In-Mould Decoration of Plastics (Rapra Review Reports)

Report 146

ISSN: 0889-3144

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

J.C. Love and V. Goodship

Volume 13, Number 2, 2002

Rapra Review Reports Expert overviews covering the science and technology of rubber and plastics

RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows: 1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References and Abstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstracts section. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstracts database, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc. 2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Abstracts database. The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below. 3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to the abstracts records on the database to aid retrieval.

Source of original article Title

Item 1 Macromolecules

33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83 EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han Akron,University The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs.

Location

GOODRICH B.F. USA

Authors and affiliation

Abstract

Companies or organisations mentioned

Accession no.771897

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Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough.

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Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton.

Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright, University of Surrey.

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Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications, D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.

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Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.

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Process Control in the Plastics Industry, R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries.

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Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources, J.M. Methven, UMIST.

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Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics, J. Green, FMC Corp.

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Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics, A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology.

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Composites - Tooling and Component Processing, N.G. Brain, Tooltex.

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Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and Leisure Industries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.

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Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson, J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.

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Automotive Applications of Polymers II, A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.

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Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry, H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.

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Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd.

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Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt, Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.

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Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division.

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Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing, E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for Industriforskning, Norway.

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Plastics in High Temperature Applications, J. Maxwell, Consultant.

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Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.

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Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.

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Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications, A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd. Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom Technology Associates.

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Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

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Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans, Consultant.

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Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Applications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd.

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Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton, Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy.

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Report 30

Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, National NDT Centre, Harwell.

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Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

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Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan, Dow Corning Ltd.

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Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.

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Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.

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Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University. Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, International Automotive Design.

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Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and 3M Belgium SA.

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Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd.

Report 65

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Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova Petrochemicals Inc.

Report 66

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Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey, Hotpoint Ltd.

Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.

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Developments in Additives to Meet Health and Environmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation, V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.

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Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd.

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Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell, Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.

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Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center.

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Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s University of Belfast.

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Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, Econology Ltd.

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Compressive Behaviour of Composites, C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.

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Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten & Masch Manufacturing Co.

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Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman, St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.

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Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 98

Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore & S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.

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Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes, Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.

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Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, University of Bradford.

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Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.

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Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead Consulting Ltd.

Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Mulhouse.

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Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials, R.C.P. Cubbon.

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Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves, Goodyear Technical Center.

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PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications, J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.

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Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems, Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

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Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.

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Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications, J.A. Brydson.

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Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization, Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada.

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Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.

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Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing, P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.

Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.

Report 104 Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram Technology Ltd. Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development, B.G. Crowther. Report 106 Properties and Applications of Elastomeric Polysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University. Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis, The Open University. Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 10 Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide, J.A. Lindsay. Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers, R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet, Rapra Technology Ltd.

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Report 111

Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

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Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université Pierre et Marie Curie.

Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications, J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.

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High Performance Engineering Plastics, D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.

Report 113 Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula, University of Texas at Austin.

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Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene, V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications, A.S. Wilson.

Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky, University of Hamburg.

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Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart Chemical Company.

Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders, Y. Wang, Tunghai University.

Report 90

Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood.

Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing, R.J.M. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward Mackenzie Consulting.

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Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton, University of Surrey.

Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.

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Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles, A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.

Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 93

Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood Technologies Inc.

Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey, Shipley Ronal.

Volume 11 Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials, I.B. Page, BIP Ltd. Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company. Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research Council Canada. Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe, University of Exeter. Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR, H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated. Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd, University of Nottingham. Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant. Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau, Lucent Technologies. Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation, D.C. Wright. Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack, D.C. Wright. Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation, D.C. Wright. Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, Clariant Huningue SA.

Volume 12 Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc. Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers, J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University. Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown. Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services. Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH. Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear, Khon Kaen University. Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance, M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre. Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N. Rothon, Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan University. Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh, Huntsman Polyurethanes. Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins, D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Loughborough University. Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV.

Volume 13 Report 145 Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship and J.C. Love, The University of Warwick.

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics J.C. Love and V. Goodship (The University of Warwick)

ISBN 1-85957-328-2

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

Contents 1.

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3

2.

The Popularity of In-Mould Decoration ............................................................................................... 3

3.

4.

2.1

Customer Requirements .................................................................................................................. 3

2.2

Costs ................................................................................................................................................ 4

2.3

Environmental Legislation.............................................................................................................. 4

2.4

A Strategic Decision ....................................................................................................................... 4

In-Mould Film Technologies ................................................................................................................... 4 3.1

In-Mould Labelling ......................................................................................................................... 5

3.2

In-Mould Paint Films ...................................................................................................................... 6 3.2.1 The Structure of In-Mould Paint Films .............................................................................. 6 3.2.2 Manufacturing Options ....................................................................................................... 7 3.2.3 The Application of Paint Films in Moulding ..................................................................... 7 3.2.4 Benefits of Using In-Mould Paint Films ............................................................................ 8 3.2.5 Limitations of Using In-Mould Paint Films ....................................................................... 9

3.3

In-Mould Textiles............................................................................................................................ 9

3.4

In-Mould Decorating ...................................................................................................................... 9

Injection In-Mould Painting ................................................................................................................... 9 4.1

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9

4.2

Paint Formulations ........................................................................................................................ 10 4.2.1 The Base Plastics .............................................................................................................. 10

4.3 Adhesion Technologies ...................................................................................................................... 12 4.3.1 Compatible Materials ....................................................................................................... 12 4.3.2 Encapsulation ................................................................................................................... 13 4.3.3 Chemical Compatibilisation ............................................................................................. 13 4.4

5.

6.

Application Methods for Injection In-Mould Painting ................................................................. 14 4.4.1 Compression Injection Moulding ..................................................................................... 14 4.4.2 Simultaneous Co-Injection Moulding: Granular Injected Paint Technology (GIPT) ...... 14 4.4.3 Moulded In Paint .............................................................................................................. 16 4.4.4 FINIMOL ......................................................................................................................... 16

On-Mould Painting ................................................................................................................................ 17 5.1

Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 17

5.2

Coating Formulations ................................................................................................................... 17

5.3

Application Methods .................................................................................................................... 17

5.4

The Advantages and Limitations of On-Mould Painting ............................................................. 18

In-Mould Primer.................................................................................................................................... 19 6.1

Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 19

1

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

7.

6.2

In-Mould Priming of PP Using Simultaneous Co-Injection Moulding ........................................ 19

6.3

In-Mould Priming of Composites ................................................................................................. 20

Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 21

Additional References ................................................................................................................................... 21 Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... 22 Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .......................................................................................... 23 Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 109

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those of Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

2

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

1 Introduction In-mould decorating covers many techniques in which a fully, or partially, decorated component is achieved directly from the moulding process. The surface or surfaces often have the durability and appearance of paint, although the materials are applied using different methods to traditional post-mould painting. These in-mould decoration techniques include inmould film, in-mould priming and the injection of paints into the mould. Traditional spray applied, post-mould paints usually contain dyes or pigments, extenders, flakes, additives, film formers and liquids. Film formers provide the strength and cohesion to the film. Historically, many materials have been used as film formers including many common moulding plastics, for example polyester and acrylic (413). These paints often contain around 60% liquids. The liquid is the component of the mixture that ensures the paint is handleable for spray or brush application. As the paint dries, the liquid evaporates (except in a few cases where the liquid forms part of a chemical reaction which hardens the paint) and the tangling of the long, polymeric molecules forms an integral film. In essence, once the paint has dried, the remaining paint film is a thin layer of polymer molecules, with pigments, extenders, flakes, and additives. In-mould painting uses this same polymer paint film but generates it in a method that allows it to be applied to the components during the moulding process. In-mould film techniques use a multi-layer extruded or solvent cast film as the decorative surface. The film is placed into the open mould before the moulding cycle begins and the molten polymer is moulded onto the reverse surface of the film. Many variations on this technique exist, and they can be applied to injection, compression and blow moulding to produce a variety of decorative effects. Many in-mould decoration techniques make use of thermoplastic or pseudo-thermoplastic coatings or uncured thermosetting materials, which can be injected or extruded into a mould. These ‘paints’ can be used for compression injection moulding, or coinjection moulding. In-mould primer can be seen as a form of in-mould decoration, however the article still needs to be top coated. Priming in-mould significantly reduces the amount of processing that is needed before polypropylene (PP) or sheet moulding compound (SMC) can be painted, and can be used to raise the

heat tolerance of PP or avoid porosity in SMC to allow items to be successfully painted on high temperature paint lines. The in-mould priming of PP uses coinjection moulding technology and chemical compatibilisation techniques to adhere an easily paintable skin (usually polyamide 6 (PA6)) to a PP moulding. Systems used to in-mould prime SMC include the injection of unsaturated polyester resins into the compression mould.

2 The Popularity of In-Mould Decoration Changing customer requirements, cost reduction drives and new legislation are all fuelling the current changes in polymer processing technologies. Specifically, multimaterial moulding and in-mould decoration techniques are gaining in popularity due to rising demands for multi-functional and decorative products (38).

2.1 Customer Requirements Some supply chain customers are now asking polymer processors to supply complete systems including decoration, rather than individual moulded components. These extra decorating processes could be sent out to contractors, however this would lead to the processor losing control of quality, production time and profits (215). By extending their capabilities upstream and downstream processors can differentiate their products from their competitors’ and retain control (215). Installing a complete paint shop is often unfeasible for a processor, so in-mould decorating techniques become a realistic option. The number of variations in decoration requested by customers is also changing. In the automotive and mobile phone industries especially, there is a trend towards seeing the consumer as an individual personality. More individual styling options are available on order, enabling customers to easily personalise their cars with interior trims and exterior decals, and their phones with their choice of decoration (81). Even though this trend started in the automotive industry as a marketing ploy to boost sales of cars, it has resulted in the ability for consumers to express their own personalities through their cars and this trend is expected to spread into other industry sectors. Some in-mould painting techniques, especially in-mould film, allow for this flexibility and make changing paint design between moulding cycles as easy as changing the roll of film.

3

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

2.2 Costs Whilst there are costs associated with the introduction of in-mould painting, as with any new technology, it is anticipated that over time, the correct in-mould decorating technology can be expected to save costs due to the reduced floor space, time, materials and rework needed to produce saleable and high quality goods. In many cases, with in-mould priming as the notable exception, in-mould decorating generally removes the need for a paint shop. This frees up additional floor space, and also reduces the transport systems and in-process storage space needed. Inmould decorating can also reduce scrap levels by reducing the free surfaces that are prone to airborne particulate contamination during painting, and especially by removing the problems associated with porosity and cratering that are usually found when painting SMC.

2.3 Environmental Legislation PG6/23(97) of the Environmental Protection Act, 1990, relates to the coating of metals and plastics. This UK legislation is a typical example of the legislation found around the world and limits, amongst other things, the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere. VOCs can be toxic, have unpleasant odours and cause climatic effects and include any carbon-based substances that evaporate from a drying solvent-borne paint. The legislation relating to the emission of VOCs can be costly to comply with when post-mould painting. However, many in-mould decoration techniques (with the exception of some forms of on-mould painting where solvent-borne paints are sprayed onto the face of an open mould) do not involve VOC emissions, and hence the extra costs of compliance or penalties for non-compliance can be avoided. The potential financial cost of these penalties also makes the costs associated with changing technologies or manufacturing practices more tolerable to the balance sheet. Therefore this legislation has been a major driver in pulling companies towards investigating alternative painting technologies including water-based and powder paints and many of the in-mould decoration techniques.

2.4 A Strategic Decision The choice of in-mould decoration technology does limit, in some ways, the decorative effects that can be produced, and the surfaces that can be covered.

4

Therefore, the choice of technology is a strategic one, which must combine marketing and technical requirements. In many cases, some additional equipment is needed to perform in-mould painting, and this equipment is different for each technology. These are not often bolton systems, but ones that must be taken into account when designing the product, the tooling and the factory layout (167). Again, this leads to the recommendation that the implementation of in-mould painting should be a strategic decision.

3 In-Mould Film Technologies In-mould film technologies appear to date back to a 1980 ICI patent (a.1). This claims the use of webs or films which are stretched across a mould. The mould is then shut and a molten polymer is injected onto the reverse of the film. This invention was later adapted to apply paint films in-mould as covered by the 1991 General Motors Corporation patent (a.2). This patent mentions a film that includes a backing film layer, a clear coat layer and a paint layer and appears to be the invention of in-mould paint film as we know it. This, and the closely related in-mould decoration, in-mould fabric and in-mould labelling technologies, are supported by most major moulding machine manufacturers including Krauss-Maffei, Netstal and Fahr Bucher (38, 53). The technologies are applied to make a wide variety of parts including automotive components, cosmetics packaging, toys, and audio and video equipment (413). There are many terms used for in-mould film technologies. These include: • • • • • • • • •

in-mould decoration (IMD), in-mould foiling, in-mould graphics, in-mould labelling, in-mould lamination, in-mould painting, in-mould shielding, insert moulding, paintless film moulding, etc.

The differences between these terms are somewhat ambiguous. Some cover specific uses, for instance inmould shielding refers only to the use of an

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

electromagnetic shielding foil. Other terms refer broadly to technologies that can include the use of films. For example, insert moulding covers the use of films in-mould, but also the insertion of any material or component into a mould so that it is included in the final product (for example a metal screwdriver blade is inserted into the tool that moulds the handle). Care must also be taken, when interpreting these terms, to determine if the processes referred to in the literature include a film that is part of the final moulding. Techniques that incorporate the whole film into the moulding are referred to in this review either as in-mould paint film, when the decoration is a single colour paint or a simple woodgrain-type pattern, or as in-mould labelling, when the film carries more complex printed graphics. For technologies where the film is used only as a method of transferring decoration to the component the term used in this review is in-mould decorating. In-mould film technologies are some of the most efficient and cost effective ways to decorate a part. They are based on the concept of combining several materials so that each one can add its positive attributes to the component. These techniques can offer the ability to fuse complex precision formed three-dimensional shapes with highly creative photographic quality graphics and designs, durable surfaces and rapid and easy change of decoration.

3.1 In-Mould Labelling In-mould labelling incorporates graphics or patterns in the surface of mouldings by printing on a film, which is then applied in-mould. This technique provides superior durability and appearance in comparison to post-mould paper labels, by encapsulating the edges of the label to provide a smooth seamless surface, and also removes the costs associated with secondary labelling or printing operations. Unlike paper labels, transparent decorations can also be achieved, often making products appear to have no defined label at all (238). Despite its name, this technique is not limited to labels and can also be used for many other applications including automotive wheel covers and centre caps (70). The in-mould labelling technology started with paper labels for ice-cream container lids. By inserting them into the injection mould, it was noted that there was no need to use adhesive. This technique then developed into the ability to insert biaxially orientated PP labels into moulds to make PP parts, thus giving a mono-material product for easier

recycling. It was also found that the extra strength provided by the label allowed a reduced part thickness to be used to achieve the same part properties (39, 369). Peerless Plastic Packaging Limited further developed the in-mould labelling technology by avoiding pre-cutting procedures and taking the labels directly from a roll of film and using a reel-feed system. This is used with a metallised film in the production of biscuit packs (465). In contrast to the system used by Peerless, labels can also be printed, then cut from the sheet, sometimes thermoformed and fed individually into the mould. It is usual to employ a robotic handling device to insert the films to ensure accurate alignment in the mould. The labels are then held in place in the mould cavity with vacuum, pins or electrostatics (80, 81, 238). In total, in-mould labelling was estimated to have a world market size of about US$250 million per year in 2001 (63) and is now commonly used on injection moulding packages and extrusion blow moulded bottles for packaging of foodstuffs and personal-care products (349). In-mould labels can be printed in many ways, including UV flexography, gravure and screenprinting techniques (63, 154, 187, 272). In cases where the surface to be labelled is not entirely flat, the printing ink used must be capable of being formed with the film, without cracking (238). The printed graphic can be on the front face of the film, the second surface (between the film and the component) or on an inner layer of the film. Each of these print positions has advantages and disadvantages. Front face printing exposes the graphic to potential damage during the use of the part. Second surface printing ensures the graphics are protected during use for the life of the film (158, 292), but exposes the graphic to the shear forces and the direct heat of the polymer melt during moulding (54). Printing on an inner layer of the film protects the graphic both in use and during moulding, but relies on an extra lamination step that must be incorporated into the process after printing and before moulding. The advantages of in-mould labelling come at a price. The machinery investment has been estimated at between $50,000 and $200,000, and there will also be additional operating costs and longer moulding cycles (as much as 15% slowdown in production using wheel extrusion blow-moulding machines or 20% with shuttle machines) to add to the costs. FGH Systems have estimated these to amount to a cost increase of 21% against unlabelled bottles (349).

5

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

3.2 In-Mould Paint Films

3.2.1 The Structure of In-Mould Paint Films

In-mould films have been used for interior plastic parts since the 1970s, producing wood grain or brushed metal effect parts. However, producing paint films that would withstand harsh, external environments and produce a Class A finish, (high gloss, high distinctness-of-image and accurate colour matching) as suitable for car exterior body panels, was more of a challenge. This was due to the appearance, physical, mechanical, chemical and weathering properties demanded by consumers, and also the need to fit in with existing steel technologies.

The films used for in-mould film techniques are often multi-layered, with the predominant components being backing, coloured and clear layers as shown in Figure 1. The coloured and clear layers of the film play similar roles to traditional paint layers, being responsible for the colour, and for protection and durability respectively. The backing layer provides adhesion to the remainder of the component, and occasionally some structural rigidity to allow formed film inserts to be handled. The whole system is flexible, allowing the film to be formed to the shape of the component, and imparting the finished components with an impact resistant paint that is more likely to deflect than chip off if hit. In addition to impact resistance, the films exhibit excellent chemical resistance, especially to acid rain, with high fade resistance, high gloss retention, and good distinctness of image after exterior weathering.

The key to this advance was to identify polymers with the correct chemical structure to enable them to withstand UV light and water exposure whilst providing suitable pigmentation possibilities and a high gloss surface. Patents are held for various parts of the process by Avery Dennison Corporation (a.3) and Rexam Industries Corporation (a.4, a.5). Opel first used these Class A in-mould paint films for an exterior application in 1990. The part chosen was the B pillar on their Omega and Senator vehicles, which was made from in-mould paint film coated ABS. This application won the Society of Plastics Engineers Automotive Division Award for the most innovative use of plastics in the international category for 1991 (a.6).

The thickness of the individual layers of an in-mould paint film varies according to the geometry of the finished part and the film elongation required, but the layers described below can usually be found. •

Finishing a part with paint films is a three-step process. The first step in the process is creating the paint film itself. The second is forming it to the necessary shape, and the third is using it in the formation of the component.

Carrier layer: The carrier is used during the manufacture of the film, and often does not reach the film user. A 25-75 μm layer of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), for example, provides a tough flexible base onto which films can be cast and dried. The film is usually stripped from this base, which is covering the face of the paint film, before the backing sheet is added, but it can be left in place until after moulding to provide protection to the paint surface (150).

Removable carrier layer Clear coat Base colour Thermoplastic tiecoat

Backing sheet

Figure 1 Layered structure of a typical in-mould paint film

6

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

•

•

•

•

Clear coat: The clear coat is also not always present, as in some cases the clear coats are insufficiently formable and are limited to substantially flat components. Where they are present, they provide added protection and durability to the film (402) and can be 25-50 μm in thickness. Some clear coat materials have been specially developed to be thermoformable, and the exact nature of the materials is closely guarded by the film making companies. However, it has been revealed that materials based on fluorocarbons are used in some instances (402). Base colour layer: The colour layer can be made from a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), acrylic, a PVDF/acrylic alloy, or acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA) and polycarbonate (PC), for example. This layer is often 13-30 μm in thickness. Metallic and pearlescent pigmented effects can be achieved and gloss level and surface texture can also be controlled to produce the desired final appearance. Tie coat: A 3 μm thermoplastic tie or size coat can be used to increase the adhesion between the colour layer and the backing sheet where needed, due to the compatibility of the selection of materials employed. Backing sheet: The backing sheet is applied once the paint film has solidified. Thermoplastic sheets of 0.5-0.8 mm in thickness can be used when the paint film is to be pre-formed before insertion into a mould (150). Many thermoplastics can be used, including acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) or thermoplastic olefins (TPO). The backing material should be chosen to be compatible with the thermoplastic material that makes up the body of the component to allow it to intermix and bond with the injected thermoplastic during the moulding cycle. However, it should be ensured that the backing sheet will not be degraded at the moulding temperatures used.

Paint films are available from many companies (and collaborations). These include: 3M and Rexam Performance Products; Avery Dennison and General Motors; BASF, Engel, Roehm and Senoplast; GE Structured Products and Autotype International. Their products include Autoflex, Autoform, Avloy, In-Mould Surfacing Film (ISF), Lexan IMD Film, Paintless Film Moulding (PFM) System, Soft Touch, Sollx and Thermark (61, 150, 204).

3.2.3 The Application of Paint Films in Moulding The process of moulding with an in-mould paint film varies depending on the form of the component to be made. The two specific cases that are considered here are: (1) Substantially curved and 3-dimensional components needing pre-formed films. (2) Flat or slightly curved components, which can use film straight off the roll. In both cases, hygroscopic materials must be dried before they are used.

3.2.3.1 Curved Components

3.2.2 Manufacturing Options

Pre-forming films allows substantially contoured parts to be decorated. Thermoforming is the preferred forming technique, where heat is used to soften the film before pressure (and/or vacuum) is applied to form the film to the desired shape. Crystalline and semicrystalline materials, such as polypropylene, need accurate temperature control to allow forming to take place without breaking the film. This is due to the induced tension and uncontrolled crystallisation that can occur during the stretching process. However, even when using amorphous polymers, such as ABS, where temperature control is less critical, uneven gloss and a lack of definition can result from a lack of temperature control and excessive elongation of the film.

These films are manufactured either by co-extrusion, knife over roll coating or reverse roll coating (161, 413), and are subject to the usual colour matching and quality checks for paint. Reverse roll and knife over roll coating use more traditional paints, as they are solvent based and oven dried. Co-extrusion removes the need for solvents by using heat to melt the paint layer components from a granular form. Once the film has been made, the rolls are cut to size and are ready for use.

It is essential to get the formed film exactly the same size and shape as the injection moulding tool. If the film is too large or too small, wrinkling or extra stretching may occur. To establish the correct size, thermal expansion of the tools, shrinkage of the formed film and shrinkage of the thermoplastic used to form the component must all be taken into account. These will all vary with the exact processing conditions and materials used.

7

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

After pre-forming, the film needs to be trimmed before being inserted into the injection mould (402). Putting a ‘free film’ in a mould is not easy. It can be done by hand, but the accuracy of placement can be a problem. It is suggested that in cases where some form of pick and place device is already in use for product removal, it may be adapted to place the pre-formed paint film inserts into the mould in addition to removing the finished articles. Once the pre-formed paint film is in the mould, a means of retaining the film is needed. Vacuum valves could be inserted but they can leave surface impressions, may become clogged and are expensive to move. Another option is electrostatic pinning, which requires no modification and can be installed on the pick and place robot. However, the use of static charge on the film could cause quality problems associated with the attraction to, and entrapment of, dust on the surface unless clean-room conditions can be maintained. More likely solutions are the use of location pins or other features of the geometry of the tool where gravity and friction hold the film in the same place every time. Pre-forming adds to the cost of in-mould painting due to the extra moulds and processes required, and can be avoided for substantially flat components.

3.2.3.2 Flat Components Components without substantial curves can be moulded using film taken straight from the roll, with no need for pre-forming. The usual film feeder system involves a continuous supply reel of film and a take-up reel providing unwind, rewind, brake and alignment controls on the film. The film is stretched between the reels, across the mould. The mould then closes on the film, clamping it in place. Slight forming of in-mould decoration films can occur during moulding, when the carrier material has been selected to allow stretching, due to the temperature and pressure of the polymer melt being applied (402). The allowable depth of draw will depend on the type of paint film. The maximum draw ratio of films can range from 2.5 times film thickness to 200 times film thickness (204).

exactly the surrounding components in the product. Good colour matching and properties are ensured by using film coloration pigments similar to those employed in the paint industry, and approved polymer chemistries. However the mould design and moulding conditions will affect the quality that can be achieved. The quality of the results achieved in existing moulds is lower than that achievable with purpose made moulds, due to the differences made by mould design features. When using film, it is preferable to minimise weld lines, the number of gates, areas of high shear, jetting, deep draws, recesses, sharp corners, severe undercuts, film wrap around and abrupt wall thickness transitions, as these can lead to wrinkling, thinning and loss of colour of the film. Ejection systems should avoid compressing the surface and movement against the film should also be avoided to prevent marring. Other alterations need to be made to the venting and cooling systems surrounding the mould. Venting should be used to deal with the air pockets that can form on either side of the film, and cooling methods and mould temperature should be adapted to account for the reduced heat transfer between the melt and the mould. When moulding with a film, the surface produced will match the surface of the mould. This is an advantage in that a patterned or grained surface can be produced, but it also implies that dust in the mould will mark the paint finish. To obtain a high surface quality a high degree of cleanliness (absence of dust) is required in the processing and work areas, as contamination will lead to defects and rejects (150). Keeping a production hall free of dust is difficult to achieve, and the required conditions can be more easily achieved by encapsulating the immediate production area. A particular area for dust attraction is the static generated when unwinding the paint film. Ionised air de-stat equipment can help remove this problem. When a high quality surface has been achieved, it should be remembered that a paint film finish is as delicate as a sprayed finish, and the appropriate care should be used when handling and packaging finished parts, unless a temporary protective layer is used.

3.2.3.3 Ensuring Quality The paint for the film is formulated in the laboratory. This provides the paint film manufacturer with more control over the paint’s quality and colour. The paint’s colour is especially important because not only must it match from lot to lot, but it often must also match

8

3.2.4 Benefits of Using In-Mould Paint Films Using in-mould paint films: •

Saves on injection material, since the film takes up part of the shot.

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

•

Allows recycled materials to be used behind the film.

•

Saves money in comparison to even mass colouring and clear coating plastic parts and saves 15 to 35% on the painting cost (a.7).

•

Can achieve very tough coatings.

•

Provides environmental advantages over painting by removing complete operations, the related sludge removal, VOC issues, worker safety issues, and masking problems (402).

•

Can produce a surface free of orange peel, mottling and craters, where these defects are not required for matching to other painted surfaces (402).

•

Allows low-cost, low surface energy plastics, like PP to be painted.

•

Allows solvent sensitive plastics and polymers with low heat distortion temperatures to be painted.

and compression moulded components including automotive interior trims (46). Fabrics are often backed with a film or foam before they are inserted into the mould, and a low melting and moulding temperature polymer is injected behind the fabric. Low temperatures are used to avoid degrading the fabric and low filling pressures are used to reduce the likelihood of the fabric moving on injection, and to reduce the crush caused by the fabric being pushed against the mould (437). These low pressures are achieved by optimising the injection velocity profile, reducing the viscosity and using short flow paths and high mould temperatures (238). Problems with in-mould textiles include the risk of colour and gloss change, distortion and folding, but despite these pitfalls, many industrial applications are still found, for example, in the interior of vehicles (238).

3.4 In-Mould Decorating

•

Allows rapid colour and appearance changes (238).

•

Provides easy colour matching between sites.

•

Hides the normal surface texture associated with fillers and fibres (238).

3.2.5 Limitations of Using In-Mould Paint Films In-mould film offers unique opportunities for plastic product designers, particularly for highly contoured parts requiring complex, multicoloured decoration. However, many applications are not this demanding. Therefore other processes should be examined for their suitability to a given product before turning to in-mould paint film. As always, it remains the engineer’s obligation to use the lowest cost process that will meet the design requirements. Other limitations to be considered include the adaptation of tooling and component design, the need to purchase additional materials handling equipment and the extension to cycle time due to reduced cooling rates and film insertion processes (38). Further development work is also still necessary before films can be used for very large components with complex shapes and in extreme chemical environments.

When defining the terms that are used for in-mould film, it was stated that it is not always necessary to incorporate the entire film into the component. In-mould decorating is a technique where the film is used to transfer an opaque decoration onto the component, but where the film itself remains intact and separate from the part (238). The carrier film, often PET, is printed, then trapped between the two halves of the mould, at a straight parting line. The clamping pressure holds the decoration without it being wrinkled or dislodged during the injection of the polymer melt (238, 413). Following injection, the decoration has transferred to the component, and the used film moves along a set amount to the correct position for the next moulding (indexes) and is wound up (238). This technique can decorate complex shapes but the depth of decoration is less than can be achieved with inmould paint film techniques (38, 287, 413). In-mould decorations wear off with use, as the print is not protected under a clear film, and hence this technique is only used for applications like packaging, cups and office equipment where the durability requirements are not too great (38, 238).

4 Injection In-Mould Painting

3.3 In-Mould Textiles

4.1 Introduction

In a similar technique to that used with in-mould labelling, textiles and fabrics including leather, velour and carpet can be used in-mould to decorate injection

Injection in-mould painting is a term that includes many techniques where a liquid paint is injected into a mould during a polymer moulding process. There are many

9

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

variations of this technology as the injection in-mould paint can be liquid either due to its state of curing, or due to its temperature. These paints can be applied in injection moulding, multiple injection (co-injection) moulding or compression injection moulding to produce components that are fully or partially painted.

complicated, due to the risk of the material curing in the injection barrel, so thermoplastic-type paints which may include partial or temporary crosslinking are used for injection moulded components.

4.2.1.2 Partially or Temporarily Crosslinked Paints In comparison to post-mould painting, injection inmould painting reduces the amount of scrap caused by airborne dust inclusions, avoids overspray problems, produces no solvent related VOC emissions and reduces costs when painting PP, as no flame, plasma or other surface energy raising pre-treatments are necessary (38). Unlike in-mould film technologies, graphics and multicoloured decorations are not possible using injection in-mould painting technologies. It should also be remembered that, despite the use of self-purging injection barrels, when producing small batches the sequence in which parts are decorated should be controlled to minimise the material scrapped as purge and the contamination of weak, pale colours with strong, dark colours.

4.2 Paint Formulations Paint formulations comprise a polymer base plus additives. All paints, whether traditional (post-mould) or those applied in-mould, are normally more than just coloured coatings. They need to provide protection for the substrate, and to meet stringent requirements for weathering, scratch and chemical resistance, for example. In addition, injection in-mould paints need to be suitably processable.

In-mould paints for melt-processing need to have the final properties often found in thermoset materials (UV stability, hardness and thermal stability), but the processability of thermoplastics, as thermosets could disastrously crosslink in an injection moulding barrel. It is the crosslinking of thermoset materials that leads to their hardness, UV stability, chemical resistance, etc., but also ‘sets’ their shape signalling the end of their processing as a liquid. The ideal situation would be crosslinkages that can be overcome when they are not wanted. This situation can be approached in 3 ways: (1) Reversible crosslinking through the use of copolymers or reversibly crosslinked rubbers, for example styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS). In this A-B-A structured material the elastomeric centre block (B) provides rubbery properties and the thermoplastic polystyrene end blocks (A) provide the thermoplastic properties. The reversible crosslinking character comes from the incompatibility of the polystyrene and the rubber at ambient temperatures, leading to a phase separation in which the polystyrene end-blocks form domains in an elastic matrix and lock the elastomer mid-blocks in place to form a physically crosslinked network, as shown in Figure 2. When heated, the polystyrene domains soften, allowing the polymer to flow under shear.

4.2.1 The Base Plastics

4.2.1.1 Thermosetting Plastic Paints Thermosetting materials, which cure normally with either the application of heat or through a chemical reaction of two reagents, can be used to in-mould paint compression moulded components. Single-component polyesters, for example, are used for painting hightemperature thermosetting materials, where the heat of the component and tool cure the paint on application (413). Two-component polyurethanes can be used for low-temperature thermoplastics and reaction injection mouldings (RIM). Injection moulding with thermoset materials is more

10

(2) Reversible crosslinking through the use of ionomeric materials. Ionomers are polymers that contain an ionic species. At ambient temperatures, the ionic sections of the polymer chain form clusters, similarly to the reversibly crosslinked rubbers, shown above, physically linking the polymer chains as temporary crosslinks. These physical bonds are reversible allowing the polymer to flow on heating. (3) Pseudothermoplastic materials have only a low level of crosslinking which can be overcome in conditions of high shear, as found in the injection moulding process, to allow the material to flow plastically and be reformed if necessary.

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

B

A

A

B A

A

B A

A

A

A

B

A B

A

B A

A

Figure 2 Reversibly crosslinked rubber with thermoplastic end-blocks (A) and elastomeric centre blocks (B)

4.2.1.3 Paint Properties An additive suite is used with the polymeric binder in the paints, and is chosen to combine with the base plastic to provide the required processing and final product properties. These include UV protection, temperature stability, rheology, shrinkage and visual effects. •

UV protection: To filter the harmful solar radiation and prevent the substrate from undergoing a fast UV degradation, the paint needs to contain a longlasting UV-absorber. Whilst additives can be used to improve the UV stability and UV blocking properties of the paint, it is ideal to base the paint on a plastic that has the desired properties inherently, for example PA12.

•

Temperature stability: As these injection in-mould paints are injected with, or into the same mould as, the core material for the component, it is essential that the paints do not degrade at the injection and tool temperatures normally used for the core material during the moulding cycle.

•

Rheology: When using simultaneous co-injection with injection in-mould paints, the viscosity ratio of the two materials (paint and core) should be approximately 1 at the shear rates and temperatures found during the co-injection moulding process, or with the core being slightly more viscous than the skin. This helps to obtain an even distribution of core and paint and reduces the likelihood of the core material breaking through the paint skin, as shown in Figure 3 (343) (a.8).

•

Shrinkage: The injection in-mould paint should have similar shrinkage values to the chosen core material to avoid developing excessive stresses in the mould that lead to additional warpage in comparison to the equivalent unpainted moulding (343).

Figure 3 Core breaking through paint skin of a co-injection moulded part

•

Visual effects: Both metallic and pearlescent effects can be achieved with injection in-mould paints through the use of an encapsulating resin which surrounds the flakes. This encapsulation leads to a more resilient finish without the need for an additional topcoat. For example, it prevents aluminium flakes from coming into contact and reacting with the atmosphere; if aluminium flakes are left unprotected on the surface, they will blacken with time, ruining the appearance of the product. It should also be remembered that the metallic effects achieved with spray applied paints are often significantly different to the effects achieved in metallic pigmented moulded items and injection in-mould painted components. Non-electrostatic spray paint application techniques can produce a random orientation of flakes, however, when using injection in-mould paint, the encapsulated flakes orientate to varying degrees with the flow of the paint in the mould. This allows alternative styling features to be used, but can produce an uneven metallic effect and emphasises the appearance of any weld lines formed where two polymer flows meet.

11

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

•

to ensure that the decoration adheres to the component. However, there are two other techniques that can also be used to connect the injection in-mould paint to the core of a moulding: chemical compatibilisers and encapsulation.

Pigments: Many types of pigment are suitable for use with injection in-mould paints. The main limitations are the requirements for colourfastness, weathering resistance and the ability to withstand processing conditions, especially heat and shear. The base polymer should also be considered, to ensure, for example, that the pigment does not catalyse a reaction between the polymer and its environment. The pigment loading must be selected to ensure sufficient opacity is produced. However, too much pigment can interfere with the integrity of the film and severely compromise the physical properties of the coating.

