Author(s): Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort. Source: Gummow, B Erasmus, G L Onderstepoort-J-Vet-Res. 1990 June; 57(2): 109-14 0030-2465

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Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the premenstrual syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. Author(s): Department of Community Medicine and General Practice, Oxford. Source: Doll, H Brown, S Thurston, A Vessey, M J-R-Coll-Gen-Pract. 1989 September; 39(326): 364-8 0035-8797

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Regulation of respiration and its related metabolism by vitamin B1 and vitamin B6 in Saccharomyces yeasts. Source: Kamihara, T. Nakamura, I. Adv-Biochem-Eng-Biotech. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag. 1984. (29) page 35-82. 0724-6145

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Renal calcium phosphate and oxalate deposition in prolonged vitamin B6 deficiency: studies on a rat model of urolithiasis. Author(s): Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Oncology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Source: Di Tommaso, L Tolomelli, B Mezzini, R Marchetti, M Cenacchi, G Foschini, M P Mancini, A M BJU-Int. 2002 April; 89(6): 571-5 1464-4096

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Studies on inborn errors of metabolism involved in vitamin B6 [Pyridoxine]. Source: Tada, K. Vitamins-J-Vitamin-Soc-Jap. Kyoto, Japan : Nippon Bitamin Gakkai. Sept/October 1983. volume 57 (9/10) page 507-514. 0006-386X

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Study of retention of vitamin B6 in non-traditionally canned foods on using an experimental plan method (short communication). Author(s): Department of Chemistry and Technology of Saccharides and Foods, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. Source: Hozova, B Sorman, L Dudasova, S Rajniakova, A Nahrung. 1988; 32(4): 413-4 0027-769X

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Study of the vitamin B6 [pyridoxine] requirement of early-weaned piglets. Vyzkum potreby vitaminu B6 pro casne odstavena selata. Source: Zobacova, E. Zobac, P. Sb-Ved-Praci-Vyzk-Ustav-Vyz-Zvirat. Praha : Ustavolume 1983. (17) page 75-83.

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The Current status of ascorbic acid, vitamin B6, folic acid and vitamin B12 in the elderly. Source: Hsu, Jeng M. Handbook of geriatric nutrition; principles and applications for nutrition and diet in aging / edited by Jeng M. Hsu, Robert L. Davis. Park Ridge, N.J. : Noyes Publications, c1981. page 128-156. charts. ISBN: 0815508808

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The effect of alpha-tocopherol on the growth of vitamin B6 responsive tumors in nude mice. Author(s): Klinikum der J.-W.-Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt/M.

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Source: Fortmeyer, H P Liebert, A Busse, E Strahlenther-Onkol. 1989 July; 165(7): 561-2 0179-7158 •

The effect of dietary vitamin B6 on tissue fat contents and lipid composition in livers and gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Source: Albrektsen, S. Hagve, T.A. Lie, O. Comp-biochem-physiol-Part-A,-Physiol. Tarrytown, NY : Elsevier Science Inc. October 1994. volume 109A (2) page 403-411.

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The effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on the utilization of fuel and blood cholesterol profile with regular exercise-training in rats. Author(s): Duksung Women' s University, Seoul (Korea Republic). Department of Food and Nutrition Source: Cho, Y.O. The-Korean-Journal-of-Nutrition (Korea Republic). (October 1996). volume 29(8) page 881-888. 0367-6463

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The manifold of vitamin B6 dependent enzymes. Author(s): Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, S-171 77, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Schneider, G Kack, H Lindqvist, Y Structure-Fold-Des. 2000 January 15; 8(1): R16 0969-2126

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Trace element excretion and retention of early weaned piglets in response to deficient vitamin B6 supply. Spurenelementexkretion und -retention fruhentwohnter Ferkel bei mangelnder Vitamin-B6-Versorgung. Source: Kirchgessner, M. Reithmayer, F. Kosters, W.W. Roth Maier, D.A. Z-TierphysiolTierernahr-Futtermittelkd-J-Anim-Physiol-Anim-Nutr. Hamburg, W. Ger. : Paul Parey. August 1985. volume 54 (4) page 184-189. 0044-3565

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Transmembrane pH gradients in vivo: measurements using fluorinated vitamin B6 derivatives. Author(s): Department of Radiology, U.T. Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235-9058, USA. Source: Mason, R P Curr-Med-Chem. 1999 June; 6(6): 481-99 0929-8673

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Tryptophan metabolism and vitamin B6 nutritional status in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni and in infected mice. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London. Source: Njagi, E N Bender, D A Okelo, G B Parasitology. 1992 June; 104 ( Pt 3)433-41 0031-1820

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Use and abuse of high dosages of vitamin B6. Source: Bassler, K H Int-J-Vitam-Nutr-Res-Suppl. 1989; 30120-6 0373-0883

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Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate) - monograph. Source: Anonymous Altern-Med-Revolume 2001 February; 6(1): 87-92 1089-5159

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Vitamin B6 and pyridoxine glucoside content of wheat and wheat flours. Source: Sampson, D.A. Wen, Q.B. Lorenz, K. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. Nov/December 1996. volume 73 (6) page 770-774. 0009-0352

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Vitamin B6 and valproic acid in treatment of infantile spasms. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan. Source: Ito, M Okuno, T Hattori, H Fujii, T Mikawa, H Pediatr-Neurol. 1991 Mar-April; 7(2): 91-6 0887-8994

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Vitamin B6 biosynthesis: formation of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from 4(phosphohydroxy)-L-threonine and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate by PdxA and PdxJ protein. Author(s): Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH, Biochemical Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. [email protected] Source: Laber, B Maurer, W Scharf, S Stepusin, K Schmidt, F S FEBS-Lett. 1999 April 16; 449(1): 45-8 0014-5793

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Vitamin B6 during pregnancy. Source: Ginter, Emil. Nutr-Health. Berkhamstead : A B Academic Publishers. 1982. volume 1 (2) page 78-84. charts. 0260-1060

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Vitamin B6 responsive growth of human lung cancers in nude mice. Author(s): Klinikum der J.-W.-Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt/M. Source: Krauhausen, U Blum, U Fortmeyer, H P Strahlenther-Onkol. 1989 July; 165(7): 562-3 0179-7158

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Vitamin B6 status and vitamin B6 excretion in pregnant rats at different Vitamin B6 intake levels. Untersuchungen zum Vitamin-B6-Statkus und zur Vitamin-B6Ausscheidung von Ratten in der Graviditat bei unterschiedlicher Vitamin-B6Versorgung. Source: Reithmayer, F. Roth Maier, D.A. Kirchgessner, M. Z-Tierphysiol-TierernahrFuttermittelkd-J-Anim-Physiol-Anim-Nutr. Hamburg, W. Ger. : Paul Parey. January 1985. volume 53 (1/2) page 70-78. 0044-3565

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Vitamin B6 status in uremia. Author(s): Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain. Source: Laso Guzman, F J Gonzalez Buitrago, J M Vela, R Cava, F de Castro, S KlinWochenschr. 1990 February 1; 68(3): 183-6 0023-2173

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Vitamin B6 therapy during childbearing years: cause for caution? Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA. [email protected] Source: Masin, S A Kahle, J S Nutr-Neurosci. 2002 September; 5(4): 241-2 1028-415X

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Vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folate. Source: Sauberlich, H.E. Adv-Meat-Res. New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co. 1990. volume 6 page 461-495. 0885-2405

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Vitamin B6--update. Source: Lightowler, H. Davies, J. Long, A. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. Jan/February 1998. (1) page 49-50. 0034-6659

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to vitamin B6; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Vitamin-mineral Supplements Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition

Pyridoxine Alternative names: Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B1 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B2 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B2 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Alternative names: Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Alternative names: Folate, Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B-Complex Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Minerals Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Folate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gabapentin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com L-carnitine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spironolactone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Food and Diet Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Avocados Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,46,00.html Bamboo Shoots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,233,00.html Bananas Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,47,00.html Brazil Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,115,00.html Chestnuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crabs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flounder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Goose Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guinea Fowl Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Halibut Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Honey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,283,00.html Lima Beans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,151,00.html Mackerel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mahi Mahi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mangoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,56,00.html

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Mullet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pork Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sardines Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,317,00.html Turkey Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,78,00.html Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND VITAMIN B6 Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to vitamin B6. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to vitamin B6 and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to vitamin B6: •

A randomized comparison of ginger and vitamin B6 in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Author(s): Sripramote M, Lekhyananda N. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 September; 86(9): 846-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14649969

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A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD000145 Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2000 March; 9(2): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11869567

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Adequacy of maternal pyridoxine supplementation during pregnancy in relation to the vitamin B6 status and growth of neonates at birth. Author(s): Chang SJ. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1999 August; 45(4): 449-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10575635

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Background and rationale of the SU.FOL.OM3 study: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled secondary prevention trial to test the impact of supplementation with folate, vitamin B6 and B12 and/or omega-3 fatty acids on the prevention of recurrent ischemic events in subjects with atherosclerosis in the coronary or cerebral arteries. Author(s): Galan P, de Bree A, Mennen L, Potier de Courcy G, Preziozi P, Bertrais S, Castetbon K, Hercberg S. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2003; 7(6): 428-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625623

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Biosynthesis of vitamin B6 and structurally related derivatives. Author(s): Drewke C, Leistner E. Source: Vitam Horm. 2001; 61: 121-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11153264

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Can dietary supplements with folic acid or vitamin B6 reduce cardiovascular risk? Design of clinical trials to test the homocysteine hypothesis of vascular disease. Author(s): Clarke R, Collins R. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Risk. 1998 August; 5(4): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9919473

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Changes in spermatozoa due to large doses of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Author(s): Ide Y, Kaido M, Koide O. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1992 December; 42(12): 861-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1290324

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Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Nye C, Brice A. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd003497. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519599

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Determination of vitamin B6 vitamers and pyridoxic acid in plasma: development and evaluation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay. Author(s): Bisp MR, Bor MV, Heinsvig EM, Kall MA, Nexo E. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 2002 June 1; 305(1): 82-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12018948

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Dietary vitamin B6 supplementation attenuates hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): Vasdev S, Ford CA, Parai S, Longerich L, Gadag V. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1999 October; 200(1-2): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10569195

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Dietary vitamin B6 supplementation prevents ethanol-induced hypertension in rats. Author(s): Vasdev S, Wadhawan S, Ford CA, Parai S, Longerich L, Gadag V. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 1999 April; 9(2): 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10726110

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Dual influence of aging and vitamin B6 deficiency on delta-6-desaturation of essential fatty acids in rat liver microsomes. Author(s): Bordoni A, Hrelia S, Lorenzini A, Bergami R, Cabrini L, Biagi PL, Tolomelli B. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1998 June; 58(6): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10189072

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Effect of supplementation with folinic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 on valproic acid-induced teratogenesis in mice. Author(s): Elmazar MM, Thiel R, Nau H. Source: Fundamental and Applied Toxicology : Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 1992 April; 18(3): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1597263

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Effect of treatment with folic acid and vitamin B6 on lipid and homocysteine concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Mark L, Erdei F, Markizay J, Kondacs A, Katona A. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 May; 18(5): 428-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11985950

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Effect of vitamin B6 supplementation in McArdle's disease: a strategic case study. Author(s): Phoenix J, Hopkins P, Bartram C, Beynon RJ, Quinlivan RC, Edwards RH. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 1998 May; 8(3-4): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9631404

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Effect of vitamin B6 supplementation on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Author(s): Enriquez JI Sr, Schydlower M, O'Hair KC, Keniston RC, Nadjem MA, Delgado I. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1992 February; 34(1): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1621359

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Effect of vitamin B6 supplementation on plasma oxalate and oxalate removal rate in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Costello JF, Sadovnic MC, Smith M, Stolarski C. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 1992 October; 3(4): 101824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1450364

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Effects of dietary proteins and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on vitamin B6 status during growth. Author(s): Masse PG, Weiser H. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1994; 38(3): 123-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7979165

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Effects of folic acid and vitamin B6 supplementation on women with hyperhomocysteinemia and a history of preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Author(s): Leeda M, Riyazi N, de Vries JI, Jakobs C, van Geijn HP, Dekker GA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 July; 179(1): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9704778

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Effects of high-dose vitamin B6 therapy on microcytic and hypochromic anemia in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Toriyama T, Matsuo S, Fukatsu A, Takahashi H, Sato K, Mimuro N, Kawahara H. Source: Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 1993 August; 35(8): 975-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8255009

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Effects of vitamin B6 supplementation in rats during lactation on vitamin B6 concentration and transaminase activities in the offspring. Author(s): Roth-Maier DA, Kettler SI, Benedikt J, Kirchgessner M. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 2000; 53(3): 227-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11006828

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Efficacy of vitamin B6 and magnesium in the treatment of autism: a methodology review and summary of outcomes. Author(s): Pfeiffer SI, Norton J, Nelson L, Shott S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 October; 25(5): 481-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8567594

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Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. Author(s): Rimm EB.

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Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 2001; (55): 42-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11125584 •

Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. Author(s): Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, Sampson L, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Hennekens C, Stampfer MJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 February 4; 279(5): 359-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9459468

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Folate, vitamin B6, and B12 intakes in relation to risk of stroke among men. Author(s): He K, Merchant A, Rimm EB, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2004 January; 35(1): 169-74. Epub 2003 December 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14671243

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Folic acid and Vitamin B6 supplementation and plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy young women. Author(s): Dierkes J, Kroesen M, Pietrzik K. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998; 68(2): 98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9565824

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High dose vitamin B6 and magnesium in treating autism: response to study by Findling et al. Author(s): Rimland B. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 December; 28(6): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9932247

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High-dose vitamin E plus vitamin B6 treatment of risperidone-related neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Author(s): Dursun SM, Oluboka OJ, Devarajan S, Kutcher SP. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1998; 12(2): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9694035

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Influence of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipemic effect of vitamin B6 deficiency. Author(s): Bergami R, Maranesi M, Marchetti M, Sangiorgi Z, Tolomelli B. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999 September; 69(5): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10526775

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Interaction among dietary vitamin B6, proteins and lipids: effects on liver lipids in rats. Author(s): Pregnolato P, Maranesi M, Marchetti M, Barzanti V, Bergami R, Tolomelli B. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1994; 64(4): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7883463

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Is vitamin B6 supplementation of isoniazid therapy useful in childhood tuberculosis. Author(s): Mbala L, Matendo R, Nkailu R. Source: Trop Doct. 1998 April; 28(2): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9594683

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Niacin and vitamin B6 in mental functioning: a review of controlled trials in humans. Author(s): Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 May 1; 29(9): 931-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1828703

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Plasma homocysteine level in relation to folate and vitamin B6 status in apparently normal men. Author(s): Lakshmi AV, Maniprabha C, Krishna TP. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001; 10(3): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11708307

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Plasma homocysteine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid in end-stage renal disease during low-dose supplementation with folic acid. Author(s): Hong SY, Yang DH, Chang SK. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1998; 18(5): 367-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9730558

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Plasma vitamin B6 vitamers before and after oral vitamin B6 treatment: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Bor MV, Refsum H, Bisp MR, Bleie O, Schneede J, Nordrehaug JE, Ueland PM, Nygard OK, Nexo E. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2003 January; 49(1): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507972

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Purification and characterization of vitamin B6-phosphate phosphatase from human erythrocytes. Author(s): Fonda ML. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1992 August 5; 267(22): 15978-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1322411

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Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in pregnancy. Author(s): Mahomed K, Gulmezoglu AM.

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Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000179. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10796172 •

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) toxicity: enhancement by uremia in rats. Author(s): Levine S, Saltzman A. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 October; 40(10): 1449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12387307

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Relationship of dietary folate and vitamin B6 with coronary heart disease in women. Author(s): Littell JT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 August 5; 280(5): 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701068

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Relationship of dietary folate and vitamin B6 with coronary heart disease in women. Author(s): Herbert V. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 August 5; 280(5): 418; Author Reply 418-9. Erratum In: Jama 1998 September 23-30; 280(12): 1054. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701067

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Relationship of dietary folate and vitamin B6 with coronary heart disease in women. Author(s): Lowin L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 August 5; 280(5): 418; Author Reply 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701066

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Relationship of dietary folate and vitamin B6 with coronary heart disease in women. Author(s): Morrison HI, Ellison LF, Schaubel D, Wigle DT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 August 5; 280(5): 417-8; Author Reply 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701065

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Relationship of dietary folate and vitamin B6 with coronary heart disease in women. Author(s): Cleophas TJ, van der Meulen J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 August 5; 280(5): 417; Author Reply 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701064

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Synthesis, characterization, and antioxidative activity of vitamin B6 rare earth (III) complexes. Author(s): Yang K, Wang L, Wu J, Yang Z, Gao X.

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Source: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 1993 November 1; 52(2): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8254336 •

The effect of vitamin B6 and folate supplements on plasma homocysteine and serum lipids levels in patients on regular hemodialysis. Author(s): Ziakka S, Rammos G, Kountouris S, Doulgerakis C, Karakasis P, Kourvelou C, Papagalanis N. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 33(3): 559-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12230295

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Three months supplementation of hyperhomocysteinaemic patients with folic acid and vitamin B6 improves biological markers of endothelial dysfunction. Author(s): Constans J, Blann AD, Resplandy F, Parrot F, Renard M, Seigneur M, Guerin V, Boisseau M, Conri C. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1999 December; 107(4): 776-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606884

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Treatment of infantile spasms with high-dosage vitamin B6. Author(s): Pietz J, Benninger C, Schafer H, Sontheimer D, Mittermaier G, Rating D. Source: Epilepsia. 1993 July-August; 34(4): 757-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8330589

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Vitamin B6 status of breast-fed infants in relation to pyridoxine HCl supplementation of mothers. Author(s): Chang SJ, Kirksey A. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 February; 48(1): 10-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12026182

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Vitamin B6 supplementation can improve peripheral polyneuropathy in patients with chronic renal failure on high-flux haemodialysis and human recombinant erythropoietin. Author(s): Okada H, Moriwaki K, Kanno Y, Sugahara S, Nakamoto H, Yoshizawa M, Suzuki H. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2000 September; 15(9): 1410-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10978399

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Vitamin B6 supplementation with isoniazid therapy. Author(s): Rasul CH, Das SC. Source: Trop Doct. 2000 January; 30(1): 55-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10842541

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Vitamin B6 therapy during childbearing years: cause for caution? Author(s): Masino SA, Kahle JS. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience.

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to vitamin B6; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Acne Rosacea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acne Vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Age-Related Cognitive Decline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Allergies Alternative names: Hay Fever Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Attention Deficit Disorder Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Autism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brittle Nails Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cataracts (Prevention) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cyclic Mastalgia Alternative names: Cyclic Mastitis, Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression (Mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysmenorrhea Alternative names: Painful Menstruation Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Eating Disorders Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Homocysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron-Deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Morning Sickness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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MSG Sensitivity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nausea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nausea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Osgood-Schlatter Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Photosensitivity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pregnancy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seborrheic Dermatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sickle Cell Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tardive Dyskinesia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TIAs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tuberculosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vertigo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vomiting Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Wilson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Herbs and Supplements Adrenal Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alfalfa Alternative names: Medicago sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amiloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anticonvulsants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antituberculosis Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-blockers Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betaine Alternative names: Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betaine (Trimethylglycine) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html Carbidopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carbidopa/Levodopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chasteberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chasteberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,767,00.html

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Cobalamin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q10 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cycloserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Erythromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Estrogens (Combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fenofibrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibric Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gentamicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glutathione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydralazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydralazine Alternative names: Apresoline Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hydroxychloroquine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Isoniazid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Isoniazid Alternative names: Laniazid, Nydrazid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Levodopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Levodopa/Carbidopa Alternative names: Sinemet Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Loop Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com L-tyrosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com MAO Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Methionine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methionine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Neomycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillamine Alternative names: Cuprimine, Depen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Phenelzine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenobarbital Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenothiazine Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Risperidone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Royal Jelly Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfonylureas Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Taurine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tetracycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Theophylline Alternative names: Accurbron, Aerolate, Aquaphyllin, Asmalix, Elixomin, Elixophyllin, Lanophyllin, Quibron-T, Quibron-T-SR, Slo-bid, Slo-Phyllin, T-Phyl, Theo-24, Theo-Dur, Theo-Sav, Theo-X, Theobid, Theochron, Theoclear L.A., Theoclear-80, Theolair, Theolair-SR, Theospan-SR, Theostat 80, Theovent, Uni-Dur, Uniphyl Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Theophylline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Theophylline/Aminophylline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thioxanthene Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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TMG (Trimethylglycine) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Triamterene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trimethoprim Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tyrosine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valproic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitex Alternative names: Vitex agnus-castus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON VITAMIN B6 Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “vitamin B6” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on vitamin B6, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Vitamin B6 By performing a patent search focusing on vitamin B6, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on vitamin B6: •

Agent for nail, skin and hair care Inventor(s): Stuckler; Erwin (Haselbachstr. 18, D-7891 Weilheim/Ay, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,133,958 Date filed: February 16, 1990 Abstract: Agents and processes for the care of nails, skin and hair, for combatting progressive hair loss and for stimulating fresh hair growth of human hair, containing in the form to be administered daily or as an amount of the agent to be taken daily;a) from 80 to 500 mg of trigonelline andb) from 1 to 5 mg of vitamin B6. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an agent for nail, skin and hair care and for combatting progressive hair loss and for stimulating fresh hair growth of human hair. European patent application No 0 289 639 discloses an agent for reviving and for stimulating and strengthening hair growth. The agent includes the alkaloid trigonelline or trigonellinic acid. It also provides the teaching that vitamin B6 is to be added to the agent. However the European patent application does not disclose what amounts of the active substance or substances must be given in what sequence for example to the human body in order to arrive at the specified aim. That is disadvantageous insofar as small doses of trigonelline do not exhibit the effect hoped for, while with excessively high levels of dosage, besides the cost implications, under some circumstances it is also necessary to reckon on side-effects which are undesirable in themselves. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05133958__

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Antioxidative vitamin B6 analogs Inventor(s): Kesel; Andreas J. (Chammunsterstrasse 47, D-81827 Munich, DE), Oberthur; Walter (Astertrasse 9, D-85402 Kransberg, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,369,042 Date filed: November 10, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel antioxidative Vitamin B.sub.6 analogs and their use in the cosmetic, dermatological, pharmaceutical and/or nutritional fields. Analogs can be provided in suitable formulations intended in particular for caring for the skin, make up for the skin, protection from the sun of the skin, as well as for the treatment of diseases of the skin and bone, and viral, parasitic and fungal infections. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel antioxidative Vitamin B.sub.6 analogs and their use in the cosmetic, dermatological, pharmaceutical and/or nutritional fields. Skin is subject to insults by many extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include ultraviolet radiation (e.g., from sun exposure), environmental pollution, wind, heat, low humidity, harsh surfactants, abrasives, and the like. Intrinsic factors include chronological aging and other biochemical changes from within the skin. Whether extrinsic or intrinsic, these factors result in visible signs of skin aging and environmental damage, such as wrinkling and other forms of roughness (including increased pore size,

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flaking and skin lines), and other histological changes associated with skin aging or damage. In recent years, intrinsic factors contributing to the premature aging of skin have been investigated. Substances having anti-oxidizing activity, those having an activity of scavenging reactive oxygen species or radicals, or an activity of inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species in the presence of a metal ion (Fenton reaction) have attracted attention, because reactive oxygen species or radicals are responsible for a variety of diseases as well as the aging of skin such as hardening, development of wrinkles and pigmentation, and the generation of reactive oxygen species in the presence of metal ion causes the oxidative disorders in the body which are responsible for a variety of diseases and the aging of skin described above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06369042__ •

Complete nutritional milk compositions and products Inventor(s): Kamarei; A. Reza (Princeton, NJ) Assignee(s): Princeton Nutrition, L.l.c. (princeton, Ny) Patent Number: 6,030,650 Date filed: May 4, 1999 Abstract: Complete nutritional milk compositions and products such as unflavored and flavored milks, yogurts, ice creams and frozen yogurts can be prepared through pasteurization, ultra-pasteurization or sterilization processes. By varying the choice and quantity of nutritional and functional ingredients, compositions which include a milk comprise, per service size: from about 0.1% to about 20% of the daily value of Sodium, Potassium, vitamin A, and vitamin C; from about 0.1% to about 40% of the daily value of Calcium; from about 0.1% to about 20% of the daily value of iron; from about 0.1% to about 30% of the daily value of vitamin D; from about 0.1% to about 20% of the daily value of vitamin E, vitamin K and Thiamine; form about 0.1% to about 30% of the daily value of Riboflavin; from about 0.1% to about 20% of the daily value of Niacin, vitamin B6, Folate, vitamin B12, Biotin, and Pantothenic acid; from about 0.1% to about 30% of the daily value of Phosphorus; and from about 0.1% to about 20% of the daily value of Iodine, Magnesium, Zinc, Selenium, Copper, Manganese, Chromium, Molybdenum, and Chloride; wherein the percent daily value (D.V.) is based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of complete nutritional compositions and products and more particularly to complete nutritional milk compositions and products which are prepared using pasteurization, ultra-pasteurization or sterilization processes. This invention further relates to the preparation of complete nutritional unflavored or flavored milks, ice creams and yogurts. Nutrition is one of the cornerstones of health, well-being, and the prevention of numerous chromic diseases. Nutritional products play an important role in these areas and attempts to provide readily available and convenient nutritional products to the general public has been a major focus in recent years. To remain healthy one must receive essential nutrients which are indispensable to human nutrition. Essential nutrients include both macronutrients, such as fats, carbohydrates and proteins, and micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals (including trace elements and electrolytes). Table 1 shows a list of essential macronutrients and micronutrients and corresponding percent daily value (D.V.) of these essential nutrients based on a 2,000 calorie diet as currently specified by governmental regulations, 21 C.F.R. 101.9, 1998. Electrolytes include sodium, potassium and chloride. Nutritionally compete and balanced foods are important for ensuring that the public receives all essential nutrients. The public should not be encouraged to

