Report 183
ISSN: 0889-3144
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
D.M. Brewis and R.H. Dahm
Volume 16, Number 3, 2005
Expert overviews covering the science and technology of rubber and plastics
RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows: 1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References and Abstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstracts section. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstracts database, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc. 2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Polymer Library database. The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below. 3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to the abstracts records on the database to aid retrieval.
Source of original article Title
Item 1 Macromolecules
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83 EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han Akron,University The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and etherbased commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. GOODRICH B.F.
Location
USA
Authors and affiliation
Abstract
Companies or organisations mentioned
Accession no.771897
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Conductive Polymers, W.J. Feast
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Report 37
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Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding, P.D. Armitage, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson
Report 38
Epoxy Resins, K.A. Hodd
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Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications, D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.
Report 40
Internal Mixing of Rubber, J.C. Lupton
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Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.
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Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, Bayer AG.
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Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources, J.M. Methven, UMIST.
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Report 44
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Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and Leisure Industries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.
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Report 45
Composites - Tooling and Component Processing, N.G. Brain, Tooltex.
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Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications, G. Woods, Consultant.
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Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson, J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.
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Report 47
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Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for Plastics in Agriculture.
Report 48
Plastics in Building, C.M.A. Johansson
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Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging, R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd.
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Volume 5 Report 49
Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics, H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.
Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry, H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.
Report 50
Automotive Applications of Polymers II, A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.
Report 22
Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey, Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd.
Report 51
Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein, Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.
Report 23
Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd.
Report 52
Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge, University of Manchester.
Report 24
Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division.
Report 53
Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building Research Establishment.
Report 54
Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt, Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.
Report 55
Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing, E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for Industriforskning, Norway.
Volume 3 Report 25
Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom Technology Associates.
Report 26
Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.
Report 56
Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans, Consultant.
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Report 57
Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University. Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.
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Report 58
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Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton, Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy.
Report 59
Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications, A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.
Report 30
Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, National NDT Centre, Harwell.
Report 60
Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 31
Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan, Dow Corning Ltd.
Report 32
Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and 3M Belgium SA.
Report 33
Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Report 34
Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova
Volume 6 Report 61
Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 62
Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.
Report 63
Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.
Report 64
Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.
Report 65
Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, International Automotive Design.
Report 66
Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.
Report 67
Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation, V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.
Report 68
Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 69
Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell, Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.
Report 70
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center.
Report 71
Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s University of Belfast.
Report 72
Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, Econology Ltd.
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Report 91
Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton, University of Surrey.
Report 92
Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles, A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.
Report 93
Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood Technologies Inc.
Report 94
Compressive Behaviour of Composites, C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.
Report 95
Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten & Masch Manufacturing Co.
Report 96
Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman, St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.
Volume 9 Report 97
Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
Report 98
Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore & S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 99
Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes, Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.
Report 100
Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Mulhouse.
Report 73
Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, University of Bradford.
Report 74
Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.
Report 75
Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead Consulting Ltd.
Report 101
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Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials, R.C.P. Cubbon.
Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.
Report 102
Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves, Goodyear Technical Center.
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Report 103
Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.
Report 104
Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram Technology Ltd.
Report 105
Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development, B.G. Crowther.
Report 106
Properties and Applications of Elastomeric Polysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.
Report 77 Report 78
PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications, J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.
Report 79
Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems, Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
Report 80
Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.
Report 107
High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.
Report 81
Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications, J.A. Brydson.
Report 108
Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 82
Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization, Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada.
Report 83
Report 84
Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.
Volume 10 Report 109
Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide, J.A. Lindsay.
Report 110
Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers, R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 111
Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.
Report 112
Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications, J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.
Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing, P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.
Volume 8 Report 85
Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université Pierre et Marie Curie.
Report 113
Report 86
High Performance Engineering Plastics, D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.
Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula, University of Texas at Austin.
Report 114
Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene, V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Report 87
Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 115
Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky, University of Hamburg.
Report 88
Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications, A.S. Wilson.
Report 116
Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders, Y. Wang, Tunghai University.
Report 89
Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and
Report 117
Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing, R.J.M.
Report 118
Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.
Volume 13
Report 119
Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 145
Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship and J.C. Love, The University of Warwick.
Report 120
Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey, Shipley Ronal.
Report 146
In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love and V. Goodship, The University of Warwick.
Report 147
Rubber Product Failure, Roger P. Brown.
Volume 11
Report 148
Plastics Waste – Feedstock Recycling, Chemical Recycling and Incineration, A. Tukker, TNO.
Report 121
Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials, I.B. Page, BIP Ltd.
Report 149
Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 122
Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.
Report 150
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham, Materials Research Centre, University of Bath.
Report 123
Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research Council Canada.
Report 151
Rigid Plastics Packaging - Materials, Processes and Applications, F. Hannay, Nampak Group Research & Development.
Report 124
Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe, University of Exeter.
Report 152
Report 125
Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR, H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated.
Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers, A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk, University of Kassel.
Report 153
Report 126
Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd, University of Nottingham.
Polymers in Telecommunication Devices, G.H. Cross, University of Durham.
Report 154
Polymers in Building and Construction, S.M. Halliwell, BRE.
Report 127
Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant.
Report 155
Styrenic Copolymers, Andreas Chrisochoou and Daniel Dufour, Bayer AG.
Report 128
Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau, Lucent Technologies.
Report 156
Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact of Polymeric Products, T.J. O’Neill, Polymeron Consultancy Network.
Report 129
Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation, D.C. Wright.
Report 130
Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack, D.C. Wright.
Report 131
Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation, D.C. Wright.
Report 132
Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, Clariant Huningue SA.
Volume 12 Report 133 Report 134
Volume 14 Report 157
Developments in Colorants for Plastics, Ian N. Christensen.
Report 158
Geosynthetics, David I. Cook.
Report 159
Biopolymers, R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and N. Tucker, Warwick Manufacturing Group.
Report 160
Emulsion Polymerisation and Applications of Latex, Christopher D. Anderson and Eric S. Daniels, Emulsion Polymers Institute.
Report 161
Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc.
Emissions from Plastics, C. Henneuse-Boxus and T. Pacary, Certech.
Report 162
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers, J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University.
Analysis of Thermoset Materials, Precursors and Products, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 163
Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, Masami Okamoto, Toyota Technological Institute.
Report 164
Cure Monitoring for Composites and Adhesives, David R. Mulligan, NPL.
Report 165
Polymer Enhancement of Technical Textiles, Roy W. Buckley.
Report 135
Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.
Report 136
Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.
Report 137
Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH.
Report 138
Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear, Khon Kaen University.
Report 166
Developments in Thermoplastic Elastomers, K.E. Kear
Report 139
Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 167
Polyolefin Foams, N.J. Mills, Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham.
Report 140
Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance, M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre.
Report 168
Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments, J. Innes and A. Innes, Flame Retardants Associates Inc.
Report 141
Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N. Rothon, Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan University.
Volume 15
Report 142
Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh, Huntsman Polyurethanes.
Report 169
Engineering and Structural Adhesives, David J. Dunn, FLD Enterprises Inc.
Report 143
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins, D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Loughborough University.
Report 170
Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture, Roger P. Brown.
Report 171
PVC Compounds and Processing, Stuart Patrick.
Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV.
Report 172
Troubleshooting Injection Moulding, Vanessa Goodship, Warwick Manufacturing Group.
Report 144
Report 173
Regulation of Food Packaging in Europe and the USA, Derek J. Knight and Lesley A. Creighton, Safepharm Laboratories Ltd.
Report 174
Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers for Drug Delivery, David Jones, Queen's University, Belfast.
Report 175
Tyre Recycling, Valerie L. Shulman, European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA).
Report 176
Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids, V. Goodship and E.O. Ogur.
Report 177
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives & Processes, G. Polaski, J. Means, B. Stull, P. Warren, K. Allen, D. Mowrey and B. Carney.
Report 178
Mixing of Vulcanisable Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers, P.R. Wood.
Report 179
Polymers in Asphalt, H.L. Robinson, Tarmac Ltd, UK.
Report 180
Biocides in Plastics, D. Nichols, Thor Overseas Limited.
Volume 16 Report 181
New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH, D.J. Knight, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd.
Report 182
Food Contact Rubbers 2 - Products, Migration and Regulation, M.J. Forrest.
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
D.M. Brewis and R.H. Dahm (IPTME, Loughborough University)
ISBN-10: 1-85957-524-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-85957-524-6
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
Contents Abstract ...............................................................................................................................................................3 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................3
2
Principles .....................................................................................................................................................3
3
2.1
Theories of Adhesion........................................................................................................................3
2.2
Wettability ........................................................................................................................................4
2.3
Diffusion ...........................................................................................................................................5
Methods Used to Study Surfaces ................................................................................................................5 3.1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................5
3.2
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).......................................................................................5
4
Adhesion Without Pretreatment ..................................................................................................................6
5
Pretreatments ...............................................................................................................................................7 5.1
Summary ..........................................................................................................................................7
5.2
5.5
Wet Chemical Treatments ................................................................................................................8 5.2.1 Treatments with Solvated Electrons and Radical Anion Salts .............................................8 5.2.2 Treatment with Strong Aqueous Bases ..............................................................................10 5.2.3 Other Reductive Pretreatments ..........................................................................................13 Electrochemical and Related Methods ...........................................................................................13 5.3.1 The Indirect Electrochemical Pretreatment of PTFE .........................................................14 5.3.2 Treatment of PTFE with Metal Amalgams ........................................................................15 5.3.3 The Direct Electrochemical Pretreatment of PTFE ...........................................................16 Plasma Treatments..........................................................................................................................17 5.4.1 Principles and Equipment ..................................................................................................17 5.4.2 Studies of Plasma Treatments ............................................................................................20 5.4.3 Flame Treatment ................................................................................................................24 Photochemical Pretreatments .........................................................................................................25
5.6
Miscellaneous Pretreatments ..........................................................................................................26
5.3
5.4
General Discussion ...........................................................................................................................................26 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................................27 References .........................................................................................................................................................27 Abbreviations and Acronyms............................................................................................................................28 Subject Index ..................................................................................................................................................103 Company Index ...............................................................................................................................................121
1
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
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2
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
Abstract Fluorinated polymers have a number of very useful properties such as excellent chemical resistance. However, they are usually difficult to bond without a pretreatment. There are exceptions and untreated poly(vinylidene fluoride), for example, may be successfully bonded with an amine-cured epoxide. The most effective methods to pretreat fully fluorinated polymers were developed in the 1950s. Much work, especially on electrochemical and plasma treatments, has since been carried out but to date these have not proved as effective as the early methods. Partially fluorinated polymers may be treated like polyolefins, for example, flame, and plasma treatments are very effective. Aqueous and alcoholic solutions of Group I hydroxides are also very effective.
to adhere to, while partially fluorinated polymers such as PVDF and PVF may cause problems depending on the circumstances. To achieve a satisfactory level of adhesion, it is often necessary to carry out a pretreatment with both fully and partially fluorinated polymers. In this review the principles of adhesion are considered first (Section 2). Techniques that have greatly increased our understanding of adhesion to fluoropolymers are described in Section 3. Cases where good adhesion is achieved without a pretreatment are examined in Section 4. However, as pretreatments are usually needed to get the required level of adhesion, this review is mainly concerned with the wide variety of methods available to pretreat fluoropolymers (Section 5). A general discussion and conclusions follow.
2 Principles 1 Introduction
2.1 Theories of Adhesion
Fluoropolymers can provide a combination of properties including high temperature resistance, excellent resistance to many chemicals and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, fire resistance and low friction. Fluoropolymers are relatively expensive and they are generally used in specialised applications such as linings for chemical plant, spacecraft coatings that are resistant to atomic oxygen, fire-resistant coatings for cables, and of course, non-stick functions. There are more than twenty different fluoropolymers that are commercially available. Important examples of fluorinated plastics include:
It is first necessary to consider why materials adhere to each other. There are four main theories of adhesion, namely adsorption, electrostatic, diffusion and mechanical keying. According to the adsorption theory, macromolecules of the mobile phase (adhesive, printing ink, etc.) are adsorbed onto the substrate and held there by forces ranging from weak dispersion forces to chemical bonds so that an interface exists. In the electrostatic theory there is a transfer of charge between the mobile phase and the substrate such that they are held together by electrostatic forces. The third theory requires the diffusion of macromolecules, or monomers, of the mobile phase into the substrate, thereby eliminating an interface. With the mechanical keying theory, the mobile phase flows into the irregularities (pits and troughs) of the substrate surface and after hardening, a keying action occurs.
Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene Perfluoroalkoxy copolymer
FEP PTFE PVF PVDF ETFE PFA
An example of a fluorinated elastomer is a terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), hydropentafluoropropylene (HPFP) and tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). Good adhesion is required in a number of technologies involving fluoropolymers including adhesive bonding, painting, printing, metallisation (via vacuum or solution) and composite production. However, fully fluorinated polymers such as PTFE and FEP are notoriously difficult
These theories will each be important with particular systems, but the adsorption theory is likely to be the most generally applicable. Aspects of diffusion are briefly discussed in Section 2.3. To these four theories should be added a theory of non-adhesion, due to the existence of regions of low cohesive strength in the interfacial region. Bikerman (a.1) first suggested that adhesion problems may be due to weak boundary layers. He suggested that molecules of low molecular weight create a region of low strength on the surface.
3
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
The weak boundary theory received considerable support from other research work and some of this is outlined next. It is certainly easy to envisage various possible sources of weak boundary layers on polymer surfaces, namely: •
impurities arising from the polymerisation process;
•
the low molecular weight tail of a polymer;
•
additives, e.g., antioxidants and slip agents;
•
external processing aids, e.g., mould release agents;
•
contamination after the polymerisation process.
Schonhorn and co-workers have put forward evidence in favour of the weak boundary concept using polyethylene as the substrate. In 1966, Hansen and Schonhorn (a.2) reported work in which they bombarded polyethylene and certain other polymers with activated inert gases and found that the adhesion of an epoxide adhesive to the polymers greatly increased, although the critical surface tensions of the polymers were unchanged. Also, using reflection infrared (IR) analysis they were unable to detect any chemical changes in the surface. They proposed therefore, that regions of low molecular weight on the surface had been crosslinked to the long polymer chains thereby eliminating weak boundary layers. In fact, Hansen and Schonhorn suggested that surface treatments in general act primarily by eliminating weak boundary layers. In some later work Schonhorn and Ryan (350) exposed polyethylene to UV radiation. They found joint strengths with an epoxide adhesive much increased, but there was no evidence of oxidation using reflection IR and contact angle measurements. They concluded that crosslinking at the surface had occurred thereby eliminating a potential weak boundary layer. However, at the time of this research, reflection IR analysis was not sufficiently surface sensitive to detect the chemical changes that were later shown, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), to have occurred. Before any adhesion mechanism can operate, good contact between the two materials is necessary. The question of wettability is therefore of crucial importance and this topic will now be considered briefly.
2.2 Wettability A satisfactory level of contact between the mobile phase, for example an adhesive, and the substrate is essential for good adhesion. A direct measure of wettability may be obtained via a contact angle measurement. This is the angle (θ) between the tangent and the substrate surface when a drop of liquid is placed upon it.
When there is a strong attraction between the liquid and the solid, θ will be small (or zero for perfect wetting). Conversely when the attraction between a liquid and solid is poor a large contact angle is obtained, possibly greater than 90° as illustrated next:
Such is the case with fluorinated polymers; the water contact angle with PTFE is about 110°. The poor wetting is due to relatively low attractive forces between water, which is a very polar molecule, and PTFE, which is non-polar. Contact angle values from various pure liquids may be used to estimate the surface free energy of a substrate via various thermodynamic theories. The Owens, Wendt and Kaelble approach enables the polar and dispersion components of the surface free energy (SFE) to be evaluated from a knowledge of the contact angle of various liquids of known polar and dispersion values. The equation employed is: (1 + cos θ )γ l / 2(γ ld )1/2 = (γ sp )1/2 (γ lp / γ ld )1/2 + (γ sd )1/2
4
(1)
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
where: γ1 is the SFE of the liquid γ1p is the polar component of the liquid SFE γ1d is the dispersion component of the liquid SFE γs is the SFE of the solid γsp is the polar component of the solid SFE γsd is the dispersion component of the solid SFE This is the equation of a straight line where (1 + p d 1/ 2 cosθ)γι/2(γιd)1/2 is plotted against (γ l / γ l ) . Hence the square of the gradient is γsp, i.e., the polar component of the surface free energy of the solid and the square of the γ intercept is γsd, i.e., the dispersion component of the surface free energy of the solid. Although the greatest contribution to the surface energy of a polymer comes from the dispersion component, the polarity of the surface is more easily altered with a pretreatment. For example, an untreated low density polyethylene (LDPE) sample with a zero polar component and a 31.9 m/Nm dispersion component, showed an increase in the polar component to 8.0 m/Nm after a flame treatment. The dispersion component stayed fairly constant at 30.7 m/Nm (a.3). Typically a ten-fold increase in adhesion may be observed from such a treatment. Adhesion improvement comes from better wetting and stronger interfacial attraction due to the new functionality. Hence surface energy estimation can be a useful tool to assess adhesion performance.
2.3 Diffusion If two pieces of the same polymer are heated to a sufficiently high temperature and brought together under pressure, then chain segments from the two pieces will interpenetrate and the interface will be eliminated. This process is often termed autohesion. There is no dispute that this process will occur when two pieces of the same polymer are involved as in heat sealing, although ethylene-propylene copolymers are known to exhibit relatively poor autohesion. Whether diffusion between two different polymers occurs will depend on a number of factors including temperature, time available and chemical compatibility. It is often desirable to combine the properties of two or more polymers and this can be achieved by coextrusion. If two polymers A and B are insufficiently compatible to achieve good adhesion, then a tie-layer, often a copolymer, may be used. This is a polymer that is compatible with both A and B. Raghava and Smith (277) showed that
interdiffusion had occurred in compression-moulded laminates formed between PVDF and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray microanalysis they demonstrated the existence of interphases several microns thick. Yang and Garton (214) examined the use of primers as an alternative to pretreatments for PTFE. The authors used triphenylphosphine (TPP) as a primer for a cyanacrylate adhesive and diaminodiphenylamine (DDM) with an epoxide adhesive. The authors proposed that the primers mix with the PTFE in the surface regions and are then able to form interphases involving the adhesives and PTFE. With the TPP/cyanoacrylate system shear bond strengths in excess of 10 MPa were obtained compared to a negligible strength in the absence of a primer. With the DDM/epoxide system a maximum strength of 2.2 MPa was obtained. It is therefore possible under some circumstances to avoid pretreatments. However, in general to achieve good adhesion to fluoropolymers, especially if fully fluorinated, a pretreatment is necessary. It is also possible for a primer or adhesive to diffuse into a substrate.
3 Methods Used to Study Surfaces 3.1 Introduction A knowledge of the surface chemistry of substrates is important in our understanding of adhesion. There are many techniques which provide information on the surface chemistry of plastics. Of particular importance is XPS, also known as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). This technique is outlined in Section 3.2. Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) and reflection infrared analysis are also widely used. Topography, which can have an important effect on adhesion, may be examined using electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy.
3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) In this technique a solid, e.g., a plastic film, is bombarded with X-rays of known energy under high vacuum. Photoelectrons from different core levels are ejected. Photoelectrons from the first few atomic layers
5
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
have a characteristic kinetic energy depending on the elements present in the surface regions. The binding energy of a photoelectron from a particular core level is given by the equation: Eκ = hν - EΒ – Φ
(2)
where: Eκ is the kinetic energy of the photoelectron hν is the X-ray energy EΒ is the binding energy of the photoelectron Φ is the constant for a given instrument A schematic diagram of the equipment used is shown in Figure 1. By scanning different energies, a spectrum is obtained. The elements present in the first few atomic layers can be readily identified from their characteristic binding energies. The percentage concentration of each element can be calculated from the following equation: Ix Cx =
∑ (I
Sx n
Sn
4 Adhesion Without Pretreatment Good adhesion can be achieved by any of the following mechanisms namely: •
Strong interaction across an interface
•
Diffusion
•
Mechanical keying
The magnitude of the interaction across an interface will be determined by (a) the degree of contact between the mobile phase, e.g., an adhesive and the substrate, and (b) the type of interaction between the two materials. A direct measure of wettability is given by surface energy (see Section 2). Some values of surface energies for fluoropolymers are given in Table 1.
× 100 )
(3)
where: Cx = percentage concentration of element X Ix = quantity of photoelectrons from element X Sx = sensitivity factor for element X ∑ = summation of I/S for all elements It is thus a routine matter to obtain a quantitative elemental analysis of the surface regions of a solid.
The ‘non-stick’ nature of PTFE can be explained by the lack of chemical functionality resulting in poor wetting and weak interfacial interactions. It will be noted later that weak boundary layers can also play an important role in the adhesion to fluoropolymers. Partially fluorinated polymers like PVF and PVDF have higher surface energies than PTFE and in particular possess relatively high polar contributions to surface energy. It might be expected that partially fluorinated materials would have
Figure 1 Schematic of XPS instrument
6
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
Table 1 Surface energies and polar and dispersion components of surface energy of some polymers Polymer
Chemical structure of monomer compared with ethylene
Polytrifluoroethylene
4H replaced by F
γsd (mJ/m2)
γsp (mJ/m2)
γs (mJ/m2)
18.6
0.5
19.1
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
3H replaced by F
19.9
4.0
23.9
Poly(vinyl fluoride)
2H replaced by F
23.2
7.1
30.3
31.3
5.4
36.7
33.2
-
33.2
Low density polyethylene
1H replaced by F -
d
Key: γs Dispersion component of surface energy γsp Polar component of surface energy γs Total surface energy
good adhesion with adhesives where there are polar interactions across the interface. In fact, Schonhorn and Luongo (278) provided infrared evidence to show that certain amines could chemically modify the surface of PVDF while simultaneously ‘curing’ an epoxide resin: a) Reaction of PVDF with amines
b) If R contains more than one amino group as in many epoxy resin hardeners further reaction with the epoxy group of a resin results in covalent bonding between adhesive and substrate, for example:
Thus chemical bonding across the interface could occur. Schonhorn and Luongo found, for example, that if diethylaminopropylamine (DEAPA) was used in conjunction with an epoxide, strong adhesive joints were formed with PVDF. Krueger and co-workers (30) have discussed the use of a two-component adhesive for bonding of filled and unfilled PTFE in a process that does not require a surface pre-treatment. A proprietary twopart adhesive made up by adding one part of A containing a multifunctional aziridine (a saturated heterocyclic compound which behaves cationically towards a polyethylene amine), a polyester adipate, a dimethylsiloxane and hexamethylenediamine amongst others. The composition of component B is not disclosed. The cure time is of the order of seconds at room temperature. In lap shear tests bond strength is up to 14.5 MPa, which exceeds the cohesive strength of PTFE and results in a plastic-elastic deformation. The adhesion is not affected by immersion in water at 60 °C.
5 Pretreatments 5.1 Summary Effective pretreatments for PTFE were developed in the 1950s. These were sodium in liquid ammonia (a.4) and sodium naphthalenide in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (a.5). Many other treatments for PTFE have since been investigated including plasma treatment, direct electrochemical reduction, treatment with an alkali
7
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
metal amalgam and reduction with benzoin dianion. In recent years the vast majority of research studies have centred on plasma treatment. This is reflected in the account of pretreatments given next.
5.2 Wet Chemical Treatments
5.2.1 Treatments with Solvated Electrons and Radical Anion Salts Sodium in liquid ammonia and sodium naphthalenide in THF are both powerful reducing agents, i.e., they are capable of acting as powerful electron donors as shown in Equations (4) and (9): Na + nNH 3 → Na + + e n– ( NH 3 )
(4)
(5) A possible mechanism of reduction of the carbon halogen bond in fluoropolymers is outlined next:
(6)
(7)
(8) (9) The first step, Equation (6), involves electron transfer from a solution of solvated electrons, or a naphthalenide radical anion or a cathode to the fluorinated polymer with elimination of a fluoride ion to produce a neutral radical. This then reacts further to produce new carboncarbon bonds resulting in crosslinking as shown in Equation (7) or the radical may accept a second electron to form a carbanion which in turn reacts with a protic
8
solvent (HS) to yield carbon-hydrogen bonds as shown in Equation (8), or undergoes elimination of a fluoride ion with formation of carbon carbon double bonds as shown in Equation (9). The treatment of fully fluorinated polymers with sodium in liquid ammonia or sodium naphthalenide in THF is very rapid. In the 1970s the changes in surface chemistry caused by these treatments were studied using XPS shortly after the technique became commercially available. Brecht, Mayer and Binder (353) showed that treatment of PTFE with sodium naphthalenide in THF for 30 seconds reduced the F:C ratio in the surface region from 2 to 0.17 and introduced substantial quantities of oxygen-containing groups (O:C ratio = 0.2). Dwight and Riggs (347) treated FEP with sodium in liquid ammonia. Complete defluorination took place and a large quantity of oxygen was introduced into the surface in the form of carbonyl and carboxylic acid groups. Some more recent studies are now described. Ha and co-workers (262) using reflection infrared analysis (IR-IRS) and XPS concluded that the sodium naphthalenide treatment of PFA introduced unsaturation fairly evenly to a depth of 112 nm while oxygencontaining functional groups such as —OH, C=O and —CO2H were concentrated in the first few nm. They calculated that in the top 5 nm of treated surface, 1 in 20 carbon atoms was involved in a hydroxyl group and 1 in 60 in a carbonyl group. The same group studied the effect of sodium naphthalenide on PTPE, FEP and PFA (a.6). They found that the washing procedure had a marked effect on the surface chemistry of treated PFA. Washing by THF alone left a surface with much sodium carbonate but few hydroxyl groups. The authors concluded that hydroxyl groups were produced during the normal washing procedure, i.e., with water. They found that the surface compositions of PFA and PTFE as determined by XPS were broadly similar after a 1 hour treatment (Table 2). The SEM study indicated that the etching treatment did not cause any changes in topography to PFA or PEP but cracks were apparent with skived PTFE. Brewis and co-workers (229) compared the effectiveness of sodium naphthalenide towards PTFE and PVF. They found that the increase in lap shear joint strength with a two-part epoxy was much more rapid with PTFE, as can be seen from Table 3. In a later study (215), the same authors studied the treatment of PTFE, copolymer of ethylene and
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
Table 2 A comparison of surface functionality as measured by XPS of PFA and PTFE after a one-hour treatment with sodium complex (a.9) Group
PFA
PTFE
1 per 2.9 carbons
1 per 3.7 carbons
—OH
1 per 20 carbons
1 per 18 carbons
—CO
1 per 60 carbons
1 per 100 carbons
—F
1 per 80 carbons
1 per 40 carbons
C=C, C≡C
Table 3 Joint strengths for ‘Tetra Etch’ – treated PTFE and PVF (229)
PTFE
PVF
Treatment time (s)
Joint strength (MPa)
0 2 10 30 60 600 1800 3600
2.1 18.3 21.4 20.5 21.3 22.2 20.8 22.3
0 2 10 30 60 600 1800 3600
1.8 3.6 4.0 5.0 10.4 15.9 13.4 14.1
chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), PVDF and PVF with sodium naphthalenide (Table 4). As can be seen, the rate of chemical modification is in the order PTFE > PVDF > ECTFE > PVF. With PTFE, almost complete defluorination occurred in 10 seconds whereas with PVF defluorination was still far from complete after 1 hour. Rye (201) compared the effects of a sodium naphthalenide etch on PTFE and FEP. Although the chemical modification, as shown by XPS, was similar, there were marked differences in the topographical changes that occurred in the two polymers. With FEP there was little change in the topography, whereas with PTFE extensive pitting occurred. This difference was attributed to differences in the processing of the two polymers. FEP can be melt processed, e.g., by extrusion, whereas PTFE is intractable, and film and thin sheet must be obtained by skiving (essentially planing with a sharp blade) cylinders of the polymer. The skiving process results in long unidirectional scratches. Upon etching, cracks parallel
Table 4 Effect of ‘Tetra Etch’ treatment on PTFE, PVF, PVDF and ECTFE Polymer
Treatment
Colour
XPS (at.%) C
Cl
F
O
Failure load (N)*
PTFE
None 10 s 1 min
White Brown Black
38.4 87.6 82.2
— — —
61.6 0.8 0.9
— 11.6 16.9
420 4280 4260
PVF
None 10 s 1 min 60 min
Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless
70.4 72.4 75.4 87.3
— — — —
28.8 26.7 23.0 11.4
0.8 0.9 1.6 1.3
360 800 2080 3020
PVDF
None 1 min 60 min
Colourless Faint brown Faint brown
51.4 77.4 79.5
— — —
47.9 12.9 9.2
0.7 9.7 11.3
— — —
ECTFE
None 1 min
Cream Cream
53.2 72.5
14.3 3.7
32.5 17.7
— 6.0
240 3300
*For a bonded area of 20 mm wide x 10 mm long; a two-part epoxide adhesive was used
9
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
to these scratches are produced. Rye found that adhesion of copper to etched FEP was poor, whereas with etched PTFE it was good. Rye attributed the good adhesion to mechanical keying with the porous PTFE. Whereas XPS can be used to study chemical changes up to about 10 nm, Rutherford back scattering (RBS) can be used to study chemical changes, although in less detail, to much greater depths. Rye, using RBS, found the depth of etching was about 300 nm with PTFE but less than 50 nm with FEP. Lin and co-workers (107) studied the treatment of PTFE with sodium naphthalenide in THF and its effect on copper adhesion to the polymer. They found that the adhesion of electroless copper improved as defluorination increased. They concluded that the adhesion was also enhanced by the ‘groove-like’ topography caused by the chemical treatment. Bening and McCarthy (254) reduced FEP with sodium naphthalenide in THF at –78 °C and 0 °C. They then determined the thickness of the treated layers using a combination of gravimetric measurements and UV-vis spectroscopy. After 8 hours, at –78 °C the thickness was about 9 nm and at 0 °C was about 70 nm. Marchesi and co-workers (251) treated various fluorinated polymers with sodium naphthalenide in THF at ambient temperature. Using IR-IRS, they determined the treatment depth after 1 hour. For smooth films the treated depth was within the range 112 – 150 nm for PFA, FEP and PTFE. A number of reagents can attack PTFE and other perfluoropolymers resulting in substantial surface modification but without complete carbonisation of the surface. For example Chakrabati and Jacobus (281) found that the product obtained from the reduction of PTFE by a solution of lithium in liquid ammonia depended on the lithium to fluorine ratio in the mixture. Of particular interest is the observation that for a lithium to fluorine ratio of four a white, oxygen-free material of composition C90 H179 F was obtained. Infrared and 13CNMR spectroscopy showed that this consists of a layer of high molecular weight polyethylene formed by the following reaction (see also Equation 6): -(CF2)- + 4Li + 2NH3 → (-CH2-) + 2LiF + 2LiNH2 (10)
5.2.2 Treatment with Strong Aqueous Bases Crowe and Badyal (a.7) treated PVDF overnight at room temperature with a saturated aqueous solution of
10
lithium hydroxide. Very different surface chemistries were obtained depending on the washing procedure. If the treated PVDF was washed in water, two new peaks were evident in the XPS spectrum, the dominant one being at 285.2 eV (most likely –C x H y -) and 287.4 eV (probably >C=O or >C<(OH)2). About 56% of the carbon atoms were modified. No Li 1s signal was observed. If the treated PVDF was washed in isopropanol, both covalent (peak at 688.1 eV, 46%) and ionic (peak at 685.4 eV, 54%) fluorine species were observed. The existence of strong Li 1s and O 1s peaks at 55.7 and 532.1 eV was given as evidence for a reaction between PVDF and LiOH at the solidsolution boundary. Shoulders amounting to 53% of the total C 1s signal also emerge towards the lower binding energy side of both the –CF2 and -CH2- peaks. The amount of modified C 1s for both types of wash (56 and 53%, respectively), compares with the observed ionic fraction (54%) of the F 1s spectrum. The authors concluded that dehydrofluorination had probably occurred. The treatment was reported to give much improved adhesion in a tape test. Other workers ((307) for example) have reported the treatment of PVDF with Group I hydroxides and the use of phase transfer catalysts such as tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) to increase the reactivity of the reagent. However, they do not report adhesion studies of the treated surfaces. Brewis and co-workers (185) carried out a detailed study of the effect of Group I hydroxides, especially potassium hydroxide, on the bondability and surface chemistry of PVF and PVDF. Some of these results for PVF are summarised in Tables 5-7 and Figure 2 and those for PVDF in Table 8. Increasing the temperature of a 15 M solution beyond 80 °C (Table 5) did not result in further large increases in adhesion, but the chemical changes were much more pronounced. The results in Table 6 compare aqueous and alcoholic KOH treatments. These results show that a 5 M aqueous solution of KOH at 80 °C gives a relatively modest increase of 65% in the adhesion of PVF after 1 hour, whereas a corresponding alcoholic solution results in a much larger increase for a given treatment time. However, the changes in surface composition shown by XPS are similar for the two pretreatments. Figure 2 shows the effect of adding a small quantity of TBAB to aqueous KOH solution. The improvement in adhesion of an epoxide adhesive to PVF with the addition of TBAB is large, although the surface chemical changes are similar to those obtained without this addition.
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
Table 5 The effect of solution temperature on the surface composition and bondability of PVF treated with aqueous KOH solution (15 M, 1 min) (185) Temperature (°C)
Colour
XPS (at.%) C
F
O
Failure load (N)*
Untreated
None
69.5
29.4
1.0
350
80
None
68.4
29.9
1.7
2900
100
None
68.9
29.1
2.0
120
None
73.7
18.6
7.7
140
Faint brown
76.5
10.6
12.9
3100
Brown
81.3
1.0
17.7
4330
140 for 30 min
*For a bonded area of 20 mm wide x 10 mm long, a two-part epoxide was used
Table 6 Effect of treatment time on surface composition and adhesion levels of PVF treated at 80 °C with aqueous and alcoholic 5 M KOH solutions (185) Time
Colour
Failure load (N)*
XPS (at.%) C
F
O
K
Aqueous 0
None
350
69.5
29.4
1.0
—
I min
None
440
71.2
27.9
0.9
—
10 min
None
450
69.6
28.0
2.4
—
30 min
None
430
71.6
23.7
4.7
—
1h
None
580
73.1
20.2
6.7
—
0
None
350
69.5
29.4
1.0
—
10 s
None
500
74.5
24.9
0.6
—
30 s
None
530
68.6
29.6
1.8
—
1 min
Faint brown
890
69.2
28.7
1.1
1.2
10 min
Faint brown
3020
69.1
28.0
2.1
0.8
30 min
Light brown
3600
69.2
23.8
4.8
2.2
Brown
3490
70.6
21.8
6.2
1.4
Alcoholic
1h
*For a bonded area of 20 mm wide x 10 mm long, a two-part epoxide was used
Table 7 Effect of temperature on the treatment of PVF using 5 M aqueous KOH + 0.15 g TBAB per 50 ml of solution (185) Temperature (°C)
Time
Failure load (N)*
50
10 s / 1 min / 1 hour
410 / 670 / 450
80
l0 s / 30 s / 1 min / 1 hour
430 / 310 / 320 / 4220 CF
100
30 s / 1 min / l h
890 / 2060 / 4470 CF
10 s / 30 s / 1 min / 1 h
650 / 3280 / 3980 CF / 4350 CF
110 (boiling)
*For a bonded area of 20 mm wide x 10 mm long, a two-part epoxide was used CF = cohesive failure within PVF
11
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
Figure 2 Bond strength versus treatment time for PVF treated with 5 M aqueous KOH or 5 M aqueous KOH + 0.03 g of TBAB per 50 ml of KOH solution both at 80 °C Reproduced with permission from D.M. Brewis, I. Mathieson, I. Sutherland, R.A. Cayless and R.H.Dahm, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 1996, 16, 2, 89. Copyright Elsevier 1996.
Table 8 The effect on adhesion level and surface composition for various KOH treatments of PVDF (185) Treatment
Colour
Failure load (N)*
C
F
0
None
1300
51.0
49.0
—
10 s
None
4120
30 s
None
4040
52.7
45.7
1.6
1 min
Faint brown
4010
53.9
43.1
3.0
10 min
Faint brown
4560
58.0
37.0
5.0
1h
Light brown
4320
62.0
28.9
9.1
None
XPS (at.%)
Aq. KOH (5 M 80 °C)
Aq. KOH (5 M 80 °C) + TBAB† 0.15 g/50 ml 10 s
Light brown
4250
62.0
28.4
9.6
30 s
Light brown
3940
63.1
24.4
12.5
1 min
Brown
4860
69.7
16.7
13.6
10 min
Brown
4430
74.6
9.9
15.5
Dark brown
4740
77.7
4.3
16.8‡
1h
Alc. KOH (5 M 80 °C) 10 s
Light brown
4150
59.3
34.7
6.0
1min
Brown
4630
62.2
27.5
10.3
5 min
Dark brown
4340
65.7
21.7
12.6
10 min
Black
4150
67.0
18.7
14.3
1h
Black
3230
74.0
8.9
17.1
*For a bonded area of 20 mm wide x 10 mm long; a cyanoacrylate adhesive was used †N 0.7 and Na 0.5 at.% were also present
12
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
The effect of temperature on solutions containing TBAB to treat PVF is given in Table 7. Thus treatment times as low as 30 seconds can result in large increases in adhesion. Table 8 summarises various KOH treatments of PVDF - the adhesive used was a cyanoacrylate, namely Loctite Super Gel Extra because epoxides can give large joint strengths with PVDF without a pre-treatment. Again high adhesion levels can be achieved with short treatment times.
Table 9 The maximum bond strengths in peel tests for various fluoropolymers after treatment with benzoin dianion (211) Polymer
Reaction Time (h)
Peel Strength (kg/m)
PTFE
24
119
Teflon-FEP
48
205
Teflon-PFA
24
268
PCTFEa
6
222
(40)b
48
0
Teflon-AF(95)b
24
113
Teflon-AF Clearly, very high joint strengths can be achieved much more rapidly with PVDF than with PVF (see Tables 5-7). The changes in surface chemistry after a given treatment are also much greater with PVDF. In contrast to PVF, the chemical changes, for given treatment conditions, with alcoholic KOH and with KOH plus TBAB were much more pronounced than with the standard aqueous KOH solution.
5.2.3 Other Reductive Pretreatments Castello and McCarthy found that the reduction of PTFE by the potassium salt of benzoin dianion in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (293) results in only slight coloration of the surface which nevertheless exhibited a considerably enhanced surface energy. Hung and Burch (211) used this reagent for the treatment of a range of fluoropolymers the bond strengths with an epoxide decreasing in the order: PCTFE > PFA > FEP > PTFE Surprisingly Teflon AF (copolymer of TFE and perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole) is totally inert except when the TFE content is very high in which case bond strengths similar to those of PTFE were observed. The maximum bond strengths for various polymers after the benzoin dianion treatment are presented in Table 9.
a b
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene % tetrafluoroethylene in Teflon-AF
5.3 Electrochemical and Related Methods The majority of wet pretreatments of polymers involve surface functionalisation by oxidation or reduction of the polymer. The oxidising or reducing agent may be replaced by an anodically or cathodically polarised electrode. We can make use of this in two ways. The electrode may be brought into direct contact with the polymer surface, the so-called direct electrochemical process or, alternatively, an indirect approach may be used where a soluble redox reagent is generated at an electrode which then transfers electrons to or from the polymer, regenerating the original species which merely acts as an electron carrier or mediator transferring electrons between the electrode and the polymer. Both approaches have been used to treat the surface of polymers with the aim of improving their bondability. PTFE may be regarded as a highly oxidised polymer which is thermodynamically unstable relative to its reduction products as shown by the following data (a.8): 1/n (-CF2-)n + H2 → 1/n (-C-)n + 2 HF
(10)
ΔG0 = -193.18 kJ/mol With the exception of Teflon-AF (40) these peel strengths would be satisfactory for most purposes but clearly the treatment times are excessive. It was also shown that exposure of the reduced films to the strongly nucleophilic sodium methylthiolate anion (CH3SNa) resulted in the incorporation of sulfur into the surface which in turn greatly enhanced the adhesion of sputtered gold and electroless copper.
E0 = 1.00 V This clearly shows that PTFE although generally regarded as a highly inert material is thermodynamically unstable in contact with most metals and even with such mild reducing agents as iodide ions or stannous ions. The apparent stability of this polymer is due to kinetic inhibition which may be overcome by contacting the polymer with powerful one electron reducing agents such as alkali metal amalgams, solvated electrons or
13
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
solutions of radical ion salts in aprotic solvents. All of these species behave as powerful electron donors capable of transferring an electron to a halogenated species including PTFE with simultaneous expulsion of a halide ion as shown in Equations (6-9), Section 5.2.1. For PTFE, reduction under aprotic conditions can lead to complete removal of halogen to yield a product consisting mainly of carbon and some surface oxygen. The precise mechanism for the formation of carbon is not known but could involve elimination of a fluoride ion from the intermediate carbanionic species R- as in Equations (8) and (9) or successive reductive eliminations as in Equation (6).
5.3.1 The Indirect Electrochemical Pretreatment of PTFE The black carbonaceous layer formed on PTFE adheres well to the substrate and can be readily bonded using conventional epoxy adhesives. Brewis and Dahm showed that tetrabutylamonium naphthalenide produced electrochemically by reducing a solution of naphthalene in DMF containing tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBAT) at a platinum cathode was just as effective as commercially available ‘Tetra-Etch’ (H L Gore and Associates, Newark, NJ or Flagstaff, AZ) or sodium naphthalenide in reducing the surface of PTFE. This was the first recorded example of an electron carrier mediated electrochemical reduction of PTFE (344). Figure 3 illustrates in simplified form the principle of this electrocatalytic treatment. Amatore and co-workers (a.9) have recently carried out a detailed study of this process using a gold band microelectrode separated from the PTFE by a thin layer of inert Mylar polyester film taking into consideration the intercalation (doping) process omitted from the
previous, simplified scheme and first shown to play an important role in the electrochemical pretreatment of PTFE by Dahm and co-workers (a.10), see below. Amatore and co-workers found that reduction takes place only if mediators with reduction potentials in excess of –2.15 V saturated calomel electrode (SCE) such as benzonitrile or naphthalene are used to drive the carbonisation which takes place via two pathways. One of these involves direct electron transfer to the PTFE by diffusion of radical anions directly to the site of reduction as shown in Figure 3 and is essentially a surface reaction resulting only in lateral growth of the carbonaceous layer whereas the second process involves initial electron transfer to the carbonaceous (electronically conducting) film followed by reduction of PTFE at the carbon PTFE interface resulting in both widening and thickening of the carbonaceous film as proposed earlier by Dahm and co-workers (a.10). For the direct electrochemical pretreatment, see below. Amatore’s elegant quantitative analysis clearly shows that the ‘chemical’ amalgam and ‘wet’ electrochemical reduction of PTFE proceed by essentially the same mechanism. Similar schemes can be written for the reduction of the PTFE surface by solvated electrons generated for example, by the dissolution of sodium in liquid ammonia. Brace and co-workers (166) have used electrochemical techniques to generate solutions of solvated electrons with magnesium counter ions by electrolysing a solution of ammonium tetrafluoroborate in liquid ammonia using a magnesium anode and an inert stainless steel cathode. This treatment appears to be surprisingly mild compared with that observed for the sodium in liquid ammonia in that even after prolonged treatment times the appearance of the PTFE surface remains largely unchanged unlike the intensely black coloured surfaces produced by the sodium in liquid ammonia treatments. Combellas and co-workers in a later publication (75) report on the effect
Figure 3 Naphthalene mediated electrochemical pretreatment of PTFE Reproduced with permission from D.M. Brewis and R.H. Dahm, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 2001, 21, 401. Copyright Elsevier 2001.
14
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
of the magnesium treatment on the adhesion to PTFE. Peel tests on PTFE/rubbery epoxy/PET film assemblies resulted in modest improvements in adhesion which could however be improved greatly by the addition of sodium or potassium salts to the liquid ammonia solution which then, not unsurprisingly, produced the deeply coloured surfaces characteristic of the sodium in liquid ammonia treatment.
5.3.2 Treatment of PTFE with Metal Amalgams Carbonisation with alkali metal amalgams was investigated extensively by Jansta and co-workers who were the first workers to demonstrate the electrochemical nature of the carbonisation process (341). They showed that only the early stages of the process involved purely chemical interaction between the alkali metal and the polymer resulting in the formation of an intimate mixture of more or less finely divided electronically conducting carbonaceous material and the pore filling by the solid metal fluoride. The overall cell reaction is described by Equation (13): (-CF2-) + 2M(Hg)x → (-C-) + 2MF + 2 x Hg (13) Defluorination then continues as a series of processes taking place at the anode and cathode of a short circuited galvanic cell which may be represented by the following half cell reactions: At the anode, i.e., the amalgam metal fluoride interface: M(Hg) → M+ + e + Hg
(14)
The electrons travel along the electronically conducting ‘carbon wire’ to the carbon PTFE interface which now acts as a cathode at which PTFE is electronated according to: (-CF2-) + 2e → (-C-)+2F-
(15)
Simultaneously metal cations migrate from the vicinity of the anode to the cathode region in order to maintain charge neutrality. At that point the cations combine with the fluoride ions to form the metal fluoride: M+ + F- → MF
(16)
Because the newly defluorinated PTFE is also electronically conducting, the process continues until either the metal amalgam or the PTFE has been consumed. The system is shown schematically in Figure 4. Jansta and co-workers (341) showed that the thickness (l) of the carbonised layer increases with time according to: l = kt1/2
(17)
Where k is a rate constant whose magnitude is determined mainly by the electronic and ionic conductivity of the composite layer and by the thermodynamic cell voltage. More recently Kavan and co-workers (71) found that the reduction of PTFE with magnesium amalgam differs significantly from that with alkali metal amalgams in that this treatment does not result in blackening of PTFE surface even after prolonged contact with the amalgam at 150 °C thus strongly resembling the behaviour
Figure 4 Schematic of the metal amalgam - PTFE corrosion cell Reproduced with permission from D.M. Brewis and R.H. Dahm, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 2001, 21, 401. Copyright Elsevier 2001.
15
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
of PTFE towards magnesium in liquid ammonia as described earlier (a.9, 75, 166). Kavan showed that the magnesium amalgam reaction is confined to the top 100 nm surface layer producing carbon and magnesium fluoride but does not, unlike the sodium amalgam treatment, propagate into the bulk polymer. This is somewhat surprising because the magnesium amalgam has a higher standard potential (–2.09 V) than sodium (–1.959 V) or potassium (–1.975 V) amalgam so that lack of sufficient thermodynamic driving force cannot be the cause of the lower reactivity of the magnesium amalgam. For most treatments leading to intensive carbonisation a dense impervious carbonaceous film is formed. The only way in which such a film can grow in thickness (other than through crack formation) is by the mechanism outlined in Figure 4. This necessitates that the carbonaceous film is capable of acting as an electronic conductor and at the same time allows the movement of metal cations from the amalgam through the film to the PTFE-carbon interface. If either of these processes is blocked film thickening cannot take place. Kavan and co-workers speculate that ion transport is inhibited in the case of magnesium ions both here and in the case of magnesium in liquid ammonia. The precise mechanism by which the cations move through the film has not been established. It is unlikely that the solid metal fluorides, e.g., NaF, LiF or MgF2 are capable of acting as solid state ionic conductors at the low temperatures involved in these carbonisation reactions. Dahm and co-workers (a.10) have shown below, that the carbonaceous film can take up an excess negative charge (doping) and suggest that this is due to intercalation of (or doping by) cations into the film.
It is suggested here that it is these mobile cations that sustain the film thickening process.
5.3.3 The Direct Electrochemical Pretreatment of PTFE Brewis and Dahm reasoned that because the carbonaceous reduction product of PTFE was known to be an electronic conductor, direct electron transfer from a suitably polarised cathode in contact with a PTFE surface should also result in the formation of essentially the same carbonaceous reduction product as that observed for the chemical reductive treatments. Using a simple electrochemical cell they showed that the surface of PTFE could be reduced electrochemically to the extent of about 1 cm2 by contacting the surface of PTFE skived tape or ram-extruded rod with a metal cathode held at a potential in excess of –1.5 V versus the SCE under the surface of a 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate solution in dry DMF (344, a.10). The treated, blackened area grows radially outwards from the point of contact to cover an area of about 1 cm2. Prolonged contact caused the film to thicken at a rate which also obeys Equation (17). The magnitude of k appears to be a function of the size of the cation used as the support electrolyte. Thus the rate of increase in the thickness of the carbonaceous layer is greatest for the relatively small tetraethylammonium cations and very much smaller for the much larger tetraoctylammonium ions (a.10). The processes of lateral and in depth growth of the film is shown schematically in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Schematic of the metal amalgam - PTFE corrosion cell Reproduced with permission from D.M. Brewis and R.H. Dahm, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 2001, 21, 401. Copyright Elsevier 2001.
16
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
The electrochemical surface carbonisation does not proceed at a uniform rate in all directions from the point of contact. For example, in the case of skived tape the carbonisation proceeds at a faster rate in the direction of skiving resulting in marked asymmetry of the treated film (a.10). This may be due to preferential reduction along polymer chains which have been aligned to some extent by the high shearing stresses during processing. Similar anisotropic carbonisation is observed for ram extruded rod and for tapes which have been elongated by stretching in a tensometer (327). On the other hand, specimens which have not been subjected to severe processing such as cast film, pressed sheet or skived tapes from which the altered surface layer has been removed by first reducing the surface layer and then removing the carbonaceous film by oxidation with, for example, a nitric/sulfuric acid mixture, do not exhibit anisotropic surface carbonisation (a.11). The reduction of PTFE requires the stoichiometry of four electrons per C2F4 unit. However, Brewis and Dahm using coulometric measurements showed that the number of electrons required for the electrochemical reduction is always slightly but consistently greater than four (a.10). The authors interpret this in terms of a two step mechanism involving reduction of PTFE to carbon according to: (C2F4)n + 4ne → (C2)n + 4nF-
(18)
followed by a process which may involve intercalation or simply doping of the previous carbonaceous product according to: (C2)n + pe + pR4N+ → (C2)np- p(R4N+)
(19)
The latter process was found to be reversible by cyclic voltammetry (a.10) and was accompanied by a huge change in the electronic conductivity of the film and by a change in its appearance from a metallic bronze colour to black. Similar but completely irreversible changes are observed when the film is exposed to air or protic solvents. The XPS spectra of such films are very
similar to those obtained using sodium napthalenide as the reducing agent and contain relatively large amounts of oxygen as well as hydrogen and carbon. The effectiveness of the electrochemical treatment was compared directly with films treated with sodium naphthalenide in THF using lap shear joints (a.11) and a commercially available epoxide adhesive cured for 16 hours at 60 °C. A brief summary of the results obtained is given in Table 10. The failure loads obtained for the electrochemical treatment are at least as good as those obtained using sodium naphthalenide which appears to produce a maximum in the failure load after about 30 seconds immersion. The carbonaceous film appears to adhere strongly to the polymer substrate and the locus of failure is mostly within the polymer particularly in the case of the electrochemical treatment. It should of course be pointed out that the electrochemical treatments have not been developed for large-scale operations.
5.4 Plasma Treatments
5.4.1 Principles and Equipment Although flames and corona discharges consist of plasmas, i.e., activated gases, the term plasma treatment usually refers to a process carried out at reduced pressure. Much research has been carried out since the 1960s on the use of plasmas to pretreat fluoropolymers and other polymers. The improvements in adhesion obtained with PTFE have been much less than those achieved with partially fluorinated and other polymers, and much less than can be achieved with wet chemical methods (see Section 5.2). Plasma treatment is an increasingly common method of modifying the surfaces of many natural and synthetic polymers in order to improve adhesion, wettability, printability, dye uptake, etc. This is in part due to
Table 10 Failure loads obtained for lap shear joints of PTFE treated with various reducing agents Sample
Treatment
Time
Failure Load (N)*
Skived tape
None
400
Skived tape
Na Naphthalenide/THF
10 s
2420
Skived tape
Na Naphthalenide/THF
30 s
2730
Skived tape
Na Naphthalenide/THF
4h
2760
Skived tape
Direct electrochemical
3240
* Single lap shear tests with a 12 x 12 mm overlap using an epoxy adhesive
17
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
ever stricter environmental requirements which have rendered many previously used wet chemical methods uneconomic or even led to their complete ban. Corona discharge treatment of polymer films has been used commercially for many years. It makes use of an atmospheric pressure air plasma and is therefore only effective for the treatment of a limited number of materials generally of simple shape such as flexible webs and objects of simple geometrical shape. This discussion will be limited to the application of low pressure glow discharge plasmas which by making use of a variety of working gases can be used for the treatment of a variety of polymers including objects of complex shapes and varying in size from car bumpers to fine powders as well as simple webs, yarns and fabrics. Plasmas are gaseous mixtures of partially ionised gases produced by subjecting a gas at low pressure (0.1-103 Pa) to an intense electric field. Electrons are removed from the neutral gas molecules to yield positive ions and electrons. The kinetic energy of these particles increases as they accelerate in the electric field resulting in collision with the remaining gas molecules to form more charged particles (as well as other activated but neutral species produced by excitation of atoms formed by cleavage of some of the covalent bonds of the working gas). The presence of the charged species increases the conductivity of the gas and sustains the plasma. The glow discharge plasma may be regarded as consisting of a mixture of electrons with relatively high temperature (103 K) and much heavier positive
ions and other activated species which are at a much lower temperature (300 K). The fact that the temperature of the plasma is relatively low renders it particularly useful for the treatment of heat sensitive materials such as polymers. Figure 6 gives a schematic indication of some of the processes taking place in a glow discharge (cold) plasma and of the interactions of the plasma with the polymer surface. The dissociation of the processing gas produces a variety of reactive species which can interact with the polymer surface. Neutral radicals can abstract surface atoms leaving trapped surface radicals which can either react with other gas phase fragments resulting in surface functionalisation or react with other surface radicals to form crosslinks or simply remain trapped and react later when the polymer is exposed to air or to some other reactive species, usually a monomer. It is also possible for the substrate to undergo fragmentation up to a depth of about 1 nm upon bombardment by reactive ions particularly if the substrate is placed in close proximity to a radio frequency (RF) driven electrode. Positive ions are accelerated towards this electrode gaining in kinetic energy compared with ions in other regions of the plasma. This process commonly referred to as ion sputtering can result in the cleaning of the surface by removing low molecular weight material or, under more vigorous conditions, result in the roughening of the surface due to the fact that ablation of amorphous regions takes place much more readily than that of crystalline regions. The surface is also subject to attack by highly energetic and abundant vacuum ultraviolet
Figure 6 Schematic of possible reactions of species produced in a glow discharge plasma with the surface of a polymer
18
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
(λ ≤ 175 nm) photons emitted by excited state gas phase species. Such photons are sufficiently energetic to break covalent bonds within the polymer surface even very strong bonds such as C-C, C-H and C-F resulting in further crosslinking, photoablative roughening or desaturation by abstraction of, for example, fluorine atoms from the surface of fluoropolymers. The major components of a plasma processing system are a vacuum chamber, a vacuum pumping system, a power supply, a power transfer matching system and some kind of process control system to ensure stability of the plasma. The polymer may be processed either directly in the plasma or remote from the plasma as shown in Figures 7a and 7b. In the former process the sample is placed directly in the plasma chamber Figure 7a usually but not exclusively powered by a RF source. In the remote configuration the sample is placed in a separate chamber some distance from the plasma chamber and is therefore not subjected to the energetic
ion bombardment described earlier and is only subject to attack by relatively stable long-lived species capable of surviving the journey from the plasma chamber to the reaction chamber. The parameters that exert the greatest influence on the concentrations and reactivities of the species attacking the polymer surface include the feed gas composition and flow rate, the chamber pressure, the frequency and power of the excitation source and in the case of an RF process the configuration, size and shape of the electrodes and their position with respect to the sample. Most commercial plasma systems are designed for batch operation but demand for the treatment of flexible webs, yarns and fabrics has led to the development of continuous processes based on either air vacuum air or cassette to cassette configurations with web speeds in excess of 80 m/min. In addition batch reactors with
Figures 7a and 7b Schematic of ‘in plasma’ and ‘remote from plasma’ treatment systems
19
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
capacities in excess of 9 m3 capable of treating large automotive parts such as car bumpers are available using both in plasma and remote plasma processes. On the other hand reactors for the treatment of small objects and even powders are also available. The excitation frequencies vary from DC to a number of allocated frequencies including low frequencies (LF) 40-450 kHz, RF 13.56 and 27.12 MHz and microwave (MW) at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz with excitation power in the range 10 W to > 30 kW. In summary, plasma treatments of polymer surfaces result in improved adhesion due to one or more of the following effects: •
Removal of low molecular mass material
•
Stabilisation of polymer surfaces by crosslinking
•
Surface roughening by ion sputtering and VUV ablation
•
Functionalisation of the surface to improve wetting and interaction with the adhesive.