4.3.1 Compatible Materials If the materials are compatible, it is either because they are chemically very similar and mix readily due to Brownian motion or they are attracted to each other due to secondary forces between species, for example hydrogen bonding. Either way, when analysed thermodynamically, they have a Gibbs free energy of mixing which is negative. Compatibility tables are available to predict which skin and core combinations will adhere to each other when put in molten contact, an example is given in Table 1. Where the paint materials are based on the same material as the core (for example, polyamide) it can be anticipated that they will be compatible, and that no other mechanism will be needed to ensure adhesion. However, this should

4.3 Adhesion Technologies It is normal to provide adhesion between the component and the paint or decoration to ensure that the decorative effect lasts for the expected amount of time. Compatible materials are normally chosen when in-mould decorating using the in-mould film and on-mould painting techniques

EVA

PBT

PC

PE-HD

PE-LD

PET

PMMA

POM

PP

PPOmod

PS-GP

PS-HI

SAN

TPU

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

*

*

+

+

ASA

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

*

-

+

+

EVA

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

PA66

ASA

ABS

PA6

ABS

Table 1 Material compatibility table

+

PA6

+

+

*

*

*

*

-

*

-

-

-

+

+

PA66

+

+

*

*

*

*

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

PBT

+

+

*

*

+

+

-

-

+

PC

+

+

*

*

+

+

-

-

+

PE-HD

-

-

+

*

*

-

-

+

+

-

*

*

-

-

-

-

-

-

PE-LD

-

-

+

*

*

-

-

+

+

-

*

*

+

-

*

-

-

-

PET

+

+

+

+

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

PMMA

+

+

-

*

*

-

+

*

-

-

-

+

POM

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

PP

-

-

*

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

PPO mod

-

-

PS-GP

*

*

PS-HI

*

SAN TPU

+

-

-

-

-

*

*

*

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

*

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

*

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

+

-

-

*

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

- No adhesion, * Poor adhesion, + Good adhesion

12

-

+

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

always be confirmed experimentally, as compatibility tables are often incomplete, often provide apparently conflicting information, and not always reliable for all grades of a material.

4.3.2 Encapsulation Under normal moulding conditions, incompatible materials do not adhere to each other when moulded together. Encapsulating the edge of one material with another can create mechanical interlocking between the materials. This has been found to be acceptable for some applications for injection in-mould paints used in co-injection moulding where the skin completely surrounds the core, keeping the two materials together despite their incompatibility. Whilst encapsulation is a cost effective option for injection inmould painting using co-injection moulding of incompatible materials, it is insufficient where the part needs structural integrity across the interface either due to the de-moulding process or application conditions. In more demanding applications and when de-moulding from complex tools, bubbling and splitting can occur when forces are applied across the interface. Even when a mechanical bond is made by encapsulation, the bond can easily be broken (for example during use or misuse of the component). Once detached, the two materials can easily be separated from each other, leaving relatively smooth surfaces on each material.

4.3.3 Chemical Compatibilisation Compatibilisers can be added to chemically bond across the interface of two incompatible polymers when these polymers are in molten contact with each other, for example in the conditions found in simultaneous coinjection moulding (multi-material moulding). These compatibiliser materials were originally used to prepare polymer blends, and the same materials that are used to form blends can normally be used successfully for in-mould decorating. Chemical compatibilisation relies upon the addition of a chemical compatibiliser to one or both of the materials. In the case of PP and PA, for example, this can be a polymer grafted with a reactive species, e.g., maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) or a suitable block copolymer (156). Compatibilisers have chemically distinct sections, of which some are miscible with one polymer and some with the other. When used for injection in-mould painting, they react upon the application of the heat and pressure of the moulding process to chemically bond the two types of polymer together. The PP-g-MA reaction used to bond PP with PA is shown in Figure 4. The PP-g-MA is easily mixed with the PP before moulding, and when injected with PA, the anhydride group of the compatibiliser reacts

Figure 4 Illustration of the reaction between the anhydride of maleic anhydride grafted PP and the amine group of PA at the PP/PA interface (after Rungseesantivanon (a.9))

13

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

with the terminal amine group in the PA, as shown in Figure 4, to provide a chemical bond between the two materials. The number of sites available for the chemical reaction at the interface, the molecular weight of the grafted compatibiliser and the molten contact time all affect the bond strength that can be achieved. The bonds formed are less strong than those formed during simultaneous co-injection moulding of compatible materials, but have been found to be strong enough for the needs of injection in-mould painting. In-mould decorated components made solely with compatible or compatibilised materials can be easily recycled as the whole part can be granulated and used as core behind a suitable new in-mould paint film or completely encapsulated with injection in-mould paint. In instances where encapsulation is used to enable incompatible materials to be moulded together, these components will need to be broken to enable the different materials to be separated before recycling can take place.

4.4 Application Methods for Injection In-Mould Painting

4.4.1 Compression Injection Moulding Compression injection moulding is a process which incorporates an extra injection of material into a compression mould after the compression cycle. It should not be confused with injection compression moulding which involves a shot being injected or extruded into a slightly open mould, which is then shut, compressing the material. Compression injection moulding can be used to coat the types of materials which are usually formed by compression moulding, namely SMC and other polymer composites. Injection in-mould paints can be injected into a compression mould at two points during the cycle. The first method, used by General Motors in the early 1970s, involves letting the component cure or cool completely to a stage where it would normally be removed from the mould. Instead of opening the mould to remove the part, the mould is opened only slightly (less than 1 mm) and the paint is injected into the gap between the component and the tooling. The mould is then closed again onto the component and paint, to spread the coating across the part. The paint then cures or cools as appropriate, and the painted part is removed from the tool (262, 413, 463).

14

The second type of injection in-mould coating process is a high-pressure technique that allows a thermoset material to only partially cure before a thermoset paint is injected at a very high pressure into the closed cavity, forcing the component to shrink or the mould to open to accept the paint. This is a quicker and more controllable process than the end of cycle technique described above, and it also produces parts with a better surface quality (262, 463).

4.4.2 Simultaneous Co-Injection Moulding: Granular Injected Paint Technology (GIPT) Granular Injected Paint Technology (GIPT) makes use of the simultaneous co-injection moulding technique to apply injection in-mould paints to thermoplastic substrates (a.10). GIPT was initially developed as a consequence of a research collaboration involving many partners, including Rover Group, Battenfeld and the University of Warwick (38). The ability to produce a painted Class A moulded plastic component in the mould was recognised by Rover Group as a good technical strategy, and resulted in a UK Government sponsored programme with the Warwick Manufacturing Group (at the University of Warwick) investigating and developing several in-mould paint technologies including the simultaneous co-injection of a bulk polymer and a coating. The co-injection technology was seen as the most successful of the in-mould painting technologies investigated and resulted in the patented GIPT process (259). The concept was heavily publicised and awarded a Certificate of Excellence For Manufacturing With Polymers at the PRW Awards for Excellence, Interplas 1993. In the Battenfeld simultaneous co-injection moulding process, which has been used throughout the development of GIPT, the core and coating materials are injected from two barrels through a single nozzle into a mould to form a sandwiched layer of core, surrounded by a coating. There is no large scale mixing of the materials in the mould, producing discrete layers of skin and core. The two in-line reciprocating screw systems are mounted in parallel and are connected by means of a single nozzle. The nozzle guides both materials in concentric channels, both channels are equipped with individually operable shut-offs and are self purging to aid quick colour changes. The machine control system is a closed loop microprocessor system which can profile the injection of each material in 15 steps, offering extremely good repeatability and reliability.

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

It has also been found that where the two materials are naturally compatible, profiling the injection speeds can benefit the quality of the component where the moulding has a complex geometry. The gating should be located to provide a uniform distribution of the paint all around the core plastic material. This can be optimised using mould filling analysis tools like Moldflow (1). The injection of the paint material starts at a predetermined point, slightly (about 0.1 s) before the injection of the core material, allowing the paint material to hit the relatively cool mould walls and solidify as a skin. The core and paint materials then flow in simultaneously behind this skin, filling the remainder of the mould. There may be a phase where core material is injected on its own, and the last phase of injection and the packing phase are usually just with paint material. This helps to produce a painted finish in the area of the sprue, and helps flush the injection nozzle with paint to avoid contamination of the paint skin with core material at the start of the next moulding cycle. It should be noted that traditional hot runner manifolds are not suitable for this process as mixing of the two materials would occur in the cross head channels. The simultaneous co-injection moulding process is illustrated in Figure 5.

GIPT was originally developed using PP substrates with PP or PA6 based injection-mouldable coatings. However, these coatings were found to be unsatisfactory when compared to automotive paint standards. The current recommended paints for GIPT with PA and PP substrates are from EMS Chemie (Grilamid (440)) and DuPont (Surlyn Reflections (45)), although any thermoplastic-type injection mouldable paints could be applied in this way. The rheological properties of the polymers, the gate position and the processing parameters control the distribution of the skin around the core (343, a.8). The area around gates may have a thinner layer of coating than the average, and the edges of the moulding and any weld lines will only contain paint. The implications of this on the strength of elements of the part should be considered, especially when mouldings incorporate clips or fixings at the extremities of the flow paths, as shown in Figure 6. This shows a wheel-trim fixing which contains a lot of paint material. When simultaneous co-injection moulding is used for GIPT, an even paint layer of at least 35 μm is needed to achieve good paint properties. The GIPT process is limited to incorporating a maximum of 70% core by volume for the manufacture of a disk sample, before the core breaks through the skin, or the paint skin layer

Stage 1: Skin material injected.

Stage 2: Skin and core materials are injected simultaneously.

Stage 3: Skin material is injected to complete the moulding.

Figure 5 Simultaneous co-injection moulding process

15

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

paint films. In these examples, the clear-coat would increase scratch resistance and give protection from sunlight and chemical attack, whilst also improving the visual properties including gloss and distinction of image. The main barrier to this triple injection moulding technology being used for injection in-mould painting with a clear-coat is the lack of an injection-mouldable clear-coat that has the required properties at this time.

4.4.3 Moulded In Paint

Figure 6 Paint-rich area around a wheel-trim fixing

becomes too thin. The exact quality of a GIPT paint finish will be dependent on the tool surface quality. Chromed tools are recommended for the production of high gloss GIPT components. However, when using simultaneous co-injection moulding for GIPT or other applications, it should be noted that a small ridge can be formed on the paint surface at the edge of the component relating to the position where the core finishes. This bump may be noticeable on high gloss parts, and should be taken into account when designing parts to be decorated using GIPT. Like other forms of injection in-mould painting, the GIPT technique greatly reduces VOC emissions, but without the need for an increased cycle time or extremely high pressures. GIPT reduces costs and allows the whole component to be coated, including the split line (a.10). GIPT demonstration products include automotive body and trim components, TV cabinets, and computer, kitchen and bathroom furniture.

4.4.2.1 Triple Injection Moulding By varying the composition and number of layers used for multiple injection moulding, many in-mould painting techniques can be achieved. Triple injection moulding is very similar to the co-injection moulding process that has been described earlier, but three materials are injected rather than two. Triple injection moulding could be used to produce parts that have a structural core, a coloured middle layer and a clear, hard, topcoat. This produces painted parts that are analogous to the base coat/clear-coat traditional automotive paint systems and the clear-coated in-mould

16

Injection in-mould paints can be used to manufacture the entire component. This is a slight aside from inmould painting, but is a subject that gets a lot of press coverage, especially by the paint material manufacturers, who sell these materials as weatherable, colourable, mouldable polymers. The processing of these materials alone is simpler than in-mould painting, as only one material is applied and conventional injection moulding techniques are used. However, it is often the case that despite the easier processing, this moulded in paint route is the more expensive option due to the amount of speciality polymer that is used, and the amounts of speciality pigments that are needed to provide the colour all the way through the moulding, whilst retaining the mechanical properties (181). These speciality polymers are available from many sources, including Xylex (32) and Xenoy (66) from GE Plastics and Surlyn Reflections from DuPont (45).

4.4.4 FINIMOL Another technique that uses only an unmodified single injection moulding machine to provide a part direct from the mould that does not require further painting is FINIMOL. The name of this technology is derived from ‘finishing in mould’. This is a very interesting injection moulding technique that involves two materials being injected at once: an enamel for the coating and another polymer as the core. To date little technical detail has been published about this research which is on going in The Netherlands as a collaboration between Eindhoven University, Akzo Nobel and DSM (a.11). During the injection moulding process, the enamel paints separate from the core material to produce sandwich layers of core surrounded by paint, as in coinjection moulding. However, in the case of FINIMOL, the separation into layers is due to the chemical nature of the two materials, rather than relying on the flow patterns produced by the nozzle and the mould. These enamel paints are engineered on a molecular level to

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

provide both the desired processing and performance properties for each material (a.11). The collaborative research team is now reportedly working towards mapping the chemical reactions that take place during the moulding process, and scaling up the FINIMOL technique from batches of materials of around 20 g to batches of around 1 kg, before scaling it up even further to industrial proportions. Investigations are also being made into methods for reducing the amount of enamel paint that is used. At the moment, the ratio achieved is 30% enamel: 70% core, which is similar to the ratio achieved in the GIPT process. This is a large amount of paint in comparison to a post-moulding painted component, and the target is to achieve a level of 5-10% enamel. There are also concerns relating to the paint’s pot-life and storage conditions and the surface hardness that can be achieved. The adhesion of the enamel to the tool surfaces has also been mentioned by Professor Van der Linde as a current problem (a.11). However, as the date for this technology’s commercial release is surely some time off, there is time to solve any existing problems, and make technical improvements. Like other forms of in-mould painting, FINIMOL provides environmental advantages from reduced scrap and reduced VOC emissions. It is anticipated that the costs will also be reduced when compared to postmould painting techniques, and it is a goal for this technology that the painted components will be completely recyclable (a.11).

5 On-Mould Painting 5.1 Introduction On-mould painting is the technique of spraying, brushing or otherwise applying, a liquid or powder paint or coating onto the surface of the mould tool either before the polymer moulding process starts, or part way through the moulding process. This technology is commonly applied to polyurethane reaction injection moulding (RIM) materials (413) and can also be used for compression and injection moulding of polymers and polymer composites. It can be applied to form the final coating or paint for a component, but is also sometimes used to reduce the porosity found with SMC, fulfilling a surfacer-primer role Modern on-mould coating processes are used by many companies using coatings produced by CIL, GI

Plastek, Futura Coatings and SP Systems to make products including the Audi Avant tailgate, kitchen sinks, floor tiles, lawn mowers and boats. Whilst the production of Class A parts has been reported components are usually post-mould painted, with the coating acting as a primer/sealer where appearance is a very important issue (49, 88, 131, 464). In addition to appearance and coating related benefits, on-mould painting has been reported to extend the life of polished mould tools by providing a protective unfilled shielding layer between a relatively abrasive glass fibre reinforced polymer and the mould surface (131).

5.2 Coating Formulations On-mould coatings have traditionally been solvent based, for example, vinyl esters and resin gel coats, which have been used for decades to produce a better surface finish on hand lay-up and resin transfer mouldings by providing a better quality and easily sandable top surface (413). As in all areas of painting, environmental trends are accelerating the development of low VOC options, including water based paints, thermosetting paints (two part polyurethanes, for example) and powder systems (413). These newer paints overcome the solvent-related VOC issues, shorten the time taken for the painting process and produce a better surface finish (a.12). The paints used are fairly standard, and can be the same as those used for the post-mould painting of components. One different consideration, however, is the need to ensure that, once the moulding process is complete, the paint sticks to the component and doesn’t remain attached to the tool. Failure to ensure this adhesive preference leads to patchy decoration and dirty tools. To help the coating part from the mould surface, release agents are often applied to the tool prior to coating. The need for a release agent will depend both on the paint chosen, and the geometry of the mould. However, when the paint is first applied, there must be some adhesion to the mould surface to ensure a coherent paint layer is formed across the surfaces to be coated. This is particularly an issue for powder coatings.

5.3 Application Methods When powder coating on-mould paints are applied before each moulding shot, they are electrostatically sprayed onto a hot mould where the heat either melts them, making them sticky and able to flow to produce

17

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

a high quality coating, or polymerises them in a few seconds (463, 464). It is often preferable to add extra heat to thermoplastic powders before the moulding proceeds to allow more flow of the powder, producing a higher quality coating, and making the surface more prone to adhesion to the moulded part (a.12). Thermoset materials can also be carefully selected to ensure that the coatings cure next to the tool before curing at the free surface, which will be in contact with the component. This helps to ensure that the paint is available for slight mixing with the bulk material during the moulding process, which improves the bond between the coating and the component and the chip resistance of the final component (131). Liquid on-mould paints can be sprayed, rolled or brushed onto the heated mould before each moulding shot. An even coat of paint covering the whole of the mould should be achieved, keeping the thickness above 20 μm but avoiding excessive application which can result in flooding and increased drying times for solvent-borne coatings. Drying can take a matter of seconds with a hot mould but times of up to two hours can also be needed, depending on the paint thickness and formulation (49). If the paint is not allowed to dry completely before moulding, then blistering will occur due to the trapped solvents or water. As the coating layer is often only thin, to keep the drying time to a minimum, accurate matching of the colour of the core material to the paint is often used where colour is an important issue, as this helps to produce a product which has an even and consistent colour. Colouring of the core can be achieved using a masterbatch, or similar system. Of course, drying is not an issue with powder coatings or thermosetting coatings and thicker powder layers can be easily applied. Powder layers of at least 150 μm are required to prevent cracking and paint film displacement on moulding (464), but thicknesses can easily reach 300 μm (463). Due to the amount of dust formed and the extent of potential financial loss from overspray of these expensive paint materials, the spraying of powders occurs inside a mask placed over half of the mould tool, where any surplus powder and dust can be sucked out (464).

polymer that is being moulded is pressed into intimate contact with the paint surface, and some limited mixing may occur. The two materials adhere, the coating parts from the tool surface and the coated component is ejected from the mould.

5.4 The Advantages and Limitations of On-Mould Painting In comparison to other forms of in-mould decoration, on-mould coating has one main advantage. This is that paints which are normally used post-mould can feasibly be applied in-mould using this on-mould coating technique. Applying the same paints by more than one method allows improved colour match to be achieved between on-mould painted and non-moulded or postmould painted components. However, there are substantially more disadvantages to on-mould painting over other forms of in-mould painting. The coatings commonly applied on-mould are often inferior to other forms of in-mould paints, with gel coats in particular lacking scratch, light, temperature and chemical resistance (335). The transfer efficiency of gel coats is also much lower than on-mould spraying of powders and other in-mould painting techniques, and leads to paint sludge related environmental concerns (a.12). The cycle time for on-mould spraying is also longer than for the majority of in-mould decorating processes, due to the drying time needed to evaporate the solvents out of the paint, (which can be as long as two hours) or the time needed to heat the powder coating to a point where it will flow to adequately cover the mould (49).

A liquid thermoset paint can also be sprayed over the tool surface partway through a thermoset moulding cycle. In this case, the remaining moulding time is used to cure both the paint and the part. For example, a single part polyester paint can be used as it will cure with the heat of the moulding process (413).

The environmental advantages of other in-mould coating techniques, which cause significantly less VOCs to be emitted during their use in comparison to post-mould painting, should be brought to mind when considering on-mould painting. It is clear that there is little environmental advantage to spraying a solventladen paint onto a mould surface in comparison to spraying the same paint onto the completed article postmould. Indeed, spraying on-mould is more complex than post-mould spraying, especially when considering the limited access space, and the need for dust free conditions and air control to achieve a coated surface that is free from inclusions. This air control is unusual to find in a normal moulding shop, and will need special enclosures to be constructed around the mould.

Whether the paint is applied to the mould either before moulding starts, or during the moulding cycle, the

As previously mentioned, the access to the mould surfaces can be limited due to the machine arrangement,

18

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

and only surfaces that can be accessed by the spray head can be coated. In the case of spraying part-way through the moulding cycle, access is even more limited due to the part-moulded component in the tool, and this can mean that corners and vertical faces often remain without sufficient coating to provide the required primer-surfacer thickness or to prevent porosity and other surface defects in SMC (413).

6 In-Mould Primer 6.1 Introduction Like some of the other technologies already discussed in this review, in-mould priming is a form of in-mould decorating, in which the component produced directly from the moulding process is only partially decorated, and where further top-coating is needed before the component is complete. In-mould priming can be split into two main categories: priming PP and priming composites. The coatings and application processes for these two techniques are different, hence they are discussed separately.

6.2 In-Mould Priming of PP Using Simultaneous Co-Injection Moulding The technology of in-mould priming by using simultaneous co-injection moulding was developed as a result of the GIPT in-mould paint project being run as an industrial collaboration at the University of Warwick with Rover Group and other partners. When problems were found in achieving a UV stable finish for an injection in-mould paint, the target for the research was temporarily moved from making a paint to producing a primer using the same chemical compatibilisation and moulding technologies. To date, this system has been patented (a.13), approved for automotive use from an aesthetical angle (after completion using a current post-mould painting process) and further testing is being carried out. Simultaneous co-injection moulding is a form of multiple injection moulding in which a component is made from two thermoplastic materials in a single injection shot. One material makes up the core of the moulding, and one completely surrounds it as a skin, so that a cross section of the moulding shows a sandwich structure with the distribution skin-core-

skin. The two materials flow into the mould simultaneously for a portion of the moulding time, allowing the chemical compatibilisers to form an adhesive bond at the melt interface. In-mould priming using simultaneous co-injection moulding is similar to the GIPT process described earlier, and further processing details can be found in Section 4.4.2. The main difference between GIPT and in-mould priming by co-injection moulding is the composition of the coating material. The main application of this in-mould priming technique is to improve both the surface energy of the PP, removing the need to surface treat PP components before applying the paint, and to improve the temperature stability of PP injection mouldings to allow post-mould automotive on-line painting. This is achieved by using a PA6 as the skin material over a PP core. For a paint to adhere to the surface of a plastic, the contact angle needs to approach zero (a.14, a.15). For this to occur, the surface tension, or energy, of the substrate has to be higher than, but similar to, that of the paint. For PP this is unlikely without some form of surface pre-treatment as the surface tension of PP is particularly low. Surface energy can be split into two parts: the dispersive and polar elements. The polar parts are normally surface active functional groups, whilst the dispersive parts do not have defined groups, but provide adhesive forces through the transfer of small electrical charges. The surface energy of a polymer can be raised through pretreatments which increase the oxygen atoms on the surface, leading to an increased possibility of chemical bonding (a.14, a.15). This explains the success of the post-mould techniques of plasma and flame treatment for preparing PP surfaces for painting. Alternatively, in-mould priming can be used to make the outer surface of the component from a polymer that has a surface energy that is higher than that of the paint to be used. PA6 is a typical material used for in-mould priming PP. The PA6 is made to adhere to the PP by using PP-g-MA compatibilisation technology, as described in Section 4.3.3 of this review. Steel-bodied cars are painted on-line on a production line which consists of a series of paint application and heated stoving or drying stages. Any polymer parts that are attached to this body are ideally painted in the same system to achieve colour-match and to fit with the flow of the manufacturing process. Where this on-line painting is not feasible for polymeric

19

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

parts, off-line painting is performed, and the components are fitted to the cars after the paintshop stage of the production line. Expensive engineering plastic parts, like Noryl GTX for example, can be painted either on- or off-line, however, cheaper bulk polymers, like PP, will not normally withstand the temperatures found in the on-line paint process. Even in situations where polymers are engineered to resist the stated temperature of a paint booth, the variations in temperature around this average may cause stability problems (72). However, when a PP part has been in-mould primed with PA6, it has been shown to withstand real-life stoving temperatures of 180 °C (248). Unfortunately, the theory behind this phenomenon is still not fully understood. Even a very simple PA6 primer can improve the paintability, and increase the heat tolerance of a PP component. For example, work at the University of Warwick has focussed on the use of an unfilled PA6 as a primer for PP. However, in some cases it can be beneficial to use a more complex material that has the characteristics of a thermoset material once cooled. For example, Markle and co-workers (207) have developed a multifunctional isocyanate material that can be injected as a hot, low viscosity fluid and that cools to form an amorphous crosslinked solid with reasonable adhesion to PP. This is similar to many of the paints used for injection in-mould painting, as described in Section 4.2.1 of this review. When in-mould priming injection mouldings, it is not possible to use traditional hot runner manifolds as mixing of the two materials would occur in the cross head channels, and as with many in-mould techniques, highly polished mould cavities are essential, as the primer exactly reproduces the surface of the mould, including any scratches or marks.

6.3 In-Mould Priming of Composites When an unprimed polymer composite part is formed, it can be seen that the polymer densifies and shrinks more than the reinforcing fibres as they cool. This exposes the shape of the fibres, forming an uneven surface, hence rigorous sanding of the surface is necessary to smooth it sufficiently and prepare it for painting. Pores and craters are also a problem, especially with SMC parts, and they are often not apparent until the parts are painted, producing large volumes of high value scrap or parts for rework (131, 464). Solvent penetration when post-mould priming can also be a problem, as can fibre de-bonding and microcracking of uncoated fibre reinforced materials as they age (131). However, by injecting an unfilled in-mould primer between the moulding and the tool surface, or by applying an on-mould powder coating, as described in Section 5 of this review, a smooth surface can be produced which adheres to the core. This surface coating provides a smooth base for further decoration, and also eliminates porosity and the associated surface defects and craters, improving the finished result when the part is painted (464). The effect with fibres is illustrated in Figure 7. In-mould priming can be used for compression moulded components by injecting a primer across the component surface, shortly after moulding, by opening the mould slightly and injecting the primer into the gap. Alternatively, co-injection moulding techniques can be used to inject an unfilled polymer over a heavily filled core material. This in-mould priming process is similar to the GIPT process described in Section 4.4.2. Rover Group developed this injection moulding process in collaboration with the University of Warwick and other partners. It was used in the mid 1980s to produce an Austin Maestro wing which contained a heavily filled

Coating

Fibres Matrix

Figure 7 Surface smoothness provided by in-mould priming of a fibre composite

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In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

glass fibre PP core with an unfilled PP skin. This skin did not provide the appearance and durability properties of paint itself and was awkward to post-mould paint, requiring further priming to increase the surface energy of the PP (as described in Section 6.2, a.14). However, it did provide a smooth surface finish, and also spawned many ideas for further research, including the in-mould priming of PP with PA6 (see Section 6.2) and in-mould painting using co-injection moulding (see Section 4.4.2). Whether the primer is applied to injection or compression moulding, the in-mould primed surface may require further priming to increase the surface energy of the part before the application of a top coat of paint, as this inmould priming for composites does not always alter the surface energy of the part, just the surface topography, providing a smooth, pore-free surface. The in-mould primers used for compression moulding of thermoset components must be thermoset materials which are similar to the resin used for the composite, for example isocyanate-modified unsaturated polyester resins can be used (464). The hot mould enables the primer to crosslink and co-react with the matrix resin in the main bulk of the composite to form an integral smooth surface. Similarly, thermoplastic materials are normally primed with a thermoplastic coating which is applied in a molten state and allowed to cool and solidify with the bulk of the moulding. In general in-mould primers which are solely used to improve the surface of compression moulded or injection moulded composite components can be any unfilled material that is compatible with, or chemically compatibilised to adhere to, the core material. Ideally this in-mould priming material should also have a surface energy that assists painting. Some in-mould coatings applied in this manner have also been shown to possess weathering and abrasion resistance, allowing primed parts to be stored outside whilst waiting for further painting without detrimental effect and to avoid being scratched whilst in storage or being transported. In-mould primers have been shown to reduce costs in comparison to post-mould priming (262). However, there are limitations to the in-mould priming of composites when using a compression moulding technique. The coating can only be evenly applied to one half of the moulding in the direction of pressing. As the angle increases between the coating and the pressing direction, the coating thickness decreases, reducing its effectiveness (464). In-mould priming has been used to produce the SMC bonnet of the Citroen BX, the SMC tailgate of the

BMW M3, the MAN F90 lorry cab bonnet and the front end of the VW Passat which were all compression moulded (464). Some of these components were subsequently on-line painted with the remainder of the vehicle body, with no reported cratering, porosity or associated appearance problems.

7 Conclusions There are many variations of in-mould decorating, which all produce fully or partially decorated components straight from a variety of moulding processes. These techniques can produce primers, labelling, graphics, natural patterns and automotivestyle paint appearances and are widely used across a range of products from packaging to cars. Whether the technique chosen involves a film, a powder, granules or a liquid paint, its use reduces the reliance on traditional paintshops providing a selection of cost, space, processing time and environmental benefits.

Additional References a.1

B.C. Thomas, inventor; Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, assignee; US Patent US4216184, 1980.

a.2

C.C. Mentzer, E. Eusebi, H.W. Cox and W.T. Short, inventors; General Motors Corp., assignee; European Patent 0419001, 1991.

a.3

P.L. Spain and K.L. Truog, inventors; Avery Dennison Corporation, assignee; US Patent 5916643, 1999.

a.4

T.M. Ellison and R.A. Winton, inventors; Rexam Industries Corp., assignee; US Patent RE35739, 1998.

a.5

T.M. Ellison and R.A. Winton, inventors; Rexam Industries Corp., assignee; US Patent US4810540, 1989.

a.6

T.M. Ellison, Chemtech, 1995, 25, 5, 36.

a.7

C. Nastas, Automotive Coating Systems, Michigan, USA, 1994, FC94-157.

a.8

V. Goodship and J.C. Love, Multi-Material Injection Moulding, Rapra Review Report 145, Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury, UK, 2002.

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In-Mould Decoration of Plastics

a.9

W. Rungseesantivanon, Factors Affecting Adhesion Of Polymers During Coinjection, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000.

a.13

R.A. Easterlow, R. Coates, P. Stidworthy, G.F. Smith, inventors; Rover Group (GB), assignee; GB Patent GB2315039, 1998.

a.10

J.C. Love, G.F. Smith and M.W. Pharaoh, Proceedings of Injection Moulding 2002, Barcelona, Spain, 2002, 207.

a.14

Ed., J. Karger-Kocsis, Polypropylene: Structure, Blends and Composites, Volume 3: Composites, Chapman and Hall, London, 1995.

a.11

Eindhoven University, TDO in dialogue with the society: Interviews, http://www.tue.nl/tdo/ interviews-uk.htm#lak, site visited May 2002.

a.15

a.12

E.G. Nicholl and N.B. Shah, inventors; Morton International, Inc., assignee; US Patent 6,235,228, 2001.

D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson, Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins, Rapra Review Report 143, Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury, UK, 2002.

Abbreviations and Acronyms ABS

acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

ASA

acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile

GIPT

granular injected paint technology

IMD

in-mould decoration

ISF

in-mould surfacing film

PA6

polyamide 6

PC

polycarbonate

PET

polyethylene terephthalate

PFM

paintless film moulding

PP

polypropylene

PP-g-MA

maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene

PRW

Plastics and Rubber Weekly

PVDF

polyvinylidene fluoride

RIM

reaction injection moulding

SEBS

styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene

SMC

sheet moulding compound

TPO

thermoplastic olefins

UV

ultraviolet light

VOC

volatile organic compound

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References and Abstracts

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database Item 1 Emerging Technologies for the New Millennium. SPE Topical Conference held Montreal, Canada, 20th-21st. Sept. 2001. Brookfield, Ct., 2001, 27 cms., paper 28, p.345-354. 012 MOLDFLOW MANUFACTURING SOLUTIONS FOR THE AUTOMATION, CONTROL, AND MONITORING OF THE INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS Rucinski P Moldflow Corp. (SPE; INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS INSTITUTE) Moldflow Corporation’s solutions for the automation, control and monitoring of the plastics injection moulding process are described. The suite of manufacturing solutions includes the Moldflow Plastics Xpert, the Moldflow Shotscope, and the Moldflow EZ-Track. The Xpert system applies and automates the process of scientific moulding to decrease mould setup times, cycle times, and scrap rates and to improve moulded part quality and labour productivity. Shotscope is a process monitoring and analysis system that collects critical data in real time from injection moulding machines on the shop floor, records, analyses, reports and allows access to the information for use in critical decision making. EZ-Track is a production monitoring and reporting system for realtime plant-wide production monitoring and reporting. It can be attached to virtually any cyclic manufacturing equipment and machinery in addition to injection moulding machines. USA

Accession no.847448 Item 2 Macplas International Sept.2001, p.120/3 RAPID GROWTH FOR IN-MOULD DECORATION Wright T Autotype International In-mould decorating (IMD) is the topic of this article, which firsts looks briefly at the process’s market potential, before turning its attention to explaining the process itself, which consists of four steps: printing, forming, trimming, and moulding. It then considers: the investment costs of expanding into IMD, IMD applications, hard coated film as IMD inserts, and polycarbonate “Autoflex” films. ASIA; EUROPE-GENERAL; USA

Accession no.842474 Item 3 European Plastics News 28, No.4, April 2001, p.41

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

PICKING WINNERS Warmington A Based at a small industrial estate at Vignate, on the road from Milan to Bergamo, SyTrama is dedicated entirely to robotic systems for the plastics industry. It sells some 300 standard robots each year, plus related downstream equipment such as gantries. Applications include picking and placing onto a conveyor; stacking on pallets; sprue cutting; in-mould labelling (IML) for injection moulding and thermoforming machines; in-mould positioning of metallic inserts, pick-up and cooling of PETP preforms, an application in which SyTraMa was a pioneer; pick-up and degating of plastic cases; and assembly of CD jewel boxes and audio cassette cases. Details are given. SYTRAMA SRL EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.840711 Item 4 Journal of Injection Molding Technology 5, No.3, Sept.2001, p.160-79 SPECIAL AND EMERGING INJECTION MOLDING PROCESSES Lih-Sheng Turng Wisconsin-Madison,University A general review is presented of several special and emerging injection moulding processes, covering coinjection moulding, fusible core injection moulding, gasassisted injection moulding, injection-compression moulding, in-mould decoration/lamination, low-pressure injection moulding, micro-injection moulding and microcellular injection moulding. Particular attention is paid to current state-of-the-art technology, applications, process physics, technical challenges and applicable materials. 83 refs. USA

Accession no.840082 Item 5 Plastiques & Elastomeres Magazine 53, No.3, April 2001, p.34-5 French TWO FIRSTS AND A NEW CONCEPT AT PLASTIC OMNIUM Gouin F Thin-wall sequential injection moulding and film insert moulding techniques used by Plastic Omnium in the production of plastics parts for Renault’s Laguna II range of cars are described. PLASTIC OMNIUM SA; RENAULT SA; ATLANMOLD; AUDI AG; REXHAM CORP.; VOLKSWAGEN AG

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References and Abstracts

production of plastics parts for Renault’s Laguna II range of cars are described. PLASTIC OMNIUM SA; RENAULT SA; ATLANMOLD; AUDI AG; REXHAM CORP.; VOLKSWAGEN AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.839065 Item 6 Materials World 9, No.8, Suppl., Aug.2001, p.5 BLASTING YOUR WAY TO FASTER DETAILING Detailed in this article is a new process, known as explosive structuring, developed by the Fraunhofer Institute For Chemical Technology in Germany, enabling the direct stamping of surface textures into the metal production moulds. This patented blast-imprint method, and its advantages, are briefly described. FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FUER CHEMISCHE TECHNOLOGIE; FRAUNHOFER-ALLIANZ RAPID PROTOTYPING

sheet moulding compounds for exterior automotive body panels gave an inferior surface appearance compared with that possible with in-mould coating(IMC). The process was, however, sufficiently attractive to be used in combination with IMC to seal the edges and avoid edge porosity. 15 refs. USA

Accession no.838271 Item 9 European Plastics News 28, No.11, Dec. 2001, p.33 DRESSING UP TO GO Vink D Some of the soft touch and three-dimensional decorative paint effects available from Must Decor, a moulder based near Liege in Belgium, are described and information on the company, which provides a wide range of individual appearances for consumer electronic devices and other articles, such as helmets, is presented. MUST DECOR

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.838620

Accession no.837186

Item 7 Modern Plastics International 31, No.12, Dec.2001, p.69 PROCESS MAKES MULTITEXTURED, MULTICOLORED INSTRUMENT PANELS Mapleston P

Item 10 European Plastics News 28, No.11, Dec. 2001, p.29-30 MADE IN THE MOULD Sall K; Vink D

An advanced form of in-mould decoration has been developed by Visteon of the USA. The technology is known as “Visteon Laminate Insert Moulding” (VLIM), and is said to be a cost-effective way of producing allpolyolefin car instrument panels that are multi-coloured and multi-textured. Full details of the VLIM process, and the VLIM instrument panels, are provided. VISTEON CORP.; BAYER; GE PLASTICS; AVERY AUTOMOTIVE; FORD MOTOR CO. AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.838580 Item 8 Polymer Composites 22, No.5, Oct.2001, p.702-9 POWDER COATING OF SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND(SMC) BODY PANELS Abrams L M; Castro J M Ohio,State University A simplified model was developed for the powder coating of plastics parts. It was shown that this model could be combined with chemo-rheological measurements to guide the optimisation of the process and material parameters. With the materials currently available, powder coating

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A report is presented on innovative in-mould decorating techniques, including painting and printing techniques, on display at K2001. These techniques include new surface coating technology from Ube for painting plastics, the IMCmore system from Summerer Technologies employed by Battenfeld to make automotive parts and a combination of Krauss-Maffei’s IMC injection moulding compounder with paintless film moulding in-mould decoration to produce tailgate panels in car body colour without the use of paint lines. UBE; KRAUSS-MAFFEI; SUMMERER TECHNOLOGIES; BATTENFELD EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.837185 Item 11 Plast’ 21 No.102, May 2001, p.97-8 Spanish INJECTION MOULDING, A DRIVING FORCE FOR CHANGES Netstal Maschinen AG Injection moulding processes and machinery for the production of plastics packaging containers are examined.