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receive incomplete or imbalanced nutrition with food or liquids that are perceived or marketed to have nutritional benefits. Consumption of nutritionally incomplete foods or liquids that do not contain all the essential nutrients as listed in Table 1 will not necessarily provide complete nutritional well-being. Furthermore, a nutritionally imbalanced product can result in over consumption or under consumption of essential nutrients because some nutrients are presented in very high concentrations while other nutrients are presented in very low concentrations. A balance of essential nutrients, especially micronutrients, is often recommended for optimal nutritional well-being. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06030650__ •

Composition and method of use in treating sexual dysfunction using cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors Inventor(s): Niazi; Sarfaraz K (20 Riverside Dr., Deerfield, IL 60015) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,338,862 Date filed: March 26, 2001 Abstract: The inhibitors of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterases type 5 (cGMP-PDE5) such as sildenafil citrate (Viagra.RTM.) act by increasing the level of cGMP in sexual organs to produce enhanced blood flow and an erectile response of sexual organs. Though sildenafil citrate is a specific inhibitor of cGMP-PDE5, its effects on other body organs produce many side effects including fatalities. Described here is a method of combining cGMP-PDE5 inhibitors with natural sources of nutrients that instantly enhance the levels of endogenous cGMP and thus reduce the therapeutic dose and therefore the side effects of cGMP-PDE5 inhibitors. We have discovered that if sildenafil citrate, as a prototype of cGMP-PDE5, is combined with L-arginine, ginseng, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid, all natural and safe ingredients, the dose requirements for sildenafil citrate can be reduced substantially. The specific composition described here assists in the action of sildenafil primarily by increasing the production of cGMP through modulation of nitric oxide pathway (L-arginine.fwdarw.nitric oxide.fwdarw.cGMP) and secondarily by having its own effect on improving blood circulation to sexual organs. Excerpt(s): Adequate sexual function is a complex interaction of hormonal events and psychosocial relationships. The term "sexual dysfunction" generally includes any sexual dysfunction in an animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. The animal can be male or female. Sexual dysfunction may include, for example, sexual desire disorders, sexual arousal disorders, orgasmic disorders and sexual pain disorders. Female sexual dysfunction refers to any female sexual dysfunction including, for example, sexual desire disorders, sexual arousal dysfunction, orgasmic dysfunction, sexual pain disorders, dyspareunia, and vaginismus. The female can be pre-menopausal or menopausal. Male sexual dysfunction refers to any male sexual dysfunction including, for example, male erectile dysfunction and impotence. There are four stages to sexual response as described in the International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 51(3): 26-77 (1995). The first stage of sexual response is desire. The second stage of sexual response is arousal. Both physical and emotional stimulation may lead to breast and genital vasodilation and clitoral engorgement (vasocongestion). In the female, dilation and engorgement of the blood vessels in the labia and tissue surrounding the vagina produce the "orgasmic platform," an area at the distal third of the vagina where blood becomes sequestered. Localized perivaginal swelling and vaginal lubrication make up

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the changes in this stage of sexual response. Subsequently, ballooning of the proximal portion of the vagina and elevation of the uterus occurs. In the male, vasodilation of the cavernosal arteries and closure of the venous channels that drain the penis produce an erection. The third stage of sexual response is orgasm, while the fourth stage is resolution. Interruption or absence of any of the stages of the sexual response cycle can result in sexual dysfunction. One study found that 35% of males and 42% of females reported some form of sexual dysfunction. Read et al, J. Public Health Med., 19(4): 387391 (1997). In both pre-menopausal and menopausal females, sexual dysfunction can include, for example, sexual pain disorders, sexual desire disorders, sexual arousal dysfunction, orgasmic dysfunction, dyspareunia, and vaginismus. Sexual dysfunction can be caused, for example, by pregnancy, menopause, cancer, pelvic surgery, chronic medical illness or medications. The vasculature, which serves erectile tissue in males and females, is similar. In particular, the arterial circulation of the erectile tissues of the genitalia derives from the common iliac artery which branches from the abdominal aorta. The common iliac artery bifurcates into the internal and external iliac arteries. The internal pudic artery arises from the smaller of two terminal branches of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. In the female, the internal pudic artery branches into the superficial perineal artery, which supplies the labia pudenda. The internal pudic artery also branches into the artery of the bulb, which supplies the bulbi vestibuli, and the erectile tissue of the vagina. The artery of the corpus cavernosum, another branch of the internal pudic artery supplies the cavernous body of the clitoris. Still another branch of the internal pudic artery is the arteria dorsalis clitoridis, which supplies the dorsum of the clitoris and terminates in the glans and membranous folds surrounding the clitoris, which correspond to the prepuce of the male. In the male, the internal pudic artery branches into the dorsal artery of the penis (which itself branches into a left and right branch) and the artery of the corpus cavernosum, all of which supply blood to the corpus cavernosum. The dorsal artery of the penis is analogous to the artery dorsalis clitoridis in the female, while the artery of the corpus cavernosum in the male is analogous to the artery of the same name in the female. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06338862__ •

Compositions comprising nicotinylalanine and an inhibitor of glycine conjugation or vitamin B6 Inventor(s): Shaskan; Edward G. (278 Tunxis Rd., West Hartford, CT 06107) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,916,906 Date filed: September 12, 1997 Abstract: This invention relates to compositions comprising nicotinylalanine (NAL) and/or related analogues, and an inhibitor of glycine conjugation, either synthetic or naturally occurring. Vitamin B6 may also be present in the compositions of this invention in place of, or in addition to, the inhibitor of glycine conjugation. The compositions may be pharmaceutical in nature. The compositions are useful for inhibiting cellular poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP, PARS, poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase), an enzyme which causes cellular toxicity and which is activated in a variety of toxic and pathological conditions. PARP is inhibited by some metabolites of the tryptophan oxidative pathway, including nicotinamide, kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid, which are induced by interferon-gamma. The NAL-containing compositions of the invention enhance the intracellular levels of these metabolites, and thereby augment the

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natural defense of interferon-induced inhibition of PARP. PARP is implicated in various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, viral infections such as AIDS, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Accordingly, this invention also relates to methods of reducing cellular toxicity, and treating or preventing such diseases, by increasing cellular concentrations of nicotinamide, kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid using the compositions of this invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods and compositions useful for reducing cellular toxicity, in vitro and/or in vivo, associated with increases of poly-(ADP)ribosylation reactions. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating diseases for which increasing endogenous concentrations of nicotinamide provide a therapeutic benefit, and methods of treating disease using these compositions. Specifically, this invention relates to compositions comprising nicotinylalanine, and/or related analogues, and an inhibitor, such as aspirin, of glycine conjugation, a metabolic process leading to the metabolism of nicotinamide and optionally B6. In other useful compositions of this invention B6 may be substituted for the glycine conjugate inhibitor. The diseases for which the compositions and methods of this invention provide a therapeutic benefit involve poly (ADP)-ribosylation reactions which contribute to pathogenesis. Such diseases include neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, cancer and certain forms of diabetes. Cellular toxicity associated with poly (ADP)ribosylation reactions resulting from DNA damage contributes to pathogenesis of several types of diseases. Poly (ADP)-ribosylation reactions have been shown to be associated with the cellular damage occurring in neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, infections and cancer. Several mechanisms, including increases in nitric oxide may contribute to activation of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase which catalyzes the poly (ADP)-ribosylation reaction. Cleaver J. E. & Morgan W. F., Mutat. Res. 257:1-18, 1991; Snyder S. H., Science, U.S.A., 265: 723, 1994; Zhang J. & Snyder S. H., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 89:9382-9385, 1992; DeMurcia G., et al., Bio Essays, 13:455462, 1991. Nitric oxide is produced in a variety of cell types including neurons and blood endothelial cells. Kandel E. R., Schwartz J. H, Jessell T. M., Principles of Neural Science. Third Edition, 1991, p191. Nitric oxide is also significant as a possible pathogenic agent for multiple populations of cells because, besides being toxic to the cells in which nitric oxide is produced, nitric oxide is also released into blood where it acts as a "local hormone". Id. In addition, nitric oxide is capable of readily passing across cell membranes into adjacent cells. Id. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05916906__ •

Compositions containing proanthocyanidin and a vitamin B6 derivative or a salt thereof Inventor(s): Kobayashi; Asako (Ibaraki, JP), Tajima; Minako (Ibaraki, JP), Takaboshi; Chiemi (Ibaraki, JP), Takahashi; Tomoya (Ibaraki, JP) Assignee(s): Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,685,970 Date filed: September 8, 2000 Abstract: Proanthocyanidin-containing compositions with excellent proanthocyanidin stability, as well as drinks, foods, cosmetics and medicaments containing these compositions, are provided by admixing a vitamin B.sub.6 derivative or its salt in proanthocyanidin. Also shown is a method for stabilizing proanthocyanidin to prevent its color change, etc. caused by oxidative polymerization and the like.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions containing proanthocyanidin, drinks, foods, cosmetics and medicaments containing these compositions and a method for stabilizing proanthocyanidin. It is known that proanthocyanidin, which is a substance contained in a number of plants and having a strong antioxidant effect, is susceptible to oxidation and quickly undergoes oxidative polymerization in the presence of oxygen, thereby showing a color change. Conventional techniques to stabilize proanthocyanidin mainly include addition of potassium pyrosulfite (e.g., to wine) and addition of ascorbic acid (e.g., to apple juice). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06685970__ •

Dietary supplement and method for use as a probiotic, for alleviating the symptons associated with irritable bowel syndrome Inventor(s): Perry; Stephen C. (205 Churchill Dr., Longwood, FL 32779) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,203,797 Date filed: January 7, 2000 Abstract: A dietary supplement for use as a probiotic and for alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, comprising freeze-dried aloe, fructo-oligosaccharides, and dahlia inulin juice mixture and optionally vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) manganese and Lglutamine. An additional alternate embodiments specifically for alleviation of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, including in the base formula bromelain and papain. Also for specific probiotic functions the following friendly bacteria: Lactobacillus bulgaricus, lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus plantarum, and Bifidobacterium bifidum could be added to the base formula. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The present invention relates to a dietary supplement and method for use as a probiotic(immuno-stimulant) and for alleviating the symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome. The use of dietary supplements for alleviating specific symptoms associated with particular human health problems is well known. Going back to ancient times, references are made to various dietary foods, herbs, and other naturally produced substances that are associated with improving the human health condition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06203797__

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Dietary supplement for adults Inventor(s): Sahley; Billie J. (San Antonio, TX) Assignee(s): Natrol, Inc. (chatsworth, Ca) Patent Number: 4,973,467 Date filed: October 13, 1989 Abstract: A dietary supplement is provided for adults, consisting essentially of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), L-tyrosine, Siberian ginseng, and vitamin B6. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with a special blend of amino acids and Vitamin B6 which has been designed to help an adult live a normal, active lifestyle. The blend may also contain other amino acids, vitamins, and/or minerals. This application is

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related to my copending application Serial No. 07/421 016 filed concurrently herewith and entitled "Dietary Supplement For Children" and disclosing another dietary mixture of amino acids and Vitamin B6, especially designed for children. Dietary imbalance is known to cause physiological disorders in humans, such as stress and anxiety. Researchers have shown that, in many cases, these problems can be treated by orthomolecular therapy. Orthomolecular therapy is the treatment of a condition in a patient by varying the concentration of substances normally present in the human bodies. These substances, which are referred to as "the right molecules", are vitamins, minerals, trace elements, hormones, amino acids, and enzymes. Regulation of the concentration of these molecules in the body helps in the achievement and preservation of optimum health and the prevention and treatment of disease. If the level of any of "the right molecules" in a person's system is low, it can produce a disturbed biochemical homeostasis, which, in turn, can bring on an attack of anxiety. On the other hand, many people who suffered from anxiety and phobia have maintained control when taking GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) with inositol and niacinamide without any tranquilizers. Of this group, a large percentage had at one time been on tranquilizers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04973467__ •

Dietary supplement for promotion of healthy hair and pigment restoration Inventor(s): Nelson; Julia A. (Fort Worth, TX) Assignee(s): Summa RX Laboratories, Inc. (mineral Wells, Tx) Patent Number: 6,149,933 Date filed: July 8, 1998 Abstract: A dietary supplement which is useful for the promotion of healthy hair and pigment restoration in human subjects is provided. The dietary supplement supplies useful nutrients for hair growth, development, and pigmentation. In some instances, the use of the present dietary supplement can retard, prevent, suppress, and/or even reverse the graying of hair. Thus, at least for some already-turned gray individuals, the natural hair color can be restored, and maintained, naturally without the use of dyes, colorants, or the like. The dietary supplement contains, in effective amounts, a copper salt; para-aminobenzoic acid or salts thereof; pantothenic acid or salts thereof; and vitamin B6 in an appropriate carrier. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to a dietary supplement which is useful for the promotion of healthy hair and pigment restoration in human subjects. The dietary supplement of the present invention supplies useful nutrients for hair growth, development, and pigmentation. In some instances, the use of the present dietary supplement can retard, prevent, suppress, and/or even reverse the graying of hair. Thus, at least for some already-turned gray individuals, the natural hair color can be restored, and maintained, naturally without the use of dyes, colorants, or the like. And, at least for some not-yet turned gray individuals, the natural hair color can be maintained for longer periods (and perhaps indefinitely) than would have otherwise been the case. Human hair is the keratin-containing threadlike outgrowths extending from hair follicles in the skin. In humans, hair generally serves protective, sensory, and sexual attractiveness functions. A mature hair shaft is composed of three, and sometimes four, basic structures. The cuticle is the thick outer protective covering consisting of flat overlapping scalelike layers. The cortex is located inside, and is surrounded by, the cuticle. The cortex contains fibrous proteins which are aligned along the length of the hair axis. Thicker hairs often contain one or more porous regions--the

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medulla--located near or at the center of the hair shaft. The fourth basic component is the intercellular cement which glues or binds the cells together and provides the main pathway for diffusion into the hair fibers. Melanocytes which produce melanin, the pigment responsible for hair color, are generally contained in the cortex and the base of the bulb of the hair shaft. Essential nutrients and oxygen are carried to the growing hair through capillaries around the base of the bulb. Gray hair, like death and taxes, is often considered to be inevitable part of life and the aging process. Graying of hair generally results from a gradual replacement of pigmented hair by unpigmented hair as the melanocytes shut down pigment production as one gets older. This graying process often starts at around age forty (although it can begin much earlier or later) with the onset and rate of graying apparently controlled mainly by genetics. By some estimates, approximately 50 percent of all women will be at least partially gray by the age of fifty. In most cases, the graying process has generally been considered irreversible; once the hair follicle starts to produce gray hair, it is not likely to change back. Thus, for most individuals with graying or already-turned gray hair the options are limited: acceptance of the situation or masking with colorants, bleaches, dyes, highlights, head coverings, or wigs. Once coloring techniques are used, however, they must be repeated (or at least touched up) on a regular basis to maintain the color and avoid undesirable gray roots. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06149933__ •

Formulations for treating male pattern baldness containing Serenoa repens, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B3, zinc and L-Arginine Inventor(s): Bryant; Andrew Edward (Little Trewollack, St. Wenn, Bodmin, Cornwall PL30 5PL, GB) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,019,976 Date filed: March 25, 1998 Abstract: The invention relates to therapeutic formulations containing 75 to 85% by weight of a serenoa repens extract, 2 to 5% by weight of vitamin B6, 2 to 5% by weight of vitamin B3, 2 to 5% by weight of zinc salt, and 10 to 15% by weight of L-arginine. The therapeutic formulations can be used to treat male pattern baldness by topical application to the hair. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to therapeutic formulations and to the preparation and administering of such formulations. The invention has been developed initially in relation to the combating or alleviation of male pattern baldness, but is believed to have wider applications. The formulation includes an extract obtained from the fruits of the Saw Palmetto, also known as Serenoa repens. One method of obtaining this extract is described in French Patent Specification No. 2 480 754 and involves the use of a polar solvents in the presence of anti-oxidants and in an inert atmosphere. Another method of obtaining this extract is described in European Patent Specification No. 0 250 953 and involves the use of carbon dioxide as the solvent under high pressure conditions, for example, at pressures ranging from 100 to 350 bars and at temperatures ranging from 30.degree. C. to 50.degree. C. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06019976__

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General anti-depressant composition for dietary supplement Inventor(s): Bewicke; Calverly M. (1423 Butterfield Rd., San Anselmo, CA 94960) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,820,867 Date filed: April 24, 1997 Abstract: A novel dietary supplement composition is provided that serves as a general anti-depressant. The dietary supplement employs an extract of St. John's Wort and additionally includes an extract of Ginkgo biloba, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Folic acid, and Vitamin C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dietary supplements, and, more particularly, to a special blend of St. John's Wort herb extract formulated with other herbal extracts, vitamins and minerals, when taken over a period of time, to improve mental well-being and mental acuity and to assist in relief of depression. Throughout history, humans have ingested and otherwise consumed a wide variety of substances to relieve depression and increase mental acuity. Examples of such substances include prescription drugs, such as many brands of tricyclic anti-depressants, Prozac, and other stimulants. However, many such substances have undesirable side-effects such as nausea, insomnia, and other problems. A significant number of patients (estimated between 17% and 30%) have to discontinue the use of prescription anti-depressants because of these effects. St. John's Wort has been in use for centuries in the field of traditional herbal medicine. In recent years, the plant has been scientifically scrutinized, and a number of its key chemical constituents have been identified. These include a volatile oil, a resin, a tannin, glycosides of stearic, palmic, and myric acids, and hypercin. Modern scientifically calibrated extracts are made containing guaranteed levels of one of the constituents, Hypericin, at concentrations between 0.1% to 0.3% by weight. Studies have shown that use of specific amounts of these extracts, when taken over a period of time (two weeks or more), provide relief from depression in a high percentage of individuals, without causing the negative side effects often found when prescription drugs are used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05820867__

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Hangover treatment Inventor(s): Brennan; James R. (Setauket, NY), Mirza; M. Ather (St. James, NY), Mirza; Romi (St. James, NY) Assignee(s): Vasolabs, Inc. (smithtown, Ny) Patent Number: 6,485,758 Date filed: February 20, 2001 Abstract: A cure for a hangover containing the active ingredient ephedrine in powdered form enclosed in a capsule. In a second embodiment this cure contains ephedrine and charcoal, while in a third embodiment, this cure contains Ephedra, charcoal and Vitamin B6. The use of any one of the three embodiments reduces the symptoms associated with alcohol intoxication and hangovers thereby speeding up recovery. The Ephedra, Vitamin B-6 and charcoal may be combined on a wt % ratio of 1:2.5:10. The Ephedra may come in the form of Ma Huang having 6% wt % Ephedra. One type of dosage is in the form of individual capsules having 10 Mg of Ephedra, 25 Mg of Vitamin

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B-6 and 100 Mg of activated charcoal. The recommended dosage would be two capsules so that users who are experiencing a hangover or alcohol related side effects may take up to 20 Mg of Ephedra, 50 Mg of Vitamin B-6 and 200 Mg of activated charcoal. This cure may also consist of a therapeutic method for curing the effects of alcohol consumption wherein this dosage could be taken after the consumption of alcohol. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a hangover cure that is designed to speed the time for recovery for an individual after they have ingested large quantities of alcohol. The term "alcohol" as used herein refers to ethyl alcohol and "alcoholic beverages" and refers to popular spirits or blends that are intended for human consumption. Alcohol intoxication spans a range of blood-ethanol concentrations from 50mg % at which some impairment of judgment occurs above 400mg %, which is associated with profound depression of vital physiologic functions, all the way to 600 mg % which leads to death. Approximately 11 million youths under the age of 21 drink alcohol in the United States. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in 1995, a total of $166,543 million was spent in the US on alcohol related matters. For example there was $77,150 million spent due to illness. In addition, there was $34,921 million spent in lost earnings of premature death, $24,752 million spent due to crashes fires and criminal justice, $15,830 spent on medical consequences from drinking, $7,231 lost because of crime, and $6,660 million spent because of specialty drug and alcohol services for Americans. The symptoms of a hangover are headache, dehydration, congestion, stomach pains, and diarrhea. The hangover is caused by the breakdown of alcohol in the liver especially acetaldehyde which has been found to be highly toxic. Alcoholic beverages themselves have toxins called congers, which are the byproducts of fermentation and distillation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06485758__ •

Health food composition Inventor(s): Green; James P. (176 Beckford Dr., Henderson, NC 27536) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,806,354 Date filed: November 21, 1986 Abstract: An improved health food composition comprises; B complex vitamins; a prostaglandin E-1 precursor; a primary emulsifying agent; a flavoring agent; and a preservative. The B complex vitamins include: vitamin B1 (thiamine hydrochloride); vitamin B2 (riboflavin); pantothenic acid; vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride); and vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). The prostaglandin E-1 precursor may be safflower oil. The primary emulsifying agent is selected from the group consisting of: Poly Sorbate-80; acacia; sodium alginate; carbomer (carboxypolymethylene); carboxymethylcellulose; and others. The flavoring agent is selected from the group consisting of: orange; lemon; and peppermint. The preservative is selected from the group consisting of: sodium benzoate; alcohol; ethyl paraben; ethyl vanillin; glycerin; and others. The improved health fod composition may further comprise a secondary emulsifying agent being selected from the group consisting of: hydroxyethyl cellulose; hydroxypropyl cellulose; and tragacanth. The improved health food composition may further include an antioxidant being selected from the group consisting of: ascorbyl palmitate; butylated hydroxyanisole; butylated hydroxytoluene; sodium bisulfite; sodium metabisulfite; and others. Finally, the improved health food composition may further comprise an antacid such as calcium carbonate; and an analgesic such as acetaminophen.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to health food compositions and in particular to such compositions which include a precursor of prostaglandin E-1. g. Magid U.S. Pat. No. 3,777,029 entitled "Chewable Multivitamin Tablets Containing Aluminum Nicotinate" discloses a multivitamin premix composition containing a niacine active ingredient being aluminum nicotinate. Based on the above prior art food or nutritional supplements, it does not appear that the present improved health food composition is disclosed by same. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04806354__ •

Herbal composition to relieve pain Inventor(s): Kelly; Gregory J. (Glastonbury, CT), Perry; Ann (Bayshore, NY) Assignee(s): Biotech Corporation (glastonbury, Ct) Patent Number: 6,312,736 Date filed: December 9, 1999 Abstract: An herbal composition is used to relieve pain and other symptoms associated with migraines and other types of headaches. The preferred herbal composition includes white willow bark extract, kava kava root extract, feverfew extract, ginger root extract, Guarana extract, and Vitamin B6. The herbal composition may be combined with liposomes to carry the composition. The result is an herbal composition that can be applied sublingually for rapid, effective pain relief. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to herbal compositions, and more particularly, to herbal compositions for relieving pain associated with headaches, and combinations of such herbal compositions and liposomes to permit delivery of such compositions through a spray applied under the tongue. It is an object of the present invention to overcome one or more of the above-described drawbacks or disadvantages of the prior art. It is a further object of the present invention to combine white willow bark extract, kava kava extract, and at least one of feverfew and ginger root extract in a composition that provides relief from pain and other symptoms associated with headaches. The composition can be further combined with liposomes to permit delivery of the composition through a spray applied under the tongue. The present invention provides, in one aspect, a remedy for pain caused by headaches or migraine headaches. The invention comprises a combination of white willow bark extract, kava kava extract, and at least one of feverfew and ginger root extract. This combination provides the advantage of rapidly relieving pain and reducing symptoms caused by headaches. The herbal composition can be further combined with liposomes, which act as a carrier for the herbal composition and permit delivery through a spray applied under the tongue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312736__

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Homogeneous enzymatic assay for vitamin B6 and improvements in H2S detection Inventor(s): Han; Qinghong (San Diego, CA), Tan; Yuying (San Diego, CA), Xu; Mingxu (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Anticancer, Inc. (san Diego, Ca) Patent Number: 6,426,194 Date filed: February 1, 2000

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Abstract: Enzymatic methods to determine the concentration of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) in biological fluids are described. The methods of the invention are useful to assess risk for cardiovascular disease. The assay can be a homogeneous assay using the ability of PLP to function as a co-enzyme for homocysteinase and related enzymes and measuring the products of the reaction preferably spectrophotometrically. The invention also includes improvements in sensitivity of assays for measuring hydrogen sulfide production by measuring fluorescence as opposed to absorbance of the oxidized product of H.sub.2 S with N,N-dialkyl p-phenylene diamine. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns an assay for Vitamin B.sub.6, the active form of which is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and to improvements in detection of H.sub.2 S by using fluorescence. More specifically, the invention concerns kits and methods for determining pyridoxal phosphate concentrations in biological fluids using the apoenzyme of a homocysteinase. It also concerns improving the sensitivity of such assays and assays for homocysteine as well by measuring the fluorescence of a complex generated by the reaction of H.sub.2 S with a dialkyl phenylene diamine and an oxidizing agent. This measurement of fluorescence is also useful in the assay herein described for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is the biologically active form of Vitamin B.sub.6. PLP is a cofactor for many essential enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism, including methioninase and homocysteinase. Additional enzymes for which PLP is the prosthetic group include glycogen phosphorylase as well as all aminotransferases. PLP is also involved in decarboxylations, deaminations, racemizations, transaminations and aldol cleavages at the.alpha.-carbon atom of amino acids. These enzymes depend on PLP in order to be active, so PLP is an important metabolic factor. PLP is derived from Vitamin B.sub.6; Vitamin B6 is not synthesized by most mammals, including humans. Therefore, this vitamin is most commonly supplied in the diet. Epidemiological studies have shown that PLP deficiency is the strongest nutritional correlate to mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Deficiency of Vitamin B.sub.6 results in symptoms such as dermatitis and nervous disorders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06426194__ •

Infant formula Inventor(s): Bindels; Jacob Geert (Zoetermeer, NL), Boehm; Gunther (Echzell, DE), Georgi; Gilda (Friedrichsdorf, DE), Hageman; Robert Johan Joseph (Wageningen, NL), Sawatzki; Gunther (Munzenberg, DE), Wells; John Cowper Kingston (Gloucestershire, GB) Assignee(s): N.v. Nutricia (zoetermeer, Nl) Patent Number: 6,613,367 Date filed: October 24, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to products for complete nutrition of infants. The products are characterized by the type and amount of protein and carbohydrate and the increased levels of folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 or their functional equivalents. These products improve feelings of well-being of infants, especially those of young age, and are useful in the treatment and prevention of diseases that are associated with disorders of serotonin- and melatonin metabolism. Excerpt(s): The invention is related to infant formulae, i.e. artificial products for complete nutrition of infants, for improving feelings of well-being, compensation of