The effects of oxygen and argon plasmas on the surface energy and bondability of PTFE were studied by Kinbara and co-workers (234). The surfaces became considerably more water-wettable after a 20 second treatment in either an oxygen or argon plasma. The adhesion of a vacuum deposited gold film, as measured by a scratch test, showed a considerable increase after these treatments. The authors concluded from XPS data that an oxygen plasma introduced -C-O-, -CH2 - and -CHF groups into the PTFE surface. Klemberg-Sapieha and co-workers (195) treated PFA with a low pressure plasma at 2.45 GH3 using a variety of gases and assessed the adhesion of thermally evaporated copper to treated and untreated PFA. The effectiveness of the gases was found to be in the order: N2 > O2 > (N2 + H2) > (O2 + H2) > H2
5.4.2 Studies of Plasma Treatments Much research was carried out in the 1960s and 1970s on the use of plasmas to treat fluorinated and other polymers; see for example reference (a.2). This work has continued, in increasing volume, to the present day and a selection of more recent publications is given next. Some of these publications give adhesion data while others limit themselves to information on wettability, surface chemistry and topography. The publications which include adhesion data may be divided into those involving metallisation and those involving bonding with an adhesive.
The adhesion of evaporated copper to PFA, as assessed by both a peel test and a scratch test, was much enhanced by various plasma treatments (213). The effectiveness of the plasma treatments towards metal adhesion as assessed using the scratch test decreased in the order: N2 > O2> (N2 + H2) > (O2 + H2) > H2 No topographical changes were found by SEM after the plasma treatments and the improved adhesion was attributed to cleaning, improved wetting and formation of Cu—O and Cu—N bonds. Some chemical changes caused by the different plasmas under a particular set of conditions are given in Table 11. Kasemura and co-workers (266) used a domestic microwave oven with an output of 560 W at 2450 MHz operating at a pressure of 26 Pa to pretreat PTFE and FEP. As the pressure of the air was decreased from 133 to 26 Pa, the efficiency of the treatment increased as measured by lower contact angles with various liquids. XPS indicated that a ‘significant’ amount of oxygen had
Table 11 Atomic ratios, after different plasma treatments of PFA, as determined by XPS (treatment conditions: 100 W and 60 s) Treatment
F/C
O/C
N/C
Untreated
1.86
0.004
—
O2
1.78
0.014
—
N2
1.58
0.031
0.032
O2+H2
1.51
0.069
—
N 2 + H2
0.50
0.13
0.19
H2
0.35
0.064
—
20
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
a 45 second treatment with argon. A 12-fold increase in peel strength was achieved with an acid etch consisting of acetic, phosphoric and nitric acids. However, the peel strength after the acid etch was 48 N/m which is surprisingly low.
been introduced into the surfaces after a 10 s treatment in air at 26 Pa. Peel strengths using a pressure sensitive adhesive tape increased by about 50 and 200% for PTFE and FEP, respectively. However, it should be pointed out that even the highest peel strengths obtained (2 kg per 25 mm) are only moderate.
In a study comparing ammonia plasma treatment with a sodium naphthalenide etch, the latter was found to be much more effective at increasing the bondability of PTFE (a.12). A joint strength of 12.9 MPa was obtained with the sodium naphthalenide treatment compared with 2.8 MPa for the best plasma treatment. The authors used XPS to study the pretreated surfaces and also the failure surfaces after the adhesive joints had been destroyed. Some of these results are given in Table 12.
The bondability of an RF plasma-treated ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (E-TFE) copolymer was investigated by Hansen and co-workers (252). They found that O2 + SF6, O2 and NH3 plasmas increased the strength of double lap joints bonded with various epoxide adhesives by a factor of 20-30; this compared with an 11-fold increase with the commercial etchant, Tetra-Etch. However, the highest value obtained with a plasma treatment (2.3 MPa) was surprisingly low. The present authors have obtained lap shear strengths in excess of 20 MPa with various treatments of PVF, PVDF and PTFE and in excess of 16 MPa for an ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (215).
The bondability test involved bonding a bolt to the PTFE and then pulling off the bolt. It is apparent that, with both treatments, failure is largely cohesive within the PTFE. Kaplan and coworkers (a.12) concluded that the much lower joint strength obtained with the plasma treatment was due to a cohesively weak layer between the bulk PTFE and the chemically modified layer. On the other hand, they believe the naphthalenide treatment may give higher joint strengths due to considerable crosslinking.
Hansen and co-workers (252) used XPS to examine the E-TFE copolymer after it had been treated for 15 minutes in an oxygen plasma. They found 7-8 at.% oxygen had been introduced into the polymer surface and attributed this mainly to ester groups. Anderson and co-workers (247) studied the use of RF plasmas and an acid etch to improve bonding to PVDF. All four plasmas examined (O2, N2, Ar and NH3) caused substantial reductions in water contact angle after 10 second treatment. The best improvements in bondability with a plasma was a 7-fold increase in peel strength after
Kang and co-workers (128) treated PTFE with an argon plasma at 40 kHz. The treated PTFE was exposed to the atmosphere for about 30 minutes and then laminated to copper foil in the presence of a monomer at 120 °C. Three monomers were used, namely 1-vinyl imidazole,
Table 12 XPS elemental analysis (at.%) of pretreated PTFE and failure surfaces of PTFE bonded with an epoxide (a.12) Sample description
C
S
Mg
Ca
N
0
F
Na
PTFE virgin
33
—
—
—
—
—
67
—
Treated surface
71
0.4
1.2
0.9
1.9
17.0
7.9
—
PTFE side
37
—
—
—
1.2
1.0
61
0.2
Bolt side
40
—
—
—
2.2
2.8
53
2.1
Tetra-Etch
Plasma Activation Treated surface
46
—
—
—
6.4
6.3
39
—
PTFE side
33
—
—
—
—
—
67
—
Bolt side
35
—
—
—
0.7
0.4
64
—
The bondability test involved bonding a bolt to the PTFE and then pulling off the bolt
21
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
4-vinyl pyridine and 2-vinyl pyridine. Peel and lap shear strengths of the laminates were determined. The peel strengths of up to 7.5 N/cm were satisfactory but the lap shear strengths were surprisingly low. The maximum values of about 120 N/cm2 are very low. Full details of the bonding procedure are not given, but it appears that the flexible laminate was not reinforced and therefore peeling, rather than shear, forces would dominate, leading to low adhesion values. Inagaki and co-workers (273) studied the effect of NH3 plasma treatment at 20 kHz using contact angle measurements, XPS and ATR-FTIR. The hydrophilicity of the surface was measured, water contact angles as low as 16° being observed. A combination of XPS and ATR showed that extensive defluorination had occurred and this was accompanied by the formation of carbonyl and amide groups. The treated PTFE was bonded to nitrile rubber with a phenolic adhesive. Peel strengths as high as 8 kN/m were obtained but only after a treatment of 10 minutes at 200 °C. Zou and co-workers (67) examined the pretreatment of PTFE with a hydrogen plasma and/or plasma polymerised glycidyl methacrylate (ppGMA) and the effects of these treatments on the adhesion of evaporated copper to PTFE. The adhesion results are summarised in Table 13. Using XPS, Zou and co-workers found that after washing with acetone, the surface of GMA plasma polymerised PTFE was almost identical to untreated PTFE. However, the coating on PTFE that had been
treated with a hydrogen plasma followed by a GMA plasma polymerisation was resistant to acetone washing. The authors concluded that covalent bonding existed between PTFE treated with a hydrogen plasma and the GMA layer. However, the present authors note that even the highest peel strengths shown in Table 13 are only moderate. Koh and co-workers (169) irradiated PTFE with argon ions at l keV. A fibrous texture was demonstrated by SEM. Except at low ion doses, the water contact angle increased after treatment despite the introduction of oxygen-containing groups as shown by XPS. This was attributed to the increased surface roughness. The adhesion levels of untreated and treated PTFE were measured using a tensile test in which the polymer was bonded to ‘sample holders’. The treatment led to a 3.75-fold increase in adhesion in the best case. It should be pointed out that the value for untreated PTFE was 200 kg/cm2, which is an order of magnitude higher than previously reported results. Badey and co-workers (186) treated PTFE with hydrogen and ammonia microwave plasmas (2.45 GHz) and also with sodium naphthalenide in dimethyl ether of ethylene glycol. XPS showed that all treatments brought about extensive defluorination and the introduction of oxygen, and in the cases of treatment with sodium naphthalenide or an ammonia plasma, also nitrogen. The authors compared the bondabilities of untreated PTFE in a pull-off test in which an aluminium stud was bonded to sheets of polymer using an epoxide adhesive. The results are summarised in Table 14.
Table 13 Treatment of PTFE with a hydrogen plasma and/or plasma polymerised GMA (67) Treatment
Maximum 180° peel strength N/m
Failure mode
20
-
H plasma only (a)
180
-
pp GMA (b)
50
at ppGMA-PTFE interface
(a) followed by (b)
480
cohesive within unmodified PTFE
None
Table 14 Surface compositions (atom %) and failure loads (Lf) of PTFE (214) C (%)
F (%)
O (%)
N (%)
Lf (N)
Untreated
27.7
70.5
1.8
-
31 + 17
SN treateda
68.0
14.7
13.2
2.7
800 + 100
NH3 plasmab
49.4
36.6
4.9
9.1
195 + 42
41.4
5.2
-
189 + 21
H2 a
22
plasmac b
60 s, 500 W, 30
53.4 cm3/min,
c
120 s, 300 W, 100
cm3/min,
120 s: bonded area 3.14
cm2
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
It can be seen that the most extensive chemical modification occurred with the sodium naphthalenide treatment. It is interesting to note that failure occurred in a chemically unmodified zone in all cases as indicated by the F:C ratios. The authors commented that the joint strengths were limited by weak boundary layers. However, the failure loads are much lower than observed in other studies. Kunz and Bauer (62) have developed a process for the pretreatment of difficult to coat polymers which involves three steps. A plasma treatment followed by the grafting on of a photoinitiator which results in a stable but light sensitive surface. The surface is then coated with a UV hardenable formulation such as an acrylate lacquer and exposed through a mask, if desired, to UV light. Unexposed lacquer is removed with ethanol after which other coatings or adhesives may be applied to the hardened lacquer which is covalently bonded to the initiator which is in turn covalently bonded to the plasma treated surface. The authors claim ‘astonishingly’ good results for the coating of PTFE using this so called ‘Smart Priming Process’. Morra and co-workers (a.13) showed that treatment of PTFE for 30 seconds in an oxygen plasma did not cause any significant topographical changes according to SEM, but treatment for 15 minutes produced a spongelike surface. However, with argon no topographical changes were evident, even after 15 minutes treatment. In contrast to the topographical changes, chemical changes were more pronounced with an argon plasma as can be seen in Table 15. It is interesting to note that the amount of defluorination and the amount of oxygen introduced into the surface decrease with increasing treatment time. With an oxygen plasma treatment for 15 minutes, the amount of surface oxidation is less than that for the untreated PTFE. Griesser and co-workers (a.14) studied the treatment of FEP using argon, air, oxygen or water vapour plasmas most of the work utilised argon. A custom-built oscillator operating at 700 kHz and 10 W was used at a pressure of 80 Pa. XPS data showed that treatment for a few seconds in an argon plasma introduced about 4 at.% O, significantly reduced the F content and increased the C content. They found that water contact angles decreased markedly after treatment for a few seconds. This effect was partially reversed over a period of three weeks. The authors attributed this to a partial reorientation of chain segments such that oxygen-containing functional groups moved towards the bulk of the polymer. From the decreased F:C ratio, the authors concluded that some crosslinking had occurred and that this might account for the incomplete recovery in contact angles.
Table 15 XPS composition (atomic percentages) of oxygen and argon plasma-treated PTFE as a function of treatment time Treatment time (min)
C
F
O
Untreated
39.8
60.4
0.8
Oxygen plasma 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
44.6 42.7 42.6 40.9 38.3 38.3
48.9 51.1 50.9 57.0 60.5 61.4
6.4 7.1 6.5 2.1 1.2 0.3
Argon plasma 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
50.2 50.8 46.9 45.6 38.5 37.6
27.0 25.0 37.2 44.9 52.5 53.9
22.8 24.2 15.9 9.5 9.0 8.5
In contrast to the contact angle data, Griesser and coworkers found that the oxygen content within the XPS sampling depth increased on storage over a few weeks and suggested that a possible mechanism could involve the relatively slow breakdown of peroxy radicals. These radicals could decompose into stable oxygen-containing groups plus carbon-centred radicals which, in turn, could react with oxygen. The treatment of PTFE using air, oxygen, argon and water plasmas was studied by Youxian and co-workers (255). After treatment for a few seconds, substantial increases in surface energy occurred mainly due to changes in the polar component. However, XPS showed that little oxygen was introduced by the treatment. A reduced F:C ratio on treatment indicated crosslinking. By using mixtures of hydrogen and methanol, high levels of oxygen (approximately 17 at.%) were introduced into PTFE (255). It was found that H2/O2 mixtures caused major changes in topography to porous PTFE whereas no topographical changes were observed for H2/H2O or H2/methanol mixtures when SEM was used at l0000x magnification. Egitto (272) studied the mechanism of plasma treatment using a variety of polymers including PTFE. He examined the effect of treatment, downstream from a He microwave plasma, on the water contact angle with PTFE. By excluding He metastables with a lithium fluoride crystal filter, he demonstrated that photons
23
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
alone resulted in a reduction in the receding angle of up to 40°. Busscher and co-workers (248) showed that the hydrophobicity of FEP can be increased by ion etching; the advancing water contact angle increased from 10 to about 120°. However, if ion etching was followed by exposure to an oxygen glow discharge (GLD) advancing water contact angles in excess of 140 ° were observed in some cases. The increased hydrophobicity was attributed to changes in topography. Ion etching caused extensive roughening but the resulting surfaces contained high levels of oxygen (Table 16). The GLD treatment removed much of this O-functionality, while retaining much of the topographical change, and hence the hydrophobicity was greater than with ion etching alone. Badey and co-workers (217) studied the surface modification of PTFE following downstream microwave plasma treatment (2.45 GHz). They found no modification with O2 or O2/N2 mixtures whatever the conditions. However, using NH3, under suitable conditions, major changes were noted using contact angle measurements and XPS, under suitable conditions. Large increases in the polar component of surface energy were observed. XPS demonstrated that under suitable conditions a NH3 plasma caused extensive defluorination accompanied by the introduction of substantial quantities of N and O-containing groups. The use of an atmospheric plasma to treat polymeric films is described by Yializis and Markgraf (43). As far as PTFE was concerned, they assessed the effectiveness of the treatment using dyne levels according to ASTM D2578 (a.15). With most gases the effect of the treatment lasted only a few hours, but if acetylene was used the dyne level remained constant at about 60 dynes/cm for 350 hours. No adhesion measurements were carried out.
Gengenbach and co-workers (219) made a detailed study of the ammonia plasma treatment of PTFE and PEP. For P, the N:C ratio was determined as a function of ageing time at take-off angles (TOA) of 15 and 90° with respect to the sample surface. Initially the ratio was higher at 15°, indicating a shallow treatment. At both angles, the N:C ratio decreased substantially over a period of 325 days, the decrease being much more rapid in the first few days. In marked contrast, the O:C ratio increased from about 0.05 to about 0.28 (at 90° TOA) over 325 days, with most of the change taking place in the first four days. The rapid uptake of oxygen is attributed to reaction between atmospheric oxygen and radicals produced by the plasma treatment whereas the slow uptake is thought to be due to secondary reactions. The corresponding water contact angles for the treated PEP increased markedly over the first few days of ageing, despite the increased uptake of oxygen, although not to the level of untreated polymer. The reduced wettability is attributed to both reorientation of polar groups towards the bulk of the polymer and chemical changes in the first few atomic layers. Changes in topography and surface chemistry for a range of plasmas (O2, N2, H2, He, Ne, Ar and CF4) were studied by Badyal and Ryan (208). The changes in chemistry are summarised in Table 17. It can be seen the smallest chemical changes occur with the O2 and CF4 plasmas. On the other hand, an oxygen plasma gave the greatest topographical change.
5.4.3 Flame Treatment As noted earlier, flame treatment is an example of plasma treatment. Mathieson and co-workers (215) showed that large increases in adhesion could be achieved by flame treating PVF and ECTFE (Table 18). With PTFE there was no surface modification and an
Table 16 Elemental atomic composition by XPS of ion etching-treated (8 mA, 6 kV and 4 x 10-4 Torr argon pressure) and oxygen GLD treated (1500 Pa oxygen pressure at 50 W for 5 min) FEP (248) Ion Etching Treatment
GLD Treatment
O/C
F/C
Al/C
No
No
0.02
1.93
<0.001
10 min
No
0.21
0.63
0.06
45 min
No
0.14
1.06
0.01
60 min
No
0.10
0.67
0.01
No
Yes
0.02
1.76
<0.001
10 min
Yes
0.13
1.51
0.02
30 min
Yes
0.17
1.53
0.04
45 min
Yes
0.17
1.74
0.04
24
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
Table 17 Summary of changes in elemental composition (at.%) following plasma (20 W, 5 min) modification of PTFE (208) Gas
%C
%F
%O
%N
No treatment
33.3 ± 0.6
66.8 ± 0.6
O2
33.0 ± 0.2
65.4 ± 0.2
1.7 ± 0.4
N2
33.2 ± 0.0
64.0 ± 0.6
1.6 ± 0.3
1.3 ± 0.4
H2
56.1± 1.1
37.7 ± 0.4
4.7 ± 0.7
1.5 ± 0.1
He
38.7 ± 0.4
55.8 ± 2.0
4.1 ± 1.4
1.5 ± I 0
Ne
34.6 ± 1.3
62.0 ± 1.0
2.6 ± 0.4
0.9 ± 0.0
Ar
37.2 ± 0.5
56.8 ± 0.8
4.3 ± 0.2
1.8 ± 0.1
CF4
32.8 ± 0.6
67.2 ± 0.6
Table 18 Flame treatment of PVF, PTFE and ECTFE (215) Treatment (s)
XPS (at.%) C
CI
F
O
Failure load (N)*
PVF none
70.4
—
28.8
0.8
360
PVF 0.06
67.6
—
28.0
4.4
3240
PTFE none
38.4
—
61.6
—
420
PTFE 0.04
34.0
—
66.0
—
80
ECTFE none
53.2
14.3
32.5
—
240
ECTFE 0.06
68.6
8.0
17.2
6.0
2980
*For a bonded area of 20 mm wide x 10 mm long, a two-part epoxide was used
actual decrease in bond strength. With the other two polymers a substantial quantity of oxygen functionality was introduced and this is probably responsible for the improved adhesion. From an adhesion viewpoint, PVF and ECTFE can be pretreated as polyolefins.
5.5 Photochemical Pretreatments These are of interest because they offer a potentially less expensive alternative to plasma treatments. Noh and coworkers (164) demonstrated the surface modification of PTFE by irradiation with a medium pressure mercury lamp in the presence of benzophenone and sodium hydride in dry DMF. Extensive surface modification could be observed including defluorination, surface unsaturation and oxygen introduction but without substantial morphological damage. The authors suggest that the surface modifications are brought about by photoexcitation of the reaction products of benzophenone and sodium hydride since neither
benzophenone nor the powerfully reducing metal hydride are capable by themselves of reacting with PTFE in the presence or absence of UV light. Most organic reducing agents other than the powerfully reducing radical anions are not capable of reducing the surface of PTFE and similar polymers. However, Allmer and Feiring (245) found that under UV irradiation, electron rich compounds such as tetramethylphenylenediamine, the disodium salt of 4-hydroxythiophenol or the sodium salt of 2-mercaptoethanol are capable of reducing the surface of PTFE particularly in the presence of sensitisers such as benzophenone or naphthalene. The surface becomes hydrophilic after a few minutes and peel tests on electrolessly deposited nickel exhibit an adhesive strength of approximately 72 kg/m. The surface darkens due to defluorination where it is exposed to UV light and the process has been used to produce an image on the PTFE surface by irradiation through a mask. Irradiation in the presence of hydrazine which is also a strong reducing agent does not result in carbonisation but appears to introduce amino groups into the surface (6).
25
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
5.6 Miscellaneous Pretreatments Bee and co-workers (240) have explored various possibilities to incorporate reactive functional groups onto the surfaces of FEP, PCTFE and PVDF. The methods used involve direct functionalisation of PCTFE with protected alkyllithium reagents to yield after deprotection, surface hydroxyl or carboxyl groups to the extent of 80% of the polymer repeat units becoming functionalised. In the case of PVDF, carboxylate groups were introduced in a two-step process involving base promoted dehydrofluorination followed by oxidative cleavage of the olefinic bonds produced. This and the previous treatments resulted in a significant decrease in (the pH dependent) advancing θAand receding θR contact angles from θA/θR = 86°/65° to θA/θR = 68°/25°. The third approach involves adsorption of poly(L-lysine) (PLL) from aqueous buffer solutions and alcohol water mixtures to PCTFE. The polypeptide is strongly absorbed onto the polymer surface with consequent lowering of the contact angles from θA/θR = 115°/100° to θA/θR = 80°/16°. The hydroxyl group of PCTFEOH was derivatised further enabling the introduction of other functional groups onto the polymer surface. One particularly interesting example is the reaction with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane. XPS and ATR analysis showed the quantitative production of PCTFEOC(O)NH(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3 which adhered tenaciously to glass when bonded at 80 °C. Another multi-step process this time involving activation by permanently anchoring polysilicic acid to the polymer surface has been described by Fischer and co-workers (88). In the so called asymmetrical simultaneous method, a 100 μm PTFE film is exposed to tetrachlorosilane vapour on one side and to a mixture of water vapour and a perfluoro carrier on the other in an autoclave at 125 °C. Tetrachlorosilane and water vapour diffuse into the polymer and react to form polysilicic acid within and on the surface of the polymer. The silanol groups are firmly anchored to the surface by the polysiloxane groups within and may be reacted with a suitable adhesive using silane coupling agents. The principle of the method has been demonstrated but no adhesion tests have been carried out.
General Discussion From the adhesion viewpoint, it is useful to divide fluoropolymers into fully and partially fluorinated examples.
26
Fully fluorinated polymers normally require a pretreatment. There are many methods that could be used to enhance such polymers but the two usually used commercially are sodium in liquid ammonia and sodium naphthalenide in an aprotic solvent. These two methods are both very effective but are undesirable from the environmental viewpoint. The use of sodium and liquid ammonia is clearly hazardous during the treatment stage. Sodium naphthalenide solutions are less hazardous and relatively stable proprietary products may be purchased. However, these are expensive, and when the treated polymer is washed with water naphthalene is liberated. The cleaning process results in an effluent typically consisting of naphthalene, THF, methanol, sodium hydroxide and sodium fluoride. The existence of a low cohesive strength layer on PTFE is well established. To obtain good adhesion this layer must be removed, crosslinked to material of higher cohesive strength, or be chemically modified so that it can be absorbed by the adhesive. It may also be necessary to chemically modify the surface of PTFE to improve wetting and also increase the interaction across the interface where wetting has occurred. Plasma treatment of PTFE has led to only moderate improvements in bondability. Many studies have reported introduction of substantial quantities of oxygencontaining groups and/or substantial improvements in wetting but only small to moderate improvements in adhesion. This is consistent with the incomplete removal of the weak layer on PTFE. It has been shown (278) that partially fluorinated polymers such as PVDF can be successfully bonded without a pretreatment. In particular, amine-cured epoxides form strong bonds with PVDF. From a practical viewpoint there are several options for treating difficult-to-bond partially fluorinated polymers. Sodium naphthalenide may be used but the treatment is quite slow and there is a significant effluent problem. Polymers such as PVF, PVDF, ECTFE and ETFE may be regarded as modified polyolefins and treated as such. For example, the flame treatment of PVF and ECTFE has been found to be very effective (Table 18). The use of potassium hydroxide has been found to be effective with PVF and PVDF. For example, treatment of PVF in 5 M aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide containing a small amount of TBAB for 30 seconds resulted in a 9-fold increase in shear strength (Table 7) and treatment of PVDF for 10 seconds in a 5 M aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide at 80 °C resulted in a 3-fold increase to over 20 MPa (Table 8).
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
The treatment of PVF with potassium hydroxide illustrates the need to remove potential weak boundary layers. The treatment of PVF for 1 hour in a 5 M aqueous solution at 80 °C resulted in only a relatively modest 65% increase in joint strength, despite a large increase in surface oxygen concentration (Table 7). Conversely, treatment of PVF for 1 minute in 15 M aqueous solution at 80 °C resulted in an 8-fold increase in shear strength, but there was only a small change in surface chemistry (Table 6). The reductive pretreatment of PTFE is fundamentally different from that of other polymer treatments in that it involves the more or less complete conversion of a layer of polymer into carbon up to several μm thick (a.10). Furthermore, the carbonaceous film can be completely removed by oxidation to carbon dioxide using various oxidising agents to reveal the original PTFE surface containing a small number of oxygen-containing functional groups (347, 353, a.11). The pretreatment of most other polymers involves the generally irreversible introduction of various functionalities into the outermost surface layers of the polymer. In general the carbonaceous film appears to adhere strongly to the polymer and the locus of failure is frequently within the untreated polymer particularly for the electrochemical treatment. The reduction of fully halogenated polymers produces in most cases an electronically conducting product so that the mechanism of many ‘chemical’ reduction processes are essentially electrochemical in nature. Costello and McCarthy hint at such a mechanism for the reduction of PTFE with the potassium salt of benzoin dianion in DMSO (293) and Amatore and co-workers, as mentioned earlier (a.9), were able to provide a quantitative treatment of the processes involved in the reduction of PTFE by a variety of electrochemically generated radical anions and hence demonstrate the essential similarity between the mechanisms of the chemical and electrochemical pretreatments first described by Jansta and co-workers (a.16) for the reduction by alkali metal amalgams and by Brewis and Dahm (344) for the direct electrochemical reduction of PTFE.
•
Other methods such as direct electrochemical treatment may provide equally good adhesion but have not been developed to commercial use.
•
Plasma treatment can result in the introduction of substantial quantities of functional groups into fully fluorinated polymers, but adhesion levels are moderate at best. This is probably due to a failure to eliminate weak boundary layers.
•
Some partially fluorinated polymers may be successfully bonded without a pretreatment, e.g. PVDF with an amine-cured epoxide.
•
Partially fluorinated polymers may be treated like polyolefins, e.g. with a flame.
•
Partially fluorinated polymers may be rapidly treated with aqueous or alcoholic Group I hydroxides.
References a.1
J.J. Bikerman, Adhesives Age, 1959, 2, 2, 23.
a.2
H. Schonhorn and R.H. Hansen, Journal of Applied Science, 1967, 11, 1461.
a.3
I. Sutherland, Loughborough University, private communication.
a.4
R.J. Purvis and W.R. Beck, inventors; Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, assignee; US Patent 2789063, 1957.
a.5
A.A. Benderly, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1962, 6, 20, 221.
a.6
J.T. Marchesi, K. Ha, A. Garton, G.S. Swei and K.W. Kritel, Journal of Adhesion, 1991, 36, 95.
a.7
R. Crowe and J.P.S. Badyal, Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 1991, 958.
a.8
L. Kavan, Chemical Reviews, 1997, 97, 3061.
a.9
C. Amatore, C. Combellas, F. Kanoufi, C. Sella, A. Thiebault and L. Thonin, Chemistry: A European Journal, 2000, 6, 5, 820.
a.10
R.H. Dahm, D.J. Barker, D.M. Brewis and L.R.J. Hoy in Adhesion 4, Ed., K.W. Allen, Applied Science Publishers, London, UK. 1980, p.215.
Conclusions •
Sodium in liquid ammonia and sodium naphthalenide in a suitable solvent are the most effective pretreatments for fully fluorinated polymers.
27
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
a.11
D.J. Barker, D.M. Brewis, R.H. Dahm, J.D. Gribbin and L.R.J. Hoy, Journal of Adhesion, 1981, 13, 67.
HS
protic solvent
IR
infrared
IR-IRS
reflection infrared analysis
K
Kelvin
kHz
kilohertz
LDPE
low density polyethylene
H.J. Griesser, Y. Da, A.E. Hughes, T.R. Gengenbach and A.W.M. Mau, Langmuir, 1991, 7, 11, 2484.
LF
low frequency
m
metre
mm
millimetre
ASTM D2578, Standard Test Method for Wetting Tension of Polyethylene and Polypropylene Films, 2004.
MHz
megahertz
MPa
megapascal
MW
microwave
N
Newton
nm
nanometre
Pa
pascal
PE
polyethylene
PET
poly(ethylene terephthalate)
PCTFE
polychlorotrifluorethylene
PFA
copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether)
PLL
poly(L-lysine)
PMMA
poly(methyl methacrylate)
ppGMA
polymerised glycidyl methacrylate
PTFE
polytetrafluoroethylene
PVDF
poly(vinylidene fluoride)
PVF
poly(vinyl fluoride)
RBS
Rutherford back scattering
RF
radio frequency
SCE
standard calomel electrode
electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
SEM
scanning electron microscopy
SFE
surface free energy
E-TFE
copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene
SSIMS
static secondary ion mass spectrometry
TBAB
tetrabutylammonium bromide
FEP
copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene
TBAT
tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate
∆Go
standard free energy
TEM
transmission electron microscopy
GHz
gigahertz
TFE
tetrafluoroethylene
GLD
glow discharge
TOA
take off angle
GMA
glycidyl methacrylate
TPP
triphenylphosphine
HPFP
hydropentafluoropropylene
UV
ultraviolet
a.12
S.L. Kaplan, E.S. Lopata and J. Smith, Surface and Interface Analysis, 1993, 20, 331.
a.13
M. Morra, E. Occhiello and F. Garbassi, Surface and Interface Analysis, 1990, 16, 412.
a.14
a.15
a.16
J. Jansta, F.P. Dousek and V. Patzelova, Carbon, 1975, 13, 5, 377.
Abbreviations and Acronyms ASTM
American Society for Testing Materials
AT-FTIR
attenuated reflectance - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
at.
atom
13CNMR
carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance
DC
direct current
DDM
diaminodiphenylamine
DEAPA
diethylaminopropylamine
DMF
dimethylformamide
DMSO
dimethylsulfoxide
Eo
standard electrode potential
ECTFE
copolymer of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene
ESCA
28
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
UV-vis
ultraviolet visible
VDF
vinylidene fluoride
VUV
vacuum ultraviolet
XPS
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
θ
contact angle
θA
advancing contact angle
θR
receding contact angle
λ
wavelength
μm
micron
29
Adhesion to Fluoropolymers
30
References and Abstracts
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database Item 1 Plasma Processes and Polymers 2, No.8, 11th Oct.2005, p.605-11 FABRICATION OF BIOACTIVE SURFACES BY PLASMA POLYMERIZATION TECHNIQUES USING A NOVEL ACRYLATE-DERIVED MONOMER Francesch L; Garreta E; Balcells M; Edelman E R; Borros S Ramon Llull,University; Harvard,University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Boston,Brigham & Women’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School A polymer was synthesised from pentafluorophenyl methacrylate (PFM) and was deposited on silicon wafers by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition. The optimal plasma polymerisation parameters for the PFM monomer and its copolymerisation with crosslinking agents, i.e. 1,7octadiene and 1,4-butanediol divinyl ether comonomers, were established. All the polymer coatings obtained left the labile pentafluorophenyl group on the surface, enabling a rapid reaction with an amino-terminated biotin ligand and allowing layer-by-layer assembly of biotin-streptavidin. In addition, the deposited polymer layers showed an extremely flat morphology with a nanoscale average roughness. This approach provided an easy method of obtaining functionalised surfaces that could enhance and control the biocompatibility of bulk materials. It was demonstrated that by combining the versatility of plasma polymerisation processes, via simple monomers and reaction conditions, with biological platforms that enabled targeting of cell adhesion, the ultimate goal of controlling cell function through structured surfaces for their application in tissue engineering was brought closer. 29 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.956291 Item 2 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 18, No.12, 2004, p.1465-81 ADHESION OF COPPER TO POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE-COHEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE) (FEP) SURFACES MODIFIED BY VACUUM UV PHOTOOXIDATION DOWNSTREAM FROM AR MICROWAVE PLASMA Dasilva W; Entenberg A; Kahn B; Debies T; Takacs G A Rochester,Institute of Technology; Xerox Corp. The surfaces of FEP films were exposed to vacuum UV photooxidation downstream from an argon microwave plasma with oxygen flowing over the substrates during most of the experiments and analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The wettability of the films before and after treatment was determined by water contact angle
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
measurements and the surface morphology of the photooxidised films analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Copper was sputter-coated onto the treated films and the adhesion of the copper to the films investigated by peel testing. 52 refs. USA
Accession no.929628 Item 3 Pitture e Vernici 80, No.17, 15th-31st Oct.2004, p.13-6 English; Italian ADHESION ON PLASTICS OF UV-CURED FLUORINATED COATINGS Gianni A D; Bongiovanni R; Priola A; Turri S Torino,Politecnico Polyolefins have low wettability and show poor adhesion towards any coating due to their hydrophobia nature. As a consequence, usually, some kind of pretreatment of the polymer surface is necessary for the coatings to adhere. The effect of these pretreatments that can lead to an increase of joint strength consist in the removal of any weak boundary layer, in the introduction of specific groups on the surface and/or the creation of a surface topography suitable for mechanical interlocking to occur. The task is harder if the coating is made of fluorinated materials, which are well known for having the lowest surface energy, for being non-wettable and also oleophobic; however, they are attractive for many applications as they guarantee high resistance to harsh environment, low friction, dirt repellency and can also impart protection against biological and other fouling. The application of a fluorinated coating onto some polyolefins, in which conditions good adhesion is obtained, is described. An acrylic resin containing a perfluoropolyether chain is used and the coating is obtained by the UV curing technique for its well known advantages in terms of curing kinetics, energy saving and no VOC emission. 9 refs. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.931438 Item 4 Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 42, No.21, 1st Nov.2004, p.5413-23 PHOTOCHEMICAL ATTACHMENT OF POLYMERS ON PLANAR SURFACES WITH A COVALENTLY ANCHORED MONOLAYER OF A NOVEL NAPHTHYL KETONE PHOTOCHEMICAL RADICAL GENERATOR Dayananda K; Dhamodharan R; Vijayakumaran K; Rajamannar T
31
References and Abstracts
Indian Institute of Technology; Polyvalent Organics; Sun Pharma Advanced Research Centre A new photochemical radical generator (PRG) has been synthesised and used to bond polymers to a silicon wafer surface in a UV activated pattern. This work was the first stage in a plan to develop systems activated by visible light. The naphthyl ketyl PRG was synthesised from methylene binaphthol, bonded as a monolayer to the silicon and characterised by NMR, UV and FTIR spectroscopy. Three polymers were used: polyperfluoroalkylethylacrylate, poly(styrene-co-4-hydroxybenzophenone) methacrylate and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-glycidylmethacrylateco-(4-hydroxybenzophenone methacrylate)). It was demonstrated that polymers would not attach without UV irradiation by using a lettered mask and revealing the areas of polymer via a fluorescent dye. 34 refs. INDIA
Accession no.933206 Item 5 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2004. Volume 90. Proceedings of a conference held Anaheim, Ca., 28th March - 1st April 2004. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.833-4, CDROM, 012 ADHESION OF COPPER TO TEFLON SURFACES MODIFIED BY VACUUM UV PHOTO-OXIDATION DOWNSTREAM FROM AR MICROWAVE PLASMA da Silva W; Entenberg A; Kahn B; Debies T; Takacs G A Rochester,Institute of Technology; Xerox Corp. (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The adhesion of copper to fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer(FEP) surfaces that were modified with vacuum UV radiation downstream from a low-pressure argon microwave plasma was studied. Neutral argon resonance lines occurred at 104.8 and 106.7 nm, respectively. Oxygen was flowed over the vacuum UV-exposed substrates during most of the experiments. Data were obtained on the percentage adhesion of copper to modified FEP as a function of time of exposure to vacuum UV radiation. 8 refs. USA
Accession no.933372 Item 6 Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 206, No.2, 21st Jan.2005, p.210-7 PHOTOCHEMICAL SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE WITH HYDRAZINE: CHARACTERIZATION AND SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES Meyer U; Koestler S; Ribitsch V; Kern W Graz,Technische Universitat; Graz,Universitat Polytetrafluoroethylene was surface modified with polychromatic UV irradiation in the presence of gaseous
32
hydrazine and the modified surfaces characterised by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The zeta potential of the PTFE surfaces was determined and contact angle measurements were carried out to detect changes in wetting with the degree of surface modification. It was found that surface modification of the PTFE surfaces resulted in the introduction of amino and/or hydrazinyl groups followed by the formation of C-H groups and a loss in hydrophilic groups due to the modified surface becoming partly soluble in water. 31 refs. AUSTRIA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.934394 Item 7 Patent Number: US 6838520 B2 20050104 ADHESIVES FOR FLUOROPOLYMER FILMS AND STRUCTURES CONTAINING SAME Etherton B P Equistar Chemicals LP The adhesives are a blend of linear low density polyethylene, ethylene polymer plastomer, polyolefin elastomer and a modified polyolefin having acid or acid derivative functionality. Composite fluoropolymer/adhesive structures are also provided. USA
Accession no.935145 Item 8 Plasma Processes and Polymers 2, No.6, July 2005, p.493-500 SELECTED EFFECT OF THE IONS AND THE NEUTRALS IN THE PLASMA TREATMENT OF PTFE SURFACES: AN OES-AFM-CONTACT ANGLE AND XPS STUDY Vandencasteele N; Fairbrother H; Reniers F Brussels,Free University; Johns Hopkins University The treatment of poly(tetrafluoroethylene)(PTFE) surfaces by oxygen and nitrogen neutral and ionic species generated either by RF plasma or in an ion gun was investigated using XPS, AFM and water contact angle measurements. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of modification of the PTFE surface by grafting, chemical etching and by sputtering on surface properties. 38 refs. BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.946709 Item 9 Polymer 46, No.18, 2005, p.6976-85 SURFACE GRAFTING POLYMERIZATION AND MODIFICATION ON POLY(TETRAFLUO ROETHYLENE) FILMS BY MEANS OF OZONE TREATMENT Chen-Yuan Tu; Ying-Ling Liu; Kueir-Rarn Lee; Juin-
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
References and Abstracts
Yih Lai Chung Yuan University; Nanya,Institute of Technology The surfaces of PTFE films were modified by sequential hydrogen plasma/ozone treatments to introduce C-H groups to the surface and form peroxide groups. Surface initiated free-radical polymerisation and atom transfer radical polymerisation were then carried out on the surface of the treated films using, as grafting monomers, acrylamide, acrylic acid, glycidyl methacrylate and 2(2-bromoisobutyryloxy)ethyl acrylate. The structures of the macromolecules on the PTFE film surfaces were characterised by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the surface properties and morphologies of the modified films discussed. 38 refs.
Hongliu Sun; Cooke R S; Wynne K J Virginia,Commonwealth University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
TAIWAN
PTFE and modified PTFE skived tapes from various sources were annealed in air, nitrogen or supercritical carbon dioxide atmosphere over a broad range of temperatures for various times. Annealing was expected to increase crystallinity and thus to decrease creep by providing more physical crosslinking. The results showed that the crystallinity of the samples annealed in supercritical carbon dioxide increased more than 50%, but there was no obvious increase for samples annealed in air or nitrogen. The creep resistance of the samples heat-treated in air or nitrogen was unexpectedly better than that of the samples treated in supercritical carbon dioxide, increasing 25 to 60% for PTFE and modified PTFE compared with the as-received samples. 6 refs.
Accession no.947945
USA
Accession no.950304 Item 10 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.471, CDROM, 012 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE REINFORCED SILICONE RUBBER COMPOSITES Eun-Soo Park Young Chang Silicone Co.Ltd. (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Various recycled PTFE powders were compounded with silicone rubber and the mechanical properties, including TS, EB, tear strength and hardness, of silicone rubber/PTFE composite were evaluated. The effects of surface treatment of recycled PTFE and the addition of fluorosilicone rubber as a compatibiliser were also investigated. SEM observations confirmed that, after addition of fluorosilicone rubber, improvement of the interfacial adhesion between the dispersed phase and the polymer matrix occurred. 5 refs. KOREA
Accession no.949979 Item 11 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.374-5, CDROM, 012 EFFECT OF THERMAL ANNEALING ON THE CREEP RESISTANCE OF POLYTETRAFLUORO ETHYLENE(PTFE)
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Item 12 Polymer Degradation and Stability 90, No.2, 2005, p.326-39 STUDY OF THE SYNTHESIS OF GRAFT COPOLYMERS BY A REACTIVE PROCESS. INFLUENCE OF THE COPOLYMER STRUCTURE ON THE ADHESION OF POLYPROPYLENE ONTO POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) Boyer C; Boutevin B; Robin J J Montpellier,Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie; Montpellier II,Universite The synthesis of graft copolymers by a ‘grafting onto’ process using a reaction in the molten state was studied. Amine- or alcohol-functionalised oligomers were grafted onto maleic anhydride-grafted PP. The graft yields obtained with hydroxyl-terminated oligomers were almost zero. Increasing the temperature from 180C to 200C or increasing the molec.wts. of the oligomers did not show any significant increase in grafting rate. This result was not in agreement with those obtained in the case of simple molecules where some grafting was observed. The cyclisation of the hemiester to give the anhydride was observed and the grafting rate was low in comparison with that attained in the case of amine-terminated oligomers where grafting was observed. The copolymers were characterised by SEM and DSC and tested as adhesion promoters of PVDF film onto PP film. 52 refs. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.951455
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References and Abstracts
Item 13 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 98, No.2, 15th Oct.2005, p.838-42 ADHESION OF MICROWAVE-PLASMATREATED FLUOROPOLYMERS TO THERMOSET VINYLESTER Hedenqvist M S; Merveille A; Odelius K; Albertsson A-C; Bergman G Stockholm,Royal Institute of Technology The surfaces of sheet polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and of poly(fluoroethylene-co-fluoropropylene) (FEP) were subjected to microwave plasma treatment using both inert (argon) and reactive plasma gases (hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen). PTFE/PTFE and FEP/FEP lap joints were bonded using a bisphenol A epoxy-based vinyl ester resin. The shear strength of the joints increased with increasing plasma treatment. The best adhesion was achieved using a hydrogen plasma, which generated the highest degree of defluorination of the surface. Defluorination efficiency decreased in the sequence hydrogen-argon-oxygennitrogen. For a given energy dose, surface roughness decreased with increasing plasma power. This was possibly due to partial melting. 30 refs. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.952992 Item 14 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 17, No.13, 2003, p.1801-13 ADHESION OF COPPER TO POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE SURFACES MODIFIED WITH VACUUM UV RADIATION FROM HELIUM ARC PLASMA Zheng S; Entenberg A; Takacs G A; Egitto F D; Matienzo L J Rochester,Institute of Technology; Endicott Interconnect Technologies Inc.; IBM PTFE film surfaces were exposed to vacuum UV radiation from plasma that rotated inside a graphite tube by the application of an auxiliary magnetic field. Films were covered with optical filters having different cutoff wavelengths to vary the vacuum UV radiation that modified the fluoropolymer surface. Photo-etching was detected as well as surface modification. 68 refs. USA
Accession no.903257 Item 15 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 23, No.6, 2003, p.515-9 INVESTIGATION OF A NEW REACTANT FOR FLUORINATED POLYMER SURFACE TREATMENTS WITH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE GLOW PLASMA TO IMPROVE THE ADHESIVE STRENGTH
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Tanaka K; Kogoma M Sophia,University Tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymers and PTFE films were treated by three kinds of atmospheric pressure glow plasmas. Films were also treated by a wet method using a sodium solution. The adhesive strengths of plasma-treated copolymers were compared with those of untreated films. Trimethoxyborane was selected as a source of boron atoms and the effect of this reactant on the adhesive strength was examined. 16 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.903228 Item 16 Journal of Materials Science 38, No.24, 15th Dec.2003, p.4965-72 ADHESION AND FRICTION BEHAVIOUR BETWEEN FLUORINATED CARBON FIBRES AND POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE Bismarck A; Schulz E London,Imperial College of Science,Technology & Medicine; Berlin,Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung The potential use of fluorinated polyacrylonitrile-based high strength carbon fibres as reinforcement for PVDF was investigated using the single-fibre pull-out test. The apparent interfacial shear strength as a measure of practical adhesion was determined and the fracture and hidden friction behaviour of the model composites characterised. 48 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.906011 Item 17 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 24, No.2, April 2004, p.171-7 PLASMA JET TREATMENT OF FIVE POLYMERS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: SURFACE MODIFICATIONS AND THE RELEVANCE FOR ADHESION Noeske M; Degenhardt J; Strudthoff S; Lommatzsch U Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Fertigungstechnik und Ang. Materialforschung PETP, polyamide-6, PVDF, HDPE and PP were activated using a commercially-available plasma jet system at atmospheric pressure to improve adhesive bondability. The adhesion properties of the activated surfaces were evaluated by lap shear tests. The results were correlated with the surface properties that were investigated by Xray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. The effect of operational parameters of the plasma treatment was also studied. The activated samples exhibited a significantly increased substrate surface induced by the thermal component of the plasma. The most significant parameters in the plasma treatment were the distance between substrate and nozzle
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
References and Abstracts
exit and the treatment time. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.908428 Item 18 Polymer Bonding 2004. Proceedings of a conference held Munich, Germany, 27th-28th April 2004. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2004, p.155-159, 30cm, O12 ONE COMPONENT BONDING AGENTS - TECHNOLOGY FOR ANTI VIBRATION AUTOMOTIVE PARTS PRODUCTION Benarous A Chemical Innovations Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The advantages and disadvantages of one component water based and solvent based bonding agents for metal to elastomer (including natural and synthetic rubbers, silicone elastomers and fluoropolymers) bonding were reviewed in comparison with two-coat bonding systems comprising a primer and a cover coat. Some industrial applications of one component bonding agents are outlined. 0 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.910286 Item 19 Plastics Technology 50, No.4, April 2004, p.49/51 NEW APPROACH TO IR WELDING BONDS MORE ENGINEERING PLASTICS Leaversuch R US research and development firm Kubota Research Associates Inc. has introduced an advanced method for through-transmission infrared (TTIR) welding of sensitive plastic parts. This article fully explores the new technology, known as “P-Wave”, which opens up exciting options for joining clear, opaque, or coloured parts and films, and welds an unprecedented range of engineering thermoplastics. KUBOTA RESEARCH ASSOCIATES INC.; DUPONT; GE ADVANCED MATERIALS USA
Accession no.913156 Item 20 (Wilmington, MA), 2003, pp.2, 30 cm, 8/11/04 BARRIER COATINGS AND BARRIER LAMINATION USING DARAN PVDC BARRIER COATINGS AND DRY BOND LAMINATING ADHESIVES Fuller H.B. A product selection guide is presented for Daran PVdC barrier coatings and adhesives from H. B. Fuller. H.B.
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Fuller is the exclusive distributor of W.R. Grace’s Daran waterborne barrier products. These products are claimed to offer converters improved oxygen transmission and water vapour transmission at lower coating weights than its competitors. If a primer is needed for better anchorage, the Hydroflex WD-4009 urethane primer is suggested. The products are listed under the headings of high barrier coatings, heat sealable barrier coatings, and barrier laminating adhesives. Brief typical properties and comments are given for each grade, together with their suitability for bonding to board, paper, PP, polyester, nylon PE, and polycarbonate. USA
Accession no.924798 Item 21 Journal of Adhesion 80, No.10-11, Oct.-Nov.2004, p.895-911 CELL ADHESION TO POLYMER SUBSTRATES CHARACTERIZED BY THE MICROPIPETTE ASPIRATION TECHNIQUE Werner C Dresden,Institute of Polymer Research The application of a micropipette aspiration technique to the study of the adhesion of human erythrocytes to solution-cast thin films of cellulose, polystyrene and plasma-deposited poly(tetrafluoroethylene), characterised by ellipsometry, FTIR, XPS, AFM and contact angle measurements and precoated with monoclonal antibodies is described. The effects of the amount and availability of the adsorbed antibodies on the strength of attachment are discussed. 48 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.925880 Item 22 Biomaterials 24, No.28, 2003, p.5139-44 ADHESION AND PROLIFERATION OF HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ON PHOTOCHEMICALLY MODIFIED POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE Gumpenberger T; Heitz J; Bauerle D; Kahr H; Graz I; Romanin C; Svorcik V; Leisch F Linz,University; Prague,Institute of Chemical Technology The adhesion and proliferation of human endothelial cells were studied on photochemically modified PTFE. Surfaces were modified by exposure to UV light in an ammonia atmosphere. The endothelial cell density was determined at 1, 3 and 8 days after seeding by image analysis. Results were compared with data for a PS petri dish. Potential applications in the fabrication of vascular prostheses is mentioned. 21 refs. AUSTRIA; CZECH REPUBLIC; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.900182
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References and Abstracts
Item 23 Paint and Coatings Industry 19, No.9, Sept.2003, p.56/64 PERFORMANCE OF DURABLE FLUOROPOLYMER COATINGS Asakawa A Asahi Glass Co.Ltd. Fluoropolymer coatings are known as highly durable coatings that can maintain their initial performance for a long period. In the 1980s, Asahi Glass developed a copolymer of fluoroethylene and vinyl ether as a solventsoluble fluoropolymer, known as FEVE. FEVE could be used on-site for applications such as heavy-duty architectural and aerospace coatings, as well as for ovenbaked coatings. When these fluoropolymer coatings were applied as protective coatings, they were used as a topcoat and protected under-layer basecoats and substrates from UV attack. FEVE coatings as bridge topcoats, on-line coatings and clearcoats are discussed. In recent years, waterborne fluoropolymer coatings have been developed and their sales are increasing mainly in architectural applications. Waterborne FEVE has excellent weatherability and it can be blended with acrylic emulsions, making it possible to design coatings in which weather resistance and cost is between that of fluoro- and acrylic polymers. 4 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.895770 Item 24 Adhesives and Sealants Industry 10, No.6, July-Aug.2003, p.34-9 ADHESIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF HARD-TO-BOND PLASTICS Salerni C Henkel Loctite Corp. Hard-to-bond plastics such as acetals, PE, fluoropolymers, PP and TPVs are used in virtually all industries due to their low cost, flexible design capabilities and superior performance properties. Hard-to-bond plastics are most often assembled using adhesives. Cyanoacrylate, light-curing cyanoacrylate, hot-melt and occasionally light-curing acrylic adhesives have exhibited high bond strengths on typical difficult-to-bond substrates. Surface preparation methods for hard-to-bond plastics include plasma or corona treatment, flame treatment, chemical etching and surface priming. 4 refs.
ADAPTIVE SURFACES Motornov M; Minko S; Nitschke M; Grundke K; Stamm M Dresden,Institut fuer Polymerforschung (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) Details are given of the design and fabrication of hierarchically structured smart surfaces capable of reversible switching between hydrophilic and ultrahydrophobic states upon external stimuli. Data are presented for the attachment of styrene-pentafluorostyrene copolymers and polyvinyl pyridine to the surfaces of PTFE. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.886751 Item 26 Japan Chemical Week 44, No.2216, 10th April 2003, p.2 DAIKIN’S NEW FLUORORESIN ENSURES DIRECT BONDING TO METALS, PLASTICS It is briefly reported that Daikin Industries has developed a fluororesin that can directly bond to other materials such as metals and engineering plastics. Adhesion strength towards nylon is said to be 8 times that of conventional fluororesins. The new resin is Neoflon EFEP (ethyleneperfluoro-ethylene-propene) copolymer. The resin’s basic backbone is ETFE and specialty reactive groups were introduced to modify the resin. The resin is highly stable at room temperature, but heating to in excess of 200C increases reactivity. DAIKIN INDUSTRIES JAPAN
Accession no.885213 Item 27 Plastics Technology 49, No.3, March 2003, p.29 CROSSLINKER HELPS ADHERE WATERBASED COATING TO TPO
USA
Highlighted in this concise article is a new crosslinking agent for water-based PU, acrylic, fluoropolymer, and other polymer coatings. Brief details are given of new “Ecco Crosslinker AP-900” from US company Eastern Color & Chemical Co. EASTERN COLOR & CHEMICAL CO.
Accession no.892240
USA
Accession no.883846 Item 25 Polymer Preprints. Volume 43. Number 2. Fall 2002. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002. Washington, DC, ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2002, p.379-80, 28cm, 012 HIERARCHICALLY STRUCTURED SELF-
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Item 28 Patent Number: EP 1270697 A2 20030102 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT CHIP BONDING SHEET AND INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PACKAGE Ohashi K; Yoshida K; Yokomizo O Japan Gore-Tex Inc.