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Developments by Netstal in its SynErgy range of injection presses for use in this sector are described, with particular reference to in-mould labelling systems and machines for multi-material moulding. SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.835423 Item 12 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 91, No.10, Oct. 2001, p.25-8 SYNERGY CREATES NEW TECHNOLOGY Mitzler J; Jensen R; Grefenstein A; Gschwendtner R; Jungbluth M; Kaufmann G; Sonntag R Krauss-Maffei Kunststofftechnik GmbH; BASF AG; Kiefel P.,GmbH; Petek M.,Reinraumtechnik; Kaufmann G.,AG; DAT Automatisierungstechnik GmbH A report is presented on a project, which involved the participation of the above companies in the manufacture of a vehicle trunk lid with a Class A surface. The trunk lid is produced by the back injection compression method from glass fibrereinforced thermoplastic with a preformed coextruded film inserted in the mould. A protective facing layer is laminated to this film during production and removed when the part is assembled on the vehicle. (Kunstoffe, 91, No.10, 2001, p.96-102) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.834962 Item 13 Urethanes Technology 18, No.3, June/July 2001, p.28/30 FAST-GROWING POLYURETHANE-BASED SYSTEMS HAVE A LOT TO OFFER IN COATINGS White L This detailed article provides economic information about the fast-growing use of polyurethane resins in coating applications. Amongst the topics it discusses are: technical challenges resulting from environmental pressures, the global market-place, automotive applications, consolidation and restructuring within the industry, applications, and market growth figures. BAYER AG; VIANOVA; FROST & SULLIVAN; BAXENDEN CHEMICALS LTD.; PHILLIPS; BASF COATINGS; AKZO NOBEL; DUPONT; PPG INDUSTRIES; TIKKURILA OY; BECKER INDUSTRIAL COATINGS; AMERON; SHERWINWILLIAMS; VALSPAR; NIPPON PAINT; KANSAI PAINT; IRFAB CHEMICAL CONSULTANTS; FREEDONIA GROUP INC. ASIA; AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.832577

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 14 Plastics, Rubber and Composites 30, No.1, 2001, p.11-5 INTERFACIAL INSTABILITIES IN MULTIMATERIAL CO-INJECTION MOULDINGS. I. BACKGROUND AND INITIAL EXPERIMENTS Goodship V; Kirwan K Warwick,University Interfacial adhesion between the skin and core is vital for successful co-injection moulding. This is the first paper in a series, which introduces and describes an in-mould method of mixing that is applicable regardless of the compatibility of the materials. It works by inducing turbulent mixing at the interface between the skin and core materials. It makes use of the change that occurs from laminar to turbulent flow at high injection speeds in co-injection moulding. This novel approach takes advantage of the moulding parameters already available within the co-injection system to offer an expanded range of material combinations for multi-material moulding. Comparisons are made between multi-material mouldings made with miscible polymers, immiscible polymers with no compatibiliser, and immiscible polymers bonded by compatibilisers. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.831699 Item 15 Plastiques & Elastomeres Magazine 53, No.2, March 2001, p.58 French LFP BACKS DECORATED TELEPHONES Gouin F The activities of La Francaise des Plastiques (LFP) in the injection moulding of mobile phone components in ABS/ polycarbonate blends are examined, and a process developed by the Company for the in-mould decoration of such components is briefly reported. Details are given of other plastics products manufactured by LFP by injection moulding and extrusion, and turnover figures are presented for 1999 and 2000. LA FRANCAISE DES PLASTIQUES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.831319 Item 16 Injection Molding 9, No.9, Sept. 2001, p.66 INSERT DECORATING PROCESS OFFERS NEW DESIGN OPTIONS Goldsberry C The development of an in-mould decorating process, which combines heat-resistant UV inks with multilayer,

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References and Abstracts

second-surface screen printing to encapsulate text and graphics, by three companies is reported. The companies involved were Lustre-Cal Nameplate Corp., Quashnick Tool Corp., a custom injection moulder, and GE Structured Products. QUASHNICK TOOL CORP.; LUSTRE-CAL NAMEPLATE CORP.; GE STRUCTURED PRODUCTS USA

Accession no.830441 Item 17 POLYMER PROCESSING ENGINEERING. 01. Proceedings of a conference held June 2001. London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2001, Paper 12, p.121-55, 012 FLUID-ASSISTED INJECTION MOULDING Eckardt H Battenfeld GmbH (Institute of Materials; Interdisciplinary Research Centre) The main low pressure injection moulding techniques are covered, including the one-component structural foam process, multi-component injection moulding, Battenfeld’s MuCell process, gas-assisted injection moulding, water-assisted injection moulding (Aquamould), co-injection and Airmould Multifoam process, backmoulding processes, including in-mould decoration and textile backmoulding, and a combination of processes. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.830365 Item 18 Plastics News(USA) 13, No.29, 17th Sept.2001, p.44 PLASTICS PROMINENT AT GERMANY AUTO SHOW Miel R

Item 19 Paper Film & Foil Converter 75, No.9, Sept.2001, p.24 MIRACLE OF COEXTRUSION MAKES BELIEVERS OF MANY Bentley D J RBS Technologies Inc. Blow moulded containers can be customised for the individual customer’s needs through judicious blends of materials combined through coextrusion. A good example of a three layer coextrusion would be a blow moulded container for use with in-mould label applications. The inside and outside layers might be virgin polymer. Sandwiched between these layers would be a layer of coextruded material that would be reground scrap or reject from the in-mould label operation. For flexible packaging, a three-layer coextruded film could contain an inner film layer which provides certain barrier properties. USA

Accession no.829777 Item 20 Chemical and Engineering News 79, No.39, 24th Sept.2001, p.24-8 POLYMERS HEAT UP Tullo A H The biggest event to hit the engineering polymers industry in recent years, Solvay’s pending takeover of BP’s engineering polymers business, demonstrates the push some companies are making into new markets and higher value polymers. The key markets for engineering plastics are all the sectors that have been affected the most by the economic downturn: automobiles, electronic equipment, appliances and almost every other kind of durable good. GE Plastics says metal replacement is bigger for the company than it has ever been and its sights are set on automotive exteriors, Last fall, the company launched its Sollx resin, a polymer that is resistant to weathering and can be used on automotive exteriors without being painted. WORLD

Automakers and suppliers unveiled a series of polymerintensive machines and components during the Frankfurt International Motor Show. Systems making their debut ranged from a four-door version of DaimlerChrysler’s Smart car, with its thermoplastic, moulded-in colour panels, to instrument clusters and electronic connectors. Visteon rolled out its new moulding programme for vehicle cockpits, the Visteon laminate insert moulding, which it says can reduce part complexity and increase styling options for polyolefinbased interiors. Johnson Controls debuted a concept car interior with an in-mould graining procedure it said can be used to provide uniform graining on cockpit surfaces.

Accession no.829759

WORLD

WORLD

Accession no.829793

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Item 21 British Plastics and Rubber Sept.2001, p.62 REACTION PROCESSING This article outlines reaction processing equipment on show at K2001. This includes a method of applying a PU clear coat to components using a closed mould insert moulding process, dispensing equipment for RIM skins and high pressure foam, a high pressure mixing head for shoe sole production, mould carriers and roll covering machines. Accession no.829744

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 22 ARC 2000: Where Innovative Ideas Merge with Reality. Conference proceedings. Dearborn, Michigan, 8th-9th November 2000, p.13-27 PHYSICAL PROPERTY EFFECTS DUE TO RECYCLE CONTENT IN MULTI-LAYER TPO STRUCTURES FOR THERMOFORMING Skillman T Equistar Chemicals LP (SPE) Data on a multi-pass extrusion study for a TPO are presented at three different recycling levels. Results are also presented for a soft touch multi-layer sheet structure consisting of a TPO skin, PE foam, an adhesive layer and a rigid TPO substrate. Finally, results on a DuPont clear film laminated to a metallic mould-in-colour TPO are presented. In all cases, good retention of properties at typical recycle rates for thermoforming are achieved for MFR, stiffness, impact, heat distortion temperature, tensile strength and elongation. 1 ref. USA

Accession no.829166 Item 23 Plastics for Portable and Wireless Electronics and Optical Applications. Conference proceedings. Charlotte, N.C., 23rd-24th October 2000, p.21-3 DECORATIVE PROCESSES FOR PLASTIC LENSES Edlis J Textron Fastening Systems (SPE) All decoration consists of fundamentally applied coatings or versions of applications that include coatings. Liquid coatings can be solvent-based ink pigment systems, waterborn pigment systems or UV based pigment systems. Dry coatings can be heat activated adhesive-backed pre-printed solvent or UV based inks or heat activated adhesive-backed metal foils, (generally vacuum metallisation or vapour deposition) where adhesive has affinity to the metal. Aspects covered include conventional ink on part; laminate insert moulding, a form of in-mould decorating; thermal decal transfer; and full surface decoration. Each process has characteristic strengths and weaknesses - frequently, decorative processes are selected after product is designed and part geometry introduces myriad difficulties with the desired end result. Optimally, a decoration process should be selected and design guidelines for part design/geometry should be adhered to. USA

Accession no.829149 Item 24 Plastics for Portable and Wireless Electronics and Optical Applications. Conference proceedings. Charlotte, N.C., 23rd-24th October 2000, p.16-20

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MOLDING LENSES FOR CELLULAR AND PAGING APPLICATIONS USING ‘’IN MOLD DECORATION TECHNIQUES Tabour T; Inadoli R Nissha USA Inc.; Uniplas (SPE) The use of in-mould decorating (IMD) techniques in the moulding of lenses for cellular telephone and paging applications is outlined. The advantages and principles, of Nissha’s IMD process, the standard Nissha IMD process, dimensional capabilities, moulding of lenses, front/rear housings and future decoration technology are outlined. USA

Accession no.829148 Item 25 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 91, No.8, Aug. 2001, p.50 NO CREASING WITH A BALANCED SYSTEM A method for preventing creasing on injection moulded, fabric covered parts for vehicle interiors, which involves the use of cascade technology, is described. Needle-shutoff systems with hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders controlled by external devices or cascade technology are employed and a change in flow rates in the injection moulded part when switching between nozzles is prevented by balancing the system naturally or rheologically. (Kunststoffe, 91, No.8, p.138-9) INCOE INTERNATIONAL INC. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.828206 Item 26 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 91, No.8, Aug. 2001, p.46-9 FEWER PRODUCTION STAGES, SHORTER CYCLES Brockmann C; Mitzler J Peguform GmbH & Co.KG; Krauss-Maffei Kunststofftechnik GmbH The advantages and features of one-shot techniques, including back-injection, back-injection compression (decoforming) and back compression (melt deposition) for the production of decorated large moulded parts, particularly vehicle trim, are described. The processes of molten layer application and melt flow are also compared. (Kunststoffe, 91, No.8, p.122-6) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.828205 Item 27 Journal of Injection Molding Technology 5, No.2, June 2001, p.80-97

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References and Abstracts

IN-MOLD FUNCTIONAL COATINGS OF THERMOPLASTIC SUBSTRATES: PROCESS MODELING Zuyev K S; Xu Chen; Cabrera-Rios M; Castro J M; Straus E J Ohio,State University; Omnova Solutions Inc. Material characterisation of the in-mould coating(IMC) process being developed for thermoplastic substrates, injection moulding/IMC, was studied. The kinetic rate equation was obtained and the model constants were evaluated using DSC. Simple mathematical models were developed for the filling, packing and curing stages of an inmould coating process for thermoplastics materials and the models were used for optimisation of the process. 97 refs. USA

Accession no.827356 Item 28 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 358 IN-MOLD DECORATING OF PLASTIC PARTS Rotheiser J I Rotheiser Design Inc. (SPE) In-mould decoration may be applied during the injection moulding process by placing pre-shaped inserts into the mould before filling. The technique can accommodate complex contours. Decorating may also be done using foil, which is stretched from a supply reel through the mould to take-up reel. During moulding cycle, the foil is softened by the molten plastic and is formed against the mould wall. The coating is separated from the backing, transferring the design to the part. Designs may also be engraved or etched onto the mould surface. 5 refs. USA

Accession no.826574 Item 29 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 356 DECORATING POLYOLEFINS: THE COLOR OF CHANGE Terlizzi M Serigraph Inc. (SPE) The properties and costs of the polyolefins commonly used in manufacturing are tabulated. The low surface energy of polyolefins makes decorating difficult, and surface treatments, including etching/oxidation, surface grafting, flame treatment, priming, corona discharge, and plasma discharge, may be required. Polyolefins may be decorated by pad printing, silk screen printing, lithography, in-mould decoration, by application of heat transfers, and by sublimation printing. 3 refs. Accession no.826572

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Item 30 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 353 IN-MOLD FILM DECORATION - ADVANCED PROCESSED TECHNOLOGY FOR INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS Wielpuetz M; Michaeli W Aachen,Institut fur Kunststoffverarbeitung (SPE) Injection moulded parts may be decorated during moulding by placing the decorative film in the mould prior to moulding. Dependent upon part shape and film composition, the film may be pre-formed prior to injection. The film may affect heat flow from the part to the mould, which must be considered when determining the moulding parameters. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.826569 Item 31 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 91, No.7, July 2001, p.54-6 PERMANENTLY RESISTANT HIGHTEMPERATURE IMD INK SYSTEM Kowalski P Proell KG; Bayer AG The development of a screen printing ink system, which withstands temperatures above 300C, for in-mould decorating is reported along with advantages of the system. This printing ink, called Noriphan HTR and developed together with Bayer AG, is based on a polycarbonate binder, which adheres well to polycarbonate film and ensures permanent bonding to injection moulded parts. (Kunststoffe, 91, No.7, 2001, p.103-5) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.826416 Item 32 British Plastics and Rubber July-Aug.2001, p.33 GE COMBINES FUNCTION WITH APPEARANCE GE Plastics has introduced a family of aliphatic polyester/ polycarbonate alloys for special effects applications, it is briefly reported. The new Xylex series is intended to combine ductility and chemical resistance with transparency or the incorporation of special effects additives. Additional performance characteristics are weatherability and high flow. GE PLASTICS USA

Accession no.825624

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 33 Modern Plastics International 31, No.8, Aug.2001, p.47 TRANSPARENT ALLOY EXPANDS DESIGN FLEXIBILITY AND PERFORMANCE Ng W; Toensmeier P A GE Plastics has developed a family of transparent aliphatic polyester/polycarbonate alloys called Xylex, which combines properties of chemical resistance, ductility, transparency and high flow. Because the polyester and polycarbonate are fully miscible, impact modifiers can be added to the alloy without affecting transparency, as long as the refractive index of the impact modifier matches that of the alloy. Many of the applications at which GE is targeting the alloys come into contact with chemicals that would affect polycarbonate. Two examples are cell phones and eyewear. Xylex alloys can be extruded into film for such applications as the substrate of a cell phone keypad. GE PLASTICS USA

Accession no.825556 Item 34 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 29th June 2001, p.12 TAKING THE HIGH-TECH ROAD Edwards N Rosti is about to begin production at its two Scottish plants in Hamilton and Larkhall for a major telecoms customer. The company will be offering a full service on a number of products, assisting with development, moulding, cosmetic painting, shielding, form and place gasketing, assembly, printing and, potentially, in-mould decoration. Meanwhile, production continues for Ericsson and Motorola. Rosti has its own toolmaking facility in Hastings and also uses a number of UK toolmakers. The Hamilton plant was built for a range of industries and the company is in discussions with UK and international medical companies. The company sees a trend towards medical becoming more of a lifestyle-oriented market. ROSTI EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.825501 Item 35 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 167 OPTIMIZING INJECTION GATE LOCATION AND CYCLE TIME FOR THE IN-MOLD COATING (IMC) PROCESS Cabrera-Rios M; Zuyev K; Chen X; Castro J M; Straus E J Ohio,State University; Omnova Solutions Inc. (SPE) The surface of compression moulded glass fibrereinforced polyester parts for automotive applications may

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be enhanced by injecting a reactive fluid onto the surface of the cured part. The fluid cures and bonds, providing a paint-like coating. Computer software for the prediction of the in-mould coating (IMC) flow, combined with an optimisation algorithm, was used to optimise the injection gate locations. From information on the IMC reaction kinetics obtained by differential scanning calorimetry, a mechanistic model was developed to predict the reaction rate as a function of temperature and initiator content, to optimise the cycle time by minimising the curing time by either increasing the mould surface temperature or by the addition of more initiator. 9 refs. USA

Accession no.823379 Item 36 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 6th July 2001, p.7 LOOKS NOT BRAINS SELL PHONES Smith C There is an increasing realisation that those mobile phone manufacturers that marry manufacturing economies with a high level of product customisation will be the ones to succeed at the low-cost end of the market. Dow claims the use of masterbatch will allow any processor handling more than five or six colours to achieve savings over the use of pre-compounded materials. Dow’s Promatch global colour matching masterbatch technology draws on the high whiteness of the mass polymerised Emerge family of ABS resins. Autotype International says that in-mould decoration was one means of delivering highly customised A and B covers at reasonable quality and cost. E-comeleon is developing an interactive web-based system to enable consumers to design their own decoration and place an order online. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.823299 Item 37 Patent Number: US 6187233 B1 20010213 AUTOMOTIVE TRIM WITH CLEAR TOP COAT AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME Smith H H Guardian Automotive Trim Inc. An exterior automotive trim product, and method of making the same. In certain embodiments, a colour pigmented thermoplastic layer is provided. A transparent clear coat is calendared to the colour pigmented layer to form a composite or laminate. The laminate is subsequently vacuum-formed into a three dimensional shape approximating the desired shape of a final trim product. The vacuum-formed laminate is then inserted into an injection moulding device, and semi-molten resin injected into the mould cavity behind the laminate. The resin fuses with the vacuum-formed laminate with the

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References and Abstracts

result being the final automotive trim product. Thus, no spray painting or spraying of solvents is required, and burdensome dry paint transfer techniques may be avoided. USA

Accession no.822107 Item 38 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1995, pp.230. 30 cms., 21/6/01. Rapra Industry Analysis Series DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EUROPEAN INJECTION MOULDING INDUSTRY MACHINERY, MANUFACTURERS, AND MARKETS Hudson R Rapra Technology Ltd. This market study on the European injection moulding industry examines the technical, economic and environmental factors that are currently impacting upon the industry. The following areas of interest are covered: an overview of basic injection moulding technology; key advances in both process and machine technologies, a techno-economic overview of the three key end-use markets, i.e., packaging, automotive and electrotechnical sectors; economic, environmental and legislative issues that are influencing demand in these markets; the current injection moulding machine supply situation in terms of manufacture and sales; and a directory which includes information on manufacturers, suppliers and processors in the European injection moulding industry. EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.817343 Item 39 Packaging Review South Africa 27, No.4, April 2001, p.37 IML: ADVANTAGES OUTWEIGH COSTS The advantages of in-mould labelling plastic packaging containers are discussed. For injection moulded products, the biggest advantages is said to be design, with the inmould label becoming an integral part of the container, and adding extra levels of consumer security and product protection. Most PP containers are labelled with biaxially oriented PP film, which increases container durability, and provides a stronger structure with higher impact strength and puncture resistance. Since the label adds strength, it is also possible to reduce the wall thickness of the container. The process is briefly outlined. TRESPAPHAN SA SOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.817049

Advanced Elastomer Systems’ Santoprene M300 family of thermoplastic elastomers is now available in a range of natural grades suitable for in-process colouring. The colourable grades are designed for producing automotive interior trim components that require a high quality, nonglossy and non-greasy surface finish. A low volatile content results in much reduced fogging compared with traditional elastomer alternatives. M300 grades are designed for inprocess masterbatch colouring, requiring typical masterbatch addition levels of between 1% and 4%. ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS LP USA

Accession no.816826 Item 41 Patent Number: EP 1088648 A1 20010404 MOLDED PRODUCT HAVING A COATING FILM AND PROCESS FOR FORMING COATING FILM Ito T; Asaya T Toyoda Gosei Co.Ltd. A process for forming a coating layer on the surface of a moulded product involves boiling a coating solution in a closed metal mould. The moulding process includes depressurising the cavity of the metal mould, boiling a coating solution in the cavity and injecting a urethane material into the cavity under reduced pressure. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.816425 Item 42 Warrington, 1998, pp.10. 26 cms. 31/5/01 DECOFORM/DECOPRESS BACK INJECTION AND COMPRESSION MOULDING OF DECOR MATERIAL Krauss-Maffei (UK) Ltd. The Decoform and Decopress technology from KraussMaffei is described, with reference to machine options. In mould laminating, i.e., back injection or back compression moulding, produces a moulded part with the substrate and decor material laminated in the mould without the use of adhesives. Back compression moulding is an enhanced back injection process that can produce large area mouldings, thus widening the scope for inmould laminated parts. Decopress and Decoform machines are described. Processing methods using laminar flow, melt strand deposit and software-controlled strand deposit are described. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.816174 Item 40 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 1st June 2001, p.10 CAR INTERIORS GET COLOUR TREATMENT

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Item 43 Injection Molding 9, No.4, April 2001, p.67-8

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

MORE THAN JUST A MOULDMAKER: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PAYS DIVIDENDS Goldsberry C The potential benefits and risks of new product development, specifically in-mould decorating, are described. Some emphasis is placed on developments from Plastic Mold Technology, Clarion Technologies and Delta Tooling. PLASTIC MOLD TECHNOLOGY INC.; CLARION TECHNOLOGIES INC.; DELTA TOOLING CO. USA

Accession no.815857 Item 44 Patent Number: US 6165576 A1 20001226 PEELABLE LABEL Freedman M S; Parker T Avery Dennison Corp. In-mould plastic labels are provided with separation interfaces whereby the printed surfaces of the labels and the contaminating printing inks associated with them can be removed so as to allow recycling of the bottle stock without contamination by the printing inks. USA

Accession no.815680 Item 45 Plastics Additives & Compounding 3, No.3, March 2001, p.12 REFLECTION SERIES OF MOULDING ALLOYS IS EXPANDED DuPont has added new super gloss moulding alloys to its Surlyn Reflection series, which are claimed to broaden performance, ease processing and improve colour results. This is said to be in response to the demand for moulded-in colour thermoplastics which eliminate the need for painting. DuPont has worked with Daimler-Chrysler to introduce the model 2000 Neon supergloss alloy for automotive fascias. According to the company, it is a high-gloss, demanding outdoor applications, which has not been adequately met with previous materials. The tough, high gloss material has also been used in ice skate boots, snowmobile bonnets and motorcycle body parts. There is also a new higher melt flow grade that processes more easily. DUPONT USA

Accession no.815458 Item 46 Modern Plastics International 31, No.5, May 2001, p.71-3 BONDED LEATHER LOOKS PROMISING FOR AUTO TRIM Michaeli W; Helpenstein A; Brast K IKV

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Leather research institute FILK and the IKV are jointly researching the use of bonded leather for automotive interior trim. Process engineering, such as integrateddecoration compression moulding, is supervised by the IKV, while FILK is applying foam and fleece to the bonded leather and conducting tests. Processing inexpensive leather scrap in a single operation by direct in-mould decoration, if successful, would lower the cost of automotive interior trim, while offering the smell, appearance and feel of leather. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.814622 Item 47 Modern Plastics International 31, No.4, April 2000, p.50-1 COLOUR AND COLOUR CONTROL The trend towards metallic pigments is driven by technology, since their use in products via moulded-in colour reduces costs versus coatings. The emphasis on metallic colourants stems from a general trend towards the fashionable extreme colours. Teknor Apex has introduced two-tone colours, Flip-Flop Pearlescents, that reflect different shades when viewed from different angles. A product from Clariant, Splash, permits the moulding of random effects that imitate wood and marble. Meanwhile, the industry is developing ways to utilise computers and the Internet to better use colour information, especially in global business. WORLD

Accession no.814465 Item 48 Patent Number: US 6159402 A1 20001212 PROCESS FOR FORMING A COLOR COATED ARTICLE Valyi E I A colour coated article is formed by applying a colour coated material to an injection mould having mould halves, a mould cavity edge and a mould cavity therein for the formation of an injection moulded article, and injecting molten plastic into the mould cavity to form a laminated article with the colour coated material bonded to the injected plastic. The process uses a colour coated blank having a roughened surface, which is adapted to be placed into at least one mould half and transferred into registry with at least one of the mould halves. The molten plastic is injected against the roughened surface of the blank to enhance bonding of the blank to the injected plastic. USA

Accession no.813551 Item 49 St.Louis, c.2001, pp.6. 28cms. 8/2/2001

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References and Abstracts

PRODUCT OVERVIEW : COMPOSITE SYSTEMS Futura Coatings Inc. An overview is presented of the Futura Coatings product range. Products include Ultrachrome aliphatic urethanes for use as flexible or hard in-mould coatings and Ultrathane aromatic urethanes designed for use in inmould/post-finish elastomeric skins or highly rigid structural resin systems. A series of Ultracore structural and specialty foams is also available, together with products for reaction injection moulding, post finish coating, and mould maintenance. Tables list typical properties data for each product grade, while advice is also given on suitable equipment for the spraying of plural component materials.

Item 52 Patent Number: US 6156411 A1 20001205 DECORATIVE BACKLIT COMPONENTS USING TRANSPARENT THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME Jennings W R General Motors Corp.

USA

Soft touch components, such as a switch button in an automobile, are moulded from optically clear thermoplastic elastomer. During moulding, a thin decorative ink film is moulded onto the surface of the part. The decorative film may consist of multiple layers, incorporating colours, graphics and different textures. The backlighting occurs through the transparent optically clear thermoplastic elastomer.

Accession no.813001

USA

Item 50 St.Louis, Mo., c.2001, pp.2. 28cms. 8/2/2001 ELASTOMERIC POLYURETHANE SKINS RIDE THE WAVES ABOARD NEW WATERCRAFT Futura Coatings Inc. Information is presented on a family of high build inmould coatings : Ultrachrome 3050 and 3055 (aliphatic polyurethane) and Ultrathane 5270 (aromatic polyurethane). Moulded foam parts made from these products feature uniform density and firmness and are also lighter in weight than self-skinning foams. The systems can be applied at thicknesses ranging from 0.25cm to 1.25cm and cure to touch in a room temperature mould in less than thirty seconds. With Shore A hardnesses ranging from 60 to 85 and with good weatherability, the products are suitable for use in watercraft construction. USA

Accession no.813000 Item 51 Hazelwood, Mo., 1995, pp.2. 28cms. 8/2/2001 ULTRACHROME 3050 (ALIPHATIC IN-MOLD COATINGS) Futura Coatings Inc. Ultrachrome 3050 is a solventless, instant set, aliphatic urethane with excellent colour retention. It is designed primarily as an in-mould coating for applications where cycle times as short as sixty seconds are required to meet high production levels. The product produces a leatherlike feel and is suitable for flexible foam for use in automotive and marine interior applications. The datasheet provides a technical specification and tabulates typical wet properties data and the typical physical properties of cured materials. Details are also given of application methods and safe handling. USA

Accession no.812999

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Accession no.809913 Item 53 Plastics News International Jan./Feb.2001, p.7 QUALITY AND COST SAVINGS WITH INMOULD DECORATING Krauss-Maffei offers variants of its C Series machines as Decoform and Decopress machines for injecting and moulding a plastic substrate onto a decor material insert in the mould. Decoform machines have horizontal clamp units and the process is basically an injection process. On a Decopress machine, by contrast, the clamp unit operates vertically in a low-pressure process. The melt is deposited as a defined strand in a preset pattern onto the film or fabric insert in the open mould. To achieve this, the injection unit of a Decopress machine has a wide slit die and is capable of travel along three axes. Both machines have very large platens and ample daylight between the tiebars to accommodate the often oversize moulds. Maximum opening distance is also larger than on other machines. Details are given. KRAUSS-MAFFEI AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.809381 Item 54 Modern Plastics International 31, No.3, March 2001, p.84-5 IN-MOLD DECORATION HARBOURS HUGE POTENTIAL DeFosse M This article takes a detailed look at the process of in-mould decorating (IMD), and explains that that the rapid pace of IMD demand growth from original equipment manufacturers is expected to accelerate as more and more manufacturers avail themselves of the complex, permanent graphics possible with the process.

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

AUTOTYPE INTERNATIONAL; OESER E.,GMBH; ARC GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES; ROEHM ASIA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NORTH AMERICA; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.808734 Item 55 Patent Number: US 6139787 A1 20001031 METHOD FOR APPLYING MOLDED SILICONE DESIGN ELEMENTS ONTO SUBSTRATES Harrison D G Ubertech Texas Inc. The apparatus and method use a cold-mould injection moulding process to apply moulded silicone design elements onto substrates, including delicate substrates, such as fabrics and paper. The cold-mould injection moulding process is used to avoid tearing, burning or otherwise damaging the substrates. The moulded silicone design elements are preferably multi-coloured and three-dimensional. The design elements may include foreground elements and background elements of varying colours and dimensions, which together form an overall artistic design in relief. The moulded silicone design elements may also be textured. USA

Accession no.808534 Item 56 SPE Automotive TPO Global Conference 2000. Conference proceedings. Dearborn, Mi., 2nd-4th Oct.2000, p.333-45 EFFECTS OF ACCELERATED AND FLORIDA WEATHERING ON SURFACE COSMETICS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY RETENTION OF POLYPROPYLENE/ACRYLIC ALLOYS Dalpiaz J Montell Polyolefins (SPE,Detroit Section) The weathering performance of PP/acrylic alloys and other moulded-in-colour engineering resins used in automotive exterior applications are investigated. Accelerated weathering is completed using a xenon arc weatherometer and outdoor weathering is completed in South Florida. The focus of the study is surface cosmetics and bulk properties. Colour shift and gloss retention are measured after exposure in the xenon arc and South Florida, while tensile and multiaxial impact retention are completed after natural weathering only in Florida. Correlation of surface and bulk properties after weathering is evaluated. 14 refs. USA

Accession no.807840 Item 57 SPE Automotive TPO Global Conference 2000. Conference proceedings.

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Dearborn, Mi., 2nd-4th Oct.2000, p.147-58 MATERIAL AND PROCESS REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL POLYOLEFIN AUTOMOTIVE INTERIORS Kakarala N; Shah S Delphi Automotive Systems (SPE,Detroit Section) Polyolefins have become materials of choice for the automotive exterior applications such as bumper fascia and body side claddings. For automotive interiors, polyolefins have greater success in the area of hard feel applications than soft touch applications. Soft interiors are still a challenge due to many reasons including overall system cost. Major drivers for a change from PVC to soft TPO for instrument panels are long-term durability and capability for cold weather airbag deployment. The key limitations of the current TPO systems are described poor grain retention of TPO skin, in-consistent shrinkage of the skin, high cost of priming (or other treatments) and painting of the skin, narrow process window of the semi-crystalline TPO material during thermoforming or in-mould lamination/low pressure moulding, high cost of the foam and low tear strength of the foam for deep draw applications, etc. Different ways of manufacturing the all olefinic parts are described, which are thermoforming over PP substrate, different low pressure moulding with inmould lamination techniques, expanded PP foam process, slush moulding etc. Limitations for each process and suggestions to overcome the hurdles are discussed to make all olefinic TPO interior parts viable and cost effective. 3 refs. USA

Accession no.807821 Item 58 SPE Automotive TPO Global Conference 2000. Conference proceedings. Dearborn, Mi., 2nd-4th Oct.2000, p.101-6 PAINT FILM: COST EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE FOR CLASS A AUTOMOTIVE FINISHES Cupstid J; Batdorf K Rexam Corp. (SPE,Detroit Section) Fluoropolymer paint films offer a cost-effective solution for many exterior automotive components. Paint film is currently used on a variety of automotive exterior components including pillars, window surrounds, roof ditch mouldings, body side mouldings, chin spoilers and rocker panels. Benefits of paint film include: low investment cost, excellent lot to lot colour control, elimination of VOC emissions, reduction of waste, higher throughput and opportunity for increased capacity. Paint film offers part designers an opportunity to achieve graphical patterns that are not cost effective with paint. Recent technological improvements allow for colour matching of any solid, metallic, pearlescent or tint coat

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References and Abstracts

colour. Automotive paint films are used today in applications that are physically located beside painted components. Paint film will not replace paint systems; it is an alternative technology that can compete with, or complement other systems such as in-mould colour and/ or paint. Paint offers finishing capabilities for a wide variety of processes including thermoforming, injection moulding, extrusion, compression moulding, pressure sensitive and metal forming. 5 refs.

hybrid front ends and panels with moulded-in colour or in-mould decorated. Statistics are given on global passenger car sales by region, for 2000 to 2005, and data are tabulated on weight savings offered by polycarbonate in side and rear glazing. LDM TECHNOLOGIES; BAYER AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.807475

USA

Accession no.807818 Item 59 SPE Automotive TPO Global Conference 2000. Conference proceedings. Dearborn, Mi., 2nd-4th Oct.2000, p.33-44 POST MOULD PART DEFORMATION OF INMOULD DRY PAINT FILM DECORATED AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS Crowe E R; Roys J E Carlisle Engineered Products Inc.; Avery Dennison Corp. (SPE,Detroit Section) With the increasing number of TPO interior and exterior automotive components using in-mould dry paint film, a need to understand the affects of different TPO moulding resins and moulding conditions on cost moulding part deformation has become apparent for proper material selection and mould design. The following experiments look at different TPO sheet and moulding compounds as well as the injection moulding conditions affecting the final part shape and size. The mechanisms that can contribute to post mould shrink affects and part deformation, the experimental methods used in the study, and a complete presentation of the results are given. 3 refs. USA

Accession no.807814 Item 60 Modern Plastics International 31, No.2, Feb.2001, p.56-9 MARKET UPDATE: AUTOMOTIVE Mapleston P Problems in the automotive industry worldwide are discussed and it is shown that, although some of the fallout is bound to affect plastics component and systems suppliers, this could be the opportunity these suppliers need to increase use of a wide range of technologies that bring cost savings to car makers. Original equipment manufacturers are said to be so intent on achieving savings that they may redesign cars rather than wait for new models in order to realise the benefits of plastics. Examples of new technologies include LDM Technologies’ Controlled Energy Management system for front and rear bumpers, Bayer’s hybrid metal/plastics

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Item 61 British Plastics and Rubber Jan.2001, p.32-3 GE GIVES ITS NEW ALL-WEATHER MATERIAL A NAME GE Plastics has given its new material for vehicle body panels a name, Sollx, but everything else about it remains a secret while patents are still pending. Sollx is aimed at self-coloured vehicle body panels. Its weatherability is achieved by the polymer itself and not through the use of additives. As well as UV resistance, Sollx has the chemical resistance required for car panels and is also substantially scratch-resistant. Initially, GE is developing extrusion applications, using Sollx as a capstock in insert moulding to provide a weatherable surface for other body panel polymers. GE PLASTICS USA

Accession no.807066 Item 62 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.46, 15th Jan.2001, p.4 DAIMLERCHRYSLER TACKLES MOULDEDIN-COLOUR BODIES Miel R Two of DaimlerChrysler’s three concept vehicles debuting at the North American International Auto Show feature composite, moulded-in-colour bodies. Both the Jeep Willys and Chrysler Crossfire concept vehicles have carbon fibre bodies over an aluminium frame that could be produced through injection moulding. DAIMLERCHRYSLER AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806797 Item 63 Paper Film & Foil Converter 75, No.1, Jan. 2001, p.NW8 IN-MOLD LABELLING MAKES STRIDES WORLDWIDE Bentley D A brief review is presented of the ninth annual International In-Mold Labelling, (IML) conference.