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immaturity and problems in the metabolic capacity of the infant. The nutritional products provide complete nutrition to the infant and their composition is characterised by a selected protein and carbohydrate composition and the increased amounts of folic acid, and vitamin B6 and B12 or their functional analogues. At present a large part of the population of babies in industrialised countries are fed with specialised infant formulae. It has been reported that consumption of these formulae is associated with several medical problems that may occur at young age, such as increased frequency of gastrointestinal problems and decreased immune status, but perhaps also at later age, because infants that are exclusively fed with human breast milk would score better on these parameters. It has also been reported that infants that are exclusively fed with these artificial formulae suffer from longer episodes of crying compared to those that are fed with human breast milk. This suggests a general feeling of discomfort due to perhaps hunger, pain or even medical problems. These problems may delay development of the child and produce concerns and practical problems to the parents. In a first aspect of the invention it is aimed to develop a new infant formula for complete nutrition that decreases the number of crying episodes and promotes sleeping behaviour for the child, especially for infants of young gestational age. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06613367__ •

Lotion mixture and method of treating psoriasis Inventor(s): Tosti; Vittorio (Eagle Pharmaceuticals, 345F Central Ave., Bohemia, NY 11716) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,981,681 Date filed: August 26, 1988 Abstract: A combination of ingredients consisting of a mixture of predetermined proportions of Purified Water, Methylparaben, Potassium Hydroxide, Hydrogenated Coconut Oil, Glycerine, Polysorbate 60, Polysorbate 80, Glyceryl Stearate (and) Laureth23, White Wax, Stearic Acid, Cetyl Alcohol, PEG-40 Stearate, Glyceryl Stearate, Salicylic Acid, HQ Squalane, DL-Alpha Tocopherol Nicotinate, Isopropyl Myristate, EPA, Lecithin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, and Propylparaben, and said aforementioned ingredients having been found to constitute a safe method of treating psoriasis, consisting of the daily application on a person's skin on a daily bases of predetermined dosages of said ingredients. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for treating psoriasis and more particularly it relates to a method of treating psoriasis by systematic and periodic application of several selected ingredients including the active ingredient Salicylic Acid. A great number of people suffer from the chronic anguish of psoriasis. Irregularly shaped and slightly raised dull red blotches appear on the sufferer's skin. These characteristic patches of psoriasis are covered by grayish or silvery scales which, if scratched, will peel and flake off like dandruff The lesions of psoriasis, which in the early stages can be misdiagnosed as ringworm, may appear anywhere on the body, although psoriasis does afflict certain parts of the body more than others, such as the scalp (psoriasis of the scalp is often mistaken for dandruff), elbows, knees and the trunk of the body. The medical profession ascribes no definite cause to this embarrassing and unsightly disease, and no effective treatment has been offered. This vexatious scaling disease forces its sufferers to try everything in the dermatologist's chemical arsenal--tar, mercury, chrysarobin and phenol. These may bring some measure of transient relief, but

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recurrent outbreaks are the necessary outcome. In some instances, dermatologists even resort to X-ray therapy, which carries the obvious risk of dangerous side effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04981681__ •

Method and composition for supplementing vitamin B6 where the PN-PLP pathway is disturbed Inventor(s): Serfontein; Willem J. (Pretoria, ZA) Assignee(s): Vesta Medicines (pty) Ltd. (za) Patent Number: 5,254,572 Date filed: January 17, 1990 Abstract: Treatment or prophylaxis of depressed or inadequate intracellular pyridoxal phosphate levels in a human or animal patient resulting from a condition, wherein the pyridoxihe (PN)--pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) pathway is disturbed or insufficient, either by chemical factors as occur in physiological shock myocardial, infarction, release of polyamines or toxins by cell death or microbes, vitamin B6 antagonistic drugs; or by enzymatic insufficiencies inherent in the cells of a patient caused by genetic lack of oxidase or genetic oxidase polymorphism; cellular immaturity of premature infants; in conditions involving anemia, destruction of erythrocytes (e.g. malaria, biliary fever). The deficiencies are counteracted by the administration of pyridoxal or a precursor of pyridoxal which in vivo, once it has entered the bloodstream, is rapidly converted into pyridoxal without the intervention of oxidase or oxygen, optionally and preferably without the intervention of kinase. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical, veterinary or dietary compositions and the use thereof for a method of treatment or prophylaxis of depressed or inadequate intracellular pyridoxal phosphate levels in a human or animal patient resulting from a condition, wherein the pyridoxine (PN)--pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) pathway is disturbed or insufficient. The invention also provides new diagnostic methods and means for diagnosing such depressed or inadequate pyridoxal phosphate levels or disturbance in the pathway, more particularly for use in conjunction with the said treatment or prophylaxis. The vital role of vitamin B6 (hereinafter abbreviated to B6) in health and disease has been extensively researched over the past two decades. It is now realised that many serious diseases and clinical conditions are associated with reduced blood and cellular vitamin B6 activity. However, until now many of the physiological interrelationships in animals and humans have not been known or understood. In particular there has been confusion as to whether observations relating to vitamin B6 and B6 vitamer deficiencies were results of clinical conditions or whether these deficiencies were causally related to the clinical conditions. This was due inter alia to a disregard of certain aspects of the pharmacokinetics involved, and of the role of different B6 vitamers. Prior to the present invention certain of these vitamers had never been determined systematically in biological fluids during disease processes, and indeed no suitable routine methods had existed for such systematic determinations. Inside living human and animal cells, PLP is the biologically active form of vitamin B6, acting as co-enzyme in more than 100 biological reactions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05254572__

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Multi-vitamin and mineral supplement Inventor(s): Cooper; Kenneth H. (Dallas, TX), Grundy; Scott Montgomery (Dallas, TX), Jialal; Ishwarlal (Dallas, TX), Selhub; Jacob (Brookline, MA), Willett; Walter Churchill (Cambridge, MA) Assignee(s): Cooper Concepts, Inc. (dallas, Tx) Patent Number: 6,299,896 Date filed: April 13, 2000 Abstract: This invention is directed to a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement tailored to men and post-menopausal women, pre-menopausal women, and athletes which supplies the right amount of the right micronutrients at the right time to assure adequate intake of micronutrients needed for disease prevention and protection against nutritional losses and deficiencies due to lifestyle factors and common inadequate dietary patterns. The multi-vitamin and mineral supplement is comprised of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacinamide, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, biotin, pantothenic acid, iron, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, chromium, potassium, choline, lycopene, and co-enzyme Q-10. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to multi-vitamin and mineral supplements. In particular, this invention relates to multi-vitamin and mineral supplements for improving health by insuring adequate intake of micronutrients needed for disease prevention and protection against nutritional losses and deficiencies due to such factors as lifestyle patterns and common inadequate dietary patterns. More particularly, this invention related to multi-vitamin and mineral supplements for men and postmenopausal women. Vitamin and mineral preparations are commonly administered to treat specific medical conditions or as general nutritional supplements. Micronutrients are elements or compounds which are present in foods in small or trace amounts and includes vitamins, minerals, or other elements, and compounds found in foods for which a Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) has not yet been determined. The macronutrients consist of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins which supply nutrients and calories. Some elements such as calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus are consumed in relatively large amounts, while many such as iron, iodine, and zinc are consumed in small amounts. Vitamins such as B12 and folic acid and the minerals cooper, selenium, and chromium are consumed in very small or trace amounts. In as much as the human body does not synthesize many compounds which are essential to the human body, these specific vitamins and minerals can be obtained from only two sources: food and supplements. The primary source of all nutrients is food. However, the majority of people do not meet the RDA of the foods containing these essential compounds and elements. Thus vitamin and mineral supplementation has become a recognized method of meeting accepted medical and health standards. An international panel of diet and cancer experts announced in London on Sep. 30, 1997, that as many as 30 to 40 percent of all cancer cases worldwide--3 to 4 million a year--could be avoided if people ate a healthy diet and got enough exercise. USA Today, Oct. 1, 1997. However, for some nutrients, the amounts proposed as being healthy apparently cannot be provided by a reasonable quantity and variety of natural foods. Thus nutrient supplements may be important for health promotion and prevention of chronic diseases. Journal of the American Medical Association, May 7, 1997. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06299896__

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Natural composition for treating bone or joint inflammation Inventor(s): Weisman; Bernard (17061 Windsor Park Ct., Boca Raton, FL 33496-1634) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,888,514 Date filed: May 23, 1997 Abstract: A composition for treating a mammal having a condition characterized by bone or joint inflammation comprises:2,250 mg soluble bovine cartilage,250 mg soluble shark cartilage,1,000 mg glucosamine sulfate,350 mg mucopolysaccharide concentrate,225 mg proteolytic enzymes from hog pancreatic extract,500 mg standardized extract of ashwagandha,470 mg extract of Boswellia serrata comprising 150 mg boswellic acid1,000 mg chondroitin polysulfate,100 mg extract of sea cucumber,300 mg black currant seed oil,3,500 mg ascorbic acid (vitamin C),150 mg pyridoxine HCl (vitamin B6),1,000 mg devil's claw powder. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a mixture of natural ingredients for the treatment of bone or joint inflammation. Bone and joint inflammation is a scourge of both animals and humans. Examples of this debilitating condition include arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism, tendonitis, etc. Those who suffer from bone or joint inflammation experience pain and discomfort, and may, in advanced cases, lose the effective use of inflamed joints. The goal of therapeutic methods for treating bone or joint inflammation is the relief of pain and discomfort, and the restoration of use of inflamed joints. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05888514__

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Natural preparation for treatment of male pattern hair loss Inventor(s): Chizick; Stephen (220 Duncan Mills Road, Suite 206, Toronto, Ontario, CA), Delorscio; Rico (220 Duncan Mills Road, Suite 206, Toronto, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,972,345 Date filed: May 3, 1999 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a natural formulation for treatment of male pattern hair loss. The formulation contains a combination of Saw Palmetto extract, African Pygeum extract, stinging nettle extract, and optionally zinc, vitamin B6 and green tea extract. The various extracts are prepared according to the traditional procedures, then combined in a suitable formulation for administration to the patient for treatment of the male pattern hair loss. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a preparation for treatment of male pattern hair loss, and in particular, to a natural herbal and mineral preparation to help stop further hair loss and increase hair growth in a person having male pattern hair loss. Human hair undergoes a normal growth cycle where each hair grows continuously for approximately 2 to 4 years, and stops growing for 2 to 4 months, and then falls out. In its place, a new healthy hair begins to grow and this cycle is repeated. The hairs on the head are always in different stages of the cycle, so it is normal to loose scalp hair everyday. On average, up to about 100 hairs is lost per day. In male pattern hair loss, the normal hair growth cycle is disrupted and more than the average number of hairs are shed per day without having the old hairs replaced by new ones. Male pattern hair loss

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is determined by a combination of male hormones (androgens) and heredity. Men susceptible to male pattern baldness usually experience the onset sometime in their 20's and it becomes more common as they age. Androgenetic alopecia is the most common type of hair loss in men, with approximately 50% of men experiencing this hair loss to some degree by the age of 50. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05972345__ •

Nutritional supplement preparation intended for pregnant and breast-feeding women based on milk constituents as well as a process for preparing it Inventor(s): Hersevoort; Aart (Nieuwegein, NL), Uiterwaal; Dirk J. D. (Bodegraven, NL) Assignee(s): Melkunte Holland B.v. (ae Woerden, Nl) Patent Number: 4,710,387 Date filed: November 7, 1985 Abstract: Nutritional supplement preparation for pregnant and breast-feeding women based on milk constituents for pregnant and breast-feeding women containing 10-20% by weight of protein, 16-28% by weight of fat, 43-65% by weight of carbohydrates, at most 3.5% by weight of moisture and minerals, trace elements and vitamins such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc, iodine, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin D3, vitamin E, niacin and folic acid, and, optionally flavoring and/or colorant as well as a process for preparing said preparation. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a nutritional supplement preparation intended for pregnant and breast-feeding women based on milk constituents. It is generally known that the nutrition of pregnant and breast-feeding women has to meet higher requirements in respect of all the nutrients (energy, proteins, minerals and vitamins). In most cases, pregnant and breast-feeding women are advised to consume relatively calorie-rich food and more proteins; in milk-producing countries, especially, this complement is based on dairy products, frequently complemented with other supplementary preparations, such as one or more minerals, vitamins and/or ironcontaining preparations. Concerning the requirements as to the quantities of the extra nutrients, there exists a number of generally accepted standards, such as the "recommended daily allowances" (RDA). Such recommendations are in general based on calculations, extrapolations and assumptions. Though some guidelines for advice to the women in question can be derived from these RDA standards, these standards, in their present form, provide no answer to the question of the optimum nutritional supplement. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04710387__

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Nutritive medium for the culture of microorganism Inventor(s): Jay; Corinne (Villeurbanne, FR) Assignee(s): Bio Merieux (marcy L'etoile, Fr) Patent Number: 5,536,645 Date filed: December 2, 1994 Abstract: The invention relates to a nutritive medium for the culture of microorganisms, containing alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic

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acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, biotin, calcium pantothenate, folic acid, inositol, nicotinamide, vitamin B6, thiamine chloride, lipoic acid, choline, ethyl oxaloacetate, spermidine, Tween 80, purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, glucose, malic acid, iron, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, chloride, phosphate ion, ammonium ion, acidic buffer, and basic buffer. The invention also relates to the use of such a medium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an essentially synthetic nutritive medium for microorganisms. In particular, the invention relates to a nutritive medium for the culture of microorganisms and its use in the determination of the activity of a substance active against the said microorganisms. Essentially synthetic medium according to the invention is understood as meaning a medium of which at least the constituents indispensable for the obtainment of this medium having the properties described below are synthetic. to be isotonic for bacteria and to withstand the addition of blood without provoking hemolysis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05536645__ •

Oxalic acid or oxalate composition and method of treatment Inventor(s): Hart; Francis J. (390 Ryan Rd., Pea Ridge, AR 72751) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,133,317 Date filed: April 9, 1996 Abstract: An oxalic acid or oxalate composition and method of treatment of warm blooded animals including humans and pets is provided which includes at least one therapeutically effective form of oxalic acid or oxalate selected, for example, from oxalic acid in a free acid, ester, lactone or salt form, oxalates including sodium oxalate, a nutritional supplement containing oxalic acid or oxalate, oxalic acid dihydrate, anhydrous oxalic acid, oxamide, oxalate salts, natural or processed foods including molds, plants or vegetables containing oxalic acid or oxalate, beverages, liquids or juices containing oxalic acid or oxalate, additives containing oxalic acid or oxalate, and combinations thereof. The composition may also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent for the therapeutically effective form of oxalic acid or oxalate. A method is provided including the steps of periodically administering a therapeutically effective dosage of a composition including at least one therapeutically effective form of oxalic acid or oxalate and reducing the intake of oxalic acid or oxalate blockers such as citric acid, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6), calcium, alcohol, resins, clays, dairy products containing calcium, fruits, coconut, beverages containing alcohol, ascorbic acid or citric acid, red meat or white meat of fowl containing pyridoxine hydrochloride, or other foods, nutritional supplements or beverages containing alcohol, citric acid, ascorbic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, or combinations thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to oxalic acid or oxalate compounds, nutritional supplements, natural or processed foods, beverages, and methods of treatment utilizing oxalic acid or oxalate compounds, vitamin B6, vitamin C, alcohol, calcium, and/or foods, nutritional supplements, beverages, and the like containing one or more of these compounds. The story begins with two toy poodles, Turk and Taka. These animals lived a normal house life. Except for the occasional trip or walk to the nearby reservoir, their

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territory was the house and backyard. As young pups they were full of energy and, of course, very spoiled. Habits, mostly bad ones, were easily formed, such as eating people food, some of which, according to a veterinarian, would not hurt them. Turk became fond of SNICKERS.RTM. brand candy bars, especially the small bite-size kind, and also carrots and beets, both of which are appearing in some commercial dog foods today. During this time, Turk's owner, the present applicant and inventor, was doing a great deal of traveling, averaging one trip a week, and he always kept a small SNICKERS.RTM. bar near the front door in case he returned home without one. Another one of Turk's favorite treats was the small soybean crackers in oriental cocktail mix, which Turk's owner ate constantly when he was home. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06133317__ •

Oxalic acid or oxalate compositions and methods for bacterial, viral, and other diseases or conditions Inventor(s): Hart; Francis J. (390 Ryan Rd., Pea Ridge, AR 72751) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,133,318 Date filed: January 28, 1998 Abstract: A single medicine oxalic acid or oxalate composition or "magic bullet" and method of treatment or prevention of warm-blooded animals including humans and pets for infectious or pathogenic microbial, bacterial, or viral disease, chemopreventiong of bacterial or viral infections, and the like, is provided which includes at least one therapeutically effective form of oxalic acid or oxalate selected from oxalic acid in a free acid, ester, lactone or salt form and oxalate including sodium oxalate, oxalic acid dihydrate, anhydrous oxalic acid, oxamide, and oxalate salts, natural or processed foods including molds, plants or vegetables containing oxalic acid or oxalate, beverages, liquids or juices containing oxalic acid or oxalate, additives containing oxalic acid or oxalate, and combinations thereof. The composition may also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent for the therapeutically effective form of oxalic acid or oxalate. Methods are provided including the steps of periodically administering, by topical, oral, or parenteral application, a therapeutically effective dosage of a composition including at least one therapeutically effective form of oxalic acid or oxalate and improving chemotherapy reducing the intake of oxalic acid or oxalate blockers such as citric acid, ascorbic acid, (vitamin C), pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6), calcium, alcohol, resins, clays, foods containing calcium, beverages containing alcohol, citric acid, or ascorbic acid, red meat or white meat of fowl containing pyridoxine hydrochloride, or other foods nutritional supplements or beverages containing oxalic acid or oxalate blockers. Excerpt(s): Not Applicable. The present invention is directed to oxalic acid or oxalate compositions and methods of producing such compositions and for utilizing oxalic acid or oxalate compositions including solutions, mixtures, products, creams, rinses, and the like, in the treatment, control, prevention, remedy or the like of infectious or pathogenic bacterial, viral and other diseases or conditions in humans and in other animals. Conventional medicine treats infectious or pathogenic bacterial diseases of humans and other warm-blooded animals with antibiotics, sulfonamides, antiseptic or antibacterial ointments or creams, and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06133318__

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Performance enhancing compositions of matter, and methods of preparing and utilizing same Inventor(s): McGee; David M. (Grosse Pointe Park, MI) Assignee(s): Daliff Corporation (miami, Fl) Patent Number: 5,198,216 Date filed: July 30, 1990 Abstract: A composition for enhancing the performance of animals, such as horses or dogs, is composed of adrenal and pituitary raw tissue concentrates, vitamin C, bioflavonoid complex, pantothenic acid, methionine, choline, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, niacinamide, magnesium, vitamin B12, folic acid and organic iodine. The composition is adapted to be orally administered to an animal, is composed of all natural substances, and the relative proportions of the components are approximately:at least 40 parts adrenal raw tissue concentrate toat least 2 parts pituitary raw tissue concentrate to30-60 parts vitamin C to20-30 parts magnesium to10-20 parts of each of pantothenic acid, methionine and choline to8-15 parts of each of niacinamide and bioflavonoid complex to1-5 parts of each of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 to0.1-1 parts organic iodine to0.05-0.5 parts folic acid.Also, a method of biochemically enhancing an animal's performance is disclosed, comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a sample of body fluid of an animal which is performing below expected levels, (b) analyzing the sample to determine a composition thereof, (c) comparing the determined composition of the fluid to predetermined appropriate parameters, (d) determining a performance enhancing composition to be administered to the animal based on the comparison and on additional predetermined data, (e) administering a predetermined dosage of the composition to the animal for a predetermined period of time, and (f) repeating steps (a)-(c) to determine if a desired change in the fluid composition of the animal has been achieved. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel compositions for use in enhancing the performance of animals, such as horses, which compositions are composed entirely of natural substances and are adapted to be orally administered to the animals. The invention also relates to methods of preparing and utilizing the aforementioned compositions. There are known methods and compositions for enhancing the performance of animals such as horses, dogs, etc. For example, in the field of horse racing it is known that a horse's performance can be significantly affected by injecting the horse with a quantity of adrenalin prior to a race. Such use of adrenalin is, however, substantially regulated or prohibited by law. Furthermore, such use of adrenalin is often disadvantageous because the chemical's performance-enhancing effect on a horse is generally quickly achieved and short-lived. Thus, if a horse is injected with adrenalin prior to a race while waiting in its stall (prior to being called to the gate) it is very possible that the adrenalin's performance-enhancing effect on the horse will occur while the animal remains in the stall, or before the race has even begun. The present invention has been developed to overcome the disadvantages of known compositions and methods for enhancing the performance of animals such as horses, dogs, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05198216__

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Pharmaceutical composition comprising at least tyrosine and an iron compound for treating parkinson's disease or depression Inventor(s): Bridgeman; Keith (19 Westminster Close, Eastbourne, East Sussex BN22 OLQ, GB) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,200,607 Date filed: September 13, 1999 Abstract: A pharmaceutical product comprises the use of a combination of tyrosine and iron for separate, sequential or simultaneous administration for the treatment of Parkinson's disease or depression. In a preferred embodiment the product also contains at least one of a vitamin B6 (e.g. pyridoxine), a folate (e.g. folic acid), a vitamin B3 (e.g. nicotinamide), or zinc. The product enables the natural biosynthesis, secretion, transport and action of dopamine. Excerpt(s): The invention herein relates to the treatment of Parkinson's disease and/or depression. Parkinson's disease is a medical disorder whose characteristic symptoms are due to excessive muscle contraction. This often begins as a tremor, which can develop into muscle rigidity, and then to a complete lack of physical movement. Usually, it does not develop until adulthood and becomes progressively more common with age. It is caused by the insufficient action of dopamine, which normally acts by preventing excessive muscle contraction. Although dopamine is produced in the dopaminergic neurons in the brain, it is not normally administered to treat the disorder since dopamine does not easily pass between the blood brain barrier. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06200607__

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Pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of diabetic male sexual dysfunction Inventor(s): Shlyankevich; Mark (Watterbury, CT) Assignee(s): Bio-virus Research Incorporated (san Mateo, Ca) Patent Number: 5,523,087 Date filed: February 15, 1995 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition is disclosed for the treatment of diabetic male sexual dysfunction, which comprises:(a) 45 to 60 parts by weight of one or more phytoestrogen compounds calculated as a free aglycon form of isoflavone;(b) 0 to 400, preferably 200 to 300 parts by weight of phosphatidyl choline;(c) 10 to 50 parts by weight of beta-sitosterol;(d) 0 to 300, preferably 30 to 100 parts by weight of Damiana leaf dry extract;(e) 0 to 15, preferably 1 to 3 parts by weight of Vitamin A;(f) 0 to 250, preferably 20 to 100 parts by weight of Vitamin B1;(g) 0 to 300, preferably 50 to 150 parts by weight of Vitamin B6;(h) 0 to 100, preferably 10 to 70 parts by weight of Vitamin E;(i) 0 to 300, preferably 50 to 200 parts by weight of calcium contained in a biologically acceptable calcium salt;(j) 0 to 750, preferably 300 to 500 parts by weight of magnesium contained in a biologically acceptable magnesium salt; and(k) 0 to 100, preferably 10 to 90 parts by weight of zinc contained in a biologically acceptable zinc salt; in admixture with a biologically acceptable inert carrier. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of diabetic male sexual dysfunction. More particularly, the invention relates to such pharmaceutical compositions that contain natural soybean phytoestrogens of the

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isoflavone group. The association between diabetes mellitus and erectile impotence is well known, and the frequency of these disorders ranges from 27 to 71%. In comparison to control subjects, diabetic patients show extensive behavioral decreases in sexual desire, arousal, activity and satisfaction. See Schiavi, R. C., Diabetologica, 36:745 to 751 (1993). The effect of glycemic control on the development of sexual problems is uncertain. In addition to the peripheral neurovascular pathology, the abnormal central nervous processes may also contribute to diabetic erectile dysfunction. There have been reports that link diabetic erectile dysfunction to a transient gonadotropin deficiency. See Ishida, Y. et al, "Unusual Combination of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and Transient Pituitary Isolated Gonadotropin Deficiency", Intern. Med. (Japan), January 1994, 33(1) pp 27 to 30. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05523087__ •

Pharmaceutical or dietetic preparation for improvement of fertility and sperm quality Inventor(s): Hageman; Robert Johan Joseph (Waddinxveen, NL), Nieuwenhuizen; Arie (Wageningen, NL), Steegers-Theunissen; Regine Patricia Maria (Nijmegen, NL) Assignee(s): N.v. Nutricia (zoetermeer, Nl) Patent Number: 6,576,634 Date filed: July 7, 2000 Abstract: A composition for improving the fertility of a male, and/or for improving the quality of the semen produced by a male includes at least one source of folic acid, preferably 0.05-8 mg; at least one source of zinc, preferably 5-50 mg; and optionally one or more of vitamin B12, magnesium, betaine, choline, SAM, vitamin B2, and Vitamin B6; and/or optionally one or more carriers, excipients and/or adjuvants. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to preparations and compositions for improving the fertility of, and/or for improving the quality of the semen produced by, male individuals of mammalian species, including but not limited to human beings. More in particular, the invention concerns a pharmaceutical or dietetic preparation that after oral intake can increase fertility and improve sperm quality in male animals in general and men in particular. The preparations and compositions of the invention can inter alia be used to prevent and/or treat, in male individuals of mammalian species including but not limited to human beings, low fertility, disorders in fertility and/or conditions of poor semen quality, including but not limited to phenomena such as low sperm count, aberrations in morphology of the sperm cells, low motility of the sperm cells, or generally low sperm quality. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06576634__