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
References and Abstracts
The IC chip bonding sheet has adhesive resin layers formed on both faces of a porous polytetrafluoroethylene layer comprising a porous polytetrafluoroethylene sheet. The porous polytetrafluoroethylene layer retains porous voids and the adhesive resin layers comprise a bromine-free flame retardant resin composition. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.879933 Item 29 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 64A, No.1, 1st Jan.2003, p.20-37 CORRELATING FIBRONECTIN ADSORPTION WITH ENDOTHELIAL CELL ADHESION AND SIGNALING ON POLYMER SUBSTRATES Koenig A L; Gambillara V; Grainger D W Colorado,University Details are given of the adsorption of fibronectin on PS, PTFE and polylactide surfaces. Antibody probes detected the availability of fibronectin cell binding domain on adsorbed fibronectin in the competitive presence and absence of bovine serum albumin. 46 refs. USA
Accession no.878818 Item 30 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 46, No.12, 2002, p.24-7 German DOES PTFE MAKE A SECURE BOND WITHOUT PRE-TREATMENT? Krueger G; Manert U 3M Deutschland GmbH The use of fluoropolymers in technical applications, mainly PTFEs, places high demands on bonding techniques. Up until now there was the problem of gluing such components because this was only successful after very expensive pretreatment methods because of the low surface energy. As a new possibility, the use of a two-component adhesive has been recommended. This should make these measures redundant. This article also looks at the possibilities of PTFE pre-treatment, as well as processing PTFEs and measuring their adhesive power, including the bonding of glass and aluminium and the properties of Scotch Weld DP 8000 PTFE. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.878601 Item 31 Chemical Week 165, No.4, 29th Jan.2003, p.32 EUROPEAN FLUOROPOLYMERS FLOW
predicted that its growth will be closer to 5% p.a. over the next three years. It is stated that suppliers must continue improving the processability, bonding and mechanical properties of their resins and that the most important longterm growth potential for fluoropolymers in the automotive industry comes from the future expansion of passenger car markets in Asia, Latin America and Africa. This abstract contains all the information in the original article. FROST & SULLIVAN AFRICA; ASIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; LATIN AMERICA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.877897 Item 32 Muanyag es Gumi 38, No.12, Dec.2001, p.448-53 Hungarian ADHESION TESTING OF PTFE AND ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT PE SURFACES Keresztes R; Zsidai L; Kalacska G The useful effects of PTFE and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene coatings in reducing the adhesion of filter dust to machinery used in glass production are described. 5 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. Accession no.877246 Item 33 Biomaterials 23, No.24, Dec.2002, p.4705-18 EXPRESSION OF LEUKOCYTE-ENDOTHELIAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES ON MONOCYTE ADHESION TO HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ON PLASMA TREATED PET AND PTFE IN VITRO Pu F R; Williams R L; Markkula T K; Hunt J A Liverpool,University A coculture model was used to evaluate the inflammatory potential of ammonia gas plasma modified PETP and PTFE by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The effects of plasma treated polymers on umbilical cord endothelial cells adhesion and proliferation were studied. Monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells on surfaces was used as a tool for the evaluation of material surface modification and also to study the mechanisms of cell-to-cell interactions. 43 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.873600
A study by Frost & Sullivan showed that the European fluoropolymer market grew by less than 3% in 2001 but
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
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References and Abstracts
Item 34 designed Monomers and Polymers 5, No.2-3, 2002, p.317-324 NEW PTFE-POLYAMIDE COMPOUNDS Lehmann D; Hupfer B; Lappan U; Pompe G; Haussler L; Jehnichen D; Janke A; Geibler U; Reinhardt R; Lunkwitz K; Franke R; Kunze K Dresden,Institut fuer Polymerforschung; IMA; Dresden,Technische Universitat New PTFE-polyamide compounds produced by reactive extrusion show very good material and tribological properties, combined with an excellent wear resistance. The basis of these properties is the formation of chemical bonds between PTFE and PA by transamidation in a melt modification reaction. The effective processing and the material properties of PA are combined with the excellent anti-friction properties of PTFE in this innovative material. Test specimen of PA and PA-PTFE obtained by twocomponent injection moulding process show very high interfacial adhesion. The processability of this material on polymer processing equipment and the use of available materials favours the commercialisation of these new PTFE polyamide compounds. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.871973 Item 35 Patent Number: EP 1245657 A1 20021002 FLUOROCHEMICAL ADHESIVE MATERIAL AND LAYERED PRODUCT OBTAINED WITH THE SAME Sagisaka S; Kato T; Inaba T; Arase T; Shimizu T Daikin Industries Ltd. The adhesive material comprises a fluorine-containing ethylenic polymer having a carbonate group and/or a carboxylic acid halide group at a chain end or a side chain of the polymer. It can directly impart firm adherability to a substrate, such as metal, glass or resin while maintaining excellent properties, such as chemical resistance, solvent resistance, weatherability and soil releasability possessed by the fluorine-containing polymer.
At least one of the first member and the second member has a thickness of not less than 0.1 micrometers and not more than 10 micrometers. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.871549 Item 37 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 86, No.13, 20th Dec. 2002, p.3377-88 INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE IN THE VIBRATION WELDING OF POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE AND ITS COPOLYMERS Valladares D; Cakmak M Akron,University Structure development in the heat-affected zone of PVDF and a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene during vibration welding was investigated using time slicing. The thermal behaviour of the polymers was examined by DSC and the state of the crystalline regions, including molecular orientation along the heat-affected zone, was assessed by wide-angle X-ray microbeam analysis. Fracture surfaces were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and low high magnification pictures of the weld interfaces were obtained by means of optical microscopy. The role of melt elasticity in structure development is briefly considered. 21 refs. USA
Accession no.871474 Item 38 Medical Device Technology 13, No.7, Sept.2002, p.46/7 BONDING WITH FAST-CURING ADHESIVES This article investigates in detail the process of bonding using fast-curing adhesives, under the following section headings: using cyanoacrylates, using UV-curing adhesives, adhesives offering more options, and, weighing up the pros and cons. HENKEL LOCTITE ADHESIVES LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.871555
Accession no.869553
Item 36 Patent Number: EP 1241238 A2 20020918 BONDING BODY AND METHOD OF PRODUCING THE SAME Noda K; Kawaguchi T NGK Insulators Ltd.
Item 39 Machine Design 74, No.19, Oct.2002, p.87/90 FINDING JUST THE RIGHT ADHESIVE Salerni C M Henkel Loctite Corp.
This bonding body includes a first member, a second member and an adhesive layer arranged between the first member and the second member. The adhesive layer is made from a resin composition having a fluorene skeleton.
Cyanoacrylate and light-curing acrylic adhesives play important roles in assembling a variety of devices. However, they have several inherent limitations. The downside to cyanoacrylates is that they are subject to blooming and
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© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
References and Abstracts
may cause stress cracking when liquid cyanoacrylates come into contact with certain thermoplastics such as ABS for extended periods of time. With light-curing acrylics, there are limits on the size of the gaps they can fill and they will not usually cure in shadowed areas or through opaque substrates. Introduced in 1999, light-curing cyanoacrylates were developed as an adhesive with all the advantages of cyanoacrylates and light-curing acrylics, yet none of the drawbacks. For example, they surface cure immediately when exposed to low-intensity UV or visible light, cure in shadowed areas, adapt to automation lines and require no second-step accelerators or activators. USA
Accession no.869286 Item 40 Macromolecular Symposia No.187, 2002, p.165-75 SYNTHESIS AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF MICROPHASE SEPARATED OR NANOSTRUCTURED COATINGS BASED ON HYBRID AND FLUORINATED ACRYLIC COPOLYMERS Casrelvetro V; Manariti A; DeVita C; Ciardelli F Pisa,University; INSTM Coating materials characterised by intrinsic inhomogeneity or nanostructured morphology can display unique interfacial (e.g. surface and adhesion) and bulk (e.g. mechanical, thermal) properties, when heterophasic or self-segregating components are obtained by suitable design of the constitutive copolymers’ structure. With the purpose of obtaining intrinsically photostable lowsurface energy coating materials characterised by good penetration into porous substrates and variable response of the adhesive and polymer-air interface, fluorinated acrylicbased copolymers and water-borne acrylic-organosilane hybrids are considered. For the latter, dispersed phase polymerisation procedures based on combined emulsion copolymerisation and hydrolysis-polycondensation of organosilane precursors are adopted. 18 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
modification of PETP and PTFE was evaluated. Differences between first and second passage human umbilical vein endothelial cells were compared. Results were supported by immunohistochemical studies. The effect of plasma treated polymer surfaces on cell adhesion and proliferation was also studied. 53 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.866752 Item 42 Journal of Physics D 35, No.15, 7th Aug.2002, p.1859-63 PULSED LASER DEPOSITION OF COMPACT HIGH ADHESION POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE THIN FILMS Smausz T; Hopp B; Kresz N Szeged,University PTFE thin films are prepared from pressed powder pellets via pulsed laser deposition by using ArF (193 nm) excimer laser. The applied laser fluences are in the 1.6-10 J cm -2 range, the substrate temperature is varied between 27 and 250 deg.C and post-annealing of the films was carried out in air at temperatures, between 320 and 500 deg. C. Films deposited at 250 deg.C substrate temperature are found to be stoichiometric while those prepared at lower temperatures are fluorine deficient. Morphological analyses prove that the film thickness does not significantly depend on the substrate temperature and post-annealing at 500 deg.C results in a thickness reduction of approximately 50%. It is demonstrated that the films prepared at 8.2 J cm2 fluence and annealed at 500 deg.C followed by cooling at 1 deg.C min-1 rate are compact, pinhole-free layers. The adherence of films to the substrates is determined by tensile strength measurements. Tensile strength values up to 2.4 MPa are obtained. These properties are of great significance when PTFE films are fabricated for the purpose of protecting coatings. 16 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Accession no.866730
Item 41 Biomaterials 23, No.11, June 2002, p.2411-28 EFFECTS OF PLASMA TREATED PET AND PTFE ON EXPRESSION OF ADHESION MOLECULES BY HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN VITRO Pu F R; Williams R L; Markkula T K; Hunt J A Liverpool,University
Item 43 2001 8th European Polymers, Films, Laminations and Extrusion Coatings Conference. Proceedings of a conference held Barcelona, Spain, 28th-30th May 2001. Atlanta, Ga., TAPPI Press, 2001, Session 5, Paper 1, pp.12, CD-ROM, 012 ATMOSPHERIC PLASMA-THE NEW FUNCTIONAL TREATMENT FOR FILMS Yializis A; Markgraf D A Sigma Technologies International Inc.; Enercon Industries Corp. (TAPPI)
The expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of human endothelial cells in response to the systematic variation in materials properties by ammonia plasma
Plasma treatment has been used for many years to treat 3-D plastic objects and films. However, treatment is impractical due to complexity, slow speed and high
Accession no.867377
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
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References and Abstracts
cost of the contained plasma systems. A system has been developed which allows plasmas to be sustained at atmospheric pressure and allows the surface treatment of polymer and other substrates on a continuous web handling system similar to a corona treating system. Polymer films including oriented polypropylene, polyethylene, PETP and PTFE are successfully treated using this Atmospheric Plasma Treatment. The plasma treatment leads to reduced degradation of surface morphology, higher treatment (dyne) levels, elimination of backside treatment and extended life of treatment over time. This Atmospheric Plasma Treatment is particularly useful for speciality film applications requiring stringent surface morphology specifications, specific surface modification, precise surface coating or tightly controlled electrical characteristics. The surface energies of polymer films treated by the new method increase substantially, significantly enhancing the wettability, printability and adhesion properties. The system can also be operated as a reduced ozone corona system and as a corona system with controlled gas chemistry. 6 refs. Accession no.864599 Item 44 Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Medicine 13, No.8, Aug.2002, p.751-5 FIBRIN-MEDIATED ENDOTHELIAL CELL ADHESION TO VASCULAR BIOMATERIALS RESISTS SHEAR STRESS DUE TO FLOW Kumar T R S; Krishnan L K Sree Chitra Tirunal Inst.for Med.Sci.& Technology Details are given of the significance of a matrix coating on cell adhesion and shear stress resistance when cells were cultured on PTFE, PETP, PE and titanium used for prosthetic devices. The distinction of endothelial cell attachment and proliferation between uncoated and matrixcoated surfaces is illustrated. 18 refs. INDIA
Accession no.864021 Item 45 Patent Number: US 6417284 B1 20020709 ADHESION PRIMING COMPOSITION FOR FLUOROPOLYMER COATINGS Chen J; Tan B; Pavlisko J A; Lancaster R A; Cody C M NexPress Solutions LLC A release coating layer comprises a continuous phase of an organic polymer binder, a discontinuous phase of a fluorinated resin having a molecular weight between 2500 and 10,000,000, the ratio of organic polymer binder to fluorinated resin being between 60:39.9 to 80:18 by weight, and a priming agent composition comprising a perfluoroalkyl-substituted fluororesin-reactive compound of given formula. USA
Accession no.862343
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Item 46 Patent Number: US 6416834 B1 20020709 COMPOSITION FOR IMPROVING ADHESION OF ELASTOMERS TO POLYMER COMPOSITIONS Fuller R E duPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co. This comprises mixtures of carboxylated unsaturated polymers and a) amines, b) amine derivatives or c) mixtures of hydroxy compounds and quaternary phosphonium salt accelerators or quaternary ammonium salt accelerators. The curable elastomer compositions exhibit excellent adhesion to fluoropolymers. USA
Accession no.862341 Item 47 Chemical Engineering 109, No.6, June 2002, p.48S-8 ADHESIVE-FREE BONDING FOR MAXIMUM SAFETY Sigraflex Hochdruck graphite sealing sheets for extreme conditions are supplied by SGL Technologies. Elastomerbonded fibre gaskets consist of glass, carbon or synthetic (e.g. aramid) fibres embedded in an elastomer binder. The temperature limit is governed by the binder. At temperatures above around 150 deg.C, the material starts to decompose. It becomes hard and brittle and the sealing properties worsen. This results in a sharply increased leakage rate and loss of residual stress. PTFE materials represent another important group of soft gasket materials. They are used especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It is well that PTFE gaskets have a tendency towards cold and warm flow, which can cause sealing problems in many types of media. This means PTFE gaskets need to be retightened to ensure leakproof joints. Sealing sheets based on flexible graphite in particular are outstandingly useful, because they are a universal gasket material covering a broad range of temperatures and media, while providing stable. Sigraflex Hochdruck is claimed to be the safest and technically most advanced graphite gasket available to date. Details are given. SGL TECHNOLOGIES GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.858786 Item 48 Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. No.2. Fall 2001. Conference proceedings. Chicago, Il., Fall 2001, p.461-2 SYNTHESES AND EVALUATION OF PHOTOPOLYMERISED FLUORINATED ACRYLATES AS POTENTIAL NON-WETTABLE COATINGS Shemper B A; Mathias L J
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References and Abstracts
Southern Mississippi,University (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) Fluoropolymers offer many properties desirable in coatings, due to the specific properties of fluorinated materials. Semi-fluorinated molecules are those characterised by the presence of hydrocarbon and perfluorinated (CF2)- segments. Polymers rich in fluorine possess high thermal stability, chemical and oxidative resistance, low refractive index and substantial hydrophobic character. This hydrophobic nature reflects low values of cohesive energy density and surface energy. The low surface energy is a key property of these polymers and prevents sticking and adhesion, polymer blending and degradation, and attack or solvation by aqueous solutions and most organic solvents. The strength of the C-F bond increases with the extent of adjacent carbon fluorination, meaning that the longer the fluoroalkyl group, the higher its stability and hydrophobicity. Moreover, monolayers of perfluorinated organic molecules possess very low free surface energy due to highly ordered surface structure having CF3 groups directly at the surface. The synthesis of a perfluoroalkyl ether-substituted hydroxymethacrylic acid (C8F7) and its photopolymerisation, as well as the synthesis of a perfluoroalkyl ether-substituted dihydroxymethacrylic acid (diC6F4), which serves as a crosslinker for the polymerisations, are reported. These compounds are potential low-surface energy polymeric materials. Optimisation of the synthesis of C8F7 was achieved. The substitution of triethylamine base for its stronger analogue diisopropylethylamine leads to a better procedure in terms of the purification process. The photopolymerisations of the perfluoroalkyl ether-substituted hydroxymethacrylic acid are fast and the polymers obtained under the conditions used are thermally stable under the range 250290 deg.C. 12 refs. USA
Accession no.853448 Item 49 European Coatings Conference: Adhesion and Performance Enhancement. Proceedings of a conference held Zurich, Switzerland, 3rd-4th Sept.2001. Hanover, Vincentz Verlag, 2001, Session 2, p.115-28, 31cm, 012 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMER SUBSTRATES FOR IMPROVED ADHESION OF UV-CURED SYSTEMS Kunz M Inprotec AG (Vincentz Verlag) Polymer surfaces, especially in the case of polyolefins and fluoropolymers, must be pretreated to achieve sufficient adhesion of coatings, adhesives or inks. Via an innovative combination of plasma or corona treatment and UV-curable systems, it is possible to generate improved adhesion of the applied coating systems: a plasma treatment forms radicals at the polymer surface, these react with the double
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bond of an acrylated photoinitiator which is immediately applied after plasma treatment. This results in a storage stable surface modification and an anchoring of a defined and latent functionality. After application of a conventional UV-curable ink, adhesive or coating the surface bound photoinitiator is activated by UV light, which is also used to cure the system. As a result, a covalent chemical link is formed which provides extremely strong adhesion between the surface and the UV-cured system. Advantages of this new method are: improved wetting, long term storage stability, improved adhesion, no thermal load and the possibility to selectively alter the surface properties using lithography. The concept and potential applications as well as results are presented and discussed. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.851878 Item 50 Patent Number: EP 1195387 A1 20020410 ADHESIVE RESIN, METHOD OF BONDING, AND LAYERED PRODUCT Kawachi H; Sawada Y; Shigemoto H Mitsui Chemicals Inc. An adhesive resin is obtained by reacting a polyolefin resin having carboxyl groups and/or groups derived therefrom with an amino compound having at least two amino groups. It is superior for adhering various fluoropolymers and is capable of providing easily laminated products exhibiting superior chemical resistance and barrier properties. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.851253 Item 51 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 16, No.1, 2002, p.47-57 INTERFACIAL ADHESION BETWEEN POLYURETHANE BINDER AND POLY(TETR AFLUOROETHYLENE) POWDER IN BONDED SOLID LUBRICANT FILMS Tian J; Huang Y L Lanzhou,Institute of Chemical Physics PTFE powder was irradiated with cobalt-60 gamma-rays in order to improve its dispersing ability in PU as a binder. The bonded solid lubricant films of the irradiated PTFE were prepared on an AISI 1045 steel block by spraying and curing at ambient temp., with PU as the binder. The tribological properties of bonded solid lubricant films with the PTFE pigment volume fraction were examined on a ring-on-block friction and wear tester. The interfacial adhesion between the PU binder and PTFE powder was investigated using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, immersion heat and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that gamma-ray irradiation increased the activity of the PTFE powder surface and improved the interfacial
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References and Abstracts
adhesion between the PTFE powder and the PU binder, which helped to improve the wear resistance of the corresponding bonded solid lubricant films. 22 refs.
were influenced by the number of phosphonic acid groups introduced. 32 refs.
CHINA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.847475
Accession no.846646
Item 52 Plasticheskie Massy No.4, April 2001, p.12-7 Russian ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF ADHESION OF SOME PROTECTIVE COATINGS AND EPOXY POLYMERS Sharkovskii V A; Trifonov V Z; Ostapenko E N The thermodynamic work of adhesion, defined as the value of the surface tension and its components (dispersion and polar) of the bodies brought into contact, is used to assess the adhesion between glass-reinforced epoxy polymers and dimethylsiloxane elastomer, polyolefin elastomer, polytetrafluoroethylene and low-density polyethylene. 19 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. Accession no.846952 Item 53 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 83, No.11, 14th March 2002, p.2277-87 ADHESIVE AND ANTICORROSIVE PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) POWDERS BLENDED WITH PHOSPHONATED COPOLYMERS ON GALVANIZED STEEL PLATES Bressy-Brondino C; Boutevin B; Hervaud Y; Gaboyard M Toulon et du Var,Universite; CNRS-UMR Preparation and characterisation of methacrylic monomers carrying dialkyl phosphonate groups or phosphonic acid groups is described. Characterisation was carried out using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Copolymerisation of these different comonomers (CM) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out using radical copolymerisation under nitrogen at ratios of either 20/80 or 10/90 CM/MMA. The resulting copolymers were characterised using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, elemental analysis and conductometric titration. The copolymers were then solution blended with polyvinylidene fluoride at different proportions and coated onto galvanized steel plates which were heated to evaporate solvents, giving a coating thickness of approximately 23 micron. Adhesive and anticorrosive properties of the coatings were assessed using cross-cut testing, conical mandrel bend testing, boiling water testing and salt spray testing. Good adhesion was achieved, resulting in limiting of corrosion of the steel plates, and it was reported that the adhesive properties (hence the anticorrosive properties)
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Item 54 Polymer 43,No.6,2002,p.1727-34 POLY(DI-1H,1H,2H,2HPERFLUOROALKYLITACONATE) FILMS: SURFACE ORGANISATION PHENOMENA, SURFACE ENERGY DETERMINATIONS AND FORCE OF ADHESION MEASUREMENTS Barbu E; Pullin R A; Graham P; Eaton P; Ewen R J; Smart J D; Nevell T G; Tsibouklis J Portsmouth,University; Ploiesti,University; West of England,University The significance of the Lifshitz/van der Waals, Lewis acid and Lewis base contributions to the total surface energy of a homologous series of poly(di-1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluo roalkylitaconate)s is discussed in terms of the molecular design features and surface organisation phenomena characterising these comb-like polymers. Comparison of the characteristics specific to films prepared from this class of materials with those of the previously studied homologous series of poly(perfluoroalkylacrylate)s, poly(perfluoromethacrylate)s and poly(methylpropenox yalkyl siloxane)s suggests that, of the molecular design requirements for low surface energy polymers, an increase in the packing density of pendant side chains has little effect on the contributions to surface energy but an adverse effect on the roughness of the film. 31 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; RUMANIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.846142 Item 55 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 15, No.13, 2001, p.1655-72 MODIFICATION OF SI(100) SURFACE BY PLASMA-ENHANCED GRAFT POLYMERIZATION OF ALLYLPENTAFLUOROBENZENE Zou X P; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Wei Huang Singapore,National University Hydrophobic fluoropolymer thin films were deposited on Si(100) substrates by plasma polymerisation of allylpen tafluorobenzene(APFB) under different glow discharge conditions and in the presence and absence of argon plasma preactivation of the substrate surfaces. The FTIR and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggested that the plasma polymerisation proceeded mainly through the C: C bond of APFB and the fluorinated aromatic structure in the deposited polymer films was preserved to different extents, depending on the radiofrequency(RF) power used
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References and Abstracts
for plasma polymerisation. The use of a low RF power readily resulted in the deposition of thin films having almost the same fluorinated aromatic structure as that of the APFB homopolymer. For the plasma-polymerised(pp) APFB films deposited on the argon plasma-preactivated Si(100) surfaces, solvent extraction results suggested that the pp-APFB films became covalently tethered onto the silicon substrate surfaces. TGA results indicated that the thermal stability of the pp-APFB films had been enhanced significantly after annealing at 270C in a vacuum oven. 41 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.846103 Item 56 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 83, No.6, 7th Feb.2002, p.1258-67 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF TETRAFLUOROETHYLENEHEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE(FEP) COPOLYMER BY REMOTE HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, OXYGEN AND ARGON PLASMAS Park Y W; Tasaka S; Inagaki N Shizuoka,University FEP copolymer sheets were modified by remote hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and argon plasmas and the effects of the modification on adhesion between FEP sheets and copper metal were investigated. The four plasmas were able to modify the hydrophilicity of the FEP surfaces. Defluorination and oxidation reactions on the FEP surfaces occurred with exposure to the plasma. The hydrophilic modification by hydrogen plasma was best, followed by modification by oxygen argon and nitrogen plasmas. The surface modification of FEP by all four remote plasmas was effective in improving adhesion with copper metal. The peel strength of the FEP/copper adhesive joints decreased in the order hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, oxygen plasmas. Mild surface modification was important for the adhesion improvement of FEP with copper metal. 10 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.846070 Item 57 Journal of Materials Science Letters 20, No.21, 1st Nov. 2001, p.1941-2 MUSCLE CELL ADHESION ON POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE MODIFIED BY UV IRRADIATION Svorcik V; Walachova K; Heitz J; Gumpenberger T; Bacakova L Prague,Institute of Chemical Technology; Linz,University; Czech Republic,Academy of Sciences The adhesion of smooth muscle cells was studied on PTFE irradiated by UV light from an excimer lamp in ammonia atmosphere. Changes in biocompatibility were correlated with changes in physicochemical properties induced by
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the irradiation. Potential applications in blood vessel prostheses are mentioned. 8 refs. AUSTRIA; CZECH REPUBLIC; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.844610 Item 58 Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Medicine 12, No.10-12, Oct./Nov./Dec. 2001, p.971-7 MONOCYTE ADHESION AND ADHESION MOLECULE EXPRESSION ON HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ON PLASMA-TREATED PETP AND PTFE IN VITRO Pu F R; Williams R L; Markkula T K; Hunt J A Liverpool,University The inflammatory potential of endothelialised surfaces of PETP and PTFE after ammonia gas plasma modification was evaluated. Surfaces were examined using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The effects of plasma-treated PETP and PTFE on cell adhesion and proliferation were also studied. 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.842006 Item 59 Polymer Engineering and Science 41, No.11, Nov.2001, p.1970-7 FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF SPONTANEOUSLY POLYMERIZED FLUOROCOATINGS ON ALUMINUM Haipeng Zheng; Davis G D; Bell J P Connecticut,University; DACCO SCI Inc. Spontaneous polymerisation(S-Poly) is a process for formation of protective polymer coatings on aluminium and other metals. The polymerisation and coating properties when two fluorinated monomers were introduced into the S-Poly system were studied. The resulting coatings were characterised using ATR FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, optical microscopy and other measurements. Fluorinated coatings showed good dielectric properties and strong hydrophobicity. Their dry adhesion strength was a little lower than that of coatings studied previously, but changed very little after immersion in hot water for several days. Some of the fluorinated coatings exhibited significantly improved corrosion resistance in most corrosion tests. 28 refs. USA
Accession no.840097 Item 60 Canadian Plastics 59, No.10, Oct.2001, p.6 BUILDING A BETTER BOND It is explained that recent developments in thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) formulations means that these high-
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References and Abstracts
demand soft materials are now able to bond with textiles, numerous metals, and parts made from acetal copolymers. This new capability opens up many possibilities for part integration and reduced system costs. This article looks in detail at the developments. ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS; TICONA; KRAIBURG TPE GMBH; SAINT-GOBAIN PERFORMANCE PLASTICS USA
Accession no.836819 Item 61 Smart Materials and Structures 10, No.5, Oct.2001, p.946-62 DETECTION OF DISBONDING IN A REPAIR PATCH BY MEANS OF AN ARRAY OF LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE AND POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE SENSORS AND ACTUATORS Koh Y L; Chiu W K; Marshall I H; Rajic N; Galea S C Monash,University; Australia,Defence Science & Technology Org. A numerical study was conducted in which an array of surface-mounted lead zirconate titanate and PVDF sensors was used for the detection of disbond under a composite (e.g. boron/epoxy resin) repair patch. The two techniques used for detecting these disbonds were an impedance method and the transfer function method. It was found that an array of smart materials could locate and determine the extent of damage. The results also showed that the location and size of the sensor used were dependent on the location and size of the disbond to be detected or monitored. 9 refs. AUSTRALIA
Accession no.836393 Item 62 Farbe und Lack 107, No.10, 2001, p.54-62 German ADHESION TO PLASTIC Kunz M; Bauer M Inprotec AG Polyolefins and fluoropolymers have a major disadvantage: they do not adhere to polymer surfaces properly. If these substrates have to be coated, however, there are three different approaches to improving adhesion. One is to change the coating, another is to modify the polymer surface, and the third is to apply some kind of adhesion promoter. One successful process which could solve this problem comprises a combination of a plasma pretreatment and an additional thin acrylated photoinitiator coating. The result is that the purely physical bond gives rise to a covalent chemical bond between the polymer surface and the coating. Further advantages offered by this process are discussed. 6 refs.
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EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.831603 Item 63 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 671 ADHESION BETWEEN PP-BASED ELASTOMER AND PVDF IN LAYERED STRUCTURES BY INTERLEAVING A GRAFTED COPOLYMER Brassine C Liege,University (SPE) Interfacial adhesion between films of polypropylene (PP)-based thermoplastic elastomer and poly(vinylidene fluoride) was enhanced by the use of thin interlayers of a compatibiliser containing PP and poly(methyl methacrylate) sequences. Two precursors were used for the synthesis of the compatibiliser: polypropylene-graftpoly(maleic anhydride) and poly(methyl methacrylateco-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (MMA-HEMA). Peel tests were used to determine the effectiveness of the compatibiliser. The fracture energy without compatibiliser was approximately 60 J/sq m, whilst values of 3002000 J/sq m were obtained with a compatibiliser. The compatibiliser efficiency increased with increasing (MMA-HEMA) molecular weight, and decreased with increasing crosslinking. 6 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.830103 Item 64 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 21, No.5, 2001, p.397-409 REVIEW OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PRETREATMENTS OF POLYMERS Brewis D M; Dahm R H Loughborough,University A review is presented of methods of electrochemically generating the oxidising or reducing conditions required for the pretreatment of various polymers. These include the reversible anodic or cathodic generation of soluble redox reagents as mediators capable of reacting with the polymer surface. Pretreatments involving directly contacting the polymer surface with the polarised electrode are also covered. The mechanisms of the underlying reactions are discussed in detail and parallels are drawn, wherever possible, between the chemical and electrochemical pretreatments. Lap shear and peel test data obtained for the electrochemical pretreatment of a number of hydrocarbonbased polymers, including elastomers, as well as a number of fully and partially hydrogenated polymers, are reviewed. 50 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.829630
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References and Abstracts
Item 65 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 21, No.4, 2001, p.267-73 ADHESION UNDER WATER: SURFACE ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS Clint J H; Wicks A C Hull,University
(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) FILMS BY POLYMERIZATION OF GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE FOR ADHESION ENHANCEMENT WITH EVAPORATED COPPER Zou X P; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Cui C Q; Lim T B Singapore,University; Singapore,Institute of Microelectronics
Contact angles for a set of probe liquids (hexadecane, bromonaphthalene, diiodomethane, ethanediol, formamide) on solid surfaces (including plastics surfaces) were used to determine the components of the solid surface energies. By use of suitable combining rules, the data were then used to calculate the work of adhesion of oil onto various solid surfaces under water. A surprising result of such studies was that the order of strengths of adhesion to ‘liquid’ to solid surfaces under water was opposite to that for adhesion in air. Oily materials, for example, did not adhere well to ‘non-stick’ surfaces such as PTFE in air but adhered strongly under water. Such considerations were extended to the adhesion of bacteria to solid surfaces under water and the possible role of adsorbed protein layers in the adhesion process. In these systems, the predictions were borne out by direct observations of bacterial fouling taken from the recent literature. 17 refs.
Polytetrafluoroethylene films are surface modified by H2 plasma treatment, and by plasma polymerisation and deposition of glycidyl methacrylate in the presence and absence of H2 plasma pre-activation of the PTFE substrates. Modification was carried out to enhance the adhesion of the polymer with evaporated copper. Effective defluorination and hydrogenation of the PTFE surface, and enhanced adhesion of evaporate Cu to the PTFE surface resulted from the H2 plasma treatment. A high epoxide concentration was preserved in the plasma polymerised glycidyl methacrylate layer on the PTFE surface (ppGMA-PTFE surface) for plasma polymerisation carried out at a low RF power. A high adhesion strength for the Cu/pp-GMA-PTFE assembly was obtained only in the presence of the H2 plasma pre-activation of the PTFE substrates prior to the plasma polymerisation and deposition of GMA. The deposited pp-GMA layer on the PTFE surface could be readily removed by acetone extraction, in the absence of H2 plasma pre-activation. The adhesion enhancement obtained was due to the covalent bonding of the pp-GMA layer with the PTFE surface preservation of the epoxide functional groups in the pp-GMA layer, and strong interaction of evaporated Cu atoms with epoxide and carboxyl groups of GMA chains. 42 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.829489 Item 66 Polymers for Advanced Technologies 12, No.8, Aug. 2001, p.453-60 CONTROL OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL ADHESION TO POLYMER SURFACE BY ION IMPLANTATION Kusakabe M; Suzuki Y; Nakao A; Kaibara M; Iwaki M; Scholl M SONY Corp.; RIKEN; Mainz,University The biocompatibility of ion implanted polymers was studied by means of in vitro attachment measurements of bovine aorta endothelial cells. The specimens used were PS, PE, PP and PTFE. Wettability was estimated by means of a sessile drop method. Characterisation was undertaken using contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis in relation to cell attachment behaviour. The strength of cell attachment on ion implanted specimens at static and under flow conditions was also investigated. 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.828126 Item 67 Polymer 42, No.15, 2001, p.6409-6418 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLY
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SINGAPORE
Accession no.823561 Item 68 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 15, No.6, 2001, p.727-46 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLY(TETR AFLUOROETHYLENE) FILMS BY PLASMA POLYMERISATION AND UV-INDUCED GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR ADHESION ENHANCEMENT WITH ELECTROLESSLYDEPOSITED COPPER Yang G H; Kang E T; Neoh K G Singapore,National University Hydrogen plasma-pretreated PTFE films were surface modified either by plasma polymerisation and deposition of glycidyl methacrylate or by UV-induced graft copolymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate. The chemical composition and structure of the modified films were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy and the adhesive strength of electrolessly deposited copper to the modified surfaces evaluated by T-peel adhesion strength measurements. Adhesion strength data revealed that the plasma polymerised and UV-graft copolymerised glycidyl methacrylate polymer chains were
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covalently bonded to the plasma pretreated PTFE and were spatially distributed in the copper matrix. 39 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.823103 Item 69 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 80, No.530, Aug.2000, p.170-9 Spanish FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE ADHESION OF POLYMERS Riande E; Saiz E Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros; Madrid,Universidad de Alcala The surface energy and adhesion of polymers are examined from a thermodynamic viewpoint, and the adhesion properties of high and low surface energy materials are discussed. Consideration is given to the promotion of adhesion through the use of surface treatment techniques, coupling agents and tackifiers, and the composition of different types of adhesives is reviewed. Statistics are presented for the consumption of adhesives in the USA in 1982 and 1995. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.814828 Item 70 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80, No.5, 2nd May 2001, p.716-27 LAMINATION OF CONDUCTIVE POLYPYRROLE FILMS TO POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS VIA INTERFACIAL GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION Lim V W L; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L Singapore,National University A simple technique for the lamination of a conductive polymer film to an inert dielectric polymer film is demonstrated. The electrochemically synthesised and p-toluenesulphonic acid-doped polypyrrole (PPY) film is laminated simultaneously to the argon plasmapretreated PTFE film during the thermally induced graft copolymerisation of the PTFE surface with a functional monomer. The graft copolymerisation is carried out using glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomer containing 20% v/v hexamethyldiamine (HMDA) and in the absence of any polymerisation initiator. Thermally induced graft copolymerisation of the GNIA monomer on the PPY surface is minimal. The lap shear and T-peel adhesion strengths of the laminates are found to be dependent on the GMA graft concentration on the PTFE surface, which, in turn, is affected by the plasma pretreatment time of the film. To increase the GMA graft concentration for the enhancement of adhesion strength, the plasma-pretreated PTFE surfaces are premodified via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with GMA prior to the simultaneous
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thermal graft copolymerisation and lamination process. The modified surfaces and interfaces are characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Through XPS measurements of the delaminated surfaces, it is found that the PPY/PTFE laminates fail predominantly by cohesive failure inside the PTFE substrate. 39 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.812973 Item 71 Journal of Materials Science 36, No.4, 15th Feb.2001, p.879-85 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLY(TET RAFLUOROETHYLENE) BY MAGNESIUM AMALGAM Kavan L; Janda P; Weber J Prague,Heyrovsky Institute Magnesium amalgam was shown to react with PTFE (foil or oriented film on silicon) to give a thin surface layer containing magnesium fluoride in a mixture with complicated, air-sensitive, carbonaceous product containing large amount of residual C-F bonds. The reaction did not propagate into the bulk polymer which, consequently, retained its white colour even after hundreds of hours of reaction at 150C. These results contrasted with the reactivity of PTFE with amalgams of alkali metals, Li, Na, K. The differences were interpreted in terms of the electrochemical model of amalgam carbonisation, as blocking of charge (e-/Mg2+) propagation through the modified layer. Atomic force microscopy patterns showed that the magnesium treatment increased the surface roughness. The molecular level ordering of PTFE films was strongly perturbed by the action of magnesium amalgam. The treated surface showed only a small proportion of organised macromolecules. CZECH REPUBLIC
Accession no.810893 Item 72 Interface Science 8, No.4, Oct.2000, p.363-73 PLASMA SURFACE MODIFICATION OF GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED NYLON-6,6 THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES FOR IMPROVED ADHESIVE BONDING Wade G A; Cantwell W J; Pond R C Liverpool,University The surface modification and adhesive bonding of a unidirectional glass fibre-reinforced nylon-66 composite were investigated. Wettability studies of plasma-treated specimens showed a significant reduction in the advancing and receding contact angles in water, relative to untreated material. The most effective treatment used oxygen plasma. The increases in wettability observed were shown to be the result of an increase in the concentration of O- and Ncontaining functional groups on the surface of the polymer
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References and Abstracts
and of removal of fluoropolymer contamination, the source of which was identified as the PTFE mould release agent. The surface modification resulted in significantly improved adhesion between the composite and an applied toughened epoxy adhesive, a marked increase in the Mode II critical strain energy release rate being observed following plasma treatment. Specimens treated in an oxygen plasma showed the greatest improvement in critical strain energy release rate, failing cohesively at a value of 1.6 kJ/sq m after only 15 seconds exposure. Without plasma treatment, the specimens failed in an adhesive model at very low values of critical strain energy release rate. Adhesion was further optimised by moulding the GRP against steel plates instead of PTFE. 24 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.810385 Item 73 Patent Number: US 6156400 A1 20001205 MULTI-LAYER COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A FLUOROPOLYMER Jing N; Nam S; Pham T 3M Innovative Properties Co. Disclosed is a method of bonding substantially nonfluorinated polymeric material to dissimilar polymers, particularly fluoropolymer materials, utilising a bonding composition comprising a base-treated amide groupcontaining substantially non-fluorinated polymer. Multilayer articles and composite constructions, including retroreflective sheeting, fuel hoses and adhesive articles made of a fluoropolymer layer and a substantially nonfluorinated layer are also disclosed. USA
Accession no.809911 Item 74 Adhesives and Sealants Industry 8, No.1, Feb.2001, p.40-2 PSAS TENACIOUSLY BOND TO NON-STICK FILM AFTER PLASMA SURFACE TREATMENT Kaplan S L; Naab D J 4th State Inc.; Integument Technologies Inc. A report is presented on the use of cold gas plasma treatment to make pressure sensitive adhesive permanently bond to fluoropolymer films (FluoroGrip) for the manufacture of non-stick surfaces. Data from thermal shock and thermal cycling tests and adhesion pull tests carried out on plasma treated FluoroGrip films are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the plasma treatment to provide an environmentally stable and permanent bond between the adhesive film and the fluoropolymer substrate. USA
Accession no.809556
Item 75 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 21, No.1, 2001, p.59-64 MODIFICATION OF THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF PTFE BY A MAGNESIUM TREATMENT Combellas C; Richardson S; Shanahan M E R; Thiebault A ESPCI; Paris,Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines; London,University,Imperial College Various surface treatments based on solutions of solvated electrons were applied to PTFE. The effects on adhesion of modified surface properties of the PTFE were investigated by bonding a rubbery epoxy, with PETP backing, to it and effecting peel tests at various rates. All the treatments led to improved adhesion. The basic solution of solvated electrons in the presence of magnesium led to reasonable adhesion, but improvements appeared not to be related to treatment time. As failure apparently occurred cohesively within the PTFE, near the surface, it was proposed that surface treatment also led to some local degradation of the PTFE. Inclusion of low concentrations of alkali metal ions into the solution of solvated electrons led to increased adhesion, particularly in the cases of Na and K. Failure surfaces suggested partial cohesive failure within the rubbery epoxy, near the interface. Increased adhesion was thought to be partly due to better wetting of the PTFE by the rubbery epoxy before cure, combined with increases in surface roughness, subsequent to the PTFE surface treatment, leading to mechanical keying. 24 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.807270 Item 76 Polymer 42, No.8, 2001, p.3761-9 FLUORINE INCORPORATION IN PLASMAPOLYMERISED OCTOFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE, HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE AND TRIFLUOROETHYLENE Sandrin L; Silverstein M S; Sacher E ESPCI; Israel,Institute of Technology; Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal A report is presented on the deposition of plasma polymers from the above fluorinated monomers on various substrates (silicon wafers, glass slides, PE films and sodium chloride single crystals) and the evaluation of their molecular structures using a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The deposition rate of these plasma polymers, topography of micrometer thick plasma films made therefrom and the molecular structure of the fluoropolymers are discussed and the adhesion of the plasma films to copper and the permittivity of plasma-polymerised octofluorocyclobutane are briefly considered. 18 refs. CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.806175
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References and Abstracts
Item 77 Mickleton, N.J., 1996, pp.2. 27cms. 21/2/01 HEAT SHRINKABLE TUBING Furon Co.; Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Furon heat shrinkable tubing is described. It consists of a FEP and PFA-based construction with shrink ratios up to 1.67:1, including multi-wall. When bonding or a tighter seal is desired, the fluorocarbon can be chemically etched to allow the inert tubing material to accept an adhesive. It is available with an FEP melt liner and a heat shrinkable TFE outer jacket. When heated, the FEP liner melts to form a chemical resistant bond to the substrate, while the TFE jacket shrinks down. Characteristics and dimensions of the products are described. USA
Accession no.804317 Item 78 Patent Number: US 6117508 A1 20000912 COMPOSITE ARTICLES INCLUDING A FLUOROPOLYMER BLEND Parsonage E E; Blong T J Dyneon LLC A composite article is provided which includes a blend component comprising a vinylidene fluoride containing fluoropolymer and a substantially non-vinylidene fluoride containing fluoropolymer, and a component including a substantially non-fluorinated polymer having pendant amine groups intimately bonded to the blend component. Increased adhesion is observed by a greater peel strength value between the blend component and a substantially non-vinylidene fluoride containing fluoropolymer when compared to a peel strength value between a substantially non-vinylidene fluoride containing fluoropolymer and the substantially non-fluorinated polymer having pendant amine groups. USA
Accession no.800356 Item 79 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 14, No.11, 2000, p.1451-68 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS BY GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR ADHESION ENHANCEMENT WITH ELECTROLESSLY DEPOSITED COPPER Wu S; Kang E T; Neoh K G Singapore,National University The surface modification of Ar plasma-pretreated PTFE films via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with either 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylene methacrylate (TMSPMA) or glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is carried out to enhance their adhesion to electrolessly deposited copper. The surface compositions of the PTFE films at various stages of surface modification and electroless plating
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are studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adhesion strength of the graft-copolymerised PTFE film to the electrolessly deposited copper is affected by the type of monomer used for graft copolymerisation, the graft concentration, the plasma post-treatment time after graft copolymerisation and the extent of thermal post-treatment after metallisation. The maximum T-peel strength achieved between the electrolessly deposited copper and the GMA graft-copolymerised PTFE film is about 11 N/cm. This adhesion strength represents a more than 20-fold increase over what can be achieved when the PTFE film is treated by Ar plasma alone. The mechanisms of the adhesion strength enhancement and the failure mode in the metal-polymer laminates are also investigated. It is found that the failure is cohesive in nature within the PTFE film. 32 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.796831 Item 80 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 20, No.6, 2000, p.467-76 MODIFICATION OF POLY(TETRAFLUOROE THYLENE) AND COPPER FOIL SURFACES BY GRAFT POLYMERISATION FOR ADHESION IMPROVEMENT Wu J Z; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Cui C Q; Lim T B Singapore,National University; Singapore,Institute of Microelectronics Laminates of copper foil and PTFE were produced by the surface graft polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate on a PTFE film, which had been pretreated with an argon plasma with simultaneous thermal lamination to a surface modified copper foil either in the presence of an epoxy resin adhesive or in the presence of a mixture of glycidyl methacrylate and hexamethylene diamine. The copper foil surfaces were treated with a silane coupling agent followed by argon plasma activation and UV-induced graft polymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements were used to characterise the treated surfaces and the adhesion of the laminates was determined by T-peel testing. 30 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.796639 Item 81 Patent Number: US 6106914 A1 20000822 LAMINAR STRUCTURE AND A HOSE FORMED OF THE LAMINAR STRUCTURE EXHIBITING GOOD ADHESIVENESS BETWEEN ADJACENT LAYERS Kanbe S; Osada H Tokai Rubber Industries Ltd. The laminar structure consists of at least a first layer formed of a fluoroelastomer or a fluoropolymer and a
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References and Abstracts
second layer laminated in contact with the first layer and formed of an epichlorohydrin rubber. The second layer is formed of a rubber composition, which contains 100 parts by weight of an epichlorohydrin rubber material, as a base rubber component, 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of a vulcanising agent formed of a 2,3-dimercaptoquinoxaline derivative of given formula, 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of a salt of 1,8diazabicyclo(5,4,0)undecene-7 of given formula and 1 to 20 parts by weight of at least one hydrotalcite compound of given formula.
These comprise a fluoropolymer layer comprising interpolymerised units derived from vinylidene fluoride and a melt-processable, substantially non-fluorinated polymer layer comprising a polyamide, polyimide, polyurethane or a carboxyl, anhydride, or imide functionalised polyolefin. The non-fluorinated polymer layer further contains an aliphatic diamine or polyamine, which provides increased adhesion between the fluoropolymer layer and the nonfluorinated polymer layer.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.792222
USA
Accession no.796572 Item 82 Patent Number: US 6096428 A1 20000801 MULTI-LAYER COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A FLUOROPOLYMER Jing N; Nam S 3M Innovative Properties Co. Substantially non-fluorinated polymeric material is bonded to dissimilar polymers, particularly fluoropolymer materials, utilising a bonding composition comprising substantially non-fluorinated polymeric material comprising a blend of a carboxyl, anhydride, imide, or oxycarboxy functional polyolefin with a suitable organic or inorganic base and an organo-onium compound, which is stable in the presence of the base. Multi-layer articles and composite constructions, including retroreflective sheeting, fuel line hoses, and adhesive articles made of a fluoropolymer layer and a substantially non-fluorinated layer are also provided. USA
Accession no.795996 Item 83 Patent Number: US 6080487 A1 20000627 METHOD OF IMPROVING ADHESION BETWEEN A FLUOROPOLYMER AND A SUBSTRATE Coggio W D; Dietz T M; Fronek D R; Fukushi T; Nelson C J; Parker D S; Pham T D; Yamanaka K 3M Innovative Properties Co. A multi-layer article comprises a substrate and a dehydrofluorinated fluoropolymer, which contains substantially no grafted adhesion-promoting groups and sufficient carbon-carbon unsaturation to increase its adhesion to the substrate. USA
Accession no.795549
Item 85 Patent Number: US 6074574 A1 20000613 ADHESION PRIMING COMPOSITION FOR TONER FUSER MEMBER Chen J-H; Aslam M; Chen C Eastman Kodak Co. A primer composition useful for binding a layer containing a fluorocarbon polymeric material to a metallic or organic polymeric substrate comprises about 98 to 99.99 wt.% of a crosslinked, glycidyl end-capped bisphenolic polymer and about 0.01 to 2 wt.% of a perfluoroalkyl-substituted glycidyl-reactive compound. A toner fuser member comprises a substrate to which a surface layer comprising an amorphous fluoropolymer is adhered by an intervening layer of the above composition. The fuser member comprises metal or an organic polymeric material in the shape of a cylinder or, preferably, a belt. USA
Accession no.792199 Item 86 Advances in Polymer Technology 19, No.4, Winter 2000, p.333 SURFACE TREATMENT OF FLUOROPOLYMERS Loughborough,University The pretreatment of fluoropolymers is briefly reported with reference to research into the enhancement of adhesion at Loughborough University. The effects of the Tetra-Etch treatment on the joint strength of a fully fluorinated polymer and a partially fluorinated polymer was investigated and differing mechanisms for the two polymers (PTFE and PVF) were proposed. Results are tabulated. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.791806
Item 84 Patent Number: US 6074719 A1 20000613 MULTI-LAYER COMPOSITIONS HAVING A FLUOROPOLYMER LAYER Fukushi T; Wang P J 3M Innovative Properties Co.