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Topics covered included the use of pre-cut labels in reelfed IML, printing ink requirements, press requirements for IML production, the use of OPP films for IML, market trends influencing the choice of films for IML, the development of a synthetic paper-like substrate for IML applications, trends in holographic labels, and the future of IML in the medical and regulated industries. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806541

moulded from polycarbonate/polybutylene terephthalate (Xenoy) as a replacement for the traditional expanded PP material. The impact testing of the bumpers, conducted by Defiance Testing & Engineering, is discussed. Developments in instrument panel styling, including the use of special effects resins, are also considered. GE Plastics’ custom colour service is mentioned. GE PLASTICS; DEFIANCE TESTING & ENGINEERING USA

Accession no.805087 Item 64 World Plastics Technology 2000, p.66-70 AUTOMOTIVE TRENDS Smith G Warwick Manufacturing Group The latest development issues in automotive plastics are discussed with reference to current trends, materials selection, and processing innovations. Particular consideration is given to vehicle interiors, bumper systems and instrument panels. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806030 Item 65 Injection Molding 9, No.1, Jan.2001, p.42/6 MATERIALS ANALYST. XXXIX. HIDDEN EFFECTS OF COLOR. I. Sepe M Dickten & Masch Mfg. The moulding-in of colour during injection moulding is discussed with reference to the unanticipated effects of adding colour to a product during the moulding process. Particular attention is paid to the moulding of a thin-walled polycarbonate product for the hand-held electronics market. The effects of pigments on attempts to meet the desired melt flow rate specifications are described, calculation of residence time is outlined and the effects of colours on the thermal stability of polycarbonate are examined. USA

Accession no.805088 Item 66 Injection Molding 9, No.1, Jan.2001, p.39-41 BUMPING UP INNOVATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE DESIGN Maniscalco M Two recently unveiled automotive parts from GE Plastics Automotive Application Development Center are described. An energy absorber for bumpers is injection

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Item 67 Plastics Technology 46, No.12, Dec.2000, p.41-3 IN TPO’S, GOOD LOOKS ARE NOT JUST SKIN DEEP Sherman L M Thermoplastic polyolefins (TPOs) used in automotive applications have to look good for the life of the vehicle, as well as being low-cost, lightweight, easily processable, and recyclable. Manufacturers are making steady improvements in paint adhesion and in full-depth moulded-in colour, which eliminates the cost of painting. These latest advances (and also new additives which improve TPO properties) are highlighted in this detailed article. SOLVAY ENGINEERED POLYMERS; DAIMLERCHRYSLER; BASELL NORTH AMERICA INC.; MONTELL NORTH AMERICA; PRODESIGN; EQUISTAR CHEMICALS LP; EXXON MOBIL CHEMICAL CO.; DUPONT DOW ELASTOMERS; LUZENAC AMERICA INC.; DOW CORNING CORP. USA

Accession no.804717 Item 68 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 2nd March 2001, p.9 HUNTER BUILDS BIRKBYS BUZZ Edwards N Birkbys Plastics has been nurturing a number of technologies for some time which, it is claimed, will potentially revolutionise the company. The first technology is in-mould fabric decoration developed for low pressure conditions. Another area is in-mould shielding of parts using printed film. Third is high volume production of integrated car pedal assemblies. The IPA product is currently being considered for eight or nine models with an expected entry in 2003. A major announcement in in-mould welding is expected in the next six months. BIRKBYS PLASTICS LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.803759

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References and Abstracts

Item 69 Antec 2000.Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 523 REQUIREMENTS FOR RAPID GROWTH OF ALL OLEFINIC AUTOMOTIVE INTERIORS Shah S; Kakarala N Delphi Automotive Systems (SPE) Limitations impeding the adoption of thermoplastic polyolefins for automotive interior applications include: poor grain retention, inconsistent shrinkage, the cost of surface treatment, reduced process windows, the high cost of foam, and the low tear strength. Processes which may be used to manufacture all-olefin parts include: thermoforming over a polypropylene substrate, low pressure moulding with in-mould lamination, expanded polypropylene foam processing, and slush moulding. Ways of overcoming the limitations of these processes are discussed. 3 refs. USA

Accession no.803370 Item 70 Plastics Technology 47, No.1, Jan.2001, p.45 NEW FILM INSERT MOULDING TECHNOLOGY DRESSES UP AUTO WHEEL COVERS Sherman L M New film insert moulding technology is being used to make auto wheel covers and centre caps. These products utilise a new polycarbonate film laminate structure that boasts chemical and UV resistance, along with specially developed high-temperature inks. This new technology reportedly makes a wide range of multicolour designs available at equal or lower cost than traditional decorating techniques. This patent-pending technology is a joint development of Bayer’s Plastics Div., McKechnie Vehicle Components and Angell Manufacturing. The technique is trademarked InserClad by McKechnie. Angell screen prints the graphics onto a sheet of Bayer’s Macrofol DPF-5003 polycarbonate multilayer film structure. Angell thermoforms and trims the printed film into the three-dimensional shape of the final part and ships the formed inserts to McKechnie. The moulder places the insert in a mould and injects Bayblend T 85 PC/ABS resin behind it. BAYER CORP.; MCKECHNIE VEHICLE COMPONENTS; ANGELL MANUFACTURING CO. USA

Accession no.802153 Item 71 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 2nd Feb.2001, p.13 DECORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS

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Faced with overcapacity and low margins in its original speciality of screen printing, RH Technical Industries chose to change. The company invested in technology and, with sister company ARC Euro, is now one of the UK’s players in advanced in-mould decoration solutions, with a diverse customer base. RH Technical Industries combines technical expertise, project management, skills, proactive relationships with customers and an imaginative approach to new business. The company works with other companies within the Laird Group and collaborates with suppliers. RH TECHNICAL INDUSTRIES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.802072 Item 72 Modern Plastics International 30, No.12, Dec.2000, p.106 WEATHER-RESISTANT ETP BRINGS PAINTLESS AUTOMOTIVE BODY PANELS A STEP CLOSER GE Plastics has a new engineering thermoplastic, SollX, aimed at auto body panels. GE’s intention is to enable production of moulded-in colour Class A surface that eliminates the need for painting. The latest tests, the equivalent to about 10-15 years of outdoor weathering, show that the gloss retention of SollX is quite favourable. Meanwhile, GE is moving ahead with developments in its Noryl GTX modified PPO/nylon blends that facilitate inline and online painting. Noryl GTX 9700W, which contains conductive carbon fibrils, can withstand electrostatic paint oven temperatures of 180C for 30min. GE PLASTICS EUROPE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.801785 Item 73 Modern Plastics International 30, No.12, Dec.2000, p.28-9 HOT CELLPHONE MARKET CAPITALIZES ON TRENDY DESIGN, NOVEL COMPOUNDS Moore S The cellphone continues to reign as the fastest-growing and most exciting market in electronics and telecommunications. Growth is driven by a combination of technological advances and greater emphasis on design. Third-generation handsets slated for introduction in Europe and Asia-Pacific in 2002 will allow data transmission rates up to several megabytes per sec, and this will transform them from primarily voice communication to Web-enabled multimedia devices. RTP is working on thermochromic and photochromic compounds for mobile phones. A SEBS compound has been used by Siemens in a coinjection moulded PC/ABS

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

battery cover for its latest M35 mobile phone. The trend in phones is towards secondary processing such as painting, metallising and in-mould printing and decoration. USA

Accession no.801773 Item 74 Injection Molding 8, No.11, Nov.2000, p.70/2 ROTATING CENTRE PLATE IN MOULD TURNS SOME HEADS Neilley R Foboha and Ferromatik Milacron have jointly developed a four-sided turning stack mould system. The system uses a patented mechanism to turn the centre plate of a stack mould either 90 or 180 degrees between shots. The mould has been demonstrated on a 200-ton two-component Ferromatik KTEC system, moulding a two-colour mobile phone housing in Cycoloy PC/ABS. The shots were 39g and 12g, and the total cycle time was about 16 seconds. The twist stack system doubles the number of cavities between the machine platens compared with a regular stack mould. FOBOHA GMBH FORMENBAU; FERROMATIK MILACRON NORTH AMERICA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.797204 Item 75 Injection Molding 8, No.11, Nov.2000, p.52 NEW RESIN ELIMINATES PAINT FOR MOULDED EXTERIORS GE Plastics’ new polymer, Sollx, was developed for weatherable exterior surfaces in automotive and marine markets. Currently, the new material is available in film form only and is being tested at all major OEMs as a film insert for injection moulded body panels. Sollx film is a multilayer product with colour and metallic effects located on separate layers for depth. GE has also developed Ares, a new effect which contains very small metal flakes, barely visible to the eye, that reportedly produce a continuous metallic surface. Resins with the effect are initially available in Lexan polycarbonate in eight standard colours or optional custom colours. GE PLASTICS USA

Accession no.797199 Item 76 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.38, 20th Nov.2000, p.9 IN-MOULD HOLOGRAMS ARE REALITY FOR ABNH

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Toloken S American Bank Note Holographics has teamed up with injection moulder Sagoma Plastics to offer what it is touting as a potentially revolutionary advancement in security - holograms embedded in plastic moulds. The company claims the process can replace the more traditional method of in-mould decoration or attaching a holographic sticker to the finished product. HoloMold technology can be used for decoration or for security on such products as DVD cases, video-game cartridges, computers and electrical appliances. Beverage companies are interested in putting holograms on bottle caps as promotional efforts. AMERICAN BANK NOTE HOLOGRAPHICS INC.; SAGOMA PLASTICS USA

Accession no.797133 Item 77 Automotive Plastics 58, No.4, Aug.2000, p.18-23 PLASTICS AND THE PT CRUISER Tolinski M Plastics are playing a large, though unheralded, role in DaimlerChrysler’s PT Cruiser. To create the right impression for the front-bumper fascia of the 2001 Cruiser, stylists specified some interesting visual effects. Not only must the colour of the partially painted moulding match the surrounding body panels, but the unpainted portion of the fascia needs an extra touch to create a unique metallic effect on the moulded-in colour surface, and this requires that metal flakes be incorporated into the TPO material itself. The OEM and moulder chose Sequel 1440 engineered polyolefin from Solvay Engineered Polymers. The high-flow material was formulated to minimise moulders’ difficulties with filling long, thin parts. DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORP.; SOLVAY ENGINEERED POLYMERS USA

Accession no.797019 Item 78 Antec 2000.Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 135 MODELING THE IN-MOLD COATING PROCESS OF THERMOPLASTIC SUBSTRATES Vadlamudi S; Castro J M; Straus E J Ohio,State University; Omnova Solutions Inc. (SPE) Thermoplastics, shaped by injection moulding, may be coated at the end of the moulding cycle by injection of a liquid coating material, the resulting compression of the substrate creating sufficient space for the coating to flow, so giving complete coverage. Sufficient clamping force is required to prevent mould deflection which leads to coating leakage. A simple model to determine injection

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References and Abstracts

pressures as a function of substrate compressibility was developed, and a means of estimating the clamping forces required to prevent mould deflection is given. The model predictions were compared with the experimental results for the injection of a primer and a topcoat applied to a substrate 431 mm x 560 mm in size. 5 refs. USA

Accession no.795490 Item 79 Modern Plastics International 30, No.10, Oct.2000, p.27/30 MOLD COATING PROCESS YIELDS GLOSSY FINISH Moore S This article looks at new injection mould-coating technology from Asahi Kasei Corp. of Japan, which promises to deliver a high-gloss finish to plastic parts. The process has been dubbed “Clear Surface Molding”. The article also reports on an in-mould coating process jointly developed by Dai Nippon Toryo Co. and Ube Industries Ltd. DAI NIPPON TORYO CO.LTD.; UBE INDUSTRIES LTD.; ASAHI KASEI CORP.; GE PLASTICS JAPAN

Accession no.795337 Item 80 European Plastics News 27, No.11, Nov.2000, p.46 WHEEL’S ON FIRE It is briefly reported that Bayer’s Plastics Division has combined with Angell Manufacturing and McKechnie Vehicle Components to develop a patent-pending insert moulding technology called InserClad. This technique creates a limitless range of possible decorations for wheel covers or centre caps. Angell screen prints the graphics onto the second surface of a Makrofol DPF-5003 polycarbonate film, then thermoforms and trims the film into the 3D shape of the final part. The formed inserts are shipped to McKechnie, which puts them into a mould and injects Bayblend T 85 PC/ABS blend to form the finished product. BAYER CORP.; ANGELL MANUFACTURING; MCKECHNIE VEHICLE COMPONENTS USA

Accession no.795153 Item 81 European Plastics News 27, No.11, Nov.2000, p.44 HANGING ON THE TELEPHONE Reade L Customisation is a valid concept in mobile phones. One emerging technique that has proved itself in markets like

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automotive is in-mould decoration. In this process, a piece of flat film is printed with a design, then thermoformed into a “shell” that is the shape of the final product. It is then inserted into an injection mould and plastic is undermoulded onto the part. The final component, such as a mobile phone, then has a permanent design. Before the technique becomes more widespread, a number of improvements must be made. These include how the film is formed, better positioning of the print on the formed part and improving the undermoulding process. AUTOTYPE INTERNATIONAL LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795152 Item 82 Patent Number: US 6071456 A 20000606 PROCESS FOR EFFECTING INJECTIONMOLDED-IN DECORATION Hanamoto K; Matano T; Kobayashi K; Shibata M; Atake H Dai Nippon Printing Co.Ltd. A decoration sheet is retained on the cavity periphery by a sheet clamp in such a state that it is projected into a moulding cavity of a female die. Then the decoration sheet is heated and softened by a curved hot platen, and thereafter it is drawn through suction ports of the female die to bring the sheet into close fit to the inner periphery of the moulding cavity. The deformation amount of the decoration sheet heated and softened is decreased in premoulding the sheet into the moulding cavity surface of the female die. Therefore, distortion of the decoration sheet, appearance of wrinkles, and breakage thereof become little. Next, the female die and the male die are coupled with each other to effect die clamping, and a molten resin is poured to fill the moulding cavity to effect injection moulding. JAPAN; USA

Accession no.790816 Item 83 Injection Molding 8, No.9, Suppl. Sept.2000, p.18/44 MOLDING MACHINE TRENDS A review is presented of injection moulding machines exhibited at the recent NPE exhibition. Machine designs and innovations are described and include new toggle presses, twin-platen presses, all-electric machines, hybrid machines, vertical clamp insert moulding presses, automated insert moulding machines, and speciality machines for metal and ceramic powder moulding, inmould decoration, micromoulding machines, minimoulding machines, Mucell microcellular moulding technology, multi-moulding machines, PETP preform machines, machines for thin-wall containers, and machines for thermoset injection moulding. Accession no.790270

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References and Abstracts

Item 84 Machine Design 72, No.17, 7th Sept.2000, p.96/8 AND THE WINNER IS... Hoffman J A reaction injection moulded mower hood (RIM) beat the competition and took the People’s Choice award in the Structural Plastics Div. (SPD) 2000 design competition. Held during the annual Society of Plastics Industry conference, the SPI competition is open to OEM designers, moulders and mouldmakers. The commercial mower hood was moulded by GI Plastek. Key attributes include parts consolidation, an innovative opening mechanism which gives easy access to mower internal components and a Class-A finish made possible by an inmould-coating process called ProTek Systems, which eliminates the need for secondary painting operations. Details are given of other awards made for structural plastics parts. GI PLASTEK USA

Accession no.789886 Item 85 European Plastics News 27, No.8, Sept.2000, p.49 INSIDE STORY Vink D Johnson Controls Interiors’ Wuppertal plant in Germany has 40 fully automated production cells using injection moulding machines with clamp forces between 250 and 3,600 tonnes, assisted mainly by Sepro robots. PP and ABS account for 85% of the annual 4,000 tonnes of thermoplastics consumed in Wuppertal. Film backmoulding and gas-assisted moulding are important techniques for the large aesthetic automotive parts made at the plant. The latest machine acquired is a KM2502700 DF Decoform from Krauss-Maffei. The Decoform process is an in-mould laminating system particularly suited to automotive interior parts. JOHNSON CONTROLS INTERIORS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.785238 Item 86 Modern Plastics International 30, No.7, July 2000, p.56-60 MULTICOMPONENT TECHNOLOGIES RESHAPE INJECTION MOLDING Mapleston P; Moore S A review is presented of developments in the injection moulding industry with reference to trends in multicomponent and multi-colour moulding technologies. Descriptions of special features of injection moulding machines are given which aim to combine functionality

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and aesthetics in one production step to deliver favourable economics required by key markets such as packaging and automotive industries. Trends and machine developments for co-moulding, multilayer technology, and sandwich moulding are discussed, and reference is made to machine designs exhibited at NPE 2000 and Plast 2000. WORLD

Accession no.784683 Item 87 Patent Number: US 6045738 A1 20000404 SHEET-DECORATING INJECTION MOLDING METHOD Atake H Dai Nippon Printing Co.Ltd. This involves the use of a sheet clamper for fixedly holding a decorative sheet on a parting surface of a movable mould of an injection mould. At least the inner edges of the surfaces facing the movable mould of the sheet clamper are finished in smooth, convexly curved surfaces, respectively, and a groove for receiving the sheet clamper therein is formed in a fixed mould at a position corresponding to the sheet clamper in a depth sufficient to permit the movement of the sheet clamper between a position to hold the decorative sheet fixedly on the parting surface of the movable mould and a position to be separated from the decorative sheet in a state where the injection mould is clamped. The sheet clamper fixedly holding the decorative sheet is moved away from the parting surface of the movable mould and separated from the decorative sheet to release the decorative sheet at a time during a period between completion of mould clamping and the start of mould opening and is moved further away from the parting surface of the movable mould as the movable mould is moved further away from the fixed mould after the start of mould opening. JAPAN; USA

Accession no.784567 Item 88 Modern Plastics International 30, No.5, May 2000, p.38/40 SPRAY COATING PROCESS YIELDS CLASS-A PARTS OUT OF THE MOLD Toensmeier P A This article focuses on a reaction injection moulded commercial mower hood, which uses an in-mould coating technique developed by US processor GI Plastek. The process, called ProTek, involves spraying a layer of paint into the mould, usually by robot, prior to the injection. Details are given. SOCIETY OF THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY; GI PLASTEK; DEERE & CO.; BASF; BAYER; DOW; FUTURA; SHERWIN-WILLIAMS CANADA

Accession no.783381

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References and Abstracts

Item 89 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1844, 7th July 2000, p.7 IN THE DRIVING SEAT WITH INMOULD John McGavigan has long been an internationally recognised supplier of printed instrument fascias and switch panels for automotive instruments and electronic equipment. Ford asked the company to design a more attractive and more durable heater control. The result was the new in-mould technology now at the heart of the manufacturing process at the company’s plant in Kirkintilloch. The in-mould technique allows McGavigan to produce three-dimensional and graphically decorated injection-moulded plastic components. The technique has also been used to manufacture mobile phone keypads, handset fascias and covers. MCGAVIGAN J.,GROUP EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.780055 Item 90 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 90, No.6, June 2000, p.13-5 INJECTION-MOULDED PACKAGING. REQUIREMENTS AND THE SOLUTIONS PROVIDED BY NEW MACHINE TECHNOLOGY Kudlik N General trends occurring in packaging, notably lighter packaging, consumer friendly packaging and globalisation, are outlined and some ways in which these trends are being met by new injection moulding techniques and machine technology are demonstrated. Attention is paid to multi-daylight mould technology, which increases productivity, use of barrier screws to improve plastifying performance, in-mould labelling and foam moulding employing supercritical gases. (Kunststoffe, 90, No.6, 2000, p.46-51). SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.779770 Item 91 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.20, 17th July 2000, p.19 ENGEL GENERATES ELECTRIC, TIE-BARLESS LINE Bregar B Engel North America’s new electric tiebarless injection press is claimed to be the first to combine both of these features. Other features include a large injection unit for precision, high pressure moulding at fast cycles. Previously, customers had to choose between tiebarless machines and all-electric machines, which have competed for the same market of precision moulding. Other developments by the company are briefly described, and include a new in-mould decorating system, developed

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with GE Structured Products, that combines screen printing, thermoforming and injection moulding. ENGEL NORTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA

Accession no.779526 Item 92 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.20, 17th July 2000, p.1/4 EIMO PURCHASING TRIPLE S Mohn K The merger of Eimo Oyj of Finland and Triple S Plastics Inc. of the US is announced and discussed. In a stock deal valued at up to 165 million US dollars, Eimo will acquire Triple S Plastics to create one of the biggest suppliers of plastic components for the mobile communications industry. Both companies are publicly held injection moulders, which generate the majority of their sales from the mobile phone market. The move allows the combined company to take advantage of Eimo’s strengths in automation technologies, in-mould decorating and advanced finishing, and Triple S Plastics’ injection moulding and tooling technology. EIMO OYJ; TRIPLE S PLASTICS INC. EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.779522 Item 93 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 90, No.4, April 2000, p.45-6 3-DIMENSIONAL MOULDED CIRCUIT CARRIERS. NEW PROCESS COMBINES 3DMID TECHNOLOGY WITH IMD Schuetz U The advantages of Molded Interconnected Devices technology are outlined and recent developments in twocomponent injection moulding with subsequent selected metallisation and hot embossing of metal foil onto moulded substrate surfaces and Bayer’s Baymetec process of insert moulding of film structured with conductive tracks are briefly described. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.779488 Item 94 Canadian Plastics 58, No.5, May 2000, p.41/5 AUTOMOTIVE INGENUITY LeGault M The Society of Automotive Engineers recently held its annual conference and exhibition, which is one of the premier show-cases for innovation in automotive manufacturing. This article highlights the top five trends

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References and Abstracts

from the show-floor, which are: the use of composites, common architecture/mass customisation, car seating innovations, recycling advances, and moulded-in colour material. SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS; HEXCEL CORP.; AUTOMOTIVE COMPOSITES ALLIANCE; LEAR CORP.; QUANTUM GROUP INC.; DUPONT ENGINEERING POLYMERS; B & M PLASTICS INC.; TOYOTA MOTOR CORP.; TOYODA GOSEI CO. NORTH AMERICA

crate and at least one of the side walls comprise a platelike body, which is made from plastic. On the outside of the plate-like body is a preprinted label made from plastic film, which is arranged by placing the preprinted label before molten plastic is introduced into a suitable injection mould - at the intended location in the injection mould and then secured at this location, so that the label forms a strong bond with the plastic material of the crate. The plate-like body of the side wall, in an area which is covered by the preprinted label, has a relief with respect to the plane of the side wall.

Accession no.779047

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL

Item 95 Darmstadt, 2000, pp.34. 29 cms. 9/7/00 PLEXIGLAS AND EUROPLEX FILMS. TECHNICAL INFORMATION Roehm GmbH

Accession no.777244

Key features and end-use applications are described for Plexiglas PMMA films and Europlex polycarbonate films from Rohm GmbH. Types of films described include lamination films, weather protection films, in-mould decoration grades, PVDF-coated weather protection films, PMMA engineering films and polycarbonate films. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.777834 Item 96 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.11, 15th May 2000, p.1/56 PRECISE ACQUIRES DUTCH INJECTION MOLDER Lauzon M Precise Technology Inc. of the USA is reported in this article to have expanded its packaging capabilities by the acquisition of Phaff BV of the Netherlands. Phaff is an injection moulder specialising in thin-wall food packaging, and also has expertise in in-mould labelling and high-speed off-line decorating. PRECISE TECHNOLOGY INC.; PHAFF BV; PRECISE IML; VAN DORN DEMAG; KRAUSSMAFFEI EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.777273 Item 97 Patent Number: EP 1008527 A1 20000614 INJECTION MOULDED PLASTIC CRATE Steenbergen J F Schoeller Wavin Trepak BV This comprises a base and upright side walls, which are connected to one another at the corners of the crate. The crate is provided with at least one handle for carrying the

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Item 98 Surrey, Pira International, 1999, pp.111. 90.00. 16/5/00. 8(11)346 DECORATION OF PACKAGING. SECOND EDITION Legierse P E J This report aims to provide users and designers with a general overview of new developments and emerging technologies. The subject area covered is broad and includes pack colours, special effects, pack graphics, date coding, security and tamper evident labels, promotional labelling, barcodes and secondary packaging. Printing techniques such as flexography, offset, silk-screen, thermal transfer printing and in-mould labelling and decoration are also included. Accession no.773781 Item 99 Patent Number: US 6019921 A 20000201 IN-MOLD COATING OF GOLF BALLS Lutz M E Acushnet Co. A method of applying a coating material, such as a urethane, to an outer dimpled surface of a golf ball by forming a first mould cavity between upper and lower mould dies configured and adapted for moulding a golf ball, moulding a golf ball having an outer dimpled surface within the first mould cavity under a first pressure greater than ambient pressure until the golf ball is sufficiently cured to receive a coating that will not substantially penetrate the outer dimpled surface of the ball, opening the first mold cavity and transferring the moulded but uncoated golf ball to a second mould cavity, preparing an in-mould golf ball coating composition, introducing a sufficient amount of the coating composition into the second mould cavity between the outer dimpled surface of the golf ball and an inner surface of said second mould cavity to substantially surround and coat the outer surface of said golf ball, curing said coating composition to form a coated golf ball having at least one layer of said coating composition, and removing said coated ball from the

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References and Abstracts

Accession no.773307

Item 103 Fohnsdorf, c.2000, pp.28. 21cms. 14/3/2000 WE BUILD MOULDS AT & S AG

Item 100 Plast’ 21 No.86, Nov.1999, p.25-9 Spanish INSERT MOULDING TECHNIQUES FOR ENHANCED SURFACE FINISH Eckardt H Battenfeld GmbH

AT & S specialises in the development, design and construction of plastic injection moulds with 3-D shapes, as well as stack moulds, IMD moulds, and two-colour/ two-component moulds in any combination. The brochure highlights their services and provides details of the machinery and equipment used in mould production, including CAD/CAM facilities, milling machines, precision grinding and cutting equipment, and injection moulding machines.

second mold cavity so as to produce a coated golf ball having a dimple pattern thereon. USA

Processes and machinery used for in-mould decorating and coating in plastics injection moulding are described. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.773232 Item 101 Modern Plastics International 30, No.4, April 2000, p.26-8 ADVANCES IN PIGMENTS AND PUR LEAD BAYER’S LINEUP FOR NPE Toensmeier P A Bayer is gearing up for NPE with an array of new products, technologies and applications. These include: Bayplast organic microgranular pigments with high flow, good dispersibility and low dusting; natural fibre-based structural composite prepregs, called NafpurTec, that replace GRP in auto applications; BaseLine high-pressure PU metering units; continuing development of weatherable ABS coextrusions for transportation markets such as trailers; and in-mould decorating advances. BAYER CORP. USA

Accession no.772691 Item 102 Patent Number: US 6015519 A 20000118 DENSIFIED COATING PROCESS AND MOULDED ARTICLES HAVING DENSIFIED OUTER SURFACE Lapikas J S; O’Connor J B Pyramid Composites Manufacturing LP A method of forming a simulated stone and solid colour plastic moulded article includes a densified surface coating material, which is sprayed on the surface of a mould. A glass fibre preform is inserted into the mould and the mould is filled with resin at low pressure. The densified coating material includes a matrix-forming resin and large and small densifier particles in a prescribed size ratio. USA

Accession no.769611

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AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.767526 Item 104 Modern Plastics International 30, No.2, Feb.2000, p.31-2 MICROTECHNOLOGY GIVES PRODUCTS NOVEL ANTI-SOILING CAPABILITIES Colvin R New microtechnology for extruded films has been developed jointly by Creavis and the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems. Emulating the roughness of a waterlily leaf, an extruded film embossed with this pattern is uneven and will not attract dirt and water. One of the first applications is a plastic film-covered solar roof panel. In another direction, the Fraunhofer Institute for Product Technology is machining microsurfaces of injection mould cavities which can be replicated with ultra precision milling equipment. The cavity surfaces having a microsurface structure can reflect light, bond surfaces without adhesives or transport minute amounts of liquids. CREAVIS; FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.766789 Item 105 Canadian Plastics 58, No.1, Jan.2000, p.19-22 PUTTING THE PEDAL TO THE PLASTIC LeGault M This article consists of a brief introduction which explains the growing number of plastics-for-metal substitutions in automotive applications, followed by several detailed examples of such substitutions, including nylon rocker covers, PU cargo boxes for pick-up trucks, moulded-in colour body panels manufactured from Xenoy resin, and “super-power” plastics for automotive applications. RHODIA ENGINEERING PLASTICS; DAIMLERCHRYSLER; MERCEDES BENZ; BAYER CORP.; FORD MOTOR CO.; VISTEON AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS; GE PLASTICS;

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References and Abstracts

MILWAUKEE ELECTRIC TOOL CORP.; EMSCHEMIE; BASF; DUPONT EUROPE-GENERAL; NORTH AMERICA

Accession no.765249 Item 106 Injection Molding 8, No.3, March 2000, p.130-1 LIGHTS-OUT INMOULD DECORATING Kirkland C Cascade Engineering’s Container Group runs a 9000-ton Battenfeld, the largest injection press in the US, which can mould 2-yd-long HDPE waste containers, each a 116lb shot. The group has a 1760-ton two-platen Ferromatik Milacron hydromechanical press with an integrated automated electrostatic in-mould decorating system from Geiger Handling USA. The cell moulds 4.25-lb HDPE lids for 96-gal waste containers. Lids are decorated with bilingual warning labels that will never come off. CASCADE ENGINEERING INC.; GEIGER HANDLING USA USA

Accession no.764509 Item 107 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 89, No.12, Dec.1999, p.11-3 English; German SURFACE FINISHING Fisher G; Wilmsen M; Steger R TransCAT GmbH; Ferromatik Milacron Maschinenbau GmbH Due to the increasing demands on the appearance and functionality of parts, finishing of plastic surfaces is gaining more and more in importance. One finishing technique is in-mould labelling. Its use is hampered by the many processing steps that it requires. Different processes are compared and explained. (German version of this paper, which includes illustrations, is on p.46-50). EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.764383 Item 108 SPE Automotive TPO. Conference proceedings. Troy, Mi., 20th-22nd Sept.1999, paper 34 SURFACE FINISHING/COMPRESSION (SFC) MOULDING - A NEW ROUTE TO FINISHING TPO Delusky A; Ellison T M; McCarthy S P; Guan Q ValTek LLC; Lowell,Massachusetts University (SPE,Detroit Section) The Valyi SFC moulding process combines finishing and structural reinforcement in one moulding process. Stateof-the-art Class A film finishes are bonded and formed in

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the compression moulding step. Further (post mould) priming, painting and solvent removal are eliminated. Finish adhesion to the moulding resin becomes an attribute for chip resistance rather than a continuing problem for primer and process development. In SFC moulding the film finish (paint film, PVC fabric or other) is placed over an open mould cavity in a vertical press. A traversing die is used to deposit resin onto the film. The melt bonds to the finish. Heat from the resin conditions the finish for forming. Long/continuous fibre-reinforcing material is then placed on the hot resin and the mould closed for the moulding cycle. The resulting part is taken from the mould - finished and uniquely reinforced. Mould clamping force and cavity pressure in the SFC process are greatly reduced compared to injection moulding. This opens the option for lower mass-lower cost tools and machines. Moulding (cavity) pressures for the Valyi Process are much lower compared to conventional injection moulding. The injection moulding issues of gates, knit lines and variable resin orientation are eliminated. Forming the heated finish by compression eliminates the preform step used in the insert back injection in-mould finishing process. The Valyi SFC moulding process is described, together with the advantages such as the mechanical performance of the part, reduction in cost and reduction in paint pollution, which can be achieved over the conventional injection moulding-painting process. 7 refs. USA

Accession no.764216 Item 109 SPE Automotive TPO. Conference proceedings. Troy, Mi., 20th-22nd Sept.1999, paper 29 SURVEY OF SCRATCH AND MAR TEST METHODOLOGY AND CORRELATION WITH MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS Bistany S P; Shoemaker M R Montell Polyolefins (SPE,Detroit Section) Mould-in-colour (MIC) plastic parts are making increasing inroads into painted part substitution. Cost reduction is the main driving force to replace paint followed by environmental issues. As with painted surfaces, MIC surfaces are often subjected to contact with foreign objects and are at risk of being scratched. Many test methods exist to rate candidate materials for these applications. In addition, these same test methods are used as tools to assist in developing resins with improved scratch/mar performance. Various test methods available are reviewed and material characteristics that influence performance are discussed. 19 refs. USA

Accession no.764212 Item 110 SPE Automotive TPO. Conference proceedings.