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Prostate formula Inventor(s): Wheeler; Ronald E. (412 C.R. 243, Durango, CO 81301) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,197,309 Date filed: August 3, 1999 Abstract: A composition providing an all-natural, non-surgical preventative of or improvement to disorders of the prostate gland is described. The invention relates to a

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composition for the prevention of or improvement of prostatitis, and for relieving symptoms and improving objective signs of prostatitis. The formula of the composition preferably includes the following ingredients each in a therapeutically effective amount: Vitamin C, Vitamin B6, Vitamin E, zinc, glycine, L-alanine, Glutamic acid, Saw palmetto, Pygeum extract, Pumpkin seed, Stinging nettle, Echinacea, garlic, Ginkgo leaves, and selenium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a composition that provides an allnatural, non-surgical preventative of or improvement to disorders of the prostate gland. More specifically, the invention relates to a composition for the prevention of or improvement of prostatitis, and for relieving symptoms and improving objective signs of prostatitis. The prostate gland (or prostate) is a walnut-sized, mucous-producing organ in males that lies just below the urinary bladder. The prostate typically grows and enlarges throughout life. The only known function of the prostate is to produce a secretion that nourishes and protects the sperm during reproduction. The urethra, the canal that in most mammals discharges urine from the bladder, passes through the prostate gland. Unfortunately, this anatomical feature creates problems, often associated with difficulty in urination, as males age. In men, the prostate gland is the source of several common disorders including prostatitis and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), wherein the prostrate gland becomes inflamed or enlarged. Prostatitis is defined as an inflammation or infection of the prostate gland. While prostatitis may be acute, associated with systemic findings of fever, chills and rigors, most cases of prostatitis are chronic and tend to be incurable with relatively frequent recurrences despite optimal standard therapy. Chronic prostatitis (inflammation or infection of the prostate) is common to all adult men. It is associated with virtually all cases of prostate cancer and is present in every prostate biopsy regardless of other findings. Chronic prostatitis may not cause significant symptoms in many men, but in others it can be a devastating disease that severely affects the quality of life of those afflicted. It is difficult to diagnose and even more difficult to treat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06197309__ •

Refrigeration-shelf-stable ultra-pasteurized or pasteurized infant formula Inventor(s): Kamarei; A. Reza (Princeton, NJ) Assignee(s): Princeton Nutrition, L.l.c. (princeton, Ny) Patent Number: 6,039,985 Date filed: May 4, 1999 Abstract: Refrigeration-shelf-stable ready-to-feed and concentrated infant formulas prepared through an ultra-pasteurization and/or pasteurization process, comprise per five fluid ounces from about 1.8 to about 6.3 grams of protein; from about 3.3 to about 15.9 grams of fat; from about 300 mg to about 3000 mg of linoleic acid; from about 250 to about 900 IU of Vitamin A; from about 40 to about 180 IU of Vitamin D; from about 0.7 to about 9 IU of Vitamin E; from about 4 to about 24 mcg of Vitamin K; from about 40 to about 300 mcg of Thiamine (Vitamin B1); from about 60 to about 450 mcg of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2); from about 35 to about 180 mcg of Vitamin B6; from about 0.15 to about 0.9 mcg of Vitamin B12; from about 250 to about 3150 mcg of Niacin; from about 4 to about 48 mcg of Folic Acid (Folacin); from about 300 to about 1500 mcg of Pantothenic Acid; from about 1.5 to about 13.2 mcg of Biotin; from about 8 to about 36 mg of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid); from about 7 to about 48 mg of Choline; from about 4 to about 18 mg of Inositol; from about 60 to about 234 mg of Calcium; from about 30 to about 159 mg of

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Phosphorus; from about 6 to about 24 mg of Magnesium; from about 0.15 to about 5.4 mg of Iron; from about 0.5 to about 3 mg of Zinc; from about 5 to about 45 mcg of Manganese; from about 60 to about 270 mcg of Copper; from about 5 to about 75 mcg of Iodine; from about 20 to about 81 mg of Sodium; from about 80 to about 324 mg of Potassium; and from about 55 to about 195 mg of Chloride; wherein the total caloric content is from about 80 kilocalories to about 300 kilocalories per five fluid ounces. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to refrigeration-shelf-stable ready-to-feed and concentrated infant formulas and products, as defined by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, which are prepared using pasteurization or ultra-pasteurization processes. Infant formula is used as a supplement to or substitute for breast milk when a mother cannot or does not want to breast feed her infant. Ideally, the composition of the infant formula would be exactly the same as the composition of human milk. Nonetheless, because infant formulas are typically made with cow milk (and sometimes soy protein), on a molecular level, these formulas are not the same as human milk. Nonetheless, infant formulas are designed to mimic the formulation of human milk as much as possible. Furthermore, infant formulas should contain nutrients as listed by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 107.100, 1998, as presented in Table 1. The resultant infant formulas can be called "humanized milk", "simulated human milk", "simulated mother milk", "simulated breast milk" and "infant nutritional formula". An infant formula which contains all the essential macronutrients and micronutrients, have heretofore been available only in shelf-stable sterilized products. Sterilized products are generally sold in hermetically sealed containers such as cans and are intended to have a long room temperature shelf-life. Table 2 lists several commercially available shelfstable sterilized infant formulas. Such formulas require expensive processing steps which must be carefully controlled to properly remove microorganisms and bacterial enzymes. As will be discussed further herein, sterilization processes, due to the severity of the heat treatment can cause undesirable physical, chemical, enzymatic and microbial changes which deleteriously affect the final product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06039985__ •

Treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases with help of aspirin, antioxidants, niacin, and certain B vitamins Inventor(s): Rosenbaum; Jerry (Miami, FL), Weissman; Donald L. (P.O. Box 15927, Beverly Hills, CA 90209) Assignee(s): Weissman; Donald L. (beverly Hills, Ca) Patent Number: 6,121,249 Date filed: July 1, 1998 Abstract: Disclosed is the method of reducing the incidence and severity of atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic central nervous system disease, claudication, coronary artery disease, homocystine related disorders, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, presenile dementia and/or restenosis in humans by daily administration of an effective amount of a combination of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), at least one antioxidant, a cyanocobalamin compound (Vitamin B12), a folic acid compound, a pyridoxine compound (Vitamin B6) and a niacin compound. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a combination of aspirin, antioxidant, niacin, and vitamins to prevent cardiovascular diseases, to a daily administration pack for such combination to facilitate the patient's compliance with prescription to take such

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combination, and to the method of treating and preventing cardiovascular diseases with the help of such combination. Cardiovascular disease ranks as the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States today. This year, it is estimated that 1.5 million people will have a heart attack and that one third of those will die as a result of CAD. The American College of Cardiology recently identified other abnormalities as factors for which intervention is likely to lower heart disease risk. Elevated total blood cholesterol is frequently considered a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), but it is important to note that in the Framingham study 80% of CAD patients had the same total cholesterol as those who did not develop CAD. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06121249__ •

Use of vitamin B6 to mitigate visual field defects associated with the use of GABAergic drugs in mammals Inventor(s): Ashby, Jr.; Charles R. (Sound Beach, NY) Assignee(s): Brookhaven Science Associates, Llc (upton, Ny) Patent Number: 6,713,497 Date filed: March 17, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides a method for treating visual field defects in a mammal in need thereof by administering an effective amount of vitamin B6 to the mammal. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods for treating mammals having excess gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system (CNS). The invention is especially aimed at mammals having visual field defects as a result of excess GABA. Certain drugs are known to increase GABA levels in the brain (i.e. GABAergic drugs). These drugs are well known to be effective in the treatment of conditions such as seizure disorders. Recently, it has been discovered that some GABAergic drugs, for example, gamma vinyl GABA (GVG), are also effective for treating and preventing drug addiction. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,057,368 and 6,395,783 to Dewey et al., and pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/189,166, 09/209,952, 09/362,592, and 09/853,548. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06713497__

Patent Applications on Vitamin B6 As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to vitamin B6:

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Agent for dyeing or coloring and simultaneously protecting hair Inventor(s): Hoeffkes, Horst; (Duesseldorf, DE), Kleen, Astrid; (Erkrath, DE), Naumann, Frank; (Duesseldorf, DE) Correspondence: Henkel Corporation; Law Department; Suite 200; 2500 Renaissance BLVD.; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20030135936 Date filed: December 13, 2002 Abstract: There are provided novel preparations for tinting or dyeing hair which contain vitamin B6 derivatives. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C.sctn.365 (c) and.sctn.120 of International Application No. PCT/EP01/06560 filed Jun. 9, 2001 and under.sctn.119 of German Application Nos. 100 30 313.7 filed Jun. 20, 2000 and 101 20 304.7 filed Apr. 26, 2001. This invention relates to a preparation and a process for coloring or tinting and caring for keratin fibers, more particularly human hair, and to the use of vitamin B6 derivatives in a corresponding process. Preparations for tinting and coloring hair are an important type of cosmetic product. They may be used to lighten or darken the natural color of hair according to the wishes of the particular user, to obtain a completely different color or to cover unwanted color tones, for example grays. Conventional hair colorants are formulated either on the basis of oxidation dyes or on the basis of substantive dyes. In many cases, combinations of oxidation dyes and substantive dyes are also used to obtain special shades. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Aminosugar, glycosaminoglycan, and S-adenosylmethionine composition for the treatment and repair of connective tissue Inventor(s): Hammad, Tarek; (Baltimore, MD), Henderson, Robert W.; (Baldwin, MD) Correspondence: Covington & Burling; Patent Docketing; 1201 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW; Washington; DC; 20004-2401; US Patent Application Number: 20020032169 Date filed: April 16, 2001 Abstract: A composition for the protection, treatment and repair and for reducing the inflammation of connective tissue in mammals and a method for the treatment of connective tissue in mammals by the administration of the composition. The composition includes S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM), and a component selected from an aminosugar or salts thereof (e.g., glucosamine) or glycosaminoglycans (e.g., chondroitin salts) or mixtures or fragments thereof. The composition optionally includes manganese which promotes the production of connective tissue matrix. The composition also optionally includes methyl donors or methyl donor cofactors, such as vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folic acid, dimethylglycine or trimethylglycine. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/779,996, filed Dec. 23, 1996, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The present invention relates to compositions for the repair and reduction of inflammation of connective tissue in humans and animals and, in particular, to compositions capable of promoting anti-inflammation, chondroprotection, chondromodulation, chondrostabilization, chondrometabolization

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and the repair and replacement of human and animal connective tissue. The connective tissues of humans and animals are constantly subjected to stresses and strains from mechanical forces and from diseases that can result in afflictions, such as arthritis, joint inflammation and stiffness. Indeed, connective tissue afflictions are quite common, presently affecting millions of Americans. Further, such afflictions can be not only painful but, in their extreme, debilitating. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Anti-inflammatory complex containing flaxseed oil Inventor(s): Maffetone, Philip B.; (St. Augustine, FL) Correspondence: Steptoe & Johnson Llp; 1330 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030077336 Date filed: November 6, 2002 Abstract: A nutritional supplement includes flaxseed oil, ginger, sesame, citrus, garlic, tumeric, vitamins and minerals. The nutritional supplement preferably includes about 400 to 800 mg of flaxseed oil, about 50 to 100 mg of ginger, about 50 to 100 mg of sesame, about 50 to 100 mg of citrus, about 50 to 100 of garlic, about 10 to 30 mg of tumeric, about 6 to 10 mg of Vitamin C, about 1 to 5 IU of Vitamin E, about 0.25 to 1 mg of Vitamin B6, about 0.25 to 1 mg of niacin, about 3 to 6 mg of magnesium, and about 0.25 to 1 mg of zinc. The nutritional supplement may be used in a method of treating inflammation by administering to a patient in need thereof an effective dose of the nutritional supplement. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement containing a variety of naturally occurring substances useful for treating inflammatory conditions. Flaxseed oil contains significant amounts of alpha linolenic acid (ALA), an essential fatty acid. ALA is an omega-3 fatty acid. The body turns ALA to a limited extent into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which requires a variety of vitamins and minerals. EPA and DHA are omega-3 fatty acids also found in fish oil. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Arginine compositions for coordinate modification of multiple cardiovascular risk factors Inventor(s): Babish, John G.; (Brooktondale, NY) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030054978 Date filed: August 29, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods for coordinate reduction of the serum levels of cardiovascular arterial disease risk factors, such as total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL/LDL ratio, triglycerides, homocysteine, and C-reactive protein. The composition comprises an arginine compound and another member selected from high molecular weight aliphatic alcohol or methyl donor cofactor,

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such as folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 or derivatives thereof. The compositions function coordinately to modify multiple serum cardiovascular risk factors. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) from Provisional Application No. 60/316,685, filed on Aug. 31, 2001. The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods for modification of multiple cardiovascular risk factors including serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, homocysteine, and C-reactive protein. In recent years, people have tended to become less physically active and consume food that has high fat content. Such sedentary lifestyles and excessive lipid ingestion cause obesity and, along with it, a variety complications, for instance, heart and circulatory disease, respiratory disease, and diabetes. Significant risk factors for heart and circulatory disease include increases in serum levels of total and LDL cholesterol, LDL to HDL ratios, triglycerides, homocysteine and C-reactive protein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Composition containing statins and calcium for improved cardiovascular health Inventor(s): Bendich, Adrianne; (Parsippany, NJ) Correspondence: Smithkline Beecham Corporation; Corporate Intellectual Property-us, Uw2220; P. O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20040018248 Date filed: May 29, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides a composition for oral administration comprising a mixture of a statin, docosahexaenoic acid "DHA", vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, and calcium together with a suitable carrier. These compositions are particularly useful as dietary supplements administered to reduce the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, such as elevated serum cholesterol levels and high blood pressure. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a dietary supplement, and more particularly, to an oral supplement. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is generally recognized to be the primary killer of men and women in developed countries globally. The cost of these premature deaths is great both to the individuals and their families and to the health care system of the country as a whole. The risk factors for cardiovascular disease are well-recognized and include: higher than average serum cholesterol, elevated levels of LDL; a low level of HDL in proportion to the LDL level; higher than average serum triglycerides; higher levels of lipid oxidation products creating plaques and streaks which cause blockages of coronary arteries. Another CVD risk factor, high blood pressure is also a risk factor for strokes. "Statins" are cholesterol-lowing drugs, which work by blocking an enzyme the liver needs for cholesterol production. There are at least a half-dozen statins available on the market, from a number of different manufacturers. These statins vary somewhat in their potency and ability to lower LDL cholesterol. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Comprehensive pharmacologic therapy for treatment of obesity Inventor(s): Hinz, Martin C.; (Duluth, MN) Correspondence: Vidas, Arrett & Steinkraus, P.A.; 6109 Blue Circle Drive; Suite 2000; Minnetonka; MN; 55343-9185; US Patent Application Number: 20020025972 Date filed: August 30, 2001 Abstract: The comprehensive pharmacologic therapy for treatment of obesity is a procedure which involves the administration of a desired therapeutic range of Diethylpropion and/or Phentermine in combination with a SSRI medication and nutritional supplementation for brief and long durations which may be 12 months or more. The preferred procedure involves the administration of drugs in combination which are identified as: Citalopram (Celexa) and Phentermine; Citalopram (Celexa) and Diethylpropion; Citalopram (Celexa), Phentermine, and Diethylpropion. In addition nutritional supplementation such as a multivitamin, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, vitamin B6, vitamin C, Tyrosine, Calcium, and Lysine may be used to enhance the performance of the weight loss treatment program. Excerpt(s): The medications stop working during therapy where at least 40% to 50% of patients quit losing weight (plateau) on an average of 3.3 months into therapy; and 5% to 8% of patients who receive drug therapy for weight problems experience the complication where the medications fail to assist in appetite suppression where the patient therefore does not lose significant weight. In the past long term treatment, defined as treatment longer than 3 months to many years, with drugs has been a problem due to long term safety issues including, medication intolerability by the patient, medication side effects and most important ineffectiveness of the drugs or the cessation of benefit of the drugs which in turn causes the patient to fall out of appetite suppression and terminate weight loss. A weight loss procedure using SSRI medication is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,895. The potential for patients to obtain goal weight loss under the process of U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,895 is low, and the failure of the drugs to provide a desired level of performance is at the heart of the problem. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Hangover cure Inventor(s): Mirza, M. Ather; (St. James, NY), Mirza, Romi; (St. James, NY) Correspondence: William Collard; Collard & Roe, P.C.; 1077 Northern Boulevard; Roslyn; NY; 11576; US Patent Application Number: 20010043956 Date filed: February 20, 2001 Abstract: A cure for a hangover containing the active ingredient ephedrine in powdered form enclosed in a capsule. In a second embodiment this cure contains ephedrine and charcoal, while in a third embodiment, this cure contains Ephedra, charcoal and Vitamin B6. The use of any one of the three embodiments reduces the symptoms associated with alcohol intoxication and hangovers thereby speeding up recovery. The Ephedra, Vitamin B-6 and charcoal may be combined on a wt. % ratio of 1:2.5:10. The Ephedra may come in the form of Ma Huang having 6% wt. % Ephedra. One type of dosage is in the form of individual capsules having 10 Mg of Ephedra, 25 Mg of Vitamin

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B-6 and 100 Mg of activated charcoal. The recommended dosage would be two capsules so that users who are experiencing a hangover or alcohol related side effects may take up to 20 Mg of Ephedra, 50 Mg of Vitamin B-6 and 200 Mg of activated charcoal. This cure may also consist of a therapeutic method for curing the effects of alcohol consumption wherein this dosage could be taken after the consumption of alcohol. Excerpt(s): The application claims the benefit of the filing date of copending Provisional Application Serial No. 60/183,511, filed Feb. 18, 2000. The invention relates to a hangover cure that is designed to speed the time for recovery for an individual after they have ingested large quantities of alcohol. The term "alcohol" as used herein refers to ethyl alcohol and "alcoholic beverages" and refers to popular spirits or blends that are intended for human consumption. Alcohol intoxication spans a range of blood-ethanol concentrations from 50 mg % at which some impairment of judgment occurs above 400 mg %, which is associated with profound depression of vital physiologic functions, all the way to 600 mg % which leads to death. Approximately 11 million youths under the age of 21 drink alcohol in the United States. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in 1995, a total of $166,543 million was spent in the US on alcohol related matters. For example there was $77,150 million spent due to illness. In addition, there was $34,921 million spent in lost earnings of premature death, $24,752 million spent due to crashes fires and criminal justice, $15,830 spent on medical consequences from drinking, $7,231 lost because of crime, and $6,660 million spent because of specialty drug and alcohol services for Americans. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and preparation for the preventing and/or treating vascular disorders and secondary disorders associated therewith Inventor(s): Hageman, Robert Johan Joseph; (Waddinxveen, NL), Kiliaan, Amanda Johanne; (Wageningen, NL) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20020040058 Date filed: July 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the prevention and/or treatment of vascular disorders and/or secondary disorders associated therewith, such as depression. The method according to the invention comprises the oral administration of a preparation which contains at least the following fractions:a) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids;b) at least two different phospholipids selected from the group consisting of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine andc) one or more compounds which are a factor in methionine metabolism, which compounds are selected from the group consisting of folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, magnesium and zinc or equivalents thereof.The invention also relates to a preparation for oral dosage comprising:at least 120 mg of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids;at least 200 mg phospholipids;at least 200.mu.g folate; andat least 0.1 mg hypericin and/or at least 100 mg extract of Withania somnifera. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the prevention and/or treatment of vascular disorders and secondary disorders associated therewith, such as depression. The invention is also concerned with a preparation that can be used in the

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prevention and/or treatment of the aforementioned disorders. 3. the tunica adventitia which is composed of loosely woven collagen fibers, which are infiltrated by tiny lymphatic and blood vessels. The endothelial cells in the tunica intima are in direct contact with blood and have a barrier function for the underlying tissue. This barrier function includes selective transport of components from blood to the underlying tissue and vice versa, and protection of the underlying tissue. Endothelial cells get easily damaged due to a wide variety of causes like mechanic forces or interaction with stressor components such as classic anaphylatoxins, and components that may occur in the blood, such as homocysteine or components that result from treatment with certain types of drugs (e.g. chemotherapeutics). Vascular permeability can further be increased by a wide variety of humoral- and cell-derived mediators. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods for regulating the condition of mammalian keratinous tissue via topical application of vitamin B6 compositions Inventor(s): Bissett, Donald Lynn; (Hamilton, OH) Correspondence: The Procter & Gamble Company; Intellectual Property Division; Winton Hill Technical Center - Box 161; 6110 Center Hill Avenue; Cincinnati; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030190337 Date filed: March 28, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for regulating the condition of mammalian keratinous tissue wherein the methods each comprise the step of topically applying to the keratinous tissue of a mammal needing such treatment, a safe and effective amount of a skin care composition comprising:a) a safe and effective amount of a vitamin B.sub.6 compound selected from the group consisting of pyridoxine, esters of pyridoxine, amines of pyridoxine, salts of pyridoxine and derivatives thereof, including pyridoxamine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, and pyridoxic acid;b) a safe and effective amount of a skin care active selected from the group consisting of peptides, phytosterol, sugar amines, their derivatives, and combinations thereof; andc) a dermatologically acceptable carrier for the pyridoxine and the skin care active. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of regulating the condition of mammalian keratinous tissue using defined vitamin B.sub.6 compositions wherein the methods include: a) preventing, retarding, and/or treating the appearance of dark under-eye circles and puffy eyes; b) preventing, retarding, and/or treating sallowness of mammalian skin; c) preventing and/or retarding tanning of mammalian skin; d) desquamating, exfoliating, and/or increasing turnover of mammalian skin; e) regulating and/or reducing the size of pores in mammalian skin; f) regulating the oily and/or shiny appearance of mammalian skin; g) preventing, retarding, and/or treating postinflammatory hyperpigmentation; h) preventing, retarding, and/or treating the appearance of cellulite in mammalian skin; i) preventing, retarding, and/or treating the appearance of spider vessels and/or red blotchiness on mammalian skin; j) softening and/or smoothing lips, hair and nails of a mammal; k) preventing, retarding, and/or treating itch of mammalian skin; l) preventing, retarding, and/or treating the appearance of fine lines and/or wrinkles of mammalian skin; m) preventing, retarding, and/or treating the appearance of sagging of mammalian skin; n) preventing, retarding, and/or treating skin atrophy of mammalian skin; and o) preventing, retarding, and/or treating skin dryness. These methods are accomplished via the topical application of

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compositions containing specific vitamin B.sub.6 compositions to the skin of a mammal needing such treatments. Currently, there are a number of personal care products that are available to consumers, which are directed toward improving the health and physical appearance of keratinous tissues such as the skin, hair, and nails. The majority of these products are directed to delaying, minimizing or even eliminating skin wrinkling and other histological changes typically associated with the aging of skin or environmental damage to human skin. There are no products, however, that have proven effects in prevention or treatment of sagging or sallowness of the skin (which occur with chronological skin aging and which occur on face and other body sites). Mammalian keratinous tissue, particularly human skin, is subjected to a variety of insults by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Such extrinsic factors include ultraviolet radiation, environmental pollution, wind, heat, infrared radiation, low humidity, harsh surfactants, abrasives, etc. Intrinsic factors, on the other hand, include chronological aging and other biochemical changes from within the skin. Whether extrinsic or intrinsic, these factors result in visible signs of skin damage. Typical skin damage includes thinning of the skin, which occurs naturally as one ages. With such thinning, there is a reduction in the cells and blood vessels that supply the skin as well as a flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction that results in weaker mechanical resistance of this junction. See, for example, Oikarinen, "The Aging of Skin: Chronoaging Versus Photoaging," Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., vol. 7, pp. 3-4, 1990. Other damage or changes seen in aging or damaged skin includes sallowness, sagging, dark under-eye circles, puffy eyes, enlarged pores, diminished rate of turnover, and abnormal desquamation or exfoliation. Additional damage incurred as a result of both external and internal factors includes visible dead skin (i.e., flaking, scaling, dryness, roughness). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Mineral fortified water Inventor(s): Mehansho, Haile; (Fairfield, OH), Mellican, Renee Irvine; (Bradenton, FL), Monsalve Marcano, Adrian; (Cincinnati, OH), Nunes, Raul Victorino; (Loveland, OH) Correspondence: The Procter & Gamble Company; Intellectual Property Division; Winton Hill Technical Center - Box 161; 6110 Center Hill Avenue; Cincinnati; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20040058034 Date filed: September 19, 2002 Abstract: A water composition that is fortified with at least one mineral and has a pH between about 2.5 and 9.5. The water composition has a redox potential that satisfies the following equation:0.gtoreq.RP-(A-B*pH)wherein RP is the redox potential in millivolts of the mineral-containing water composition, pH is the pH of the mineral-containing water composition, A is 400 and B is 20. The mineral is preferably selected from calcium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, magnesium, and mixtures of these. Moreover, the mineral-fortified water composition is preferably substantially free of flavor or sweetener compounds. Even more preferably, the water composition has no metallic taste or after-taste, a Hunter colorimetric "b" reading of less than 5.0, and an NTU turbidity value of less than 5.0. The mineral-fortified water composition may optionally contain other nutrients and vitamins, for example, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin, thiamin, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, vitamin B 12, folic acid, selenium, and pantathonic acid.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to water compositions supplemented with minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, magnesium, and mixtures thereof, or mixtures of two or more of these compounds that have excellent bioavailability. The water containing the minerals, especially iron and zinc compounds, does not have an off-flavor/aftertaste, is stable, and overcomes the problem of discoloration, precipitation and/or poor bioavailability caused by the addition of these minerals to water. The compositions can also optionally include vitamins, and other nutrients. In many countries, the average diet does not contain sufficient levels of necessary minerals and nutrients, such as, iron, zinc, iodine, vitamin A or the B vitamins. Iron deficiency is well documented, it is one of the few nutritional deficiencies in the U.S., and it is common in most developing countries. Recent evidence suggests that nutritional zinc deficiency may be common among the people of many developing countries where they subsist on diets of plant origin (e.g. cereal and legume). Marginal mineral deficiencies may be widespread even in the U.S. because of self-imposed dietary restrictions, use of alcohol and cereal proteins, and the increasing use of refined foods that decrease the intake of trace minerals. Many mineral deficiencies can be overcome by taking supplements. Other methods of addressing these deficiencies include increasing the intake of foods naturally containing these minerals or fortifying food and beverage products. Usually, in countries where the people suffer from these deficiencies, the economy is such that providing minerals and vitamins as a supplement is expensive and presents significant distribution logistics problems. In addition, compliance, i.e., having the people take the vitamin and mineral supplements on a daily basis, is a serious problem. Accordingly, the delivery of minerals along with other vitamins and nutrients in a form that has high bioavailability and at the same time a non-objectionable taste and appearance, and in a form that would be consumed by a high proportion of the population at risk is desirable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Multi-vitamin and hormone replacement supplement Inventor(s): Fox, Dorothy Jean; (Chesapeake, VA), Schloss, Caroline Maxine; (Knotts Island, NC) Correspondence: Kimberly A Chasteen; Williams Mullen Clark & Dobbins; One Iod Oyster Point Road; Suite 210; Newport News; VA; 23602 Patent Application Number: 20030096018 Date filed: September 23, 2002 Abstract: A supplement is disclosed for use by naturally or surgically menopausal women. The supplement includes: Estrogen, Selenium, Zinc, Chromium, Calcium, Copper, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Iodine, Beta Carotene, Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, Iron, Pantothenic Acid, and Biotin. The supplement provides hormone replacement therapy along with nutritional supplements. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a pharmaceutical supplement for menopausal women and more specifically to a pharmaceutical supplement which combines the hormone estrogen with daily supplemental vitamins to treat menopausal women and women who have undergone complete hysterectomies as more fully set forth in the below specifications, drawings and claims. It is well known that estrogen is critical to a woman's health in that it helps to protect the cardiovascular system, helps protect against bone loss and aids mental sharpness. At menopause or subsequent to a