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References and Abstracts
Item 87 Fluorine in Coatings III. Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 25th-27th January 1999, paper 12 POLYMETHYLPROPENOXYFLUOROALKYLS ILOXANES: A CLASS OF FLUOROPOLYMERS CAPABLE OF INHIBITING BACTERIAL ADHESION ONTO SURFACES Thorpe A; Peters V; Smith J; Nevell T; Tsibouklis J Portsmouth,University (Paint Research Association) Considerable research efforts are currently directed towards the development of non-wettable, low-surfaceenergy polymeric materials with good film-forming characteristics. The significance of such materials becomes apparent when the lack of universally applicable and environmentally friendly protection against biological and other fouling is appreciated. In addition, potential uses in lubrication, wear control, anti-soiling and antistaining must presage weighty commercial implications. Bacteria and other microorganisms have a natural tendency to adhere to surfaces as a survival mechanism. This can occur in any environment, not just the living host but also for example in industrial systems and natural aquatic environments. The general outcome of bacterial colonisation of surfaces is the formation of an adherent layer (biofilm) composed of bacteria embedded in an organic matrix. This calyx is usually a polysaccharide exopolymer which is generated by the bacteria, although within the environment of the living organism it is possible that matter derived from the host will also be present. Apart from the use of polymeric coatings incorporating antimicrobial agents, the other main strategy that has emerged as potential means of inhibiting the early stages of biofilm formation involves the utilisation of lowsurface-energy (non-stick) polymeric coatings. It has been suggested that the constituent polymer must possess a flexible linear backbone onto which side-chains with low intermolecular interactions are attached via suitable linking groups. Polymethylpropenoxyfluoroalkylsiloxanes are considered as a class of compounds conforming to these molecular design requirements. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.790186 Item 88 Fluorine in Coatings III. Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 25th-27th January 1999, paper 3 SURFACE ACTIVATION OF PERFLUORINATED POLYMERS Fischer P; Rehwinkel C; Gronarz D F; Hund R-D; Rossbach V Dresden,Technische Universitat (Paint Research Association) It has been shown that for special applications perfluorinated polymers are excellent materials. However, the antiadhesive properties cause problems in the combination of
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these polymers with other materials, e.g. strengthening with other polymers and in the adhesion of other substances. This problem can be solved through the activation of the surfaces of the perfluorinated polymers. The further development of a surface activation technique for perfluorinated polymers through the permanent anchoring of polysilicic acid is presented. The different methods to obtain an activated surface are discussed as well as the distribution of the polysilicic acid between the surface and the perfluorinated polymer and the characterisation of the modified surface with respect to its morphological composition, properties and reactivity. 27 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.790178 Item 89 Patent Number: EP 1036790 A1 20000920 PERFLUORO GROUP-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS AND HARDENED POLYMER OF THE SAME Ikeda J; Kawa H Kyoeisha Chemical Co.Ltd. Disclosed is a perfluoro group-containing compound of given formula. The hardened polymer produced therefrom is water repellent and oil repellent and has adhering ability. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.789706 Item 90 Journal of Macromolecular Science A A37, No.10, 2000, p.1121-39 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE FILMS BY GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION FOR ADHESION IMPROVEMENT WITH EVAPORATED METALS Liu Y X; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L Singapore,National University Surface modification of argon plasma pretreated PVDF films via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate and vinyl imidazole was carried out to improve the adhesion with evaporated metals such as aluminium and copper. Surface compositions of the films were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Correlations between failure mode for the laminates and adhesion strength are discussed. 27 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.789545 Item 91 Patent Number: US 6057014 A1 20000502 LAMINATES OF COMPOSITION FOR IMPROVING ADHESION OF ELASTOMERS TO POLYMER COMPOSITIONS
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References and Abstracts
Fuller R E duPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co. Adhesion promoting compositions comprising mixtures of carboxylated unsaturated polymers and a) amines, b) amine derivatives or c) mixtures of hydroxy compounds and quaternary phosphonium salt accelerators or quaternary ammonium salt accelerators are useful as components of curable elastomer compositions. The curable compositions exhibit excellent adhesion to fluoropolymers. USA
Accession no.787472 Item 92 Journal of Adhesion 72, No.1, 2000, p.17-36 KINETICS OF ADHESION INTERACTION OF POLYOLEFINS WITH METALS UNDER CONDITIONS OF CONTACT THERMOOXIDATION. IV. ORIGINATION OF GRADIENTS OF MACROMOLECULAR TRANSFORMATIONS Kalnins M; Ozolins J Riga,Technical University The formation of gradients of macromolecular transformations (scission and crosslinking) at contact oxidation in the adhesive layer during formation of adhesive joints of pure and peroxide-containing polyolefins with steel was studied. The gradients were shown to result from the catalytic effect produced by the steel surface on the peroxide-induced crosslinking of polymers under conditions of contact oxidation. In the case of catalytically-inactive substrate (Cellophane), there was no gradient at all. A gradient of macromolecular transformations also originated upon adhesive contact with steel of PE and EVA which did not contain peroxide. In the adhesive layers located near the adhesive interface with the steel substrate, catalysed oxidative crosslinking prevailed. Within the adhesive layers located sufficiently far from the interface, oxidative destruction was dominant. For a catalytically-inert substrate (Teflon), the oxidative destruction prevailed over the whole thickness of the polymer layer. 5 refs. LATVIA
Accession no.785711 Item 93 International Polymer Science and Technology 27, No.6, 2000, p.T/20-T/23. (Translation of Plasticheskie Massy, No.10, 1999, p.13) TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCING HEATRESISTANT LACQUERS AND FILMS BASED ON POLYIMIDE MATERIALS Zimin Y B; Berezina A B; Dontsova E P; Guzeeva L N; Kuptsova I V; Laktionov V M; Matveeva I G A review is presented of research carried out at the Plastik Research and Production Association into the development
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of technology for the production of heat resistant lacquers and films based on polyimides. Included are details of polyimide lacquers based on benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, the development of low shrinkage films for the electronics industry, the production of heat resistant weldable polyimide by the addition of a thermoplastic layer inferior in heat resistance, (fluoropolymer), foil polyimide films manufactured in coils, protective and adhesive films, and shrink fitting films for airtight insulating coatings. RUSSIA
Accession no.785598 Item 94 Patent Number: US 6039085 A1 20000321 MULTI-LAYER TUBING ASSEMBLY WITH FOAMED OUTER LAYER Hsich H S Bundy Corp. A multi-layer tubing suitable for conveying fluids containing hydrocarbons comprises an extrudable adhesive layer of multi-phase polymer blends or alloys, which is coextruded around a permeation-resistant layer of fluoropolymer. An outer layer of foamed polyamide is coextruded around the adhesive layer. The adhesive layer of polymer blends or alloys has a multi-phase morphology, one phase being miscible with the fluoropolymer for forming the permeation-resistant layer and another phase being miscible with the polyamide for forming the foamed outer layer. USA
Accession no.782289 Item 95 ACS, Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering Fall Meeting 1999. Volume 81. Conference proceedings. New Orleans, La., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.537-8 ASYMMETRIC GAS SEPARATION MEMBRANES BASED ON TEFLON AF AND POLY(P-XYLYLENE) Hayes H J; McCarthy T J Amherst,Massachusetts University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The use of asymmetric membranes for gas separation has become quite popular due to the ability to combine highly permeable materials with highly selective ones producing more idealised membranes. The fabrication of a bilayer asymmetric gas separation membrane composed of a free-standing fluoropolymer film highly permeable to gases and a thin, less permeable overlayer with a higher oxygen:nitrogen selectivity is investigated. The highly permeable support chosen is Teflon AF - an amorphous random copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole - which is among the most permeable polymers known due to its high fractional free volume (32%). The selective overlayer is the transport polymerised poly(p-xylylene) whose thickness can be
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References and Abstracts
uniformly controlled by adjusting the reaction parameters. Because of the low surface energy associated with fluoropolymers, several surface modification reactions for Teflon AF that can be used to enhance the adhesion between the dissimilar polymers of the membrane are also examined. 14 refs. USA
Accession no.780830 Item 96 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 50, No.4, 15th June 2000, p.465-74 PATTERNED POLY(CHLOROTRIFLUOROE THYLENE) GUIDES PRIMARY NERVE CELL ADHESION AND NEURITE OUTGROWTH Saneinejad S; Shoichet M S Toronto,University Polychlorotrifluoroethylene surfaces were modified with alternating regions of non-adhesive polyethylene glycol and cell-adhesive peptides in an attempt to mimic the cell-repulsive and cell-adhesive cues found in vivo. The non-adhesive regions were obtained by reacting PCTFE films with lithium polyethylene glycol-alkoxide and the resulting surfaces were patterned by sputter coating gold thereon through micrometer-scale grids. The adhesive regions were produced by modifying the gold regions with cysteine-terminated peptide sequences and the interaction of hippocampal neurons with the modified surfaces was investigated. It was found that PEG was critical for the long-term biopatterning of cells on the peptide surfaces. 37 refs. CANADA
Accession no.777560 Item 97 Dusseldorf, 2000, pp.2. 30cms. 13/6/2000 CHEMOSIL 511 ELASTOMER BONDING AGENT Henkel KGaA Chemosil 511 is a heat reactive bonding agent in ethanol solution. It is designed to bond elastomer compounds based on silicone and fluorocarbon rubber to common metals, alloys, fabrics and other polymeric substrates. Bonding occurs during the vulcanisation process of the rubber under cure temperatures ranging from 120C to 180C. The bonded components have good resistance to heat, water, oils, and other aggressive media. Chemosil 511 may also be used as a primer in combination with other bonding agents to bond a wide range of elastomers to fabrics. Properties data are presented, together with processing and safety guidelines. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.777356
Item 98 Dusseldorf, 2000, pp.2. 30cms. 13/6/2000 CHEMOSIL 512 ELASTOMER BONDING AGENT Henkel KGaA Chemosil 512 is a heat reactive bonding agent in ketone solution. It is designed to bond fluorocarbon polymers to common metals, alloys, fabrics and other polymeric substrates. It can also be used to bond some difficult elastomers, including silicones. Bonding occurs during the vulcanisation process of the rubber under cure temperatures ranging from 140C to 200C. The resultant bonds have good resistance to water, oils, lubricants and other aggressive fluids. Properties data are presented, together with processing and safety guidelines. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.777355 Item 99 Journal of Adhesion 71, No.4, 1999, p.357-76 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS BY GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR ADHESION IMPROVEMENT WITH SPUTTERED IN-SN OXIDES Wu J; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L; Cui C Q; Lim T B Singapore,National University; Singapore,Advanced Packaging Development Support Surface modification of Ar plasma pretreated PTFE films is carried out via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), acrylamide (AAm) and hydroxylethylacrylate (HEA) to improve the adhesion strength with sputtered indium-tin oxide (ITO). The compositions of the graft copolymerised PTFE films are studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The graft yield increases with increasing monomer concentration and Ar plasma pre-treatment time of the PTFE films. The T-peel adhesion strength is affected by the type of monomer used for graft copolymerisation, the graft concentration and the thermal post-treatment after ITO deposition. A double graft copolymerisation process, which involves initially the graft copolymerisation with AAm of HEA, followed by graft copolymerisation with GMA, is also employed to enhance the adhesion of sputtered ITO to PTFE. T-peel adhesion strengths in excess of 8 N/cm are achieved in the ITO/graft modified PTFE laminates. The adhesion failure of the ITO/PTFE laminates in T-peel tests is found to occur inside the PTFE films. The electrical resistance of ITO on all graft-modified PTFE surfaces before and after thermal post-treatment remains constant at about 30 ohm/square, suggesting that the graft layer does not have any significant effect on the electrical properties of the deposited ITO. 32 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.776673
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© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
References and Abstracts
Item 100 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 14, No.7, 2000, p.897-914 THERMAL IMIDISATION OF POLYAMIC ACID PRECURSORS ON SURFACE-MODIFIED POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS VIA GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION WITH GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE Ang A K S; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Liaw B Y; Liaw D J Singapore,National University; Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology A novel method for preparing composites of polyimides laminated to PTFE films is reported. Surface modification of PTFE films was carried out via argon plasma pretreatment of the films followed by UV-induced graft copolymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate. The surface composition and topography of the graft copolymerised PTFE films and the delaminated polyimide and PTFE surfaces were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The adhesion strengths of the polyimide on the graft copolymerised PTFE films were evaluated as a function of various thermal imidisation schedules. 35 refs. CHINA; SINGAPORE
Accession no.776484 Item 101 Patent Number: US 6012496 A 20000111 MULTI-LAYER TUBING ASSEMBLY FOR FLUID AND VAPOUR HANDLING SYSTEMS Hsich H S; Su D T Hybritech Polymers A multi-layer tubing for use in fluid transport applications. The tubing is suitable for conveying fluids containing hydrocarbons. The tubing comprising an extrudable adhesive layer coextruded around a permeation-resistant layer of fluoropolymer and a layer of polymer chemically dissimilar from fluoropolymer coextruded around the adhesive. The adhesive layer is formed of a polymer blend or alloy having a multi-phase morphology wherein one phase is miscible with the fluoropolymer for forming the inner permeation-resistant layer and another phase is miscible with the polymer chemically dissimilar from fluoropolymer. To achieve sufficient bonding, the adhesive layer comprises at least 25 % vol fraction of the first phase which is miscible with the fluoropolymer for forming inner permeation-resistant layer and at least 25 % volume fraction of the second phase which is miscible with the polymer chemically dissimilar from fluoropolymer. Furthermore, the adhesive layer of polymer blends or alloys having a multi-phase morphology can be modified by adding compatibilisers and rheology modifiers to improve adhesion strength and to allow the material for forming the adhesive layer to obtain proper viscosity and elasticity for extrusion. USA
Accession no.774460
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Item 102 Patent Number: US 5900288 A 19990504 METHOD FOR IMPROVING SUBSTRATE ADHESION IN FLUOROPOLYMER DEPOSITION PROCESSES Kuhman D E; Orlowski T E Xerox Corp. A method of cleaning a substrate, in particular, the front face of a thermal ink jet printing device, to improve subsequent thin film deposition in a single chamber plasma processing system containing fluorine-containing deposits, involves treating the substrate with a hydrogen plasma. A front face coating for a thermal ink jet device may be formed by a method involving (1) treating a substrate of the thermal ink jet device with a hydrogen plasma; (2) optionally coating the cleaned substrate with an amorphous carbon layer; and (3) coating the substrate of amorphous carbon layer with a fluoropolymer layer. USA
Accession no.774434 Item 103 Oakdale, Mn., 1997, pp.2. 28cms. 8/5/2000 DYNAMAR RUBBER BONDING AGENT FC 5155 Dyneon LLC A datasheet is presented on Dynamar FC 5155, a specialty bonding agent designed to adhere Fluorel fluoroelastomers and Dyneon THV fluorothermoplastics to various hydrocarbon elastomer substrates. In general, strong bonds can be obtained if the hydrocarbon elastomer employs a peroxide cure system and has similar acid receptors, fillers and cure rates. The resultant bond is unaffected by high temperatures. In addition, the chemical resistance of the FC 5155 derived bonds usually exceeds the inherent chemical resistance of the hydrocarbon elastomer. Typical properties data for the grade are tabulated and recommended processing procedures are provided for hand lay-up laminate constructions and extruded constructions. Safety/toxicology precautions are also noted. USA
Accession no.773276 Item 104 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 14, No.4, 2000, p.507-27 MODIFICATION OF PTFE AND GOLD SURFACES BY THERMAL GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR ADHESION IMPROVEMENT Zhang J; Cui C Q; Lim T B; Kang E-T; Neoh K G Singapore,Institute of Microelectronics; Singapore,National University Adhesion between a PTFE film and a gold substrate is achieved by surface graft copolymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on an argon plasma-pretreated PTFE film at elevated temperature with simultaneous lamination
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References and Abstracts
to a surface-modified gold substrate. The plasma pretreatment introduces peroxides which are thermally degraded into radicals to initiate the graft copolymerisation of GMA on the PTFE surface. The gold surface, on the other hand, is first pretreated with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), 3-mercaptopropionic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester (MPAEE) or (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) to form self-assembled monolayer SAMs and then subjected to Ar plasma treatment. The simultaneous graft copolymerisation and lamination of the PTFE film to the gold surface is carried out in the presence of GMA and an amine hardener at an elevated temperature under atmospheric conditions. The modified surfaces and interfaces are characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements. The gold/GMA/PTFE assembly exhibits a T-peel adhesion strength above 10 N/cm and the joint delaminated by cohesive failure inside the bulk of the PTFE film. The strong adhesion of the Au/PTFE laminate is the result of concurrent graft copolymerisation on both the Ar plasma-pretreated PTFE surface and the SAM of the Au surface to form a covalent network. The network is further strengthened by the crosslinking reaction promoted by the presence of the hardener. 55 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.772223 Item 105 Adhesion ‘99. Conference Proceedings. Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.181-6 USE OF PHYSICAL MODIFICATION TO TOUGHEN HIGH TEMPERATURE ADHESIVES Taylor A C; Kinloch A J London,Imperial College of Science,Technology & Medicine (IOM Communications Ltd.) The toughening effect of mica, wollastonite, hollow glass spheres, PTFE powder and PEEK powder and fibres on a cyanate ester resin high temperature adhesive was investigated by a fracture mechanics approach. Fracture energies were measured at temperatures of -55, 23 and 150C, and significant increases were observed for samples filled with mica and PEEK fibres. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
A study was made of the mechanical behaviour of twopart epoxy resin high temperature adhesives containing aluminium and PTFE fillers. Single lap joints with a variety of overlap lengths were tested, and strain gauges were placed opposite the fillet region to detect differences in crack formation and hence changes in the failure mechanism. The strain gauge results were compared with a finite element analysis simulation of the joints. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.761632 Item 107 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 14, No.1, 2000, p.1-14 INVESTIGATION OF WET CHEMICALTREATED POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) SURFACE AND ITS METALLIZATION WITH SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROSCOPY, XPS AND ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY Lin C W; Hsu W C; Hwang B J Taiwan,National Yunlin University of Science & Technology; Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology Surface modification and metallisation of PTFE surface via a wet chemical treatment was studied. The wet process included a pretreatment using Na/naphthalene/THF solution as an etchant, followed by electroless copper plating. The existence of Na in the substrate top layer down to several micrometres was detected by secondary ion mass spectrometry and was thought to be the key element which made it possible to deposit electroless copper onto the PTFE surface. The topographies of the pretreated surfaces were examined by SEM and the nanometersize surface roughnesses were characterised by atomic force microscopy. Chemical changes on the surfaces were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. A comparison of copper adhesion was performed by the scribe-grid test and good agreement with F/C ratio was obtained. The effects of treatment time and Na/naphthalene ratio on wettability, surface roughness, fluorine removal and copper adhesion are discussed, together with the locus of failure. 22 refs. TAIWAN
Accession no.761344
Accession no.761644 Item 106 Adhesion ‘99. Conference Proceedings. Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.111-6 EFFECT OF MICROGEOMETRIC MODIFICATION ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ADHESIVES Miles A L; Guild F J; Adams R D Bristol,University (IOM Communications Ltd.)
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Item 108 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 13, No.12, 1999, p.1437-55 INSTABILITY OF THE THREE-PHASE CONTACT REGION AND ITS EFFECT ON CONTACT ANGLE RELAXATION Drelich J Michigan,Technological University Measurements were made of contact angle relaxation for captive air bubbles placed on solid surfaces, such as LDPE
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References and Abstracts
and mica coated with a fluoroaliphatic copolymer, having various degrees of heterogeneity, roughness and stability in water. The results obtained indicated that both advancing and receding contact angles underwent slow relaxation due to instabilities of the three-phase contact line region. Several different mechanisms are proposed to explain the contact angle relaxation observed. 20 refs. USA
Accession no.759940 Item 109 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 76, No.780, Oct.1999, p.43-5 French BONDING OF COMPOSITES Biron M Following a review of theories of adhesion, the use of adhesives for bonding composites to themselves and to metals is discussed. Surface treatments used to promote the adhesion of composites and factors involved in the selection of adhesives are examined, and examples are presented of the adhesive bonding of composites in the aircraft and automotive industries and in naval construction. EUROCOPTER FRANCE; MATRA AUTOMOBILE; DCN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.758774 Item 110 Joining and Repair of Plastics and Composites. Conference Proceedings. London, 16th-17th March 1999, p.193-203 POLYMER-COATED MATERIAL JOINING TECHNOLOGY FOR MANUFACTURE AND REPAIR OF DISSIMILAR MATERIAL STRUCTURES Wise R J; Gosai K TWI (Institution of Mechanical Engineers) The Polymer Coated Material joining technique involves the use of thermoplastics as structural adhesives where the final assembly operation is a polymer weld. In the manufacture of a joint between a thermoplastic component and a dissimilar material component, e.g. metal, the non-thermoplastic component is first coated with the same thermoplastic before both components are welded together. Induction welding is the preferred welding technique, but details are given also of resistive implant welding using thermoplastic CFRP as the implanted heat source and ultrasonic welding which is fast, but needs precautions. The joining of polymers to aluminium alloys is described. Polyetherimide’s melting point was so high that the microstructure of the aluminium was changed. PVDF that had been grafted with carboxylic groups to improve adhesion to metals melted at 170C and was a
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suitable material. It could be coated onto aluminium in N-methylpyrrolidone solution. Aluminium-aluminium components with PVDF interlayer were prepared. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.758457 Item 111 Polymer 40, No.25, 1999, p.6955-64 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLY(TETR AFLUOROETHYLENE) FILMS BY DOUBLE GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION FOR ADHESION IMPROVEMENT WITH EVAPORATED COPPER Shaoyu Wu; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L Singapore,National University Surface modification of argon plasma-pretreated PTFE film was carried out via UV-induced double graft copolymerisation, firstly with hydroxyethyl acrylate or acrylamide and subsequently with glycidyl methacrylate to enhance the adhesion of PTFE surface with evaporated copper metal. Physicochemical parameters affecting the adhesion between the surface-grafted copolymerised PTFE films and evaporated copper, such as the monomer concentrations, the first and second graft concentrations, the extent of oxygen plasma post-treatment after double graft copolymerisation and the extent of heat treatment after metallisation, were investigated. The results showed that modification of PTFE surface by double graft copolymerisation was an effective means for enhancing the adhesion of copper to fluoropolymer surfaces. The chemical compositions of the surface-modified PTFE films, as well as the delaminated copper and PTFE surfaces, were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 20 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.751683 Item 112 Journal of Materials Science Letters 18, No.15, 1st Aug.1999, p.1205-8 CHARACTERIZATION OF ADHESION OF COPPER TO POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) Sonwane C G; Bhatgadde L G; Bellare J R; Li Q Queensland,University Results are presented of a study in which the electroplating of copper onto PTFE was conducted with simultaneous monitoring of the properties of the sample at each deposition stage by means of techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction, SEM, surface roughness measurement, inductively-coupled plasma technique and adhesive strength measurement. Correlations between the various surface properties are discussed. 5 refs. AUSTRALIA
Accession no.750966
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References and Abstracts
Item 113 Patent Number: US 5936009 A 19990810 FLUOROPOLYMER ADHESION Harrison L W; Silverman L A DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co. A process for the improvement of adhesion between fluoropolymers or fluorocopolymers and inorganic compounds as well as composites made by this process are disclosed. The inorganic compound is coated with an adhesion promoter. Contacting the adhesionpromoted inorganic compound with the fluoropolymer or fluorocopolymer and heating develops the adhesive bond. USA
Accession no.750890 Item 114 Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri 64, No.6, June 1999, p.348-59 Italian FLUOROPOLYMERS: UNCOMPROMISING PERFORMANCE Modini G A detailed survey is made of the properties, processing and applications of a range of fluoroplastics and fluoroelastomers. Polymers produced by Ausimont, Du Pont, Du Pont Dow Elastomers, Dyneon and Elf Atochem are reviewed. DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.; AUSIMONT SPA; ELF ATOCHEM SA; DYNEON; DU PONT DOW ELASTOMERS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.745836 Item 115 Journal of Materials Science Letters 18, No.7, 1st April 1999, p.509-13 ENHANCING ADHESION OF PT/ POLY(VINYLIDENEFLUORIDE) BY A KEV AR+ IRRADIATION IN AN OXYGEN ENVIRONMENT Han S; Choi S C; Choi W K; Jung H J; Koh S K; Yoon K H; Lee H K Korea,Institute of Science & Technology; Yonsei,University; Chungju,National University The adhesion between platinum and irradiated PVDF was found to be significantly improved by ion-assisted reaction(IAR), in which a keV argon ion irradiation was carried out in a reactive gas environment near the substrate. The adhesion mechanism was investigated using wettability, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The hydrophobic groups newly formed by IAR played an important role in promoting adhesion of Pt/PVDF. 13 refs. KOREA
Accession no.744045
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Item 116 Patent Number: US 5855977 A 19990105 MULTI-LAYER COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A FLUOROPOLYMER Fukushi T; Yamanaka K; Tuckner P F Minnesota Mining & Mfg.Co. A multi-layer article comprises a substantially nonfluorinated layer, and a fluorinated layer of fluoropolymer comprising interpolymerised monomeric units derived from one or more of hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene monomers, one or more non-fluorinated olefinically unsaturated monomer, and substantially no vinylidene fluoride monomer. The multi-layer article further comprises an aliphatic di- or polyamine which provides increased adhesion between the layers as compared to a multi-layer article not containing the aliphatic di- or polyamine. The multi-layer article can be prepared by mixing the aliphatic di- or polyamine into the substantially non-fluorinated polymeric material, or by applying the aliphatic di- or polyamine to a surface of one or more of the substantially non-fluorinated polymeric material or the fluoropolymer, and thereafter preparing a multi-layer article. USA
Accession no.743753 Item 117 Patent Number: US 5807977 A 19980915 POLYMERS AND PREPOLYMERS FROM MONO-SUBSTITUTED FLUORINATED OXETANE MONOMERS Malik A A; Archibald T G Aerojet General Corp. This application is directed to novel fluorinated polymers and prepolymers derived from mono-substituted oxetane monomers having fluorinated alkyloxymethylene sidechains and the method of making these compositions. The mono-substituted fluorinated oxetane monomers having fluorinated alkyloxymethylene side-chains are prepared in high yield by the reaction of a fluorinated alkoxides with either 3-halomethyl-3-methyloxetane premonomers or aryl sulphonate derivative of 3-halomethyl-3-methyloxetane premonomers. Preparation of a mono-substituted 3bromomethyl-3-methyloxetane premonomer via a simple, high yield process amenable to commercial scaleup is also disclosed. The fluorinated oxetane monomers of this invention can be readily homo/co-polymerised in the presence of a Lewis acid and polyhydroxy compounds to obtain hydroxy-terminated polyether prepolymers having fluorinated alkyloxymethyl side chains. Additionally, the fluorinated oxetane monomers can be copolymerised with non-fluorinated monomers such as tetrahydrofuran to give polyether prepolymers with improved hydrocarbon compatibility. These prepolymers are polydisperse and exhibit number average molecular weights from 5000-50000. These prepolymers are amorphous oils with primary hydroxy end-groups and thus function efficiently as the soft block for the synthesis of a variety
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
References and Abstracts
of thermoset/thermoplastic elastomers and plastics having the characteristics of very low surface energy, high hydrophobicity, low glass transition temperature and low coefficient of friction. The polyurethanes derived from the prepolymers of this invention are elastomeric and, in addition to the above characteristics, exhibit high moisture resistance, high tear strength and excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates. USA
Accession no.743709 Item 118 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 13, No.7, 1999, p.819-35 ADHESION ENHANCEMENT OF THERMALLY EVAPORATED ALUMINUM TO SURFACE GRAFT COPOLYMERIZED POLY(TETRAFLUO ROETHYLENE) FILM Zhang M C; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L Singapore,National University The surface modification of argon plasma-pretreated PTFE film was carried out via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate and 1vinylimidazole to enhance the adhesion of evaporated aluminium metal to PTFE film. Physicochemical parameters affecting the adhesion between the evaporated aluminium and surface graft copolymerised PTFE film, such as the graft concentration, the plasma post-treatment of the graft copolymerised surface prior to metallisation and the thermal post-treatment after metallisation, were investigated. The chemical compositions of the surfacemodified PTFE films were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 33 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.738404 Item 119 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 13, No.7, 1999, p.753-61 AGEING OF PLASMA-TREATED POLY(TETRAF LUOROETHYLENE) SURFACES Nakamatsu J; Delgado-Aparicio L F; Da Silva R; Soberon F Pontificia,Universidad Catolica del Peru Highly hydrophobic PTFE surfaces were modified with an air glow discharge plasma to improve their wettability. The hydrophilic character obtained was, however, found to diminish with time, due to molecular motion in the polymer. It was found that the ageing process was strongly affected by the environment and temp. in which the surfaces were stored. A hydrophobic environment and high temps. promoted faster recovery of the original properties of PTFE than at lower temps. Nevertheless, a hydrophilic environment, even at high temps., prevented the surface from losing the polar character obtained from the plasma treatment, stopping the ageing process. Furthermore,
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this process was reversible as the character of the treated surface changed when the environment changes, i.e. from water to air. The hydrophilicity of the surfaces was evaluated by contact angle measurements of a droplet of water. 18 refs. PERU; SOUTH AMERICA
Accession no.738400 Item 120 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 41, Nos.1-2, 1997, p.28/33 German PLASMA TREATMENT OF POLYMERS Friedrich J Berlin,Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung Many polymers, especially polyolefins and fluoropolymers, are difficult to wet, to glue together, to print on or to coat with metal. In comparison with conventional chemical, mechanical, thermo-oxidative advance treatment or application of bonding agents, plasma methods are very workable, quick, clean and almost universally applicable. Properties of different plasmas are examined including cracking and molecular structure. Examples of particle bombardment are discussed along with plasma oxidation and the effects of oxygen plasmas on polymers. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.736107 Item 121 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 72, No.5, 2nd May 1999, p.611-20 ADHESIVE PROPERTIES ONTO GALVANISED STEEL PLATES OF GRAFTED POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) POWDERS WITH PHOSPHONATED ACRYLATES Brondino C; Boutevin B; Parisi J P; Schrynemackers J Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie; Cockerill Sambre Hydrophilic fluoropolymers were obtained by grafting phosphonated monomers onto activated poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF). By using an ozonisation technique, dialkylperoxide and hydroperoxide groups were formed onto PVDF which may be decomposed thermally in a subsequent step to initiate graft copolymerisation. By using an iodometric titration, the effect of ozone oxidation time and temperature on the concentration of peroxides was studied. Degradation was observed by viscometry and FTIR for the hardest ozonisation conditions. Adhesion of the graft copolymers applied to galvanised steel substrates was studied. 26 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734889
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Item 122 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 46, No.1, July 1999, p.93-102 REAL TIME OBSERVATION OF PLATELET ADHESION TO OPAQUE BIOMATERIAL SURFACES UNDER SHEAR FLOW CONDITIONS Furukawa K; Ushida T; Sugano H; Ohshima N; Tateishi T Tsukuba,University; Japan,National Inst.for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research; Nippon Institute of Technology; Tsukuba,University
Item 124 Patent Number: US 5882466 A 19990316 AQUEOUS BONDING COMPOSITION Grootaert W M A; Arren D H C; Dams R J Minnesota Mining & Mfg.Co.
A new system is developed which enables direct observation of platelet adhesion on opaque biomaterials under shear flow conditions, by combining a thin quartz cone which produces laminar shear flows, with an upright epifluorescence microscope which visualises stained platelets through the rotating cone. This is the first report on the observation of platelets adhered to opaque biomaterials in real time under shear flow conditions. The direct observation of platelet adhesion to expanded PTFE (ePTFE) as an opaque biomaterial reveals that the kinetics of platelet adhesion to ePTFE depend greatly on shear stresses, showing that the shear stress of 5 dyne/sq.cm induce higher adhesion of platelets to ePTFE than that of either 0.1 or 15 dyne/sq.cm. The observation also shows a difference in platelet adhesion among ePTFEs with different fibril lengths - 0, 3.2, 18 and 35 mu - indicating that ePTFEs with shorter fibril length have lower adhesion of platelets under a shear stress of 5.0 dyne/sq.cm. It is indispensible for analysing the phenomena of platelet to opaque biomaterials to observe in real-time rolling, adhesion and detachment of platelets under shear stresses without disturbing shear flow conditions. The results show that the mechanical and optical design of the system serve this purpose. 23 refs.
Accession no.730865
JAPAN
Accession no.734804 Item 123 Patent Number: US 5863657 A 19990126 ADHESIVE FOR BONDING TOGETHER VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE RESIN AND SUBSTRATE Kawashima C; Kawamura K Central Glass Co.Ltd. An adhesive for bonding together a first substrate made of vinylidene fluoride resin and a second substrate comprises an elastic fluorohydrocarbon resin, a polyisocyanate, and an organic solvent. This elastic fluorohydrocarbon resin is obtained by graft copolymerisation of a fluorine-containing copolymer with a vinylidene fluoride monomer. This copolymer is prepared by copolymerising at least one first fluorine-containing monomer with at least one unsaturated monomer that has peroxy bond. The adhesive itself is superior in durability, and bond strength between the first and second substrates is also superior.
This comprises a silane compound, a water-soluble surface tension-reducing compound, water and substantially no organic solvent. It can be used to bond a fluoropolymer to a substrate. USA
Item 125 Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings. Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 11. 012 PRETREATMENTS TO ENHANCE THE ADHESION TO ELASTOMERS Brewis D M; Mathieson I Loughborough,University (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) To achieve satisfactory adhesion to polymers it is often necessary to carry out a pretreatment. Much research has been carried out on pretreatments of plastics, especially polyolefins such as PP and fluorinated polymers such as PTFE. However, much less work has been carried out on elastomers. With polyolefins, flame and corona discharge treatments have been the most commonly used methods, whereas with fully fluorinated polymers, sodium complexes are normally used. With elastomers a wide range of treatments has been considered including trichloroisocyanuric acid in an organic solvent, concentrated sulphuric acid, UV with a sensitiser, abrasion, treatment with halogens, treatment with acidified sodium hypochlorite, plasma treatments and miscellaneous reagents. From a commercial viewpoint, trichloroisocyanuric acid has been especially effective with elastomers containing a substantial quantity of carbon-carbon double bonds. Poor adhesion may be due to a lack of surface functionality in a polymer or a region of low cohesive strength in an adhesive joint. In general, elastomers involve much more complex formulations than plastics with 15 or more components being used with some elastomers. The additives will in general have low cohesive strengths and may result in weak boundary layers (WBL). However, in some cases the weak layers may be absorbed by the adhesive and a WBL will not result. A successful pretreatment for PUs should change their surface chemistries whereas with the latter group, removal of cohesively weak layers should result in good adhesion. Pretreatments for different elastomers are reviewed. 39 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.725089
JAPAN
Accession no.732842
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References and Abstracts
Item 126 Patent Number: EP 902050 A1 19990317 FLUOROPOLYMER COMPOSITION Kolouch R J DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co. Disclosed is a fluoropolymer composition containing a melt-fabricatable functionalised fluoropolymer and a liquid crystal polymer. It exhibits enhanced adhesion to metal even at low concentrations of liquid crystal polymer. USA
Accession no.721651 Item 127 Patent Number: EP 902049 A1 19990317 FLUOROPOLYMER COMPOSITION Kolouch R J DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co. Disclosed is a fluoropolymer composition containing a melt-fabricatable functionalised fluoropolymer and high temperature resistant thermoplastic adhesion promoter. It exhibits enhanced adhesion to metals at low concentrations of high temperature resistant thermoplastic. USA
Accession no.721650
Dallas, Tx., Spring 1998, p.9-10. 012 SYNTHESIS OF FLUORINATED AROMATIC POLYAMINOQUINONES AS ADHESION PROMOTERS FOR STEEL Vaccaro E; Scola D a Connecticut,University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The durability of adhesives is affected by environmental factors. In a harsh environment they easily undergo degradation and fail to perform. Water is one of the most important causes of failure of adhesives, sealants and coatings. The introduction of trifluoromethyl or perfluoroalkyl groups has been shown to improve solubility and thermal stability of these polymers, towering the moisture uptake at the same time. Phenolic and quinonoid compounds are widely studied in biological sciences because of their ability to chelate heavy metals like iron and copper and recently have found new applications in synthetic macromolecules. Fluorinated polymers have been shown to absorb less water than their non-fluorinated counterparts. Therefore, fluorinated aromatic quinonebased polymers are investigated as promising candidates for the preparation of coupling agents and adhesives, due to the lower water permeability and good thermal stability. 8 refs. USA
Accession no.719133 Item 128 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 13, No.3, 1999, p.293-307 SURFACE GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION OF POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) FILM WITH SIMULTANEOUS LAMINATION TO COPPER FOIL Kang E T; Liu Y X; Neoh K G; Tan K L; Cui C Q; Lim T B Singapore,National University A simple, one-step process of thermal graft copolymerisation of argon plasma-pretreated PTFE films with simultaneous lamination of copper foils, or with similarly plasmapretreated PTFE films, was demonstrated. The simultaneous thermal grafting and lamination process was carried out at 120 C under atmospheric conditions. The monomers used for the graft copolymerisation were 1-vinyl imidazole, 4-vinyl pyridine, and 2-vinyl pyridine. The adhesion strengths are reported as lap shear adhesion strengths and T-peel adhesion strengths. The adhesion strength between the polymer and the metal was further enhanced by the presence of a crosslinking agent in the monomer. 40 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.721332 Item 129 ACS Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Spring Meeting 1998. Volume 78. Conference proceedings.
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Item 130 Polymers for Advanced Technologies 10, Nos.1-2, Jan.-Feb.1999, p.20-9 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS FOR ADHESION ENHANCEMENT Kang E T; Neoh K G; Shi J L; Tan K L; Liaw D J Singapore,National University; Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology Surface modification of LDPE and PTFE films via graft copolymerisation with acrylic acid, sodium styrenesulphonate, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, 2(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate(GMA), acrylamide and 3-dimethyl(methacry loylethyl)ammonium propanesulphonate was carried out in order to improve the adhesion. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was shown that graft-modified LDPE and PTFE films were capable of exhibiting adhesivefree adhesion or auto-adhesion. The GMA-grafted PTFE surfaces adhered strongly to one another when brought into direct contact and cured either in the presence of an epoxy adhesive or in the presence of a diamine curing agent alone. It was also shown that the ozone-pretreated LDPE films and the argon plasma-pretreated PTFE films readily underwent photografting or thermal grafting with concurrent lamination when lapped together in the presence of a small amount of the monomer solution. The simultaneous graft copolymerisation and lamination process could be carried out under atmospheric conditions and in the complete absence of an added initiator or system
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References and Abstracts
degassing. 40 refs. (7th International Symposium on Fine Chemistry and Functional Polymers, Hebei University, Baoding, China, Aug.1997) SINGAPORE; TAIWAN
Accession no.715512 Item 131 Macromolecules 32, No.1, 12th Jan.1999, p.186-93 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF PTFE FILMS BY GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR ADHESION IMPROVEMENT WITH EVAPORATED COPPER Wu S; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Han H S; Tan K L Singapore,National University Surface modifications of argon plasma-treated PTFE film via UV light-induced graft copolymerisation with vinylimidazole and glycidyl methacrylate were carried out to improve adhesion with evaporated copper. The surface composition of the graft copolymerised PTFE films were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of the type of monomer used for the graft copolymerisation, the graft concentration, plasma post-treatment time after graft copolymerisation, and the extent of heat posttreatment after evaporation of copper on the adhesion strength of the copolymer and the evaporated copper was investigated. 23 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.714355
36, No.17, Dec.1998, p.3107-14 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS VIA GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION FOR AUTOADHESION Kang E T; Shi J L; Neoh K G; Tan K L; Liaw D J Singapore,National University; Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology The surfaces of argon plasma-pretreated PTFE films were further functionalised via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with amphoteric N,N’-dimethyl(methacr yloylethyl)ammonium propanesulphonate(DMAPS) either in argon atmosphere or under atmospheric conditions and in the absence of a polymerisation initiator. The modified PTFE films from either process were shown to be capable of exhibiting adhesive-free adhesion or autohesion with one another when brought into intimate contact in the presence of a small amount of water. The lap shear adhesion strength increased with increasing graft concentration and could readily exceed the yield strength of the PTFE substrate. Two plasma-pretreated PTFE films also readily underwent thermal graft copolymerisation with concurrent lamination when lapped together in the presence of a small amount of the DMAPS monomer solution at elevated temp. in the atmosphere. The surface compositions of the graftcopolymerised PTFE films and the delaminated surfaces were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In most cases, adhesional failure occurred near the graftsubstrate interphase. 37 refs. SINGAPORE; TAIWAN
Item 132 Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR) No.1, 1997, p.24-7 Russian INFLUENCE OF RUBBER-FILLER INTERACTION ON THE ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITIONS. III. EFFECT OF CONTENT OF POLYMERIC FILLERS ON THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITIONS Kiselev V Ya; Vnukova V G Moscow,Lomonosov Institute A study is described of the adhesion properties of SKN40 butadiene-acrylonitrile and PIB-200 polyisobutylene rubbers containing powdered fillers of fluoroplastic, polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate and polyamide 6. 14 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. RUSSIA
Accession no.711982 Item 133 Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Chemistry Edition
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Accession no.709597 Item 134 Patent Number: US 5795939 A 19980818 ADHESION BINDERS WITH GLUTARIMIDE UNITS Lorek S Elf Atochem SA These are copolymers (A) having glutarimide, acid, anhydric and acrylate units and are useful in the manufacture of fuel hoses. When mixed with a fluorinated polymer, such as PVDF, A acts as a binder and barrier. The copolymers can be used to bind fluorinated polymers, such as PVDF, with incompatible polymers, such as polyamides. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.706732 Item 135 Patent Number: US 5795654 A 19980818 ADHESIVE FOR BONDING TOGETHER POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE RESIN AND SUBSTRATE Koishi T; Kawamura K; Minegishi S Central Glass Co.Ltd.
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References and Abstracts
This includes an elastic fluorohydrocarbon resin, an acrylic resin, PVDF, a polyisocyanate and an organic solvent and exhibits superior durability and bond strength between the substrates. The fluorohydrocarbon resin is obtained by graft copolymerising a fluorine-containing copolymer with a vinylidene fluoride monomer. This copolymer is prepared by copolymerising at least one first fluorine-containing monomer with at least one unsaturated monomer having a peroxy bond. USA
Accession no.706716 Item 136 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 68, No.9, 1995, p.655-61 Japanese FRICTION ABRASION AND ANTI-ADHESION OF FLUORORUBBERS Tomoda M Daikin Kogyo KK The range of commercially available fluororubbers such as vinylidene fluoride - hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-propylene and fluorinated silicone rubbers is discussed, and their common applications e.g. oil-seals, bearing seals, O-rings are listed. Examples are given of anti-adhesion of polymers by etching and coating with fluorinated coatings. 3 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. JAPAN
Accession no.705424 Item 137 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 12, No.11, 1998, p.1205-18 ADHESION IMPROVEMENT OF A POLY(TETRA FLUOROETHYLENE)-COPPER LAMINATE BY THERMAL GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION Junfeng Zhang; Cheng Qiang Cui; Thiam Beng Lim; En-Tang Kang; Koon Gee Neoh Singapore,Institute of Microelectronics; Singapore,National University PTFE-copper laminates were produced by surface graft copolymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on an argon plasma-treated PTFE film at elevated temperature with simultaneous lamination of a copper foil in the presence of an epoxy resin adhesive. The plasma pretreatment introduced peroxides which are thermally degraded into radicals to initiate the graft copolymerisation of GMA onto PTFE surface. The graft copolymerisation with concurrent lamination of copper was carried out in the complete absence of a polymerisation initiator or system degassing. The modified surfaces and interfaces were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The adhesion strength
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between the PTFE film and copper was assessed by the T-peel test. 25 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.697995 Item 138 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 12, No.10, 1998, p.1105-19 EFFECTS OF THE SURFACE MODIFICATION BY REMOTE HYDROGEN PLASMA ON ADHESION IN THE ELECTROLESS COPPER/TETRAFLUOROETHYLENEHEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER (FEP) SYSTEM Inagaki N; Tasaka S; Park Y W Shizuoka,University FEP sheets were modified with a remote hydrogen plasma and the effects of the modification on the adhesion between a copper layer and FEP were investigated from the viewpoint of special reactions in the remote plasma. 8 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.697193 Item 139 Euradh ‘96. Adhesion ‘96. Volume Two. Conference proceedings. Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.635-41. 9(12)4 ANALYSIS OF GRADIENT STRUCTURE FOUND IN BLENDS OF ACRYLATE ADHESIVE COPOLYMER AND FLUOROCOPOLYMER Akiyama S; Kano Y Tokyo,University of Agriculture & Technology (Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide; Dechema Institut) The gradient structure is formed for poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid-covinyl acetate) P(2EHA-AAVAc)/polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro acetone P(VDF-HFA) blends. The depth profile and sectional layer of P(2EHA-AA-VAc)/P(VDF-HFA) (50:50) blend are investigated with ATR- and PAS-FTIR analyses and electron microscopy, respectively. The surface enrichment of P(VDF-HFA) component is confirmed and its concentration decreased with increasing depth. The surface and bottom surface of blend film are observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the (50:50) blend, smooth and wrinkled morphology are observed on surface and bottom, respectively. However, no dispersed phase is observed on surface and bottom. Finally, the effect of rate of solvent evaporation on these characteristic morphology of (50:50) and (30:70) blends is examined in terms of their specific dispersive phase structures. 4 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.694816
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Item 140 Euradh ‘96. Adhesion ‘96. Volume Two. Conference proceedings. Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.439-44. 9(12)4 ADHESION AND FRACTURE OF SAPPHIRETEFLON PFA INTERFACES Bennison S J; Andrejack G A; Silverman L A Du Pont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc. (Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide; Dechema Institut) Adhesion between sapphire and Teflon PFA is studied using a wedge-loaded double-cantilever beam (DCB) test protocol. Strong rate (non-equilibrium) effects are observed for this system with the fracture resistance varying from a threshold value of 4 J.m-2 for stationary cracks to values in excess of 15 J.m-2 for cracks travelling at some 100 mu.s-1. The intrinsic interfacial fracture resistance is expected to be determined by van der Waals attractive forces between aluminium oxide and Teflon and can be calculated ab initio from knowledge of their respective optical and dielectric properties. It is found, however, that the measured interfacial fracture resistance is one to two orders of magnitude greater than that expected from van der Waals forces alone. In situ observations of crack growth at low velocities reveal evidence for a dissipative energy mechanism associated with the polymer in the form of a crack-closure zone. The mechanics of this dissipative mechanism along with the origins of non-equilibrium crack resistance behaviour are discussed. 5 refs. USA
Accession no.694785 Item 141 Euradh ‘96. Adhesion ‘96. Volume Two. Conference proceedings. Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.375-80. 9(12)4 INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES OF A NEW FLUORINATED PAINT COATING Nakamae K; Nishino T; Yoshitani H; Dumousseaux C; Jousset D Kobe,University; Elf Atochem SA (Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide; Dechema Institut) The interfacial composition, structure and preferential migration at the filler and metal substrate interface is investigated for new reactive fluorinated copolymer coatings. The presence of a carboxylic group in the fluorinated copolymer enables crosslinking with a hardener and improves its interfacial properties. In model adsorption experiments in solution, as well as in analysis of the coatings, a preferential migration of the hardener onto some inorganic surfaces is observed. This migration phenomenon on the metal substrate is reduced when fillers are introduced in the polymer matrix, probably due to the introduction of a competitive high energy surface in the system. The large hardener content on the filler surface leads to a boundary layer, which has a positive effect for
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the dispersion and mechanical strength of the coatings. However, this presence on the metal substrate, especially in the case of clear coatings, induces a high degree of stress and a lower resistance to water delamination, and may decrease the adhesion and corrosion resistance. This problem can be avoided by using an appropriate adhesion primer. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.694774 Item 142 Colloid and Polymer Science 276, No.5, May 1998, p.434-42 ADSORPTION OF IONS ONTO POLYMER SURFACES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ZETA POTENTIAL AND ADHESION PHENOMENA Jacobasch H J; Simon F; Weidenhammer P Dresden,Institute of Polymer Research Zeta potential measurements were combined with atomic force microscopy(AFM) measurements. Force-distance curves between PEEK and fluoropolymers, respectively, and the silicon nitride tip of the AFM device in different electrolyte solutions were measured and analysed. The adsorption free energy of anions calculated from the Stern model correlated with their ability to prevent the adhesion between the polymer surface and the silicon nitride tip of the AFM device. These results demonstrated the influence of adsorption phenomena on the adhesion behaviour of solids. The results obtained by AFM confirmed the thesis that the electrical double layer of solid polymers in electrolyte solutions was governed by ion adsorption, probably due to van der Waals interactions and that, therefore, van der Waals forces could be detected by zeta potential measurements. 33 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.687864 Item 143 Polymer Degradation and Stability 61, No.1, 1998, p.65-72 SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE(PVDF) UNDER RADIOFREQUENCY(RF) ARGON PLASMA Duca M D; Plosceanu C L; Pop T Bucharest,University; Bucharest,Polytechnical University Surface modifications of PVDF induced by RF argon plasma treatment were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and atomic force microscopy(AFM). Water contact angle measurements on PVDF surfaces were also performed. The XPS analysis showed that the plasma treatment caused dehydrofluorination of PVDF and the incorporation of oxygen into the polymer surface, while the AFM images revealed surface roughening. Contact
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References and Abstracts
angle measurements and surface free energy calculations showed an improvement in the PVDF surface wettability after the plasma treatment. The decrease of F(1s)/C(1s) ratio and water contact angle and the increase of surface roughness and free energy for RF argon plasma-treated PVDF proved that both chemical and physical effects played an important role in the adhesion. 23 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA
Accession no.685762 Item 144 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.757, March 1997, p.35-6 French BONDING OF PLASTICS: THE ART OF CHOICE Maury P Creacol Surface treatment methods, adhesives and application techniques used in the bonding of plastics are examined, and factors to be taken into account in choosing bonding methods and materials are reviewed. Types of adhesives applicable to the bonding of a range of thermoplastics are listed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.682353 Item 145 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion Society. Conference proceedings. Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.505-7. 8(10) LOW POWER PLASMA MODIFICATION OF FLUORINATED POLYMERS Pringle S; Joss V; Jones C Liverpool,University Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P (US,Adhesion Society) Plasmas are routinely used to chemically modify polymer surfaces usually to increase the hydrophilicity or the adhesive properties of their surfaces. Many studies have been focused on how the chemistry, surface energy and topography of polymer surfaces change as a function of input power, gas flow and type of gas used. A series of polymers - PTFE, PVdF, polyvinyl fluoride and PE - is subjected to a plasma generated in a half-wave helical resonator. The unique design of this cell permits plasmas to be ignited at very low input powers. The input power for all the treatment in this study is kept constant at 3.2W, which translates to 6.6mW of r.f. power being transmitted to resonator coil. The pressure within the plasma cell is also kept constant at 0.1 mbar. An rf. compensated Langmuir probe and an energy selective mass spectrometer are used to characterise the plasma. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.681436
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Item 146 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion Society. Conference proceedings. Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.65-7. 8(10) COPPER ADHESION TO FLUOROPOLYMERS Alptekin A; Sacher E; Czeremuszkin G; Martinu L; Meunier M; DiRenzo M Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; Montreal,University Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P (US,Adhesion Society) The use of faster compound semiconductors in ultralarge scale integration (ULSI) and gigascale integration (GSI) technologies requires a reduction in the signal transmission delay time on the multilayer devices on which these semiconductors are mounted. These multilayer devices are made of alternating layers of metal lines and polymeric insulation. The transmission delay time is the product of the resistance of the metal interconnection lines and the capacitance of the surrounding insulator; it is reduced through a reduction in the resistance of the metal line and a reduction in the permittivity of the polymeric insulation. There are important reasons for choosing copper as the interconnect metal and fluoropolymers as the insulator. However, copper does not adhere well enough to fluoropolymers. These adhesion problems may become exacerbated; thermally induced stress can lead to adhesive failure at the interface if bond strength is not high enough. These concerns have prompted a study of the interface between copper deposited onto various fluoropolymers. The adhesion of deposited copper and the dielectric properties of copper-sandwiched fluoropolymers as functions of thermal stability are determined. The types of chemical groups on the fluoropolymer surfaces by photoacoustic IR and copper diffusion by XPS are examined. 5 refs. CANADA
Accession no.681095 Item 147 Patent Number: US 5688836 A 19971118 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE POROUS MATERIAL AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF THE SAME Yamamoto K; Tanaka O; Onogi H Daikin Industries Ltd. This material is composed of PTFE and a heat-meltable resin whose melting point is lower than that of the PTFE and has fibril portions and node portions, the fibril portions being mainly of PTFE and the node portions being mostly of heat-meltable resin. It is produced by extrusion of powder for paste-extrusion at a temperature not higher than the melting point of the heat-meltable resin optionally followed by rolling to obtain an unsintered material. This unsintered material is stretched at a temperature, which is not higher than the melting point of the heat-meltable resin, and heat set at a temperature, which is equal to or higher
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References and Abstracts
than the melting point of the PTFE. The porous material exhibits improved adhesion and buckling resistance on bending without a tearing problem along a tubular axial direction. JAPAN
Accession no.680256 Item 148 Polymer 39, No.12, 1998, p.2429-36 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMER FILMS BY GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR ADHESIVE-FREE ADHESION Kang E T; Neoh K G; Li Z F; Tan K L; Liaw D J Singapore,National University; Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology The surfaces of LDPE, polycarbonate, PTFE and emeraldine (EM) base films of polyaniline were modified by graft copolymerisation with hydrophilic monomers such as acrylic acid (AA), sodium salt of styrene sulphonic acid (NaSS), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) and 3-dimethyl(methacryloylethyl)ammonium propane sulphonate (DMAPS). The surface composition and microstructure of the graft modified films were studied using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The graft copolymerised films showed “adhesive-free” adhesion to each other when brought together in the presence of water and then dried. The development of the lap shear adhesion strength depended to a large extent on the degree of entanglement, which was related to the graft concentration, the contact adhesion (drying) time, the nature of the substrate, the microstructure the graft copolymerised surfaces and the degree of molecular interaction among the graft chains at the lap junction. Lap shear adhesion strengths greater than 90 N/sq.cm. were achieved between films graft copolymerised with DMAPS and between a DMAPS graft copolymerised EM film and an AA graft copolymerised PTFE film. The failure mode of the graft-induced adhesive-free adhesion was discussed. 30 refs. SINGAPORE; TAIWAN
Accession no.680065 Item 149 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 68, No.5, 2nd May 1998, p.727-38 ANALYSIS OF HOLDING POWER IN THE BLENDS OF POLY(BUTYL ACRYLATE) WITH POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE-COHEXAFLUORO ACETONE) Kano Y; Akiyama S; Miyagi Z Tokyo,University of Agriculture & Technology; Japan,National Research Laboratory of Metrology
adhesion is defined as the relationship between shear strain and shear stress as a function of time. Shear adhesion increased with increasing poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoro acetone) content. The experimental shear data were evaluated using dynamic viscosity, shear stress shear rate plots, and viscoelastic models. However, the experimental data could not be expressed using these viscoelastic properties. It is proposed that shear adhesion is influenced by the viscoelastic properties and other factors, such as the coefficient of friction between adhesive and adherend, and the cohesive strength of the adhesive polymer. 17 refs JAPAN
Accession no.679538 Item 150 Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia 7, No.1, Jan./March 1997, p.58-66 Portuguese LAMELLAR RESOLUTION IN A NEW SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE Kestenbach H J; Nocite N C P S; Gregorio R; Loos J; Petermann J Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal; Dortmund,University Results are presented of studies of polymers using a low energy scanning electron microscope (the Hitachi Model S-4500), which allows the lamellar structure of semicrystalline polymers to be observed directly without the need for specimen coating or other sample preparation techniques. Examples show the spherulitic, lamellar and fibrillar morphologies developed by the alpha, beta and gamma phases of PVDF films as a function of processing conditions and crystallisation temperature, and the initial growth of a transcrystalline layer along a UHMWPE fibre in an HDPE composite. 23 refs. HITACHI BRAZIL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.679097 Item 151 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.755, Dec.1996, p.33-6 French ASSEMBLY OF PLASTICS Reyne M A review is presented of bonding, welding and mechanical fastening techniques used in the assembly of plastics parts. Surface treatment methods used to promote adhesion are briefly examined. 2 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.679060
The shear adhesion of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes, utilising blends of poly(butyl acrylate) and poly(vinylidene fluoro-co-hexafluoro acetone), was determined. Shear
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© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
References and Abstracts
Item 152 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 12, No.4, 1998, p.415-32 FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF A GRADIENT STRUCTURE IN ACRYLATE COPOLYMER/FLUORO-COPOLYMER BLENDS Kano Y; Inoue M; Akiba I; Akiyama S; Sano H; Yui H Tokyo,University of Agriculture & Technology; Mitsubishi Kagaku Co.Ltd. The effects of the solution concentration and rate of solvent evaporation on the formation of gradient structures were examined for ethylhexyl acrylate-acrylic acid-vinyl acetate terpolymer/vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoroacetone copolymer blends using FTIR. Films of blends were examined using SEM and TEM. 34 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.678618
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.677619 Item 155 TAPPI 1997 Hot Melt Symposium. Conference Proceedings. Hilton Head, SC, 15th-18th June 1997, p.159-66. 6A1 CONTINUOUS PROCESSING AND PELLETIZING OF PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVES Peitz T A B & P Process Equipment & Systems (TAPPI) Techniques used in the extrusion mixing, forming, pelletising and remelting of pressure-sensitive adhesives are examined. 5 refs. USA
Item 153 Patent Number: US 5644014 A 19970701 COATING COMPOSITION BASED ON FLUORINE-CONTAINING INORGANIC POLYCONDENSATES, THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE Schmidt H; Kasemann R; Brueck S Institut fuer Neue Materialien Gemeinnutzige GmbH A coating composition is disclosed based on polycondensates of hydrolysable compounds in particular of Si, Al, Ti and/or Zr, whereas at least part of the non-hydrolysable groups linked to these elements contain on average 2 to 30 fluorine atoms linked to aliphatic carbon atoms. A process for producing such coating compositions is also disclosed. The corresponding cured (transparent) coatings are characterised in particular by a very good adherence to various types of substrates, in particular glass, besides an antiadhesive effect with respect to many different materials. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.678482 Item 154 Patent Number: EP 834390 A2 19980408 PTFE COUPLED ARTICLES WITH SUBSTRATA Mauro G Ausimont SpA PTFE film or sheet is adhered to a metal or plastic substrate by (a) roughening the substrate surface by sand blasting, (b) spreading on the PTFE sheet a suspension comprising a solvent or water and a blend of a fluoroelastomer of vinylidene fluoride with perfluoropropylene to which PTFE is added and sintering between 330 and 400C, (c) covering the treated PTFE with the suspension a second time and (d) contacting the substrate with the treated sheet and pressing the sheet at a temperature of from 150 to 200C.
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Accession no.677487 Item 156 International Polymer Science and Technology 24, No.7, 1997, p.T/41-4 INFLUENCE OF RUBBER-FILLER INTERACTION ON ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS. III. INFLUENCE OF CONTENT OF POLYMER FILLERS ON ADHESION PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS Kiselev V Y; Vnukova V G Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology To give an elastomer composition special properties, wide use has been made of fillers such as a rubber of different natures, an elastic filler, short fibres in the form of ‘whiskers’ or continuous thread, and also polymer powder. Furthermore, the use of secondary polymers for these purposes ensures a reduction in the cost of the rubber mechanical goods produced. The physicochemical properties of elastomer systems with the given additives have been studied fairly well, but available information in the area of investigating adhesion characteristics are contradictory. It is therefore of interest, for the case of powder polymer additives, to assess the adhesion of systems based on SKN-40 and PIB-200 in wideranging temperature and time conditions of bonding. An investigation is carried out on polymer powders produced by crushing fluoroplastic, PP, PS, polycarbonate and nylon 6 in liquid nitrogen and in the form of uneven, loose, ellipsoidal particles with a specific surface of 0.2-0.7 sq.m/g. 14 refs. RUSSIA
Accession no.675105
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References and Abstracts
Item 157 Polymer 39, No.10, 1998, p.1779-85 BLENDS OF POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE(PVDF) WITH POLYAMIDE 6: INTERFACIAL ADHESION, MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Liu Z H; Marechal P; Jerome R Liege,University
small particle adhesion, interface and interphase in adhesion, surface energetics and adhesion, mechanics of fracture, and adhesion chemistry and technology. Further sessions include pressure sensitive adhesives and sealants, surface modification strategies, and durability of adhesive bond.
Although PVDF and nylon-6 were found to be immiscible over the whole composition range, strong interactions occurred at the interface, which accounted for a very fine phase morphology and significant improvements in the ultimate TS and EB compared with predictions by the additivity laws. These positive deviations, and in some composition ranges synergism, were also in line with a decrease in PVDF crystallinity on addition of nylon-6. The effect of the interfacial adhesion on the impact strength was complex and indicated that an optimum in the interfacial adhesion was critical for the toughening of PVDF by nylon-6 and synergism in this property. 39 refs.