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References and Abstracts

Troy, Mi., 20th-22nd Sept.1999, paper 22 REACTOR TPO FOR PAINTED AND MOULDIN-COLOUR THIN WALLED FASCIAS Luce J T Exxon Chemical Co. (SPE,Detroit Section) Automotive bumper fascia designs are moving toward thin wall designs to reduce cost and weight for both painted and moulded-in-colour (MIC) applications. The olefin family of resins has played a major role in allowing bumper manufacturers to achieve their cost reduction objectives. Reactor thermal plastic olefins (RTPOs) will continue to play an increasing role by offering improved ‘value-added’ products to meet these new thin wall design trends of the future. Exxon Chemical’s approach to offering ‘valueadded’ high stiffness RTPOs modified with metallocene elastomer technology is described, and the performance criteria necessary for achieving robustness for painted and MIC fascias are evaluated. 5 refs. USA

Accession no.764205 Item 111 SPE Automotive TPO. Conference proceedings. Troy, Mi., 20th-22nd Sept.1999, paper 17 IN-MOULD SURFACE PAINT FINISH OF PLASTIC PARTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS Roys J E Avery Dennison Corp. (SPE,Detroit Section) The unique characteristics and benefits of Avery Dennison’s Avloy Series ‘A’ (Class A Finish) Formable Dry Paint Films versus conventional spray painting technology, on exterior TPO and ABS parts are described. Aspects covered include construction, thermoforming and moulding. Commercial applications include ABS side mirrors, grilles, pillar posts and tail lamp bezels matched to body colours as well as, TPO silver brush body side mouldings and body colour matched chin spoilers, side claddings and bumper top caps. 7 refs. USA

Accession no.764200 Item 112 St.Helens, c.1999, pp.6. 30cms. 6/1/2000 PROVIDING INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR YOUR PRESENT AND FUTURE NEEDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT, MANUFACTURE AND SUPPLY OF SMC AND GMT COMPOSITE PRODUCTS Polynorm Plastics (UK) Ltd. Polynorm Plastics is a converter of glass matt thermoplastic and sheet moulding compound, using state of the art compression moulding processes and GMT heating ovens to produce complex components to precise dimensional tolerances. The company supplies the UK automotive

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industry with parts such as front and rear bumper armatures, engine undertrays, rear load floor covers, seat backs and engine covers. Vacuum assisted moulding and in-mould coating is used in the production of Class A SMC body panels. Details are given of Polynorm’s project engineering and manufacturing facilities, together with its commitment to environmental, quality, and training issues. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.762083 Item 113 Surface Coatings International 83, No.2, Feb.2000, p.79-81 POWDER COATINGS USA - EUROPE Micek L L Fuller H.B.,Co. A comparison of the differences in the US and European powder coatings markets is made. Differences in product types, application methods and markets will be covered in this paper. Future trends in both US and European markets are also covered. 9 refs. USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.761614 Item 114 Patent Number: EP 978374 A2 20000209 DECORATIVE FILM FOR USE IN PLASTICS MOULDING, ITS PREPARATION, AND INJECTION-MOULDED PART Haruta N; Tomiyama T; Kato T; Seike K Kansai Paint Co.Ltd. The decorative film is a laminate film prepared by outwardly and successively laminating a polyolefin film layer, a primer layer, optionally a topcoating layer and a releasable layer. The primer layer is a coating film formed from an isocyanate-curing type resin composition containing (A) a hydroxyl group-containing resin having a hydroxyl number of 30 to 200 KOH mg/g and a weightaverage molecular weight of 1000 to 80000, (B) a polyolefin based resin and (C) a (blocked) polyisocyanate compound in such mixing amounts that the number of the isocyanate groups in the component (C) is in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 per hydroxyl group in the component (A) and that the component (B) is in the range of 1 to 90% by weight based on the total weight of the components (A), (B) and (C), and having a static glass transition temperature of 20 to 70C, an elongation of 10% or more and a tensile strength of 0.5 kgf/sq.mm or more. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.761143 Item 115 Thermoset Retec. Conference proceedings. Research Triangle Park, N.C., 15th-17th March 1999, p.43-8

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References and Abstracts

PRE-MOULD POWDER COATING FOR COMPRESSION MOULDED PLASTIC Corcoran E Ferro Corp. (SPE,Piedmont Coastal Section; SPE,Thermoset Div.) Pre-mould powder coatings are now well established as a method of finishing a variety of compression moulded reinforced plastics. Initial commercialisations were made with SMC. Several other applications have now been successfully demonstrated including BMC, liquid compression moulding, structural reaction injection moulding (SRIM) and prepreg composites. Developments have been made to reduce curing temperatures in lowtemperature applications from 150 to 105 deg.C in a 3 min. cycle. Superior weathering formulations as conductive and paintable products are now being introduced to moulders. USA

Accession no.761112 Item 116 Patent Number: US 5960527 A 19991005 METHOD OF INJECTION MOLDING PLASTIC AUTOMOBILE BODY PARTS WITH INTEGRAL WEATHERABLE PIGMENTED FILM SURFACE Ellison T M; Keith B M Rexam Industries Corp. Automobile body parts having contoured, decorative outer surfaces are moulded. The automobile body parts include a moulded polymer substrate and a decorative surfacing film adhered to one side of the substrate. The decorative surfacing film includes a substantially molecularly unoriented cast polymer film formed from a weatherable polymer. Also a method for making sets of such automobile body parts for assembly into automobile bodies is taught. USA

Accession no.761037 Item 117 Plastics Engineering 56, No.1, Jan.2000, p.35-7 NEW APPROACH TO IN-MOULD FINISHING McCarthy S P; Guan Q; Patel S R; Ellison T M; Delusky A Massachusetts,University; ValTek LLC Advantages of the Valyi SFC (surface finishing/ compression) moulding process over the conventional injection moulding/painting process include a reduction in the cost to produce the part and a reduction of the adverse environmental effects of the painting process. The mechanical properties of the parts moulded by the Valyi SFC process were found to be consistent with those moulded by conventional injection moulding. The resins used in this investigation were glass fibre-reinforced PP, talc-filled PP and virgin PP. 5 refs. USA

Accession no.760598

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Item 118 Brookfield, Ct., 1999, 38 papers. $100.00. 28cms SPE AUTOMOTIVE TPO:GLOBAL CONFERENCE ’99. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE HELD TROY, MI., 20TH-22ND SEPT. 1999 SPE,Detroit Section The SPE Automotive Thermoplastic Polyolefin conference, developed by a core group of polymer suppliers, OEMs, Tier one and two suppliers, with the SPE Detroit Section presents 38 papers, examining developments in the areas of global business trends, interior, paint, alternative decoration, exterior, materials and processes. Papers include new resins technology and global growth prospects for skins and foams, an overview of TPO skin developments in European automotive interiors, evolution of UV coatings towards the automotive market, and in-mould surface paint finish of plastics parts for automotive applications. Accession no.759178 Item 119 Patent Number: US 5959015 A 19990928 CONDUCTIVE MODIFICATION OF PAINTABLE MOLD-IN COLOR CAPABLE, THERMOPLASTIC OLEFIN FORMULATION Helms J H; Ryntz R A; Blais E J Ford Global Technologies Inc. An electrical conductivity modified thermoplastic olefin (TPO) polymer blend with improved electrostatic painting efficiency is disclosed, the blend comprising a substantially uniform mixture of: (I) polymeric material being the reaction product of (a) polypropylene, (b) maleated polypropylene, (c) elastomer, and (d) amine-terminated polyether being a linear or branched polymer of oxypropyleneamine or oxyethyleneamine repeating units having 40-100 such units, and (II) alkali metal salt, the alkali metal salt being included in the thermoplastic polymer blend in an amount which provides the blend with a conductivity of at least 10 to the power of -12 S/cm at 25 deg.C. USA

Accession no.759147 Item 120 Emerging Plastics Materials and Process Technologies for Automotive Interiors. Conference proceedings. Detroit, Mi., 21st May 1998, paper 13 NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN IN-MOULD LAMINATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS Esling R Delta Tooling Co.; Kaufmann G.,AG (SPE,Automotive Div.) In-mould lamination is a process in which a coverstock material is bonded to the plastic substrate in a speciallydesigned injection mould. IML creates a strong thermal

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References and Abstracts

bond between the coverstock and substrate, eliminating the possibility of delamination and peeling. In-mould laminated parts are a proven, cost-effective alternative to traditional lamination methods. While gaining prominence in Europe during the mid-to late-1980s, IML demand has grown significantly in the last six years. Current estimates put the number of parts produced at over 150,000 parts per day. The most common applications are for a variety of interior trim components. Primary markets are automotive, heavy truck and office furniture manufacturing. SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758954 Item 121 Emerging Plastics Materials and Process Technologies for Automotive Interiors. Conference proceedings. Detroit, Mi., 21st May 1998, paper 11 MELT COMPRESSION MOULDING (MCM): A ONE-SHOT PROCESS FOR IN-MOULD LAMINATION AND COMPRESSION MOULDING BY MELT STRIP DEPOSITION Kuhlmann G H Maschinenfabrik J.,Dieffenbacher GmbH & Co. (SPE,Automotive Div.) For about ten years processes for simultaneous moulding of carriers and decorative lamination have steadily replaced conventional methods. This development was primarily initiated by the automotive industry with the objective to be prepared for future trends such as: growing demands for better and more comfortably appointed interiors of passenger cars and, to a lesser extent, of vans, buses, and trucks; the necessity of cost reduction; more safety; ecological concerns to be overcome by lamination without adhesives; preservation of fossil energy by reduced vehicle weights and a fair chance for agriculturally orientated economies replacing industrial fibre by regenerative fibres. The technologies described by the term ‘low pressure injection moulding’ can substantially contribute to achieve these objectives. Meanwhile other industries, such as furniture and packaging material manufacturers, are successfully applying the processes - a trend gaining forceful momentum by excellent results obtained by compression moulding of melt strips of long glass fibre reinforced thermoplastics into technical, non-laminated parts. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758952 Item 122 Automotive Supplier 1999. Conference proceedings. Brands Hatch, 15th-16th Sept.1999, paper 7 BUILDING THE BETTER MOULD SHOP FOR THE NEEDS OF THE AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIER Bauer R Engel Maschinenbau GmbH

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(Plastics & Rubber Weekly; Rapra Technology Ltd.) Engel offers injection moulding systems and automotive modules especially developed and designed for the needs of automotive suppliers. This is due to the traditional close ties between key automotive manufacturers and the main car system suppliers. The machine components offered are designed with special focus on easy access, highest flexibility respective integrating automation modules and reducing down times. The tiebar-free machine concept is the basis for the highest flexible moulding system, which can be upgraded to multi-shot, multi-material, multi-colour moulding systems. In the large machine range the Engel Duo machine concept is widely used for moulding bumper systems, dashboards, door panels, etc., in single or multi shot execution. The Engel clean shot technology offers new ways for moulding polycarbonate lens and window systems. The Engel applications centre develops new moulding systems for alternative highly integrated car components like in-mould painted panels and other surface decorated moulded components. Engel understands the cooperation with the car industry as a system partnership, assisting alternative ways of the car industry to build a better car of the future. AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758293 Item 123 Patent Number: US 5968443 A 19991019 PROCESS FOR IN-MOULD LABELLING Robles J; Mainquist W K Clorox Co. A blown, hollow plastic article having a paper label applied by in-mould labelling, must have the label positioned such that the longitudinal fibres thereof are oriented substantially with respect to the longest axis of the blown, hollow plastic article. USA

Accession no.756359 Item 124 Patent Number: EP 953422 A2 19991103 PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR EFFECTING INJECTION-MOULDED-IN FOIL DECORATION Atake H Dai Nippon Printing Co.Ltd. A decoration sheet is fed on a mould, heated to a temperature above its HDT and conformed to the surface of the mould cavity by vacuum drawing. The moulds are then clamped and a resin is injected to adhere the sheet to the resin. The sheet is preheated to a temperature below its HDT by preheating means before being fed onto the mould by sheet feeding means. JAPAN

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References and Abstracts

Item 125 Retec ’98. Riding the Wavelength of Color. Conference proceedings. Cleveland, Oh., 27th-29th Sept.1998, paper 9 EXTERIOR USE OF PLASTICS IN AUTOMOBILES: BRIEF HISTORY, PRESENT APPLICATIONS AND SOME FUTURE WANTS Anderson D W Ford Motor Co. (SPE,Color & Appearance Div.; SPE,Ohio Firelands Section) A brief review is presented on the application of plastics in automotive applications. The automotive ‘wish list’ for the future includes moulded-in colour plastics parts that can be matched to paint, metallic, with a class A finish; plastics parts that are totally recyclable, plastics parts that will survive for ten years on the exterior with no visible change; parts that are lower cost than what they replace; and integrated development projects that will involve all parties from the polymer to the assembly plant. USA

Accession no.755502 Item 126 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 89, No.9, Sept.1999, p.35-6 IN-MOULD DECORATION Enewoldsen P; Braun H Bayer AG The in-mould decorating process is described, whereby finished decorated parts are produced by inserting decorated, shaped and trimmed semi-finished film products in the mould during the injection moulding process. The technique allows for the production of complicated curved parts with symbols, transmitted illumination and multicolour two-dimensional decorative surfaces. Consideration is given to the choice of printing ink, film shrinkage during shaping, trimming of the film in mass production, special features of processing, and typical examples of its use. 5 refs. (Translated from Kunststoffe, 89, (1999), 9, pp.102-4). EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.755375 Item 127 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 89, No.9, Sept.1999, p.31-3 THIN-WALL TECHNIQUE Kudlik N Netstal Maschinen AG Developments in machine and tooling technology are discussed, which make it possible to produce components with thin walls by injection moulding techniques. Applications are described which benefit from thin-walled components, and processes such as injection compression

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moulding, multi-component moulding, gas injection, coinjection, and in-mould decoration are examined. (Translated from Kunststoffe, 89, (1999), 9, pp.92-96). SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.755373 Item 128 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 89, No.9, Sept.1999, p.29-31 NEW MULTI-COMPONENT INJECTION MOULDING PROCESSES Jaeger A Demag Ergotech GmbH Examples are given of designs of moulds and process technology for the production of multi-component injection moulded products, with particular reference to developments from Demag Ergotech. Details are given of new rigid/flexible composites, three-dimensional moulded interconnect devices, combinations with inmould sheet lamination and new mould concepts, which offer greater efficiency and further potential fields of application. (Translated from Kunststoffe, 89, (1999), 9, pp.85-89). EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.755372 Item 129 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 76, No.781, Nov.1999, p.40-1 French DECORATION TACKLES COMPLEX PARTS Baquie M Sicap A process developed by Sicap of France for decorating complex thermoformed plastics parts is described. In this process, which is based on sublimation transfer principles, the decoration is printed on paper using sublimable inks and then transferred onto the plastics surface. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.754668 Item 130 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 89, No.11, Nov.1999, p.23-4 IN-MOULD DECORATION WITH PLASTIC FOIL Klaus W; Serafin G The high-pressure forming process allows preformed plastic foils to be produced with such an accurate fit that they can be fed directly to the production process and do not need to be finished after back moulding. Made-tomeasure automation technology employing seriesmanufactured linear robots in combination with contoured

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References and Abstracts

grippers and conventional ancillary equipment provide a highly efficient manufacturing cell. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.754269 Item 131 Reinforced Plastics 43, No.12, Dec.1999, p.38-44 BENEFITS OF PRE-MOULD POWDER COATINGS Corcoran E Ferro Corp. Spray application of powder coating to the entire mould prior to pressing means complete part coverage every time. The chemistry of the pre-mould coating co-reacts with most FRP substrates creating an extremely durable laminate finish. Conductive and paintable grades are designed to fill surface porosity in the moulded plastic surface making it ready for finishing painting. The minimum cure temperature for powder has been reduced from 150C down to 105C, creating new opportunities for low pressure and low temperature moulding processes. USA

Accession no.754244 Item 132 Modern Plastics International 29, No.11, Nov.1999, p.44/8 MOULDED-IN COLOUR TECHNOLOGY PENETRATES NEW APPLICATIONS Gabriele M C The latest versions of moulded-in colour technology, introduced earlier this year for select exterior automotive body panels, are now being specified for non-automotive applications that require robust weatherable performance. One major application now underway is the hood of the Z120 snowmobile from Arctic Cat. Mid-Central Plastics, the injection moulder, is using Surlyn Reflection, a patented alloy of DuPont’s Surlyn ionomer ethylene copolymer and nylon 6. GE’s Xenoy PC/PBTP with clearcoat PUR is used to mould body panels for the European “Smart Car”. The Smart Car also makes use of the Paintless Film Molding system from BASF. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.752656 Item 133 European Plastics News 26, No.10, Nov.1999, p.41 ROHM TARGETS INSERT MOULDING APPLICATIONS Rohm is developing new grades of Plexiglas PMMA for lamination films used in the in-mould decoration of

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household appliances, furniture and automotive interior trim. Plexiglas impact-modified PMMA technology provides the required Class A surface finish, combined with high resistance to mechanical stress, UV radiation and cleaning agents. ROHM GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.752612 Item 134 British Plastics and Rubber June 1999, p.23 PP/GLASS COMPOSITE ENABLES “STRUCTURAL VACUUM FORMING” Ex-Press Plastics has developed a form of vacuum bag moulding for thermoplastic composites. The Smoothtex process is described as “structural vacuum forming” and relies on Twintex glass/PP fibre developed by Vetrotex. Twintex is a co-mingled strand of glass and PP fibres which is woven into a fabric. The fabric is draped into a mould and heated, softening and then hardening again in the shape of the mould. The process is initial targeted at niche automotive markets requiring component runs of 1000-50,000. EX-PRESS PLASTICS LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.751336 Item 135 Polyolefins XI. Conference proceedings. Houston, Tx., 21st-24th Feb.1999, p.439-44 USING SPECIAL EFFECTS IN ROTOMOULDING APPLICATIONS Bodi A; Burgess A Hanna M.A.,Color (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) Rotomoulding is a popular low-pressure process for producing medium-to-very large parts with moderate complexity and detail, in a variety of thermoplastic polymer systems. However, rotomoulding has lagged behind other plastic processing options in the availability of in-mould special effects. This is partly because it is difficult to disperse colourants evenly in the material, as there is no melt mixing step prior to introducing material into the mould. Furthermore, as part thickness is built up as successive layers of ‘skin’ frozen on the inside of the part, it can be challenging to create an effect solely on the surface of a part without impacting the base material. Three key parameters of the technical challenge skin creating special effects for rotomoulded parts are examined. USA

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References and Abstracts

Item 136 Popular Plastics and Packaging 44, No.9, Sept.1999, p.59/70 ECONOMIC PROCESS TO ELIMINATE POSTMOLD ASSEMBLY COSTS Kulshreshtha A K; Awasti S K Indian Petrochemicals Corp.Ltd. Advantages offered by the insert moulding process are described, as an economical method of eliminating postmould assembly costs and decorating. The process involves screen printing and thermoforming. Details are also given of the hot stamping process, in-mould decorating techniques, the thermoformed insert process, and the use of the insert moulding foil. Developments in insert moulding machinery are examined, and applications such as the insert moulding of integrated circuit, automotive components, electrical equipment, and digital multimeters are discussed. INDIA

Accession no.750803 Item 137 Modern Plastics International 29, No.10, Oct.1999, p.54-7 FABRIC MOULDING SHOWS PROMISE IN AUTOMOTIVE Snyder M R A dramatic increase in the use of fabric insert moulding is being driven by the automotive industry. Ube recently introduced its Dieprest moulding process, which encompasses its approach to fabric insert moulding and several variations involving foam and film inserting. The horizontal clamp Tecomelt machine from Engel offers a low-pressure approach based on the standard Engel machine platform. A distinctive aspect to Van Dorn Demag’s approach to fabric moulding is its patent-pending version of “cascade needle valve” technology, which addresses the need to avoid weld lines. USA

Accession no.749334 Item 138 Patent Number: US 5919498 A 19990706 APPARATUS FOR APPLYING LABELS TO BLOW MOULDED ARTICLES Weber L H; Johnson D M R & B Machine Tool Co. A method and an apparatus are provided for inserting labels into blow moulded hollow articles. The blow moulding apparatus includes a carousel mounted to rotate within a support frame. The carousel carries four multicavity moulds around a circular mould path. Two blow moulding workstations are disposed next to the mould path in fixed positions relative to the frame. The carousel is indexed to cause each mould to pause by each workstation, and at a label-insertion station, one time

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during each carousel revolution. An in-mould labeller includes four picker heads supported on a carriage which shuttles the heads between label dispensing magazines and the mould station path. Each magazine includes a label stack receptacle in which labels rest edgewise, by gravitational force, on a pair of label guide surfaces. Each picker head releasably grasps labels from a label magazine and deposits the labels into open mould cavities at the label-insertion station. Each magazine is translationally and rotationally adjustable to control label orientation in the mould cavities. USA

Accession no.745880 Item 139 Macplas International No.10, Aug.1999, p.99 DESIGN FOR OLD PEOPLE GMP Poliuretani and its partner company SEM are carrying out research into the characteristics of structural PU including EMI shielding, thermoacoustic insulation and in-mould painting. These new features are the basis for a new project, a vacuum cleaner for old people. The new product, which is manufactured by the reaction injection moulding process, features good ergonomics, the possibility of recycling, good acoustic insulation, suitable structural rigidity and stability, fewer parts to be assembled and EMI shielding. GMP POLIURETANI SPA; SEM EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.745388 Item 140 Macplas International No.10, Aug.1999, p.73-4 DECORATED MOULDINGS Decorative finishing finds use in a wide range of moulded products. Direct moulding of thermoplastics is the most cost-effective processing method. Sandretto Metalmeccanica has implemented a special injection unit, installed on a 40-ton Micro machine at K98, which can also be fitted to all small tonnage machines. The unit consists of two barrels, an upper one for the material used to obtain the “stains” or veins and a lower one for processing the “basic” material. SANDRETTO METALMECCANICA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.745363 Item 141 Molding Systems 57, No.6, June 1999, p.48/55 IN-MOLD DECORATING MEETS APPLIANCE NEEDS

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References and Abstracts

Terlizzi M Serigraph Inc. One way of making household appliances and electronic products look more appealing is the process of in-mould decorating. This article looks at the process, and also at developments to help meet the challenges of turning a “box” appliance into a functional and attractive household furnishing. USA

Accession no.740776 Item 142 Patent Number: US 5906788 A 19990525 DUAL CURE, IN-MOLD PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING ABRASION RESISTANT COATED THERMOPLASTIC ARTICLES Boeckler R H Cook Composites & Polymers Co. Laminated, moulded plastic articles having an excellent abrasion resistant coating are prepared by a 2-step process including applying to a mould surface a 100% reactive coating composition, at least partially curing the coating composition, applying to the exposed surface of the cured coating composition a thermoplastic material, and curing the thermoplastic to form the laminated moulded article. The coating composition includes a polyfunctional acrylic monomer, such as dipentaerythritol monohydroxypentacrylate, a mono functional acrylic monomer, such as hydroxymethylacrylate, an acrylic-soluble thermoplastic, such as cellulose acetate butyrate, an aminoplast resin, such as melamine-formaldehyde, and a free-radical initiator. The coating composition is at least partially cured by either UV or IR radiation. USA

Accession no.740550 Item 143 Patent Number: US 5895624 A 19990420 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FORMING THICK WALL PLASTIC SHEETS HAVING FORMABLE DECORATIVE FILM LAYERS. Reece E G; Reece R A; Masserang G J Android Industries of Michigan LLC Method and apparatus for forming thick wall plastic components laminated with formable decorative film layers. A thermoformable thick wall plastic sheet in the range of 0.065 to about 0.300 inches thick over at least half its area is provided having a thermoformable decorative dry film coating on one side forming an outer surface of the laminated sheet. The sheet is peripherally supported in an open centre rack, heated in one or more ovens to forming temperature and formed by a combination of compression and, preferably, vacuum forming with subsequent trimming of excess material to form a finished component with a high quality finish suitable for automotive body use. The compression and

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vacuum forming steps may be interchangeably performed in order and provide for high quality finish on the outer surface with shaping of reentrant wall portions on the inner side. Any suitable form of laminated sheet may be formed by the apparatus and method. A preferred material is a laminated sheet with the decorative film covered with a thermoformable protective film which is retained during forming and protects the finished component until ready for service when it may be removed. To prevent finish marks due to compression forming, a removable outer protective coating or film may be used to protect the smoothness of the first protective layer and/or the decorative film coating until ready for forming when the outer film is removed. USA

Accession no.740472 Item 144 Popular Plastics and Packaging 44,,No.5, May 1999, p.67-70 RECENT BOPP FILM DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA Mannan S M Cosmo Films Ltd. Developments in biaxially oriented PP film for packaging applications in India, are reviewed. Such developments are said to be driven by the needs of customers, with films with specific properties developed to cater to the needs of the products and machine developments. Details are given of metallised matte film, double sided coronatreated, metallised film, low heat seal temperature film, including pearl film, film for labels, film for in-mould labelling, films for soapwrap, film for twistwrap, matte film for print lamination, BOPP/CPP laminates, and the use of cold seal adhesives for pouching a BOPP film. INDIA

Accession no.739883 Item 145 Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1998, pp.331. 75.00. 83 INJECTION MOULDING ALTERNATIVES - A GUIDE FOR DESIGNERS AND PRODUCT ENGINEERS Avery J The need to produce high volumes of plastic parts within short cycles makes injection moulding the most widely used process. However, injection moulding has its limitations, especially when small volumes of parts, large parts or hollow parts are required. As the pressure of a competitive market and time-to-market issues become more intense, the selection of the most cost-effective process used to manufacture a product becomes the critical element of the product development process. This book offers a comprehensive description of a wide range of processes that can be used to manufacture plastic products. It covers variations of injection moulding techniques in addition to

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

other industrial plastic processing technologies and low volume production techniques used for prototyping and preproduction volumes. Process innovations such as gasassist moulding multi-live feel moulding deep-draw blow moulding and in-mould decoration are also included. The coverage of each process includes the fit, advantages, disadvantages, materials used, design considerations, applications and tooling considerations. Accession no.739324 Item 146 Plastics Engineering 55, No.6, June 1999, p.45-8 USING SPECIAL EFFECTS IN ROTOMOULDING APPLICATIONS Bodi A; Burgess A Hanna M.A.,Color There are numerous in-mould colours and effects available for rotomoulded products, including a variety of opaque, translucent, pearlescent and transparent colour effects. Three key parameters of the technical challenge in creating special effects for rotomoulded parts are investigated. Formulation of the colourant, the blending of colourant with base resin, processing and granite effect are discussed. A few guidelines are presented for solving rotomoulding decoration issues. USA

Accession no.739223 Item 147 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1794, 9th July 1999, p.6 AVAILABLE FOR SME USE - SIMPLY THE BEST Warwick Manufacturing Group, inextricably linked with Rover, is involved with many more companies from different product areas. One of the best UK engineering and research centres, WMG is ready to welcome SMEs, helping them to solve problems in design and production for better products for the future. Within the group, the Centre of Specialism for the Development of Polymer Processing will look to optimise processing variables, to look at in-mould coating, material compatibilisation and recycling. WARWICK MANUFACTURING GROUP; ROVER EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.739136 Item 148 Patent Number: EP 914923 A1 19990512 IN-MOULD DECORATING PROCESS Laurin M N; Souder B; Reis D P; Nourse B A; Soutier G A; Riding K D General Electric Co. One or more colours are decorated onto a single film, which is then incorporated with other components in an

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

in-mould decorating process for producing plastic articles, such as light assemblies. USA

Accession no.735443 Item 149 Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings. New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.2911-4. 012 NEW APPROACH FOR IN-MOULD FINISHING: THE VALYI SURFACE FINISHING/ COMPRESSION MOULDING PROCESS McCarthy S P; Guan Q; Patel S R; Ellison T M; Delusky A Lowell,Massachusetts University; ValTek LLC (SPE) The Valyi SFC moulding process for surface finishing/ compression moulding (SFC) provides an economical route to moulding and Class A finishing of large thermoplastic parts in one step. In the Valyi Process, decorative film or fabric is placed over a mould cavity in a press. Plastic melt is then deposited onto the film, which subsequently heats the film to a formable temperature. Positive air pressure may be supplied to support the film/ molten plastic. The press is then closed to form the final finished part. The process is similar to the textile back moulding process. The Valyi Process uses much lower pressures than conventional injection moulding. The inmould lamination of paint film achieves the paint appearance and protection without the environmental and cost impact of conventional painting. Also, heating the using the heat from the deposited melt eliminates the heating step in the in-mould injection moulding process. The Valyi SFC Molding process is described, and advantages such as the mechanical performance of the part, reduction in cost and reduction in paint pollution, which can be achieved over conventional injection moulding-painting process, are revealed. 5 refs. USA

Accession no.734266 Item 150 British Plastics and Rubber May 1999, p.42-4 INJECTION MOULDING PROCESS CREATES NEW TECHNICAL FORMING DEMAND Peacock R Cannon Shelley The purpose of in-mould decoration is to create a preprinted surface on injection moulded components. This is achieved by thermoforming or pressure forming a thermoplastic material which has been pre-printed or painted to become a skin for lamination onto an injection moulded product. This new process creates an opportunity for Cannon Shelley’s clients to use standard and special purpose thermoformers, such as those from the single cycle Powerform series and the Speedform series of fully

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automatic, in-line, reel-fed thermoformers where high speed production is required. USA

Accession no.734232 Item 151 Antec ’99. Volume 1. Conference proceedings. New York City, 2nd-6th May,1999, p.718-22. 012 IN-MOLD LABELING FOR HIGH SPEED, THIN WALL INJECTION MOLDING Fong G Tradesco Mold Ltd. (SPE) In-mould labelling is the insertion of pre-printed labels into the mould prior to the injection of the plastic. The development of a labelling system in conjunction with the design of the mould is described and equipment for use with a four-cavity mould is given as an example. The label transfer assembly is mechanically operated and consists of a transfer arm, pick-up plates, linkage, bearing housing, and spline. The materials and design used for these components are chosen to minimise the inertia forces and wear, considering the short cycle times. USA

Accession no.732985 Item 152 Plastics and Rubber Asia 14, No.86, April 1999, p.24 CAR BODIES WITH NO PAINT This article highlights a new technology to produce decorated exterior car body parts without painting them: paintless film moulding, or PFM. The PFM system is explained and its benefits listed. The technology is based on Senoplast’s in-mould film, called Senotop. Full details are presented. BASF; ENGEL; ROHM & HAAS; SENOPLAST EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.732894 Item 153 Machine Design 71, No.8, 22nd April 1999, p.56/62 NEW METHODS FOR DECORATING MOULDED PARTS Griffin P J Bayer Corp. Traditional methods for decorating injection moulded parts include painting, screen printing, pad printing and hot stamping. Recently, however, alternative decoration methods have been developed that require fewer processing steps and environmental controls. These methods include in-mould foils, insert moulding using polycarbonate film, and sublimation heat transfers. Insert moulding processes for polycarbonate films include

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water-based inks, forming methods and equipment for registering films in the mould, and a high-heat polycarbonate printing ink. These materials and processes provide increased design flexibility, recycling and lower total costs than traditional decorating methods. USA

Accession no.731670 Item 154 Plastics News International May 1999, p.15-6 OPTIONS INCREASE FOR DECORATING 3-D PARTS Options available to moulders for decorating threedimensional parts are described, in particular, in-mould decoration, high-pressure forming, and film-insert technologies. The former uses a pre-printed foil in the injection mould, and is suitable for medium to large production runs of parts with small to medium decoration areas. Insert moulding with decorative hot stamping foils is suitable for strongly shaped 3-D parts to which it provides a precisely defined decorative edge. High pressure forming is claimed to offer new possibilities for registered decoration of 3-D plastic parts, with exact positioning of heat transfers with elaborate gravure printed graphics and very good reproduction quality in up to nine colours. KURZ L Accession no.731637 Item 155 Plastics News(USA) 11, No.2, 8th March 1999, p.4 LEAR, DELPHI SIRE NEXT-GENERATION OLEFINS Pryweller J The decision is discussed of US automotive interior suppliers to replace PVC in instrument panel covers with TPO skins, and with particular reference to developments by Lear and Delphi Automotive Systems. Delphi is reported to be potentially supplying the first thermoplastic olefin skin on a North-American-built vehicle, the 1999 Mercedes M-class sport utility, and Lear is looking into new technology using expanded PP bead foam. The use of hindered amine light stabilisers is said to reduce fading, and in-mould colouring is being investigated to avoid the need to paint PP instrument panels. DELPHI AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS; LEAR CORP. USA

Accession no.731618 Item 156 Journal of Injection Molding Technology 2, No.4, Dec.1998, p.166-75 COINJECTION MOULDING. COMPATIBILISATION OF POLYAMIDEPOLYPROPYLENE SANDWICH STRUCTURES

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References and Abstracts

Selden R Swedish Institute for Fibre & Polymer Research Sandwich plates were coinjected from polyamide 6 (Durethan B 30S from Bayer) and talc-filled PP (Hostacom M2 U01 from Hoechst). The polyamide skin was coloured black with 1% masterbatch, to identify the interface between the materials. Mechanical properties were studied as a function of compatibiliser (Orevac CA 100 maleic anhydride grafted PP from AtoChem) concentration. The compatibiliser, was blended with the PP granulate before injection moulding. The properties evaluated included flexural modulus and flexural strength parallel and perpendicular to flow, and falling weight impact strength. The adhesion between skin and core as a function of compatibiliser content was measured by a peel test. The addition of a relatively low concentration of compatibiliser is adequate for obtaining a sufficient degree of adhesion between skin and core and a corresponding improvement of mechanical properties. It is shown that unmodified polyamide/PP sandwich specimens can display a relatively high strength, and modulus. This is mainly explained by the special interface instability formed during the mould filling, giving mechanical interlocking between the two phases. The type of interface instability observed in the unmodified polyamide/PP specimens was mainly viscous finger formation. Injection moulding was done with a 110 ton K110 S 2F machine from Ferromatix Milacron. It had two injection units. Potential for using recycled polymers as core material is pointed out. 25 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.729191 Item 157 Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 75, No.12, 1998, p.F7-8 PLASTICS DECORATING TECHNOLOGY PROVIDES MANY PROCESSING OPTIONS Hillestad K United Silicone Inc. An overview of the most common plastics decorating methods is presented. These include hot stamping, heat transfers, in-mould decorating, spray painting, vacuum metallisation, electroplating, appliques, decals, labels, fill and wipe, silk screen printing, gravure printing and pad printing. USA

Accession no.728703 Item 158 Engineering 240, No.2, Feb.1999, p.65 PICTURE PERFECT Insert-mould decoration has the ability to deliver a variety of decorative effects in a highly cost-effective manner. In the IMD process, a decorated polycarbonate film is

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backmoulded with a resin material in order to create an integrated design. If the part requiring decoration is threedimensional, curved or features deep-draw sections, the film is pre-shaped by vacuum forming or hydroforming before it is positioned in the injection mould. Second surface printing involves screen printing the graphics on the reverse of the film, protecting them for the life of the product. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.728626 Item 159 Plastverarbeiter 48, No.3, 1997, p.43-4 German SET IN THE MOULD CAVITY Ten Tije H SIMCO In-mould labelling techniques are examined regarding electrostatic applications. The firm of IML has a long tradition in the trade for using low pressure and high tension electrodes in mould cavities. Both processes require moulds that have been modified at great expense. However, the Dutch firm, SIMCO, based in Lochem, promises a remedy for this. It loads a label with a static charge and then sticks it into the cavity. Packaging applications are examined, as well as using antistatic foam pillows containing a high tension connector and suckers to fix the label. The final product is environmentally friendly and completely recyclable. The foam pillows are suitable for all types of injection moulding, and prevent damage to the mould and the label. Existing moulds can be installed as well. No vacuum pitting is necessary in the mould. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.726975 Item 160 Patent Number: US 5868986 A 19990209 METHOD OF IN-MOULD LABELLING Foulkes J P Courtaulds Films (Holdings) Ltd. This is carried out using biaxially oriented films consisting of a core layer of pigmented, non-voided PP with a layer of voided PP on one surface of the core layer and a printable layer, e.g. of a polymer containing units derived from at least two of propylene, ethylene and but-1-ene on the other surface of the core layer. A leathery effect is not produced during in-mould labelling. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.726219 Item 161 Kunststoffe Plast Europe

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References and Abstracts

89, No.3, March 1999, p.33-6. (Translated from Kunststoffe 89 (1999) 3, pp.96-101) COEXTRUDED FILM FOR THE BACKMOLDING TECHNOLOGY Kappacher J; Blass R; Grefenstein A Fa.Senco RuD; BASF AG; Rohm GmbH The use of paintless film moulding (PFM) techniques in the automotive industry is examined with particular reference to developments made by BASF, Engel, Rohm and Senoplast and their joint projects. Details are given of tests and trials carried out with back-mouldable films with new film combinations. 7 refs. SENOPLAST AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.726052 Item 162 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 89, No.3, March 1999, p.29-32. (Translated from Kunststoffe 89 (1999) 3, pp.88-94) PAINTING BUILT-ON BODY PARTS IN PLASTICS Wilke G BASF Coatings AG A review is given of painting trends relating to built-on body parts in the automotive industry. These trends include the development of environmentally friendly painting techniques, heat resistant plastics with a high property profile, and a reduction in the number of coats of paint applied. Criteria determining the selection of offline, in-line or on-line painting techniques are examined, and depend on cost pressures and the surface quality required. Substrate materials are identified, and the various painting methods are described. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.726051 Item 163 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 89, No.3, March 1999, p.12-3. (Translated from Kunststoffe 89 (1999) 3, pp.48-50) EDGE FOLDING WITH ULTRASONIC Sattlelecker B Luehr H.,GmbH The increased use of special injection moulding processes such as in-mould lamination, in-mould decoration and foam backing for the manufacture of interior automotive trim has led to the need for optimised downstream processes to achieve greater efficiency. Ultrasonic edge folding is presented as an economical, non-adhesive process for use in the manufacture of automotive trim. A description is given of the process of automatic ultrasonic bending and edge folding, and examples are included of applications and design potential. 2 refs.