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complete hysterectomy, the estrogen levels decline significantly thus, the protective aspects of estrogen are significantly reduced for these women. Because heart disease is a major cause of death in women, this creates an increased risk for menopausal and posthysterectomy women. Further, loss of the protection against bone loss can lead to osteoporosis, another major problem for these women. The impairment of cognitive abilities can be another side effect of the significant estrogen loss suffered in menopause or post-hysterectomy. Additional side effects have been linked to reduced estrogen levels such as urinary incontinence and weight gain. Many women are treated with hormone replacement therapy to help reduce these symptoms. The treatment generally consists of supplemental estrogen. This reduces the problems noted above, heart disease, bone loss, loss of cognitive ability, urinary incontinence, weight gain, as well as other well-known symptoms such as hot flashes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Novel coupling component for oxidative hair dyes Inventor(s): Hoeffkes, Horst; (Duesseldrof, DE), Kleen, Astrid; (Erkrath, DE), Meinigke, Bernd; (Leverkusen, DE), Naumann, Frank; (Duesseldorf, DE) Correspondence: Henkel Corporation; 2500 Renaissance Blvd; Ste 200; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20030167578 Date filed: December 9, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for dyeing keratin fibers, especially human hair. The inventive method comprises the following steps: optionally applying a pretreatment agent M1 to the fiber, using a dye M2 on the fiber which is optionally mixed immediately before application to the fiber from a component M2a, containing at least one oxidative dye pre-product of the developer type and/or an indole and/or indole derivative and a component M2b, containing an oxidative dye and/or an enzyme. If desired, a third agent M3 is added to the individual agents M2a or M2b before mixing them or to the mixture M2, and said dye M2 is rinsed from the fiber after a period of 5-10 minutes. At least one of the agents M1, M2a, M2b or M3 contains a compound from the vitamin B6 group. The invention further relates to hair pretreatment agents, to agents for dyeing keratin fibers, to their packing in corresponding kits and to the use thereof. The inventive compounds of the vitamin B6 group and their physiologically acceptable salts are useful as coupling components in the production of oxidative dyes that contain conventional developer and/or coupling compounds and/or indole and/or indole derivatives in a substrate appropriate for dyeing. The inventive compounds are further useful as active substances that improve the hair structure. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to processes for coloring keratin fibers in which at least one pyridoxine, pyridoxal or pyridoxamine derivative is used, to colorants containing such compounds and to kits for use in the process according to the invention. Keratin fibers in the context of the invention are understood to include pelts, wool, feathers and, in particular, human hair. Nowadays, human hair is treated in many different ways with hair-care preparations. Such treatments include, for example, the cleaning of hair with shampoos, the care and regeneration of hair with rinses and conditioners and the bleaching, coloring and shaping of hair with coloring and tinting formulations, wave formulations and styling preparations. Among these, formulations for modifying or shading the color of the hair play a prominent role. Colorants or tints containing

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substantive dyes as their coloring component are normally used for temporary colors. Substantive dyes are based on dye molecules which are directly absorbed onto the hair and do not require an oxidative process for developing the color. Dyes such as these include, for example, henna which has been used since ancient times for coloring the body and hair. Corresponding colors are generally sensitive to shampooing so that an often unwanted change of shade or even a visible "decoloration" can occur. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nutritional composition for treating an immune condition Inventor(s): Cavadini, Claude; (Mont-Sur-Rolle VD, CH), Haschke, Ferdinand; (Grunwald, DE), Jaussan, Veronique; (Vincennes, FR), Schiffrin, Eduardo; (Crissier, CH), Spivey-Krobath, Evelyn; (Savigny, CH) Correspondence: Winston & Strawn; Patent Department; 1400 L Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20040005305 Date filed: May 13, 2003 Abstract: A nutritional composition is described for prevention or treatment of an immune condition. The composition includes at least vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, copper, zinc, selenium, fructo-oligosaccharides and/or gum acacia, a probiotic lactic acid bacterium. For example, in an embodiment it comprises per 300 g: 150 IU Vitamin E, 120 mg Vitamin C, 2 mg Vitamin B6, 400 ug Folic acid, 3.8 ug Vitamin B12, 1.5 mg Copper, 15 mg Zinc, 100 ug Selenium, 3 g Fructooligosaccharides and/or gum acacia, 10E10 cfu ST11 lactobacillus. Also disclosed are a method for making the nutritional composition, a method for manufacturing a functional food or medicament; and a method of prevention or treatment of an immune condition by administering an effective amount of the composition, functional food or medicament. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of the US national phase of International application PCT/EP01/13302 filed Nov. 14, 2001, the content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto. The present invention relates to a nutritional composition for prevention or treatment of an immune condition, a method of production of the composition, use of the composition in the manufacture of a functional food or medicament for the prevention or treatment of an immune condition and a method of treatment of an immune condition which comprises administering an effective amount of the composition. At the turn of the century, Americans older than 65 years old accounted for 4% of the US population. Currently, they account for greater than 12% of the population. However, although they only account for 12% of the US population, they account for greater than 40% of acute hospital bed days, buy greater than 30% of all prescription drugs and spend 30% of the US health budget. Furthermore, it has been estimated that in 2030, greater than 70 million Americans (1:5) will be over the age of 65, and those over 85 are expected to experience the highest percentage increase of all age groups. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Nutritional preparation comprising ribose and medical use thereof Inventor(s): Hageman, Robert Johan Joseph; (Waddinxveen, NL), Smeets, Rudolf Leonardus Lodewijk; (Waddinxveen, NL), Verlaan, George; (Wageningen, NL) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20020183263 Date filed: June 25, 2002 Abstract: Trauma, surgery, inflammation, subfertility, pregnancy, lactation problems, gut disorders, infant nutrition, cancer, arthritis and other joint problems, vascular problems and cardio-or cerebro-vascular problems, ischaemia, aging, impaired immune function, burns, sepsis, malnutrition, problems with liver, pancreas or kidneys, malaria, cystic fibrosis, migraine, neurological problems, respiratory infections, improvement of sports results, muscle soreness, drug intoxication and pain can be treated with a nutritional composition containing effective amounts of ribose and folic acid, optionally combined with other components such as niacin, histidine, glutamine, orotate, vitamin B6 and other components. Excerpt(s): The invention is related to nutritional, pharmaceutical, or dietetic preparations that comprise ribose or folic acid or functional analogs thereof and the use of these compositions in the prevention or treatment of specific diseases that are related to disorders or insufficient of total nucleotide metabolism. Nucleotides are heterocyclic compounds that occur in all mammals. Nucleotides consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a sugar unit and one to three phosphate groups. The major purine bases that occur in the human body are adenine (6-aminopurine), guanine (2-amino-6-hydroxypurine), hypoxanthine (6-hydroxypurine) and xanthine (2,6-dihydroxypurine); the major pyrimidines are uracil (2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine), cytosine (2,4-dihydroxy-5methylpyrimidine) and thymine (4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidi- ne). The sugar moiety can be ribose (in ribonucleosides) or 2-deoxyribose. The sugar moiety is connected to the base through a.beta.-N-glycosidic bond at N9 of the base; the phosphate groups are connected to the sugar moiety through the 3' or 5' position. When the phosphate groups are split from nucleotides compounds called nucleosides are formed. For the purpose of this document, total nucleotide metabolism (TNM) is defined as the combination of all biochemical pathways in which nucleotides, their precursors and metabolites are directly involved as main ingredients and that occur in the body of mammals. The pathways include the synthetic routes for purines and pyrimidines, both de novo and salvage pathways, starting from carbamoyl phosphate and 5-phosphoribosyl-1pyrophosphate (PRPP), respectively. They also include the interconversions of the various nucleotides into each other, the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions of respectively nucleosides and nucleotides and the catabolic pathways of nucleotides to the compounds that are cleared from the body. They do not include the further reactions of phosphoric groups thus split off from the phosphorylated nucleotides. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Oxazolidinone cotherapy Inventor(s): Dupuis, Michael J.; (Mattawan, MI), Herberg, John T.; (Portage, MI), Martin, Joseph Patrick JR.; (Richland, MI) Correspondence: Pharmacia & Upjohn; 301 Henrietta ST; 0228-32-law; Kalamazoo; MI; 49007; US Patent Application Number: 20030171331 Date filed: January 21, 2003 Abstract: The present invention describes a novel cotherapy of oxazolidinones and at least one vitamin selected from vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the following provisional application(s): No. 60/351,628, filed Jan. 25, 2002, under 35 USC 119(e)(i). The present invention relates to a novel cotherapy which involves coadministration of oxazolidinone and at least one vitamin selected from the group consisting of vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid. Furthermore, the invention refers to a respective pharmaceutical composition and a respective medical kit. Oxazolidinones are a wellknown class of drugs which have been employed in a variety of applications. They are especially useful as antimicrobials with potent activity against a number of human and veterinary pathogens, including Gram-positive aerobic bacteria such as multiplyresistant staphylococci and streptococci, anaerobic organisms such as bacteroides and clostridia species, and acid-fast organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium. More recently oxazolidinones demonstrating a useful level of activity against aerobic Gram-negative organisms such as Haemophilus influenza and Moraxella catarrhalis have also been described. For example, antibacterial oxazolidinones and methods for their preparation are described in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,565; 5,182,403; 5,164,510; 5,247,090; 5,231,188; 5,565,571; 5,668,286; 5,547,950; 5,952,324; 5,968,962; 5,688,792; 6,069,160; 6,239,152; 5,792,765; 4,705,799; 5,043,443; 5,652,238; 5,827,857; 5,529,998; 5,684,023; 5,627,181; 5,698,574; 6,166,056; 6,051,716; 6,255,304; 6,043,266; 6,313,307; and 5,523,403 as well as in the PCT Applications WO94/0110, WO95/07271, WO95/25106, WO96/13502, WO96/35691, WO97/09328, WO97/09328, WO97/10235, WO97/10223, WO97/19089, WO97/21708, WO97/30981, WO96/15130, WO96/23788, WO98/54161, WO99/29688, WO97/30995, WO97/09328, WO95/07271, WO00/21960, WO01/40236, WO99/64417, and WO01/81350. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Serotonin and catecholamine system segment optimization technology Inventor(s): Hinz, Martin C.; (Duluth, MN) Correspondence: Joel D. Skinner, JR.; Skinner And Associates; 212 Commercial ST.; Hudson; WI; 54016; US Patent Application Number: 20030181509 Date filed: March 21, 2003 Abstract: A method of treating neurotransmitter dysfunction in a patient. The method includes the step of administering an amino acid precursor of a catecholamine in a balanced and effective therapeutic range. The catecholamine precursor is preferably Ldopa, but may alternatively be tyrosine, D,L-Phenylalanine or an active isomer thereof, and N-acetyl-L-tyrosine or other amino acid precursor of L-dopa. An amino acid

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precursor of serotonin in an effective therapeutic range, is also administered. The serotonin precursor is preferably 5-HTP, but may alternatively be tryptophan. At least one cofactor is also preferably administered. Cofactor options include Vitamin B6, Vitamin C, Calcium, Folate, and Cysteine. A method of periodic administration and patient checking is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) of co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/366,983, filed Mar. 21, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference. A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the US Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. Not applicable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Structure-improving hair care agents Inventor(s): Brabaender, Oliver; (Oberhausen, DE), Hoeffkes, Horst; (Duesseldorf, DE), Kleen, Astrid; (Erkrath, DE), Naumann, Frank; (Duesseldorf, DE) Correspondence: Henkel Corporation; Law Department; Suite 200; 2500 Renaissance BLVD.; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20030113280 Date filed: December 6, 2002 Abstract: There are provided topical hair care compositions for improving the structure and strength of hair keratin and the fastness to washing of hair colors which contain vitamin B6 derivatives of the formula (1) or physiologically compatible salts thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of compounds belonging to the group of vitamin B6 and derivatives thereof for improving the structure and strength of hair keratin and the fastness to washing of hair colors in preparations for topical application. Hair keratin is structurally damaged by regular treatment with alkaline, strongly reducing or oxidizing chemicals, for example in permanent waving, coloring or bleaching of the hair. Such damage is reflected in a weight loss, in a reduction in the melting point of the keratin and in increasing fragility, poor combability and a deterioration in the hold and body of the hair. In addition, structurally damaged hair is often dull and lackluster in appearance. To overcome this drawback, structureimproving additives, for example formaldehyde and formaldehyde donors, S-acetyl succinanhydride, ammonium vinyl phosphonate, ammonium phosphate, boric acid, oxazolidines, reducing sugars, tocopherols or so-called onic acids (for example gluconic acid), have already been added to hair-care preparations. Although such additives are effective to a certain extent, their effect on seriously damaged hair is still unsatisfactory. Accordingly, there was still a need to find structure-improving additives for hair which would be suitable for treating the hair after permanent waving or coloring processes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Synergistic pharmaceutical combinations for treating obesity Inventor(s): Law, Michael Y.; (Chattanooga, TN), Riker, Donald K.; (Chattanooga, TN) Correspondence: Douglas T. Johnson; Miller & Martin Llp; 1000 Volunteer Building; 832 Georgia Avenue; Chattanooga; TN; 37402; US Patent Application Number: 20030187055 Date filed: February 25, 2003 Abstract: This invention relates to a novel composition which contains 5hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) with or without Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) as a cofactor in combination with (-)hydroxycitric acid (HCA). This composition may be used for the treatment of obesity or appetite suppression. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional application Ser. No. 60/359,919 filed Feb. 25, 2002. This invention relates to a novel composition which contains 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) with or without Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) as a cofactor in combination with (-)hydroxycitric acid (HCA) and a method for the treatment of obesity and appetite suppression. Studies have documented that substances which increase brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), such as fenfluramine, are effective anorectic agents to help obese patients lose weight and to decrease cravings for sweets and carbohydrates. 5-Hydroxytryptophan, abbreviated 5HTP, is the immediate precursor of 5-HT. An effect of administering 5-HTP is to increase brain 5-HT. Previous studies in animals and humans have established that oral administration of 5-HTP increases brain 5-HT. It is desirable to have such an anorectic agent for human therapy which does not present the well-known unwanted and often dangerous effects typical of amphetamine and fenfluramine or their congeners, ranging from nausea and insomnia to hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Synergistic pharmaceutical combinations for treating obesity with EGCG Inventor(s): Law, Michael Y.; (Chattanooga, TN), Riker, Donald K.; (Chattanooga, TN) Correspondence: Douglas T. Johnson; Miller & Martin Llp; 1000 Volunteer Building; 832 Georgia Avenue; Chattanooga; TN; 37402; US Patent Application Number: 20030162725 Date filed: February 24, 2003 Abstract: This invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical composition which contains 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) with or without Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) as a cofactor in combination with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and caffeine. This pharmaceutical composition may be used for the treatment of obesity or appetite suppression. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional application Ser. No. 60/360,199 filed Feb. 25, 2002. This invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical composition which contains 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) with or without Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) as a cofactor in combination with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and caffeine and a method for the treatment of obesity and appetite suppression. Studies have documented that medications which increase brain serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), such as fenfluramine, are effective anorectic agents to help obese patients lose weight and to decrease cravings for sweets and carbohydrates. 5-

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Hydroxytryptophan, abbreviated 5-HTP, is the immediate precursor of 5-HT. A goal of treatment with 5-HTP is to increase brain 5-HT. Previous studies in animals and humans have established that oral administration of 5-HTP increases brain 5-HT. It is desirable to have such an anorectic agent for human therapy which does not present the wellknown unwanted and often dangerous effects typical of amphetamine and fenfluramine or their congeners, ranging from nausea and insomnia to hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Treatment of dry eye syndrome Inventor(s): Kaufman, Richard; (Marina Del Rey, CA), Thornton, Spencer P.; (Nashville, TN), Troyer, Ellen M.; (Sausalito, CA), Whiting, K. Steven; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Thomas M. Freiburger; 25th Floor; 650 California Street; San Francisco; CA; 94108; US Patent Application Number: 20020095000 Date filed: December 28, 2001 Abstract: Dry-eye syndrome and other dryness effects of glandular malfunction are treated orally by a combination which includes a source of omega-3 fatty acid, a source of omega-6 fatty acid, vitamin A, vitamin B6, a source of magnesium and a watersoluble antioxidant. The preparation preferably is contained in a capsule. In a preferred form of the preparation and of the method, the preparation also includes mucin and cold water fish oil. The fatty acids preferably are contained in blackcurrant seed oil, and the water-soluble antioxidant is preferably in the form of vitamin C. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns generally the treatment of disease, and more particularly the treatment of human glandular function disorders involving oil and mucus secreting glands and/or tear secreting (lacrimal) glands leading to dryness in the eyes, mouth or other areas. Dry-eye syndrome is a common condition affecting approximately one in five Americans. It is characterized by symptoms including dry, irritated eyes, excessively watery eyes, burning and stinging, a foreign body sensation, and blurred vision. Despite the diverse causes of dry eye syndrome, in all dry eye conditions the ocular surface epithelium undergoes squamous metaplasia, manifested by loss of goblet cells, mucin deficiency and keratinization. These changes result in tear film instability, which leads to the clinical symptoms of dry eye syndrome. Human tears are produced by the lacrimal glands. Tears are distributed by blinking, undergo evaporation from the ocular surface, and drain through the nasal lacrimal duct. An abnormality in any of these processes can cause dry eye. For example, Sjogren's Syndrome is caused by damage to the lacrimal gland, which disables the reflex aqueous tear production process. Meibomian gland dysfunction, or MGD, alters the oily layer in tears, causing increased evaporation. The tears comprise three layers, only one of which is the aqueous saline layer. A layer of mucin, a slimy substance produced by the goblet cells, coats the corneal epithelium. The aqueous tear layer, produced by the lacrimal gland and approximately 0.9% saline, floats on the mucin layer. Outside the aqueous tear layer is an oil layer which protects the tears, this oil being produced by glands located in the eyelid. This oil is actually an aqueous-lipid mixture, a thin, fine film which floats on top of the tears and limits evaporation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Vitamin B metabolism proteins Inventor(s): Cahoon, Rebecca E.; (Wilmington, DE), Falco, Saverio Carl; (Wilmington, DE), Rafalski, J. Antoni; (Wilmington, DE) Correspondence: E I DU Pont DE Nemours And Company; Legal Patent Records Center; Barley Mill Plaza 25/1128; 4417 Lancaster Pike; Wilmington; DE; 19805; US Patent Application Number: 20020124276 Date filed: February 20, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid fragment encoding a vitamin B6 metabolic enzyme. The invention also relates to the construction of a chimeric gene encoding all or a portion of the vitamin B6 metabolic enzyme, in sense or antisense orientation, wherein expression of the chimeric gene results in production of altered levels of the vitamin B6 metabolic enzyme in a transformed host cell. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/096,342, filed Aug. 12, 1998. This invention is in the field of plant molecular biology. More specifically, this invention pertains to nucleic acid fragments encoding proteins involved in vitamin B6 metabolism in plants and seeds. Vitamins are organic nutrients required in small quantities for a variety of biochemical functions. Vitamins, generally, can not be synthesized by the body and must therefore be supplied by the diet. Besides being water soluble, vitamins in the B complex have little in common from the chemical point of view. Excess B vitamins are rarely accumulated or stored and thus must be provided regularly. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Vitamin B6 derivatives as protective components in the oxidative treatment of hair Inventor(s): Kleen, Astrid; (Erkrath, DE) Correspondence: Henkel Corporation; 2500 Renaissance Blvd; Ste 200; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20030143167 Date filed: December 13, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of vitamin B6 derivatives, preferably pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine for prevention of damage to keratin fibres. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of vitamin B6 derivatives for reducing the damage to keratinous fibers, especially human hair, by oxidative processes. The invention also relates to preparations for the oxidative treatment of hair, more particularly for the blonding of hair, which contain vitamin B6 derivatives as structurestabilizing component and to a process for the oxidative treatment of keratin fibers. Keratin fibers in the context of the present invention are understood to include pelts, wool, feathers and, in particular, human hair. Nowadays, human hair is treated in many different ways with hair-care preparations. Such treatments include, for example, the cleaning of hair with shampoos, the care and regeneration of hair with rinses and conditioners and the bleaching, coloring and shaping of hair with coloring and tinting formulations, wave formulations and styling preparations. The oxidative treatment of hair is an essential step in the permanent coloring of hair with oxidation colorants, in the blonding of hair and in the permanent shaping of hair. The blonding or decoloring of

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hair is achieved by oxidation of the natural hair pigments or by oxidation of the artificial hair dye. The basic principles of blonding processes are known to the expert and are comprehensively described in relevant monographs, for example by K. Schrader in "Grundlagen und Rezepturen der Kosmetika", 2nd Edition, 1989, Dr. Alfred Huthig Verlag, Heidelberg, and by W. Umbach (Ed.) in "Kosmetik", 2nd Edition, 1995, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart/New York. Besides their desired decoloring effect, blonding preparations can damage the structure of hair keratin, particularly if they are used frequently. The hair is in danger of more serious damage when it is exposed to the effect of so-called booster components, such as ammonium peroxodisulfate for example, which can be dissolved in relatively high concentrations in the final preparations. Such damage is reflected in increasing fragility, poor combability and a deterioration in the hold and body of the hair. In addition, structurally damaged hair is often dull and lackluster in appearance. These problems should be tackled with structure-improving additives, for example in the blonding process in which the additives are advantageously a constituent of the blonding preparation itself. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with vitamin B6, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on vitamin B6. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning vitamin B6. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON VITAMIN B6 Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to vitamin B6. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on vitamin B6 include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on vitamin B6: •

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Other Disorders of the Median Nerve Source: Wolburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1993. 377 p. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Wolburn, MA 01801. (800) 366-2665. PRICE: $100.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0750692294. Summary: This book for health professionals presents an overview of carpal tunnel syndrome and other disorders of the median nerve. The first two chapters describe the anatomy of the median nerve and review the evolution of understanding of carpal tunnel syndrome. These are followed by chapters on the common symptoms and physical findings in carpal tunnel syndrome, the diagnosis of those conditions that are most likely to be confused with carpal tunnel syndrome or the conditions that carpal tunnel syndrome might mimic, and the relationship of carpal tunnel syndrome to other medical conditions. Other topics addressed in subsequent chapters include the use of

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electrodiagnostic methods for evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome, the interpretation of electrodiagnostic findings in carpal tunnel syndrome, the use of quantitative sensory testing and thermography for evaluating sensory phenomena of positive character and dysfunction of small caliber fiber systems, and the role of imaging in the evaluation of carpal tunnel. In addition, chapters discuss the pathologic, physiologic, and clinical correlations of acute and chronic mechanical nerve injury; the controversy over the role of activities or occupations in causing carpal tunnel syndrome; and the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with splinting, steroid injections, vitamin B6 therapy, diuretics, anti-inflammatories, and surgery. Final chapters focus on median nerve causalgia, median neuropathy proximal and distal to the carpal tunnel, and tumors of the median nerve. It also includes numerous figures, tables, and references. •

Nutrient Values Source: Fremont, MI: Gerber Products Company. 1992. 75 p. Contact: Available from Gerber Products Company. 445 State Street, Fremont, MI 49413. (800) 4-GERBER. PRICE: Single copy free. Order Number 55-77 Rev 692. Summary: This book presents analytical nutrition information for Gerber food products available in 1992. Foods are grouped as follows: Gerber formula, 1st Foods, 2nd Foods, 3rd Foods, Tropical Foods, Graduates Foods, and Chunky Foods. For each food the average nutrient values per 100 grams (7 tablespoons) are listed, including calories, protein, carbohydrate, fat, total solids, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin C. Also listed are the nutrient values per jar or serving (the weight, calories, protein, carbohydrates, and fat are noted) as well as the percent of U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances for Infants.