Item 160 Patent Number: EP 767190 A1 19970409 ADHESIVE AGENT BASED ON POLYAMIDE Stoeppelmann G EMS-Inventa AG
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.671959 Item 158 Patent Number: US 5662972 A 19970902 TUBULAR LAMINATE AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME Shimada K; Nakata Y; Idemori K Daikin Industries Ltd. A process for producing a tubular laminate comprises discharge-treating an outer surface of a tubular fluorinecontaining resin moulded article in an inert gas atmosphere containing an organic compound having a functional group, extruding a molten resin onto the treated surface and coating the treated surface with the molten resin. According to this process, a strong adhesion can be obtained between the fluorine-containing resin moulded article and the coating resin without using an adhesive. Therefore, an applying step of the adhesive can be omitted and the tubular laminate can be produced continuously. JAPAN
Accession no.670232 Item 159 Blacksbury, Va., 1997, pp.xxii,707. 27cms. 15/1/98. 8(10) 20TH ANNUAL ANNIVERSARY MEETING OF THE ADHESION SOCIETY. CONFERENCE HELD HILTON HEAD ISLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA, 23RD-26TH FEB. 1997 US,Adhesion Society Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P This technical programme covers a range of sessions on adhesion. These include a retrospective look at adhesion,
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USA
Accession no.664925
Polyamide-based coupling agents/moulding materials (I), especially for multilayer fuel pipes, are disclosed, based on polyamide(PA) with an excess of amino end groups and a ratio of (amino end groups) to (COOH end groups) = (1.5:1)-(3:1), with 0.25-2 wt.% substituted or unsubstituted 4-20C aliphatic diamine(s) added to the polymerised PA. Also claimed are (i) thermoplastic multilayer composites with inner layer(s) of thermoplastic fluoropolymer, bonding layer(s) containing (I), and outer layer(s), all adhesively bonded together; (ii) multilayer polymer tubing or piping which is corrugated at least in one part, containing adhesive interlayer(s) based on (I) (optionally with an additional barrier function) and polyamide outer layer(s). EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.660526 Item 161 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997. Conference Preprints. Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 20, pp.20. 012 COMPOUNDING WITH SELECTED ADDITIVES TO PROMOTE ADHESION BETWEEN DISSIMILAR ELASTOMERS Costello M S; Drake R E Ricon Resins Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Ricobond 1756 maleinised polybutadiene resin (Ricon Resins) was evaluated as an adhesion promoter for bonding nitrile rubber (NBR) to barrier materials and cover stocks in fuel hoses. When compounded into NBR, this resin gave improved adhesion to corona treated PTFE. It was also shown that using this resin in one elastomer while using a resorcinol-formaldehyde or phenolic resin in another promoted adhesion between NBR and EPDM, chlorinated PE and polychloroprene. It was postulated that esterification reactions were responsible for the observed promotion of adhesion. 13 refs. USA
Accession no.658274
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
References and Abstracts
Item 162 Biomaterials 18, No.16, Aug.1997, p.1091-8 QUANTIFICATION OF CELL ADHESION USING A SPINNING DISC DEVICE AND APPLICATION TO SURFACE-REACTIVE MATERIALS Garcia A J; Ducheyne P; Boettiger D Pennsylvania,University The use of a spinning disc device for examining cell adhesion to surface-active materials was illustrated by investigating the attachment of osteoblast-like cells to fibronectin adsorbed onto bioactive and non-reactive glasses for different chemical environments. Cells were seeded on fibronectin-coated substrates for 15 min and then subjected to detachment forces for 10 min. The number of adherent cells decreased non-linearly with applied force and the detachment profile was accurately described by a sigmoidal curve fit, as expected for a cell population with normally distributed adhesion properties. The cell detachment device consisted of a fluid-filled PMMA cylinder in which a PTFE disc containing the sample substrate spun. 30 refs. USA
measurement, and low voltage SEM. 23 refs. USA
Accession no.639380 Item 165 Patent Number: EP 781824 A1 19970702 ADHESIVE FOR BONDING TOGETHER VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE RESIN AND SUBSTRATE Kawashima C; Kawamura K Central Glass Co.Ltd. This includes an elastic fluorohydrocarbon resin, a polyisocyanate and an organic solvent. The resin is obtained by graft copolymerisation of a fluorine-containing copolymer with a vinylidene fluoride monomer. The copolymer is prepared by copolymerising at least one first fluorine-containing monomer with at least one unsaturated monomer having a peroxy bond. The adhesive exhibits superior durability and bond strength between the first and second substrates. JAPAN
Accession no.638940
Accession no.647743 Item 163 Patent Number: US 5589028 A 19961231 BONDING METHOD EMPLOYING TIE LAYERS FOR ADHERING POLYETHYLENE TO FLUOROPOLYMERS Robinson D N; Peltz J H Elf Atochem North America Inc. Disclosed is a hot melt adhesive tie layer polymer blend for firmly adhering PE to fluoropolymers. USA
Accession no.647452 Item 164 Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Chemistry Edition 35, No.8, June 1997, p.1499-514 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLY(TETRAF LUOROETHYLENE) WITH BENZOPHENONE AND SODIUM HYDRIDE BY ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION Noh I; Chittur K; Goodman S L; Hubbell J A California,Institute of Technology; Texas,University; Alabama,University; Wisconsin,University PTFE films were surface modified in a solution of benzophenone and sodium hydride in dry dimethylformamide by UV light irradiation. The extent of surface modification was characterised after durations of UV light irradiation at temperatures from 19-60 C. The modified films were analysed by ESCA, diffuse reflectance UV-visible light spectroscopy, attenuated total FTIR, dynamic contact angle
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Item 166 Polymer 38, No.13, 1997, p.3295-305 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF HALOGENATED POLYMERS: 1. POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE Brace K; Combellas C; Dujardin E; Thiebault A; Delamar M; Kanoufi F; Shanahan M E R ESPCI; ENSMP Solvated electrons were generated in a magnesium tetrafluoroborate solution by an electrochemical procedure. Both before and after surface treatment with the magnesium solutions, PTFE remained white and after treatment, the surface was not destroyed and presented a controlled hydrophilic character. However, when treated with solutions of solvated electrons in the presence of sodium, the sample became black and porous. 23 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.638573 Item 167 Patent Number: US 5569524 A 19961029 LAMINATED SHEET AND A BONDED LAMINATED SHEET Akatsu M; Higashi T; Makita H; Susa T; Mizuno T Kureha Chemical Industry Co.Ltd. A laminated sheet suitable for high-frequency welding comprises a vinylidene fluoride resin layer (a), a bonding layer (b) consisting of a blend of vinylidene fluoride resin and a copolymer resin consisting of methyl methacrylate and alkyl ester of acrylate, whose alkyl group has 3-5
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References and Abstracts
carbon atoms, a base-material layer (c) of vinyl chloride resin bonded to the bonding layer (b), and a base-cloth layer (d) bonded to the base-material layer (c). A bonded laminate sheet obtained by bonding two laminated sheets with high-frequency welding and the application of the bonded laminated sheet to tents are also disclosed. JAPAN
Accession no.638130 Item 168 Patent Number: WO 9601287 A1 19960118 Japanese SURFACE-MODIFIED FLUORORESIN MOULDED PRODUCT Hiraoka H; Tamaru S; Tanaka O Daikin Industries Ltd. This is produced by the surface treatment of the moulded product with a laser beam of a wavelength of 150 to 370 nm via a basic solution, preferably a basic aqueous solution. The treated article has a high adhesion to organic materials and metals. JAPAN
Accession no.635483 Item 169 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 64, No.10, 6th June 1997, p.1913-21 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE BY AR+ IRRADIATION FOR IMPROVED ADHESION TO OTHER MATERIALS Seok-Keun Koh; Sung-Chul Park; Sung-Ryong Kim; Won-Kook Choi; Hyung-Jin Jung; Pae K D Korea,Institute of Science & Technology; Sam Yang Co.; Rutgers,University The surface of thin square PTFE samples was irradiated with argon ions at 1 keV with varying ion doses with and without an oxygen environment. The irradiated surface of the samples was examined by SEM for surface textural changes and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for changes in chemical structure. A wettability test was conducted on the irradiated samples of PTFE samples by water droplets. A Scotch tape adhesion test, after a thin film of copper or aluminium was evaporated on the irradiated surface and a tensile test after irradiated samples were glued to sample holders by an adhesive glue (Crystal Bond) were also run. It was found that argon ion irradiation of PTFE led to a dramatic improvement of adhesion of PTFE to aluminium and copper films and an adhesive cement (Crystal Bond) and also to worsening of wettability of PTFE with water. Possible mechanisms for the improved adhesion properties of PTFE are given. 20 refs. KOREA
Accession no.635219
Item 170 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 11, No.5, 1997, p.679-93 SURFACE STRUCTURES AND ADHESION ENHANCEMENT OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS AFTER MODIFICATION BY GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION WITH GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE Tie Wang; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L; Cui C Q; Lim T B Singapore,National University The surface modification of PTFE film by near-UV lightinduced graft copolymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate was carried out. The reactive peroxides and hydroxyl peroxides for the initiation of surface graft copolymerisation were generated by argon plasma treatment. The effects of the plasma pretreatment time, the near-UV light illumination time and the concentration of the monomer solution used during graft copolymerisation on the copolymer composition and surface microstructure were studied by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The possibility of achieving both epoxy resin adhesion-promoted and curing agent-promoted adhesion between two PTFE films with surface-grafted glycidyl methacrylate polymer was investigated. 31 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.635201 Item 171 Journal of Materials Science 32, No.9, 1st May 1997, p.2283-9 COOLING RATE-INDUCED GLASS-ADHESION VARIATIONS USING CRYSTALLIZING HOTMELT ADHESIVES Longhenry J L; Love B J; Murthy N S Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University; AlliedSignal Inc. The crystallinity of PCTFE and PCTFE copolymer films (used in the electronic packaging industry as insulating dielectric layers between microwave circuits) as a function of cooling rate was characterised by wide-angle X-ray scattering. As expected, the degree of crystallinity decreased as the cooling rate increased. Analysis of mechanical properties as a function of cooling rate by tensile testing showed that the mechanical behaviour of the films became more ductile with faster cooling rates. As the cooling rate was also shown significantly to affect adhesion in previous studies, the effect of cooling rate on the bond strength between PCTFE and a glass substrate was analysed. Peel testing was performed on PCTFE/ glass laminates, revealing that the adhesive bond strength increased as the cooling rate was increased. Optimum adhesion was thus achieved with faster cooling rates. This was attributed to the higher fracture energy and greater ductility of the adhesive. 12 refs. USA
Accession no.634940
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References and Abstracts
Item 172 Patent Number: US 5549935 A 19960827 ADHESION PROMOTION OF FLUOROCARBON FILMS Nguyen T N; Oehrlein G S; Weinberg Z A International Business Machines Corp.
interface. No reaction between PMMA and polycarbonate was observed. 12 refs.
A thin layer of silicon or a silicide intermediate is provided between a substrate and the polymeric fluorocarbon film such that a region containing a high density of Si-C bonds is formed.
Item 175 Patent Number: US 5539031 A 19960723 METAL SUBSTRATE WITH ENHANCED CORROSION RESISTANCE AND IMPROVED PAINT ADHESION van Ooij W J Armco Inc.
USA
Accession no.633752
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.630785
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
A blended powder mixture includes a thermosetting resin and a solid, non-hydrolysed, functional low molec.wt. organosilane coupling agent. The mixture may be used to form a composite coating to protect a steel substrate from corrosion. The composite coating is formed by coating the substrate with an inorganic layer, such as a silicate, depositing the powder mixture over the inorganic layer, heating the substrate to a temperature at least equal to the cure temp. of the resin and maintaining the substrate at the cure temp. for sufficient time to crosslink the resin and to diffuse the organosilane to the substrate whereby the crosslinked layer is coupled to the inorganic layer by the organosilane. The powder mixture includes 0.01 to 10 wt.% organosilane having a melting point no greater than the cure temp. of the resin. Preferred thermosetting resins include epoxy, polyester, epoxy-polyester, acrylic, acrylic-urethane or fluorovinyl.
Accession no.631580
USA
Item 173 European Rubber Journal 179, No.4, April 1997, p.30-1 BONDING PROBLEMS BEING SOLVED White L Water-based rubber-to-metal bonding systems are beginning to take over, but detailed attention to procedures is essential, was the message at a recent seminar on rubberto-metal bonding organised by Rapra Technology. The advantages and disadvantages of water-based systems were examined. Other topics discussed included solvent emission regulations, metal surface preparation, changes in environmental test specifications, accelerated durability testing and degreasing.
Accession no.629334 Item 174 Macromolecules 30, No.3, 10th Feb.1997, p.658-9 ABILITY OF PMMA TO IMPROVE THE POLYCARBONATE/PVDF INTERFACIAL ADHESION Moussaif N; Marechal Ph; Jerome R Liege,University The suitability of PMMA as a compatibiliser for polycarbonate/PVDF blends was assessed by adhesion tests. PVDF (Solef X10N from Solway) was melt mixed with PMMA (Diakon from ICI) in a two-roll mill. Plates of the polycarbonate (Makrolon 3103 from Bayer) and the blend were superposed and compression moulded. A razor blade was inserted between the two constitutive layers, and the length of the crack propagating ahead of the razor blade was measured with a travelling microscope after at least 84h of equilibration at room temperature. From the results, together with Young’s modulus data for the materials, it was possible to calculate the interfacial toughness of the interface. Interfacial toughness increased with PMMA content up to a plateau at about 45 wt.% PMMA. This plateau value was the interfacial adhesion measured between polycarbonate and pure PMMA. It is concluded that a very thin layer of PMMA forms at the
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Item 176 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 47, No.8, Oct.1995, p.107/12 French BONDING AS AN ASSEMBLY METHOD Topuz B Adhesives used in the bonding of plastics surfaces are examined, and factors influencing adhesion and surface treatment methods used in promoting adhesion are discussed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.621075 Item 177 Patent Number: US 5518786 A 19960521 EXTERIOR AUTOMOTIVE LAMINATE WITH PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE Johnson J R; Truog K L; Enlow H H; Buehne W J; Young F Avery Dennison Corp. A flexible decorative sheet for use in surfacing an automobile body panel includes a first polyester
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References and Abstracts
carrier sheet having a high gloss surface, a clear coat of a weatherable optically clear polymer containing fluorocarbon resin and an acrylic resin coated on the surface of the first carrier sheet, a tie coat on the clear coat and a colour coat containing a chlorinated polymer with dispersed pigments cast on the tie coat and dried. A pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is formed on a second polyester carrier sheet and then laminated to the exposed face of the colour coat to form a pressure-sensitive, adhesively-backed composite paint coat between the outer carrier sheets, which form protective removable backing sheets for the resulting laminate. The decorative sheet is applied to a substrate panel by pressure-sensitive adhesive bonding techniques, with the clear coat serving as a glossy, weatherable protective outer layer for the underlying colour coat. The PVC-containing colour coat enhances room temperature elongation of the finished film to enable application of the laminate to three-dimensionally contoured surfaces. The resulting paint finish has a defectfree, weatherable and durable outer surface with high gloss and high distinctness of image, meeting requirements for exterior automotive use. USA
Accession no.619662 Item 178 Patent Number: US 5500042 A 19960319 FLUOROELASTOMER COMPOSITION WITH IMPROVED BONDING PROPERTIES Grootaert W M; Kolb R E; Millet G H Minnesota Mining & Mfg.Co. This comprises (A) a fluoroelastomer gum comprising interpolymerised, repeating units derived from vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and copolymerisable hydrocarbon olefin; (B) a polyhydroxy compound; (C) an organo-onium compound; and (D) a fluoroaliphatic sulphonyl compound adhesion promoter. The amount of (D) in the composition is sufficient to result in greater adhesion of the composition, after curing, to an inorganic surface coated with a primer composition comprising an aminosilane compound, than can be achieved between an elastomeric composition comprising (A); (B) and (C), after curing, and an inorganic surface coated with the primer composition comprising an aminosilane compound. USA
Accession no.610306 Item 179 Patent Number: WO 9517452 A1 19950629 METHOD FOR BONDING POLYMERIC ARTICLES Kodokian G K DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc. Methods are disclosed for bonding articles made of polymers, and in particular, fluoropolymers. One method comprises coating the surface of either one or both of the
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articles to be bonded with a third polymer and bringing the articles into contact with each other after the articles are coated in order to bond them together. Alternatively, a composite layer comprising either conductive or magnetic materials, or both, may be placed between the articles before they are brought into contact with each other; the composite layer is then electromagnetically heated to bond the articles together. USA
Accession no.609744 Item 180 Adhesives Age 39, No.11, Oct.1996, p.38/44 LOW SURFACE ENERGY SUBSTRATES PRESENT BONDING CHALLENGES Teltech Resources Network Corp. Methods of dealing with the problems associated with the adhesive bonding of low surface energy substrates are examined, and include pretreatment methods such as thermal methods, chemical surface treatments, plasma treatments and other surface treatments such as fluorination, electrical discharge, and excimer laser treatment. Other methods of bonding low energy surfaces such as polyolefins are also discussed, and include modification of the polymer to increase surface energy, and the use of surface primers with cyanoacrylate instant adhesives. Hot melt adhesives are examined and their use in bonding polyolefins is discussed with reference to their penetration of the polyolefin substrate and interfacial bonding. A comparison of technologies for bonding low energy surface energy polymers is included, with details of ultimate bond strength, advantages and disadvantages, capital costs and costs per part, and potential for future development. 27 refs. USA
Accession no.609482 Item 181 Patent Number: EP 732353 A2 19960918 ADHESION OF A FLUOROPOLYMER TO A SURFACE Cavanaugh R J; Tuminello W H DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc. A fluoropolymer surface can be adhered to another surface by coating the fluoropolymer surface with a perfluorinated cycloalkane or a solution of a fluoropolymer in a perfluorinated cycloalkane, contacting the coated fluoropolymer surface with another surface and then applying pressure to force the coated fluoropolymer surface and other surface together to adhere the fluoropolymer to the other surface. The process is carried out at a temperature below the perfluorinated cycloalkane’s atmospheric pressure boiling point of 140C or more. USA
Accession no.604602
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References and Abstracts
Item 182 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 10, No.8, 1996, p.725-43 SURFACE STRUCTURES AND ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS AFTER MODIFICATION BY GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION Kang E T; Neoh K G; Chen W; Tan K L; Liaw D J; Huang C C Singapore,National University; Taiwan,National Institute of Technology Argon plasma-pretreated PTFE films were subjected to further surface modifications via near-UV light-induced graft copolymerisation with water-soluble monomers of acrylic acid, sodium salt of styrenesulphonic acid and N,Ndimethylacrylamide. The effects of the plasma pretreatment time and the concentration of the monomer solution used during graft copolymerisation on the copolymer composition and surface microstructure were studied by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The possibility of achieving adhesive-free adhesion between two PTFE films with surface graft copolymerised watersoluble monomers was also explored. In comparison with adhesive-promoted adhesion, adhesive-free adhesion could provide several advantages, such as simple and convenient bonding operation, absence of an adhesive layer and uniform adhesion junction thickness. 27 refs. CHINA; SINGAPORE; TAIWAN
Accession no.599415 Item 183 Patent Number: US 5460661 A 19951024 PROCESS FOR BONDING A FLUOROPOLYMER TO A METAL SURFACE Maynard W C Fisher Co. This involves flowing the fluoropolymer on the metal surface at a temperature at or above the transition temperature of the fluoropolymer and then holding the fluoropolymer at a temperature incrementally above the melting temperature of the fluoropolymer. The holding period allows the chlorine or fluorine in the chloro-fluoro-polymer subunits of the fluoropolymer to react with the metal and thereby securely bond the fluoropolymer to the metal surface. USA
Accession no.594300 Item 184 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 16, No.3, 1996, p.173-8 INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND PLASMA TREATMENTS ON THE ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF PTFE WITH AN EPOXY RESIN Badey J P; Espuche E; Jugnet Y; Chabert B; Duc T M CNRS
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PTFE films and fibres were surface modified to improve their wetting and adhesion properties. The influence of hydrogen and ammonia remote microwave plasma treatment on PTFE-epoxy resin adhesion is described. The failure zones were observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 24 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.593675 Item 185 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 16, No.2, May 1996, p.87-95 PRETREATMENT OF POLYVINYL FLUORIDE AND POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE WITH POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE Brewis D M; Mathieson I; Sutherland I; Cayless R A; Dahm R H Loughborough,University of Technology; Leicester,De Montfort University Treatment of PVF and PVDF with hot aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide resulted in large increases in adhesion. With PVF, the addition of small amounts of tetrabutylammonium bromide(TBAB) to an aqueous solution or the replacement of an aqueous solution with an alcoholic solution resulted in much more rapid treatment under a given set of conditions. Effective treatments of just 30 and 10 s were developed for PVF and PVDF, respectively. Significant changes in surface chemistry were observed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for most of the pretreatment conditions used, the changes being mainly in the form of defluorination plus introduction of oxygen. The changes were most marked for PVDF treated with solutions containing a small amount of TBAB. Elimination reactions were likely to be of particular importance with PVDF, a view supported by the existence of C-C double and triple bonds. Substantial chemical modification of PVF did not necessarily result in large increases in adhesion, which was attributed to the chemical modification of a weak boundary layer without its removal. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.591302 Item 186 Polymer 37, No.8, 1996, p.1377-86 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF AMMONIA AND HYDROGEN PLASMA DOWNSTREAM TREATMENT ON THE SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE Badey J P; Espuche E; Sage D; Chabert B; Jugnet Y; Batier C; Tran Minh Duc Lyon,Universite Claude Bernard PTFE was treated with hydrogen and ammonia microwave
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References and Abstracts
plasmas and the effects of treatment were evaluated by advancing and receding contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis. 44 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.588263 Item 187 Euradh ‘94. Conference Proceedings. Mulhouse, 12th-15th Sept.1994, p.618-23. 9(12)4 INFLUENCE OF SURFACE PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SUBSTRATES ON CELL ADHESION Lampin M; Legris C; Sigot M F; Degrange M Compiegne,Universite de Technologie; Rene Descartes,Universite (Societe Francaise du Vide; Institute of Materials; Dechema Institut) The aim of this study was to determine a correlation between the adhesion potential of two cell types (corneal and vascular endothelial cells from chick embryos) and the hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics of PMMA, PTFE, PETP and crosslinked poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate). For both types of tissue, hydrophobic characteristics of polymer surfaces influenced cell adhesion potential. However, this was not the case for the hydrophilic components. Surface roughness increased the dispersive value of surface free energy more than the chemical structure, so the topography of biomaterials must be controlled in order to obtain the required behaviour in cell adhesion. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.584935 Item 188 Euradh ‘94. Conference Proceedings. Mulhouse, 12th-15th Sept.1994, p.486-9. 9(12)4 ELECTROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS THAT ARE ADHESIVE-BONDED WITH METAL Nenakhov S A Moscow,Adhesion Association (Societe Francaise du Vide; Institute of Materials; Dechema Institut) The work function of electrons (electron affinity) and specific bulk electrical conductivity of thin layers of polymers that are adhesively bonded with a steel surface were studied. The polymers used were chlorinated PE, chlorosulphonated PE, an epoxy resin and a copolymer of trifluorochloroethylene with vinylidene fluoride. It was concluded that the observed dielectric-semiconductor transition occurs during the adhesive contact of materials in thin polymer/metal layers when the polymer layer contains functional groups with electron donor and acceptor properties. 8 refs.
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RUSSIA
Accession no.584904 Item 189 Euradh ‘94. Conference Proceedings. Mulhouse, 12th-15th Sept.1994, p.386-9. 9(12)4 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF PTFE BY MICROWAVE PLASMA DOWNSTREAM TREATMENT TO IMPROVE ADHESION WITH AN EPOXY MATRIX Badey J P; Espuche E; Jugnet Y; Duc T M; Chabert B Lyon,Universite Claude Bernard (Societe Francaise du Vide; Institute of Materials; Dechema Institut) The surface modification of PTFE by a microwave plasma downstream treatment was studied. The influence of processing parameters (power, gas flow, plasma exposure time) was investigated for hydrogen and ammonia. The wetting behaviour and the chemical modifications identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were discussed as a function of the nature of the gas and of the processing conditions. Results obtained using the microbond test showed that the ammonia plasma treatment of PTFE fibres improved the bond between them and an epoxy matrix. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.584880 Item 190 Euradh ‘94. Conference Proceedings. Mulhouse, 12th-15th Sept.1994, p.190-4. 9(12)4 TRANSITION ZONES IN ADHESIVE JOINTS Chalykh A E Russian Academy of Sciences (Societe Francaise du Vide; Institute of Materials; Dechema Institut) The transition zone in polymer systems is defined as the space between phases in which properties such as diffusion processes, phase diagrams and the kinetics of phase separation are likely to change. The possibility of predicting a transition zone structure for various polymer systems is discussed with reference to amorphous/ crystalline PVDF/PMMA systems. RUSSIA
Accession no.584838 Item 191 Macromolecular Symposia Vol.103, Jan.1996, p.243-57 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF EXPANDED POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) BY MEANS OF MICROWAVE PLASMA TREATMENT FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ADHESION AND GROWTH OF HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS Simon F; Hermel G; Lunkwitz D; Werner C; Eichorn K;
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References and Abstracts
Jacobasch H J Dresden,Institute of Polymer Research Hydrogen/water vapour mixtures (containing excess of hydrogen) were shown to be efficient with respect to functionalisation of PTFE. The results of treatments in dependence on various gas pressures and treatment times were detected by physicochemical techniques (zeta potential, wetting measurements) and by surface spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ATRFTIR). Adhesion and proliferation of human endothelial cells from umbilical cord onto modified expanded PTFE were observed in-vitro in culture media. The results of this biological test of plasma treated materials correlated well with physicochemical surface parameters. 16 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.581094
were replaced with the desired functional groups. In this modification, trimethylboron and orthoboric acid were used: a boron compound with methyl groups to generate an oleophilic surface, and one with hydroxyl groups to generate a hydrophilic surface. Both samples were bonded to stainless steel plates with an epoxy bonding agent. 12 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.577530 Item 194 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 9, No.12, 1995, p.1523-9 EFFECT OF ION IRRADIATION AND HEAT TREATMENT ON ADHESION IN THE CU/ TEFLON SYSTEM Wang L; Angert; Trautmann C; Vetter J Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung
Item 192 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 67, No.7, 1994, p.492-501 Japanese SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS BY ION IMPLANTATION AND THEIR ADHESION Yamaguchi K Hyogo Prefecture,Industrial Technology Centre
To improve the adhesion of a metal coating to Teflon (PTFE), the ion beam technique was used. Adhesion enhancement was obtained by irradiation of the copperTeflon interface with heavy ions in the GeV energy range. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis gave evidence for the long-range transport of Cu atoms into the polymer. Heating the Cu/Teflon sample after ion irradiation led to even stronger bonding between Cu and Teflon. 14 refs.
Information is given on ion implantation and the effects of surface modification of different ions on polyethylene, polypropylene, polyphenylene, polyimides, polyacetylenes, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyether-ether-ketones, polyurethane, silicone rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene in promoting adhesion. 42 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
JAPAN
Accession no.579178 Item 193 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 9, No.12, 1995, p.1601-9 EXCIMER LASER-INDUCED PHOTOCHEMICAL MODIFICATION AND ADHESION IMPROVEMENT OF A FLUORORESIN SURFACE Murahara M; Toyoda K Tokai,University; Japan,Institute of Physical & Chemical Research Modification of a selective area of a fluororesin surface was accomplished using argon fluoride excimer laser radiation and a boron complex with oleophilic or hydrophilic functional groups. The chemical stability of fluororesin was attributed to the presence of C-F bonds. The fluorine atoms were abstracted by boron atoms selectively from the area irradiated with excimer laser radiation and
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Accession no.577524 Item 195 Antec ‘95. Vol.II. Conference Proceedings. Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.2862-6. 012 SURFACE ENHANCEMENT OF POLYMERS BY LOW PRESSURE PLASMA TREATMENTS Klemberg-Sapieha J E; Shi M K; Martinu L; Wertheimer M R Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique (SPE) The surfaces of Teflon PFA fluoropolymer films (Du Pont) were modified by low pressure microwave plasma treatment to enhance the adhesion of copper, and chemical reactions at the copper/film interface were studied by insitu X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface cleaning, enhanced wetting and the formation of chemical linkages at the interface appeared to be the major effects leading to improved metal adhesion. Optimised treatment conditions were found to lead to a significant loss of fluorine from the film surface and to the formation of Cu-O-C and Cu-N-C bonds. 15 refs. DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC. CANADA; USA
Accession no.576628
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References and Abstracts
Item 196 Rubber World 213, No.1, Oct.1995, p.75 FLUOROPOLYMER ADHESIVE It is briefly reported that Oakite Products has developed a water-based adhesive for bonding fluorocarbons to metal substrates for automotive seals and similar applications. Megum W3293 is a one-coat aqueous adhesive that will work with all different curing systems. It is said to provide the bond with an outstanding resistance to fuels, oil and other environmental influences. OAKITE PRODUCTS USA
Accession no.574501 Item 197 Patent Number: US 5413863 A 19950509 RECORDING MEDIUM WITH IMPROVED ADHESION TO GLASS Weber A M; Beresniewicz A DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc. Disclosed are holographic films containing a binder based upon a fluoromonomer, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol and vinyl trimethylsilyl ether. They are particularly suited for lamination to glass in head-up display applications. USA
Accession no.571009 Item 198 Patent Number: WO 9511947 A1 19950504 French PVDF ADHESION BINDER, USE THEREOF AS A BARRIER MATERIAL, AND RESULTING MATERIALS Lorek S; Bussi P; Renouard P Elf Atochem SA The binder contains alkyl (alkyl)acrylate units and units having a carboxylic acid function and forms a barrier against hydrocarbons. Materials containing the binder, particularly fuel pipes including polyamide and the binder together with PVDF are also disclosed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.570951 Item 199 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58, No.10, 5th Dec.1995, p.1741-9 IN-VITRO MONOCYTE ADHESION AND ACTIVATION ON MODIFIED FEP COPOLYMER SURFACES Azeez A; Yun J; DeFife K; Colton E; Callahan P; Anderson J M; Hiltner A Case Western Reserve University; Medtronic Bakken Research Centre
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The functional group content and the ionic state of functional groups present on a series of surface modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene)(FEP) copolymers were characterised by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), contact angle, and attenuated total reflection FTIR spectroscopy. Additionally, after a protein was absorbed on these surfaces, in-vitro cell(monocyte) adhesion and activation were analysed. The two proteins in this study were fibrinogen and immunoglobulin-G. 25 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.568022 Item 200 Trends in Polymer Science 3, No.10, Oct.1995, p.330-5 SURFACE PROPERTIES OF FLUOROSILICONES Kobayashi H; Owen M J Dow Corning Toray Silicone Co.Ltd.; Dow Corning Corp. A review of the literature on the surface properties of fluorosilicones is presented, particular attention being paid to liquid surface tension, solid surface properties, contact angle comparison, and directly-measured solid surface free energy. Surface-related applications of fluorosilicones are also reviewed, including antifoam agents, foam stabilisers, hydrophobic/oleophobic treatments, lubricants, wearresistance coatings, adhesion promotion, release coatings, and low-soiling treatments. 39 refs. JAPAN; USA
Accession no.565862 Item 201 Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Physics Edition 32, No.10, 30th July 1994, p.1777-85 SURFACE STRESS-DEPENDENT ADHESION TO FLUORINATED POLYMERS Rye R R Sandia National Laboratories Chemical etching of skived samples of commercial PTFE with sodium naphthalenide produced an extensively defluorinated and densely crazed surface, which supported strong adhesion. Other smooth surface fluorinated polymers, such as fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer or PTFE which had been hot-pressed or polished, showed essentially the same radiation and etching chemistry as skived PTFE, but did not have the same crazed surface after etching and did not support strong adhesion. The results were discussed. 19 refs. USA
Accession no.562119
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References and Abstracts
Item 202 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 29, No.6, June 1995, p.767-78 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF FLUOROPOLYMERIC SUBSTRATA WITH IMMOBILISED MINIMAL PEPTIDE SEQUENCES FOR CELL ADHESION STUDIES. I. Vargo T G; Bekos E J; Kim Y S; Ranieri J P; Bellamkonda R; Aebischer P; Margevich D E; Thompson P M; Bright F V; Gardella J A New York,State University; US,Naval Research Laboratory; Korea,Standards Research Institute; Lausanne,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Kodak Research Laboratories FEP was surface-functionalised using a radiofrequency glow discharge plasma. This surface modification produced controlled surface densities of hydroxyl functionality on the FEP surface. These surface hydroxyl groups provided sites for the covalent attachment of minimal peptide sequences that were specific for neuronal attachment. ESCA, ATR-FTIR, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to evaluate peptide reaction efficiencies and to verify that intact peptide sequences were covalently attached to the FEP surfaces. These modified substrates were then used to study the cell attachment and response to covalently bound minimal peptide sequences. 38 refs. KOREA; SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.555289 Item 203 Patent Number: WO 9425524 A1 19941110 French ADHESION BINDERS WITH GLUTARIMIDE UNITS Lorek S Elf Atochem SA This invention provides an adhesion binder for binding fluorinated polymers, e.g. PVDF, with incompatible polymers such as polyamides. The binder is a polymer A which has glutarimide, acid, anhydric and acrylate units, and is useful for the production of fuel hoses. When mixed with a fluorinated polymer such as PVDF, copolymer A acts both as a binder and as a barrier. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.554340 Item 204 Polymer Engineering and Science 35, No.8, April 1995, p.666-72 STUDY ON INTERFACIAL ADHESION OF POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE WITH SUBSTRATES IN A MULTILAYER STRUCTURE Whang W T; Cheng W H
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Taiwan,National Chiao Tung University The peel force of a PVDF/3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane(3APS)/Si joint could reach the same level by treating the Si substrate with 0.3% or more 3-APS solution and treating the Al substrate with ammonia solution first and then with 3% or more 3-APS solution. SEM showed that the interfacial adhesion mechanisms of PVDF/3-APS/Si joints and PVDF/3-APS/Al joints were different. In the peel test, the PVDF break surfaces from PVDF/3-APS/Si joints revealed striations on the surface and less plastic deformation. The significant plastic deformation of the PVDF at the break surface could result from the deeper interpenetration of 3-APS with PVDF in the PVDF/3APS/Al joint than in the PVDF/3-APS/Si joint. The peel force of PVDF film/substrate joint depended on many factors, including film thickness, peel rate, concentration of coupling agent, treatment time of the coupling agent on the substrate and the substrate pretreatment. 15 refs. CHINA; TAIWAN
Accession no.552620 Item 205 Patent Number: US 5368923 A 19941129 LAMINATED COMPOSITE WITH ADHESIVE CARRIER ELEMENT Tippett S W Textiles Coated International The composite comprises first and second components and a bonding interlayer interposed therebetween. The interlayer includes a non-fluoroplastic carrier element coated with a fluoroplastic, which melts under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure to effect a bond between the two components. The tensile strength of the carrier element is less than the combined tensile strengths of any substrates included in the two components. USA
Accession no.552163 Item 206 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 15, No.2, 1995, p.87-90 TREATMENT OF LOW ENERGY SURFACES FOR ADHESIVE BONDING Brewis D M; Mathieson I; Wolfensberger M Loughborough,University of Technology Surface pretreatment methods for enhancing the adhesion to polymers with low surface energies generally either remove a region of low strength from the surface or introduce new surface functional groups. The relative importance of these two mechanisms is examined for various combinations of pretreatment and polymer. These combinations are the sodium complex and plasma treatments of fluorinated polymers, the reversible bromination of PEs and the treatment of PEEK with a flame and also with chromic acid. The epoxy adhesive
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References and Abstracts
used in all experiments is Araldite AV100 with HV100 hardener. 15 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.549282 Item 207 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, No.5, Nov/Dec.1994, p.797-805 INFLUENCE ON FRICTION FORCE OF ADHESION FORCE BETWEEN VULCANISATES AND SLIDERS Mori K; Kaneda S; Kanae K; Hirahara H; Oishi Y; Iwabuchi A Iwate,University The effects of vulcanisate and slider surface free energy, as well as the adhesion force between them, on friction force and friction coefficient were investigated. SBR and NBR vulcanisates were prepared using three moulds differing in surface free energy, the mould with a high surface free energy giving a vulcanisate surface possessing polar groups and the mould with low surface energy giving a vulcanisate surface with many non-polar groups. The friction coefficient increased with the surface free energy of SBR and NBR vulcanisates. With SBR vulcanisate (surface free energy 31.3 mJ/sq m) and Teflon slider (surface free energy 28.1 mJ/sq m) combination having the lowest surface free energy, the friction coefficient was constant at greater than a 0.2N load. With vulcanisates and an aluminium slider with high surface free energy, friction force could be detected even at zero load because of the adhesion force at the interface. Friction force increased linearly with adhesion force between vulcanisates and sliders when the physical properties of the vulcanisates and network chain density were constant. The results clearly demonstrated the contribution of adhesion force to the friction of vulcanisates. 23 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.547312 Item 208 Macromolecules 28, No.5, 27th Feb.1995, p.1377-82 SURFACE TEXTURING OF PTFE FILM USING NON-EQUILIBRIUM PLASMAS Ryan M E; Badyal J P S Durham,University Surface treatment of PTFE by oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, neon, argon and trifluoromethane nonisothermal glow discharges was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The chemical and topographical modification of the polymer surface is found to be strongly influenced by the type of feed gas employed. Relevance to bonding is indicated. 80 refs.
Item 209 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 29, No.3, March 1995, p.349-57 APATITE COATED ON ORGANIC POLYMERS BY BIOMIMETIC PROCESS: IMPROVEMENT IN ITS ADHESION TO SUBSTRATE BY GLOWDISCHARGE TREATMENT Tanahashi M; Yao T; Kokubo T; Minoda M; Miyamoto T; Nakamura T; Yamamuro T Kyoto,University Various types of organic polymer substrates (PETP, PMMA, nylon-6, polyethersulphone, PTFE) were first subjected to glow discharge treatment in oxygen gas atmosphere and then to a biomimetic process. The effects of the glow discharge treatment on the induction periods for the apatite nucleation and on the adhesive strength of the apatite layer to the substrates were investigated. The glow discharge treatment was shown to form significant amounts of polar groups such as carbonyl, ester, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the surface of the polymers. These polar groups significantly enhanced apatite nucleation on the polymer substrates and increased the adhesive strength of the apatite layer to the organic polymer substrates. 35 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.545736 Item 210 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 29, No.2, Feb.1995, p.257-68 HUMAN MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE ADHESION AND CYTOKINE PRODUCTION ON SURFACE-MODIFIED POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE/ HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE) POLYMERS WITH AND WITHOUT PROTEIN PREADSORPTION Yun J K; DeFife K; Colton E; Stack S; Azeez A; Cahalan L; Verhoeven M; Cahalan P; Anderson J M Case Western Reserve University; Medtronic Bakken Research Centre The effects of surface-modified FEP on human monocyte adhesion and cytokine production were investigated. The effect of the blood proteins, fibrinogen and IgC, preadsorbed on surface-modified FEP polymers, on monocyte adhesion and activation inducing cytokine were also examined. Based on the results obtained, it was suggested that FEP polymers with neutral hydrophilic surface properties could adhere and activate the least number of monocytes, which are important mediators of biocompatibility. 28 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.541574
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.547116
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References and Abstracts
Item 211 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 55, No.4, 24th Jan.1995, p.549-59 FUNCTIONALISATION AND METALLISATION OF FLUOROPOLYMER SURFACES THROUGH REDUCTION Hung M-H; Burch R R DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc. A systematic study is presented of the reaction of various fluoropolymer films with the mild reducing agent butoxide/benzoin/DMSO, comparing their reactivity and showing the utility of the reducing agents for functionalisation of fluoropolymer surfaces for the selective enhancement of adhesion to other materials. A new process for the direct metallisation of fluoropolymer surfaces is also demonstrated. Data are given for PTFE, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymers, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether copolymers, and PCTFE. 26 refs. USA
Accession no.540869 Item 212 Journal of Biomaterials Science : Polymer Edition 6, No.6, 1994, p.511-32 ROLES OF SERUM VITRONECTIN AND FIBRONECTIN IN INITIAL ATTACHMENT OF HUMAN VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND DERMAL FIBROBLASTS ON OXYGEN- AND NITROGEN-CONTAINING SURFACES MADE BY RADIOFREQUENCY PLASMAS Steele J G; Johnson G; McFarland C; Dalton B A; Gengenbach T R; Chatelier R C; Underwood P A; Griesser H J CSIRO Fluoropolymers modified by plasma modification were studied for their suitability as surfaces for the adhesion of cells. Films made by plasma modification of FEP using nitrogen-containing gases (ammonia or dimethyl acetamide) were compared with films deposited using oxygen-containing monomers (methanol, methyl methacrylate or sequential treatment with toluene then water). The surfaces were compared for the attachment and spreading of human vein endothelial cells and human dermal fibroblasts. 54 refs. AUSTRALIA
Accession no.539359 Item 213 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 8, No.10, 1994, p.1129-41 FLUOROPOLYMER SURFACE MODIFICATION FOR ENHANCED EVAPORATED METAL ADHESION Shi M K; Selmani A; Martinu L; Sacher E; Wertheimer M R; Yelon A Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique
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Adhesion of evaporated copper to tetrafluoroethyleneperfluoroalkoxy vinyl ether copolymers is discussed with particular emphasis given to plasma pretreatment. Effects such as surface cleaning, oxygen incorporation and the formation of weak boundary layers on surface wettability and interfacial reactions are described. 46 refs. CANADA
Accession no.531714 Item 214 Journal of Adhesion 46, Nos.1-4, 1994, p.67-78 INTERPHASES IN THE ADHESIVE BONDING OF FLUOROPOLYMERS Yang J; Garton A Connecticut,University Strong and durable adhesive bonds may be made between PTFE and either cyanoacrylate or epoxy adhesives, if the PTFE surface is modified using a primer such as triphenylphosphine (TPP) or diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The primer mixes with the PTFE surface, and the modified surface is then capable of forming an interphase, tens to hundreds of nanometers thick where interpenetration of the adhesive and adherend occurs. Using cyanoacrylate adhesives, PTFE/cyanoacrylate/PTFE block compression shear bond strength (ASTM D4501-85) of over 10 MPa can be achieved, with failure occurring cohesively. Initial work with epoxy adhesives indicated that the use of DDM primer gives adhesive bonds comparable in strength with those produced by modification of the fluoropolymer surface with sodium naphthenate. 17 refs. USA
Accession no.531572 Item 215 Journal of Adhesion 46, Nos.1-4, 1994, p.49-56 PRETREATMENTS OF FLUOROPOLYMERS Mathieson I; Brewis D M; Sutherland I; Cayless R A Loughborough,University of Technology; BP Research Centre The mechanisms and effectiveness of various pretreatments for fluoropolymers were studied. The pretreatments were Tetra-Etch (an organic ether solution of a sodium aryl complex), various plasmas, flame and potassium hydroxide. Tetra-Etch was found to be much more reactive than potassium hydroxide towards fluoropolymers. The plasma treatment of PTFE showed that it was possible to get substantial increases in adhesion with little or no chemical change to the polymer. However, to obtain large increases in adhesion it may be necessary to modify PTFE chemically as with Tetra-Etch. Consideration of the bonding of these fluoropolymers shows that sharp interfaces between these substrates and adhesives do not exist. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
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References and Abstracts
Item 216 Journal of Adhesion 46, Nos.1-4, 1994, p.3-14 FLOW INSTABILITY IN LLDPE PROCESSING AND ITS CONTROL BY FLUOROPOLYMER ADDITIVES Varennes S; Schreiber H P Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique Flow instabilities during the capillary extrusion of an octene-LLDPE were measured by signals from an elongational rheometer used to wind up the extruding polymer filaments. The presence of fluoropolymers at concentrations above 400 ppm suppressed or eliminated the instability signal, but only after several minutes of extrusion. The time required to suppress instability was used as an indicator of added effectiveness. Fluoropolymers were found to increase in effectiveness with increasing degree of polarity, as measured by acid/base interaction indexes and by non-dispersion surface energies. The relative apparent melt viscosities of host and additive polymer also were involved in effectiveness ratings. It is suggested that fluoropolymer additives suppress sporadic adhesive failure of the matrix polymer by forming an interphase between the extruder (die) wall and the flowing bulk polymer. 23 refs. CANADA
Accession no.531567 Item 217 Polymer 35, No.12, June 1994, p.2472-9 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE BY MICROWAVE PLASMA DOWNSTREAM TREATMENT Badey J P; Urbaczewski-Espuche E; Jugnet Y; Sage D; Tran Minh Duc; Chabert B Lyon,Universite Claude Bernard Surface modification of PTFE by microwave plasma treatment, using gases such as oxygen, oxygen/nitrogen and ammonia, was studied by means of contact angle measurements and ESCA studies. The effects of various plasma parameters was evaluated. No modification was induced by oxygen and oxygen/nitrogen treatment, regardless of treatment conditions. Ammonia plasma irradiation, however, rendered the PTFE surfaces more hydrophilic, leading to an increase of the polar components of the surface energy from 4.5 to about 57 mJ/sq m under optimised treatment conditions. Ammonia treatment led to defluorination, crosslinking, hydrocarbon bond formation and incorporation of nitrogen-containing groups, as confirmed by ESCA. Oxygen was also detected at the surface of treated PTFE. Correlations between the contact angle, defluorination rate and surface nitrogen and oxygen contents were established. Optimisation of operational ammonia plasma parameters, leading to the best wettability of the treated samples, was also reported. 34 refs.
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EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.526051 Item 218 Swiss Bonding 1992. Conference Proceedings. Basel, 19th-21st May 1992, p.148-52 6A1 German FLUORO-THERMOPLASTICS USED AS HOT MELT ADHESIVES IN SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Fritz H Hoechst AG Edited by: Schindel-Bidinelli E H (Swibotech Engineering) Fluoro-thermoplastics used as hot melt adhesives are particularly suitable for solar energy technology due to their optical properties and good resistance to light, heat, and weathering as well as their good adhesion to different substrates. A chart gives six materials, with manufacturer, melt and processing temperatures and expected lifespan. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.515694 Item 219 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 8, No.4, 1994, p.305-28 EVOLUTION OF THE SURFACE COMPOSITION AND TOPOGRAPHY OF PERFLUORINATED POLYMERS FOLLOWING AMMONIA-PLASMA TREATMENT Gengenbach T R; Ximing Xie; Chatelier R C; Griesser H J CSIRO A report is presented on compositional changes on storage, by surface analysis of ammonia-plasma-treated FEP and PETP by XPS and derivatisation. Scanning tunnel microscopy was used to probe the surface topography on the modified polymers. Samples were assessed over extended periods of time to gain an improved understanding of the processes which lead to long-term changes in the surface wettability and composition. The evolution of the modified surfaces is interpreted in terms of several processes which occur on a similar time scale on storage in air after ammonia plasma treatment. 42 refs. AUSTRALIA
Accession no.513995 Item 220 Patent Number: WO 9403531 A1 19940217 Japanese POROUS PTFE MATERIAL WITH IMPROVED BONDABILITY AND RESISTANT TO BUCKLING UPON BENDING AND TEARING OF TUBES IN THE AXIAL DIRECTION AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME Yamamoto K; Tanaka O; Onogi H
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References and Abstracts
Daikin Industries Ltd. The material comprises fibrils of PTFE and nodes of heat meltable resin having a m.p. lower than that of the PTFE. It is made by extrusion moulding a powdery paste material composed of particles of the emulsion PTFE and meltable resin and, optionally, rolling to give an unsintered material, stretching the extruded material at a temp. lower than the m.p. of the meltable resin and heat setting the stretched material at a temp. above the m.p. of the PTFE. JAPAN
Accession no.510302 Item 221 Modern Plastics International 24, No.3, March 1994, p.40-3 MUSCULAR COMMODITY RESINS ARE CHALLENGING MOULDING STALWARTS Leaversuch R D Cost-cutting is high on the agenda of automotive, appliance and business equipment manufacturers. OEMs are requiring their custom moulders to contribute to cost-reduction efforts and strategies, and now scrutiny is also being directed at the comparative cost efficiency of injection moulding materials. A new generation of stronger commodity resins is making materials cost reduction feasible. The major candidates are engineering grades of PP, upgraded super high-impact PS and PVC-based alloys. This article examines the properties and applications of these new breeds of “muscular” commodity resins which are challenging the dominance of engineering thermoplastics in moulded durable goods. WORLD
Accession no.507570 Item 222 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 66, No.10, 1993, p.731-40 Japanese SURFACE TREATMENT OF FLUORINATED RUBBER WITH TRIAZINETHIOL AND ITS DERIVATIVES, AND ITS PROPERTIES Mori K; Oishi Y; Hirahara H; Harada H Iwate,University; Nippon Denso Co. To improve the surface properties of FKM fluorinated rubber vulcanisates (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropene copolymer), the vulcanisates were surface-treated with 6dibutylamino-1,3,5-triazinethiol-2,4-dithiol(DB), NaOH and tetrabutylammonium bromide and with acetone solutions of ammonium salt of DB. Data on friction coefficients and adhesion properties of the resulting vulcanisates are given. 15 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
Item 223 Eureka 13, No.10, Oct.1993, p.55 SLIPPERY COATING IS AS HARD AS STEEL Barrett J Fluoropolymer coatings applied to cookware have until now been vulnerable to wear and damage, since on the one hand they are being asked to prevent adhesion, and on the other are expected to adhere to the utensil substrate. Previous methods used to improve adhesion and hardness of the coating are explained briefly, and a new system, Excalibur, which increases the coating’s wear resistance one hundred-fold, is announced. The system is described in detail and the mechanical properties of the coating mentioned. Engineering applications are predicted. WHITFORD PLASTICS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.498406 Item 224 British Plastics and Rubber Nov.1993, p.32 MAKING MATERIALS WORK IN COMBINATION Further potential for combining the properties of different engineering polymers is reported to have been tapped by Huels with technology for combining nylon 12 with PVdF and PBTP. Initial product development has been in automotive fuel lines, where PA12 tubing can be made substantially more impervious to fuels. An adhesion promoter designated Vestamid X7344 by the company adheres its Dyflor PVdF to its Vestamid nylon 12. Very brief details are noted. HUELS AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.496912 Item 225 Pitture e Vernici 69, No.9, Sept.1993, p.5/13 English; Italian ADHESION OF COATINGS: PARAMETERS AND MEASUREMENT METHODS Bonora P L; Deflorian F; Parisi C Trento,University The theory of adhesion in organic coatings is introduced and a discussion is presented of the problems relating to corrosion protection properties, and different adhesion measurement methods. An example of adhesion study of fluoropolymer coatings is also reported. The samples with the higher adhesion values are the materials which also have the better corrosion protection properties, as shown by stereomicroscopic investigations.
JAPAN
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
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Item 226 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 13, No.4, Oct.1993, p.251-6 ADHESION TO POLYMERS: HOW IMPORTANT ARE WEAK BOUNDARY LAYERS? Brewis D M Loughborough,University of Technology The importance of weak boundary layers in the adhesion to polymers is discussed. It is concluded that they are important with some fluoropolymers but not, in general, with polyolefins. It is noted that a region of low cohesive strength on a surface need not necessarily result in a weak boundary layer. 39 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.496205 Item 227 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 66, No.8, 1993, p.552-62 Japanese DIRECT ADHESION BETWEEN NICKEL PLATING AND FLUORINE-CONTAINING RUBBER DURING CURING USING TRIAZINE TRITHIOL MONOAMMONIUM SALT Hirahara H; Ooishi Y; Mori K Iwate,University Vinylidene fluoride-pentafluoropropene copolymer rubber was cured using 1,3,5-1 triazine-2,4,6-trithiol tetrabutyl ammonium salt(TTBA) in the same way as for polyol curing systems. The direct adhesion between nickel plating and the fluororubber was achieved by using TTBA as a curing agent. The peel strength of the adherends was influenced by the amount of TTBA. Decrease in peel strength after postcure was due to decrease of interfacial bonds between the nickel and fluororubber in the adherends. From Kraus plots of the nickel powder-fluororubber composites containing TTBA, the formation of primary bonds was confirmed in the interface between the nickel and the rubber. The concentration of sulphur at the interface between the nickel plating and fluororubber was observed to increase. The above results suggested that TTBA acted as a binder which bonded nickel platings and fluorinated rubber. The nickel plating-fluororubber adherends had good oil-, waterand heat-resistance. 27 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. JAPAN
Accession no.495306 Item 228 Japan Chemical Week 34, No.1745, 7th Oct.1993, p.3 WATER, OIL HELP BOND TOGETHER FLUORORESIN PIECES It is briefly reported that Tokai University has discovered that two pieces of fluororesin adhere to each other when
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water and oil are put between them and excimer-laser beams are applied thereon. In the process, hydrogen atoms contained in the water and oil remove fluorine atoms from the surface of the said resin and free oxygen and carbon atoms also contained therein act as joints connecting the two pieces of resin. It is claimed the process can be applied to the modification of any type of material including plastics, metal and ceramics. The tensile shear strength of the bonding, however, is still at a low level. TOKAI,UNIVERSITY JAPAN
Accession no.495190 Item 229 Journal of Adhesion 41, Nos.1-4, 1993, p.113-28 ADHESION STUDIES OF FLUOROPOLYMERS Brewis D M; Mathieson I; Sutherland I; Cayless R A Loughborough,University; BP Research Centre The effect of Tetra-Etch (sodium/naphthalene/ether complex solution) treatment on PTFE and PVF was evaluated to assess the relative importance of the changes brought about by the pretreatment. To examine the importance of the weak boundary layers, multiple bonding experiments were carried out with untreated PTFE and PVF. Properties studied were bond strength to a conventional epoxy adhesive, water contact angles, surface chemistry (using XPS and ATR FTIR) and topography (by SEM). 27 refs. USA
Accession no.490557 Item 230 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 7, No.6, 1993, p.555-67 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF EPOXY POLYMER WITH DIFFERENT PERFLUOROACIDS Chihani T; Flodin P; Hjertenberg T Chalmers University of Technology Perfluorobutyric acid and perfluorooctanoic acid were added to an anhydride epoxy resin to modify the epoxy polymer surface to achieve a higher content of specific functional groups and to improve release properties. The resulting surfaces were analysed by XPS and contact angle measurements. Adhesive bonding with a PU adhesive showed that the low molecular weight additive did not decrease the adhesive strength between the adhesive and the glass fibre epoxy composite. 21 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.487327 Item 231 European Adhesives and Sealants 10, No.2, June 1993, p.12-3
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References and Abstracts
COLD GAS PLASMA TREATMENT - THERE IS NO BETTER BOND Lee M Jenton International Details are given of the cold gas plasma treatment of polymers, which makes it possible to re-engineer the surface chemistry to maximise its adhesive qualities. How the process works on composites, commodity materials, fluoropolymers and engineering plastics, is discussed. Tables show the peel strength, shear strength and flexural modulus of fluoropolymers and epoxies. USA
Accession no.486961 Item 232 International Polymer Processing 8, No.2, June 1993, p.135-42 SLIP MODEL FOR LINEAR POLYMERS BASED ON ADHESIVE FAILURE Hatzikiriakos S G British Columbia,University Eyring’s theory of liquid viscosity was adapted to the special case of polymer molecules at a solid interface. The resulting model gives the slip velocity as a function of wall shear stress, temp., pressure, work of adhesion and the molecular parameters of the polymer. The work of adhesion is related on the one hand, to the critical stress for the onset of slip, and on the other, to the surface tension of the melt on the surface of interest. The predictions of the model agree well with previously published data for the slip of PE (HDPE and LLDPE) on steel treated with processing aids. Unlike previous power-law slip models, the new model provides for a smooth transition from no-slip to slip flow. 16 refs. CANADA
Accession no.486514 Item 233 Macromolecules 26, No.11, 24th May 1993, p.2832-6 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF PLASMAPRETREATED POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLEN E) FILMS BY GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION Tan K L; Woon L L; Wong H K; Kang E T; Neoh K G Singapore,National University X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that mild treatment with radio-frequency argon plasma was sufficient to cause substantial surface defluorination and oxidation. The oxygen functionalities greatly facilitated graft copolymerisation of acrylamide in the presence of near-UV radiation. Strong plasma treatment caused crosslinking of the surface and had an adverse effect on graft polymerisation. As well as acrylamide, other water-soluble polymers such as acrylic acid, sodium styrenesulphonate, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, and (N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate were equally susceptible to grafting. In all cases, X-ray photoelectron
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
spectroscopy showed that the grafted polymer penetrated and became submerged or partially submerged beneath a thin surface layer. The hydrophilicity of PTFE film was enhanced by the plasma treatment and further improved by graft copolymerisation. Relevance to adhesive bonding and coating is indicated. 26 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.484305 Item 234 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 7, No.5, 1993, p.457-66 EFFECT OF PLASMA TREATMENT OF PTFE SUBSTRATES ON THE ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF VACUUM-DEPOSITED GOLD FILMS Kinbara A; Kikuchi A; Baba S; Abe T Tokyo,University; Tokyo,National College of Technology; Seikei,University; Nikon Corp. PTFE films were plasma-treated in order to enhance their adhesion to thin films. The effect of plasma treatment using argon and oxygen discharge gases on the surface energy of PTFE films was examined by measuring the contact angles of water droplets placed on the film surface. Exposure to the plasma for only about 10-20 s was very effective in enhancing the surface energy. By depositing gold films onto the PTFE substrates, it was found that this enhancement in surface energy was directly related to an increase in the film adhesion. It was also found that argon plasma treatment of a few tens of seconds, followed by oxygen plasma treatment for 10 s, was even more effective for adhesion enhancement. 13 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.483260 Item 235 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 7, No.3, 1993, p.165-77 ENHANCEMENT OF POLYMER FILM ADHESION USING ACID-BASE INTERACTIONS DETERMINED BY CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENTS Kaczinski M B; Dwight D W Lehigh,University Quantitative correlations among surface chemical composition, acid-base thermodynamics, adhesion strength, and locus-of-failure are demonstrated using four types of functional Teflon surfaces. XPS and ATRIR spectroscopy were used to characterise the molecular structure of the surface region. Contact angle adsorption isotherms were determined using phenol as an acidic probe and tetrahydrofuran as a basic probe. 13 refs. USA
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Item 236 Fluoropolymers ‘92. Conference Proceedings. Manchester, 6th-8th Jan.1992, Paper 16. 42C38 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF FLUOROPOLYMERS FOR ADHESION Brewis D M Loughborough,University (Rapra Technology Ltd.; UMIST; Macro Group UK) The application of three pretreatments to a range of fluoropolymers is described and discussed and the chemical and physical changes caused by these pretreatments are examined. Polymers studied are PTFE, FEP, ethylene/ chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, PVF, PVDF and a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkylvin ylether. Pretreatments are sodium naphthalenide in THF, sodium in liquid ammonia and the use of low pressure plasmas. 23 refs.