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EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.726044 Item 164 Molding Systems 57, No.4, April 1999, p.8-9 SCALING UP IN-MOULD DECORATING Thermoplastic bumper caps for GMC Sierra trucks are produced using Avloy dry paint film laminate from Avery Dennison. At K’98, Battenfeld teamed up with Bayer and Zimmermann to demonstrate three-shot moulding of ready-to-install bumpers complete with moulded-in lighting features and a TPU sealing lip. Bayer and Avery Dennison were also involved in implementing insert film moulding for the 1998 Ford Mondeo instrument panel cluster bezel. AVERY DENNISON CORP.; BATTENFELD OF AMERICA INC.; BAYER CORP. USA

Accession no.726025 Item 165 Coatings World 4, No.3, April 1999, p.36/44 AUTOMOTIVE COATINGS MARKET GROWING GLOBAL Esposito C C The big news in the automotive coatings market in 1998 was undoubtedly DuPont’s decision to acquire Herberts, the automotive coatings division of Hoechst AG. The combined business is now the largest automotive coatings supplier in the world with sales of more than 3.8bn US dollars. PPG is supplying BMW with Enviracryl coatings, a powder clearcoat which can be recycled. PPG has also developed Power-Prime two-coat electrodeposition coating. WORLD

Accession no.724493 Item 166 Kunststoffe Synthetics No.10, 1998, p.24 German BOY INTRODUCES A-SERIES INJECTION MOULDING MACHINES Boy’s new A series injection moulding machines use Procan CT steering and Windows software for touchscreen technology and on-line assistance. This is to make the entry into twin-component technology as easy as possible for the user. The Boy 30A-2C is built onto the platform of the Boy 30. It consists of a vertical injection moulding unit next to the standard horizontal one. Production of the smallest parts in future will need to be down to 1000th gram. They are intended for the gas

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

industry, in-mould labelling, the processing of liquid silicone and elastomers. DR.BOY GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.724031 Item 167 Molding Systems 57, No.2, Feb.1999, p.12-3 15 STEPS TO BETTER DECORATING Decorating options include screen or offset printed decals, appliques, direct pad printing, in-mould decorating and heat transfer. Serigraph says decorating should be a part of the design and development process, and viewed on an individual basis in terms of its construction and performance requirements. SERIGRAPH INC. USA

Accession no.721098 Item 168 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 89, No.1, Jan.1999, p.23-5; p.74-7 INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS AND TECHNOLOGIES Bangert H; Erlenkamper E; Hock P; Joisten S; Wubken G Cost and weight savings, innovative functions and properties, increased productivity and shorter development times are key requirements for a company’s survival in the face of increasingly harsh competition. New types of plastics and new technologies, plus close cooperation between all those involved in the development of new products and processes, including the OEM, processor, raw materials supplier and research institutes, make it possible to achieve this aim. Aspects covered include thin-wall technology to save weight and costs, hybrid technology, in-mould decoration, 3D injection moulded interconnect devices (3D MID), exterior body components in plastics, soft-touch panels and the digital versatile disc - a challenge for material development. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.719225 Item 169 Plastics News(USA) 10, No.53, 15th Feb.1999, p.11 ZMD BREAKING NEW GROUND FOR THERMOFORMERS Renstrom R Equipment maker ZMD International is said to enjoy taking risks for research and development projects; in turn, ZMD has obtained more work in the thermoforming

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

industry. Recent projects include an alignable system for in-mould decorating and registration forming (Bell Sports is using two of the machines to align helmet graphics); the development of a method for Boeing’s Long Beach plant to form a foamed composite for insulating the space shuttle’s outside skins; an inline roll-fed machine to thermoform PETP packaging up to 2 sq.ft. for the under100,000 US dollars market; the use by Northrop Grumman of a proprietary ZMD core-forming press to make engine nacelle components for Boeing Co’s 747, 757 and 767 aircraft since December. Details are given. ZMD INTERNATIONAL INC. USA

Accession no.719050 Item 170 Plastics Southern Africa 28, No.5, Nov.1998, p.8 WORLD’S LARGEST SINGLE IML BUCKET Illman Plastics, a Germiston injection moulder, was recently taken over by Adedare Cables. Now known as Aberdare Illman Plastics, the company has recently introduced a new state-of-the-art IML system. The article supplies details of the new high-tech in-mould labelling injection moulding technology and of the latest products being produced by Aberdare Illman, including a range of 20-litre buckets, claimed to be the largest single in-mould labelled containers in the world. ILLMAN PLASTICS; ADEDARE CABLES; ABERDARE ILLMAN PLASTICS SOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.718275 Item 171 Patent Number: US 5756028 A 19980526 METHOD OF MANUFACTURING RESIN ARTICLES HAVING A NATURALLY FORMED PATTERN THEREON Liao J L The method uses organic matter, such as portions of a fern like the ‘Sphaeropteris lepifera’, and a resin, to be moulded together and then machined into a desired shape. The inner surfaces of the upper and lower mould sections are covered by aluminium foil sheets and enclose a portion of a fern, such as the ‘Sphaeropteris lepifera’ therein. A resin is injected into the mould through an opening in one foil sheet and the mould is heated to an appropriate temperature. Subsequently, the mould is cooled by room temperature air and dried by a drying machine. The resin is removed from the mould and machined into a particular shape in accordance with a predetermined design. The shaped moulded resin is smoothed by grinding or filling in uneven portions with resin. After smoothing, the moulded resin is polished to provide a naturally-formed pattern on the surface thereof. TAIWAN

Accession no.716064

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References and Abstracts

Item 172 Plastiques Flash No.306, April 1998, p.62-3 French FROM COMPOUNDING TO DISTRIBUTION: WEDCO AND ICO POLYMERS FRANCE SERVING ROTATIONAL MOULDERS The range of materials for the rotational moulding industry produced and distributed by French subsidiaries of the US based Ico Group is examined. These include compounds, powders, dry blends, colour concentrates and inks for in-mould printing. Turnover figures are presented for the companies concerned, i.e. Ico Polymers France, Soreco and Wedco France (formerly Micronyl Wedco), and for the Ico Group. ICO POLYMERS FRANCE; ICO INC.; WEDCO FRANCE; MICRONYL WEDCO; WEDCO TECHNOLOGY INC.; ROTEC; SORECO EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.715863 Item 173 Plastics News International Jan./Feb.1999, p.12/4 PAINTLESS FILM MOULDING OF EXTERNAL BODY PARTS A newly developed method of injection moulding and surface finishing has provided an economic alternative to painted external automotive body parts. Close cooperation between four international plastics technology specialists - BASF, Engel, Rohm and Senoplast - has resulted in the PFM (paintless film moulding) system, thus presenting the automotive industry with an environmentally friendly process ready for large-scale production. Conventional painting of plastic parts to match car body colours is expensive, and accounts for 60-75% of the total cost of the component. Until now, the option of paint coated in-mould films has been used only for small parts - due to their relatively high cost and the limited depth of draw ratios available. Due to Senoplast’s Senotop in-mould film being available in 1450 mm widths, the PFM system can produce large parts for complete plastic vehicle bodies. The system also offers a high level of formability - making it possible to produce complex mouldings. Details are given. BASF; ENGEL; ROHM & HAAS; SENOPLAST EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713558 Item 174 Manchester, Mi., 1997, pp.6. 28cms. 30/12/98 VERTICAL WHEEL BLOWMOLDING SYSTEMS. THE QUALITY AND PRODUCTION YOU EXPECT. THE FLEXIBILITY YOU’VE ALWAYS WANTED

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Johnson Controls Inc.; Uniloy Details are given of the Uniloy Vertical Wheel System, designed for use in the production of blow-moulded containers. The system features quick-change variable mould equipment which allows greater versatility, consistency and throughput. Capable of producing containers with seven layers of material, the machine facilitates incorporation of post-consumer reclaim between virgin material layers and can also reduce material costs by using less expensive structural layers. Other beneficial features include mechanical control for safe operation, a captured parison for better process control, in-mould labelling capabilities, an efficient takeout system, and an optional post-mould finishing system. USA

Accession no.712096 Item 175 Injection Molding 6, No.11, Nov.1998, p.127/30 FILM INSERT MOLDING BREAKS INTO NONAUTOMOTIVE MARKETS - WITH STYLE Sloan J This article explains the process of film insert moulding (FIM) and looks at how the technique was used by Polycast Inc. of the USA to make the bezel on a digital multimeter from Tekronix. The bezel was moulded from polycarbonate injected from behind a film of polycarbonate decorated with two colours and labelled. Full details of the process are given. POLYCAST INC.; SERIGRAPH INC.; TEKTRONIX INC. USA

Accession no.711951 Item 176 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 85, No.7, July 1995, p.13-5 NON-ABRASIVE IMPRINTING ON CURVED PLASTICS SURFACES Zepf H P Problems with printing on curved injection moulded articles are examined, and the advantages provided by the use of sublimation transfer printing methods are described. The technique provides a suitable printing method for applications with a demanding surface design at different material requirements and component geometries. The principles of sublimation printing are explained, and details are given of the compatibility of various thermoplastics used in two-component injection moulding. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.709891

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References and Abstracts

Item 177 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 85, No.9, Sept.1995, p.43-5 IN-MOULD DECORATION USING PC FILM Manz B Schuster Kunststofftechnik The in-mould decorating (IMD) process is discussed and compared with competing methods such as printing, thermosublimation, and laser marking. Advantages of the IMD process are outlined, and details are given of the process technology which involves the use of one-layer and two-layer techniques. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.709853

French DECORATION OF PLASTICS Gailliez E Based on a conference held by Societe Francaise des Ingenieurs des Plastiques in Lyon in November 1997, a survey is made of developments in techniques for the decoration of plastics. Methods examined include painting, metallising, in-mould decorating and various printing techniques. PAREMAT; VERILAC; SOCIETE FRANCAISE DES INGENIEURS DES PLASTIQUES; SARREL; TOXOT SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS; OTI; KURZ FRANCE; CREADEC; MACHINES DUBUIT; BOURBON INDUSTRIE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 178 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 84, No.10, Oct.1994, p.45-6 DEVELOPMENTS IN THERMOFORMING MACHINERY Stover C Gabler Maschinenbau GmbH

Accession no.706089

Developments in thermoforming technology are reviewed with reference to improvements made in the economic efficiency of the machines, and in response to the needs of new types of film, particularly in packaging applications where high productivity and reproducible quality are required. Particular details are given of the tilting device at the discharge section and in-mould labelling.

As plastics have become more widely used for vehicle exterior parts, the tendency has been to attempt to paint them to match the steel components with which they are mixed. The GE Plastics/BASF cooperative venture has developed a clear coat which simplifies the painting of plastics panels. A fairly recent development in injection moulding technology is the insert moulding of a coloured film. The latest variant of this process is the Paintless Film Molding system.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 181 British Plastics and Rubber Nov.1998, p.8-10 PLASTICS CAR PANELS MOVE AWAY FROM THE NEED TO COLOUR COAT

WORLD

Accession no.709831

Accession no.705203

Item 179 Plastics News(USA) 10, No.48, 11th Jan.1999, p.9/13 BLOW MOULDING MARKET EXPECTS HEALTHY 1999 EQUIPMENT SALES Bregar B

Item 182 Patent Number: US 5777053 A 19980707 IN-MOULD COATING COMPOSITIONS SUITABLE AS IS FOR AN END USE APPLICATION McBain D S; Cobbledick D S; Shanoski H; Sullivan B J GenCorp Inc.

Overall, the biggest blow moulding story of 1998 was Milacron’s purchase of the Uniloy blow moulding business from Johnson Controls. In November, Miller Brewing and its bottle maker, Continental PET Technologies, started a six-city trial of 20-ounce PETP beer bottles, marking the first major US distribution of beer in plastic. Krupp Kunststofftechnik opened its first US assembly factory. Bekum America’s efforts to develop in-mould labelling systems are finally bearing fruit in the US market. USA

These comprise an aliphatic resin, such as a saturated aliphatic ester intermediate PU having terminal acrylate end groups, a saturated (cyclo)aliphatic (meth)acrylate, such as isobornyl acrylate, hydroxy alkyl (meth)acrylate, polyacrylate ester of an alkylene polyol or a vinyl substituted aromatic. They are applied to fibre-reinforced plastics and have good weather resistance. They can be clear or pigmented and can contain various additives, such as lubricants, adhesion aids or hardeners.

Accession no.709223

USA

Accession no.704504 Item 180 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 50, No.1, Jan./Feb.1998, p.48-51

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Item 183 Molding Systems

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References and Abstracts

56, No.8, Oct.1998, p.30-5 PAINT PARTS IN ONE SHOT Koelsch J R The in-mould decorating technique developed by GE Structured Products’ Screenprint Development Lab features on GE’s cellular phones. Insert in-mould decoration exploits the precision and crispness of screen and offset printing. The moulding operation buys inserts of hard Lexan polycarbonate film already printed, die cut and formed to fit inside the mould cavity. GE is working with Autotype International to develop new films that will allow forming larger pieces and to greater depths than are possible now. USA

Accession no.702609 Item 184 International Composites Expo ’98. Conference proceedings. Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 21-C. 627 APPEARANCE IN-MOULD COATINGS FOR INDOOR AND OUTDOOR APPLICATIONS McBain D S; Straus E J GenCorp,Specialty Polymers Division (SPI,Composites Institute) A new family of clear and pigmented in-mould coatings (IMC) has been developed specifically for indoor and outdoor applications which are of uniform finished appearance quality. IMC products have been used for many years to enhance the surface of reinforced plastics, providing a smooth, sealed surface used as a conductive or non-conductive primer for subsequent finish-paint operations. Clear and pigmented IMC can be used as the ‘topcoat’ or appearance coating, providing a part with a finished appearance, gloss and colour directly from the moulding operation. The clear IMC has been designed to be used with commercially available pigment dispersions, providing a convenient method for a small moulder/ manufacturer to have multiple colour matched coatings while minimising inventory and waste. For large volume requirements, colour matched, pre-pigmented coatings can be supplied. The performance of these coatings on SMC and LPMC, including adhesion, abrasion and weatherability, is established. Systems have been developed which can be cured at mould temperatures as low as 150 deg.C. Part application and mould design issues which impact performance are also reviewed. 2 refs.

Mishra S; Agrawal G D Cosmo Films Ltd. In-mould labelling processes and applications are discussed. Currently, in India, around 20% of labels are cellulose based papers and 80% are plastic films, which includes synthetic paper. The shift towards films is examined with reference to the advantages afforded by them in blow and injection moulding applications. The choice of label materials is considered and a comparison is made of in-mould label and pressure sensitive labels. 4 refs. INDIA

Accession no.701614 Item 186 Modern Plastics International 28, No.11, Nov.1998, p.44/6 LONG-STROKE SYSTEMS TACKLE CONTAINER GOAL OF 20 MILLION/YR Gabriele M C At K’98, several machine builders unveiled bigger versions of their long-stroke extrusion blow moulding systems. The aim is to achieve output rates of 20 million units/year by incorporating more extrusion heads and larger platens to accommodate higher mould cavitation. The latest system designs put emphasis on incorporating an automated in-mould labelling system to enhance productivity. Calibrated neck finish, approaching injection moulding tolerances, is another advantage for long-stroke systems compared with wheel machines. WORLD

Accession no.700600 Item 187 Modern Plastics International 28, No.11, Nov.1998, p.30/2 PC FILM INSERT ENHANCES READABILITY OF INSTRUMENTS Grande J A Tektronix, with assistance from Bayer, has developed a technology which uses film insert moulding for the production of hand-held measurement instruments. Most novel is the incorporation of printed graphics and a clear display window. The process involves the screenprinting and thermoforming of a decorated Makrofol polycarbonate film insert. The applique is loaded into the mould and polycarbonate resin injected behind it. TEKTRONIX INC.; BAYER CORP.

USA

USA

Accession no.702071

Accession no.700595

Item 185 Popular Plastics and Packaging Annual, 1998, p.66-9 IN-MOULD LABEL - THE LABELLING ADVANTAGE

Item 188 Modern Plastics International 28, No.11, Nov.1998, p.29-30 “PAINT FILMS” CHIP AWAY AT COST IN EXTERIOR AUTO PARTS

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© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Mapleston P In-mould decorating is being refined in ways that can circumvent the painting step entirely for plastics auto exterior parts. BASF, in a joint project, has developed a new process in which the paint layer is replaced by coextruded two- or three-layer foils. The top layer is a clear PMMA and the base layer a pigmented ASA or ASA/ PC blend. A core layer of acrylic or ASA can be put between the materials. Rexam’s Fluorex In-Mold Surfacing Film is a base-coat/clear-coat fluoropolymerbased paint film for use with various backings. BASF AG; REXAM INC. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.700594 Item 189 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1762, 13th Nov.1998, p.25 PAINTLESS MOULDING PROVES A REAL DRAW The Paintless Film Moulding System, jointly developed by BASF, Rohm, Senoplast and Engel, allows automotive parts to be produced fully finished from an injection moulding machine. Three-layer coextruded film is preformed to the shape of the part required, loaded into an injection moulding machine and backed with an injection moulded layer of plastic. The coextruded film is called Senotop and comprises a Luran S carrier layer, topped with two layers of Plexiglas acrylic, a clear topcoat and a coloured basecoat. ENGEL AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.700526 Item 190 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1759, 23rd Oct.1998, p.23 FEEL GOOD FACTOR Materials suppliers need designers to come up with new ways of incorporating soft elastomers onto hard plastics products. At a recent UK seminar, a concept project to produce a multi-shot computer mouse cover including controls was demonstrated. Moulded-in company logos eliminated the need for printing. AES supplied a Shore A 55 grade of its Santoprene 8000 to provide the high flow and aesthetic properties needed for the curved cover component. WORLD

Accession no.700133

ON-LINE, PRESS-SIDE DECORATION ADDS NEW TECHNICAL DIMENSION TO MOLDING Sloan J In-mould automated decoration operations at Sussex Plastics and Plastek Group are reported. Both companies mould for the cosmetics industries, and both use Acrobot stamping machines. Details are given of the capabilities of the Acrobot machines supplied by Permanent Label. SUSSEX PLASTICS; PERMANENT LABEL; PLASTEK GROUP USA

Accession no.699888 Item 192 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 88, No.9, Sept.1998, p.15-7,1376/80 German; English IN-MOULD DECORATION BY INJECTIONCOMPRESSION MOULDING...FOR FLAT PARTS USING SENSITIVE DECORATIVE MATERIALS Kaufmann G; Klotz B; Volckmann K Kaufmann G.,AG; Krauss-Maffei Kunststofftechnik GmbH; Suhling P.,GmbH A new variant on in-mould decoration is described which employs injection-compression moulding with a big compression gap and is also suitable for sensitive decorative materials. The cooperation between the machine builder, a mould maker and a producer of handling units involved in development of this process is discussed. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.699029 Item 193 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 88, No.9, Sept.1998, p.14-5,1371/4 German; English DECORATING WITH INSERTS Schuett H K Leonhard Kurz The insert moulding decoration technique in which components moulded three-dimensionally can be decorated with hot-stamping foils in the same operation is described. The technique is already used on an industrial scale for decorative trim in vehicle interiors. The features of insert moulding, the in-line decorating of heavily deformed parts and the use of inserts tailored to the decoration task are discussed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.699028 Item 191 Injection Molding 6, No.10, Oct. 1998, p.136

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Item 194 Kunststoffe Plast Europe

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References and Abstracts

88, No.9, Sept.1998, p.11-4,1357/66 German; English ACCURATE DIMENSIONS FORM THE TARGET. FILM STRAIN, SHRINKAGE AND WARPAGE DETERMINE THE SUCCESS OF IN-MOULD DECORATION WITH FILM Steinbichler G; Giessauf J Engel Maschinenbau GmbH The design of injection moulding and thermoforming moulds for in-mould decoration to ensure that expansion and subsequent shrinkage during the process lead to a part with the specified dimensions is discussed. Film stretching during filling is considered and the influence of the film on moulding shrinkage in the composite part and on warpage is described. A system solution for paintless film moulding, as an alternative to painting, which is to be presented at K’98, is outlined. 4 refs. AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.699027 Item 195 European Plastics News 25, No.9, Oct.1998, p.30 ALLIANCE DEVELOPS PAINTLESS FILM SYSTEM FOR AUTO EXTERIOR PARTS BASF, Engel, Rohm and Senoplast have been working together to develop a surface technology for car body panels which dispenses with coatings completely. Paintless Film Moulding relies on a coextruded film that incorporates a layer of abrasion- and weather-resistant PMMA coupled with a carrier material made of ASA or an ASA/PC blend. The film is thermoformed to the required shape and then injection moulded from behind with a layer of PBTP/PC, ASA/PC or ABS, depending on the part specification. BASF AG; ENGEL AG; ROHM GMBH; SENOPLAST EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.698866 Item 196 Patent Number: US 5730825 A 19980324 TRANSFER FILM FOR PROVIDING PICTURES ONTO A MOLDED PRODUCT SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH MOLDING AND PRODUCING METHOD THEREOF Atake H Dai Nippon Printing Co.Ltd. In a method of producing a transfer film for providing pictures onto a moulded product simultaneously with moulding of the present invention, a resin which is dispersed in a dispersing medium to form a waterdispersed emulsion is coated on a substrate film made of a water-insoluble thermoplastic resin. Then the substrate film is dried until the coat solidified to form a release

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layer. Further, a transfer layer which includes paint or ink diluted with an organic solvent for forming a desirable picture is formed on the release layer. Thereafter, the solvent is evaporated until the transfer layer turns to a solid film. Thus produced transfer film is used in the provision of pictures onto a moulded product simultaneously with moulding while insuring that the substrate film of the transfer can be smoothly peeled from the picture or design layer after it is transferred to the shaped part without impairing the moulding efficiency. JAPAN

Accession no.698508 Item 197 Patent Number: EP 870655 A1 19981014 HOLOGRAPHIC MARKING OF TRANSPARENT SURFACES OF AUTOMOBILE LAMPS AND HEADLIGHTS Cejnek M; Vejbor P; Tethal T; Houha R Autopal S.R.O. A mould for pressure moulding of a transparent lamp cover has a carrier situated in its bottom part holding a holographic matrix held by the carrier at the level of the surrounding mould surface part and making the hologram. The holographic matrix carrier is extractable and the hologram is preferably coated with a transparent or reflective material having a different refractive index. CZECHOSLOVAKIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697557 Item 198 Injection Moulding International 3, No.5, Aug/Sept.1998, p.63-5 DECORATING IN 3-D, THANKS TO INSERT MOULDING Glenz W The decoration of moulded plastic parts is examined with reference to the traditional hot stamping process and more recent in-mould decorating techniques. Problems with the latter are claimed to have been overcome by Leonhard Kurz, the world’s largest manufacturer of hot stamping foils. Details are given of how the company has improved the process by the use of a special hot stamping foil, a foil feeding device attached to the moving platen of the moulding machine, and an injection mould, modified to accommodate the in-mould decorating process. KURZ L.,GMBH & CO. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.696444 Item 199 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 88, No.8, 1998, p.35-6 IMD FOR INNOVATIVE PRODUCT DESIGN Brune H; Litjens F

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References and Abstracts

GE Plastics The advantages of in-mould decorating techniques are discussed, and the process is described. Examples are given of applications in the automotive and telecommunications industries which have enabled functionality, aesthetics and three dimensions to be combined. Polycarbonate-based Lexan film and Lexan resin are reported to have been used successfully for the in-mould decoration of a mobile phone key pad and lens. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.695885 Item 200 Automotive Materials Technology. Seminar 5 proceedings. Birmingham, 4th-6th Nov.1997, p.99-107. 63Tr.Ro IN MOULD FILM DECORATION AND LOW PRESSURE MOULDING FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS Giessauf J; Steinbichler G Engel Maschinenbau GmbH (Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Electrical Engineers) The low pressure moulding process has established itself in the last few years for the integrated lamination of moulded parts with textile surfaces for internal trim parts in the car. This process offers a variety of advantages. Aspects covered include low pressure injection moulding, injection compression moulding, compression moulding (melt applications process) and in-mould film decoration. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.694660 Item 201 Patent Number: US 5733615 A 19980331 IN-MOULD LABEL FILM AND METHOD Rackovan M J; Baid K M; Popely G G; Lloyd R V Avery Dennison Corp. This film comprises a hot-stretched, annealed, linerless self-wound film lamina and has a face layer for printing and a base layer, which includes a heat-activatable adhesive. The heat shrinkability of the film is balanced thickness-wise to minimise curl and allow the film to be printed in conventional label printing presses. An antistat may be included only in the charge for the base layer, which includes the heat-activatable adhesive. In the manufacture of labelled, blow moulded containers, sheets and labels formed from the film may be handled at high speeds while maintaining accurate registration and dimensional and positional integrity even in the absence of any reinforcing backing, yet the labels perform well on deformable containers, such as shampoo bottles. USA

Accession no.693565

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 202 Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.2623-7. 012 IN-MOULD LAMINATION BACK COMPRESSION MOULDING Huber T Swiss Impulse Inc. (SPE) In back compression (decor) moulding, plastic is discharged through a wide nozzle into the open mould. The coverstock is attached to the upper half of the mould. When the vertical press closes, the plastic is distributed and forms the substrate and all the necessary details on the back side. A strong thermal bond is achieved between the coverstock and the substrate. Such a part has less internal stress than a conventionally injection moulded part. This technology is especially suited to large parts and is extremely gentle to carpets: no discolouring or waving occurs. 4 refs. SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.692795 Item 203 Plastics Technology 44, No.8, Aug.1998, p.49-52 TRY IN-MOULD DECORATING FOR GOOD LOOKS THAT LAST Terlizzi M Serigraph Inc. Edited by: Manolis Sherman L In-mould decorating with preprinted film inserts is not a new technology, but its application in many industries is relatively new. Recent technological improvements have made in-mould decorating (IMD) an option for threedimensional products with complex surfaces. IMD is now cutting costs and boosting quality in uses from automotive interior components with compound curves to contoured control panels on appliances and a variety of consumer products. IMD is used for many products traditionally decorated by hot stamping, heat transfers, pad printing, direct printing or pressure-sensitive labels. It is ideal for parts with complex curves as the insert is formable to the shape of the finished product. It also has an advantage when the application requires consistently registered graphics. By integrating the graphics into the moulding process, secondary operations are eliminated and scrap is typically much reduced. With preprinted inserts in different solid colours, users may also avoid the need to purchase numerous precoloured resins. Cost savings from 5% to 40% can be realised. Details are given. USA

Accession no.692596 Item 204 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1748, 7th Aug.1998, p.2

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JV TARGETS IN-MOULD FILM DECORATION Hard-coated polycarbonate films for insert-mould decoration capable of draw depths 200 times the film thickness are now available for the first time following the signing of a joint venture agreement between GE Structured Products and Autotype International. The agreement covers key technology and business operations in the US, Europe and Asia. The three products being introduced now, all based on Lexan film, are AutoForm, HiForm and XtraForm. GE STRUCTURED PRODUCTS; AUTOTYPE INTERNATIONAL LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.688849 Item 205 Patent Number: US 5716566 A 19980210 METHOD FOR MAKING A MOTTLED AND PATTERNED PEN BARREL Lee Y-C Lee A.,Jewelry Inc. A tube is preformed to have two ends and an intermediate portion. At least one mould cavity is provided in a mould for forming the pen barrel. A pair of positioning members are sleeved respectively around two ends of the tube and the positioning members are positioned in the mould cavity to centre the tube in the mould cavity and create, in the mould cavity, a moulding space surrounding an entire peripheral surface of the intermediate portion. A liquid coating composition is poured into the moulding space to form a cover integral with the entire peripheral surface of the intermediate portion. The covered tube and positioning members are then removed. TAIWAN

Accession no.688331 Item 206 London, MEP Ltd., 1997, pp.153. 24cms. 63Tr.Ro AUTOMOTIVE MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY. SEMINAR 5 PRESENTED AT AUTO TECH 1997, HELD BIRMINGHAM, 4TH-6TH NOV. 1997 Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Electrical Engineers This series of papers covers automotive materials technology. Main sections examine automotive applications of polymers, vehicle applications of materials technology, surface engineering and new opportunities for materials. Papers include recycling implications in the motor industry, current research in friction materials, in mould film decoration and low pressure moulding for automotive applications, and instrument panel structural concepts which integrate functions using injection moulded plastic components. Accession no.686018

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Item 207 Patent Number: EP 848025 A2 19980617 PROCESS FOR FORMING A FINISH SURFACE ON A COMPOSITE MATERIAL Markle R A; Brusky P L; Cremeans G E; Elhard J D; Bigg D M; Sowell S Battelle Memorial Institute Thermally reversible polymer compositions are obtained by reacting compounds with isocyanate and labile hydrogen functionality. Aromatic polyimide, aromatic polycarbonate, polyarylsulphide, aromatic polyester having liquid crystal property and polyarylimidazolidine oligomers are incorporated into the isocyanate or labile hydrogen compounds to give high performance characteristics. The compositions can be used as finish surface coatings on composite materials, such as PP and PETP. Phenolic-hydroxyl terminated polyarylsulphide and polyarylimidazolidine oligomers are also disclosed. USA

Accession no.684054 Item 208 Patent Number: US 5707581 A 19980113 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING PATTERNED MOULDED ARTICLES Yamazaki S Nissha Printing Co.Ltd. The apparatus includes an injection mould composed of a first mould and a second mould, an unwind roll for unwinding a continuity of pattern film, a film introducing device for introducing the pattern film unwound from the unwind roll to between the first mould and the second mould, and a main clamp for pressing the pattern film against a surface of the first mould. A cutting device is provided on the upstream side of the surface of the first mould and serving for cutting off the pattern film, and a sub-clamp provided on the downstream side of the surface of the first mould and serving for fixing a cut-off end portion of the pattern film. The film introducing device has a pinch device for grasping the cut-off end portion of the pattern film and a driving device for reciprocatingly moving the pinch device. JAPAN

Accession no.683544 Item 209 Plastics for Portable Wireless Electronics. Retec proceedings. Philadelphia, Pa., 14th-15th Oct.1997, p.100-3. 6E IN-MOULD DECORATION Laurin M GE Plastics (SPE,Electrical & Electronic Div.; SPE,Philadelphia Section) In-mould decoration (IMD) is said to be an efficient cost effective way to decorate during the moulding cycle.