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NutriBase Nutrition Facts Desk Reference Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group. 1995. 789 p. Contact: Available from Avery Publishing Group. 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (800) 548-5757, ext. 123. Fax (516) 742-1892. PRICE: $17.95. ISBN: 0895296233. Summary: This book provides comprehensive nutritional information about a wide range of foods, both generic and brand name, raw and prepared. Part One is an A to Z reference to the general nutrients provided by foods. In this section are listed the amount of calories, protein, carbohydrates, sodium, fiber, fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, as well as the percentage of calories that come from fat. Part Two is an A to Z reference to the vitamins and minerals provided by foods. This section states the amount of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and zinc. Part Three is an A to Z reference to the nutrient values of various types of fast food. In this section, foods are listed alphabetically under the name of the restaurant chain, and each food item is accompanied by the amounts of the general nutrients found in that item. All of the foods are listed alphabetically, and for convenience similar foods have been grouped together in categories, such as Baby Foods, Breads, Candies, Cereals, Cheese, Cookies, Pasta, and Sauces. The book includes an introduction to dietary health and food guidelines; a list of abbreviations is also provided.

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Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “vitamin B6” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “vitamin B6” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “vitamin B6” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Chemical and Biological Aspects of Vitamin B6 Catalysis by A. E. Evangelopoulos (Editor), A. E. Vangelopoulos (Editor); ISBN: 0471833665; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471833665/icongroupinterna

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EVANGELOPOULOS CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS O F VITAMIN B6 CATALYSIS by AE EVANGELOPOULOS; ISBN: 0845101447; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845101447/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Vitamin B6 In order to find chapters that specifically relate to vitamin B6, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and vitamin B6 using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on vitamin B6: •

Oral Manifestations of Nutritional Disorders Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 355-357. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This brief chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses the oral manifestations of nutritional disorders. Disorders covered include deficiencies of vitamin A, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), nicotinic acid, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), B12, folic acid, and vitamin C; iron deficiency; zinc deficiency; and protein deficiency. For each topic, the authors describe the clinical features. The authors note that the most common causes of vitamin deficiency today include starvation (common in many parts of the world; in the West, it is seen mainly in terminal cancer patients); malnutrition, especially among the poor, elderly, and homeless; and gastrointestinal disease with malabsorption. Treatment for all vitamin deficiencies is obvious: a wellbalanced diet and vitamin supplements. Except for patients with malabsorption, oral supplementation with ordinary multivitamins suffices. 2 references. (AA-M).

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Vitamins and Minerals Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 7-14. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: This chapter on vitamins and minerals is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter, the authors emphasize that vitamins are essential to the proper functioning of the body and they must be eaten in sufficient quantities to maintain health. The authors describe Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and several new categories of recommendations being developed under the heading of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowance, Adequate Intake (AI), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The authors then discuss water soluble vitamins, including vitamin B1 (thiamin), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), folate or folic acid, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), vitamin C, and biotin. The chapter then addresses the fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K; and minerals, including calcium, iron, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, fluoride, and chromium. For each vitamin or mineral, the authors note good food sources for obtaining that nutrient.

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Wilson Disease Source: in Complete Directory for Pediatric Disorders. Millerton, NY: Grey House Publishing, Inc. 2002. p. 827-829. Contact: Available from Grey House Publishing, Inc. 185 Millerton Road, Millerton, NY 12546. Website: www.greyhouse.com. PRICE: $165.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1930956614. Summary: This entry, from a directory of pediatric disorders, describes Wilson disease, a genetic disorder in which a defect in copper metabolism causes an abnormal accumulation of copper in the liver, brain, kidneys, corneas, and other tissues of the body. The entry describes the symptoms, pathology, genetics, and treatment of Wilson disease. The disorder is often characterized by progressive liver disease, degenerative changes of the brain, kidney failure, and the presence of characteristic rings at the outer margins of the corneas (Kayser-Fleischer rings). Wilson disease is a progressive disorder in which the age at onset may vary from patient to patient (some beginning in early childhood, more commonly beginning in mid-adolescence). The treatment of individuals with Wilson disease often consists of administration of penicillamine, a medication that binds with copper and enables it to be excreted from the body. The treatment is accompanied by supplementation of vitamin B6. The entry concludes with a reference to organizations that may be helpful (listed in the General Resources Section of the book), the addresses of related websites, national associations and support groups, and the citations for related printed materials.

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Urine Tests: Examining the Body's Excess Fluids Source: in Shaw, M., et al., eds. Everything You Need to Know About Medical Tests. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 549-616. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. Attention: Trade and Textbook Department, 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477-0908. (800) 3313170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 646-8716. PRICE: $24.95 (as of 1995). ISBN: 0874348234. Summary: This lengthy chapter, from a consumer handbook about medical practice and disease, presents information on urine tests used for diagnosis. Written in a question and answer format, the chapter discusses urine tests for these functions, diseases, and substances: kidney stones, kidney function, phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys, amylase, arysulfatase A, lysozyme, aldosterone, Cushing's syndrome, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, estrogens, pregnancy, placental estriol, pregnanetriol, vanillylmandelic acid, homovanillic acid, hydroxyindoleacetic acid, pregnanediol, proteins, Bence Jones protein, amino acid disorders, creatinine, creatinine clearance by the kidneys, urea clearance by the kidneys, uric acid, hemoglobin, myoglobin, porphyrins, delta-aminolevulinic acid, bilirubin, urobilinogen, sugar, glucose, ketones, vitamin B6, vitamin C, sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphates, magnesium, and iron. For each test discussed, the authors provide information about why the test is done, how the test is performed, what to do before the test, and what the results indicate.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON VITAMIN B6 Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover vitamin B6.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on vitamin B6 is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to vitamin B6. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “vitamin B6” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for vitamin B6: •

Plasma vitamin B6 levels correlate inversely with rheumatoid arthritis severity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 23, 2003

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Vitamin B6 helps quell neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 14, 2001

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Dieting mothers who breast-feed may need vitamin B6 supplements Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 18, 2001

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Dieting moms who breast-feed may need vitamin B6 Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 17, 2001

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Beer consumption raises vitamin B6 levels Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 28, 2000

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High intake of mono- and polyunsaturated fat, vitamin B6 may increase ulcerative colitis risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 21, 2000

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Vitamin B6 reduces nausea and vomiting in pregnancy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 27, 1999

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Vitamin B6 may reduce nausea and vomiting in pregnancy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 24, 1999

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Adjunctive vitamin B6 appears to alleviate symptoms of tardive dyskinesia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 09, 1999

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Vitamin B6 may relieve PMS Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 21, 1999

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Benefits "likely" from vitamin B6 in premenstrual syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 21, 1999

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Vitamin B6 may reduce heart disease risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 20, 1998

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UK politicians ask government to drop proposed restrictions on vitamin B6 Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 24, 1998

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Low Vitamin B6 Or Folate Levels Associated With Atherosclerosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 10, 1998

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High Intakes Of Folate, Vitamin B6 Reduce Women's Risk Of CHD Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 04, 1998

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Vitamin B6 Supplements May Relieve Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 16, 1997

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Role Of Vitamin B6 In Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questioned Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 28, 1996

Periodicals and News

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Vitamin B6 Deficiency Not A Cause Of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 10, 1996

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Normal Homocysteine Levels And Vitamin B6 Deficiency May Raise CHD Risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 15, 1995

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “vitamin B6” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to vitamin B6, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “vitamin B6” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on vitamin B6: •

With Age, Calorie Needs Go Down but Nutrient Needs Go Up Source: Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter. 16(10):4-5. December 1998. Contact: Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter, 53 Park Place, New York, NY 10007. Summary: This article discusses the changing nutritional needs of older individuals. While caloric requirements drop with age, nutrient needs go up. This means that older individuals must eat a healthy diet, with little room for non-nutritious foods. An extensive table lists the major nutrients: calcium, folate, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and vitamin D. For each, the chart lists the function, recommended amounts for adults, how much older adults are getting, why older adults need more, and the foods in which the nutrient is found.

Academic Periodicals covering Vitamin B6 Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to vitamin B6. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering vitamin B6 that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 12444 48 691 13 47 13243

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on vitamin B6 can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to vitamin B6. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to vitamin B6. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “vitamin B6”:

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Antioxidants http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html Vitamins and Minerals http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminsandminerals.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on vitamin B6. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin B6 Source: Gaithersburg, MD: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2001. 11 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D018. Summary: This fact sheet is designed to provide basic information about the role of vitamin B6 in health and disease and to guide decisions about the use of vitamin B6 supplements. First, it explains what vitamin B6 is and how it is used by the body, which foods provide vitamin B6, what the Recommended Dietary Allowance for adults is, when a vitamin B6 deficiency may occur, what the signs of a vitamin B6 deficiency are, and who may need extra vitamin B6. Then, it discusses current issues and controversies related to vitamin B6 and the nervous system, carpal tunnel syndrome, premenstrual syndrome, and interactions with medications. Finally, it examines the relationship between vitamin B6, homocysteine, and heart disease, and discusses the health risk of too much vitamin B6. The fact sheet includes a table listing selected food sources of vitamin B6 and 38 references. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is

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located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Facts About Dietary Supplements: Vitamin B6 Summary: Answers basic questions about the vitamin B6, such as what it is, what foods provide it, and what intake is needed to provide the recommended dietary allowance. Source: Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6443 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to vitamin B6. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to vitamin B6. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with vitamin B6.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about vitamin B6. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “vitamin B6” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “vitamin B6”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “vitamin B6” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “vitamin B6” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on vitamin B6: •

Basic Guidelines for Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002402.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Vitamin B6 Numbness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm

•

Nutrition for Vitamin B6 Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm Proteins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm

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•

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Background Topics for Vitamin B6 Antibodies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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VITAMIN B6 DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abduction: Forcible pulling of a limb away from its natural position, a risk in road accidents and disasters; move outwards away from middle line. [NIH] Acacia: Any leguminous woody vine or tree of the genus Acacia, also called locust or wattle. The gums and tanning agents obtained from Acacia are called gum arabic. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adduction: The rotation of an eye toward the midline (nasally). [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the

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environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenalin: A hormone of the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU]

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Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-

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COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at

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a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH]

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Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH]

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Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH]

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Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteroides: A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic. [NIH] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

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[NIH]

Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Sciences: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from biology, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH]

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Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Birth Certificates: Official certifications by a physician recording the individual's birth date, place of birth, parentage and other required identifying data which are filed with the local registrar of vital statistics. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blinking: Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists

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mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Butylated Hydroxyanisole: Mixture of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenols that is used as an antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Butylated Hydroxytoluene: Antioxidant used in foods, cosmetics, petroleum products, etc. It may inhibit some neoplasms and facilitate others. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH]

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Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects. [NIH] Carboxymethylcellulose: It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH]

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Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH]

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Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH]

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Chemotherapeutics: Noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy. [EU]

Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other

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medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clitoral: Pertaining to the clitoris. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix

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'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of

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separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH]

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Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be

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classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Creatinine clearance: A test that measures how efficiently the kidneys remove creatinine and other wastes from the blood. Low creatinine clearance indicates impaired kidney function. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cystathionine beta-Synthase: A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. EC 4.2.1.22. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of

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external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]

DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may

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also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desquamation: The shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops

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(mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopa Decarboxylase: One of the aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylases, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dopa to dopamine. It is of clinical importance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. EC 4.1.1.28. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Dry Eye Syndrome: A common condition that occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears to keep the eye moist and comfortable. Common symptoms of dry eye include pain, stinging, burning, scratchiness, and intermittent blurring of vision. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or

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incomplete movements. [EU] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Eicosanoids: A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]

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Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

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Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocyte Count: A count of the number of red blood cells per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH]

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Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estriol: (16 alpha,17 beta)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol. A metabolite of estradiol and usually the predominant estrogenic metabolite in urine. During pregnancy, large amounts of estriol are produced by the placenta. It has also been obtained from plant sources. The 16 beta-isomer has also been isolated from the urine of pregnant women. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic estrogen with high oral estrogenic potency. It is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives. [NIH] Ethionine: 2-Amino-4-(ethylthio)butyric acid. An antimetabolite and methionine antagonist that interferes with amino acid incorporation into proteins and with cellular ATP utilization. It also produces liver neoplasms. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU]

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Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Factor V: Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Feverfew: Aromatic perennial Tanacetum parthenium used to treat migraines, arthritis, and as a febrifuge. It contains tannins, volatile oils (oils, essential), and sesquiterpene lactones, especially parthenolide. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH]

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Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

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Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroplasty: Surgical treatment of the stomach or lower esophagus used to decrease the size of the stomach. The procedure is used mainly in the treatment of morbid obesity and to correct defects in the lower esophagus or the stomach. Different procedures employed include vertical (mesh) banded gastroplasty, silicone elastomer ring vertical gastroplasty and horizontal banded gastroplasty. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and

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immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH]

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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gum Arabic: Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair Dyes: Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily. [NIH]

Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache,

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paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the

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entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH]

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Hyperhomocysteinemia: An inborn error of methionone metabolism which produces an excess of homocysteine in the blood. It is often caused by a deficiency of cystathionine betasynthase and is a risk factor for coronary vascular disease. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperoxaluria: Excretion of an excessive amount of oxalate in the urine. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immaturity: The state or quality of being unripe or not fully developed. [EU] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompetence: The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU]

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Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Nutrition: Nutrition of children from birth to 2 years of age. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous

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energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the gastric glands that is required for the absorption of vitamin B 12. Deficiency of intrinsic factor results in pernicious anemia. [NIH]

Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH]

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Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. [NIH] Isoniazid: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. [NIH] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH]

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Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool. [NIH]

Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lacrimal gland: The small almond-shaped structure that produces tears; located just above the outer corner of the eye. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Lactobacillus acidophilus: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of humans and animals, the human mouth, and vagina. This organism produces the fermented product, acidophilus milk. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the

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basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levamisole: An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Levonorgestrel: A progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (norgestrel). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with

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instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Lithiasis: A condition characterized by the formation of calculi and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups

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that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lycopene: A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macronutrients: Nutrients in the diet that are the key sources of energy, namely protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of

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plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Median Neuropathy: Disease involving the median nerve, from its origin at the brachial plexus to its termination in the hand. Clinical features include weakness of wrist and finger flexion, forearm pronation, thenar abduction, and loss of sensation over the lateral palm, first three fingers, and radial half of the ring finger. Common sites of injury include the elbow, where the nerve passes through the two heads of the pronator teres muscle (pronator syndrome) and in the carpal tunnel (carpal tunnel syndrome). [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH]

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Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]

Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic

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and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH]

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Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable

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tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neon: Neon. A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and

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normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Niacinamide: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and longterm suppression. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal

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transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Norgestrel: (+-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinorpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A progestational agent with actions similar to those of progesterone. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (levonorgestrel). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive and ovulation inhibitor and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver

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somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthomolecular Therapy: The use of very large doses of vitamins or other naturally occurring substances normally present in the body, frequently for the treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osseointegration: The growth action of bone tissue, as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants). [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overall survival: The percentage of subjects in a study who have survived for a defined period of time. Usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. Often called the survival rate. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxaloacetate: An anionic form of oxaloacetic acid. [NIH] Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents. [NIH]

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Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH]

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Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentosephosphate Pathway: A pathway of hexose oxidation in which glucose-6-phosphate undergoes two successive oxidations by NADP, the final one being an oxidative decarboxylation to form a pentose phosphate. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain,

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numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social

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functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Phosphorylase a: The phosphorylated and more active form of phosphorylase that functions as a regulatory enzyme during glycogen breakdown. The phosphate groups are hydrolytically removed by phosphorylase phosphatase to form phosphorylase B and orthophosphate. EC 2.4.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorylase Phosphatase: An enzyme that deactivates glycogen phosphorylase a by releasing inorganic phosphate and phosphorylase b, the inactive form. EC 3.1.3.17. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected

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to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH]

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Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH]

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Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Pronation: Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward or when applied to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints, (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body). [NIH] Pronator: A muscle which turns a part into the prone position. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins

A:

(13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic

acid

(PGA(1));

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(5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU]

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Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxal Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyridoxal in the presence of ATP with the formation of pyridoxal 5-phosphate and ADP. Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine and various derivatives can also act as acceptors. EC 2.7.1.35. [NIH] Pyridoxal Phosphate: 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin. [NIH] Pyridoxic Acid: Chief metabolic product of pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine in urine. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH]

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Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH]

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Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal Dialysis: Removal of certain elements from the blood based on the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH]

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Reticulocyte Count: Determination of the number of reticulocytes in a measured volume of blood. Values for reticulocytes are expressed as a percentage of the erythrocyte count or in the form of a so-called "corrected" reticulocyte "index". An increase in circulating reticulocytes, often referred to as reticulocytosis, is among the simplest and most reliable signs of accelerated erythrocyte production. Reticulocytosis, or an increased reticulocyte count, occurs during active blood regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain anemias, particularly congenital hemolytic anemia. [NIH] Reticulocytes: Immature erythrocytes. In humans, these are erythroid cells that have just undergone extrusion of their cell nucleus. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. ribosomes are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the endoplasmic reticulum), hence the name reticulocytes. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU]

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Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schistosomiasis mansoni: Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large

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amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU]

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Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Single-agent: The use of a single drug or other therapy. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Aging: The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Isolation: The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland,

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27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function. [NIH]

Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasmogenic: Capable of producing convulsions. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Count: A count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spermine: A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated

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manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU]

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Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or

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chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons attached to the biceps muscle, i. e. the main flexor muscle of the upper arm. [NIH] Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of a tendon sheath. [EU] Teratogenesis: Production of monstrous growths or fetuses. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermography: Measurement of the regional temperature of the body or an organ by infrared sensing devices, based on self-emanating infrared radiation. [NIH] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

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Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tibiae: The long bone on the medial and pre-axial border of the leg. [NIH] Tilapia: A freshwater fish used as an experimental organism and for food. This genus of the family Cichlidae inhabits Central and South America (one species extends north into Texas), West Indies, Africa, Madagascar, Syria, and coastal India. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU]

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Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tragacanth: Powdered exudate from Astragalus gummifer and related plants. It forms gelatinous mass in water. Tragacanth is used as suspending agent, excipient or emulsifier in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It has also been used as a bulk-forming laxative. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]

Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transketolase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the conversion of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate in the pentosephosphate pathway. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.2.1.1. [NIH]

Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent

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or not functional. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tunica Intima: The innermost coat of blood vessels, consisting of a thin lining of endothelial cells longitudinally oriented and continuous with the endothelium of capillaries on the one hand and the endocardium of the heart on the other. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the

Dictionary 255

deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urobilinogen: A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and reexcreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For

256

Vitamin B6

dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vital Statistics: Used for general articles concerning statistics of births, deaths, marriages, etc. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others.

Dictionary 257

[NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Xylulose: A 5-carbon keto sugar. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain zinc as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

259

INDEX 5 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 138, 148, 183 A Abdomen, 183, 192, 193, 208, 219, 223, 235, 248, 249 Abdominal, 7, 113, 183, 217, 220, 233, 235, 238, 254 Abdominal Pain, 183, 220, 254 Abduction, 183, 225, 239 Acacia, 119, 144, 183, 214 Acceptor, 183, 223, 233, 253 Acetaldehyde, 119, 183 Acetaminophen, 119, 183 Acetylcholine, 183, 197, 230 Actin, 14, 183, 228 Acuity, 118, 183 Adaptability, 183, 195, 196 Adduct, 21, 183 Adduction, 22, 183 Adenine, 145, 183, 241 Adenosine, 70, 183, 193, 217, 236, 251 Adipocytes, 183, 200, 222 Adjustment, 17, 183 Adolescence, 156, 184 Adrenal Cortex, 184, 185, 201, 209, 239 Adrenal Medulla, 184, 195, 207, 208, 230 Adrenalin, 129, 184 Adrenergic, 103, 184, 188, 205, 208, 250 Adverse Effect, 184, 220, 246 Aerobic, 146, 184, 227, 233 Afferent, 17, 184, 222 Affinity, 184, 247 Age Groups, 144, 184 Aged, 80 and Over, 184 Agonist, 184, 205, 208 Agoraphobia, 184, 236 Alanine, 28, 71, 126, 132, 184 Albumin, 15, 27, 54, 56, 184, 237 Aldosterone, 157, 185 Alertness, 185, 193 Algorithms, 185, 192 Alimentary, 4, 185, 204, 233 Alkaline, 59, 147, 185, 186, 194 Alkaloid, 110, 185, 228, 251 Alkylating Agents, 185, 254 Allograft, 6, 185 Aloe, 115, 185 Alopecia, 98, 126, 185

Alpha Particles, 185, 242 Alpha-1, 185, 236 Alpha-helix, 185, 221 Alternative medicine, 89, 107, 161, 185 Aluminum, 120, 185 Amine, 185, 216 Amino Acid Sequence, 185, 187, 200, 212 Aminolevulinic Acid, 65, 157, 186 Ammonia, 185, 186, 213, 250, 254 Amniotic Fluid, 186, 212 Amphetamine, 148, 149, 186, 204 Amylase, 157, 186 Amyloid, 21, 186 Anabolic, 27, 186, 204 Anaerobic, 146, 186, 190 Anaesthesia, 186, 218 Anal, 186, 208, 223 Analgesic, 119, 183, 186, 222, 228, 232 Analog, 70, 186, 210 Analogous, 113, 186, 253 Anaphylatoxins, 140, 186, 199 Anatomical, 132, 186, 190, 204, 206, 218, 245 Androgens, 126, 184, 186, 201 Anemia, 4, 25, 36, 48, 66, 92, 98, 100, 102, 123, 186, 211, 224, 228, 235, 244 Anesthetics, 186, 190, 208 Aneurysm, 187, 256 Anhydrous, 127, 128, 187 Animal model, 22, 187 Anionic, 187, 232 Anions, 184, 187, 220, 246, 250 Antagonism, 187, 193, 251 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 187, 196 Antiallergic, 187, 201 Antibacterial, 128, 146, 187, 220, 248 Antibiotic, 15, 32, 187, 190, 193, 208, 232, 234, 248 Antibodies, 12, 182, 187, 215, 224, 237 Antibody, 184, 187, 198, 199, 202, 218, 225 Anticoagulant, 187, 240 Anticonvulsant, 187, 194, 255 Antidepressant, 183, 187 Antiepileptic, 50, 183, 187 Antifungal, 187, 248 Antigen, 184, 187, 199, 216, 217, 218, 225 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 187, 199 Anti-infective, 188, 216, 220, 230, 247

260

Vitamin B6

Anti-inflammatory, 5, 136, 183, 188, 189, 193, 201, 212 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 188, 189, 201 Antimetabolite, 188, 209, 210 Antineoplastic, 185, 188, 201, 210 Antioxidant, 5, 8, 27, 115, 119, 133, 149, 188, 189, 193, 211, 233 Antipsychotic, 188, 229, 245 Antipyretic, 183, 188 Antiseptic, 128, 188 Anuria, 188, 221 Anxiety, 34, 79, 89, 116, 188, 220, 236 Aorta, 7, 113, 188, 217, 256 Apathy, 188, 229 Apolipoproteins, 188, 223 Apoptosis, 22, 188 Aqueous, 149, 188, 190, 202, 216, 222 Arachidonic Acid, 21, 189, 206, 222, 239 Arginine, 14, 112, 117, 126, 136, 186, 189, 230, 232, 241 Aromatic, 31, 189, 205, 210, 235 Arterial, 7, 11, 45, 113, 136, 189, 196, 197, 201, 217, 240, 251 Arteries, 7, 90, 113, 137, 188, 189, 192, 196, 201, 217, 220, 224, 227, 228, 241, 252 Arterioles, 189, 192 Arteriolosclerosis, 189 Arteriosclerosis, 42, 189, 217 Artery, 7, 47, 58, 64, 91, 113, 133, 134, 187, 189, 201, 206, 220, 241 Ascorbic Acid, 49, 81, 115, 125, 127, 128, 132, 142, 189, 216, 232 Aspartate, 28, 71, 189 Aspartic, 126, 189, 197 Aspartic Acid, 126, 189, 197 Aspirin, 114, 133, 189 Assay, 36, 45, 53, 54, 78, 90, 120, 121, 189, 254 Astringents, 189, 226 Ataxia, 17, 189, 196, 251 Atrial, 190, 201, 253 Atrioventricular, 190, 201 Atrium, 190, 201, 253, 256 Atrophy, 41, 51, 52, 55, 140, 190, 229 Atypical, 190, 245 Autoimmune disease, 114, 190, 228 Autonomic, 183, 188, 190, 230, 234 Azithromycin, 24, 190 B Bactericidal, 70, 190, 209 Bacteriostatic, 190, 208 Bacterium, 144, 190, 199, 215

Bacteroides, 146, 190 Barbiturates, 190, 241 Basal Ganglia, 188, 189, 190 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 189, 190 Base, 27, 79, 115, 117, 145, 183, 190, 202, 203, 211, 212, 221, 251, 254 Basement Membrane, 15, 190, 209, 222 Benign, 132, 189, 190, 214, 229 Benzoic Acid, 70, 191, 248 Beta carotene, 4, 191 Beta-pleated, 186, 191 Bewilderment, 191, 199 Bile, 191, 211, 216, 223, 249, 255 Bile Ducts, 191 Biliary, 123, 191, 194 Bilirubin, 157, 184, 191, 255 Bioavailability, 71, 142, 191 Biochemical, 17, 18, 19, 29, 83, 110, 116, 141, 145, 150 Biological Factors, 8, 191 Biological Markers, 72, 96, 191 Biological response modifier, 191, 219 Biological Sciences, 25, 191 Biological therapy, 191, 214 Biological Transport, 191, 204 Biomarkers, 8, 21, 191 Biophysics, 82, 191 Biopsy, 4, 132, 191, 234 Biosynthesis, 11, 12, 15, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 63, 83, 90, 130, 189, 192, 202, 246 Biotechnology, 30, 32, 63, 161, 167, 192 Biotin, 111, 124, 127, 132, 142, 156, 192 Biotransformation, 192 Birth Certificates, 19, 192 Bladder, 73, 132, 192, 199, 218, 228, 229, 240, 243, 255 Blinking, 149, 192 Bloating, 192, 220 Blood Coagulation, 192, 194, 210, 252 Blood Glucose, 192, 215, 219 Blood Platelets, 192, 246 Blood pressure, 8, 137, 192, 194, 217, 227, 235, 241, 248 Blood-Brain Barrier, 192, 222 Body Composition, 20, 192 Body Fluids, 191, 192, 205, 247, 254 Body Mass Index, 20, 192 Bone Marrow, 192, 208, 217, 224, 228, 244 Bowel, 115, 186, 193, 219, 222, 229, 235, 245, 249, 254 Brachial, 193, 225 Brachial Plexus, 193, 225