Item 239 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 47,No.2,10th Jan.1993,p.223-44 NOVEL LOW REFRACTIVE INDEX SELFCROSSLINKING FLUOROTERPOLYMERS WITH VERY LOW SURFACE TENSION AND GOOD ADHESION TO SUBSTRATES Aharoni S M; Martin M F; O’Brien K P Allied-Signal Inc.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
A family of fluoroterpolymers was prepared, containing perfluoroalkylethyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate residues. The refractive index of the fluoroterpolymers was in the range 1.3675 to 1.4275. The surface tension of cured thin films decreased in the interval from 15 mN/m to as low as 8 mN/m. Upon heating, these polymers underwent thermally-initiated self-crosslinking and developed tenacious bonding to substrates. 19 refs.
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Accession no.467817 Item 237 Advances in Polymer Technology 12,No.1,Spring 1993,p.91-8 MECHANOCHEMICAL BONDING OF HARDTO-BOND MATERIALS Vakula V L; Genel L S; Kestelman V N Moscow,Institute of Applied Biotechnology; JBK International Some new aspects of mechanochemical treatment are reported and the application of the method to bond such materials as PTFE, PE, PP and other hard-to-bond materials is discussed. The method is shown to possess such advantages as low cost, simplicity, high strength of adhesive joints and stability of properties. 7 refs. CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA; USA
Accession no.470719 Item 238 Japan Chemical Week 34,No.1711,4th Feb.1993,p.4 ADHESION STRENGTH OF TEFLON GREATLY IMPROVED Tokai University has developed a technology which improves adhesion strength of Teflon and allows Teflon sheets to adhere on the surface of structural materials made of Bakelite, ABS, epoxy or metal. The new technology extracts fluorine atoms from Teflon’s strong C-F bonds and replaces them with chemicals according to a particular application so as to give Teflon affinity with adhesive agents. The process can be used in a wide range of fields including container walls in chemical plants. TOKAI,UNIVERSITY JAPAN
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Item 240 Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Adhesion Society. Conference Proceedings. Hilton Head,SC,16th-19th Feb.1992,p.129-31. 9(12)4 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AT CHEMICALLY RESISTANT POLYMER SURFACES AND THEIR INTERFACES Bee T G; Dias A J; Lee K-W; Shoichet M S; McCarthy T J Massachusetts,University Edited by: Boerio F J (US,Adhesion Society) A research programme with the objective of using organic chemistry to control the surface properties of polymer film samples has been underway for some years. The extent to which classical organic chemical techniques can be used to manipulate surface-chemical structure is being tested. It is desirable to be able to rationally control such properties as wettability, adhesion and coefficient of friction as well as be able to predict such surface properties with a knowledge of the surface-chemical structure. 9 refs. USA
Accession no.467564 Item 241 Plastics Technology 38,No.11,Oct.1992,p.64-9 PLASMA TREATMENT: THE BETTER BOND Schut J H This article reviews plasma treatment of plastic surfaces prior to coating or bonding. Plasma surface treatment increases wettability and adhesion of inks, coatings, paints etc. It is a relatively expensive process and has been used commercially on certain small parts for which it makes
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References and Abstracts
economic sense (e.g. pumps, golf balls, lenses, switches), but is now being scaled up for larger automotive and medical applications. Some of these larger applications are outlined. The process is described and explained in detail and its advantages over other surface activation techniques are discussed. Environmental and safety aspects are included. A list of plasma equipment makers in the USA and Germany is given. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; JAPAN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.466631 Item 242 Design Engineering Oct.1992,p.DB70 STICKY DESIGNS ARE NO PROBLEM WITH SLIPPERY COATINGS Fluoropolymer lubricating coatings combine a low coefficient of friction with the ability to operate effectively at both low and high extremes of temperature. The principal fluoropolymers used in coatings are PTFE, fluorinated ethylene propylene and perfluoroalkoxy. Their properties and applications are outlined briefly. Matrix coatings consist of three basic ingredients: a polymer binder, a solid lubricant and (for colour and additional properties) pigments and fillers. All materials are suspended in water or other solvent. The composition and properties of fluoropolymer coatings are discussed with detailed reference to Whitford Plastics’ Xylan matrix coatings. WHITFORD PLASTICS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.466572 Item 243 Journal of Adhesion 39,No.4,1992,p.185-205 ADHESION TO SODIUM NAPHTHALENIDE TREATED FLUOROPOLYMERS. PART III. MECHANISM OF ADHESION Marchesi J T; Keith H D; Garton A Connecticut,University Adhesion of fluoropolymers to copper and other polymers is examined using a range of fluoropolymer types (PTFE, PFA, extruded, skived and cast films), and surface modification techniques to produce surfaces of controlled roughness. Surface modifications using chemical and physical methods are used and results are discussed with reference to the optimum combinations required to produce adhesion. 25 refs. USA
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Item 244 Japan Chemical Week 33,No.1697,22nd Oct.1992,p.5 FLUORINE RESIN HAS FAR BETTER ADHESIVE PROPERTY Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute and Kurabo Industries have jointly developed a technology for the improvement of the adhesive property of fluorine resin through use of an excimer laser. The new method is claimed to provide a far higher level of adhesion than in the case of conventional methods such as application of specific chemicals or plasma. This method also has little adverse effect on the environment, it is possible to apply an excimer laser at room temperature and in the air, and the use of the laser beam facilitates the modification of a specific part of the resin surface. JAPAN ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE; KURABO INDUSTRIES LTD. JAPAN
Accession no.460542 Item 245 Macromolecules 24,No.19,16th Sept.1991,p.5487-8 PHOTOCHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF A FLUOROPOLYMER SURFACE Allmer K;Feiring A E DU PONT CO. It is demonstrated that UV irradiation of certain organic electron donor solutions in contact with a PTFE film forms a modified surface on the fluoropolymer and that images can be generated on the surface by irradiation through a mask. This is claimed to be the first demonstration of onestep image formation on PTFE using UV light. 8 refs. USA
Accession no.456625 Item 246 Adhesives Age 35,No.8,July 1992,p.51-2 MEETING FOCUSES ON ADHESION AND SURFACE ANALYSIS Botwell M Details are given of papers presented at the second international conference on adhesion and surface analysis held at Loughborough University in April. The conference was split into 7 sessions, two each covering analytical techniques, polymer surfaces and interfaces, and metalpolymer interfaces and interphases, and one covering composites. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
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Item 247 Journal of Adhesion 36,No.4,1992,p.213-27 IMPROVING BONDING TO PIEZOELECTRIC PVDF FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS Anderson G L;Dillard D A;Wightman J P VIRGINIA,POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE Argon, oxygen, nitrogen and ammonia plasmas and an acid etch pretreatment were performed on uniaxially stretched piezoelectric PVDF film in order to improve wettability and bonding. 14 refs. USA
Accession no.451680 Item 248 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 6,No.3,1992,p.347-56 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC FEP-TEFLON SURFACES Busscher H J;Stokroos I;Van Der Mei H C;Rouxhet P G; Schakenraad J M GRONINGEN,UNIVERSITY; LOUVAIN,UNIVERSITY Superhydrophobic FEP-Teflon was prepared by argon ion etching followed by oxygen glow discharge treatment of commercially available FEP-Teflon sheet material. Surfaces were characterised by contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR absorption spectroscopy, profilometry, and SEM. 17 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.447622 Item 249 Journal of Adhesion 37,No.1-3,1992,p.97-107 PRETREATMENTS OF HYDROCARBON AND FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS Brewis D M LOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Results for previous pretreatments of polyolefins and fluoropolymers are presented, i.e. treatment of polyolefins with aqueous reagents, dilute fluorine and a natural gas flame, the treatment of PTFE with sodium naphthalenide and the treatment of ECTFE with sodium naphthalenide and a flame. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the chemical changes caused by the treatment and the adhesion levels were discussed in relation to wetting, interactions across interfaces and weak boundary layers. 19 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
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Item 250 Polymer Journal (Japan) 23,No.12,1991,p.1489-97 CONTROLLING OF PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE PROPERTIES BY BLENDING VINYLIDENE FLUORIDEHEXAFLUOROACETONE COPOLYMERS INTO POLYETHYL ACRYLATE ADHESIVE Kano Y;Sato N;Akiyama LINTEC CORP.; TOKYO,UNIVERSITY The pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) properties of polyethyl acrylate/vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro acetone copolymer blends were investigated. The effects of the morphology, critical surface tension and dynamic mechanical properties on the PSA properties of the blends were also studied. JAPAN
Accession no.446289 Item 251 Journal of Adhesion 36,No.1,1991,p.55-69 ADHESION TO SODIUM NAPHTHALENIDE TREATED FLUOROPOLYMERS. II. EFFECTS OF TREATMENT CONDITIONS AND FLUOROPOLYMER STRUCTURE Marchesi J;Kiryong Ha;Garton A;Swei G S;Kristal K W CONNECTICUT,UNIVERSITY; ROGERS CORP. Films of PTFE and perfluorinated copolymers (PFA and FEP) with a range of fabrication histories, were exposed to sodium naphthalenide etchant to defluorinate the surface for improved wettability, and hence adhesion. The depth of fluorination was measured gravimetrically and the nature of the chemical functionalities determined spectroscopically. 8 refs. USA
Accession no.435606 Item 252 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 11,No.4,Oct.1991,p.247-54 PLASMA TREATMENT OF TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE-ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS FOR ADHESIVE BONDING Hansen G P;Rushing R A;Warren R W;Kaplan S L; Kolluri O S HIMONT PLASMA SCIENCE; TEXAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC. Tefzel 200 was surface treated with oxygen and sulphur hexafluoride, oxygen and ammonia plasmas and joints made therefrom using several commercially available epoxy adhesives tested using a double lap shear configuration. Measured bond strengths for the treated adherends were as much as 30 times greater than those for the untreated materials. Analysis of the plasma-treated Tefzel by ESCA indicated a surface oxidation increase of
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
References and Abstracts
about 7 to 8% over the untreated material, with the oxide being mainly in the form of an ester. 16 refs. USA
Accession no.434807 Item 253 International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 11,No.2,April 1991,p.109-13 PLASMA SURFACE TREATMENT OF PLASTICS TO ENHANCE ADHESION Kaplan S L;Rose P W PLASMA SCIENCE INC. Adhesion, whether the bonding of polymers or the adhesion of coatings to polymer surfaces, is a recurring and difficult problem throughout the plastics industry. A proven, yet relatively unknown technology, cold gas plasma treatment, is introduced. The surface chemistry of any polymer can be re-engineered to maximise its adhesive qualities. The effectiveness of the technique is described for fluoropolymers, engineering plastics, commodity resins and composites. 4 refs. USA
Accession no.429800 Item 254 Macromolecules 23,No.10,14th May 1990,p.2648-55 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE-COHEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE). INTRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL FUNCTIONALITY Bening R C;McCarthy T J MASSACHUSETTS,UNIVERSITY 24 refs. USA
Accession no.427624 Item 255 Polymer 32,No.6,1991,p.1126-30 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE BY GAS PLASMA TREATMENT (TO INCREASE THE SURFACE ENERGY) Youxian D;Griesser H J;Mau A W H;Schmidt R; Liesegang J COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RES.ORG.; CSIRO; LA TROBE,UNIVERSITY 20 refs. AUSTRALIA
Accession no.425137
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Item 256 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 5,No.2,1991,p.153-63 ADHESION AND X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY(XPS) STUDIES ON A FLUOROPOLYMER-METAL INTERFACE Park J M;Matienzo L J;Spencer D F IBM CORP.,SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY DIV.; IBM T.J.WATSON RESEARCH CENTER Adhesion between a glass fibre-filled Teflon PFA (tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkoxyvinyl ether copolymer) film and chromium-coated foil was studied. Good adhesion between PFA and copper was achieved by high temp. lamination at 380C. XPS studies revealed chemical reactions, defluorination reactions and metal fluoride formation at the interface. The PFA surface created by etching the laminated copper foil in a ferric chloride solution was found to be quite different in surface properties from that of pure PFA. 9 refs. ROGERS CORP. USA
Accession no.424845 Item 257 Polymer 32,No.6,1991,p.990-8 ADHESION AND MORPHOLOGY OF PVDF/ PMMA AND COMPATIBILISED PVDF/PS INTERFACES Freitas Siqueira D;Galembeck F;Pereira Nunes S CAMPINAS,UNIVERSIDADE The morphology of the interface between miscible and immiscible polymer pairs was investigated. For the PVDF/ PMMA system, which had a highly exothermic enthalpy of mixing, complex structures suggested the occurrence of bulk convective motion at the contact area between the two polymer melts. The immiscible pair PVDF/PS displayed a smooth interface under similar conditions. A simple method for testing compatibilisers is described. Using this method, styrene/methyl methacrylate random copolymers and PMMA were investigated as compatibilisers for the PVDF/PS blend. PVDF/PMMA/PS ternary blends showed some heterogeneity with small domains but their maximum TS was of the same magnitude as that of PVDF/PMMA blends. 57 refs. BRAZIL
Accession no.424831 Item 258 Treatise on Adhesion and Adhesives.Volume 7. New York,Marcel Dekker,1991,p.333-435. 9(12)4 USE OF ADHESIVES IN THE JOINING OF PLASTICS Poeius A V;Waid R D;Hartshorn S R 3M CO. Edited by: Minford J D
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References and Abstracts
A detailed discussion is presented, focusing on the criteria for bondability (adhesion theories), surface preparations and their effects, and the choice of adhesives suitable for producing satisfactory bonds with different classes of plastics. 240 refs.
fluoropolymers in mixed blends with high surface energy binders, when the blends are heated above the melt. 11 refs. USA
Accession no.416073
USA
Accession no.422516 Item 259 Biomaterials 12,No.2,March 1991,p.130-8 ADHESION OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND ADSORPTION OF SERUM PROTEINS ON GAS PLASMA-TREATED PTFE Dekker A;Reitsma K;Beugeling T;Bantjes A;van Aken WG TWENTE,UNIVERSITY Films of Teflon PTFE were modified by nitrogen plasma and oxygen plasma treatments to make the surfaces more hydrophilic. The adhesion of cultured human endothelial cells to the modified surfaces is discussed. 39 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.421372
Item 262 Journal of Adhesion 33,No.3,1991,p.169-84 ADHESION TO SODIUM NAPHTHALENIDE TREATED FLUOROPOLYMERS. I. ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY Ha K;McClain S;Suit S L;Gaston A CONNECTICUT,UNIVERSITY Pretreatment of an unoriented perfluoroalkoxy film to enhance adhesion is investigated quantitatively. The surface was treated with sodium naphthalenide, and the depth of defluorination (leading to functionalisation of the carbon atoms) was measured. The concentration of various functionalities was determined by a series of derivatisation reactions coupled with infrared, ultraviolet and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Carbonyl, hydroxy, alkyne, alkene, carboxylic and aliphatic CH species were quantified. 12 refs. USA
Item 260 Adhesives Age 34,No.4,April 1991,p.7 FLUOROPOLYMER FILM FOR BONDING FROM NORTON PERFORMANCE PLASTICS The high temperature melt adhesive film, called Korton Sure-Bond, is designed for laminating PTFE to itself or metal surfaces, such as copper or aluminium, for use in the production of microwave printed circuit boards and other high speed electronic assemblies. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. NORTON PERFORMANCE PLASTICS USA
Accession no.418121 Item 261 15th International Conference in Organic Coatings Science and Technology.Conference Proceedings. Athens,11th-14th July 1989,p.13-22. 6A3 PRINCIPLES OF ADHESION OF FLUOROPOLYMER COATINGS TO SUBSTRATES Batzar K DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC. (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.;Greek Society of Paint Industries) The principles of adhesion to substrates of low surface energy fluoropolymer coatings are discussed. Aspects covered include both cookware and industrial coatings, with emphasis on the phenomenon of stratification of
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Accession no.415105 Item 263 Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Medicine 1,No.3,Oct.1990,p.157-62 INITIAL PLATELET ADHESION AND PLATELET SHAPE ON POLYMER SURFACES WITH DIFFERENT CARBON BONDING CHARACTERISTICS. AN IN VITRO STUDY OF TEFLON, PELLETHANE AND XLON INTRAVENOUS CANNULAE Larsson N;Linder L-E;Curelarn I;Buscemi P;Sherman R; Eriksson E BOC GROUP; GOTHENBURG,UNIVERSITY; VIGGO AB Two commercially available intravenous catheters, made of PTFE and a urethane-tetramethylene glycol block copolymer, and a catheter made of a new test material, amide-ethylene glycol block copolyer were compared with respect to surface chemistry, platelet adhesion and platelet shape change in vitro. Surface chemistry was evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 16 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.411408 Item 264 Biomaterials 11,No.8,Oct.1990,p.585-9 GLYCIDYL ACRYLATE PLASMA GLOW DISCHARGED POLYMERS
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References and Abstracts
Tanfani F;Durrani A A;Kojima M;Chapman D LONDON,ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL Glycidyl acrylate polymer was grafted onto a PTFE and PE using a modified plasma glow discharge technique with glycidyl acrylate. Modified surfaces were derivatised via epoxy groups with hydroxy and amino compounds including sugars and amino sugars. These surfaces were characterised by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. 24 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.411341 Item 265 Rubber World 203,No.1,Oct.1990,p.67 CYANOACRYLATE ADHESIVE Very brief details are noted of Pacer Technology’s PlasticsExtended Performance grade, advanced technology cyanoacrylate polymers for bonding together plastics and elastomers. PACER TECHNOLOGY USA
applications that suffer from a combination of similar high surface speeds and sparse amounts of possibly degraded lubricant could also benefit. SKF ENGINEERING PRODUCTS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.409451 Item 268 Adhesion ‘90.Conference proceedings. Cambridge,10-12th Sept.1990,p.4/1-4/7. 6A1 PLASMA SURFACE TREATMENT OF PLASTICS TO ENHANCE ADHESION Kaplan S L;Rose P W PLASMA SCIENCE INC. (PRI,Adhesives Group) The use of cold gas plasma surface treatment as an efficient, economic and versatile solution to adhesion problems is discussed. The applicability of this technique for treating fluoropolymers, engineering plastics, commodity resins and Spectra PE fibre composites is demonstrated. 3 refs. USA
Accession no.409003
Accession no.410352 Item 266 Journal of Adhesion 33,No.1/2,Nov.1990,p.33-44 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF FLUORINATED POLYMERS BY MICROWAVE PLASMAS Kasemura T;Ozawa S;Hattori K GIFU,UNIVERSITY The effectiveness of a novel plasma treatment method involving the use of microwaves generated by an electronic cooking range was investigated using two fluoropolymers, PTFE and tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer. Diallyl phthalates were used as the standard liquids for evaluating the wetting characteristics of the plasma treated surfaces. Peel strengths of a pressuresensitive adhesive bonded to the fluoropolymers were determined and plasma treated materials were examined by SEM and ESCA. 5 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.409696 Item 267 Eureka 10,No.11,Nov.1990,p.15 BONDED SEALS OUT-PERFORM ASSEMBLED DESIGNS
Item 269 Polymer Science USSR 31,No.2,1989,p.273-9 ESR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE ADHESIVE INTERACTION OF POLYMERS Smurugov V A;Delikatnaya I O;Savkin V G BYELORUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 21 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; USSR
Accession no.408365 Item 270 Adhasion 34,No.3,March 1990,p.17-8 German BONDING PTFE Rasche M In order to achieve good bonding, PTFE surfaces must be modified. The paper describes etching with sodium in naphthalene solution and low pressure plasma treatment; other surface treatments are given brief mention. Reference is also made to the possibility of using fluoropolymers as hot melt adhesives. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.407087
The successful bonding of PTFE to a rubber seal case has led to the development of a reliable shaft seal for harsh environments. The design of the bonded PTFE wafer radial lip seal is detailed. Although originally developed to seal the crankshafts of diesel engines, other rotary sealing
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References and Abstracts
Item 271 Adhesives ‘89. Conference Proceedings. Atlanta,Ga.,12-14th Sept,1989,Paper 5. 6A1 ACHIEVING OPTIMUM BOND STRENGTH WITH PLASMA TREATMENT Hansen G P;Rushing R A;Warrent R W;Kaplan S L; Kolluri O S PLASMA SCIENCE INC.; TEXAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC. (Society of Manufacturing Engineers)
Item 274 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 3,No.8,1989,p.623-36 EFFECTS OF BULK AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS ON ADHESIONINDUCED DEFORMATIONS BETWEEN SUBMICROMETER DIAMETER PARTICLES AND SUBSTRATES Bowen R C;Rimai D S;Demejo L P EASTMAN KODAK CO.
An attempt was made to improve adhesion to Tefzel 200 using plasma surface treatment. Plasmas used were 02+SF6, 02 and NH3. Joints made from the adherends (epoxy coated steel and Tefzel) using several commercially available epoxy adhesives were tested using a double lap shear configuration. Bond strengths for the treated adherends were found to be as much as thirty times greater than for the untreated materials.
Polyvinylidene fluoride microspheres were deposited on to various surfaces and the deformations observed by SEM. The particles embedded most deeply into a polyesterpolydimethylsiloxane block copolymer, but not at all into silicon wafers. When deposited on to polyester which had been plasma-treated in argon, the embedding decreased compared with the untreated polyester. The contact area diameters were compared with those predicted by various models of adhesion. The effect of the thickness of a conducting gold-palladium coating on the appearance of the contact zone was also discussed. 33 refs.
USA
Accession no.407084 Item 272 Pure and Applied Chemistry 62,No.9,Sept.1990,p.1699-708 PLASMA ETCHING AND MODIFICATION OF ORGANIC POLYMERS Egitto F D IBM CORP.,SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY DIV. Etching and modification of polymers by plasma is discussed in terms of the roles played by atomic and molecular oxygen, atomic fluorine, fluorocarbon radicals, ions, high energy metastable species and photons. Emphasis is placed on the effect of fluorine concentration on etching rate and polymer structure. 58 refs. (Presented at 19th Internation Symposium on Plasma Chem.,Pugnochiuso, 4th-8th Sept.1989)
USA
Accession no.396778 Item 275 Plastics Technology 36,No.2,Feb.1990,p.51 NEW COEXTRUSION TECHNIQUE ADHERES INCOMPATIBLE POLYMERS
USA
Atochem has developed a processing method that allows better adhesion of PVDF to other polymers in industrial coextrusion. The process achieves adhesion through mutual diffusion of the polymers at the interface of coextruded layers, producing a strong mechanical bond. Applications include films, plates, tubes and other extruded sections. ATOCHEM
Accession no.405730
USA
Accession no.393623 Item 273 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 3,No.8,1989,p.637-49 IMPROVED ADHESION OF PTFE BY AMMONIA-PLASMA TREATMENT Inagaki N;Tasaka S;Kawai H SHIZUOKA,UNIVERSITY The surface-treatment of PTFE by ammonia-plasma has been investigated by bonding the PTFE to nitrile rubber using a phenolic adhesive (Ty-Ply BN). The surface treatment was investigated by measuring the contact angle and by XPS and ATR FT/IR spectroscopy, when carbonyl and amide groups were shown to be present. The treatment was found to improve the adhesion between PTFE and nitrile rubber, the peel strength reaching 8.1 kN/m. The mechanism of the improved adhesion is discussed. 15 refs. JAPAN; USA
Accession no.396851
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Item 276 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 3,No.7,1989,p.503-14 MOSSBAUER AND ADHESION STUDY OF ION BEAM-MODIFIED FE-PTFE INTERFACES Ingemarsson P A;Ericsson T;Wappling R;Possnert G SVEDBERG LABORATORY; SWEDEN,DEPT. OF PHYSICS; SWEDEN,DEPT.OF RADIATION SCIENCES A study was made of ion beam-induced effects at Fe-PTFE thin film interfaces using conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy and the relation between these effects and accompanying modifications in adhesion. Ion beam irradiation was carried out before or after deposition of thin Fe 57 layers. For both pre- and post-bombardment, a substantial adhesion enhancement was observed along with significant changes in the spectra, indicating the
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References and Abstracts
formation of Fe-C and Fe-F compounds. 16 refs. SWEDEN
Accession no.392034 Item 277 Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Physics Edition 27,No.12,Nov.1989,p.2525-51 ADHESION THROUGH MOLECULAR ENTANGLEMENTS IN POLYMER INTERFACES Raghava R S;Smith R W GOODRICH B.F.,RES.& DEV.CENTER The role of polymeric interdiffusion or interpenetration along and across a boundary of two compatible but dissimilar polymers in controlling interfacial adhesion in the interface region was examined. The effect of interphase adhesion on the mechanical properties and the deformation and fracture behaviour of sandwich laminates of PMMA and PVDF was studied. The interphase was characterised using microscopy, dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Conditions of multiple crazing/ fracture in the brittle phase (PMMA) and shear yielding in the ductile phase (PVDF) were investigated. SEM results confirmed these deformation modes in PMMA-PVDF sandwich composite laminates. 31 refs. USA
Accession no.392016 Item 278 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 3,No.4,1989,p.277-90 ADHESIVE BONDING OF POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE: EFFECT OF CURING AGENT IN POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE SURFACE MODIFICATION Schonhorn H;Luongo J P AT & T BELL LABORATORIES INC.; KENDALL CO. The modification of the surface properties of polyvinylidene fluoride with certain amine and amide curing agents for epoxy resins is shown, thereby permitting the formation of strong adhesive joints. When polyvinylidene fluoride is exposed to these curing agents at temperatures of around 70C discolouration occurs with concomitant gelation. This suggests that there is dehydrofluorination followed by crosslinking. IR spectroscopy has been used to follow the course of these reactions. The curing reagent serves the dual function of reacting with the fluoropolymer and to crosslink the epoxy resin. 15 refs.
PEEL STRESSES IN ADHESIVE JOINTS Dillard D A;Anderson G L;Davis D D VIRGINIA,POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE To develop a technique which is not limited to optical isolation tables, Kynar piezoelectric film is currently under evaluation. The technique is very sensitive to peel stresses within bonded joints. This is highly desirable because peel stresses are commonly believed to be responsible for joint failure in many applications. Reasons for this belief include the fact that peel stresses are often quite large even in laptype joints, and that the critical strain energy release rates for peel are often smaller than for shear. Preliminary results given demonstrate the potential for the technique. USA
Accession no.385369 Item 280 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 3,no.3,1989,p.157-73 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MODIFICATION OF FLUOROPOLYMER SURFACES FOR ADHESION ENHANCEMENT: A REVIEW Siperko L M;Thomas R R IBM CORP.,RESEARCH DIV.; IBM CORP.,SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY DIV. The primary goal of surface modification of fluoropolymers is said to be to improve adhesion; both classical and newer methods have been used as a means to this end. Various methods include wet chemical etching, electrochemical reduction, grafting, application and removal of metals, ion and electron beam techniques and plasma modification; each of these methods, with results of subsequent chemical or physical analysis, are discussed. 94 refs. USA
Accession no.383419 Item 281 Macromolecules 21,No.10,Oct.1988,p.3011-4 CHEMICAL REDUCTION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (TO HDPE) Chakrabarti N;Jacobus J TULANE,UNIVERSITY 29 refs. USA
Accession no.382674
USA
Accession no.389714 Item 279 Journal of Adhesion 29,No.1/4,1989,p.245-55 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE USE OF KYNAR (RTM) PIEZOELECTRIC FILM TO MEASURE
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Item 282 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37,No.9,5th May 1989,p.2529-36 PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FOR ADHESION Rye R R;Martinez R J SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES
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References and Abstracts
Irradiation of PTFE with Mg(Kalpha) X-rays was shown to protect the surface against the chemical etching steps used to prepare PTFE for adhesion. Pre-irradiated etched samples of PTFE had adhesion strengths to epoxies of less then 3% of that for non-irradiated etched samples. The major portion of this decrease in adhesion strength occurred for X-ray exposures of less than 10min and failure in every case occurred in PTFE and not in the bonded transition region. XPS measurements showed little difference in F content between irradiated and non-irradiated samples, but thermal desorption showed increasing short chain fluorocarbon desorption with irradiation time. 8 refs.
Item 285 Adhesives Age 31,No.13,Dec.1988,p.63 ADHESIVE BONDING OF FLUOROPOLYMERS Brief details are presented on US Patent 4,743,327 assigned to Cordis Corp. for a method of forming a multi-layered medical article with a chemically inert surface. The surface treatment and bonding steps used to form the multi-layered fluoropolymer/film/adhesive article are outlined. CORDIS CORP. USA
Accession no.367269
USA
Accession no.382513 Item 283 Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe 42,No.3,March 1989,p.122/5 German ADHESIVE BONDING OF PLASTICS AND NONMETALLIC MATERIALS Jordan R An account is given of ‘Swiss Bonding 88’ (Rapperswiler 4-6 May 1988). Topics discussed included plastics as jointing materials, adhesion and cohesion, theory of adhesion of plastics, diffusion adhesion, bonding and sealing of PVC pipes, use of reactive adhesives, surface treatment of plastics, bonding with cyanoacrylates, use of adhesive tapes, adhesion of fluoroelastomers, adhesion to textile substrates, standardisation, testing, plasticmetal adhesion, adhesive procedures, use of adhesives in automobile manufacture, adhesion of composites in aerospace technology, use of adhesives in mass production, use of adhesives in window glazing, polyurethane adhesives in building, adhesion to concrete, health and safety in the factory. SWITZERLAND; WEST GERMANY
Accession no.376832 Item 284 Composites and Adhesives Newsletter 5,No.4,April/May 1989, p.11 EPOXY ADHESIVE BONDED TO TEFLON WITHOUT ETCH TREATMENT Brief details are given on research at NASA that has shown that some fluorine containing epoxy adhesives will bond to Teflon or other fluoroplastics without the need for special etching or other pretreatment. US,NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER; US,NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION USA
Accession no.374454
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Item 286 ANTEC ‘88.Proceedings of the 46th Annual Technical Conference. Atlanta,18-21 April 1988,p.1555-8. 012 PLASMA TREATMENT ON POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE AND THE ADHESION PROPERTY Ke-Cheng G;Shao-Hua Z SOUTH CHINA,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (SPE) Surface adhesion properties of oriented PTFE were shown to be significantly improved by treatment with air plasma. No oxidised groups or unsaturated bonds were found, but the presence of a crosslinked outer surface layer was verified by IR spectroscopy and ESCA in the treated PTFE. The high lap shear strength obtained with an epoxy resin/ nitrile rubber adhesive was, therefore, mainly a result of the crosslinking, not of the wettability of the PTFE film surface. 5 refs. CHINA
Accession no.365208 Item 287 Adhesion in Cellulosic and Wood-based Composites. Conference Proceedings. Kingston,Ontario,12-15 May 1980,p.91-111. 6A149(12)4 ADHESION AND ADHESIVES: INTERACTIONS AT INTERFACES Schonhorn H BELL LABORATORIES INC.; BELL LABORATORY INC. Edited by: Oliver J F (NATO,Science Committee) The role of surface treatments on joining and achieving bonding polymers is discussed in detail, including the permanence of an adhesively bonded structure and theories of adhesion. 5 refs. USA
Accession no.363398
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References and Abstracts
Item 288 SAMPE Quarterly 19,No.3,April 1988,p.44-8 USE OF FLUOROEPOXY COMPOUNDS AS ADHESIVES TO BOND FLUOROPLASTICS WITHOUT ANY SURFACE TREATMENT Sheng Yen Lee US,NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER The use of fluoroepoxy compounds as adhesives for bonding fluoropolymers to aluminium rods were evaluated. It was found that fluoroepoxy compounds with a fluorine content higher than 46% were able to bond a highly fluorinated plastic, such as PTFE, to give a respectable bond strength without any surface treatment. The advantage of fluoroepoxy adhesive vanished when applied to a less fluorinated plastic, such as Tefzel, which contained 55% fluorine. Among the curing agents explored, octafluorooctamethylenediamine exhibited potential as a co-curing agent for improving both the viscosity of the compound and the flexibility of the cured product. 7 refs.
made with PETP and HDPE to illustrate the effects of polymer structure. 9 refs. UK
Accession no.351889 Item 291 Erie,Pa., 1980, pp.4. 11ins. 28/5/87. Brochure PB102015C. 8(10)1 CHEMLOK RUBBER BONDING AGENT SELECTOR GUIDE. SOLUTIONS FOR YOUR RUBBER-TO-METAL BONDING APPLICATIONS LORD CORP.,ELASTOMER PRODUCTS DIV. A general selection guide for Chemlok rubber bonding agents, covers some of the special problems of bonding between elastomers and metals, plastics and fabrics and/ or the material combinations that Chemlok products can overcome. Typical properties such as viscosity, colour and flash point are listed for the adhesive range. USA
Accession no.351009
USA
Accession no.361580 Item 289 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 1,No.3,1987,p.239-42 GOLD/FLUOROCARBON ADHESION Park J M;Goldblatt R D;Kim Y H IBM T.J.WATSON RESEARCH CENTER The adhesion of laminated glass fibre-reinforced Teflon PFA to gold was investigated by means of peel testing. It was found that adhesion was dependent on lamination temp. The possibility of chemical reaction at the gold/PFA interface is discussed. 9 refs. USA
Accession no.357235 Item 290 Adhesion ‘87.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. York,Sept.7-9,1987,p.22/1-22/19. 9(12)4 ADHESION ENHANCEMENT OF PTFE BY PLASMA TREATMENT Mascia L;Carr G E;Kember P LOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSITY; PLASMA TECHNOLOGY (UK) LTD. (PRI) The effects of treating PTFE with air, oxygen and ammonia plasma were investigated with respect to the bond strength achieved using an epoxy adhesive. Tests were carried out on lap shear samples consisting of PTFE strips bonded to wooden spills. Plasma processing conditions and storage time were found to be more important than the nature of the gas plasma used while XPS showed that bond failure took place within the PTFE substrate. Comparisons are
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Item 292 Kobunshi Ronbunshu 44,No.11,Nov.1987,p.853-6 Japanese PHYSICAL ADHESIVE FACTOR BETWEEN POLYMER AND FILLER WHICH AFFECTS TENSILE STRENGTH OF FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS Suetsugu K;Sakairi T MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO.LTD. The effects of shrinkage during injection moulding on the TS of fibre-reinforced composite plastics was investigated using glass fibre-reinforced and aramid fibre-reinforced thermoplastics. The ratio of the TS of the composite material to that of the matrix polymer tended to become higher with increasing mould shrinkage, despite the small adhesion difference between filler and polymer. Physical adhesion of matrix materials to fibres improved with increasing mould shrinkage of the base polymer. 11 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.350703 Item 293 Macromolecules 20,No.11,Nov.1987,p.2819-28 SURFACE-SELECTIVE INTRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC FUNCTIONALITIES ONTO PTFE Costello C A;McCarthy T J MASSACHUSETTS,UNIVERSITY A report is presented of two-step and multistep reactions for modifying the surface of PTFE. The first step in each modification is the benzoin dianion reduction/crosslinking of the PTFE surface. Subsequent reactions of this intermediate were devised to render crosslinked PTFE
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References and Abstracts
surfaces containing covalently attached chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl, amino, and carboxylic acid functionalities. 34 refs.
for an average annual growth rate of 15%. Preliminary results of a survey are presented. KLINE C.H.,& CO.; KLINE SA
USA
BELGIUM
Accession no.349573
Accession no.319379
Item 294 Ossinging,NY, 1978, pp.1. 11ins. 28/5/87. Aremco Data No.526. 6A1-932 AREMCO-BOND 526 HIGH TEMPERATURE ADHESIVE ... FOR BONDING TEFLON, RULON, METALS, GLASS AND CERAMICS AREMCO PRODUCTS INC.
Item 297 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 59,No.8,1986,p.466-71 Japanese DIRECT ADHESION BETWEEN MODIFIED NITRILE RUBBER AND FLUOROCARBON RUBBER THROUGH VULCANISATION Okumoto T;Sugimoto M;Kurosaki T;Ichikawa M; Terashima K TOYODA GOSEI CO.LTD.
Application instructions and brief technical details are given for Aremco-Bond 526 two part plastic adhesive with temperature resistance to 575F. It has high chemical resistance and is capable of bonding Teflon, Rulon and similar fluorocarbon polymers to themselves or to metals, glass or ceramics. USA
Accession no.345947 Item 295 Polymer Wear and its Control;Symposium at the 187th ACS Meeting. St.Louis,Mo.,8-13 April 1984,p.3-26. ACS Symposium Series 287. 9522 CONTACT DEFORMATION AND STATIC FRICTION OF POLYMERS: INFLUENCES OF VISCOELASTICITY AND ADHESION Czichos H BERLIN,FEDERAL INST.FOR MAT.RES.& TESTING Edited by: Lee L-H (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Contact deformation and static friction of thermoplastic polymers were studied. By measuring relaxed moduli and relaxation times, the Hertzian theory of contacting bodies was extended leading to a contact deformation formula which includes viscoelastic effects. Polymers used were polyoxymethylene, nylon 66, PP and PTFE. 21 refs. WEST GERMANY
Accession no.328115 Item 296 Reinforced Plastics 30,No.9,Sept.1986,p.250 BIG GROWTH FORECAST FOR SPECIALITY ADHESIVES/COATINGS FOR COMPOSITES Spurred by the rapidly growing use of polymer composites, US demand for speciality adhesives and coatings for polymer composites is forecast to reach 110 million US dollars in 1995, up from only 35 million US dollars in 1985 and equivalent to an annual growth rate of 12.1%. The most rapid growth will come between 1985 and 1990 when consumption will double to 70 million US dollars in 1990,
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A study was made of the use of FKM fluoroelastomer as an inner lining for automotive fuel hoses made from NBR having various functional groups, e.g. hydroxy, epoxy, carboxy and amino groups. An examination of the adhesion of the modified NBR to FKM indicated that NBR terpolymerised by diethylaminoethyl methacrylate displayed the best adhesion characteristics. 6 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the RAPRA produced International Polymer Science and Technology. JAPAN
Accession no.318211 Item 298 European Chemical News 47,No.1237,4th Aug.1986,p.12 US SPECIALITY ADHESIVES AND COATINGS MARKET SET FOR STEADY GROWTH A survey examines the prospects over the next decade for the US market for speciality adhesives and coatings for polymer composites. Preliminary findings are reviewed. US demand is forecast to reach 110 million US dollars in 1995, up from 35 million in 1985, and equivalent to an average growth rate of 12.1% per year. The most rapid growth is forecast to come during 1985-90 when consumption will increase to 70 million US dollars in 1990, equivalent to an annual growth rate of 15% per year. KLINE C.H.,& CO.INC. USA
Accession no.316267 Item 299 Newcastle, c.1986, pp.2. 12ins. 7/4/86. Leaflet TM83/ UK/29. 42C38-625 LAMINATES PAMPUS FLUORPLAST LTD. The range of fluoropolymer film laminates available from Pampus Fluorplast is listed with some information on intended methods of bonding including adhesion,
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References and Abstracts
mechanical and fusion processes. Typical laminate facings and backings are tabulated with information on thickness and widths available. WEST GERMANY
Accession no.313598 Item 300 ANTEC ‘85;Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Technical Conference. Washington D.C.,April 29-May 2,1985,p.685-8. 012 GAS PLASMA TECHNOLOGY AND SURFACE TREATMENT OF POLYMERS PRIOR TO ADHESIVE BONDING Rose P W;Liston E BRANSON INTERNATIONAL PLASMA CORP. (SPE) The main interactions between plasma and polymers were discussed and the plasma’s effectiveness exemplified on a typical engineering thermoplastic. Some hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon, engineering thermoplastic, elastomeric and fluoroelastomeric polymers commonly treated with gas plasma were listed with their trade names and initial and final surface energy and water contact angle values. The effect of various plasmas (argon, air, ammonia, nitrogen, oxygen) on the adhesion of a polyethersulphone with epoxy adhesive and silicone primer was shown. 6 refs. USA
Accession no.311460 Item 301 Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology 1,No.4,Oct.1985,p.1-21 ADHESION PROBLEMS AT POLYMER SURFACES Brewis D M LEICESTER,POLYTECHNIC A review is presented of adhesion problems at polymer surfaces. Aspects covered include pretreatments and primers (corona discharge, flame and mechanical treatments, chromic acid etching and use of solvents and detergents), methods of studying polymer surfaces (including IR spectroscopy, ESCA, ion scattering spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy), problems with individual polymers and methods of achieving good adhesion. Polymers dealt with include polyolefins, butadiene-styrene copolymers, polyoxymethylene, PPO, fluoropolymers, PETP and CFRP. 103 refs. UK
Accession no.306157 Item 302 Proizvodstvo shin Rezinotechnicheskikh i Asbestotekhnicheskikh No.8,1983,p.9-11 Russian
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ADHESION OF VULCANISATES OF FLUOROELASTOMERS TO FABRIC OF SVM FIBRE Rakhman M Z;Malkina L B;Vakorina M V; Ovrutskaya N A A study was made of the optimum composition of the vulcanisate for adhesion to undipped aromatic polyamide fabric SVM in membranes for use in aggressive media at very high temperatures. The vulcanisates tested were based on the copolymer of vinylidene fluoride with (a) chlorotrifluoroethylene, (b) high-molecular hexafluoropropylene (HFP), or (c) a blend of high- and low-molecular HFP. The composition recommended includes MgO as a lubricant, a mixture of mineral fillers, and an epoxy resin. 8 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the RAPRA produced International Polymer Science and Technology. USSR
Accession no.302106 Item 303 Adhesives Age 28,No.7,June 1985,p.30/5 TESTING ADHESIVE AND LINER FOR TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY Huie S A;Schmit P F;Warren J S 3M CO.; DOW CORNING CORP. A study to evaluate some basic performance data for a medical grade silicone adhesive with a fluoropolymer release liner is presented. Data for release, subsequent adhesion and biological safety testing is given and adhesive and liner stability results over time and temperature are outlined. USA
Accession no.281068 Item 304 Polimery Tworzywa Wielkoczasteczkowe 30,No.4,April 1985,p.159-60 Polish METHOD OF ADHESIVE BONDING OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE ARTICLES. COMMUNICATION Kuczkowski A;Slupkowski T;Jachym B A method is described for adhesive bonding of PTFE articles to themselves and to other materials, using synthetic organic adhesives. The method involves pretreatment of the PTFE surface with a THF solution of a naphthalene complex of one of the alkali metals. 5 refs. POLAND
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Item 305 Adhesion Aspects of Polymeric Coatings. Proceedings of a Symposium. Minneapolis,Minn.,May 10-15,1981,p.253-61. 6A19(12)4 PTFE FILM ADHESION ON ELECTRONICALLY CONDUCTING MATERIALS Klinedinst K A GTE LABORATORIES Edited by: Mittal K L (Electrochemical Society;IBM) In studies to characterise PTFE-bonded carbon fuel cell and battery electrodes interactions between polymer and conducting materials were elucidated in PTFE-carbon composites made by heating above the m.p. of PTFE. The rheology and thermal stability of the PTFE in the composites, and the strength and stability of the adhesive bond under varying electrochemical potential, were examined. 6 refs. USA
Accession no.276560 Item 306 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 58,No.5,1985,p.328-34 Japanese CROSSLINKING ADHESION OF UNCROSSLINKED RUBBERS TO CROSSLINKED RUBBER Mori K;Nakamura Y;Wada K IWATE UNIVERSITY Crosslinking adhesion of uncrosslinked rubbers to crosslinked rubbers was investigated for various rubbers such as fluorine elastomer, hydrin elastomer, chlorinated PE, NBR and SBR. By the combination of dibutylam inotriazinedithiol and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide or tetrabutyl phosphonium bromide, the crosslinking adhesion of the rubbers was completed. 7 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the RAPRA produced International Polymer Science and Technology. JAPAN
Accession no.274058 Item 307 Macromolecules 17,No.12,Dec.1984,p.2529-31 SYNTHESIS OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY OF ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: SURFACE-SELECTIVE MODIFICATION OF POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE Dias A J;McCarthy T J An autoinhibitive surface modification reaction of PVDF was developed and assayed for surface selectivity. Phase transfer-catalysed dehydrofluorination using aqueous sodium hydroxide and tetrabutylammonium bromide
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produced an eliminated surface. Contact angle, ESCA, ATR IR, gravimetric, UV-visible and SEM analyses indicated a mild, surface-selective reaction. Estimates of reaction depth were about 10A or less. The basis for the surface selectivity of this reaction was the product inhibition of the phase transport step. 16 refs. USA
Accession no.270745 Item 308 Elastomerics 117,No.3,March 1985,p.17-20 ADHESION TROUBLESHOOTING IN MOULDED RUBBER PRODUCTS Bonfiglio J D WHITTAKER CORP.,DAYTON CHEMICALS DIV. NR, SBR, nitrile rubber and polychloroprene are the main elastomers used in automotive and other bonded rubber products. Special service requirements and environmental exposure often dictate the need for silicone, epichlorohydrin, butyl, PU, chlorosulphonated PE, EPDM, polyacrylates, polybutadiene and fluorocarbon rubbers. The key aspects needed for successful troubleshooting of rubber-to-metal bonding are reviewed, particularly considerations of substrates, their preparation and adhesive application methods necessary to achieve quality reproducible bonded moulded rubber products. 11 refs. USA
Accession no.270011 Item 309 Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development 23,No.4,Dec.1984,p.572-81 IMPROVING ADHESION BETWEEN A SEGMENTED POLYETHER-URETHANE AND A FLUOROCARBON COPOLYMER COATING Hoffman D M;Walkup C M;Chlu I L Methods of improving adhesion between a Kel-F 800 fluorocarbon copolymer coating and a polyether-urethane adhesive were studied. Silane and titanate coupling agents and a fluorocarbon surfactant were reasonably effective at increasing adhesion (depending on the application procedure). Post-curing at elevated temps. (85C) also significantly improved adhesive strength to the fluorocarbon coating. 43 refs. 3M CO. USA
Accession no.265674 Item 310 Polymer Science USSR 25,No.10,1983,p.2579-89 ANALYTICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN STUDYING ADHESIVE COMPOUNDS Chalykh A E;Aliev A D;Rubtsov A E
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References and Abstracts
USSR,ACADEMY OF SCIENCES A report is presented on the joint application of scanning, transmission electron microscopy and electron-probe, X-ray spectral micro-analysis to the study of an adhesive based upon PVDF and PMMA. Properties investigated were the site of crack propagation adhesion and type of degradation. 18 refs. USSR
BONDING OF FTOROPLAST 3 TO PROTECTED SURFACES Ruzakov V N;Komarov G V Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the RAPRA produced International Polymer Science and Technology. USSR
Accession no.246860
Accession no.263939 Item 311 Plastics Industry News (Japan) 30,No.10,1984,p.145 ADHESIONING ETF FILM Nitto Electric Industry Co. has developed a process for improving the adhesion properties of ethylene tetrafluoride resin (PTFE), involving accelerated argon ions being knocked against the surface of the resin. Applications include insulation tapes, and lining sheets for electromagnetic shielding. Other possibilities include the laminating of PTFE films with other plastic films. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. NITTO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO.LTD. JAPAN