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References and Abstracts

Decorated polycarbonate film is inserted into the tool, a compatible resin is injected onto the film, the finished, decorated part is ejected and it is transported to the customer. Details are given. USA

Accession no.683405 Item 210 Patent Number: US 5665404 A 19970909 APPARATUS FOR BLOW-MOULDING HOLLOW ARTICLES Weber L H; Johnson D M R & B Machine Tool Co. The blow moulding apparatus includes a carrousel mounted to rotate within a support frame. The carrousel carries four moulds around a circular mould path. The blow moulding work stations are disposed next to the mould path in fixed positions relative to the frame. The carrousel is indexed to cause each mould to pause by each work station one time during each carrousel revolution. The moulds pause by each work station to allow blow moulding operations to be performed in conjunction with each mould at each work station. At one blow moulding work station an extruder injects parison into each mould. At the other work station a take-out mechanism extracts blow moulded articles from the moulds. The carrousel is additionally indexed to cause each mould to pause in the mould path where an in-mould labelling mechanism inserts a label into each mould. USA

Accession no.681490 Item 211 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1737, 22nd May 1998, p.13 SCORIM GOES IN-MOULD TO CUT OUT PAINTING Cinpres believes that availability of a new in-mould version of Scorim moulding technology will considerably broaden the appeal of the technique in applications demanding a critical surface finish. The company has developed a special hot runner manifold with the pistons integrated within it. By oscillating the two pistons out of phase during filling, it is possible to overcome the formation of weld lines in the part. CINPRES LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.680017 Item 212 Plastics Southern Africa 27, No.9, March 1998, p.10/4 THERMOFORMING IN THE INJECTION MOULD

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Steinbichler G; Geissauf J Engel AG The surface of injection mouldings can be improved by inserting or feeding a printed single or multilayer film, or coated or formed film, into the mould, laminating simultaneously with the moulding process by contact with the melt. An important process step is to preform the film within the production line for the decoration of relatively complicated 3D surfaces. This paper discusses the important features of film preforming methods. AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.680003 Item 213 Popular Plastics and Packaging 43, No.4, April 1998, p.59-60 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF THERMOFORMING Rakesh P I Machine Tools(India)Ltd. The process of thermoforming is explained, and this article considers some special applications that have been developed for the process, such as twin sheet forming, the manufacture of automotive wheel arch liners, and inmould decoration. Full details of each special process are given. INDIA

Accession no.678769 Item 214 Molding Systems 56, No.3, March 1998, p.41 IN-MOULD GRAPHICS DECORATE RAGTOP’S PRNDL BEZEL Chrysler and Serigraph have taken a different approach for moulding and decorating the automatic transmission bezel that surrounds the gear-shift lever in Chrysler’s 1997 Sebring convertible. The combination of in-mould graphics and electroluminescent lighting produces a hightech glow in the bezel that consumers like. The in-mould graphics are durable and cost-effective because they are applied during moulding rather than in a secondary operation. CHRYSLER CORP.; SERIGRAPH INC. USA

Accession no.678317 Item 215 Modern Plastics International 28, No.4, April 1998, p.62-3 DECORATING ADDS VALUE, BOOSTS PROFITS AND BUILDS BUSINESS Colvin R; Gabriele M C A range of decorating technologies can be added into processing operations to provide processors with a

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competitive edge. AD Plast AB does its own pad printing and hot stamping of cell phones for Ericsson and moulded parts for the Saab 9000. At Schuster Kunststofftechnik, the entire production process is automated from placement of in-mould film into the mould to part retrieval. McKechnie’s production of oval-shaped PP bottles includes an automated in-line, pressure-sensitive labelling system. USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.678252 Item 216 Patent Number: EP 839625 A2 19980506 DECORATIVE SHEET, SHEET-DECORATED MOULDING AND SHEET-DECORATING MOULDING METHOD Atake H Dai Nippon Printing Co.Ltd. A decorative sheet formed by coating a surface of an acrylic resin sheet having a coefficient of kinetic friction with respect to a flat glass plate in the range of 0.2 to 0.9 and a Tg of 80C or below with a pattern layer is inserted in a female mould and a male mould of an injection mould, the decorative sheet is clamped to the female mould, the female and male mould are joined together to form a cavity in the injection mould, a fluid resin is injected into the cavity to fill the cavity, the resin filling the cavity is solidified to a sheet-decorated moulding having a surface coated with the decorative sheet, the injection mould is opened and the sheet decorated moulding is ejected from the female mould. JAPAN

Accession no.677698 Item 217 Plastiques Flash No.293, Nov./Dec.1996, p.86-9 French MODULAR PRESSES AND SPECIAL PROCESSES: INJECTION MOULDING NOVELTIES FROM KRAUSS-MAFFEI Developments by Krauss-Maffei Kunststofftechnik in injection moulding machines are examined. These include the MC Series of large hydromechanical presses, electrohydraulic versions of the C Series of modular presses, the CD 2000 Liner production line for injectioncompression moulded compact discs, and machinery for the insert moulding of painted films. Turnover figures are presented for 1995, and details are given of a technical centre opened by the Company in Munich. KRAUSS-MAFFEI KUNSTSTOFFTECHNIK GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.677458 Item 218 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 87, No.10, Oct.1997, p.24-8 English; German

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COEXTRUDED PANELS AND FILMS AS PARTS FOR AUTOMOBILE BODIES Grefenstein A This article explains that coextrusion and subsequent thermoforming of automotive body panels coated with PMMA offer an interesting alternative to the painting of plastic parts. It describes tests in which mechanical, optical and thermal properties of coextruded parts were evaluated in comparison to painted parts. Experimentation is described, results are presented, and a summary made. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.676687 Item 219 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 87, No.10, Oct.1997, p.6-7 English; German THERMOFORMING IN THE INJECTION MOULD Steinbichler G; Giessauf J This paper focuses on in-mould decoration, explaining the process, discussing the advantages, and looking at state-of-the-art developments. It describes film forming in theory and practice, and considers thermoforming in the injection mould, and also future prospects of the process. AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.676679 Item 220 Packaging Magazine 1, No.5, 12th March 1998, p.25-6 PACKAGING’S DYNAMO Murphy M An overview is presented of trends in plastic packaging, with respect to the infinite possibilities offered by plastic in terms of structural design, as well as the ability to produce bottles with special effects and the decorative techniques which facilitate product differentiation such as inmould and post-mould labelling, hot stamping, screen and offset printing, Therimage and shrink sleeves. The growth in PETP packaging is examined, and the use of polyethylene naphthalate and in blends with PETP is discussed. WORLD

Accession no.675559 Item 221 Patent Number: EP 754740 A2 19970122 POLYMER FILM COATED WITH LACQUER AND PROCESS FOR APPLYING THE COATED POLYMER FILM ON MOULDED ARTICLES Gruner C; Schmitt R; Patzschke H-P Herberts GmbH

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References and Abstracts

A decorative plastic foil coating lacquer for plastic car parts consists of, in wt.%, (A) 18-45 binder composition comprising 10-70 polyurethane resin, 5-40 melamine resin, 10-60 further binder component and 0-6 thickener, (B) 0.10-10 Al and/or mica effect platelets, (C) 0-15 coloured pigment, (D) organic solvent and (E) 50-76.9 water. The preferable thickener is an acrylic resin or PVA and is present to 0.1-3 wt.%. Preferred deformation test (DIN-ISO 1,520) comprises deformation to a depth of 10 mm followed by relief results in a permanent deformation of 4.5-8 mm free from cracks. Preferably the foil is applied to the car part by: (a) an adhesive, (b) vacuum deep drawing or (c) covering a mould with the foil and injecting a curable moulding composition. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.674787 Item 222 Plastics Technology 44, No.3, March 1998, p.13 IN-MOLD LABELLING MAKES THE ROUNDS Knights M In-mould labelling equipment from Bekum America Corp. is described, for use with round blow moulded bottles. Previous problems in placing the label in the cavity accurately enough for precise registration and keeping the cycle time penalty to a minimum have been overcome. Bekum, through a joint marketing agreement with Autotec, a manufacturer of IML insertion robotics, and Multi-Color, a producer of PE and PP labels, offers a turnkey IML system for round and oval bottles as well as handleware. The system is offered fully integrated with Bekum’s new double-sided shuttle machines, which are built with the electronics for IML integration. BEKUM AMERICA CORP.; AUTOTEC INC.; MULTI-COLOR CORP. USA

Accession no.671841 Item 223 Molding Systems 56, No.1, Jan.1998, p.16-9 AUTO INDUSTRY LEADS THE PACK Strohmaier F Engel North America To meet the demands of their automotive customers, North American injection moulding equipment manufacturers, materials suppliers and moulders have developed a number of innovative multi-component processes. This article discusses multi-colour and multi-material moulding, in-mould operations such as in-mould assembly, in-mould painting, in-mould labelling and inmould lamination, and coinjection moulding.

Item 224 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1726, 6th March 1998, p.11 SYSTEC MARKS OUT IML EXPERTISE The core of Systec Engineering’s business is the manufacture of moulds for production of thin wall packaging items. It supports this product line with a range of in-mould labelling systems and downstream automation. Systec can currently produce moulds for single serve yoghurt pots with wall thicknesses down to 0.33mm, capable of running cycle times of around 3s. The company builds IML systems that use either pre-cut or cut-in-place labels. SYSTEC ENGINEERING EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.669095 Item 225 Patent Number: US 5648030 A 19970715 METHOD FOR OBTAINING HIGH DEFINITION GRAPHICS IN SURFACES OF MOULDED PLASTIC OBJECTS Pemberton E S; Howard B E Dagger Inc. The high definition graphics are achieved by preplacing a stencil containing cut-outs for the desired design against the surface of a kayak body mould. The openings of the stencil are filled with a plastic powder corresponding to the colour(s) of the design. After removal of the stencil, an overlayer of plastic powder corresponding to the main kayak hull is applied. Local heating is achieved to form a skin on the combination of these pre-placed powders. Subsequent heating of the entire mould in a heated oven with appropriate rotation of the mould, distributes the bulk powder for the hull, melts the powders and forms the hull. On cooling, the kayak is removed from the mould as a kayak body, which incorporates therein a durable, highdefinition graphic. USA

Accession no.667717 Item 226 Paper, Film & Foil Converter 71, No.12, Dec.1997, p.74-6 IN-MOLD LABELLING TECHNIQUE CONTINUES TO ADVANCE Bentley Jr. D J A review is presented of papers read at IMLCON 97, the sixth International In-Mold Labeling Conference. Topics discussed included substrate selection, printing techniques, new technology with holograms, and digital printing.

USA

USA

Accession no.669116

Accession no.667116

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Item 227 Packaging Review South Africa 23, No.12, Dec.1997, p.43 MONO SCOOPS HONOURS FOR IML MARGARINE TUB Advantages are described of an award-winning packaging design from Nampak’s Mono Containers division for margarine products. The packs are injection moulded, in mould-labelled tubs and lids made entirely from PP. Inmould labelling allows continuous production and the use of a single material provides greater plant efficiency as well as recyclability. In addition, the new design has improved pack strength resulting in less transit packaging. NAMPAK,MONO CONTAINER DIV. SOUTH AFRICA

Amsterdam, Netherlands, 29th Sept.-1st Oct.1997, p.699-700. 43C6 THIN WALL TECHNOLOGY AND IN-MOULD DECORATION WITH NEW REINFORCED POLYURETHANES Volke D; Eyerer P; Martins R Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Chemische Technologie (SPI,Polyurethane Div.; ISOPA) The main material employed today for car bumpers and panels is PP and its blends with thermoplastic elastomers. Only in low volume production of special models is reinforced reaction injection moulding (RRIM) technology established. Tests on PU thin-walled RRIM components are outlined. 2 refs.

Accession no.666974

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 228 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.751, June/July 1996, p.31-3 French THREE-DIMENSIONAL DECORATION: THE LATEST GENERATION OF TECHNOLOGIES Dumoux P Omnidec

Item 231 Patent Number: US 5650115 A 19970722 METHOD FOR MAKING MOULDED AIR BAG COVERS AND OTHER ARTICLES WITH INTEGRAL COVER LAYER OF LEATHER Proos G K; Boehlke D W; Sarver T M Plastic Mold Technology Inc.

A survey is made of techniques for the three-dimensional decoration of plastics using transfer films. Processes developed by Omnidec and High-Tech Design of France are described, with particular reference to the Imeris immersion transfer process. HIGH-TECH DESIGN; GALLET; SOLEV; PIVAUDRAN; ANVAR; SIDE SOFREM; SODIE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.666920 Item 229 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.750, May 1996, p.39-44 French PRINTING AND DECORATION: CHOICE OF TECHNIQUES Reyne M A survey is made of a range of printing, decoration, coating and metallising techniques used in the surface treatment of plastics. These techniques are briefly described and an indication is given of the applications and types of plastics to which they are applicable. 1 ref. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.666446 Item 230 Polyurethanes World Congress ’97. Conference proceedings.

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Accession no.665069

Leather or other covering material is placed in a mould, a projection on a mould portion is advanced against the covering material to form a tear seam amd mouldable material is injected behind the covering material to form a backing layer bonded to the material while an aligned groove is formed in the backing layer. A desired pattern may be embossed in the leather or covering material with a design in the mould cavity. A method for moulding leather-covered, resinous articles using a preformed, preshrunk leather piece is also disclosed. These articles may have designs, indicia or enhanced leather graining embossed during moulding. USA

Accession no.663768 Item 232 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 70, No.472, Oct.1995, p.369-72 Spanish IML (IN-MOULD LABELLING): IN-MOULD DECORATION OF INJECTION MOULDED PLASTICS PRODUCTS In-mould labelling is examined as a method for decorating injection moulded plastics containers, and the efficiency and costs of the process are compared to those of traditional decoration techniques. NETSTAL AG SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.663462

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References and Abstracts

Item 233 Modern Plastics International 27, No.11, Nov.1997, p.33-4 IN-MOULD FILM TECHNOLOGY IS ALTERNATIVE TO PAINTING PARTS Grande J A Innovative in-mould film technology that eliminates painting in moulded bumper fascias is said to have been developed by Visteon Automotive Systems and Avery Dennison. The breakthrough technology promises to be a cost-effective alternative for car makers who are striving to eliminate costly painting processes and associated environmental concerns. The application is claimed to be the first use of in-mould film for a large automotive part, which is line-to-line matched with the body colour. TPO front bumper fascias on the 1998 Ford Taurus will use the in-mould technology, replacing painted TPO fascias from the second quarter of next year. Ford has tested the technology on about 330 production pieces for the 1997 Taurus. Details are given. VISTEON AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS; AVERY DENNISON CORP. USA

Accession no.662149 Item 234 Patent Number: US 5629029 A 19970513 MOULD DESIGN FOR IN-MOULD DECORATION OF INJECTION MOULDED ARTICLES Souder B V; Belmont C M United Technologies Automotive Systems Inc. The plastic substrate portion of the part is formed by a first injection of plastic into a mould so as to adhere to an overlying sheet of coverstock material. A portion of the coverstock is not initially adhered to the substrate. A second injection of plastic forms the undecorated portion of the part and bonds to the substrate portion to form a unitary plastic panel. During contact of the substrate portion, the plastic from the second injection folds and hides the non-adhered portion of the cover stock, thereby forming a neat, clean split line. USA

Accession no.662049 Item 235 Modern Plastics International 27, No.12, Dec.1997, p.42-7 DVD, AUTO GLAZING TO SPUR DEVELOPMENTS IN POLYCARBONATE Grande J A The use of polycarbonate in optical media and automotive markets is being expanded to meet emerging application opportunities. Resin producers are developing ultra-pure, high-flow grades for digital video discs, while in

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automotive glazing, coatings are being formulated that will challenge glass. WORLD

Accession no.661636 Item 236 Popular Plastics and Packaging 42, No.9, Sept.1997, p.61-2 IMD, THE INMOLD DECORATION PROCESS Batra R C Indo German Tool Room This article explains the in-mould decorating process (IMD), said to be the ultimate in the decoration of moulded plastic products. The equipment, developed by the German company Leonhard Kurz who are pioneers in the field of surface upgrading, is fully described. LEONHARD KURZ EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.661117 Item 237 Asian Plastics News June 1997, p.17/20 English; Chinese INSTRUMENTS OF CHANGE Lee M This article explores how in-mould decoration is providing the car industry with an attractive solution for the production of back-lit instruments and controls. As well as discussing the technology, the article considers the market place for it. IN MOULD TECHNOLOGY; GE PLASTICS; BAYER; MITSUBISHI; SKY CORP. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; JAPAN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.661061 Item 238 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 87, No.11, Nov. 1997, p.21-8 SPECIAL INJECTION MOULDING METHODS Rothe J Esslingen,Fachhochschule fuer Technik All known variations of the injection moulding process are summarised and logically arranged and advantages and disadvantages as well as the necessary production equipment are described and evaluated. Techniques described include thermoplastic structural foam moulding; injection compression; sequential injection moulding; push-pull (counterflow) injection moulding; methods of combining several components (overmoulding of inserts, insert moulding and lost core moulding); outsert moulding; in-mould lamination, including in-mould labelling, in-mould decoration, and in-mould lamination

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of fabric; multi-component injection moulding; and multishot injection moulding. 33 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.660879 Item 239 Patent Number: US 5616384 A 19970401 RECYCLABLE POLYMERIC LABEL PAPER Goettmann J A; Monroe S H; Angelini P J; Boylan J R International Paper Co. An in-mould label material is a non-woven mat of fibres having one side fused with the outer surface of a polymeric container and the other side coated with a pigmentcontaining latex suitable for printing thereon. The label paper is made from commercially available fibres combined in water into a homogeneous mixture and then formed into a mat using a wet-lay process. For use with PE containers, the label may be a web consisting of 88 to 100% PE fibres and 0 to 15% PVAl fibres or 70 to 100% PE fibres, 0 to 15% PVAl fibres and 0 to 30% PP fibres. For use with polyester containers, the label may be a web consisting of 50 to 90% polyester staple fibres, 10 to 40% bicomponent polyester/copolyester, core/sheath binder fibres and 0 to 10% PVAl binder fibres thermally bonded together. The non-woven web of fibres has a pigmented coating. After the material has been cut into labels, the labels may be applied to the blow moulded containers in-mould without the use of an adhesive material using a conventional inmould labelling technique or post-mould using adhesive.

French EUROSTYLE: DECORATIVE INSERT MOULDING Gailliez E The activities of Eurostyle of France in the manufacture of decorative plastics automotive parts by insert moulding and gas injection moulding are examined. Turnover and employment figures are presented for the Company, which is part of the German Moller Group. EUROSTYLE; MOLLER PLAST GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.658237 Item 242 Patent Number: US 5614581 A 19970325 CONDUCTIVE GREY IN-MOULD COATING Cobbledick D S; Reichenbach D F GenCorp Inc. This thermosetting in-mould coating for moulded fibrereinforced plastic parts includes graphite and titanium dioxide, which results in the grey colour, and has good flow and coverage during moulding, good adhesion, uniform colour, good surface quality and good paintability. It also includes enough carbon black so that a 1.0 mil thick coating has a Ransburg conductivity meter reading of at least 165 units. The binder for the coating is composed of at least one polymerisable epoxy-based oligomer having at least two acrylate groups and at least one copolymerisable ethylenically unsaturated monomer.

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Accession no.658557

Accession no.657268

Item 240 Materiaux & Techniques 85, Nos.1/2, Jan./Feb.1997, p.3-10 French PLASTICS INJECTION MOULDING TECHNIQUES IN THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT Reyne M

Item 243 Patent Number: EP 802032 A1 19971022 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING AN INJECTION MOULDED ARTICLE IN ADDITION TO AN ARTICLE MANUFACTURED THEREWITH Ten Tije G H; Vreeman J H Simco(Nederland)BV

Developments in plastics injection moulding processes, machinery and automation and control systems are examined. A number of processes are described, including sequential, structural foam, gas-assisted, fusible core, multi-material and multi-colour injection moulding, microinjection, insert, outsert and sandwich moulding, clean room injection moulding, moulding of liquid crystal polymers and in-mould painting and decorating processes.

An article with a label on a surface thereof is made using an injection mould having two mould halves together defining a mould cavity in a closed situation. A label is placed in the mould cavity in the opened situation and electrically charged to adhere it electrostatically to the wall of the mould cavity. The mould is closed, heated and plasticised plastic is injected into the mould cavity, the mould is opened after cooling and the cured article is removed from the mould cavity.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.658247 Item 241 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 49, No.2, March 1997, p.67-8

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Accession no.656068 Item 244 Urethanes Technology

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References and Abstracts

14, No.5, Oct/Nov.1997, p.36/40 MODERN IN-MOULD COATINGS OFFER NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLYURETHANE PARTS Holz H Bomix Chemie The variety of colours available today for cars poses a problem to the PU industry since, at best, PU components are dark brown or, more usually, they are pigmented with carbon black to give colour uniformity. In addition, the most widely used PU systems are based on aromatic diisocyanates, which are susceptible to discolouration or degradation on exposure to light and normal environmental conditions. The obvious solution is to paint the mouldings in question but this has several disadvantages - not least the major investment required for a high performance paint shop. The other minor problems, such as cleaning and preparation of mouldings, inspection of finished parts, along with all the related parthandling and inventory logistics, make painting economically viable only for very large-scale production. Nowadays - with a little extra expenditure on machinery and materials - coloured parts can be made even in small production runs, using one of a range of in-mould coating systems. By operating with a foaming head for three or four components, with colour concentrate injection direct into the mixing chamber, there is no reason why these techniques should not find much wider usage. Three basic processes are described, each with a range of application thickness: in-mould priming, in-mould coating and inmould skinning. These are discussed in detail. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.654311 Item 245 Plastics News(USA) 9, No.13, 26th May 1997, p.4 DELTA TOOLING BANKS ON IN-MOLD LAMINATION Pryweller J This article highlights the activities of Delta Tooling Co. of the USA, and reports that it has signed an agreement with mould maker Georg Kaufmann AG of Switzerland, to cut tools in North America using Kaufmann’s proprietary in-mould laminating technology. Details are given. DELTA TOOLING CO.; KAUFMANN G.,AG; KRAUSS-MAFFEI; EYBL DURMONT AG; FORD MOTOR CO.; LEAR CORP.; BLUE WATER PLASTICS INC. SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.653468 Item 246 Injection Molding

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

5, No.8, Aug. 1997, p.26/40 NPE HIGHLIGHTS Kirkland C; Sloan J; Neilly R; Goldsberg C A review is presented of highlights from the NPE ’97 exhibition, with reference to developments in injection moulding. Topics covered include process controls, hot runners, thin walled moulding, vertical and table-top machines, gas assist, computer integrated manufacture, robots, materials handling equipment, in-mould decorating, and low pressure/gas assist Inverted Force Moulding. USA

Accession no.652382 Item 247 European Plastics News 24, No.9, Oct.1997, p.21-2 SMART MOVES Bursa M The design and construction of the Smart car is described, which uses pre-coloured panels mounted on a tridion frame. The surface dyeing technology used to produce plain and patterned panels is explained. The panels are interchangeable and recyclable and can be replaced by Smart dealers in 1.5 - 2 hours, and are described as costing the same as a ‘good suit’. Details are included of the partnership which developed the plastics technology for the body panels. These are MCC which makes the Smart city car, GE Plastics, which supplies its Xenoy PC/PBT blend for the application, and Dynamit Nobel which is responsible for producing the panels. MMC; GE PLASTICS; DYNAMIT NOBEL AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.652137 Item 248 European Plastics News 24, No.9, Oct.1997, p.19 PLASTICS BODY PANELS TAKE OFF The use of plastic panels at the Frankfurt Motor Show is briefly discussed, with particular reference to the Mercedez-Benz A-Class small car which features the world’s first all-thermoplastics tailgate as well as plastic front bumpers. The exterior skin of the tailgate is made from GE Plastics’ Noryl GTX 964 PPO/PA blend, which is bonded to the interior structure made from Azdel glass mat thermoplastic. The grade is a 40% glass reinforced polypropylene which gives a weight reduction of 2-3 kg. GE PLASTICS; PLASTIC OMNIUM CO.; MERCEDES-BENZ AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.652135 Item 249 Patent Number: EP 774334 A1 19970521

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METHOD OF FIXING A PLASTIC PART ON A COATED FABRIC Peckeu S; Glepin D; Dupas C Ditechna SARL A procedure is disclosed for attaching a plastic component to a coated sheet material, which consists of inserting a section of the sheet material’s edge between the two halves of an injection mould, injecting a plastic to overmould the component, and cooling the overmoulded component. Prior to insertion into the mould, the section of the coated sheet material which is to be overmoulded has one or more holes pierced in it so that the overmoulded plastic can fill the holes and form a bridge between the two halves. The holes are some 3 mm in diameter and 6 mm from the edge of the material. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.651988 Item 250 Canadian Plastics 55, No. 5, July 1997, p.25 CARVING A CONSIDERABLE NICHE The use of an in-mould decorating vision system has reduced the reject rate at Petrolia Plastics to below 5%. The company supplies a number of OEMs and contract manufacturers with parts for computers, small appliances and information technology products. Its automated visual inspection system employs fibre optics and computer loops to monitor variations in foil alignment during moulding. The substantial improvement in quality, together with its location in Edmonton, has enabled the company to do business with Asia, Europe, Australia, Mexico and other distant locations. PETROLIA PLASTICS INC. CANADA

Accession no.650926

Item 252 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 87, No.7, July 1997, p.6-7 IN-MOULD LAMINATION OF CHAIR BACK RESTS Zwetz M; Kaufmann G Sedus Stoll AG; Kaufmann G.,AG In the first application of the in-mould lamination technique in the office furniture industry, it has been possible to manufacture an office chair backrest with a textile-covered back at no increased cost. The centre area of the backrest needed a thick wall stock, up to 8mm, and deep ribs to accomodate the forces. Close to the edges the wall thickness is reduced to about 3mm. PP was chosen as the material and back compression moulding was selected as the most suitable manufacturing process. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.648047 Item 253 Modern Plastics International 27, No.8, Aug.1997, p.102/7 ENGINEERING RESINS GAIN WEATHERABILITY Grande J A Leading engineering resins suppliers are focusing on optimising the weatherability of materials through new colour technologies, enhanced base resin formulations and improved stabilisation techniques. A key focus is improved grades of ASA capstock, typically applied to substrates like PVC and ABS. Advancements in PVDF have resulted in its commercial use in building applications such as window profiles and siding, and in automotive parts like mirror housings and taillight bezels. An emerging market for weatherable engineering resins is next-generation outdoor telecommunications devices. WORLD

Item 251 Injection Molding 5, No.4, April 1997, p.25-6 AUTO INDUSTRY SENDS MIXED SIGNALS Maniscalco M Tier One automotive suppliers have built themselves into total-system suppliers, responding to the demand from OEMs for a smaller supplier base, bolt-on systems or modules, design and testing responsibility, and overall lower costs. Plastics usage is rising and, in addition, automakers are turning toward less expensive commuter vehicles that incorporate moulded-in colour plastic body panels. Resin manufacturers are attempting to formulate polymers that meet several criteria: lower cost and higher value, recyclable monomaterials, and higher heat resistance resins for under-the-hood. USA

Accession no.650774

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Accession no.647934 Item 254 Plastics Technology 43, No.7, July 1997, p.94 TWO-COLOUR IN-MOULD COATING BRIGHTENS RIM PANELS A good appearance is important, even for utilitarian objects like the newest pallet trucks from Baker Material Handling. The right and left motor-compartment panels, which are reaction injection moulded of 18% glass-filled PU, are the first commercial application for an innovative two-tone in-mould coating process developed by custom moulder G.I. Plastek. They are moulded in cast Kirksite tooling using a standard Cincinnati Milacron reaction injection moulding mixhead. The process involves spraying two paint films onto the open mould before the reaction injection moulded material is injected. A mask

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

alternately covers the part of the mould not to be painted. G.I. Plastek uses standard Lilly in-mould coatings from Lilly Industries. Brief details are given. PLASTEK G.I.,INC.; CINCINNATI MILACRON INC.; LILLY INDUSTRIES INC.; BAKER MATERIAL HANDLING CORP. USA

Accession no.645320 Item 255 Plastics News International July 1997, p.32-3 OPTIONAL TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE FOR MULTI-COMPONENT MOULDING Several similar but distinct injection moulding processes are available to integrate different materials and/or components into a single part. In its broadest sense, multicomponent moulding can be used for such applications as in-mould decoration (with coloured film, foil, screenprinted sheet, etc), insert moulding (as with steel blades in screwdrivers), hard/soft combinations (typically capitalising on the tactile attribute of TPE in the handles of various products), and two colour moulding (e.g. amber/ clear tall light lenses). These applications are increasing due to the technology’s ability to deliver substantial cost savings. Companies prepared to utilise this technology are achieving initial savings from the direct integration in the moulding process of what would otherwise be separate downstream operations such as printing, painting, welding, bonding and assembling individual components. Savings are also derived in some instances from the reduction of material costs, such as where it is possible to mould a part in a sandwich construction having a core of regrind or foamed material. Details are given. NETSTAL AG SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.645297 Item 256 Plastics Technology 43, No.5, May 1997, p.65-6 THERMOFORMING Knights M This article presents a comprehensive review of the thermoforming machines and equipment on show at the NPE ’97 exhibition. The article describes and reviews several of the exhibits, highlighting, amongst others, the latest developments in platen-less roll-fed design for deeper draws, a rotary drum former for shallow parts, thermoforming with in-mould labelling and demonstrations of in-line sheet extrusion and forming. USA

Accession no.638980 Item 257 Patent Number: EP 779141 A1 19970618 APPARATUS FOR REMOVING PRODUCTS

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

FROM AN INJECTION MOULD Verwoerd W T van den Brink BV An apparatus for removing moulded products from an injection mould or for placing product parts, e.g. labels, in an injection mould comprises a receiving assembly, which is composed of at least one receiving element mounted on a rotary shaft, and a first curve mechanism, the movement of the first curve follower thereof relative to the first curve being coupled to the movement of movably arranged mould parts relative to each other. The receiving assembly comprises a receiving assembly body in which the rotary shaft is bearing-mounted for rotation, the receiving assembly body being arranged for movement along a straight guide, which extends in a plane extending perpendicularly to the rotary shaft and in a different direction than the main direction. The first curve mechanism constitutes a drive of at least the displacement of the receiving assembly body along the straight guide. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.638850 Item 258 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1692, 27th June 1997, p.16 STATIC ATTACK FOR IN-MOULD LABELLING SIMCO has developed a new in-mould labelling system which enables the moulder to position the label in the mould with full surface contact, without the inclusion of air bubbles. The patented system involves an anti-static cushion which is moulded onto the mandrel offering a relatively cheap solution compared to standard high voltage electrodes, it is claimed. SIMCO (NEDERLAND) BV EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.638664 Item 259 Patent Number: US 5562979 A 19961008 METHOD OF FORMING A MOULDING BY DUAL INJECTION AND A MOULDING SO FORMED Easterlow R A; Smith G F Rover Group Ltd. The method involves providing a powdered or granulated plastics paint material which is heated to a plastic condition to form a plastics coating material and injected into a mould. A plastics substrate material is also injected to spread the plastics coating material over surfaces of the mould so as to envelope the plastics substrate material. A moulding is then produced comprising a substrate having a surface coated by the injected plastics paint material. The method enables a moulding to be produced

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having a painted surface produced in the mould thereby avoiding the need to apply a subsequent paint finish. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.637241 Item 260 Patent Number: US 5562962 A 19961008 EXTRUDABLE FILM LABELSTOCK FOR INMOULD LABELLING Tung H C Dow Chemical Co. Labelstock for in-mould purposes is claimed which is characterised by a tensile ultimate elongation per ASTM D-882 of at least about 10% in one or both of the machine and transverse directions, and which contains a sufficient amount of one or more slip additives to prevent a significant degree of edge-welding between adjacent stacked sheets of the labelstock on a high type die cutter in an in-mould labeling process. USA

Accession no.637238 Item 261 Antec 97. Volume I. Conference proceedings. Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.441-5. 012 INJECTION COMPRESSION MOULDING - LOW PRESSURE PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING TEXTILE-COVERED MOULDINGS Brockmann C; Michaeli W IKV (SPE) Injection compression moulding can be a means to decrease cavity pressure during the filling phase, which is responsible for textile material damage in in-mould surface decoration. Practical experiments are conducted comparing conventional injection moulding and injection compression moulding in respect to pressures and the quality of in-mould surface decorated parts. The injection compression moulding process shows a strong reduction of pressure compared to conventional injection moulding. In addition the stress time, which is defined as the time during which the decoration material is loaded with pressure and high temperatures, shows significant influence on the quality of in-mould surface decorated parts. With the same stress times for both processes it was possible to improve the parts quality using injection compression moulding. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.636696 Item 262 Reinforced Plastics 41, No.5, May 1997, p.34-40 ADVANCES IN IN-MOULD COATINGS

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McBain D; Straus E; Wilczek F Edited by: GenCorp,Specialty Polymers Division; Henniges GmbH In-mould coating (IMC) is a single-component product designed to enhance the surface of FRP mouldings in functional and cosmetic properties. IMC is a reactive fluid which, when applied onto a cured SMC part, cures and bonds to provide a paint-like coating to the part surface. The use of IMC as a primer coat for subsequent finishing operations is becoming more prevalent. IMC testing has included evaluation of the weatherability of the IMC itself in comparison with standard primer paints. Weathering performance data and cost savings associated with IMC as a primer are presented. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.636314 Item 263 Patent Number: US 5595701 A 19970121 PROCESS FOR MAKING A POLYUREA BACKED PRODUCT WITH A POLYURETHANE SKIN Macgregor C J; Malone J L; York M H Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. The process involves (a) providing a mould surface, (b) applying a polyurethane paint to the inner surface of the mould to provide a coated inner surface, and (c) spraying at least one polyurea layer onto the coated inner surface to form an integral foamed backed polyurea product with a polyurethane skin. USA

Accession no.632663 Item 264 Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 73, No.12, Nov.1996, p.D172 POPULARITY GROWING DUE TO LOW COSTS, SIMPLE TOOLING AND LITTLE WASTE Dodge P T Quantum Chemical Co. Rotational moulding is a fast-growing process for producing hollow, seamless products of all sizes and shapes. The bulk of rotomoulding resins are in powdered form or liquid. Most current applications use LDPE, LLDPE or HDPE. Machinery used in rotational moulding has many variations. Rock-and-roll machines rotate on one axis and tilt on another. Shuttle machines are used most often for moulding larger parts. Recent advances in rotomoulding technology include pre-coloured PE powders, moulded-in decoration and multilayer mouldings. USA

Accession no.632255 Item 265 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 87, No.3, March 1997, p.24-5

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References and Abstracts

HOT RUNNER SYSTEMS WITH VALVE GATES Gauler K Positively actuated valve gates can improve the quality of parts moulded with hot runner systems. Moreover, some special injection moulding techniques are only possible with valve gates. Aspects discussed included optimisation of moulded part quality, cycle time reduction, moulding processes made possible due to valve gates, controlled volumetric flow/balancing, elimination of weld lines, in-mould decorating/laminating, reduction of mould clamp force, gas-assisted injection moulding, structural foam moulding, the co-injection moulding process and control of valve gates. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.631982 Item 266 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 87, No.3, March 1997, p.19-21 FILM DECORATION Buerkle E In-mould lamination of paint substrate films can improve the optical appearance or quality of a part for various applications, eliminating the need for a separate painting or printing process. To achieve optimum product properties, the production process and pretreatment of the film must be carefully matched to one another. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

foaming, developed by Coralfoam. By incorporating a foaming agent throughout the batch but controlling the temperature within the mould very precisely in different areas, the plastic wall is made to expand only in certain clearly defined areas after leaving the mould. Details are given. CORALFOAM EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.628977 Item 268 Modern Plastics International 27, No.3, March 1997, p.74-6 HOT RUNNERS BOOST COINJECTION MOULDING PROCESS Moss M D Dynisco Inc. Coinjection consists of injection moulding two or more materials, one of which forms an outer skin layer surrounding one or more core layers. Benefits of the technology include the use of recycled material for the core which can result in cost savings, the core layer can have a specific property such as an oxygen permeation barrier, and a painted skin appearance can be produced with an unpainted core by using a moulded-in paint process. Runner design and mould-fill analysis are critical in maximising core-skin ratios. Process requirements are discussed. USA

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Accession no.628905

Item 267 Packaging Week 12, No.36, 13th March 1997, p.16 RIGID YET FLEXIBLE Goddard R

Item 269 Injection Molding 5, No.2, Feb.1997, p.100/4 AUTOMOULDING 2000 Kirkland C

Due to the versatility of thermoplastics, there are half a dozen ways in which a rigid package may be produced. Some use a single process, while for others the method is more complex. Between them, they make it possible to fabricate packs which compete with every other form. For a single stage process - direct from resin to container - extrusion blow moulding, injection moulding and rotational moulding can be used, with the sub variants of injection-blow and injection stretch-blow. Here there have been developments in viscosity control which allow polymers such as PETP to be blow moulded; controlled geometry extrusion techniques such as Scorim, which impart a kind of memory to the extruded parison; clever use of movable elements in the mould which allow, for instance, the integral moulding of a free-swinging handle on a paint can; and high quality in-mould labels which may provide functional properties such as improved gas barrier performance. A novel development associated initially with injection moulding is selective local