261

Bradykinin, 193, 230, 237 Branch, 113, 179, 193, 234, 241, 248, 251 Breakdown, 119, 193, 204, 211, 236 Broad-spectrum, 193, 221 Bromelain, 103, 115, 193 Bronchi, 193, 208, 251 Bronchial, 193, 216, 251 Burns, 45, 145, 193 Burns, Electric, 193 Butylated Hydroxyanisole, 119, 193 Butylated Hydroxytoluene, 119, 193 Butyric Acid, 134, 193, 209 C Cachexia, 34, 193 Caffeine, 5, 148, 193, 241 Calcification, 189, 194 Calcium Carbonate, 119, 194 Calcium Oxalate, 12, 59, 80, 194, 232 Calculi, 194, 223 Capsules, 118, 138, 194, 212 Carbamazepine, 65, 194 Carbohydrate, 56, 121, 122, 154, 156, 194, 201, 213, 237 Carbon Dioxide, 117, 194, 202, 211, 237, 243, 256 Carbon Disulfide, 80, 194 Carboxymethylcellulose, 119, 194 Carcinogen, 183, 194 Carcinogenesis, 18, 21, 194 Carcinogenic, 185, 194, 218, 249 Cardiac, 35, 40, 79, 148, 149, 193, 194, 201, 207, 208, 228, 249 Cardiovascular, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 23, 27, 90, 121, 133, 136, 137, 142 Cardiovascular disease, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 23, 27, 53, 121, 133, 137, 194 Cardiovascular System, 142, 195 Carnitine, 86, 195 Carotene, 4, 27, 142, 191, 195 Carotenoids, 191, 195 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 5, 38, 39, 41, 70, 72, 73, 75, 99, 153, 160, 161, 172, 195, 225 Case report, 69, 195, 198 Case series, 57, 80, 195, 198 Catalyse, 195, 253 Cataract, 8, 17, 195 Catecholamine, 146, 195, 205 Causal, 25, 195, 208, 215 Cause of Death, 7, 143, 195 Celiac Disease, 4, 31, 99, 195 Cell, 4, 11, 13, 17, 20, 22, 25, 31, 78, 102, 114, 123, 140, 150

Cell Death, 22, 123, 188, 195, 229 Cell Division, 190, 195, 214, 227, 237 Cell membrane, 114, 191, 195, 220, 236, 248 Cell proliferation, 33, 78, 189, 195, 247 Cell Respiration, 195, 227, 233, 243 Cell Survival, 196, 214 Cellobiose, 196 Cellulose, 119, 196, 237 Central Nervous System, 133, 134 Central Nervous System Infections, 196, 214 Cerebellar, 189, 196, 243, 253 Cerebellar Diseases, 189, 196, 253 Cerebral, 29, 30, 90, 93 Cerebral Arteries, 37, 90, 196 Cerebral Infarction, 29, 30, 196 Cerebrovascular, 6, 23, 190, 194, 196, 251 Cerebrum, 196 Cervical, 99, 193, 196, 225 Cervix, 196, 210, 243 Character, 154, 196, 203, 213 Chemokines, 10, 196 Chemotactic Factors, 196, 199 Chemotherapeutics, 140, 197 Chemotherapy, 128, 197 Cholesterol, 10, 40, 82, 87, 134, 136, 137, 154, 191, 197, 201, 206, 216, 223, 224, 245, 249 Cholesterol Esters, 197, 223 Choline, 124, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 197 Choroid, 41, 51, 52, 55, 197, 244 Chromatin, 188, 197, 248 Chromic, 111, 197 Chromium, 4, 111, 124, 142, 156, 197 Chromosome, 197, 199, 214, 223 Chronic Disease, 124, 193, 197 Chronic renal, 7, 9, 23, 49, 60, 75, 96, 197 Chylomicrons, 197, 223 Chymopapain, 197, 233 Ciliary, 197, 246 Ciliary Body, 197, 246 Citric Acid, 127, 128, 197 Citrus, 5, 136, 189, 197 Claudication, 133, 197 Clear cell carcinoma, 197, 203 Clinical Medicine, 49, 55, 67, 197, 238 Clinical study, 38, 197, 200 Clinical trial, 6, 7, 9, 14, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 39, 41, 90, 167, 198, 200, 205, 240, 242 Clitoral, 112, 198 Cloning, 192, 198

262

Vitamin B6

Coenzyme, 29, 40, 41, 70, 104, 189, 198, 230 Cofactor, 121, 136, 147, 148, 198, 240, 252 Cognition, 198, 229 Cohort Studies, 24, 198, 208 Colitis, 160, 198, 220 Collagen, 140, 190, 193, 198, 210, 212, 237, 239 Collapse, 193, 198 Colloidal, 184, 198, 246 Colorectal, 18, 21, 198 Colorectal Cancer, 19, 198 Complement, 126, 186, 198, 199, 224, 237 Complement Activation, 186, 199 Complementary and alternative medicine, 89, 107, 199 Complementary medicine, 89, 199 Complementation, 52, 199 Complete remission, 199, 243 Compliance, 16, 24, 28, 133, 142, 199 Computational Biology, 167, 199 Conception, 199, 200, 210 Confusion, 123, 199, 205, 229, 255 Congestion, 119, 188, 199, 208 Conjugated, 191, 199, 228 Conjugation, 113, 114, 192, 199 Conjunctiva, 200, 218 Connective Tissue, 135, 189, 193, 198, 200, 210, 211, 212, 224, 244, 251 Connective Tissue Cells, 200 Consciousness, 186, 200, 203, 249 Consensus Sequence, 200 Conserved Sequence, 30, 200 Constipation, 188, 200, 220 Consumption, 51, 112, 119, 122, 139, 160, 200, 204, 231, 233 Contact dermatitis, 62, 200 Contraception, 44, 48, 69, 200, 222 Contraceptive, 44, 48, 59, 73, 200, 231 Contraindications, ii, 200 Control group, 26, 200, 242 Controlled clinical trial, 6, 9, 14, 22, 24, 200 Controlled study, 53, 65, 74, 94, 200 Convulsions, 187, 200, 206, 238, 248 Coordination, 200, 228 Cor, 156, 201 Cornea, 201, 213, 245 Coronary, 6, 7, 10, 23, 27, 29, 30, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 133, 134, 137 Coronary heart disease, 7, 10, 23, 29, 30, 50, 67, 68, 92, 93, 95, 194, 201

Coronary Thrombosis, 201, 227, 228 Corpus, 113, 201, 224, 234, 239, 252 Cortex, 116, 189, 196, 201, 207, 243 Cortical, 201, 209, 245, 251 Corticosteroid, 5, 201 Cortisol, 10, 184, 201 Cranial, 201, 214, 232, 234 Craniocerebral Trauma, 190, 201, 214, 251 Creatinine, 6, 8, 25, 157, 202, 221 Creatinine clearance, 6, 157, 202 Cross-Sectional Studies, 11, 202, 208 Cryptosporidiosis, 190, 202 Curative, 202, 230, 244, 251 Cutaneous, 200, 202, 234, 236 Cyclic, 99, 112, 193, 202, 214, 230, 236, 237, 239, 251 Cystathionine beta-Synthase, 11, 73, 202, 217 Cysteine, 11, 126, 147, 196, 197, 202, 250 Cystine, 202 Cytokines, 18, 196, 202 Cytoplasm, 188, 195, 202 Cytosine, 145, 202, 241 D Dairy Products, 126, 127, 202, 245 Databases, Bibliographic, 167, 202 De novo, 6, 9, 30, 66, 145, 202 Deamination, 202, 255 Decarboxylation, 202, 216, 234, 241 Decompression, 5, 202, 203 Decompression Sickness, 203 Decubitus, 203, 247 Decubitus Ulcer, 203, 247 Degenerative, 156, 203, 224, 244 Dehydration, 5, 119, 203 Deletion, 188, 203 Dementia, 16, 21, 23, 133, 188, 203 Dendrites, 203, 230 Dendritic, 203, 225 Density, 24, 30, 192, 203, 206, 223, 231 Dental implant, 12, 203, 232 Dentate Gyrus, 203, 215 Deoxyribonucleic, 203, 244 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 203, 244 Dermal, 141, 203 Dermatitis, 43, 62, 102, 121, 203 Dermatologist, 122, 203 DES, 79, 81, 186, 203 Desquamation, 141, 204 Detergents, 204, 247 Deuterium, 204, 216 Developed Countries, 137, 204

263

Developing Countries, 142, 204 Dextroamphetamine, 186, 204 Diabetes Mellitus, 33, 99, 131, 204, 213, 215 Diagnostic procedure, 109, 161, 204 Dialyzer, 204, 215 Diarrhea, 119, 202, 204, 220 Diastolic, 204, 217 Diencephalon, 204, 251, 252 Dietary Fiber, 47, 204 Dietary Proteins, 92, 204 Diffusion, 117, 191, 204, 214, 243 Digestion, 185, 191, 193, 204, 219, 223, 249 Dihydrotestosterone, 204, 243 Dihydroxy, 145, 185, 204 Dilatation, 187, 204, 238, 256 Dilatation, Pathologic, 204, 256 Dilation, 112, 193, 204, 255 Diploid, 199, 205, 237 Direct, iii, 22, 23, 28, 140, 197, 205, 235, 243 Discrimination, 5, 205 Disinfectant, 205, 209 Disorientation, 199, 203, 205 Distal, 112, 154, 205, 235, 240 Diuresis, 193, 205, 251 Diuretic, 58, 205 Dopa, 50, 146, 205, 222 Dopa Decarboxylase, 50, 205 Dopamine, 130, 157, 186, 188, 204, 205, 222, 227, 230, 235, 245 Dorsal, 113, 205, 238 Dorsum, 113, 205 Double-blind, 6, 7, 9, 23, 27, 29, 34, 37, 46, 73, 74, 79, 89, 90, 205 Double-blinded, 29, 205 Dry Eye Syndrome, 149, 205 Duct, 149, 205, 209, 250 Duodenum, 191, 205, 249 Dyes, 116, 135, 143, 144, 186, 205, 214 Dyskinesia, 69, 102, 159, 160, 188, 205 Dyslipidemia, 14, 206 Dyspareunia, 112, 206 E Eclampsia, 206, 238 Edema, 99, 200, 206, 229, 238 Effector, 11, 183, 198, 206, 236 Efficacy, 18, 22, 24, 27, 43, 49, 92, 206 Eicosanoids, 10, 206 Ejaculation, 206, 246 Elasticity, 189, 206, 247 Elastin, 198, 206

Electrolyte, 185, 201, 206, 221, 227, 238, 248 Electrons, 188, 190, 206, 220, 233, 242 Embolus, 206, 218 Embryo, 206, 210, 218 Emodin, 185, 206 Emollient, 206, 213, 231 Enamel, 206, 221 Encephalocele, 206, 229 Endemic, 207, 224, 245, 248 Endocarditis, 36, 37, 207 Endocardium, 207, 254 Endogenous, 112, 114, 205, 206, 207, 233, 253 Endometriosis, 207, 222, 231 Endometrium, 207, 226 Endorphins, 207, 230 Endothelial cell, 114, 140, 192, 207, 252, 254 Endothelium, 207, 230, 254 Endothelium-derived, 207, 230 Endotoxic, 207, 223 Endotoxin, 207, 254 End-stage renal, 7, 15, 64, 75, 94, 197, 207 Energy balance, 18, 207, 222 Enhancer, 17, 207 Enkephalins, 207, 230 Entorhinal Cortex, 207, 216 Environmental Exposure, 191, 207 Environmental Health, 80, 166, 168, 207 Enzymatic, 120, 121, 123, 133, 194, 195, 199, 208, 216, 233 Ephedrine, 118, 138, 208 Epidemiologic Studies, 191, 208 Epidermal, 141, 208, 225 Epidermis, 208, 217, 221 Epigastric, 208, 233 Epinephrine, 10, 157, 184, 205, 208, 230, 254 Epithelial, 191, 197, 204, 208, 213, 215, 222 Epithelial Cells, 208, 215, 222 Epithelium, 149, 190, 207, 208 Erectile, 112, 131, 208, 234 Erection, 113, 208 ERV, 168, 208, 209 Erythema, 200, 208, 250 Erythrocyte Count, 208, 244 Erythrocytes, 28, 57, 65, 70, 94, 123, 186, 193, 208, 215, 244 Erythromycin, 104, 190, 208 Erythropoietin, 96, 208 Esophagus, 209, 212, 235, 249

264

Vitamin B6

Estradiol, 41, 209 Estriol, 157, 209 Estrogen, 142, 209, 239 Ethanol, 32, 54, 79, 91, 119, 139, 209, 210 Ethinyl Estradiol, 47, 209 Ethionine, 209 Excipient, 209, 214, 253 Excitation, 209, 230 Excitatory, 209, 213, 221 Excrete, 188, 209, 221 Exfoliation, 141, 204, 209 Exhaustion, 187, 209, 224 Exocrine, 209, 233 Exogenous, 192, 207, 209 Expiration, 209, 243 Expiratory, 208, 209 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 208, 209 Extensor, 209, 240 Extracellular, 186, 200, 209, 210, 247 Extracellular Matrix, 200, 209, 210 Extraction, 17, 209 Extrapyramidal, 188, 205, 209 Extremity, 193, 209, 225 Exudate, 210, 214, 231, 253 F Factor V, 210, 241 Family Planning, 167, 210 Fat, 3, 18, 82, 126, 132, 137, 154, 156 Fathers, 19, 210 Fatigue, 4, 99, 210, 215 Fatty acids, 5, 90, 91, 93, 136, 139, 149, 184, 206, 210, 213, 223, 239, 247 Feces, 200, 210, 249, 255 Fenfluramine, 49, 148, 210 Fermentation, 119, 210 Fetal Development, 210, 229 Fetus, 39, 208, 210, 237, 255 Feverfew, 120, 210 Fibroblasts, 52, 200, 210 Fibrosis, 145, 210, 245 Flexion, 210, 225 Flexor, 209, 210, 251 Fluorescence, 11, 12, 121, 210 Fluorouracil, 104, 210, 222 Fold, 26, 29, 82, 211, 238 Follicles, 116, 211 Forearm, 192, 211, 225, 239 Frameshift, 211, 254 Frameshift Mutation, 211, 254 Free Radicals, 17, 188, 211 Freeze-dried, 115, 211 Friction, 211, 224

Frontal Lobe, 187, 196, 211 Fructose, 211, 219 Fungi, 187, 199, 211, 214, 227, 257 Fungistatic, 191, 211 G Gallate, 148, 211 Gallbladder, 183, 191, 211, 223 Ganglia, 183, 190, 211, 229, 234 Gas, 186, 194, 203, 204, 208, 211, 216, 220, 229, 230, 256 Gas exchange, 211, 256 Gastric, 27, 64, 195, 211, 216, 219 Gastrin, 211, 216 Gastritis, 37, 212 Gastrointestinal, 70, 122, 155, 193, 208, 209, 212, 222, 225, 246, 250, 254 Gastrointestinal tract, 209, 212, 222, 246, 254 Gastroplasty, 72, 212 Gelatin, 212, 213, 252 Gene, 10, 19, 26, 30, 61, 78, 150, 191, 192, 212, 223 Gene Expression, 61, 78, 212 Genetic Code, 212, 231 Genetic Markers, 18, 19, 212 Genetics, 51, 117, 156, 199, 212 Genital, 112, 197, 212, 255 Genomics, 26, 63, 212 Genotype, 20, 212, 235 Geriatric, 81, 212 Germ Cells, 212, 232, 248, 251 Gestational, 122, 212 Gestational Age, 122, 212 Ginger, 34, 89, 107, 120, 136, 212 Ginseng, 112, 115, 212 Gland, 131, 132, 149, 184, 212, 224, 233, 236, 240, 245, 249, 250, 252 Glomerular, 212, 219, 221, 243 Glucocorticoid, 17, 61, 212 Glucose, 12, 15, 127, 157, 189, 192, 196, 197, 204, 213, 215, 219, 234, 236, 242, 245 Glucose Intolerance, 204, 213 Glutamate, 31, 38, 59, 213 Glutamic Acid, 127, 211, 213, 230, 239 Glutamine, 115, 126, 145, 213 Glutathione Peroxidase, 213, 246 Gluten, 4, 195, 213 Glycerol, 193, 213, 236 Glycerophospholipids, 213, 236 Glycine, 13, 113, 114, 127, 132, 186, 191, 213, 230, 246 Glycogen, 121, 213, 236

265

Glycoprotein, 208, 210, 213, 219, 221, 222, 252, 254 Glycosaminoglycan, 135, 213 Glycosidic, 145, 196, 213, 231, 236 Goats, 202, 213 Goblet Cells, 149, 213 Gonadal, 213, 249 Gonadotropin, 131, 213 Governing Board, 214, 238 Graft, 23, 214, 216 Gram-negative, 146, 190, 207, 214, 230 Gram-positive, 146, 214, 221, 230, 249 Grasses, 211, 214 Growth, 13, 18, 20, 31, 81, 83, 90, 92, 110, 116, 125 Growth factors, 13, 214 Guanine, 145, 214, 241 Guanylate Cyclase, 214, 230 Gum Arabic, 183, 214 H Habitual, 21, 196, 214 Haemodialysis, 49, 54, 96, 214 Hair Color, 116, 135, 147, 214 Hair Dyes, 143, 214 Hair follicles, 116, 214 Haploid, 214, 237 Haplotypes, 10, 214 Headache, 100, 119, 193, 214, 218, 238 Headache Disorders, 214 Health Promotion, 124, 215 Heart attack, 134, 194, 215 Heart failure, 208, 215 Heme, 11, 186, 191, 215, 228, 237 Hemodialysis, 27, 48, 71, 92, 96, 194, 204, 215, 221 Hemoglobin, 10, 17, 25, 56, 157, 186, 208, 215, 220, 222, 237 Hemoglobin A, 215, 237 Hemolysis, 127, 215 Hemolytic, 215, 244 Hemorrhage, 202, 214, 215, 249 Hemostasis, 215, 246 Hepatic, 32, 35, 184, 215 Hepatocytes, 42, 215 Hereditary, 11, 51, 215, 229 Heredity, 126, 212, 215 Heterogeneity, 52, 184, 215 Hippocampus, 22, 203, 215, 250 Histamine, 80, 186, 188, 216 Histamine Release, 186, 216 Histidine, 127, 145, 216 Homeostasis, 116, 216

Homogeneous, 120, 121, 189, 216 Hormonal, 17, 112, 190, 201, 216, 256 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 142, 143, 216 Host, 12, 150, 216, 217, 222, 256 Humoral, 140, 216, 217 Humour, 216 Hydrogen, 59, 80, 121, 183, 185, 190, 194, 204, 213, 216, 223, 227, 230, 233, 240, 250 Hydrogen Peroxide, 213, 216, 223, 250 Hydrolysis, 189, 192, 196, 216, 237, 240 Hydrophobic, 204, 213, 216, 223 Hydroxylysine, 198, 216 Hydroxyproline, 198, 216 Hygienic, 216, 247 Hypercholesterolemia, 7, 206, 216 Hyperglycemia, 15, 216 Hyperhomocysteinemia, 7, 11, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 42, 48, 92, 202, 217 Hyperlipidemia, 206, 217 Hyperoxaluria, 75, 217 Hyperpigmentation, 140, 217 Hypersensitivity, 217, 222, 244 Hypertension, 14, 30, 79, 91, 133, 148, 149, 189, 194, 214, 217, 238 Hypertriglyceridemia, 206, 217 Hypertrophy, 132, 201, 217, 253 Hypoxanthine, 145, 217 Hysterectomy, 143, 217 I Ice Cream, 111, 217 Id, 84, 97, 114, 173, 178, 180, 217 Idiopathic, 68, 217 Iliac Artery, 113, 217 Imidazole, 192, 216, 217 Immaturity, 122, 123, 217 Immune function, 17, 37, 145, 217 Immune response, 67, 70, 187, 190, 201, 217, 224, 250, 256 Immune system, 5, 191, 217, 218, 222, 224, 228, 235, 255, 256 Immunity, 184, 217, 231 Immunization, 217, 238 Immunocompetence, 47, 217 Immunogenic, 217, 223 Immunologic, 196, 212, 217, 218 Immunosuppressive, 213, 218 Impairment, 7, 23, 119, 139, 143, 189, 191, 205, 218, 226 Impotence, 112, 131, 208, 218 In vitro, 12, 18, 21, 35, 55, 80, 114, 218

266

Vitamin B6

In vivo, 42, 55, 72, 82, 114, 123, 218, 233, 252 Incontinence, 143, 208, 218 Indicative, 4, 155, 218, 234, 255 Induction, 56, 80, 186, 188, 218, 239 Infancy, 218, 244 Infant Nutrition, 133, 145, 218 Infant, Newborn, 184, 218 Infantile, 73, 82, 96, 218 Infarction, 30, 123, 196, 218 Infection, 20, 24, 132 Inflammation, 8, 10, 27, 125, 132, 135, 136, 145 Influenza, 146, 218 Ingestion, 69, 137, 218, 226, 237 Inhalation, 218, 237 Initiation, 14, 218, 253 Inlay, 218, 243 Innervation, 193, 218, 225 Inorganic, 96, 219, 228, 236, 257 Inositol, 116, 127, 132, 219 Inotropic, 205, 219 Insight, 8, 219 Insomnia, 118, 148, 149, 219, 238 Insulator, 219, 228 Insulin, 17, 18, 131, 219 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 219 Insulin-like, 18, 219 Interferon, 113, 219 Interferon-alpha, 219 Intermittent, 205, 219, 235 Interstitial, 219, 243 Intestinal, 40, 78, 80, 190, 195, 202, 219, 221, 224, 256 Intestine, 193, 198, 219, 222, 249 Intoxication, 80, 118, 119, 138, 139, 145, 219, 255 Intracellular, 113, 123, 193, 218, 219, 226, 230, 238, 239, 242, 246, 247 Intramuscular, 219, 233 Intravenous, 219, 233 Intrinsic, 110, 141, 184, 190, 219 Intrinsic Factor, 110, 141, 219 Inulin, 115, 219 Involuntary, 190, 192, 220, 228, 243 Iodine, 111, 124, 126, 129, 133, 141, 142, 156, 220 Ion Exchange, 196, 220 Ionization, 220 Ions, 190, 206, 216, 220, 227, 248 Iontophoresis, 5, 220 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 115, 220

Ischemia, 190, 203, 220 Ischemic stroke, 56, 220 Isoleucine, 32, 127, 220 Isoniazid, 24, 57, 59, 94, 96, 104, 105, 220 Isotonic, 127, 220 J Joint, 125, 136, 145, 203, 210, 220, 250 K Kava, 120, 220 Kb, 166, 221 Keratin, 116, 135, 143, 147, 150, 221 Keto, 221, 253, 257 Kidney Disease, 3, 75, 166, 221 Kidney Failure, 156, 207, 221 Kidney Failure, Acute, 221 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 221 Kidney stone, 157, 221, 229, 232, 255 Kinetic, 57, 221 Kynurenic Acid, 113, 221 L Labile, 18, 198, 210, 221 Lacrimal, 149, 221 Lacrimal gland, 149, 221 Lactation, 92, 145, 221, 239 Lactobacillus, 115, 144, 221 Lactobacillus acidophilus, 115, 221 Laminin, 190, 221 Large Intestine, 198, 219, 222, 242, 247 Laser therapy, 5, 222 Latent, 24, 222 Laxative, 194, 206, 222, 253 Lectins, 80, 222 Lens, 17, 80, 195, 222, 256 Leptin, 18, 222 Lesion, 43, 222, 246, 251 Lethal, 190, 222 Leucine, 127, 222 Leukemia, 34, 222 Leukocytes, 193, 196, 202, 219, 222, 254 Leukotrienes, 91, 189, 206, 222 Levamisole, 55, 222 Levo, 205, 222, 231 Levodopa, 103, 105, 205, 222 Levonorgestrel, 222, 231 Libido, 186, 222 Library Services, 178, 223 Ligament, 223, 240 Linkage, 4, 196, 212, 223 Lipid, 24, 47, 80, 82, 91, 137, 149, 188, 189, 197, 213, 219, 221, 223, 228, 233 Lipid A, 47, 91, 223 Lipid Peroxidation, 80, 223, 233

267

Lipopolysaccharide, 214, 223 Lipoprotein, 24, 30, 59, 206, 214, 223, 224 Liposomes, 120, 223 Lipoxygenase, 222, 223 Lithiasis, 68, 223 Liver Neoplasms, 209, 223 Lobe, 187, 196, 223 Localized, 112, 218, 221, 223, 237 Locomotion, 223, 237 Longitudinal Studies, 202, 223 Longitudinal study, 55, 223 Low-density lipoprotein, 30, 206, 223, 224 Lubricants, 224, 235 Lubrication, 112, 224 Lutein Cells, 224, 239 Lycopene, 124, 224 Lymph, 196, 207, 216, 224 Lymph node, 196, 224 Lymphatic, 100, 140, 207, 218, 224, 248, 252 Lymphocyte, 28, 187, 224, 225 Lymphoid, 187, 217, 224 Lysine, 14, 127, 138, 216, 224 M Macronutrients, 8, 111, 124, 133, 224 Macula, 224 Macula Lutea, 224 Macular Degeneration, 8, 224 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 214, 224 Malabsorption, 155, 195, 224 Malaria, 24, 123, 145, 224, 225 Malaria, Falciparum, 224, 225 Malaria, Vivax, 224, 225 Malignant, 53, 65, 80, 81, 93, 188, 189, 225, 228, 229 Malignant tumor, 65, 81, 225, 228 Malnutrition, 145, 155, 184, 190, 193, 225 Mammary, 18, 225 Meat, 83, 127, 128, 193, 225, 245 Medial, 189, 225, 252 Median Nerve, 5, 72, 153, 195, 225 Median Neuropathy, 154, 225 Mediate, 205, 225 Mediator, 205, 225, 246 Medical Staff, 205, 225 Medicament, 144, 225 MEDLINE, 167, 225 Megaloblastic, 211, 225 Melanin, 117, 225, 226, 235, 254 Melanocytes, 117, 217, 225, 226 Melanoma, 226, 254