Item 314 Organic Coatings and Applied Polymer Science Proceedings 47,Sept.1982,p.328-32 MECHANICAL MEASUREMENT OF INTERATOMIC BONDING ENERGIES AT INTERFACES Andrews E H QUEEN MARY COLLEGE Fracture mechanics experiments combined with ‘Generalised fracture mechanics’ analysis of the data are shown to make it possible to measure directly the interfacial bonding energy for various adhesive/substrate systems. 12 refs. UK
Accession no.245846
Accession no.263889 Item 312 Biomedical Polymers;International Conference;Contact Lenses & Artificial Eyes;International Symposium. University of Durham,July 12-15,1982,p.39-47. 6S ADHESION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS ONTO FEP-TEFLON AND CELLULOSE ACETATE Hogt A H;Feijen J;Dankert J;De Vries J A GRONINGEN,STATE UNIVERSITY; TWENTE,UNIVERSITY (Biological Engineering Society;PRI) The adhesion of two bacterial strains onto PTFE and cellulose acetate (CA) was studied in vitro. The numbers of adhering bacteria of Staphylococcus epidermidis found on PTFE were much higher than on CA. For Staphylococcus saprophyticus low adhesion numbers on both surfaces were observed. Adhesion of S.epidermidis onto PTFE was decreased by pepsin treatment of by aqueous phenol extraction of the bacteria. 19 refs. NETHERLANDS
Accession no.257494 Item 313 Plasticheskie Massy (USSR) No.6,1982,p.60 Russian USE OF GENERAL-PURPOSE ADHESIVE FOR
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Item 315 Rubber World 189,No.2,Nov.1983,p.49 TEFLON TO METAL ADHESIVE Thixon 417/418 is an adhesive system for bonding Teflon to steel and other metals, thus eliminating mechanical and multi-step bonding methods. Features are a fast cure time, fast forced drying time and the ability to store coated parts at room temp. indefinitely. For oil seals, gaskets and pumps with Teflon seals or lining. DAYTON CHEMICALS INC.; WHITTAKER CORP. USA
Accession no.244410 Item 316 British Plastics and Rubber April 1983,p.39 HIGH ADHESION FLUOROCARBONS Whitford Plastics has extended its range of Xylan fluorocarbons with grade 8840. The material, which is said to exhibit strong substrate adhesion, non-stick and abrasion resistance, has been tested as a release agent for moulds use in the manufacture of shoe heels and soles made of PU; car tyres and packaging are also cited. WHITFORD PLASTICS LTD. UK
Accession no.233644
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References and Abstracts
Item 317 Journal of Adhesion 15,No.3/4,1983,p.217-24 USE OF X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY TO STUDY THE FAILURE OF AN ADHESIVE JOINT BETWEEN TWO POLYMERS Chan C M RAYCHEM CORP. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to identify the mode of failure for an adhesive joint between Kynar polyvinylidene fluoride and RDP-21 nylon-11. Failure was found to be neither adhesive nor cohesive. Joint fracture appeared to occur through a weak boundary layer which migrated to the interface, possibly during the bonding process. 21 refs. PENNWALT CORP.; RILSAN CORP. USA
Accession no.232960 Item 318 Machine Design 53,No.25,12th Nov.1981,p.136 ION BEAM IMPROVES ADHESIVE BONDS US,National Aeronautics & Space Administration; Ion Systems Inc. The strength of adhesive bonds in plastics may be significantly improved by an ion etching process developed by NASA and commercialised by Ion Systems. The process texturises the surfaces prior to joining, creating closely spaced microscopic spires or grass-like structures on the plastics surface which provide a large increase in surface area for wetting and bonding. Applications with PTFE and other fluoropolymers are described. US,NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION; ION SYSTEMS INC. Accession no.204765 Item 319 SPE. Plastics - Creating Value Through Innovation. 39th ANTEC. Proceedings Boston,May 4-7,1981,p.317-9. CONFER. 012 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHORYLATED EPOXY RESIN ADHESIVES Kourtides D A; Parker J A; Giants T W; Bilow N; Ming-Ta Hsu DSC, TGA, flammability and adhesive bonding studies were carried out on adhesive formulations consisting of a mixture of bis(3-glycidyloxyphenyl)methylphosphine oxide and the solid curing agent bis(3-aminophenyl)me thylphosphine oxide to evaluate their suitability for the bonding of a polyvinyl fluoride film to a glass laminated phenolic resin substrate in the manufacture of interior panels for aircraft. The system was found to have excellent potential as a fire-resistant adhesive as demonstrated by
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its low smoke evolution, high char yield and high oxygen index. The DSC studies revealed that temps above 116C were necessary to achieve more complete cure of the system. 5 refs. Accession no.203865 Item 320 Progress in Colloid and Polymer Science Vol.67,1980,p.99-106 German CAPILLARY ADHESION THROUGH LIQUID BRIDGES Wolfram E; Pinter J; Otvos-Papp E A study was made of liquid bridges of aqueous sodium dodecylsulphate solutions of different concentration between PTFE and Pyrex glass surfaces. The drop distribution isotherms were of the same type, their general shape being independent of surfactant concentration. However, critical drop mass for complete adhesion and constant drop mass corresponding to the steady-state strongly depended on surfactant concentration. The stability of the bridges and the formation of satellite droplets after breakdown of the bridge were interpreted in terms of capillary waves. A simple energetic model consideration was proposed to explain effects of hysteresis. 26 refs. Accession no.162623 Item 321 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25,No.8,Aug.1980,p.1523-31 CHLORINATED POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE Bacskai R Chlorinated PVDF was prepared by introducing chlorine gas into a carbon tetrachloride suspension of PVDF at reflux temp. Polymer crystallinity and softening point decreased, while solubility and adhesion increased, with degree of chlorination. In contrast to PVDF, the chlorinated polymer was soluble in low-boiling common organic solvents. Chlorinated PVDF was resistant to dehydrochlorination and was thermally more stable than PVF, chlorinated PVF, PVC or chlorinated PVC. Chlorinated PVDF coatings on wood showed outstanding weathering resistance. 14 refs. Accession no.156278 Item 322 Kolloid-Zeitschrift 42,No.2,1980,p.336-8 Russian ADHESION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE TO COPPER Belyi V A; Barkan A I; Rodchenko D A 11 refs. Accession no.156170
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References and Abstracts
Item 323 Macromolecules 12, No.6, Nov./DEC.1979, p.1222-7 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS BY RADIATIONINDUCED GRAFTING FOR ADHESIVE BONDING YAMAKAWA S Surface modification of two radiation-degradative fluorocarbon polymers, PTFE and pctfe, was carried out by mutual irradiation of the polymers in methylacrylate vapour, followed by hydrolysis treatment. The adhesive bond strengths reached a maximum value when the grafted surface was covered with an outer homopolymer layer consisting only of the monomer component. Esca analysis of the modified polymer surfaces showed that the thickness of the homopolymer layer passed through a maximum and then decreased with irradiation time or dose; this decrease could reflect the radiation degradation of fluoropolymer chains. 37 refs. Accession no.148222 Item 324 pr.18.6.75(588005)(US)publ.2.4.80 Patent Number: GB1563814 IMPROVING ADHESION OF FLUOROPOLYMER COATINGS du Pont de Nemours E.I.,& Co. Substrates to which a fluoropolymer non-stick coating can be subsequently applied are primed with compositions comprising (a) a (co)polymer of an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon completely substituted with fluorine, or fluorine and chlorine or a copolymer thereof with a perfluorinated monomer, (b) a binder, (c) a coalescing agent, e.g. N-methylpyrrolidone and (d) a liquid carrier. See also GB 1563815. DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO. Accession no.82320 Item 325 pr.15.7.78(53/86506)(JA)publ.23.1.80 Patent Number: GB2025436 ADHESIVE FOR POLYVINYL FLUORIDE SHEETS Nishimura M; Omori Y; Fujiwara Y Sony Corp. Comprises a copolymer of an aziridinyl-group-containing compound of given formula and a suitable comonomer. SONY CORP. Accession no.81549
FILMS ONTO POLYETHYLENE AND POLYTETRAFLUROETHYLENE: IMPORTANCE OF SURFACE CROSSLINKING Vogel S L; Schonborn H Nickel, iron, titanium, aluminium, gold and copper were each evaporated and deposited onto both sides of PE and PTFE films. Adhesive joint strengths of the different metal-polymer-metal composites were compared and subsequent surface modifications due to metallisation were investigated. Studies showed no change in wettability of pe or ptfe after a metal layer was deposited on their surfaces and then removed - also there was no evidence of oxidation or unsaturation. Gel fractions of pe showed a definite correlation between joint strength and crosslink density - the more crosslinks the stronger the joint. 22 refs. Accession no.135391 Item 327 Journal of Materials Science 14, No.3,MARCH 1979, p.749-51 ANISOTROPIC ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE Brewis D M; Barker D J; Dahm R H A new pretreatment for PTFE which results in improved adhesion and involves the direct contact of ptfe with a cathodically polarised lead/antimony electrode is described. Anisotropic electrochemical reduction is discussed i.e. The rate and ultimate degree of electrochemical attack is highly dependent on a skin effect in the polymer surface - this effect probably being due to orientation or stress concentrations. The preferential reduction of stressed ptfe is said to present an analogous situation to the preferential oxidation of stressed metals. 7 refs. Accession no.132382 Item 328 ICI Engineering Plastics No.9,3RD QTR.1978, p.14-5 PTFE/RUBBER BONDINGS ICI,PLASTICS DIV. The bonding of ici’s fluon (PTFE) to natural rubber and synthetic rubber is discussed. One application is described, namely, the equipment for sticking paper labels over the caps of bottles of spirit, which incorporates a ptfe/silicone rubber pad. ICI,PLASTICS DIV. Accession no.129184
Item 326 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23, No.2,15TH JAN.1979, p.495-501 ADHESION OF EVAPORATED METALLIC
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Item 329 PR.12.5.76(7614238)(FR)PUBL.20.12.78 Patent Number: GB1536233 ADHESIVE BONDING OF POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE TO A RIGID SUBSTRATE EQUIVALENT TO BE 854162 PRODUITS CHIMIQUES UGINE KUHLMANN To the surface of the polyvinylidene fluoride is adhered a fibrous material, e.g. Glass fibre or a plastics film to act as an intermediate keying surface. Between the keying surface and the substrate is interposed a polymerisable material producing a non-brittle, flexible, polymerised mastic, e.g. Of PU. The substrate may be a steel tank or tube. PRODUITS CHIMIQUES UGINE KUHLMANN Accession no.77555 Item 330 PR.30.3.76(7609129)(FR)PUBL.27.9.78 Patent Number: GB1526384 BONDING POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE TO A FIBROUS SUBSTRATE,E.G. GLASS FIBRE MAT EQUIVALENT TO BE 851639 PRODUITS CHIMIQUES UGINE KUHLMANN By interposing between the glass fibre mat and the polyvinylidene fluoride a solution of non-fluorinated polymer or copolymer in a polar aprotic solvent. The laminate is then heated to 120-300c. The polymer may be, e.g. Pu, polyepoxide or polyamide. PRODUITS CHIMIQUES UGINE KUHLMANN Accession no.76408 Item 331 PR.16.4.75(11769)(FR)PUBL.12.7.78 Patent Number: GB1517594 BONDING POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE ARTICLES,E.G. PIPES EQUIVALENT TO BE 840408 UGINE KUHLMANN By coating the parts to be bonded with a solvent and then heating. Specifically the solvent is DMF, dimethylacetamide, thf, dmso, cyclohexanone, hexamethylphosphoramide or their mixture. Permits modification of assembly before heating. UGINE KUHLMANN Accession no.75559 Item 332 Journal of Adhesion 9, No.2,APRIL 1978, p.123-33 ELECTROCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE JOINT FAILURE Klinedinst K A; Vogel W M
conducting substrate was examined theoretically and experimentally. In the presence of a liquid which can wet the substrate and the adhesive, the possibility of adhesive/ substrate separation existed, even though the bond was very stable in the absence of such a liquid environment. Both the interfacial tension between the liquid and substrate and specific adsorption at the substrate/liquid interface varied with potential making the stability of the adhesive/substrate bond potential dependent. For ptfe/graphite bonds in the presence of hot concentrated phosphoric acid the measu^ red variations in the rate of separation with potential could be rationalised on the basis of the probable changes in the free energy of the process with potential. 15 refs. Accession no.121009 Item 333 Elastomerics 110, No.2, Feb.1978, p.26-7 BONDING ‘UNBONDABLE’ TEFLON TO ELASTOMERS STAR-GLO INDUSTRIES INC. Star-glo holds a patent on a process of bonding teflon to rubber. The self-lubricating teflon on rubber moulds allows foods to be processed without delays caused by costly stoppages - it also maintains sterilised conditions. The printing and copy machine industry is also another major user of teflon bonded to rubber. Teflon fep pined moulds are also suitable for projects requiring casting of resins. The finished product retains fine detail and a stable mould dimension is obtained. The mould has a long life, release agents are not needed and it resists scratching and abrasion. Other uses of teflon rubber bonds are described. STAR-GLO INDUSTRIES INC. Accession no.120454 Item 334 ACS,DIV.ORG.COAT.PLAST. CHEM.172 MEETING COATINGS PLAST.PREPRINTS,36, No.2, p.223-6 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS BY DEPOSITION OF EVAPORATED METALS. II. EFFECT ON ADHESION AND ADHESIVE JOINT STRENGTH Schonhorn H; Roberts R F Esca data indicated a marked change in the interfacial region of the metal-polymer (fluorocarbon polymer) composite with respect to the generation of new species, both organometallic and polymeric. Based on defluorination and formation of organometallic species, a possible mechanism is suggested whereby the mechanical integrity (cohesiveness) of the interfacial region is improved. 13 refs. Accession no.118812
The effect of varying potential on the stability of a bond formed between an adhesive and an electronically
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References and Abstracts
Item 335 Kolloid-Zeitschrift 39, No.3, May/JUNE 1977, p.536-9 Russian ADHESION OF FILLED PTFE Belyi V A; Barkan A N; Rodchenko D A; Yurkevich O R The effect of additions of fine-particle copper and copper oxide on the bonding of PTFE to aluminium was investigated. Bonding was carried out over a wide range of time and temperature. The copper and copper oxide additive have a significant and different effect on the bond strength. This influence is attributed to their effect on the thermo-oxidative degradation of the polymer. 8 refs. Accession no.116375 Item 336 Polymer Engineering and Science 17, No.7, July 1977, p.484-93 ADHESION EFFECTS AND PERFORMANCE OF MASS TRANSFER EQUIPMENT USING TEFLON SURFACES Ponter A B Contact angle data are reported for a number of pure and binary liquids on a PTFE surface, measured under conditions simulating distillation, condensation or absorption. By comparing the wettability of such systems with the performance obtained under the same conditions for equipment employing ptfe heat or mass transfer surfaces, it is demonstrated that liquid-solid adhesion plays a key role in determining the heat or mass transfer rates. It is further shown, for a considerable number of industrially-important conditions, that ptfe can give enhanced equipment performance over that obtained using conventional high energy solid materials. 33 refs. Accession no.115564 Item 337 Plasticheskie Massy (USSR) No.10,1977, p.23-5 Russian ADHESION STRENGTH OF LAMINATED SYSTEMS Raisin I B; Basin V E
EFFECT OF A COPPER OR COPPER OXIDE DISPERSION ON THE MECHANICAL AND ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF POLYTRIFLUORO CHLOROETHYLENE Rodchencko D A; Barkan A I The effect of catalytic thermooxidation in a dispersion of polytrifluorochloroethylene and copper (or copper oxide) on the rheological properties, adhesion and other properties of the polymer was investigated. The possibility of using specially designed thermooxidation conditions to obtain improvement in these properties is discussed. 7 refs. Accession no.111957 Item 339 Materials Engineering 83, No.4,APRIL 1976, p.31-2 MODIFIED ACRYLIC, URETHANE ADHESIVES CURE RAPIDLY, BOND OILY SURFACES Miska K H Developments in adhesives for structural applications are discussed with particular reference to modified acrylic resins for bonding unprepared, even oily, substrates, uvand electron beam-curable acrylic resins, PU adhesives with high peel strength and impact resistance, low temp.curable epoxy resins, epoxy-polyamide resins with good wetting characteristics, 100% solids non-flammable, heat reactivatable hot melt adhesives and sealants of fluorosilicone-fluorocarbon copolymers. Accession no.60581 Item 340 Plasticheskie Massy (USSR) No.12,1975, p.54-5 Russian ADHESION PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED PTFE Vinogradova L M; Efremova Z A; Koryukin A V; Korolev A YA A study of the adhesion of polytetrafluoroethylene film treated with various surface activators is briefly described. 6 refs. Accession no.57943
Laminates based on polyimide films and metal foil bonded together with a thermoplastic adhesive consisting of tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer are used in electrical engineering, radio engineering and electronics. The authors examine the effect of various surface-active agents on the adhesion of these systems over long periods involving heat ageing. 9 refs. Accession no.115215
Item 341 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19, No.12, Dec.1975, p.3201-10 QUANTITATIVE EXPLANATION OF THE MECHANISM OF CORROSION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE CAUSED BY ACTIVE ALKALI METALS Jansta J; Dousek F P; Riha J
Item 338 Kolloid-Zeitschrift 39, No.2,MARCH/APRIL 1977, p.385-7 Russian
The known method of surface treatment of polytetrafluoroethylene by alkali metals was studied quantitatively. It was shown that the reaction proceeds by an electrochemical mechanism in the solid phase. The alkali metal acts as anode and PTFE as a cathodic active
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References and Abstracts
material of a typical galvanic corrosion cell. A relation describing the rate of penetration of this reaction into the depth of ptfe was derived. 25 refs. Accession no.57020 Item 342 ACS,DIV.OF POLYMER CHEMISTRY POLYM. PREPRINTS,16, No.1,APRIL 1975, P.98-102. CONFER. SURFACE PROPERTY CHARACTERISATION AND ADHESION OF PLASMA FLUOROCARBON POLYMER DEPOSITS Washo B D The adhesion, properties and structures of fluorocarbon thin films, particularly those films made via the rf plasma vapour deposition technique using tetrafluoroethylene as the monomer gas, were studied. 6 refs. Accession no.4016 Item 343 Kolloid-Zeitschrift 37, No.2,MARCH/APRIL 1975, p.397-401 Russian INVESTIGATION OF THE ADHESION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE TO ALUMINIUM Rodchenko D A; Barkan A I; Egorenkov N I It was shown that PTFE had sufficiently strong adhesion to aluminium and that the strength of the adhesion joint was easily controlled by variation of the time-temperature conditions of formation. The nature of adhesion of ptfe to aluminium and the reason for the dependence of adhesion on the thermal conditions of joint formation are discussed. 14 refs. Accession no.50602 Item 344 Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie VOL.43,14TH MARCH 1975, p.191-4 REACTIONS OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE WITH ELECTROCHEMICALLY GENERATED INTERMEDIATES Brewis D M; Dahm R H; Konieczko M B The electrochemical reduction of polytetrafluoroethylene, by either (a) holding film in close contact with an electrode made from a lead-antimony accumulator grid and applying a potential of -2.5v, or (b) adding naphthalene to the support electrolyte and carrying out electrolysis at -2.45v, is described. Adhesion values on treated and un-treated samples were determined and very large increases in adhesion were noted for the treated samples. 12 refs. Accession no.48961
100
Item 345 ACS,RECENT ADVANCES IN ADHESION; ED. BY L.-H.LEE. PROCEEDINGS...SYMPOSIUM WASHINGTON,D.C., SEPT. 1971, P.65-76. R.ROOM. 9(12)4 SURFACE-CHEMICAL CRITERIA FOR OPTIMUM ADHESION Kitazaki Y; Hata T Surface-chemical criteria for the optimum adhesion are investigated and the minimum interfacial tension or the maximum wetting pressure is deduced. It is emphasised that, when critical surface tension issused as a measure of surface-chemical properties of solid, its variability according to liquid series should be carefully taken into consideration. The importance is shown for PE and its fluorine substituted polymers, using newly measured contact angle data and zisman’s data. 20 refs. Accession no.2727 Item 346 Vysokomolekulyarnye Soedineniya Series B 16, No.6, June 1974, p.476-8 Russian EFFECT OF ORIENTATION ON THE ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE Koroleva YA; Borisova F K Experimental data are presented which show that the bond strength of PTFE film with surface treatment (with a sodium naphthalene complex) is highly dependent on the type of orientation (uniaxial or biaxial) and degree of crystallinityrof the PTFE. 7 refs. Accession no.42260 Item 347 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 47, No.3, June 1974, p.650-60 FLUOROPOLYMER SURFACE STUDIES Dwight D W; Riggs W M Surface characterisation studies of fluoropolymers, using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (esca), soft xray spectroscopy, contact angle hysteresis, and electron microscopy are described. Surface changes occurring upon exposure of sodium-etched fluoropolymer films to environmental conditions were investigated. Films of fep melted and recrystallised against a gold substrate were analysed. The unusual wettability of such films has been attributed to the presence of a ‘transcrystalline’ surface region, but these analyses indicate the presence at the surface of a very thin layer of materials with the characteristics of an oxidised hydrocarbon. 16 refs. (165th acs national meeting, chemistry and characterisation of polymer surfaces, dallas, texas, april 1973). Accession no.42251
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References and Abstracts
Item 348 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8, No.1, Jan.1974, p.35-43 ADHESION OF SYNTHETIC ORGANIC POLYMER ON SOFT TISSUE. I. A FAST SETTING POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE Llewellyn-Thomas E; Wang P Y; Cannon J S
Item 351 Plasticheskie Massy (USSR) No.5,1973, p.60-1 MECHANISM OF ADHESION INTERACTION OF A METALLIC COATING WITH ACTIVATED PTFE Vilenskii A I; Virlich E E; Stefanovich N N; Krotova N A
A fast curing tissue adhesive was prepared from castor oil, silicone surfactant, pyridine, tetrahydrofuran and 6-chloro2,4,5-trifluoro-1,3-phenylene diisocyanate. Tolylene diisocyanate was added to improve adhesion. 14 refs. Accession no.40338
The investigation relates to the mechanism of adhesion interaction of an aluminium coating with PTFE activated in a glow discharge. It is shown that maximum strength of adhesion bond of the aluminium coating with the ptfe activated in the glow discharge is brought about by formation of peroxide free radicals. There is no correlation between the hydrophilic properties of the surface and the strength of the polymer and metal bond. 6 refs. (transl. Accession no.38466
Item 349 Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development 13, No.2, June 1974, p.119-23 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENEPERFLUOROPROPYL VINYL ETHER COPOLYMERS AS WATER RESISTANT, THINFILM ADHESIVES Reardon J P; Zisman W A Copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoropropylvinyl ether usedcas thin film hot melt adhesives form strong highly water resistant bonds to PTFE, glass, sapphire, aluminium and steel. Due to their low surface tensions the copolymer melts can wet nearly any substrate. Strong adhesion to the substrate surface is effected by virtue of dispersion forces alone, thereby eliminating the need for chemical compatibility of the materials or for coupling agents. 6 refs. Accession no.40158 Item 350 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18, No.1, Jan.1974, p.235-43 SURFACE CROSSLINKING OF POLYETHYLENE AND ADHESIVE JOINT STRENGTH Schonhorn H; Ryan F W Exposure of PE film to uv irradiation at wavelengths of 2537a or below is sufficient to induce surface crosslinking and to facilitate the formation of strong adhesive joints to these surfaces with conventional adhesives. Reduction of the vapour pressure in the reaction vessel to about 1 torr apparently maximises the efficiency of the crosslinking process. Examination of the treated films which have been exposed for times necessary to form strong adhesive joints has revealed an absence of surface oxidation. It appears that crosslinking to improve the mechanical strength of the surface region of the pe is sufficient to allow the formation of strong adhesive joints. 12 refs. Accession no.39134
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Item 352 Wear 26, No.1, Oct.1973, p.75-93 ADHESION AND FRICTION OF PTFE IN CONTACT WITH METALS AS STUDIED BYAAUGER SPECTROSCOPY, FIELD ION AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Brainard W A; Buckley D H The above three techniques were used to study adhesion between PTFE and metals in an attempt to explain the behaviour of ptfe as a solid lubricant in mechanical systems. Strong adhesion between ptfe and metals (copper, aluminium, tungsten, gold), both clean and oxidised,twas observed for both static and dynamic contact. The results are interpreted in terms of transfer films of ptfe on the metal surface and particles of metal embedded in the ptfe surface. 15 refs. Accession no.32434 Item 353 Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie VOL.33,1ST.OCT.1973, p.89-100 German X-RAY PHOTO-ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY STUDY OF ETCHED PTFE FILM Brecht H; Mayer F; Binder H In order to improve adhesion of PTFE films the surface of the polymer is etched using elemental sodium in liquid ammonia. The etched surface was studied by the above method and no nitrogen, sodium or fluorine was found, only carbon and oxygen. Contact with bromine or molecular oxygen deactivated the etching. 9 refs. Accession no.32027
101
References and Abstracts
Item 354 Plaste und Kautschuk 19, No.1, Jan.1972, p.17-20 German ROLE OF PEROXIDE RADICALS IN ADHESION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE Virlich E E; Krotova N A; Stefanovich N N; Vilenskii A I; Radtsig V A; Vladykina T A The high bond strength of PTFE activated by glow discharge is the result of free peroxide radicals interacting with the bonding agent by formation of hydrogen bonds of electrostatic character. Adhesion measurements were made on samples of treated ptfe film bonded to steel with epoxy resin adhesive and concen-tration of peroxide radicals was determined by electron para-magnetic resonance. Changes in adhesion, peroxide concentration and methyl methacrylate grafting, with duration of glow discharge and temp. Of film during treatment are illustrated. Results are explained from the donor-acceptor interchange standpoint and agree with the electron theory of adhesion. 18 refs. (3rd symposium on triboemission and tribochemistry, berlin, june 1971). Accession no.18340 Item 355 Journal of Adhesion 3, No.4,MARCH 1972, p.325-31 INVESTIGATION OF THE ELECTROADHESION PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED POLYMER SURFACES Krotova N A; Stefanovich N N; Vilenskii A I; Khrustalev Yu A Effect of modification by glow discharge of polytetrafluoroethylene film surface on its adhesion and on mechanoelectron emission is studied. 6 refs. (acs, 162nd national meeting, sept. 1971). Accession no.18145 Item 356 Plasticheskie Massy (USSR) No.10,1971, p.43-5 Russian INFLUENCE OF PEROXIDE RADICALS ON THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF Vilenskii A I; Virlich E E; Stefanovich N N; Radstig V A FTOROPLAST-4 T.n.vladykina;n.a.krotova it is found that the adhesion strength of joints in PTFE with epoxy resin which has been activated in a glow discharge is brought about by the formation of peroxide radicals, which interact with the adhesive to form hydrogen bonds of electrostatic character. Recombination of these radicals in prior heat treatment leads to a reduction in the strength characteristics by approxi-mately one half. 12 refs. (transl. Will appear in soviet plast., no.10,1971,p.48). Accession no.15799
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Subject Index
Subject Index A ABRASION, 136 ABRASION RESISTANCE, 27 47 51 60 114 136 200 223 242 267 295 333 ABSORPTION SPECTRA, 42 ACCELERATED TEST, 23 173 ACETAL COPOLYMER, 60 ACETAL POLYMER, 258 ACETAL RESIN, 241 ACETONE, 222 270 ACID ETCHING, 69 105 ACID TREATMENT, 151 ACOUSTIC EMISSION, 106 ACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER, 9 111 130 182 233 ACRYLATE, 121 198 ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 111 134 ACRYLATE POLYMER, 48 ACRYLATE RUBBER, 308 ACRYLIC, 23 24 27 38 ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER, 9 130 148 182 233 ACRYLIC ACID TERPOLYMER, 152 ACRYLIC COPOLYMER, 4 40 ACRYLIC ESTER, 121 ACRYLIC ESTER COPOLYMER, 111 134 ACRYLIC ESTER POLYMER, 48 ACRYLIC POLYMER, 1 3 39 109 135 139 144 151 162 175 176 177 180 209 257 258 277 298 ACRYLIC RESINS, 109 135 144 175 176 177 209 257 258 277 296 298 339 ACRYLONITRILE POLYMER, 16 ACRYLONITRILE TERPOLYMER, 221 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER, 132 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENESTYRENE TERPOLYMER, 19 38 144 151 221 238 265 275 ACTIVATION ENERGY, 310 ADDITIVE, 19 27 69 92 105 106 109 114 130 155 156 161 170 204 216 223 227 230 241 292 335 ADHESION PREVENTION, 232 ADHESION PROMOTION, 12 17 24 39 49 56 62 64 69 72 75 79
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86 99 104 105 106 109 110 111 113 115 125 127 129 130 133 134 137 138 143 144 145 151 161 169 176 178 180 185 192 195 200 208 212 219 224 228 235 238 240 244 246 249 253 280 286 287 308 311 ADHESIVE ENERGY, 69 ADHESIVE FAILURE, 105 161 ADHESIVE FILM, 93 144 176 260 ADHESIVE SHEET, 28 ADHESIVE STRENGTH, 13 52 132 148 161 ADHESIVE TAPE, 149 283 AEROSPACE APPLICATION, 23 283 296 298 AGEING, 40 109 119 176 186 AIR BUBBLE, 108 AIR CONDITIONING, 60 AIR ENTRAPMENT, 161 AIRCRAFT, 109 296 319 AIRLESS SPRAYING, 144 ALKALI METAL, 304 341 ALKENE, 262 ALKENE POLYMER, 3 7 12 17 19 24 27 38 49 50 52 64 69 82 84 92 120 130 144 151 155 176 180 ALKOXIDE, 96 ALKOXYMETHYL GROUP, 117 ALKYL HYDROXIDE, 12 69 ALKYNE, 262 ALLYLPENTAFLUOROBENZENE COPOLYMER, 55 ALUMINA, 140 ALUMINIUM, 38 59 60 90 105 106 118 169 204 207 260 288 296 314 326 335 343 349 351 352 ALUMINIUM COMPOUND, 153 ALUMINIUM FOIL, 105 ALUMINIUM OXIDE, 140 AMIDE, 278 AMIDE COPOLYMER, 263 AMIDE GROUP, 73 273 AMIDE POLYMER, 17 19 34 84 94 132 134 144 151 157 160 AMINE, 12 46 91 278 288 319 AMINE GROUP, 78 AMINE POLYMER, 84 258 AMINO COMPOUND, 50 AMINO GROUP, 6 50 AMINOPROPYLTRIMETHOXYS ILANE, 204
AMINOSILANE, 178 AMMONIA, 22 25 33 58 184 186 189 204 212 217 219 236 252 271 273 281 290 300 AMMONIUM COMPOUND, 222 227 AMMONIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE, 166 ANAEROBIC ADHESIVE, 109 176 ANHYDRIDE, 84 230 ANILINE COPOLYMER, 148 ANIONIC POLYMERISATION, 39 ANISOTROPY, 327 ANNEALING, 11 42 55 ANTI-ADHESIVE PROPERTIES, 153 ANTI-CORROSIVE PROPERTIES, 53 ANTI-FOAMING AGENT, 200 ANTI-FRICTION PROPERTIES, 136 ANTI-STICK COATING, 114 136 ANTIBODY, 21 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT, 87 APATITE, 209 AQUEOUS ADHESIVE, 176 AQUEOUS EMULSION, 176 AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 168 320 ARGON, 2 5 55 56 79 80 104 111 115 118 128 130 131 133 137 143 169 170 182 234 255 270 273 300 ARGON FLUORIDE, 193 ARYL COMPOUND, 215 ASPECT RATIO, 106 ASSEMBLY, 1 19 24 38 39 60 109 151 176 180 267 ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERISATION, 9 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY, 8 17 21 25 66 71 100 107 115 137 142 143 186 208 ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY, 9 59 164 191 193 199 202 229 235 249 273 307 326 AUDIO EQUIPMENT, 60 AUTOADHESION, 148 AUTOCLAVE, 38 AUTOHESION, 69 130 133 AUTOMOBILE, 267 283 296 297 298 308
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Subject Index
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 19 31 60 93 109 114 161 176 177 180 196 221 224 241 267 283 296 297 298 308 AUTOMOTIVE HOSE, 161 AZIRIDINE COPOLYMER, 325
B BACTERIA, 312 BACTERIA RESISTANCE, 87 BACTERIAL ADHESION, 65 BARRIER COATING, 20 BARRIER LAYER, 161 BARRIER PROPERTIES, 20 50 114 275 BARRIER RESIN, 134 BATCH PROCESSING, 155 BATTERY, 305 BELTING, 85 BELTS, 85 BENZENE, 193 BENZOIN, 211 BENZOPHENONE, 164 BENZOPHENONETETRA CARBOXYLIC ACID DIANHYDRIDE, 93 BINDER, 19 45 51 85 197 198 203 261 324 BINDING, 55 BINDING ENERGY, 128 138 166 186 191 195 230 BIOACTIVITY, 1 BIOADHESION, 187 BIOCOMPATIBILITY, 1 22 29 33 41 44 57 58 66 199 202 210 303 BIOMATERIAL, 1 22 29 33 41 44 66 122 187 212 264 BIOPOLYMER, 187 BIOTIN, 1 BISMALEIMIDE POLYMER, 296 298 BISPHENOL A DICYANATE, 105 BLENDS, 7 10 23 34 53 69 78 94 101 105 126 127 135 139 147 152 157 163 174 220 221 224 250 257 261 286 310 BLISTERING, 161 225 BLOCK COPOLYMER, 34 60 69 155 176 263 274 BLOCKING AGENT, 155 BLOOD BAG, 19 BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS, 312 BLOOMING, 24 39 BOAT, 109 BOLT, 19 BOND STRENGTH, 24 38 69 106
104
112 123 135 165 167 214 220 229 230 231 237 239 252 271 288 290 305 318 323 326 332 335 346 354 BONDABILITY, 120 BONDING, 4 5 7 18 19 24 26 30 36 38 60 68 69 72 80 97 98 101 103 109 123 144 151 154 159 160 161 163 167 172 173 176 177 179 180 181 182 183 188 193 194 208 214 215 229 230 237 241 243 246 247 267 280 282 287 296 299 300 302 304 308 314 318 322 323 328 329 330 331 333 335 343 350 356 BONDING AGENT, 7 12 18 35 50 69 72 73 85 94 97 98 103 109 120 124 130 135 144 151 161 163 165 173 176 179 193 205 206 229 237 252 258 260 266 271 284 285 286 288 290 291 294 296 298 304 309 313 315 318 319 325 337 354 BONE CEMENT, 209 BORON, 193 BORON COMPOUND, 193 BORON FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 61 BOTTLES, 328 BOUNDARY LAYER, 185 226 229 249 269 BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN, 29 BRASS, 60 BREAKDOWN STRENGTH, 93 BRIDGE, 23 BROMINATION, 206 226 BROMONAPHTHALENE, 65 BUCKLING, 147 195 220 BUILDING APPLICATIONS, 23 60 114 283 BUSINESS MACHINE, 19 221 BUTADIENE POLYMER, 161 291 308 BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, 103 125 132 144 161 173 176 207 273 286 297 306 308 BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE RUBBER, 132 BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, 64 125 176 207 221 301 306 308 314 BUTOXIDE, 211 BUTT WELDING, 151 BUTYL ACRYLATE POLYMER, 149 BUTYL RUBBER, 125 291 308
C CABLE INSULATION, 114 CALCIUM CHLORIDE, 270 CALCIUM SILICATE, 105 CANTILEVER BEAM, 105 CAPILLARY EXTRUSION, 216 CAPILLARY FLOW, 320 CAPROLACTAM POLYMER, 17 CAR, 109 114 161 176 CARBON, 19 102 305 CARBON BLACK, 273 305 CARBON DIOXIDE, 11 CARBON FIBRE, 159 246 CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 16 109 241 301 CARBONATE COPOLYMER, 148 CARBONATE GROUP, 35 CARBONATE POLYMER, 19 38 109 132 144 148 151 156 174 CARBONYL GROUP, 209 254 262 273 CARBOXY GROUP, 50 82 84 CARBOXYL GROUP, 50 82 84 209 CARBOXYLATED POLYMER, 110 CARBOXYLATION, 46 91 CARBOXYLIC ACID, 198 CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUP, 35 CARBOXYLIC ACID HALIDE, 35 CARPET, 60 CARRIER, 177 205 242 CARTRIDGE, 19 CASING, 273 CAST, 177 CAST FILM, 150 243 CASTING, 21 150 CATALYTIC DEGRADATION, 92 338 CATHETER, 38 263 CATHODIC, 64 CAVITATION, 105 CELL ADHESION, 21 22 33 44 57 58 66 96 162 187 202 212 CELL CULTURE, 33 44 187 CELL GROWTH, 187 CELLOPHANE, 92 CELLULAR ADHESION, 210 CELLULAR MATERIAL, 94 122 151 159 CELLULOSE, 21 144 151 CELLULOSE ACETATE, 312 CELLULOSIC, 258 CERAMIC, 270 294 CETANE, 65 CHAIN ENTANGLEMENT, 161
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Subject Index
CHAIN SCISSION, 92 CHAR FORMATION, 319 CHARACTERISATION, 4 9 21 53 59 63 112 128 137 141 164 199 202 235 277 342 347 CHARGE DENSITY, 188 CHEMICAL BONDING, 69 109 161 176 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 68 111 118 138 288 302 CHEMICAL DEGRADATION, 281 CHEMICAL DEPOSITION, 1 CHEMICAL ETCHING, 8 24 109 144 201 267 280 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 2 13 14 22 45 46 56 64 67 83 88 91 100 107 118 121 125 138 143 161 166 180 185 189 193 201 213 215 297 CHEMICAL PLANT, 336 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 27 35 50 74 77 103 114 173 CHEMICAL REACTION, 151 195 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 27 35 50 74 77 97 98 103 114 173 198 238 240 275 281 291 294 332 CHEMICAL STABILITY, 193 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 9 23 45 53 54 68 69 76 81 89 90 100 114 120 131 148 161 169 193 CHEMICAL TREATMENT, 144 176 CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, 1 CHEMICALLY RESISTANT APPLICATION, 114 302 336 CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE, 103 161 188 306 CHLORINATION, 177 321 CHLORINE, 324 CHLOROPRENE POLYMER, 103 161 173 176 291 296 298 308 CHLOROPRENE RUBBER, 291 CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE, 103 188 308 CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 171 302 CHROMIC ACID, 105 206 301 CHROMIUM, 256 CLEANING, 60 102 144 195 241 300 CLEARCOAT, 23 177 CLOUD POINT, 152 CO-CURING AGENT, 161 288 CO-ROTATING EXTRUDER, 155
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COAGENT, 161 COALESCENCE, 324 COATED FABRIC, 114 COATED FILM, 93 COATED METAL, 175 COATING, 2 3 19 20 23 27 32 40 42 43 44 48 49 51 52 53 59 60 62 87 93 96 97 98 102 113 114 136 141 153 159 173 175 177 178 179 181 195 200 205 225 233 238 241 242 244 246 261 274 296 298 309 321 324 328 342 351 COBALT-60, 51 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION, 114 117 COEXTRUSION, 26 94 114 221 275 COHESION, 69 72 75 109 156 176 214 283 334 COHESIVE FAILURE, 105 COHESIVE STRENGTH, 226 COIL COATING, 23 COLOUR, 19 60 71 177 270 291 COMMERCIAL INFORMATION, 275 316 COMPANY INFORMATION, 2 4 57 COMPATIBILISATION, 34 COMPATIBILISER, 10 63 101 174 224 257 COMPATIBILITY, 134 277 COMPOSITE, 7 16 19 61 72 73 78 82 100 101 109 110 113 132 150 158 159 167 175 177 189 205 221 223 227 230 231 241 242 246 253 258 268 292 296 298 305 326 COMPOSITION, 28 36 45 46 63 73 82 84 85 91 126 127 132 148 178 242 COMPOUNDING, 155 161 COMPRESSION, 106 COMPRESSION MOULDING, 114 161 174 COMPRESSIVE SHEAR, 214 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN, 106 COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS, 106 COMPUTER MODEL, 106 COMPUTER SIMULATION, 106 CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL, 179 CONDUCTIVE POLYMER, 70 CONTACT ADHESIVE, 38 CONTACT ANGLE, 2 6 8 14 15 16 17 21 22 25 29 41 57 65 66 69 72 80 107 108 119 131 138 143 164 186 187 189 199 200 217
219 229 230 233 234 235 240 247 248 249 255 259 264 266 273 300 307 336 345 347 CONTACT AREA, 257 274 CONTACT LENS, 187 CONTAINER, 19 CONTAMINATION, 72 226 CONTINUOUS EXTRUSION, 155 CONTINUOUS PHASE, 45 CONTROLLED RHEOLOGY, 221 COOKWARE, 223 261 COOLING, 144 151 155 COOLING RATE, 171 COOLING TIME, 155 COPOLYESTER, 105 COPOLYMER, 199 COPOLYMER COMPOSITION, 170 182 COPOLYMERISATION, 53 COPPER, 2 5 14 56 60 67 68 76 79 80 90 107 111 112 128 131 137 138 146 169 194 195 243 256 260 322 326 335 338 352 COPPER OXIDE, 335 338 CORONA DISCHARGE, 24 49 69 109 144 151 258 301 CORONA TREATMENT, 49 69 109 144 151 161 176 270 CORROSION, 341 CORROSION RESISTANCE, 23 59 60 93 114 175 223 225 242 COUNTER-ROTATING EXTRUDER, 155 COUPLING AGENT, 69 80 109 160 175 204 227 309 COVALENT BINDING, 55 202 COVALENT BONDING, 68 109 CRACK GROWTH, 106 310 CRACK INITIATION, 106 CRACK LENGTH, 105 140 CRACK PROPAGATION, 105 174 310 CRACK TIP, 105 CRACK VELOCITY, 140 CRACKING, 105 106 120 195 CRAZING, 201 277 CREEP, 269 CREEP RESISTANCE, 11 CROSSLINK DENSITY, 161 326 CROSSLINKING, 4 11 27 48 85 92 104 161 175 187 217 278 286 293 306 326 350 CROSSLINKING AGENT, 128 306 CRYSTAL GROWTH, 150 CRYSTAL SIZE, 150 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, 150 CRYSTALLINE, 37 150 190
105
Subject Index
CRYSTALLINITY, 11 69 114 150 157 171 221 251 321 CRYSTALLISATION, 150 155 171 CRYSTALLISATION TEMPERATURE, 150 CRYSTALLITE, 150 CRYSTALLITE SIZE, 150 CURE RATE, 161 176 315 CURE TIME, 39 105 161 176 CURING, 3 24 38 39 49 51 89 91 97 98 103 105 106 144 153 176 178 223 239 288 315 319 348 CURING AGENT, 81 92 128 130 161 170 196 227 278 288 306 319 CURING PRESSURE, 161 CURING TEMPERATURE, 23 105 137 144 161 175 CYANATE ESTER RESIN, 105 CYANOACRYLATE, 38 CYANOACRYLATE POLYMER, 24 39 109 144 176 180 265 283 CYCLOALKANE, 181 CYCLOHEXANONE, 331 CYSTEINE, 96 CYTOKINE, 210
D DAMAGE, 19 61 223 DEBONDING, 61 105 DECOMPOSITION, 121 310 DEFLUORINATION, 13 56 67 185 193 195 201 217 251 256 262 273 334 DEFORMATION, 106 204 274 277 295 DEGASSING, 137 DEGRADATION, 2 5 40 109 119 121 176 310 DEGREASING, 97 98 106 144 173 270 308 DEGREE OF CROSSLINKING, 92 DEGREE OF CRYSTALLINITY, 346 DEGREE OF POLARISATION, 216 DEHYDROFLUORINATION, 83 143 273 278 307 DELAMINATION, 100 128 141 148 195 225 DENDRIMER, 159 DENSITY, 19 97 98 114 172 207 DEPOSITION, 1 21 55 67 76 102 195 274 DERIVATISATION, 219 DESIGN, 19 38 60 242 267 DETERGENT, 301
106
DIALKYL PEROXIDE, 121 DIALKYL PHTHALATE, 266 DIAMINE, 84 130 DIAMINODIPHENYLMETHANE, 214 DIAZABICYCLOUNDECENE, 81 DIBUTYLAMINODITHIOL TRIAZINE, 306 DIBUTYLAMINOTRIAZINE DITHIOL, 306 DICHLOROMETHANE, 53 DIE, 216 275 DIE CUTTING, 19 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES, 59 188 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH, 93 DIENE COPOLYMER, 1 DIETHYLAMINOETHYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 297 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS, 37 59 DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY, 164 DIFFUSION, 69 109 190 194 258 283 287 310 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT, 310 DIIODOMETHANE, 65 273 DIMERCAPTOQUINOXALINE, 81 DIMETHACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER, 148 DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE, 212 DIMETHYL ACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER, 4 130 233 DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE, 164 331 DIMETHYL METHACRYLOYLETHYL AMMONIUM PROPANESULFONATE COPOLYMER, 133 DIMETHYL SILOXANE POLYMER, 274 DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE, 211 331 DIMETHYLACETAMIDE, 331 DIMETHYLACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER, 4 130 233 DIMETHYLAMINOETHYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 233 DIMETHYLMETHACRYLOYL ETHYLAMMONIUM PROPANESULFONATE COPOLYMER, 130 DIMETHYLMETHACRYLO YLETHYLAMMONIUM
PROPANE SULFONATE COPOLYMER, 148 DIOLEFIN COPOLYMER, 1 DIPOLE ORIENTATION, 150 DIPPING, 97 98 DIRECT ADHESION, 26 109 DISASSEMBLY, 151 DISCOLORATION, 27 278 DISCONTINUOUS PHASE, 45 DISPERSIBILITY, 241 DISPERSION, 27 114 141 177 273 338 DISPERSIVE MIXING, 155 DISPLACEMENT, 105 DISPLAY DEVICE, 197 DIVINYL ETHER COPOLYMER, 1 DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 221 DOSE RATE, 169 DOSING, 144 DOUBLE BOND, 254 DOUBLE CANTILEVER BEAM TEST, 105 DRUG ADMINISTRATION, 303 DRY BONDING, 20 DRYING, 97 98 144 155 177 270 315 DSC, 37 59 319 DUCTILITY, 171 DURABILITY, 23 27 123 129 135 165 177 214 DUST, 32 DUST CONTROL, 32 DWELL TIME, 155 DYE, 4 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, 250 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL SPECTROSCOPY, 277 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, 149
E E-MODULUS, 174 EB, 10 157 ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 31 60 69 296 298 ECTFE, 64 114 249 299 ELASTIC MODULUS, 174 ELASTIC PROPERTIES, 149 ELASTICITY, 101 123 135 165 ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 146 305 337 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, 179 188 ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER, 142 ELECTRICAL INSULATION, 93 146 311
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Subject Index
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 43 70 76 93 99 114 146 150 188 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, 114 ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 64 71 166 280 327 ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION, 280 ELECTRODE, 305 327 ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION, 68 138 ELECTROLESS PLATING, 79 107 ELECTROLYTE, 142 332 ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING, 311 ELECTROMAGNETIC WELDING, 179 ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, 188 ELECTRON AFFINITY, 188 ELECTRON BEAM COATING, 195 ELECTRON BEAM CURING, 339 ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION, 109 270 280 ELECTRON BEAM RADIATION, 109 270 ELECTRON DONOR, 188 245 ELECTRON IRRADIATION, 201 ELECTRON MICROGRAPH, 201 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 2 9 10 37 42 88 139 150 347 ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS, 310 ELECTRON SCANNING MICROSCOPY, 2 9 10 37 42 88 139 ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, 276 ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, 164 189 199 202 211 217 226 252 259 266 271 286 301 307 307 323 326 334 ELECTRON TRANSFER, 109 ELECTRON-PROBE ANALYSIS, 310 ELECTRONIC APPLICATION, 19 28 93 114 171 260 337 ELECTRONIC ENERGY, 150 ELECTRONIC PACKAGING, 171 ELECTROPLATING, 112 ELECTROSTATIC ADHESION, 69 109 287 ELECTROSTATIC BONDING, 69 109 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, 53 121 ELLIPSOMETRY, 21 ELONGATION AT BREAK, 10 157
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
EMERALDINE BASE, 148 EMULSION POLYMERISATION, 40 114 END GROUP, 35 END-CAPPING, 85 ENDOTHELIAL CELL, 187 191 ENERGY ABSORPTION, 60 105 ENERGY DISPERSIVE MICROSCOPY, 243 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS, 9 ENGINEERING APPLICATION, 26 105 109 144 151 223 224 231 253 268 300 ENGINEERING PLASTIC, 19 26 105 109 144 151 224 231 253 268 ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTIC, 19 221 241 300 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 270 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY, 173 EPICHLOROHYDRIN POLYMER, 81 103 306 308 EPICHLOROHYDRIN RUBBER, 308 EPITAXY, 150 EPOXIDE POLYMER, 246 EPOXIDE RESIN, 15 52 61 72 75 80 106 109 130 137 144 151 170 175 176 180 184 188 189 193 206 211 214 246 EPOXY ESTER RESIN, 175 EPOXY RESIN, 15 52 61 72 75 80 106 109 130 137 144 151 170 175 176 180 184 188 189 193 206 211 214 228 229 230 231 238 246 252 258 270 271 278 282 284 286 290 296 298 300 302 314 319 339 354 356 ESR SPECTROSCOPY, 269 ESTER, 209 ESTER COPOLYMER, 105 274 ESTERIFICATION, 161 254 ETCH RESISTANCE, 282 ETCHING, 14 60 69 107 109 136 144 243 249 251 256 270 272 273 274 301 314 353 ETHANEDIOL, 65 ETHANOL, 97 ETHENE COPOLYMER, 130 148 ETHER, 215 229 ETHER POLYMER, 142 ETHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 9 ETHYL ALCOHOL, 97
ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 130 148 258 264 ETHYLENE GLYCOL COPOLYMER, 263 ETHYLENE GLYCOL POLYMER, 96 ETHYLENE OXIDE, 38 254 ETHYLENE POLYMER, 7 17 19 24 32 43 52 64 108 130 148 150 151 216 232 241 249 258 268 269 272 275 281 287 290 292 306 ETHYLENECHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 64 114 236 249 299 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 242 248 291 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBER, 291 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENEDIENE TERPOLYMER, 125 161 246 291 308 ETHYLENETETRAFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 26 114 241 271 288 292 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, 92 151 155 176 180 ETHYLHEXYL ACRYLATE TERPOLYMER, 152 EVAPORATION, 111 118 151 176 326 EXCIMER, 193 228 244 EXPOSURE TIME, 69 189 EXTENDER, 155 EXTRUDER, 155 216 EXTRUSION, 60 94 101 114 144 147 155 201 232 327 EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING, 155 EXTRUSION FAULT, 232 EXTRUSION MIXING, 155 EXTRUSION MOULDING, 220
F FABRIC, 60 97 114 291 302 FAILURE, 70 75 79 90 105 106 107 133 137 148 161 173 195 201 214 216 235 279 290 308 314 317 332 FAILURE ANALYSIS, 106 FAILURE MECHANISM, 105 106 148 FASTENER, 19 151 FASTENING, 109 151
107
Subject Index
FEEDBLOCK DIE, 275 FERRIC CHLORIDE, 256 FIBRE, 60 105 150 184 189 268 FIBRE BRIDGING, 105 FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 16 52 61 109 150 296 298 FIBRIL, 147 150 220 FIBRINOGEN, 199 210 FIBRISATION, 144 FIBRONECTIN, 29 162 212 FIBROUS FILLER, 105 FIELD EMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 150 FILAMENT, 216 FILLER, 105 106 132 141 155 156 241 242 292 FILLER CONTENT, 105 106 FILLET, 106 FILM FORMING, 54 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, 106 FINITE ELEMENT ITERATIVE METHOD, 106 FLAME PROOFING, 28 319 FLAME RETARDANCE, 28 FLAME TREATMENT, 24 109 144 151 176 180 206 215 249 258 270 301 FLAMMABILITY, 28 114 221 319 FLASH POINT, 291 FLEXIBILITY, 19 20 38 176 177 288 329 FLEXURAL MODULUS, 221 231 FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 106 FLUID HANDLING, 101 FLUORESCENCE, 4 38 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY, 202 FLUORINATED ETHYLENEPROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 2 5 114 138 199 201 202 210 212 219 235 236 240 241 251 287 299 314 337 347 FLUORINATION, 45 117 242 248 249 251 FLUORINE, 193 195 249 324 FLUORINE-CONTAINING COPOLYMER, 13 123 165 FLUORINE-CONTAINING POLYMER, 13 136 284 FLUOROALKYL VINYL ETHER COPOLYMER, 15 FLUOROCARBON, 309 FLUOROCARBON ELASTOMER, 291 308 FLUOROCARBON POLYMER, 97 98 123 172 300 316 334
108
FLUOROCARBON RESIN, 265 FLUOROCARBON RUBBER, 81 103 114 178 FLUOROELASTOMER, 81 103 114 178 222 227 297 300 302 306 315 FLUOROEPOXY COMPOUND, 288 FLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 13 23 FLUOROHYDROCARBON, 123 FLUOROPLASTIC, 114 FLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 13 FLUORORUBBER, 81 103 114 FLUOROSILICONE RUBBER, 10 136 291 FOAM, 94 151 159 FOIL, 47 93 128 137 FOOD-CONTACT APPLICATION, 242 FORMAMIDE, 65 273 FOULING, 65 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 4 6 9 21 25 51 55 57 59 68 76 105 121 152 164 191 193 199 202 229 230 249 264 273 FRACTURE, 16 69 105 109 140 148 277 314 317 FRACTURE ENERGY, 105 171 FRACTURE MECHANICS, 105 159 FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 1 2 9 25 29 41 42 66 94 100 101 139 152 157 166 FRACTURE SURFACE, 37 105 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS, 105 FREE RADICAL POLYMERISATION, 9 FRICTION, 51 136 207 295 352 FRICTION COEFFICIENT, 114 117 207 FRICTION PROPERTIES, 16 114 136 242 FRICTION WELD, 151 FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES, 16 114 136 222 295 FUEL CELL, 19 305 FUEL HOSE, 26 73 82 134 161 203 224 297 FUEL LINE, 224 FUEL PIPE, 160 198 FUEL RESISTANCE, 173 196 FUNCTIONAL GROUP, 72 82 188 193 199 230 262 297 FUNCTIONALISATION, 1 12 84 126 127 133 191 202 211 262
FUNCTIONALITY, 7 180 206 254 307
G GAMMA RADIATION, 38 GAMMA-IRRADIATION, 51 GAP FILLING, 39 GAS FLOW, 189 GAS PERMEABILITY, 95 114 GAS PLASMA, 195 231 253 255 300 GAS-PHASE, 6 201 GASES, 6 191 212 GASKET, 47 60 173 315 GEL CONTENT, 40 GEL FRACTION, 326 GELATION, 176 278 GIBBS ENERGY, 69 GLASS, 35 38 76 153 171 197 270 294 314 320 GLASS BEAD, 105 GLASS FIBRE, 329 330 GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 52 72 109 221 230 256 289 292 296 319 GLASS MAT, 330 GLASS SPHERE, 105 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE, 23 69 105 114 117 GLOW DISCHARGE, 55 119 202 208 209 264 351 GLOW DISCHARGE POLYMERISATION, 1 55 67 68 76 GLUTARIMIDE COPOLYMER, 134 GLYCEROL, 273 GLYCIDYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 264 GLYCIDYL COMPOUND, 85 GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 9 67 68 80 90 100 111 118 130 131 137 170 GOLD, 96 104 234 274 289 314 326 352 GRAFT COPOLYMER, 63 69 100 121 131 148 264 GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION, 9 68 70 79 80 99 104 111 121 123 128 130 135 137 148 165 170 182 323 GRAFT POLYMERISATION, 12 55 118 133 233 GRAFT YIELD, 12 GRAFTING, 8 99 121 128 148 258 280 354