Melanosomes, 225, 226 Membrane Proteins, 223, 226 Memory, 17, 22, 203, 226 Meninges, 196, 201, 226 Menopause, 113, 142, 226, 238 Menstrual Cycle, 47, 226, 238, 239 Menstruation, 99, 226, 238 Mental Disorders, 226, 232, 238 Mental Health, iv, 6, 80, 166, 168, 226, 238, 241 Mental Retardation, 33, 226 Mercury, 122, 226 Meta-Analysis, 27, 226 Metabolite, 11, 28, 33, 78, 192, 209, 226 Metaplasia, 149, 226 Metastasis, 226, 229 Metastatic, 18, 226 Methanol, 79, 226 Methionine, 6, 11, 16, 19, 31, 50, 59, 60, 73, 105, 127, 129, 139, 209, 227, 250 MI, 129, 146, 154, 182, 227 Microbe, 227, 253 Microbiological, 45, 78, 227 Microbiology, 63, 190, 227 Micronutrients, 6, 8, 20, 74, 111, 124, 133, 227 Microorganism, 126, 198, 227, 256 Microscopy, 190, 227 Milliliter, 227, 248 Mineralocorticoids, 184, 201, 227 Mitochondria, 13, 227, 232 Mitosis, 188, 222, 227 Modification, 15, 23, 29, 31, 57, 60, 136, 137, 227, 241 Molecular, 82, 91, 133, 136, 150, 167, 169 Molecular Structure, 227, 254 Molecule, 187, 190, 198, 199, 206, 207, 209, 213, 216, 227, 233, 236, 242, 247, 257 Monitor, 17, 202, 227, 231 Monoamine, 186, 204, 227 Mononuclear, 227, 254 Monophosphate, 112, 228 Morphine, 79, 228, 229, 232 Morphological, 17, 32, 61, 206, 225, 228 Morphology, 131, 195, 228 Motility, 131, 228, 246 Motion Sickness, 228, 229 Mucins, 213, 228 Mucosa, 155, 195, 228, 239 Mucus, 149, 228, 254 Multiple Myeloma, 18, 228 Multiple sclerosis, 39, 228

268

Vitamin B6

Muscle Contraction, 130, 228 Mutagenesis, 29, 228 Mutagens, 211, 228 Myalgia, 218, 228 Mydriatic, 205, 228 Myelin, 228 Myeloma, 18, 228 Myocardial infarction, 29, 30, 34, 59, 201, 227, 228 Myocardium, 227, 228 Myoglobin, 157, 228, 237 Myosin, 228 N Narcolepsy, 204, 208, 228 Narcotic, 183, 228, 229 Nasal Mucosa, 218, 229 Nausea, 34, 89, 101, 118, 148, 149, 160, 188, 229, 238, 255 Necrosis, 188, 196, 218, 227, 228, 229 Need, 3, 12, 14, 24, 26, 134, 136, 147, 153, 155, 157, 160, 162, 172, 174 Neon, 5, 229 Neonatal, 34, 46, 67, 73, 79, 229 Neonatal period, 73, 229 Neoplasms, 188, 193, 229, 251 Nephrolithiasis, 59, 80, 229 Nephropathy, 15, 221, 229 Nephrosis, 229 Nephrotic, 38, 229 Nephrotic Syndrome, 38, 229 Nerve, 5, 153, 184, 189, 193, 203, 219, 225, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234, 243, 245, 249, 253 Nervous System, 51, 61, 133, 134, 172, 183, 184, 186, 193, 196, 204, 208, 211, 213, 222, 225, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234, 246, 250, 251 Neural, 11, 17, 114, 184, 186, 206, 216, 229, 248 Neural tube defects, 11, 229 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 21, 114, 190, 229 Neuroleptic, 53, 80, 93, 159, 188, 229 Neurology, 16, 33, 34, 39, 49, 50, 53, 58, 74, 79, 230 Neuronal, 22, 230 Neurons, 22, 114, 130, 203, 209, 211, 222, 230, 250 Neuropathy, 15, 17, 62, 69, 154, 230, 235 Neurosis, 230, 236 Neurotoxic, 22, 230 Neurotransmitter, 146, 183, 189, 193, 205, 213, 216, 230, 247, 250

Neutrons, 185, 230, 242 Niacin, 4, 60, 62, 94, 111, 122, 126, 132, 133, 136, 141, 145, 154, 156, 230, 254 Niacinamide, 116, 124, 129, 230 Nitric Oxide, 112, 114, 230 Nitrofurantoin, 63, 230 Nitrogen, 185, 186, 203, 213, 221, 230, 254 Norepinephrine, 10, 157, 184, 205, 208, 230 Norgestrel, 69, 222, 231 Nuclear, 19, 190, 199, 206, 229, 231, 251 Nuclei, 185, 187, 200, 206, 227, 230, 231, 232, 240 Nucleic acid, 150, 202, 212, 217, 228, 230, 231, 241, 244, 248 Nucleus, 187, 188, 190, 197, 202, 204, 227, 230, 231, 240, 244, 249, 251 Nutritional Status, 20, 38, 62, 70, 72, 73, 82, 231 O Observational study, 9, 231 Ocular, 149, 231 Odds Ratio, 231, 243 Odour, 189, 231 Ointments, 128, 231, 247 Oligosaccharides, 115, 144, 231 Oliguria, 221, 231 Omega-3 fatty acid, 5, 37, 90, 136, 149, 231 Opacity, 195, 203, 231 Opium, 228, 231 Optic Nerve, 232, 244, 245 Oral Manifestations, 155, 232 Organelles, 202, 225, 226, 232, 244 Orgasm, 113, 206, 232 Ornithine, 14, 51, 232, 241 Orofacial, 19, 232 Orthomolecular Therapy, 116, 232 Osmotic, 184, 232, 246 Osseointegration, 12, 232 Osteoporosis, 101, 143, 232 Ovary, 209, 232 Overall survival, 18, 232 Ovulation, 231, 232 Ovum, 232, 239, 257 Oxalate, 12, 48, 80, 81, 92, 127, 128, 217, 232 Oxalic Acid, 63, 127, 128, 194, 232 Oxaloacetate, 127, 232 Oxazolidinones, 146, 232 Oxidants, 117, 233 Oxidation, 21, 32, 115, 135, 137, 150, 183, 188, 192, 202, 213, 223, 233, 234 Oxidation-Reduction, 192, 233

269

Oxidative metabolism, 222, 233 Oxidative Stress, 22, 233 Oxygen Consumption, 233, 243 P Palliative, 18, 233, 251 Pancreas, 145, 183, 191, 192, 219, 233, 254 Pancreatic, 125, 195, 233 Papain, 115, 233 Paradoxical, 34, 79, 233 Parasite, 233 Parasitic, 110, 202, 233 Parenteral, 27, 128, 233 Parenteral Nutrition, 27, 233 Paresthesia, 5, 234 Parkinsonism, 188, 222, 234 Partial remission, 234, 243 Parturition, 234, 239 Pathogenesis, 8, 15, 71, 114, 234 Pathologic, 154, 188, 191, 201, 217, 234, 240, 255 Pathologic Processes, 188, 234 Pathophysiology, 22, 234 Patient Education, 172, 176, 178, 182, 234 Pelvic, 113, 207, 234, 240 Penicillamine, 105, 156, 234 Penicillin, 187, 234, 255 Penis, 113, 206, 234, 238, 243 Pentosephosphate Pathway, 234, 253 Peptide, 18, 221, 222, 234, 237, 240 Perception, 14, 234 Percutaneous, 47, 234, 236 Perennial, 210, 234 Perineal, 113, 234 Perineum, 234 Peripheral Nervous System, 207, 229, 230, 234, 250 Peripheral Neuropathy, 18, 234 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 6, 58, 133, 235 Peripheral vision, 235, 256 Peritoneal, 63, 75, 235 Peritoneal Cavity, 235 Peritoneal Dialysis, 63, 75, 235 Peritoneum, 235 Pernicious, 219, 225, 235 Pernicious anemia, 219, 235 Petroleum, 193, 235 Phagocyte, 233, 235 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 196, 209, 212, 235, 248 Pharmacokinetic, 235 Pharmacologic, 22, 39, 138, 235, 253

Pharynx, 218, 235 Phenotype, 191, 199, 235 Phenyl, 17, 235 Phenylalanine, 127, 146, 235, 254 Phobia, 116, 235 Phobic Disorders, 236 Phonophoresis, 220, 236 Phosphates, 157, 236 Phosphodiesterase, 112, 236 Phospholipids, 139, 210, 219, 223, 236 Phosphorus, 111, 124, 126, 133, 142, 154, 156, 194, 236 Phosphorylase, 121, 236 Phosphorylase a, 121, 236 Phosphorylase Phosphatase, 236 Phosphorylated, 145, 198, 236 Phosphorylation, 145, 236, 241 Photosensitivity, 62, 63, 101, 236 Physical Examination, 212, 236 Physiologic, 6, 119, 139, 154, 184, 192, 205, 210, 219, 220, 226, 227, 236, 239, 242, 253 Physiology, 54, 191, 222, 236 Pigment, 116, 191, 224, 225, 226, 228, 236 Pigmentation, 111, 116, 217, 236 Pigments, 151, 195, 236 Pituitary Gland, 201, 236 Placenta, 209, 237, 239 Plana, 237, 246 Plasma cells, 187, 228, 237 Plasma protein, 184, 237, 246 Platelet Aggregation, 186, 230, 237, 252 Platelets, 230, 237, 252 Pleated, 221, 237 Poisoning, 81, 219, 226, 229, 237 Polymerase, 113, 237 Polymorphic, 19, 203, 237 Polymorphism, 16, 18, 123, 237 Polypeptide, 185, 198, 200, 228, 237, 239, 257 Polyposis, 198, 237 Polysaccharide, 187, 196, 213, 237, 240 Polyunsaturated fat, 93, 139, 160, 237, 252 Porphyrins, 157, 237 Posterior, 186, 189, 197, 205, 233, 238, 245 Postmenopausal, 232, 238 Postural, 17, 238 Potassium, 111, 115, 122, 124, 127, 133, 154, 157, 185, 227, 238, 247 Potentiate, 21, 238 Practice Guidelines, 168, 238 Precipitation, 142, 238 Preeclampsia, 48, 92, 101, 238

270

Vitamin B6

Pregnancy Tests, 212, 238 Premenstrual, 34, 65, 66, 71, 79, 81, 89, 101, 160, 172, 238 Premenstrual Syndrome, 65, 66, 81, 101, 160, 172, 238 Prepuce, 113, 238 Presumptive, 24, 238 Presynaptic, 230, 238 Prevalence, 7, 14, 20, 231, 238 Primary Prevention, 7, 238 Primary tumor, 18, 238 Probe, 29, 238 Progeny, 199, 238 Progesterone, 222, 231, 239, 249 Progression, 7, 8, 14, 22, 26, 47, 187, 239 Progressive, 110, 156, 189, 197, 203, 214, 221, 229, 239, 243 Projection, 231, 232, 239, 243 Prolactin, 62, 70, 239 Proline, 41, 127, 198, 216, 239 Pronation, 225, 239 Pronator, 225, 239 Prophylaxis, 12, 123, 230, 239, 244 Prospective Studies, 25, 239 Prospective study, 11, 34, 35, 223, 239 Prostaglandin, 119, 120, 239, 252 Prostaglandins A, 239 Prostate, 18, 131, 132, 191, 240, 243, 254 Prostate gland, 131, 132, 240 Prostatitis, 132, 240 Protease, 22, 240 Protein C, 15, 78, 184, 185, 188, 221, 223, 240, 255 Protein S, 192, 200, 208, 212, 240 Proteinuria, 228, 229, 238, 240 Proteoglycans, 190, 240 Proteolytic, 125, 185, 198, 233, 240 Protocol, 16, 26, 240 Protons, 185, 216, 240, 242 Protozoa, 199, 227, 240 Proximal, 113, 154, 205, 238, 240 Psoriasis, 122, 240, 244 Psychiatric, 191, 226, 240 Psychic, 222, 230, 240, 241, 245 Psychomotor, 194, 206, 230, 241 Psychopathology, 68, 241 Psychotomimetic, 186, 204, 241 Public Health, 25, 27, 35, 113, 168, 241 Public Policy, 167, 241 Publishing, 30, 83, 154, 156, 157, 241 Pulmonary, 192, 200, 201, 221, 222, 241, 256

Pulmonary Artery, 192, 241, 256 Pulmonary Edema, 221, 241 Pulmonary hypertension, 201, 241 Pulse, 227, 241 Pupil, 201, 204, 228, 241 Purines, 145, 241, 246 Putrescine, 241, 248 Pyridoxal, 10, 11, 14, 18, 20, 26, 28, 32, 81, 82, 121, 123, 140, 143, 148, 150 Pyridoxal Kinase, 49, 72, 241 Pyridoxal Phosphate, 11, 28, 59, 63, 64, 73, 121, 123, 140, 148, 202, 241 Pyridoxic Acid, 28, 44, 45, 73, 90, 140, 241 Pyrimidines, 145, 241, 246 Q Quality of Life, 14, 132, 241 R Race, 10, 129, 205, 222, 231, 241 Radiation, 75, 110, 141, 207, 210, 211, 242, 251, 254, 257 Radioactive, 216, 220, 231, 242 Radiography, 212, 242 Radiological, 234, 242 Random Allocation, 242 Randomization, 6, 23, 29, 242 Randomized, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 34, 37, 47, 54, 65, 66, 79, 81, 89, 90, 94, 206, 242 Randomized clinical trial, 9, 29, 54, 242 Reabsorption, 157, 242 Reactive Oxygen Species, 111, 242 Reagent, 232, 242 Receptor, 18, 61, 187, 205, 242, 246, 247 Receptors, Serotonin, 242, 246 Recombinant, 96, 242 Recombination, 199, 212, 242 Rectum, 198, 211, 218, 222, 240, 242 Recurrence, 73, 243 Red Nucleus, 189, 243 Reductase, 10, 19, 86, 243 Refer, 1, 198, 207, 211, 223, 224, 229, 230, 243 Reflex, 149, 243 Refraction, 243, 248 Regeneration, 143, 150, 243, 244 Regimen, 24, 206, 243 Relative risk, 10, 243 Remission, 4, 243 Renal Dialysis, 3, 243 Renal failure, 96, 215, 243 Renal pelvis, 221, 243 Reproductive system, 240, 243

271

Research Support, 14, 243 Respiration, 81, 194, 227, 233, 243 Respiratory Paralysis, 183, 243 Restoration, 116, 125, 243 Reticulocyte Count, 25, 244 Reticulocytes, 244 Retina, 8, 41, 51, 52, 55, 197, 222, 224, 232, 244, 245, 246, 256 Retinoids, 244, 256 Retinol, 20, 244 Retinopathy, 15, 33, 244 Reversion, 244, 254 Rheumatism, 34, 125, 244 Rheumatoid, 34, 71, 125, 159, 233, 244 Rheumatoid arthritis, 71, 125, 159, 244 Rhinitis, 208, 244 Riboflavin, 9, 38, 41, 42, 49, 56, 85, 111, 119, 132, 142, 154, 155, 156, 162, 244 Ribonucleic acid, 60, 244 Ribose, 113, 114, 145, 183, 244, 253 Rickets, 244, 256 Rigidity, 130, 234, 237, 245 Risk factor, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 134, 136, 137 Risperidone, 53, 80, 93, 106, 245 Rod, 20, 190, 221, 245 S Saline, 149, 245 Saponins, 245, 249 Saturated fat, 154, 245 Scatter, 245, 254 Schistosomiasis mansoni, 73, 82, 245 Schizophrenia, 102, 245 Sclera, 197, 200, 245 Scleroproteins, 221, 245 Sclerosis, 189, 228, 245 Screening, 6, 16, 20, 24, 29, 198, 245 Secretion, 18, 70, 130, 132, 201, 216, 219, 221, 227, 228, 245, 246 Sedative, 220, 245 Sedentary, 137, 245 Seizures, 33, 34, 46, 51, 58, 65, 79, 194, 245, 249 Selenium, 4, 5, 111, 124, 132, 141, 142, 144, 156, 245 Sella, 205, 236, 246 Semen, 131, 206, 240, 246 Seminiferous tubule, 246, 248 Semisynthetic, 209, 246 Senile, 232, 246 Sensor, 11, 246 Sepsis, 145, 246

Serine, 13, 28, 32, 127, 202, 246 Serotonin, 121, 146, 147, 148, 183, 188, 210, 230, 242, 245, 246, 254 Serrata, 125, 197, 246 Serrated, 246 Serum, 4, 6, 7, 16, 20, 25, 27, 96, 136, 137 Serum Albumin, 27, 246 Sex Characteristics, 184, 186, 246, 251 Sharpness, 142, 246 Shedding, 204, 246 Shock, 35, 123, 246 Side effect, 16, 48, 112, 118, 119, 123, 138, 139, 143, 184, 188, 191, 246, 253 Signal Transduction, 219, 247 Signs and Symptoms, 243, 247 Single-agent, 28, 247 Skeletal, 18, 186, 228, 247 Skeleton, 183, 220, 239, 247 Skin Aging, 110, 141, 247 Skin Care, 140, 247 Skull, 202, 206, 229, 247, 251 Small intestine, 191, 197, 205, 216, 219, 247 Smooth muscle, 186, 193, 200, 216, 228, 247, 250 Soaps, 247 Social Environment, 241, 247 Social Isolation, 26, 247 Sodium, 111, 119, 124, 127, 128, 133, 154, 157, 185, 227, 242, 247, 248, 250, 255 Sodium Benzoate, 119, 248 Sodium Channels, 248, 255 Solvent, 117, 194, 209, 213, 226, 232, 248 Somatic, 184, 216, 227, 234, 235, 248 Soybean Oil, 237, 248 Spasmogenic, 186, 248 Spastic, 220, 248 Specialist, 174, 205, 248 Spectrum, 42, 90, 248 Sperm, 131, 132, 186, 197, 246, 248 Sperm Count, 131, 248 Spermatozoa, 90, 246, 248 Spermidine, 127, 248 Spermine, 248 Spina bifida, 229, 248 Spinal cord, 193, 196, 197, 225, 226, 229, 230, 234, 243, 248 Spleen, 224, 245, 248 Sporadic, 229, 248 Squamous, 149, 249 Stabilization, 14, 249 Stabilizer, 194, 249 Standard therapy, 132, 249

272

Vitamin B6

Status Epilepticus, 63, 249 Steel, 249, 255 Stem Cells, 208, 249 Sterilization, 111, 133, 249 Steroid, 38, 46, 61, 154, 201, 245, 249 Stimulant, 115, 186, 193, 204, 216, 249, 255 Stimulus, 209, 219, 235, 243, 249, 252 Stomach, 119, 183, 209, 211, 212, 216, 229, 235, 247, 248, 249 Stool, 218, 220, 222, 249 Strand, 28, 237, 249 Streptococcal, 36, 249 Streptococci, 32, 146, 249 Streptococcus, 32, 37, 249 Stress, 10, 22, 23, 101, 116, 195, 201, 220, 229, 233, 244, 249 Stroke, 23, 25, 50, 56, 58, 93, 102, 166, 194, 220, 249 Subacute, 218, 249 Subarachnoid, 214, 249 Subclinical, 4, 7, 47, 218, 245, 250 Subcutaneous, 183, 206, 233, 250 Subiculum, 215, 250 Subspecies, 248, 250 Substance P, 149, 208, 226, 245, 250 Substrate, 14, 19, 143, 250 Sulfadoxine, 24, 250 Sulfur, 14, 227, 250 Sunburn, 250, 254 Superoxide, 80, 250 Superoxide Dismutase, 80, 250 Support group, 156, 250 Suppression, 70, 138, 148, 201, 230, 250 Survival Rate, 232, 250 Sweat, 5, 250 Sweat Glands, 250 Sympathomimetic, 186, 204, 205, 208, 231, 250 Symphysis, 240, 250 Synaptic, 230, 247, 250 Synergistic, 34, 79, 89, 148, 239, 251 Systemic, 8, 12, 62, 132, 188, 192, 208, 218, 251, 253 Systolic, 9, 217, 251 T Tardive, 69, 102, 159, 160, 188, 251 Teichoic Acids, 214, 251 Temporal, 17, 214, 215, 224, 251 Tendon, 17, 251 Tendonitis, 125, 251 Tenosynovitis, 5, 251 Teratogenesis, 91, 251

Testis, 209, 251 Testosterone, 243, 251 Thalamic, 189, 251 Thalamic Diseases, 189, 251 Thalamus, 79, 204, 251 Theophylline, 49, 72, 106, 241, 251 Therapeutics, 4, 251 Thermography, 154, 251 Thiamine, 35, 79, 111, 119, 127, 132, 154, 251 Third Ventricle, 251, 252 Thoracic, 193, 225, 252 Threonine, 83, 127, 246, 252 Threshold, 217, 252 Thrombin, 210, 237, 240, 252 Thrombomodulin, 240, 252 Thromboses, 25, 27, 252 Thrombosis, 240, 249, 252 Thromboxanes, 189, 206, 252 Thrombus, 201, 218, 220, 237, 252 Thymus, 217, 224, 252 Thyroid, 220, 252, 254 Thyroxine, 184, 235, 252 Tibiae, 12, 252 Tilapia, 78, 252 Tin, 195, 234, 235, 252 Tissue, 11, 15, 36, 51, 80, 82, 112, 129, 135, 140, 183, 184, 185, 187, 190, 191, 192, 196, 197, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 213, 214, 217, 219, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234, 235, 236, 243, 244, 246, 249, 252, 253, 255 Tonicity, 215, 220, 252 Topical, 117, 128, 140, 147, 189, 209, 216, 233, 247, 252 Torsion, 218, 252 Toxaemia, 238, 252 Toxic, iv, 113, 114, 119, 185, 194, 200, 207, 214, 217, 226, 230, 241, 245, 253 Toxicity, 17, 95, 113, 114, 206, 226, 253 Toxicokinetics, 253 Toxicology, 91, 95, 168, 253 Toxins, 119, 123, 187, 218, 252, 253 Toxoplasmosis, 190, 253 Trace element, 82, 111, 116, 126, 197, 252, 253 Tragacanth, 119, 253 Transaminase, 31, 54, 70, 92, 253 Transcription Factors, 61, 253 Transfection, 192, 253 Transketolase, 31, 72, 253 Translation, 208, 253

273

Translocation, 208, 253 Transmitter, 183, 205, 225, 231, 253 Transplantation, 9, 52, 54, 96, 197, 217, 221, 224, 253 Tremor, 57, 80, 130, 234, 253 Tricuspid Atresia, 201, 253 Tricyclic, 107, 118, 254 Trophic, 37, 254 Tryptophan, 31, 38, 42, 56, 60, 67, 73, 80, 82, 113, 127, 147, 198, 246, 254 Tuberculosis, 24, 57, 94, 102, 146, 200, 220, 254 Tuberculostatic, 220, 254 Tumor marker, 191, 254 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 34, 254 Tunica, 140, 228, 254 Tunica Intima, 140, 254 Typhimurium, 32, 254 Tyrosine, 105, 107, 115, 127, 130, 138, 146, 205, 254 U Ulcerative colitis, 160, 254 Ultrasonography, 212, 254 Ultraviolet radiation, 110, 141, 247, 250, 254 Unconscious, 186, 217, 254 Uracil, 28, 145, 241, 254 Urea, 8, 157, 221, 232, 250, 254, 255 Uremia, 83, 95, 221, 243, 255 Ureters, 221, 255 Urethra, 132, 234, 240, 255 Uric, 157, 241, 255 Urinary, 9, 10, 12, 54, 59, 73, 80, 132, 143, 194, 208, 218, 223, 230, 231, 250, 255, 257 Urinary tract, 223, 230, 250, 255 Urinary tract infection, 230, 255 Urine, 8, 28, 132, 157 Urobilinogen, 157, 255 Urogenital, 190, 255 Urolithiasis, 81, 255 Uterus, 113, 196, 201, 207, 210, 217, 226, 239, 243, 255 V Vaccine, 240, 255 Vagina, 112, 196, 203, 221, 226, 243, 255 Vaginal, 112, 224, 255

Valine, 127, 234, 255 Valproic Acid, 65, 82, 91, 107, 255 Vanadium, 4, 255 Vascular, 7, 8, 9, 22, 23, 27, 90, 139, 145 Vasoconstriction, 208, 255 Vasodilation, 112, 255 Vasodilator, 193, 205, 216, 256 Vein, 187, 219, 231, 256 Venous, 19, 28, 113, 196, 208, 240, 253, 256 Venous blood, 19, 28, 196, 208, 256 Ventricle, 190, 201, 215, 241, 251, 252, 253, 256 Ventricular, 201, 253, 256 Venules, 192, 256 Veterinary Medicine, 167, 256 Villous, 195, 256 Viral, 110, 114, 128, 218, 256 Virulence, 253, 256 Virus, 130, 196, 207, 219, 256 Visceral, 18, 102, 235, 256 Visual field, 134, 256 Vital Statistics, 192, 256 Vitamin A, 9, 28, 124, 130, 132, 142, 219, 244, 256 Vitamin D, 4, 7, 21, 27, 132, 142, 155, 244, 256 Vitreous Body, 244, 256 Vitro, 12, 18, 21, 80, 114, 256 Vivo, 70, 82, 114, 123, 256 W Weight Gain, 143, 256 White blood cell, 187, 222, 224, 228, 237, 256 Womb, 243, 255, 257 X Xanthine, 145, 257 Xenograft, 187, 257 X-ray, 123, 210, 231, 249, 257 Xylulose, 29, 83, 253, 257 Y Yeasts, 81, 211, 235, 257 Z Zinc Compounds, 142, 257 Zygote, 199, 200, 257 Zymogen, 240, 257

274

Vitamin B6

275

276

Vitamin B6

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