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Subject Index
GRAPHITE, 19 47 242 305 332 GRAPHITE FIBREREINFORCED PLASTIC, 109 GRAPHITE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 241 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 48 307 GRAVIMETRY, 251 307 GRIT BLASTING, 106 109 GROUP I METAL COMPOUND, 96 GUM, 178
H HALOGEN, 19 HALOGENATION, 125 166 HARDNESS, 10 60 114 161 223 HEALTH HAZARD, 19 HEAT AGEING, 337 HEAT DEGRADATION, 119 137 HEAT DISTORTION TEMPERATURE, 221 HEAT RESISTANCE, 24 26 39 48 55 93 97 105 106 114 159 173 176 218 227 260 270 294 HEAT SEAL, 20 HEAT SENSITIVITY, 97 HEAT SETTING, 147 220 HEAT TRANSFER, 336 HEAT TREATMENT, 11 111 194 HEATING, 60 113 151 175 179 194 239 261 331 HELICOPTER, 109 221 HEPTAFLUOROBUTYL ACRYLATE, 274 HEXADECANE, 65 HEXAFLUOROACETONE COPOLYMER, 149 152 250 HEXAFLUOROPROPENE COPOLYMER, 37 56 114 138 HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 37 56 114 138 199 211 222 333 HEXAMETHYLDISILOXANE, 274 HEXAMETHYLENE DIAMINE, 80 HEXAMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDE, 331 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 17 24 64 150 151 232 241 249 281 290 HIGH-FREQUENCY WELDING, 151 167 HIGH-RESOLUTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 150 HISTOLOGY, 33 41
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
HOLDING POWER, 149 HOLDING TIME, 183 HOLLOW SPHERE, 105 HOLOGRAPHY, 197 HOSE, 26 60 73 81 82 103 114 160 161 HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 24 109 151 155 163 171 176 180 218 270 339 349 HOT PLATE WELDING, 151 HOT WATER RESISTANCE, 59 HOT WELDING, 151 HUMAN DERMAL FIBROBLAST, 212 HYBRID ADHESIVE, 176 HYDRAZINE, 6 HYDROCARBON, 94 101 198 HYDROCARBON POLYMER, 64 300 HYDROFLUOROCARBON, 123 HYDROGEN, 9 56 138 184 186 189 191 195 HYDROGEN BOND, 354 356 HYDROGENATION, 64 67 HYDROHALOCARBON COMPOUND, 123 HYDROLYSIS, 69 240 HYDROPEROXIDE, 121 HYDROPHILICITY, 6 56 119 121 187 193 210 217 233 273 351 HYDROPHOBICITY, 55 59 69 115 117 119 187 200 248 312 HYDROTALCITE, 81 HYDROXY COMPOUND, 46 91 HYDROXY GROUP, 262 HYDROXYBENZOPHENONE COPOLYMER, 4 HYDROXYETHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 111 HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 63 239 HYDROXYL GROUP, 193 202 209 HYPALON, 308 HYSTERESIS, 159 186 320 347
I IIR, 125 IMIDE, 84 IMIDE POLYMER, 19 84 93 109 144 IMMOBILISATION, 202 IMMUNOGLOBULIN, 199 210 IMPACT PROPERTIES, 157 221 265 IMPACT RESISTANCE, 339
IMPACT STRENGTH, 157 265 IMPLANT, 66 187 IN-MOULD DECORATING, 221 INCINERATION, 19 INDUCTION PERIOD, 209 INDUCTION WELDING, 110 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION, 18 INFRARED CURING, 176 INFRARED SPECTRA, 4 6 9 21 34 105 121 146 248 264 293 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 4 6 9 21 25 34 51 55 57 59 105 121 146 152 159 164 199 229 248 262 264 278 286 293 301 307 INFRARED WELDING, 151 INHERENT VISCOSITY, 121 INITIATION, 121 137 INITIATOR, 3 49 62 137 170 INJECTION MOULDED, 144 INJECTION MOULDING, 34 60 114 221 292 INK, 19 INK JET PRINTING, 102 INSERT, 105 151 INSERT MOULD, 60 INSULATING TAPE, 311 INSULATION, 114 302 INSULATION PROPERTIES, 311 INTEGRAL HINGE, 151 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT, 28 INTERDIFFUSION, 69 109 277 INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 10 34 51 69 72 150 157 174 204 227 269 276 277 289 314 INTERFACIAL BONDING, 180 INTERFACIAL ENERGY, 69 274 INTERFACIAL INTERACTION, 69 INTERFACIAL LAYER THICKNESS, 174 INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES, 16 34 69 109 140 141 189 213 215 225 232 246 249 INTERMESH, 155 INTERPENETRATION, 214 277 INTERPHASE, 109 133 159 214 216 246 310 INTERPHASE BOUNDARY, 190 INTUMESCENT COATING, 296 IODOMETRIC TITRATION, 121 ION BEAM IRRADIATION, 115 169 194 276 280 ION BOMBARDMENT, 8 270 311 ION ETCHING, 248 270 318 ION IMPLANTATION, 192 ION SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY, 301 ION TREATMENT, 318
109
Subject Index
IONIC BOND, 109 IRON, 276 326 IRRADIATION, 2 4 5 6 109 164 193 201 282 IRRADIATION CURING, 3 ISOBUTYLENE POLYMER, 132 ISOCYANATE POLYMER, 123 135 165 ITACONATE POLYMER, 54
J JOINT, 19 105 106 190 326 JOINT STRENGTH, 13 86 106
K KETONE, 98 KETONE POLYMER, 142 206 KINETICS, 12 92 190 254 310 LABORATORY APPARATUS, 61 162
L LACQUER, 93 LACTIDE POLYMER, 29 LAMELLAR, 150 LAMINATE, 50 73 80 81 83 84 91 93 94 103 126 127 137 158 167 177 197 205 243 256 277 289 297 299 302 311 319 337 LAMINATED FILM, 70 299 LAMINATED SHEET, 167 LAMINATION, 20 60 70 128 130 133 137 LAMP, 19 LAP JOINTS, 13 106 130 279 LAP SHEAR, 64 128 148 214 LAP SHEAR JOINT, 252 290 LAP SHEAR STRENGTH, 17 133 148 231 241 271 286 LASER, 193 244 LASER BEAM, 168 228 LASER DEPOSITION, 42 LASER TREATMENT, 109 LASER WELDING, 19 LATEX, 40 LATICES, 40 LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE, 61 LEAKAGE, 19 LEGISLATION, 176 LENSES, 19 LEWIS ACID, 54 246 LEWIS BASE, 54 LIFSHITZ THEORY, 54
110
LIGAND, 1 LIGHT AGEING, 2 5 LIGHT CURING, 24 39 LIGHT DEGRADATION, 2 5 LIGHT RESISTANCE, 114 218 LIGHT TRANSMISSION, 114 LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 7 216 232 LINER, 77 LINING, 297 315 333 LIP SEAL, 267 LIQUID AMMONIA, 166 LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER, 126 241 LITHIUM, 71 281 LITHIUM COMPOUND, 96 LITHOGRAPHY, 49 245 LOAD CELL, 106 LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 24 52 108 130 148 249 LOW ENERGY, 69 150 223 LOW PRESSURE, 195 236 LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES, 105 114 176 LOW VOLTAGE, 150 164 LUBRICANT, 51 98 226 242 302 LUBRICATION, 267 LUBRICITY, 60
M MACHINERY, 151 155 328 MACROPHAGE, 210 MAGNESIUM, 71 75 166 MAGNESIUM FLUORIDE, 71 MAGNESIUM OXIDE, 302 MAGNESIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE, 166 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES, 179 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, 161 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER, 12 63 MALEINISED, 161 MANIFOLD, 173 MANUFACTURING, 147 220 MARINE APPLICATION, 296 MASS SPECTRA, 201 MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 107 201 MASTERBATCH, 161 MASTIC, 176 329 MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 19 47 60 173 221 MATERIALS SELECTION, 20 144 258 MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION, 19 47 60 173 221 MATHEMATICAL MODEL, 232
MECHANICAL FASTENING, 109 151 MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING, 201 MECHANICAL PART, 114 328 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, 10 11 16 17 19 20 21 24 27 31 34 38 39 42 44 47 60 69 105 106 109 114 117 120 122 133 136 140 141 149 155 157 159 161 169 171 174 176 177 180 186 193 195 201 205 207 214 220 221 222 223 228 231 232 242 243 246 257 271 277 292 295 314 320 326 338 MECHANICAL SCANNING, 187 MECHANICAL STABILITY, 320 MECHANICAL TREATMENT, 144 301 MECHANOCHEMICAL REACTION, 237 MECHANOCHEMISTRY, 237 MEDICAL APPLICATION, 1 19 22 29 33 38 41 44 60 66 96 162 202 241 263 264 285 303 312 MEDICAL EQUIPMENT, 38 MELT ELASTICITY, 37 MELT FLOW, 232 MELT FLOW INDEX, 221 MELT FRACTURE, 114 MELT PROPERTIES, 232 MELT STRENGTH, 155 MELT TEMPERATURE, 155 MELT VISCOSITY, 155 216 232 MELTING POINT, 110 114 147 175 220 305 MELTING TEMPERATURE, 183 MEMBRANE, 19 95 MERCAPTOBENZTHIAZOLE DISULFIDE, 273 MERCAPTOPROPIONIC ACID, 104 MERCAPTOPROPYLTRIMETHO XYSILANE, 104 METAL, 35 53 56 59 60 68 69 76 80 85 92 97 98 105 106 109 112 115 118 126 127 128 154 168 175 183 195 238 252 256 260 270 271 276 283 287 288 291 294 296 308 314 315 322 326 334 335 337 343 352 METAL ADHESION, 26 53 69 110 121 128 193 195 196 METAL ALLOY, 105 METAL COATING, 194 METAL FILLER, 106 335 METAL INSERT, 151 METAL POWDER, 106
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Subject Index
METALLISATION, 2 14 56 107 111 112 118 120 138 194 195 211 246 287 334 351 METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 1 4 53 111 170 239 METHACRYLATE POLYMER, 1 METHACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER, 239 METHACRYLIC ESTER COPOLYMER, 1 4 53 111 170 METHACRYLIC ESTER POLYMER, 1 METHANOL, 212 METHYL ALCOHOL, 212 METHYL DIPHENYL DIISOCYANATE, 27 METHYL GROUP, 193 METHYL METHACRYLATE, 53 212 354 METHYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 63 257 METHYL METHACRYLATE POLYMER, 63 257 275 277 292 295 310 METHYLENE IODIDE, 186 METHYLMETHACRYLATE, 53 METHYLMETHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 63 MICA, 105 MICELLE, 173 MICROBALANCE, 195 MICROBOND, 189 MICROGEOMETRY, 106 MICROPHASE SEPARATION, 40 MICROPOROSITY, 176 MICROSCOPY, 2 9 37 59 122 139 150 169 187 277 MICROSCRATCHING, 195 MICROSPHERE, 274 MICROSTRUCTURE, 148 170 MICROWAVE, 2 5 186 189 191 195 217 260 266 MICROWAVE CURING, 176 MINERAL FILLER, 302 MINERAL-REINFORCEMENT, 241 MIRROR WELD, 151 MISCIBILITY, 94 101 257 MIXING, 155 MODULUS, 105 MOISTURE CURING, 39 176 MOISTURE RESISTANCE, 47 117 MOLAR MASS, 86 MOLAR RATIO, 45 MOLECULAR DIFFUSION, 109 MOLECULAR INTERACTION, 69 MOLECULAR MASS, 12 45 69
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
114 152 180 MOLECULAR MOTION, 119 MOLECULAR ORDER, 71 MOLECULAR ORIENTATION, 37 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 9 23 45 53 54 68 69 76 81 89 90 100 111 114 118 120 131 138 148 161 169 188 193 195 199 211 235 254 264 272 288 290 293 302 MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 12 45 69 114 152 175 180 230 232 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE, 242 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, 21 MONOCYTE, 199 210 MONOLAYER, 4 195 MONOMER, 53 121 123 128 212 MONOMETHYL METHACRYLATE, 53 MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 1 2 9 25 29 41 42 43 66 94 100 101 139 150 152 157 166 211 248 250 251 257 259 263 293 310 MOSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY, 276 MOULD, 207 308 316 333 MOULD RELEASE AGENT, 72 316 MOULD SHRINKAGE, 292 MOULDING, 19 72 114 144 161 168 174 308 316 MOULDS OF POLYMERS, 333 MULTILAYER FILM, 63 MULTIPLE-SCREW EXTRUDER, 155
N N-METHYLPYRROLIDONE, 324 NANOCOMPOSITE, 40 NAPHTHALENE, 107 229 270 304 NATURAL GAS, 249 NATURAL RUBBER, 18 173 291 308 328 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION, 109 NEOPRENE, 103 161 176 296 298 NEURITE, 96 NICKEL, 227 326 NITRILE PHENOLIC RESIN, 144 NITRILE RUBBER, 103 125 132 144 161 173 176 207 273 286 297 306 308 NITROGEN, 8 11 56 195 212 217 300 NITROXYL RADICAL, 269
NMR SPECTRA, 4 NMR SPECTROSCOPY, 4 48 53 NOISE REDUCTION, 60 NON-STICK COATING, 74 87 114 136 223 324 NOVOLAC RESIN, 161 NOVOLAK POLYMER, 161 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, 4 48 53 NUCLEATION, 150 209 NYLON, 17 19 26 34 84 94 132 134 144 151 157 160 221 NYLON 12, 224 292 NYLON 6, 17 156 157 209 231 NYLON 66, 72 295 NYLON 11, 317
O O-RING, 136 OCTADIENE COPOLYMER, 1 OCTAFLUOROOCTAMETHYLENE DIAMINE, 288 OCTENE, 216 OIL, 65 228 OIL HOSE, 114 OIL RECOVERY, 114 OIL REPELLENT, 89 OIL RESISTANCE, 97 98 173 196 227 291 297 OIL SEAL, 136 315 OLEFIN POLYMER, 3 7 12 17 19 24 27 38 49 50 52 64 69 82 84 92 120 130 144 151 155 176 180 249 257 281 301 OLEOPHILIC, 193 OLEOPHOBIC, 200 OLIGOMER, 12 ONE-COAT, 196 ONIUM COMPOUND, 82 178 OPACITY, 19 OPEN TIME, 144 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 37 59 OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 4 38 114 218 239 OPTIMISATION, 1 72 171 217 ORGANIC SOLVENT, 123 ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND, 334 ORGANOSILANE, 40 ORIENTATION, 93 150 286 327 346 ORTHOBORIC ACID, 193 OSTEOBLAST, 162 OVERMOULDING, 60 OXETANE, 117 OXIDATION, 2 5 56 64 92 109 120 121 180 219 252 254 273 326
111
Subject Index
OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION, 2 5 56 64 92 109 120 121 180 252 254 273 OXIDATIVE STABILITY, 114 OXIDISATION, 2 5 OXIRANE, 38 OXYGEN, 2 5 8 56 72 111 115 143 169 185 195 209 212 217 234 252 255 270 271 290 300 OXYGEN INDEX, 114 319 OZONE, 9 121 OZONE TREATMENT, 9 130 OZONISATION, 121
P PACKAGING, 20 171 316 PACKAGING APPLICATION, 20 PACKAGING CONTAINER, 238 PACKAGING OF POLYMER GOODS, 155 PACKING DENSITY, 54 PAINT, 53 121 141 175 177 249 PAINTING, 221 PALLADIUM, 274 PARACRYSTALLINE, 150 PARTICLE, 105 120 PARTICLE SIZE, 105 106 155 PASTE, 147 176 220 PASTILLE, 155 PATENT, 19 60 285 PEEL STRENGTH, 2 15 56 63 64 68 75 78 79 80 90 99 125 128 131 138 141 161 171 176 204 227 231 241 247 266 270 273 279 289 303 308 339 PEEL TEST, 137 161 243 PELLET, 155 PELLETISING, 155 PENTAFLUOROPHENYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 1 PENTAFLUOROPROPENE COPOLYMER, 227 PENTAFLUOROSTYRENE COPOLYMER, 25 PEPTIDE, 96 202 PERFLUORINATED ELASTOMER, 219 PERFLUORINATION, 88 289 PERFLUORO COMPOUND, 4 PERFLUORO GROUP, 89 PERFLUORO(ALKYL)ETHYLE NE, 4 PERFLUOROACID, 230 PERFLUOROALKANE, 181 PERFLUOROALKOXY COPOLYMER, 213 256
112
PERFLUOROALKOXY RESIN, 242 251 262 PERFLUOROALKYLETHYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 239 PERFLUOROALKYLVINYL ETHER COPOLYMER, 195 236 PERFLUOROBUTYRIC ACID, 230 PERFLUORODIMETHYLDIOXOLE COPOLYMER, 95 PERFLUOROMETHYLVINYL ETHER COPOLYMER, 114 PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID, 230 PERFLUOROPOLYMER, 114 PERFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 154 PERFLUOROPROPYLVINYL ETHER COPOLYMER, 211 PERFLUOROVINYL ETHER COPOLYMER, 114 PERMEABILITY, 47 95 114 PERMITTIVITY, 76 188 PEROXIDE, 92 121 137 144 161 170 351 354 PEROXIDE GROUP, 9 PEROXIDE VULCANISATION, 161 PEROXY GROUP, 123 PETROL HOSE, 224 PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION, 303 PHASE DIAGRAM, 152 190 310 PHASE EQUILIBRIUM, 190 PHASE MORPHOLOGY, 150 PHASE SEGREGATION, 190 PHASE SEPARATION, 40 190 PHASE STRUCTURE, 94 157 PHASE TRANSFER CATALYST, 307 PHASE TRANSITION, 190 PHENOLIC RESIN, 38 85 109 144 161 238 258 319 PHENYLENE OXIDE POLYMER, 144 258 301 PHOSPHINE OXIDE, 319 PHOSPHONATE GROUP, 121 PHOSPHORYLATION, 319 PHOTOCHEMICAL CROSSLINKING, 4 PHOTOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION, 2 5 PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION, 4 193 245 PHOTOCHEMICAL STABILITY, 25
PHOTOCHEMISTRY, 4 PHOTODECOMPOSITION, 2 5 PHOTODEGRADATION, 40 PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, 2 6 8 9 14 17 21 29 41 51 55 66 68 70 76 80 90 100 107 111 115 118 128 130 131 133 137 138 143 145 146 148 166 169 170 243 PHOTOGRAPHY, 53 PHOTOINITIATOR, 3 49 62 PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY, 282 PHOTOOXIDATION, 2 5 PHOTOPOLYMERISATION, 48 130 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 110 114 147 175 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 57 191 PIGMENT, 177 241 242 PIPE, 19 151 160 176 283 331 PLANT START-UP, 19 26 PLASMA COATING, 272 PLASMA DEPOSITION, 1 21 285 PLASMA ETCHING, 208 272 273 274 PLASMA POLYMERISATION, 1 55 67 68 76 342 PLASMA TREATMENT, 2 5 9 13 17 24 43 49 56 62 67 68 69 70 72 74 79 80 99 102 104 109 111 112 118 119 120 128 130 133 137 143 144 145 151 176 180 182 186 189 191 195 206 208 212 213 215 217 219 233 234 236 241 252 253 255 258 266 268 270 271 280 286 290 PLASTOMER, 7 PLATE, 19 121 193 275 PLATELET, 263 PLATELET ADHESION, 122 PLATING, 227 PLATINUM, 115 PLUMBING APPLICATION, 60 POISSON’S RATIO, 106 POLAR GROUP, 209 POLARISATION, 150 POLARITY, 69 119 176 216 217 255 POLISHING, 201 POLY-4-METHYLPENTENE-1, 258 POLY-EPSILONCAPROLACTAM, 17 POLYACETAL, 19 24 38 39 144 151 241 258 POLYACETYLENE, 192 POLYACRYLATE, 48 241 291 308
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Subject Index
POLYACRYLONITRILE, 16 POLYALKENE, 3 7 12 17 19 24 27 38 49 50 52 64 69 82 84 92 120 130 144 151 155 176 180 POLYALKYL ITACONATE, 54 POLYAMIDE, 17 19 26 34 84 94 132 134 144 151 157 160 198 203 209 221 258 269 302 330 POLYAMIDE IMIDE, 144 POLYAMIDE-11, 314 317 POLYAMIDE-12, 224 292 POLYAMIDE-6, 17 157 209 231 POLYAMIDE-6,6, 295 POLYAMINE, 84 258 POLYAMINOQUINONE, 129 POLYANILINE, 148 POLYARYL SULFONE, 144 POLYBUTADIENE, 161 291 308 POLYBUTYL ACRYLATE, 149 POLYBUTYLENE, 132 POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 151 221 241 258 POLYCAPROAMIDE, 17 POLYCAPROLACTAM, 17 POLYCARBONATE, 19 38 109 132 144 148 151 156 174 221 241 258 275 POLYCHLOROPRENE, 103 161 173 176 308 POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROET HYLENE, 96 171 211 240 299 313 314 323 POLYCYANOACRYLATE, 24 39 109 144 176 180 214 POLYDIMETHYL SILOXANE, 52 274 POLYEPICHLOROHYDRIN, 81 103 POLYEPOXIDE, 15 52 61 72 75 80 106 109 130 137 144 151 170 175 176 180 330 POLYESTER RESIN, 175 258 POLYETHER, 142 206 POLYETHER-URETHANE, 309 POLYETHERETHERKETONE, 19 105 109 142 144 192 206 258 272 POLYETHERIMIDE, 19 144 241 POLYETHERSULFONE, 105 144 209 241 300 POLYETHYL ACRYLATE, 250 POLYETHYLENE, 7 17 19 24 26 32 38 39 43 44 52 64 66 76 103 108 130 144 145 148 150 151 161 163 180 188 192 206 216 226 231 232 237 241 258 268 269 272 275 281 287 292 326
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
345 350 POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, 96 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 17 33 41 43 44 58 151 187 192 209 219 290 301 314 POLYFLUOROALKYLVINYLET HER, 114 POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 6 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 21 22 25 28 29 30 32 33 34 38 41 42 43 44 47 51 52 57 58 64 65 66 67 68 71 72 75 79 80 86 88 92 95 99 100 104 105 106 107 109 111 112 114 118 119 122 128 130 131 133 137 138 145 147 148 151 154 POLYFLUOROSILICONE, 200 POLYHEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE, 76 POLYHYDROXY COMPOUND, 178 POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE, 187 POLYIMIDE, 19 84 93 109 144 192 241 258 296 298 337 POLYISOBUTENE, 132 POLYISOBUTYLENE, 132 POLYISOCYANATE, 123 135 165 POLYITACONATE, 54 POLYKETONE, 142 206 POLYLACTIDE, 29 POLYMER, 21 120 326 355 POLYMER COATED MATERIAL WELDING, 110 POLYMERIC ADDITIVE, 216 POLYMERIC ADHESION PROMOTER, 127 134 161 POLYMERIC BINDER, 242 POLYMERIC COMPATIBILISER, 63 174 POLYMERIC COUPLING AGENT, 69 160 POLYMERIC CURING AGENT, 161 POLYMERIC FILLER, 105 106 132 POLYMERIC LUBRICANT, 51 200 352 POLYMERIC PROCESSING AID, 114 POLYMERIC STABILISER, 200 POLYMERIC SUPPORT, 95 POLYMERIC TOUGHENING AGENT, 105 POLYMERISATION, 1 9 39 40 48 53 55 59 67 68 76 104 111 114 118 121 128 130 133 137 170
329 POLYMERISATION INITIATOR, 137 170 POLYMERISATION KINETICS, 12 POLYMERISATION MECHANISM, 55 POLYMERISATION RATE, 76 POLYMERISATION TEMPERATURE, 12 POLYMETHACRYLATE, 1 POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE, 63 144 151 162 174 187 190 192 209 POLYMETHYL PENTENE, 144 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE, 63 144 151 162 174 187 190 192 209 257 275 277 292 295 310 POLYMETHYLPROPENOXYFL UOROALKYL SILOXANE, 87 POLYMORPHISM, 150 POLYOCTAFLUOROCYCLOBU TANE, 76 POLYOLEFIN, 3 7 12 17 19 24 27 38 49 50 52 64 69 82 84 92 120 130 144 151 155 176 180 192 206 226 237 241 249 257 281 301 POLYORGANOSILOXANE, 52 POLYOXYMETHYLENE, 295 301 POLYPENTAFLUOROPHENYL METHACRYLATE, 1 POLYPERFLUOROALKYLETHYL ACRYLATE, 4 POLYPHENYLENE, 192 POLYPHENYLENE ETHER, 144 241 POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE, 144 221 241 258 301 POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE, 109 144 241 258 POLYPROPENE, 12 17 19 24 38 39 43 63 64 66 132 144 146 151 156 180 POLYPROPYLENE, 12 17 19 24 38 39 43 63 64 66 132 144 146 151 156 180 192 221 226 231 237 241 246 249 258 269 275 292 295 POLYPYRROLE, 70 POLYSILANE, 246 POLYSILICIC ACID, 88 POLYSILICONE, 200 POLYSTYRENE, 19 21 22 29 38 66 132 144 151 156 192 221 241 257 258 274 275 295 POLYSULFONE, 144 258
113
Subject Index
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, 6 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 21 22 25 28 29 30 32 33 34 38 41 42 43 44 47 51 52 57 58 64 65 66 67 68 71 72 75 79 80 86 88 92 95 99 100 104 105 106 107 109 111 112 114 118 119 122 128 130 131 133 137 138 145 147 148 151 154 161 162 164 166 169 170 180 182 184 186 187 189 191 192 194 201 207 208 209 211 214 215 217 220 223 226 229 233 234 236 237 238 243 245 322 249 251 255 259 260 262 263 266 267 270 272 273 276 281 282 284 286 287 288 289 290 293 294 295 299 303 304 305 311 312 315 318 320 323 326 327 328 332 333 334 335 340 341 342 343 344 346 349 351 352 353 354 355 356 POLYTRIFLUOROCHLOROETH YLENE, 96 171 211 240 338 POLYTRIFLUOROETHYLENE, 76 POLYURETHANE, 24 27 51 84 109 117 144 151 176 192 221 230 258 270 291 296 298 308 309 316 329 330 339 348 POLYURETHANE ACRYLATE, 175 POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER, 125 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 19 38 60 144 151 176 177 221 258 265 275 283 POLYVINYL CYANIDE, 16 POLYVINYL ESTER, 13 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE, 64 86 145 185 229 236 319 325 POLYVINYL HALIDE, 86 145 POLYVINYL PYRIDINE, 25 POLYVINYLBENZENE, 21 132 POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE, 20 POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE, 12 16 17 23 37 53 61 63 64 78 90 110 114 115 121 123 134 135 143 145 150 157 165 167 174 185 190 198 203 204 224 226 236 240 247 257 274 275 277 278 299 307 310 317 321 329 330 331 POROSITY, 28 69 147 150 176 180 220 242 POST CURING, 227 309 POST-TREATMENT, 111 118
114
POT LIFE, 20 144 POTASSIUM, 71 75 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, 185 215 226 POWDER, 51 105 114 121 132 147 176 220 241 POWDER COATING, 175 POWER TOOL, 60 PRE-TREATMENT, 55 64 68 80 86 107 118 128 133 137 154 170 180 185 204 206 215 229 236 246 249 271 301 304 327 PREFORM, 144 PRESSURE, 17 60 69 154 181 191 195 PRESSURE DEPENDENCE, 232 PRESSURE SENSITIVE TAPE, 149 PRESSURE TRANSDUCER, 38 PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE, 74 155 177 250 266 PRIMER, 18 20 24 38 39 45 85 97 109 144 173 176 178 180 214 261 300 301 324 PRINTABILITY, 43 120 PRINTED CIRCUIT, 245 260 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD, 19 93 245 PRINTER, 19 PRINTING, 102 PRINTING APPLICATION, 85 102 PROBE, 269 PROBLEM PREVENTION, 308 PROCESSABILITY, 31 114 221 PROCESSING, 11 38 56 59 60 64 71 72 97 98 103 107 111 114 119 128 130 133 150 155 159 189 195 206 216 217 218 222 292 PROCESSING AID, 114 216 PROFILE, 166 PROPENE COPOLYMER, 12 63 PROPENE POLYMER, 12 43 63 132 PROPERTIES, 2 4 5 8 9 10 11 14 15 16 17 19 20 22 24 25 29 31 32 33 34 38 40 41 42 43 44 50 51 53 54 57 58 59 60 61 64 65 69 70 71 75 76 90 92 93 97 98 99 100 103 105 106 109 112 114 115 118 119 136 137 139 140 141 142 143 144 150 152 153 155 156 157 161 162 169 170 171 176 179 182 185 200 202 204 206 207 210 217 222 225 227 234 237 243 246 261 277 282 286 308
PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 12 63 PROPYLENE POLYMER, 12 43 63 132 246 249 258 269 275 292 295 PROSTHESIS, 22 44 57 312 PROTECTIVE COATING, 42 52 PROTEIN, 199 210 PROTEIN ADSORPTION, 65 PULL TEST, 74 PUMP, 38 315 PURIFICATION, 48 PYRROLE POLYMER, 70
Q QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE, 195 QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALT, 46 91 QUATERNARY PHOSPHONIUM SALT, 46 91
R R-CURVE, 105 RADIATION DEGRADATION, 323 RADIATION POLYMERISATION, 323 RADIATION RESISTANCE, 93 RADICAL POLYMERISATION, 9 RAMAN SPECTRA, 293 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, 293 RANDOM COPOLYMER, 257 RATE OF POLYMERISATION, 76 REACTION PRODUCT, 201 REACTION TEMPERATURE, 137 REACTIVATION, 144 REACTIVE ADHESIVE, 283 REACTIVE EXTRUSION, 34 REACTIVE GROUP, 26 REACTIVE MELT ADHESIVE, 24 REACTIVITY, 12 32 71 161 254 REBOUND RESILIENCE, 161 RECORDING MEDIA, 197 RECYCLING, 10 REDUCING AGENT, 211 281 REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY, 9 REFRACTIVE INDEX, 239 REINFORCED PLASTIC, 16 19 52 61 72 78 109 110 113 150 189 221 223 230 231 241 242 246 253 258 268 289 292 296 298 301 319 REINFORCED THERMOPLASTIC, 72 109 150 292
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Subject Index
REINFORCED THERMOSET, 52 REINFORCEMENT, 150 REJECT RATE, 173 RELAXATION TIME, 295 RELEASE AGENT, 72 303 RELEASE COATING, 45 200 RELEASE PROPERTIES, 230 REMELTING, 155 REPAIR PATCH, 61 RESIDENCE TIME, 155 RESIDUAL STRESSES, 141 RESILIENCE, 161 RESIN, 19 123 159 161 RESISTIVE IMPLANT TAPE WELDING, 110 RESISTIVITY, 114 RESORCINOL FORMALDEHYDE RESIN, 161 RESORCINOL RESIN, 161 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 38 39 101 114 144 155 173 216 232 305 338 RHEOLOGY, 114 144 155 216 305 RHEOMETER, 122 216 RHEOMETRY, 161 RIBBON, 19 RIVET, 19 151 RIVET BONDING, 151 ROBOT, 19 ROOM TEMPERATURE CURING, 39 106 241 ROOM TEMPERATURE VULCANISING, 39 106 241 ROTARY SEAL, 267 ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 114 ROTATIONAL WELD, 151 ROTOMOULDING, 114 ROTOR BLADE, 296 ROUGHENING, 24 ROUGHNESS, 1 54 69 71 75 107 108 109 112 143 144 154 176 187 201 243 RUBBER, 5 7 10 18 24 31 35 36 45 46 52 56 60 64 69 73 74 78 81 82 83 91 94 97 98 103 114 117 120 125 129 132 136 144 146 151 155 156 158 159 161 167 173 176 177 178 192 196 202 203 207 210 222 227 246 258 261 265 267 270 273 283 291 296 297 300 302 306 308 314 315 328 RUBBER TO METAL BONDING, 18 97 98 173 RUBBER-MODIFIED, 24 RUBBER-TOUGHENED, 24
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
RUTHERFORD BACKSCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY, 201
S SALT SPRAY TEST, 53 SAND BLAST, 154 SANDING, 109 144 176 SANDWICH STRUCTURE, 109 140 277 SAPPHIRE, 140 349 SATURATED ESTER COPOLYMER, 105 SATURATED POLYESTER, 17 144 176 192 209 SAUCEPAN, 223 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPH, 2 9 10 37 42 88 139 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 2 9 10 14 15 37 40 42 51 88 105 112 138 139 150 152 164 166 169 201 204 211 229 235 248 251 264 266 273 274 277 293 307 310 352 SCANNING TUNNELLING MICROSCOPY, 219 SCISSION, 92 SCRATCH RESISTANCE, 333 SCRATCH TEST, 195 SCREW, 19 SEAL, 47 60 136 196 267 315 SEALANT, 159 283 339 SEALING, 38 283 SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 107 186 202 301 SEGMENTAL MOBILITY, 269 SELF-CROSSLINKING, 239 SELF-DRYING, 97 98 144 155 177 SELF-WIPING, 155 SEMI-CRYSTALLINE, 150 SEMICONDUCTOR, 188 SENSOR, 61 SERUM, 212 SERVICE LIFE, 173 218 SERVICE TEMPERATURE, 39 SHAFT SEAL, 267 SHARKSKIN, 232 SHEAR, 155 176 277 SHEAR PROPERTIES, 16 17 24 44 69 122 149 243 270 287 SHEAR STRENGTH, 17 24 69 133 148 193 231 270 271 286 SHEAR STRESS, 122 232 SHEATHING, 93 SHEET, 19 56 73 82 138 151 154
177 201 238 275 325 327 SHELF LIFE, 20 97 98 144 291 315 SHIP, 109 SHIPBUILDING, 109 296 SHISH-KEBAB, 150 SHOCK RESISTANCE, 74 SHOE, 316 SHORE HARDNESS, 60 SHRINK FIT, 93 SHRINKAGE, 77 93 105 SIDE CHAIN, 35 54 SILANE, 69 80 124 175 204 309 SILANE POLYMER, 246 SILICATE, 175 SILICIC ACID POLYMER, 88 SILICIDE, 172 SILICON, 1 4 55 76 204 274 SILICON COMPOUND, 153 172 SILICON ELASTOMER, 10 18 308 SILICON NITRIDE, 142 SILICON RUBBER, 10 18 SILICONE, 241 SILICONE COPOLYMER, 339 SILICONE ELASTOMER, 10 18 38 97 98 125 173 176 192 SILICONE POLYMER, 109 144 151 200 300 303 SILICONE RESIN, 109 144 151 SILICONE RUBBER, 10 18 38 97 98 125 173 176 192 308 328 SILK SCREEN, 144 SILOXANE ELASTOMER, 10 18 SILOXANE RUBBER, 10 18 SINGLE CRYSTAL, 76 SINGLE FIBRE, 189 SINGLE LAP BOND, 106 SINGLE-COMPONENT, 18 39 176 SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDER, 155 SINTER, 154 SINTERING, 114 SKIVING, 201 SLIDING, 207 SLIP VISCOSITY, 232 SLIPPAGE, 267 SMOKE GENERATION, 319 SODAMIDE, 270 SODIUM, 71 75 107 166 229 236 270 273 353 SODIUM CHLORIDE, 76 SODIUM COMPOUND, 206 215 SODIUM DODECYLSULFATE, 320 SODIUM HALIDE, 76 SODIUM HYDRIDE, 164 SODIUM HYDROXIDE, 222 307
115
Subject Index
SODIUM NAPHTHALENE, 314 346 SODIUM NAPHTHALENIDE, 201 236 243 249 251 SODIUM NAPHTHENATE, 214 SODIUM STYRENESULFONATE COPOLYMER, 130 148 182 233 SODIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE, 166 SOFTENING, 105 SOFTENING POINT, 93 321 SOFTNESS, 60 155 SOIL RELEASE, 35 SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATION, 218 SOLES, 316 SOLUBILITY, 6 23 114 152 321 SOLUTION CASTING, 21 150 SOLUTION POLYMERISATION, 121 SOLUTION PROPERTIES, 320 SOLVATED ELECTRON, 166 SOLVATION, 75 166 SOLVENT, 27 123 135 144 152 154 165 176 212 242 301 308 331 SOLVENT BONDING, 144 151 SOLVENT EMISSION, 173 176 SOLVENT EVAPORATION, 151 SOLVENT EXTRACTION, 55 SOLVENT RECOVERY, 176 SOLVENT RESISTANCE, 35 291 SOLVENT SOLUBLE, 23 SOLVENT WELD, 331 SOLVENT-BASED, 144 173 176 SOLVENT-BASED ADHESIVE, 18 69 176 SOLVENT-FREE, 38 SOLVENTLESS, 20 39 124 176 SONOTRODE, 151 SPECIALITY POLYMER, 296 SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 221 SPECIFIC HEAT, 69 SPECTRA, 121 137 SPECTROSCOPY, 2 4 6 8 9 14 17 21 53 59 68 76 105 121 146 164 191 193 230 235 251 317 347 352 353 SPHERULITIC GROWTH, 150 SPHERULITIC STRUCTURE, 150 SPONTANEOUS POLYMERISATION, 59 SPRAY DRYING, 97 98 144 155 177 SPRAYING, 51 97 98 144 SPREADING, 69 154 SPREADING COEFFICIENT, 69
116
SPUTTER COATING, 2 96 SPUTTERING, 8 318 STABILITY, 26 48 55 159 320 STAINLESS STEEL, 60 193 223 STANDARD, 214 283 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, 122 161 STATISTICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, 161 STATISTICS, 31 69 296 298 STEARIC ACID, 273 STEEL, 38 47 51 60 72 92 106 121 129 175 188 252 271 296 314 315 329 349 354 STEREOMICROSCOPY, 225 STERILISATION, 122 STICK-SLIP PROPERTIES, 105 STIFFNESS, 106 STORAGE, 144 219 STORAGE LIFE, 315 STRAIN, 106 STRAIN ENERGY, 279 STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE RATE, 72 STRAIN GAUGE, 106 STRENGTH, 21 39 214 242 318 326 STREPTAVIDIN, 1 STRESS, 106 141 176 201 327 STRESS CONCENTRATION, 106 STRESS CRACKING, 39 109 STRESS CRAZING, 39 109 STRESS WHITENING, 105 STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES, 44 106 STRETCHING, 105 147 220 STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE, 106 109 110 176 180 339 STRUCTURAL APPLICATION, 180 STYRENE COPOLYMER, 4 25 257 STYRENE POLYMER, 21 132 257 258 274 275 295 STYRENE TERPOLYMER, 221 STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER, 221 STYRENE-BUTADIENESTYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 64 125 155 176 207 306 308 314 STYRENE-ETHYLENE BUTYLENE-STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 60 STYRENE-ISOPRENE-STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 155 SUBSTRATE, 21 27 35 38 60 69 83 85 97 98 103 109 121 123 124 135 148 153 165 172 175
177 195 215 218 223 269 283 285 299 316 329 SULFOCHROMIC ACID, 144 SULFUR, 227 273 SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE, 252 271 SULFONE POLYMER, 144 SULFONYL COMPOUND, 178 SUPERCRITICAL GAS, 11 SUPERMOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 150 SURFACE, 19 60 148 166 187 188 201 223 241 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 320 340 SURFACE ADHESION, 32 SURFACE ANALYSIS, 2 6 86 195 208 219 233 246 252 266 SURFACE AREA, 155 251 318 SURFACE COATING, 253 SURFACE COMPOSITION, 148 SURFACE CRACKING, 201 SURFACE ENERGY, 30 43 54 65 69 71 88 95 109 117 176 180 189 206 216 217 226 234 255 261 269 273 274 300 SURFACE FINISH, 201 221 SURFACE FREE ENERGY, 109 143 166 187 200 207 SURFACE MODIFICATION, 6 8 43 67 68 71 79 88 95 96 111 130 138 145 148 164 166 170 186 189 191 192 193 199 201 202 208 210 212 214 219 228 230 233 243 254 255 278 280 307 323 326 SURFACE MORPHOLOGY, 43 SURFACE PREPARATION, 97 98 144 176 223 308 SURFACE PROPERTIES, 8 9 14 15 17 22 24 25 29 32 33 40 41 43 44 54 58 65 69 71 75 90 100 109 112 137 142 144 152 161 176 187 191 195 199 200 210 219 222 229 231 233 235 236 240 251 256 258 262 263 266 274 286 293 300 301 312 318 342 347 SURFACE REACTIVITY, 32 161 SURFACE RESISTIVITY, 114 SURFACE STRESS, 201 SURFACE STRUCTURE, 133 170 182 185 201 202 254 255 272 286 SURFACE TENSION, 16 52 69 124 152 166 200 225 239 250 255 261 269 273 274 287 300 332 345 349
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Subject Index
SURFACTANT, 309 SURGICAL ADHESIVE, 303 348 SURGICAL APPLICATION, 209 263 264 285 303 312 SUSPENSION POLYMERISATION, 114 SWELLING, 40 SYNERGISM, 157 SYNTHESIS, 1 9 12 48 55 59 63 76 121 159 202 239 281 SYNTHETIC FIBREREINFORCED PLASTIC, 150 292 SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 5 7 10 18 52 60 117 132 159 291 328
T T-PEEL, 128 TACK, 69 155 TACK-FREE, 155 TACKIFIER, 69 155 TALC, 155 TALCUM, 155 TAMPER-EVIDENT, 19 TANK, 329 TAPE, 11 149 TEAR RESISTANCE, 60 TEAR STRENGTH, 10 60 117 161 TEARING, 147 220 TEMPERATURE, 11 19 69 105 119 121 128 137 147 154 164 176 190 218 256 270 TEMPERATURE CONTROL, 173 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE, 232 250 254 269 289 TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE, 126 127 242 265 291 TENSILE PROPERTIES, 10 34 42 106 157 161 169 171 180 228 257 271 287 288 292 TENSILE SHEAR, 180 TENSILE STRAIN, 106 TENSILE STRENGTH, 34 42 161 180 205 288 TENSILE STRESSES, 106 TERPOLYMER, 239 TEST EQUIPMENT, 216 TEST METHOD, 53 54 120 TESTING, 53 54 120 216 247 248 250 252 257 259 263 266 269 271 276 279 283 288 289 293 295 297 301 302 303 306 308 310 317 TETRABUTYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE, 185 222 306 307 TETRABUTYLPHOSPHONIUM BROMIDE, 306
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 15 56 80 95 100 111 114 118 130 131 133 138 148 170 178 182 195 199 211 213 236 252 256 264 333 349 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE POLYMER, 6 8 9 10 11 13 21 128 137 164 245 249 251 255 259 260 262 263 266 267 270 272 273 276 281 282 284 286 287 288 289 290 293 294 295 299 303 304 305 311 312 315 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENEHEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 2 5 114 138 199 202 210 212 219 235 236 240 241 251 254 266 287 299 314 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENEPROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 136 TETRAHYDROFURAN, 107 236 270 304 331 TETRAMETHYLENE GLYCOL COPOLYMER, 263 TETRAMETHYLOXYPIPERIDINE OXYL, 269 TEXTURE, 208 318 THERMAL ANALYSIS, 319 THERMAL BONDING, 179 THERMAL CURING, 239 THERMAL CYCLING, 74 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION, 121 THERMAL DEGRADATION, 119 137 265 291 THERMAL EXPANSION, 176 THERMAL FUSION, 26 THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 48 THERMAL POLYMERISATION, 104 128 130 137 THERMAL PROPERTIES, 37 42 69 100 105 109 114 150 155 176 242 294 319 THERMAL RESISTANCE, 60 221 THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE, 74 THERMAL STABILITY, 24 26 39 48 55 97 105 106 114 159 173 176 218 227 260 270 294 305 321 THERMAL STRESS, 176 THERMAL TREATMENT, 118 THERMO-OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION, 335 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 235 THERMOFORMING, 114
THERMOGRAM, 121 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 48 55 121 319 THERMOOXIDATION, 92 THERMOOXIDATIVE DEGRADATION, 338 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER, 19 24 60 117 155 176 221 THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER, 19 24 60 117 155 176 THICKNESS, 36 93 106 150 151 173 182 188 195 204 214 254 287 THIN FILM, 21 55 76 102 239 276 THREADED FASTENER, 151 THREADED INSERT, 151 TIE LAYER, 60 161 163 177 TIME DEPENDENCE, 5 137 149 254 TIME OF FLIGHT, 202 TIN, 99 TISSUE, 187 TISSUE CULTURE, 187 TISSUE ENGINEERING, 1 TITANATE, 309 TITANIUM, 44 296 326 TITANIUM COMPOUND, 153 TITRATION, 53 121 TOLUENE, 212 TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE, 27 TOLYL DIISOCYANATE, 27 TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE, 27 TONER, 85 TOPCOAT, 23 173 TOUGHENING AGENT, 105 TOUGHNESS, 105 157 221 TOXICITY, 19 TOXICOLOGY, 103 TRANSCRYSTALLINITY, 69 150 TRANSDUCER, 19 38 TRANSITION LAYER, 188 TRANSITION PHENOMENA, 190 TRANSITION TEMPERATURE, 183 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 2 9 10 37 40 42 88 139 152 211 274 310 TRANSPARENCY, 19 38 77 153 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES, 194 TRIAZINE DITHIOL, 222 TRIAZINE TRITHIOL, 227 TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER, 155 176 TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 34 51 TRIBOLOGY, 34 51 295 TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE, 273
117
Subject Index
TRIETHYLAMINE, 53 TRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 171 188 302 TRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE POLYMER, 299 313 314 TRIMETHYLBORON, 193 TRIMETHYLSILYL ETHER, 197 TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE, 214 TRIPLE BOND, 254 TROUBLESHOOTING, 308 TS, 10 157 257 292 TUBING, 77 101 160 224 TUNGSTEN, 352 TURBOCHARGER, 173 TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER, 155 TWO-COMPONENT, 24 30 34 106 144 176 294 TWO-ROLL MILL, 174 TYRE, 316
U UHMWPE, 19 32 150 ULTRASONIC CLEANING, 270 ULTRASONIC WELDING, 110 151 176 ULTRAVIOLET CURING, 3 38 49 ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION, 2 4 5 6 68 80 109 144 164 245 ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, 2 4 5 6 164 ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY, 4 UNDERWATER PELLETISER, 155 UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 109 175 258 303 UPPER CRITICAL SOLUTION TEMPERATURE, 190 URETHANE COPOLYMER, 263 URETHANE POLYMER, 117 UV ABSORBER, 23 UV CURING, 3 38 49 339 UV IRRADIATION, 2 4 5 6 109 144 164 245 350 UV LIGHT, 2 4 5 6 68 80 164 UV POLYMERISATION, 111 118 133 170 182 UV RADIATION, 2 4 5 6 164 UV RESISTANCE, 176 UV SPECTROSCOPY, 4 164 262 307 UV SPECTRUM, 4 UV STABILISER, 23 UV STABILITY, 2 5 UV VIS SPECTROSCOPY, 164
118
V VACUUM CHAMBER, 231 VACUUM DEPOSITION, 234 VAN DER WAALS ATTRACTION, 54 69 142 VAPOUR, 308 VAPOUR LINE, 101 VAPOUR PHASE, 6 VAPOUR PRESSURE, 69 350 VAPOUR-PHASE, 6 VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL, 187 VASCULAR PROSTHESIS, 22 44 187 191 VEHICLE, 19 VEHICLE SHELL, 177 296 298 VEHICLE TRIM, 221 319 VIBRATION DAMPING, 60 VIBRATION WELDING, 37 151 VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY, 4 6 9 21 34 105 121 146 VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, 197 VINYL ACETATE TERPOLYMER, 152 VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER, 197 VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER, 258 265 275 283 VINYL ESTER POLYMER, 13 VINYL ESTER RESIN, 13 VINYL ETHER COPOLYMER, 23 213 256 349 VINYL FLUORIDE POLYMER, 86 145 VINYL IMIDAZOLE, 128 VINYL IMIDAZOLE COPOLYMER, 90 118 128 131 VINYL POLYMER, 151 175 258 VINYL PYRIDINE, 128 VINYL PYRIDINE COPOLYMER, 128 VINYL PYRIDINE POLYMER, 25 VINYL TERPOLYMER, 221 VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE, 123 VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE COPOLYMER, 37 84 90 114 149 152 154 165 178 188 222 227 250 302 VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE POLYMER, 12 53 63 78 121 123 167 247 257 274 275 277 278 279 299 307 310 317 VINYLIDENE FLUORIDEHEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 136 297 302 306
VINYLIDENE FLUORIDETETRAFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 269 VINYLPYRIDINE COPOLYMER, 128 VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES, 149 159 295 VISCOELASTICITY, 149 159 VISCOMETRY, 121 VISCOSITY, 38 39 101 149 155 173 288 291 VISCOSITY MODIFIER, 101 VISIBLE LIGHT CURING, 38 VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY, 164 307 VITRONECTIN, 212 VULCANISATE, 161 207 302 VULCANISATION, 97 98 114 161 196 VULCANISATION TIME, 39 105 161 176 VULCANISING AGENT, 81
W WAFER, 76 WAFER SEAL, 267 WASHER, 60 WASHING, 308 WATER, 2 6 27 53 65 69 72 108 119 124 133 143 154 169 212 228 229 234 242 249 270 273 300 314 WATER ABSORPTION, 291 WATER REPELLENT, 89 WATER RESISTANCE, 27 40 59 97 98 109 176 227 291 349 WATER VAPOUR, 191 255 WATER-BASED, 18 27 40 69 173 176 196 WATER-BORNE, 20 23 176 WATER-COOLED, 155 WAX, 155 WEAR, 34 295 WEAR RESISTANCE, 27 47 51 60 114 136 200 223 242 WEATHER RESISTANCE, 176 177 WEATHERABILITY, 23 35 WEATHERING, 176 177 218 WEATHERING RESISTANCE, 321 WEIGHT REDUCTION, 40 221 WELDABILITY, 93 151 WELDING, 19 37 110 151 176 WELDING EQUIPMENT, 151 WETTABILITY, 2 3 43 66 69 72 107 109 115 119 120 143 166
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Subject Index
169 184 189 213 217 219 225 230 241 247 251 258 326 336 347 WETTING, 6 54 69 75 187 191 195 249 266 318 339 345 WIDE ANGLE, 37 WINDOW, 60 283 WIRE COVERING, 93 WIRE INSULATION, 93 WLF EQUATION, 69 WOLLASTONITE, 105 WOOD, 290 321
X X-RAY, 282 347 X-RAY ANALYSIS, 9 37 277 310 X-RAY DIFFRACTION, 112 171 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, 2 6 8 9 14 17 21 29 41 51 55 66 68 70 76 80 90 100 107 111 115 118 128 130 131 133 137 138 143 145 146 148 166 169 170 182 184 185 186 189 191 194 195 201 208 219 229 230 233 235 248 249 255 256 262 263 272 273 282 290 317 347 X-RAY SCATTERING, 112 171 X-RAY SPECTRA, 2 6 8 9 17 21 166 189 X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY, 2 6 8 9 14 17 21 29 41 51 55 66 68 70 76 80 90 100 107 111 115 118 128 130 131 133 137 138 143 145 146 148 166 169 170 189 310 XENON, 19 XYLENE, 312
Y YIELD STRENGTH, 133 YOUNG’S MODULUS, 174 274
Z ZETA POTENTIAL, 6 142 191 259 ZINC OXIDE, 273 ZIRCONIUM COMPOUND, 153
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
119
Subject Index
120
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Company Index
Company Index 3M CO., 258 303 309 3M DEUTSCHLAND GMBH, 30 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES CO., 73 82 83 84 4TH STATE INC., 74
BUNDY CORP., 94 BYELORUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 269
A
CALIFORNIA,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 164 CAMPINAS,UNIVERSIDADE, 257 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY, 199 210 CENTRAL GLASS CO.LTD., 123 135 165 CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 230 CHEMICAL INNOVATIONS LTD., 18 CHUNG YUAN UNIVERSITY, 9 CHUNGJU,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 115 CNRS, 184 CNRS-UMR, 53 COCKERILL SAMBRE, 121 COLORADO,UNIVERSITY, 29 COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RES.ORG., 255 COMPIEGNE,UNIVERSITE DE TECHNOLOGIE, 187 CONNECTICUT,UNIVERSITY, 59 129 214 243 251 262 CORDIS CORP., 285 CREACOL, 144 CSIRO, 212 219 255 CZECH REPUBLIC,ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 57
ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS, 60 AEROJET GENERAL CORP., 117 AKRON,UNIVERSITY, 37 ALABAMA,UNIVERSITY, 164 ALLIED-SIGNAL INC., 171 239 AMHERST,MASSACHUSETTS UNIVERSITY, 95 AREMCO PRODUCTS INC., 294 ARMCO INC., 175 ASAHI GLASS CO.LTD., 23 AT & T BELL LABORATORIES INC., 278 ATOCHEM, 275 AUSIMONT SPA, 114 154 AUSTRALIA,DEFENCE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ORG., 61 AVERY DENNISON CORP., 177
B B & P PROCESS EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS, 155 BELL LABORATORIES INC., 287 BERLIN,BUNDESANSTALT FUR MATERIALFORSCHUNG, 16 120 BERLIN,FEDERAL INST.FOR MAT.RES.& TESTING, 295 BOC GROUP, 263 BOSTON,BRIGHAM & WOMEN’S HOSPITAL, 1 BP RESEARCH CENTRE, 215 229 BRANSON INTERNATIONAL PLASMA CORP., 300 BRISTOL,UNIVERSITY, 106 BRITISH COLUMBIA,UNIVERSITY, 232 BRUSSELS,FREE UNIVERSITY, 8 BUCHAREST,POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, 143 BUCHAREST,UNIVERSITY, 143
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C
D DACCO SCI INC., 59 DAIKIN INDUSTRIES LTD., 26 35 147 158 168 220 DAIKIN KOGYO KK, 136 DAYTON CHEMICALS INC., 315 DCN, 109 DORTMUND,UNIVERSITY, 150 DOW CORNING CORP., 200 303 DOW CORNING TORAY SILICONE CO.LTD., 200 DRESDEN,INSTITUT FUR POLYMERFORSCHUNG, 25 34
DRESDEN,INSTITUTE OF POLYMER RESEARCH, 21 142 191 DRESDEN,TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT, 34 88 DU PONT CO., 245 DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC., 46 91 113 114 126 127 140 179 181 195 197 211 261 324 DU PONT DOW ELASTOMERS, 114 DUPONT, 19 DURHAM,UNIVERSITY, 208 DYNEON, 114 DYNEON LLC, 78 103
E EASTERN COLOR & CHEMICAL CO., 27 EASTMAN KODAK CO., 85 274 ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DE CHIMIE, 121 ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL, 76 ELF ATOCHEM NORTH AMERICA INC., 163 ELF ATOCHEM SA, 114 134 141 198 203 EMS-INVENTA AG, 160 ENDICOTT INTERCONNECT TECHNOLOGIES INC., 14 ENERCON INDUSTRIES CORP., 43 ENSMP, 166 EQUISTAR CHEMICALS LP, 7 ESPCI, 75 76 166 EUROCOPTER FRANCE, 109
F FISHER CO., 183 FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FUER FERTIGUNGSTECHNIK UND ANG.MATERIALFORSCH, 17 FROST & SULLIVAN, 31 FTOROPLAST-4, 356 FULLER H.B., 20 FURON CO., 77
121
Company Index
G GE ADVANCED MATERIALS, 19 GESELLSCHAFT FUR SCHWERIONENFORSCHUNG, 194 GIFU,UNIVERSITY, 266 GOODRICH B.F.,RES.& DEV. CENTER, 277 GOTHENBURG,UNIVERSITY, 263 GRAZ,TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT, 6 GRONINGEN,STATE UNIVERSITY, 248 312 GTE LABORATORIES, 305
H HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, 1 HARVARD,UNIVERSITY, 1 HENKEL KGAA, 97 98 HENKEL LOCTITE ADHESIVES LTD., 38 HENKEL LOCTITE CORP., 24 39 HIMONT PLASMA SCIENCE, 252 HITACHI, 150 HOECHST AG, 218 HULS AG, 224 HULL,UNIVERSITY, 65 HYBRITECH POLYMERS, 101 HYOGO PREFECTURE,INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CENTRE, 192
I IBM, 14 IBM CORP.,RESEARCH DIV., 280 IBM CORP.,SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY DIV., 256 272 280 IBM T.J.WATSON RESEARCH CENTER, 256 289 ICI,PLASTICS DIV., 328 IMA, 34 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 4 INPROTEC AG, 49 62 INSTITUT FUR NEUE MATERIALIEN GEMEINNUTZIGE GMBH, 153 INSTITUTO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA DE POLIMEROS, 69
122
INSTM, 40 INTEGUMENT TECHNOLOGIES INC., 74 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP., 172 ION SYSTEMS INC., 318 ISRAEL,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 76 IWATE,UNIVERSITY, 207 222 227 306
J JAPAN ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 244 JAPAN GORE-TEX INC., 28 JAPAN,INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL RESEARCH, 193 JAPAN,NATIONAL INST. FOR ADVANCED INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH, 122 JAPAN,NATIONAL RESEARCH LABORATORY OF METROLOGY, 149 JBK INTERNATIONAL, 237 JENTON INTERNATIONAL, 231 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, 8
K KENDALL CO., 278 KLINE C.H.,& CO.INC., 296 298 KLINE SA, 296 KOBE,UNIVERSITY, 141 KODAK RESEARCH LABORATORIES, 202 KOREA,INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 115 169 KOREA,STANDARDS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 202 KRAIBURG TPE GMBH, 60 KUBOTA RESEARCH ASSOCIATES INC., 19 KURABO INDUSTRIES LTD., 244 KUREHA CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO.LTD., 167 KYOEISHA CHEMICAL CO.LTD., 89 KYOTO,UNIVERSITY, 209
L LA TROBE,UNIVERSITY, 255 LANZHOU,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 51 LAUSANNE,CENTRE HOSPITALIER UNIVERSITAIRE VAUDOIS, 202 LEHIGH,UNIVERSITY, 235 LEICESTER,DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY, 185 LEICESTER,POLYTECHNIC, 301 LIEGE,UNIVERSITY, 63 157 174 LINTEC CORP., 250 LINZ,UNIVERSITY, 22 57 LIVERPOOL,UNIVERSITY, 33 41 58 72 145 LOMONOSOV INSTITUTE OF FINE CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 156 LONDON,IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY & MEDICINE, 16 105 LONDON,ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL, 264 LONDON,UNIVERSITY,IMPERI AL COLLEGE, 75 LORD CORP.,ELASTOMER PRODUCTS DIV., 291 LOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 64 86 125 185 206 215 226 229 236 249 290 LOUVAIN,UNIVERSITY, 248 LYON,UNIVERSITE CLAUDE BERNARD, 186 189 217
M MADRID,UNIVERSIDAD DE ALCALA, 69 MAINZ,UNIVERSITY, 66 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 1 MASSACHUSETTS,UNIVERSIT Y, 240 254 293 MATRA AUTOMOBILE, 109 MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO.LTD., 292 MEDTRONIC BAKKEN RESEARCH CENTRE, 199 210 MICHIGAN,TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 108 MINNESOTA MINING & MFG. CO., 116 124 178 MITSUBISHI KAGAKU CO.LTD., 152
© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology
Company Index
MITSUI CHEMICALS INC., 50 MONASH,UNIVERSITY, 61 MONTPELLIER II,UNIVERSITE, 12 MONTPELLIER,ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DE CHIMIE, 12 MONTREAL,ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE, 146 195 213 216 MONTREAL,UNIVERSITY, 146 MOSCOW,ADHESION ASSOCIATION, 188 MOSCOW,INSTITUTE OF APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY, 237 MOSCOW,LOMONOSOV INSTITUTE, 132
N NANYA,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 9 NEW YORK,STATE UNIVERSITY, 202 NEXPRESS SOLUTIONS LLC, 45 NGK INSULATORS LTD., 36 NIKON CORP., 234 NIPPON DENSO CO., 222 NIPPON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 122 NITTO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO.LTD., 311 NORTON PERFORMANCE PLASTICS, 260
PONTIFICIA,UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DEL PERU, 119 PORTSMOUTH,UNIVERSITY, 54 87 PRAGUE,HEYROVSKY INSTITUTE, 71 PRAGUE,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 22 57 PRODUITS CHIMIQUES UGINE KUHLMANN, 329 330
Q QUEEN MARY COLLEGE, 314 QUEENSLAND,UNIVERSITY, 112
R RAMON LLULL,UNIVERSITY, 1 RAYCHEM CORP., 317 RENE DESCARTES,UNIVERSITE, 187 RICON RESINS INC., 161 RIGA,TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, 92 RIKEN, 66 RILSAN CORP., 317 ROCHESTER,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 2 5 14 ROGERS CORP., 251 256 RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 190 RUTGERS,UNIVERSITY, 169
O OAKITE PRODUCTS, 196
P PACER TECHNOLOGY, 265 PAMPUS FLUORPLAST LTD., 299 PARIS,ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DES MINES, 75 PENNSYLVANIA,UNIVERSITY, 162 PENNWALT CORP., 317 PISA,UNIVERSITY, 40 PLASMA SCIENCE INC., 253 268 271 PLASMA TECHNOLOGY (UK) LTD., 290 PLOIESTI,UNIVERSITY, 54 POLYVALENT ORGANICS, 4
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S SAINT-GOBAIN PERFORMANCE PLASTICS, 60 77 SAM YANG CO., 169 SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES, 201 282 SAO CARLOS,UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL, 150 SEIKEI,UNIVERSITY, 234 SGL TECHNOLOGIES GMBH, 47 SHIZUOKA,UNIVERSITY, 56 138 273 SIGMA TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL INC., 43 SINGAPORE,ADVANCED PACKAGING DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT, 99
SINGAPORE,INSTITUTE OF MICROELECTRONICS, 67 80 104 137 SINGAPORE,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 55 68 70 79 80 90 99 100 104 111 118 128 130 131 133 137 148 170 182 233 SINGAPORE,UNIVERSITY, 67 SKF ENGINEERING PRODUCTS, 267 SONY CORP., 66 325 SOPHIA,UNIVERSITY, 15 SOUTH CHINA,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 286 SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI,UNIVERSITY, 48 SREE CHITRA TIRUNAL INST.FOR MED.SCI.& TECHNOLOGY, 44 STAR-GLO INDUSTRIES INC., 333 STOCKHOLM,ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 13 SUN PHARMA ADVANCED RESEARCH CENTRE, 4 SVEDBERG LABORATORY, 276 SWEDEN,DEPT.OF PHYSICS, 276 SWEDEN,DEPT.OF RADIATION SCIENCES, 276 SZEGED,UNIVERSITY, 42
T TAIWAN,NATIONAL CHIAO TUNG UNIVERSITY, 204 TAIWAN,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 182 TAIWAN,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 100 107 130 133 148 TAIWAN,NATIONAL YUNLIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 107 TELTECH RESOURCES NETWORK CORP., 180 TEXAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC., 252 271 TEXAS,UNIVERSITY, 164 TEXTILES COATED INTERNATIONAL, 205 TICONA, 60 TOKAI RUBBER INDUSTRIES LTD., 81 TOKAI,UNIVERSITY, 193 228 238
123
Company Index
TOKYO,NATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, 234 TOKYO,UNIVERSITY, 234 250 TOKYO,UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, 139 149 152 TORINO,POLITECNICO, 3 TORONTO,UNIVERSITY, 96 TOULON ET DU VAR,UNIVERSITE, 53 TOYODA GOSEI CO.LTD., 297 TRENTO,UNIVERSITY, 225 TSUKUBA,UNIVERSITY, 122 TULANE,UNIVERSITY, 281 TWENTE,UNIVERSITY, 259 312 TWI, 110
U UGINE KUHLMANN, 331 US,ADHESION SOCIETY, 159 US,NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, 284 288 US,NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION, 284 318 US,NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, 202 USSR,ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 310
124
V VIGGO AB, 263 VIRGINIA,COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY, 11 VIRGINIA,POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY, 171 247 279
W WEST OF ENGLAND,UNIVERSITY, 54 WHITFORD PLASTICS LTD., 223 242 316 WHITTAKER CORP., 315 WHITTAKER CORP.,DAYTON CHEMICALS DIV., 308 WISCONSIN,UNIVERSITY, 164
X XEROX CORP., 2 5 102
Y YONSEI,UNIVERSITY, 115 YOUNG CHANG SILICONE CO.LTD., 10
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