At Automotive 2000, convened by Engel, an overview was presented of the four hottest moulding technologies being used today to make tomorrow’s cars and trucks. Low pressure moulding is being used for in-mould lamination of recyclable interior components. In-mould decorating with multicolour dry paint films may eventually replace more complex multicolour injection moulding. A video was shown that helped explain some of the technical intricacies of gas-assist moulding. Multimaterial overmoulding is emerging as a means of cost-effectively combining different materials into multifunctional assemblies in a single manufacturing step. ENGEL GMBH

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.624885 Item 270 Patent Number: US 5523337 A 19960604

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IN-MOULD COATING WITH IMPROVED TOUGHNESS Banerjee K G; Hargis I G; Melby E G; McBain D S GenCorp Inc. Hydroxy-terminated telechelic rubber polymers and block copolymers of flexible polymers with unsaturated polyester resins improve the elongation and flexural elongation of in-mould coating compositions for fibre reinforced plastics (FRP). An FRP in-mould coating composition based on vinyl ester resin, ethylenically unsaturated monomers, and at least one of telechelic hydroxy terminated flexible polymers and the block copolymers of functionally terminated flexible polymers with unsaturated polyester polymers are described. USA

Accession no.623580 Item 271 Telgte, c.1996, pp.20. 12ins. 11/4/96. BOMIX. TECHNOLOGY - SERVICE - QUALITY Climatech GmbH; Boettler E.,KG; Bomix Chemie GmbH & Co. Ernst Boettler KG, and Bomix-Chemie occupy a leading position worldwide in the sector of industrial lacquers for the finishing of plastic surfaces and the sector of release agents for moulded parts of polyurethane and other plastics. The range of products is described, which includes paints and lacquers, in-mould systems, pigment pastes, release agents, cleaners and solvents. Together with Climatec GmbH, the companies can offer industry the application systems for the use of the products. The importance of environmental protection in the production and use of such products is emphasised. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.623301 Item 272 European Plastics News 24, No.2, Feb.1997, p.22-4 INSTRUMENTS OF CHANGE Lee M Bayer got involved in in-mould decorating because of its interests in polycarbonate and PBTP film and has been working on the technology in conjunction with Inmould Technology. In-mould decoration involves screen printing graphics onto a polycarbonate, PC/PBTP or similar film using an appropriate ink. This sheet is then formed into a 3-D shape, placed into the mould and the component injection moulded behind it. In-mould decoration is providing the car industry with an attractive solution for the production of back-lit instruments and controls. BAYER AG; INMOULD TECHNOLOGY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.619741

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Item 273 FINAT Labelling News No.4, 1996, p.9-10 LABELEXPO CONFERENCE White T Papers presented at the Labelexpo conference are reviewed with reference to the European label market. New technologies such as stretch sleeving and plastic wrap-around labels are reported to be growing by 15-20%, with the industry becoming more diverse and complex with newer variations of in-mould labelling adding to the traditional gummed paper and heat sensitive products. Topics covered include purchasing policies, UV techniques, engineered films, combination presses, new generation labels, recycling, in-mould labels and marketing sales and strategies. USA

Accession no.618869 Item 274 Plastics Engineering 52, No.9, Sept.1996, p.35-8 HOW MOULDING CONDITIONS AFFECT ADHESION OF COATINGS TO TPSS Ryntz R A; McNeight A; Ford A Ford Motor Co.; Exxon Chemical Co. The effect is studied of injection moulding conditions on the adhesion of coatings to thermoplastic polyolefins by varying the melt temperature, injection speed, gate dimensions and part thickness in relation to the physical attributes of subsequent plastic parts. Optical birefringence, surface microhardness, dye penetration, and adhesion of paint on topcoated parts are among the attributes examined. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.618474 Item 275 Plastics Engineering 52, No.9, Sept.1996, p.31-4 ISOCYANATE POLYMERS FOR IN-MOULD COATING OF THERMOPLASTIC SHEET COMPOSITES Bigg D M; Markle R A Barry R.G.,Corp.; Battelle Institute The development is discussed of a polymer that has the necessary characteristics to be used as an in-mould coating for thermoplastic sheet composites. It is characterised by being a thermoplastic at elevated temperatures and a thermosetting material at use temperatures. Its viscosity at the desired processing temperatures is sufficiently low to provide easy flow within the partially opened mould. These characteristics are attributable to the reversible nature of compounds synthesised from an aromatic molecule containing a labile hydrogen entity and another molecule having isocyanate functionality. 3 refs. USA

Accession no.618473

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References and Abstracts

Item 276 Patent Number: US 5496509 A 19960305 METHOD FOR PRODUCING MOULDED PRODUCT Yamamoto N; Yagi N; Fujii S; Yonemochi K; Myokei M Dai Nippon Toryo Co.Ltd.; Isuzu Motors Ltd. A method for preparing a moulded product includes (a) moulding a fibre-reinforced plastic material in a mould; (b) injecting a coating composition into the mould, the coating composition containing a vehicle component including urethane acrylate oligomer and epoxy acrylate oligomer as the main ingredients and a filler component including calcium carbonate as the main ingredient; and (c) taking the coated moulded product from the mould and plating the surface of the product. A moulded product can be obtained having a plated layer with a satisfactory smooth and uniform glossy surface and having an improved adhesion between the moulded product and the plated layer. JAPAN

Accession no.617325 Item 277 Patent Number: US 5512227 A 19960430 METHOD FOR MAKING A GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION ON POLYOLEFIN Grazioli V Grazioli SPA A graphic representation is made on objects made of a polyolefin polymer by printing a graphic representation on a face of a first film made of a stretched polyolefin polymer, associating the first film with a second film having a lower melting point than that of the first film, in order to obtain a membrane formed by the associated first and second films containing the graphic representation between them. The membrane is transferred into an injection mould and a polyolefin polymer is injected into the mould for forming the object, thereby obtaining at least a partial melting of the second film so that the membrane forms one body with the object. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.617261

hand, the in mould laminated parts should have the least possible wall thicknesses, particularly for applications in the automotive industry, in order to save weight and material costs. Details are given. SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.616963 Item 279 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 47, No.5, June 1995, p.70-2 French CHEMICAL ENGRAVING OF MOULDS Cambier P Mold-Tech sarl Chemical engraving is examined as a method for applying decorative surface treatments to moulds for plastics. The influence of metal composition and surface structure on the quality of the surface treatment is discussed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.616919 Item 280 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 47, No.5, June 1995, p.67-9 French IN-MOULD DECORATION: AN OUTLINE OF THE MAIN PROCESSES Vasselle J B Processes for the in-mould decoration and labelling of injection moulded plastics products are described, and reference is made to developments by a number of companies. BAYER AG; SCHOETTLI AG; MOENS MOULDINGS; NETSTAL AG; NETSTAL FRANCE; HDVF CURT NIEBLING; KURZ KUNSTSTOFFE GMBH; KURZ FRANCE; BATTENFELD GMBH; GE PLASTICS; SOMMER ALLIBERT SA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.616918

Item 278 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 86, No.11, Nov.1996, p.5 ART OF IN-MOULD LAMINATION Kaufmann G

Item 281 Reinforced Plastics 40, No.12, Dec.1996, p.28 IN-MOULD COATING OUT PERFORMS GEL COAT Ringrose B

The in-mould lamination process must be taken into account in the design of part and mould. These measures are explained with the example of an in-mould lamination mould for the textile-laminated knee bolster for Mercedes Benz cars (S series). For in-mould lamination, the moulds must be filled at low injection pressures that do not exceed the stressing limits of the decorative material. On the other

Scott Bader’s new in-mould coating, Crystic Protec, is just the latest in a long line of firsts to benefit the GRP industry. Chemically, the product has a new polymer backbone which is responsible for the excellent physical properties. Crystic Protec is a new concept in marine composite protection. The product retains its gloss better than isophthalic gel coats and is as resistant to blistering

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

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as the best gel coats on the market. Crystic Protec has allround properties and handles extremely well. SCOTT BADER CO.LTD.

POLYMERS ARE CRUCIAL FOR THE MOTOR INDUSTRY TO MEET ITS ASPIRATIONS Grace K

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

In this article, Bayer outlines its view of the future for the automotive industry and the part to be played in it by plastics and rubbers. Bayer has championed a composite technology in steel structures that are assembled with an engineering thermoplastic to produce a module with high load bearing capacity and energy absorption at reduced weight and cost. Another approach is the combination of moulded components with a pre-painted or printed material which gives a Class A surface finish, but at reduced production cost. Tyres with reduced rolling resistance are also helping to lower fuel consumption. BAYER AG

Accession no.615861 Item 282 Injection Molding 4, No.11, Nov.1996, p.55-6 TIPS FOR IN-MOULD DECORATING Maniscalco M Curves, textures, colours, integral clear and tinted windows, and contours are the hallmarks of today’s injection moulded parts, as designers take advantage of the flexibility plastics offer to create stunning effects. Logistical problems arise, however, when trying to decorate recessed, curved, and uneven surfaces with traditional heat transfer, hot stamping, or pad printing methods. Even more daunting are the costs involved in moulding a transparent window, then welding it to a final assembly, painting or metallising after moulding, or introducing multiple colours to a single part. The use of in-mould decorating with heat activated foils is described; this process accommodates compound curves, uneven and textured surfaces, clear windows, and more, to transfer all graphics to a part during the moulding cycle. PERMANENT LABEL CORP. USA

Accession no.614286 Item 283 Patent Number: US 5498307 A 19960312 IN-MOULD LABELLING USING AN ADHESIVE Stevenson J D Methods have been invented for moulding parts and for embedding a decorative, instructional or identifying pattern into the surface of moulded products during a moulding process. In certain embodiments, the pattern is formed as a pattern structure consisting of one or more shaped film elements or of many complementary shaped elements of various opaque, translucent, and/or transparent films. Inks, paints, overlays and inlays may be used on one or more films to further embellish the pattern structure. This structure is then applied to the inner surface of a mould. In a rotomoulding process the mould is charged with casting resin, heated and rotated. The pattern structure is moulded into and becomes an integral part of the mould. USA

Accession no.610980 Item 284 British Plastics and Rubber Nov.1996, p.26-30

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Accession no.610618 Item 285 Injection Molding 4, No.10, Oct.1996, p.30/4 PACKING A TRIPLE PUNCH Maniscalco M Triple S Plastics is the choice for IMM’s plant tour. The company has 7 US facilities, of which 2 were visited. Triple S Plastics has recently undertaken a review of its custom moulding operations with a view to managing its growth and with an emphasis on human relations and employment issues, operations issues such as costs, manufacturing efficiencies, customer communications, and marketing and sales. Details are given of the company’s activities, with particular reference to its aims in the fields of soft-touch overmoulding, in-mould decorating, and thin-wall moulding. TRIPLE S PLASTICS INC. USA

Accession no.610487 Item 286 Antec ’96. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.2739-44 IN-MOULD COATING OF THERMOPLASTIC SHEET COMPOSITES USING THERMALLY REVERSIBLE ISOCYANATE POLYMERS Bigg D M; Markle R A Barry R.G.,Corp.; Battelle Memorial Institute (SPE) The use of thermoplastic sheet composites for automotive body panels has been retarded by the inability to produce a class A finish in moulded parts. This is a result of the segregation of the polymer away from the fibre network during flow in the mould, thus exposing the fibres at the part’s surface. The same phenomenon occurs in thermosetting sheet composites, but is overcome by the use of an in-mould coating. That coating consists of the

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

same prepolymer resin as the composite matrix. The coating prepolymer readily flows in the heated mould, reacts with the matrix resin and forms a smooth, glossy finish on the moulded part. Since the mould used in thermoplastic sheet composite moulding is cold, rather than hot, and the matrix resin unreactive, the same approach cannot be used. A polymer system is described that can be injected as a low viscosity liquid into a cooled mould, forming a tightly bonded, tough, glossy surface against a thermoplastic composite part. The coating material is based on reversible isocyanate polymer chemistry. This polymer is a low viscosity fluid above a critical disassociation temperature, yet a fully crosslinked, amorphous solid below it. Moreover, it has been found to bond tightly to the thermoplastic materials used in many sheet composites. 3 refs. USA

Accession no.609028 Item 287 Modern Plastics International 26, No.11, Nov.1996, p.91 EASY PROCESSING POLYCARBONATE GIVES BOOST TO IN-MOULD DECORATING A polycarbonate that processes at several degrees below normal is used in an in-mould decorating application on an automobile control panel bezel. The in-mould decorating process transfers multicoloured inks, various textures and a scratch-resistant coating from polyester film pre-placed in a mould onto a polycarbonate surface injected behind it. Polycarbonate typically distorts PETP film and ink because of its high melt temperature. The new grade’s processing temperature is below the film’s maximum temperature limit of 260C. BAYER AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.608966 Item 288 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1661, 8th Nov.1996, p.15 EXCEL GUARANTEES A QUALITY FINISH In addition to its extensive moulding and toolmaking interests, Excel Group is active in a range of finishing techniques including foiling, pad and silk screen printing, and in-mould decoration. It holds the automotive licence across most of Europe for the decoration process initially developed by Cubic. A variety of finishes, typically wood grain, is applied to the part after the water soluble film, on which the pattern is carried, is dissolved in a water bath. A recently introduced laser etching system is used to pick out the controls on heater control panels. Excel also holds a strong position in badge manufacture. EXCEL GROUP EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.608890

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 289 Antec ’96. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.3446-53 INJECTION IN-MOULD LABELLING Egel G Permanent Label Corp. (SPE) Injection in-mould labelling affords the product designer far greater latitude in the design of graphics, part shape and the use of multiple moulded components in a single moulded unit. Injection in-mould labelling has been widely used throughout the Far East for over ten years and is just recently starting to be used in the USA. An overview is presented of the exciting technology offered via injection in-mould decorating, including details of some successful projects. USA

Accession no.608764 Item 290 Patent Number: US 5480726 A 19960102 IN-MOULD COATINGS WITH IMPROVED PERFORMANCE Richart D S Morton International Inc. The hardness and appearance of an in-mould coating for a moulded article of cured unsaturated polyester are improved by the addition of melamine and/or benzoguanamine to an unsaturated polyester powder coating composition and subjecting the modified powder coating to a moulding temperature of from about 260 to 340F and a pressure of from about 650 to 2,000 psi for from 1 to 12 min. From about 5 to 40 parts of the melamine and/or benzoguanamine per 100 pbw of the coating resin is used. USA

Accession no.607856 Item 291 Plastics World 54, No.10, Oct.1996, p.32-7 THIS LEAR’S THE KING OF INTERIORS Smock D Lear Corp. is the leading independent supplier in the 40 billion US dollars automotive interiors market. Last year the company purchased Automotive Industries and earlier this year acquired carpet and acoustic giant Masland. Lear needs a partner or acquisition to supply instrument panels to complete its ability to supply an entire car interior. Testing is underway on CFRP seat frames and the company is now installing a CannOxide liquid carbon dioxide system for making moulded foams. Moulding techniques include moulded-in-place decorative trim for interior door panels, an in-mould carpet process and the SureBond process for adhering polyester seat fabric to foam cushions. LEAR CORP. USA

Accession no.607618

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References and Abstracts

Item 292 Paper, Film & Foil Converter 70, No.7, July 1996, p.22 IN-MOULD LABELS: FILM IS TODAY’S HOT DEVELOPMENT Bentley D J RBS Technologies Inc. In-mould labelling is a novel way to label and decorate containers, replacing glued labels, heat transfer labels and pressure-sensitive labels in many applications. In-mould labels made from film offer better heat, moisture and chemical resistance than those labels made from claycoated paper. However, the greatest advantage with the use of film is a decorative consideration designated the “nolabel look”. A plastic film with reverse printing provides an unexcelled degree of protection for the graphics. USA

Accession no.605953 Item 293 Plastics News(USA) 8, No.21, 22nd July 1996, p.44 SUNPRENE’S CAPACITY NEARS 25 MILLION LBS Vernyi B Sunprene has constructed what it claims is the world’s largest compounding line for its PVC-based thermoplastic elastomers at its facility in Bellevue, Ohio. The company, a partnership owned by A.Schulman Inc. and Mitsubishi Chemical MKV, can now produce nearly 25 million pounds of the TPEs a year. The automotive market is a leading consumer of Sunprene compounds. Applications include primary and secondary seals for doors, windows and trunk lids, boots for gear shifts and other applications that demand weatherability and moulded-in colours with a variety of glosses. SUNPRENE CO. USA

Accession no.605932 Item 294 Plastics Technology 42, No.8, Aug.1996, p.27 ‘ROTARY-SHUTTLE’ BLOW MOULDER COMBINES BEST OF TWO WORLDS De Gaspari J Design details are given of a new four station continuous blow moulding machine from R & B Machine Tool, which is said to combine the advantages of both wheel and shuttle machines in terms of high throughput rates and finishing the container neck in the mould. It is designed to accommodate multiple parisons, multilayer coextrusion and in-mould labelling of containers from 12 oz to 2.5 gal. R & B MACHINE TOOL CO.,PLASTICS DIV. USA

Accession no.605254

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Item 295 Modern Plastics International 26, No.9, Sept.1996, p.46 AN IN-MOULD SURFACING FILM DECORATES AND PROTECTS PARTS Mapleston P Production of large-scale automobile exterior parts with high-performance decorative and protective surfaces is close to reality. 3M’s in-mould surfacing film is a coextrusion of a PVdF weather-resistant visible surface comprising a pigmented layer behind a clear layer, and a layer compatible with the injection moulding resin. 3M’s first grades use a PP-compatible polyolefin-based elastomer. Benefits include the elimination of painting steps and surface imperfections, high resistance to acids and high chip resistance. First applications, possibly mirror housings or body-side mouldings, are expected to be commercial in late 1997. 3M CO. USA

Accession no.604045 Item 296 Plastics World 54, No.9, Sept.1996, p.66-71 HIGH SPEED, FLEXIBILITY ARE IN VOGUE IN BLOW MOULDING Lodge C Higher decorating rates, improved decoration appearance and performance, greater decorating versatility and flexibility, and more automation are the focus of recent and on-going developments in container blow moulding. Developments include in-mould labelling systems, automatic modular screen printers, new UV ink formulations which include a relief lacquer, pressure sensitive labels, heat transfer decorations and pad printers. USA

Accession no.604008 Item 297 Warrington, 1994, pp.4. 11ins. 7/12/95. IN-MOULD COATING (IMC) Krauss-Maffei (UK) Ltd. The benefits of in-mould coating are discussed in terms of environmental advantages, savings in labour, paint and capital expenditure, and in improved surface finish. The high pressure paint application process developed by Krauss-Maffei has been developed for the in-mould coating of RIM, RRIM and thermoplastics. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.603974 Item 298 European Plastics News

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References and Abstracts

23, No.8, Sept.1996, p.31 TRIMMING COSTS Anscombe N A team of six companies, led by 3M Deutschland, has developed a system for the one-step production of bodycolour car components. The completely automated process eliminates the need for spray painting and any post processing. It involves inserting a pre-cut piece of 3M’s Fluorex film into a mould and back-injecting onto that film. The part is then removed from the mould and trimmed to size. Wittmann robots insert the in-mould surfacing film and remove the product from the mould. The total cycle time for the trial part, a sill trim, is around 80 seconds, but this could decrease. The aim is to develop the system for the production of large parts such as bumpers. 3M DEUTSCHLAND GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.602662 Item 299 Advanced Composite Materials 5, No.4, 1996, p.337-44 DEVELOPMENT OF METAL PLATING ON SMC Yamamoto N; Hasegawa M; Yagi N Isuzu Advanced Engineering Center Ltd. New technology for achieving metal plating on sheet moulding compounds(SMC) with smooth and defect-free surfaces is described. It is shown that in-mould coating(IMC) is best suited to achieve smoothness on surfaces to be metal plated free of surface defects and that, by improving the quality of the components of IMC paint, the basic mechanism of ABS resin plating can be reproduced and the two phase soluble/insoluble structure, which was suitable for resin plating, can be obtained. 9 refs. JAPAN

Accession no.599375 Item 300 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1648, 9th Aug.1996, p.14 AUTOMATIC FINISH FOR PLASTICS PARTS A back-injection decorative moulding technology has been developed by a six strong partnership including 3M, Wittmann, PCD and Krauss-Maffei. The IMS (in-mould surfacing) system involves back-injection of polymer resin onto a paint-coated film within the mould cavity. The process is intended to provide an alternative to painting for plastics parts used in external automotive body parts. The technique was demonstrated recently at KM’s new Technical Centre in Munich on a 200 tonne C-range machine cell. The automotive side body moulding, weighing 195g, was produced in Daplen PP and finished with a metallic paint effect. The IMS film was based on 3M’s Fluorex fluoropolymer.

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

KRAUSS-MAFFEI AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.598533 Item 301 Plastics World 54, No.7, July 1996, p.48-52 IS DRY PAINT IN YOUR FUTURE? Schut J H Dry paint film has been used on exterior moulded car parts in a small way for several years, but now there is a big push on to make bumpers. Today, there are five US suppliers vying to make big, highly reflective colourmatched parts with metallic pigments and Class A finishes with high distinction of image. Exterior dry paint starts with clear, tough cast PVDF or PVF film, 1 or 2mil thick, which makes a weather and abrasion resistant Class A finish. This is coated on the back side with a polymerbased pigment. Three processing technologies are used for dry paint: thermoforming followed by injection moulding; thermoforming alone; and injection moulding alone. USA

Accession no.597545 Item 302 British Plastics and Rubber July/Aug.1996, p.21 IN-MOULD PAINTING USES FLUOROPOLYMER FILM PREFORM In-mould decoration by injecting against a plastic film has been adopted by 3M as a process for replacing the painting of automotive parts. In a joint operation with Rexam, 3M has introduced a surface film which is coloured with paint pigments to match automotive body paint colours. The part is thus produced in the mould in both the required paint colour and with a class A gloss finish. ISF, In-Mold Surfacing Film, is being made by Rexam using its Fluorex fluoropolymer film. 3M CO.; REXAM PLC EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.594979 Item 303 Utech ’92. Conference proceedings. Hague, 31st March-2nd April 1992, p.286-9. 43C6 DEVELOPMENT OF CFC-FREE INTEGRAL SKIN FOAM FOR STEERING WHEELS Hobby R T; Heather M; Christfreund A; Dobinson D P UTA Clifford; ICI Polyurethanes (Crain Communications Ltd.) The elimination of CFC- II in the manufacture of integral skin foam (ISF) remains a challenge for the polyurethanes industry. The use of HFA-22, which has significantly lower ozone depletion potential, is a step in the right direction

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References and Abstracts

but is not the ultimate solution. HFA-123, pentane and water blowing have been evaluated as potential alternatives. But each change in the chemical system results in the need for other modifications. Integration of all these into the manufacturing process places severe pressure on the steering wheel producer, working inside increasingly stringent time constraints. UTA Clifford and ICI Polyurethanes have recognised that further development of water-blowing technology is the preferred way forward, and that the fastest route to solve these pressing problems is through close partnership. So, a joint development programme has been undertaken, using statistical design of experiment techniques. This has proved to he a powerful approach, significantly reducing development time and providing an optimum solution. Confirmation has been obtained during a pre-production trial at UTA-Clifford, when a wide range of steering wheels was successfully produced. The optimised system is fully acceptable when used in combination with an in-mould coating; UTA Clifford will commercialise the technology in 1992. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 306 Plastics Technology 42, No.5, May 1996, p.21 NEW AUTOMOTIVE PLASTICS TECHNOLOGIES UNVEILED AT DESIGN ENGINEERING SHOW Ogando J Two new technologies for automotive plastics were highlighted at the recent National Design Engineering Show in Chicago. The first is a new abrasion resistant coating from Bayer which consists of ceramic particles in an organic matrix, and the second, a new tool for insert moulding decoration. The latter process injection moulds polycarbonate-based materials behind a screenprinted film insert or applique, which has been formed to fit the cavity and placed in the mould by hand or robot. Other developments included a ‘Super-Weldable’ nylon 66 to support the Multi-Shell Molding Technology from Bayer as used in two-piece injection moulded welded engine manifolds USA

Accession no.594679

Accession no.591077

Item 304 Handbook of Polyolefins: Synthesis and Properties. New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, 1993, p.893-914. 42C1 FINISHING THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN PRODUCTS Chiriac V V Bucharest,Res.Inst.for Rubber & Plastics Process. Edited by: Vasile C; Seymour R B (Iassy,Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Southern Mississippi,University)

Item 307 Plast’ 21 No.40, Jan./Feb.1995, p.55-8 Spanish INJECTION MOULDING OF PAINTED COMPONENTS IN A SINGLE OPERATION Eckardt H Battenfeld GmbH

This comprehensive chapter supplies detailed information concerning the finishing of thermoplastic polyolefin products. Topics covered include: the surface treatment of plastic products for printing and printing techniques; the welding of polyolefin products; gluing methods and machining. 21 refs.

The IPT (Injected Paint Technology) process developed by Battenfeld, H.B. Fuller and Rover for the in-mould painting of injection moulded plastics components is described. Machinery used in the process is examined, and the technical and environmental advantages and applications of the technology are discussed. ROVER GROUP PLC; FULLER H.B.,CO.

EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.593866

Accession no.588886

Item 305 Injection Molding 4, No.5, May 1996, p.94/6 INMOULD LAMINATION: UPDATE Kirkland C

Item 308 Sale, 1993, pp.12. 12ins. 11/9/95. 6D15 TOTAL APPROACH TO DOMESTIC APPLIANCES GE Plastics Ltd.

Product developments exhibited at the SPE March 1995 exhibition in the field of in-mould lamination, (IML), are reviewed. Examples include Krauss-Maffei’s Vertical Press Moulding technology for IML, the Mastip hot runner systems, 3M’s in-mould surfacing films, and Hettinga’s multipoint volumetric injection control system for cascade valve gating.

The range of engineering thermoplastics produced by GE Plastics, is described, with reference to their use in domestic appliances. Their advantages in replacing metals is examined and examples are given of applications, where their unique properties lend a specific advantage such as surface finish, the ability to carry out in-mould decoration, improved productivity, environmental protection, heat and impact resistance, aesthetics, soft feel, dimensional stability, stiffness and gloss.

USA

Accession no.592432

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References and Abstracts

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.588125 Item 309 Plastics Technology 42, No.4, April 1996, p.17/9 IN-MOULD TEXTILE LAMINATING GIVES BOOST TO INJECTION-COMPRESSION Ogando J In-mould lamination is expanding the potential for injection-compression moulding. This comprehensive article describes the process of injection-compression moulding and its traditional use in a handful of niche applications. The article also describes the potential for injection-compression moulding in in-mould decoration and its possible application for interior parts and inner door panels in the automotive industry. ENGEL MACHINERY INC.; GE PLASTICS USA

Accession no.587424 Item 310 Modern Plastics International 26, No.4, April 1996, p.25-6 ECONOMIC PILLAR COVERS OFFER AESTHETICS AND SAFETY Mapleston P Volkswagen is now using eye-level trim parts in PP that match the textile-covered headliner, but which are not laminated, in-mould decorated or painted. Pillar covers are injection moulded in Hoechst’s Hostacom Dekor PP grade D M2 T06, an elastomer-modified, talc-filled copolymer-based compound. This contains small amounts of black fibres to provide a speckled effect that mimics the textile covering. GE Plastics claims a lead in concepts that should meet revised US regulations governing head impacts, which now include pillars. The company has developed designs that incorporate elaborate ribbing on their reverse side to absorb energy. Four material options are currently available in ABS, ABS/PC blends and Noryl modified PPO. HOECHST AG; GE PLASTICS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.587308 Item 311 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 86, No.3, March 1996, p.12-3 DIRECT LAMINATING DURING THERMOFORMING. ECONOMICAL PRODUCTION OF VEHICLE INTERIOR LINING Wissing G ITT Reiss International GmbH Directly laminated mouldings using novel decorative materials can be produced by integrating the lamination

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

into the normal thermoforming process. The composite decorative material and plastics backing are produced in a single operation. The adhesive layer can generally be dispensed with. The reduced pressure and temperature profiles are particularly advantageous for large-area, thinwalled mouldings. Translated from Kunststoffe, 86, No.3, 1996, p.309-12. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.587205 Item 312 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 86, No.3, March 1996, p.7-11 IN-MOULD LAMINATION BY INJECTION AND COMPRESSION MOULDING PROCESSES. STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT ON LOW PRESSURE TECHNOLOGY Buerkle E; Rehm G; Eyerer P Krauss-Maffei Kunststofftechnik GmbH; FraunhoferInstitut fuer Chemische Technologie In-mould lamination by a special low-pressure injection moulding process has been developed to production readiness. It is now being increasingly used in large-scale production. In-mould lamination by compression moulding, a technology which has been known and practised in Japan for some time, is now being also increasingly used and process-optimised in Europe. A detailed account is given of the technology and its applications. 9 refs. Translated from Kunststoffe, 86, No.3, 1996, p.298-307. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.587204 Item 313 Innovations in Interior and Exterior Plastics for Automotive Applications. Retec proceedings. Dearborn, Mi., 8th-9th Nov.1995, p.153-7. 63Tr.Ro ADVANCED PROCESSING OF AUTOMOTIVE TPO Denison B R D & S Plastics International (SPE,Detroit Section; SPE,Automotive Div.) Advancements in thermoplastic olefin formulations and advanced processing techniques are leading to enhanced cost/performance in automotive applications. Coinjection moulding, gas injection moulding, and in-mould film technologies are combining and enhancing novel polyolefinic materials in current and projected applications. Cost savings, weight savings and systems integration opportunities are the likely result. USA

Accession no.583855 Item 314 Modern Plastics International

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26, No.3, March 1996, p.91 IN-MOULD LABELLING SYSTEMS ARE SIMPLER, CHEAPER THAN EVER An in-mould labelling system recently demonstrated by Fahr Bucher, the Rollodec system from Peerless Technology, is for use with its high-speed SGA-S injection machines. The company says it cuts labelling costs to 20% that of pre-cut labels and makes IML competitive with printing directly on the container. GPT Axxicon has developed an IML system for making smart cards. The Smartliner uses a four-cavity modular system which can be modified within minutes to use raw materials with differing shrinkage rates or other card types with different chip hole designs. Krauss-Maffei says that the latest handling technology, in which moulds are given an electrostatic charge so that the labels can cling to mould cavities, now allows IML to be used on moulds not originally conceived for the technology. GPT AXXICON; FAHR BUCHER GMBH; KRAUSSMAFFEI KUNSTSTOFFTECHNIK GMBH; PEERLESS TECHNOLOGY LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.582403 Item 315 Reinforced Plastics 40, No.3, March 1996, p.14 BP LAUNCHES COLOURED PHENOLIC RESINS AND GEL-COATS BP Chemicals has developed a coloured phenolic system, featuring both coloured resins and gel-coats, which it claims will revolutionise the market for fire-retardant composites. Cellobond FRP Colour system is a dual development. There are new catalysts to slow down the discolouration of the matrix resin and a highly fireretarded acrylic based gel-coat to permit in-mould decoration. The gel-coats, developed in partnership with GTI Process, are said to form a strong chemical bond to the phenolic substrate. The pigment particles are chemically grafted to the resin which gives good resistance to UV, graffiti and aggressive environments. BP CHEMICALS LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.581570 Item 316 Modern Plastics International 26, No.1, Jan.1996, p.71-2 VERSATILE STAMPING SYSTEMS ENHANCE USER CAPABILITIES O’Neill M; Gordon J The growing sophistication of control systems on hot stamping machines improves the accuracy and versatility of the process. Equipment from Acromark focuses on

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exterior marking of cylindrical and tapered parts, and features improved marking speed, repeatability and safety. Kensol/Franklin Hot Stamping Machines assembles hot stamping machines and makes foils, dies and tooling. Air Hydraulics Decorating Systems offers a standard line of heat transfer and foil machinery including horizontal and vertical roll-ons. Kurz has an in-mould decoration technique, combining injection and hot stamping of multidimensional, flat or curved thermoplastics parts. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.578206 Item 317 British Plastics and Rubber Jan.1996, p.15 FORMING DECORATED FOILS FOR FINISHING INJECTION MOULDINGS Robert Burkle & Co. is offering a thermoforming machine specifically configured to produce performs for finishing injection mouldings. The company’s Multifoiler has been designed to produce a three-dimensional surface shape which can be inserted into the mould to become an integral part of the moulding. The use of a foil preform which has been lacquered provides protection against abrasion of the decoration and can improve the overall surface gloss and texture. The nature of the thin, laquered foils used calls for a machine with a modified mode of operation. The primary difference is the way the foil is heated. BURKLE R.,& CO. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.578165 Item 318 Plastics World 54, No.1, Jan.1996, p.52-5 PLASTICS AT FORD: AN EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW Kazanowski L; Smock D Dramatic changes are taking place within automobile design and production that are affecting plastics. This article discusses new developments at Ford Motor Co. In blow moulding, up to this year all fuel tanks were moulded with monolayer material. Starting next year, all new operations will have coextruded materials. Other examples are coinjection of fascias and in-moulding of grilles. In fascias, the company is looking at virgin material for the outer skin and painted regrind for the inside. Thermoplastic olefins will be the material of choice for bumpers. FORD MOTOR CO. USA

Accession no.578126 Item 319 Antec ’95. Vol.II. Conference Proceedings.

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References and Abstracts

Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.2964-72. 012 MEASUREMENT OF PRACTICAL ADHESION WITHIN THERMOPLASTIC OLEFINS Ryntz R A; McNeight A Ford Motor Co. (SPE) A study was made of the effect of injection moulding conditions on the cohesive strength of thermoplastic olefins based on PP/EPM blends, and on the adhesion of paints to such substrates. An attempt was made to quantify the cohesive strength of boundary layers existing near the surface of moulded parts, and the degree of compatibility within the boundary layers at the PP/EPM interphase was measured. Parameters for the improvement of the overall cohesive strength of painted substrates are discussed. 27 refs. USA

Accession no.576647 Item 320 Reinforced Plastics 39, No.12, Dec.1995, p.48-52 RSM CHALLENGES FRP BOAT CONSTRUCTION Jarboe R Futura Coatings Inc. Urethane reaction spray moulding is the latest technology available to the open mould industry. It is based on fast cure, solventless PU, polyurea and polyester/PU hybrid structural resin systems. Ultracore is a new, spray-applied polyester/PU hybrid foam system, with higher stiffness, flexural modulus, flexural strength and compression strength. Ultracoat, a newly developed polyester/urethane hybrid system can be sprayed at 1-1.5mm between a gel coat and polyester/fibreglass laminate. This hybrid system cures in 15-30 secs, producing an instant resin-rich barrier layer. A boat was constructed using a high performance urethane gel coat, Ultrathane 5315, a solid structural PU and an Ultracore hybrid foam core. USA

Accession no.576499 Item 321 Plastics Finishing: Responding to Tomorrow’s Global Requirements. Retec proceedings. Detroit, Mi, 21st-22nd March 1995, p.163-9. 8(11)34 DRY PAINT FILM FINISHING OF PLASTIC PARTS Gardner R Avery Dennison Corp. (SPE,Decorating Div.) Dry paint film laminate technology is developed to enable moulders of plastics parts to apply a conductive primer or top coat to parts without using volatile organic compound-generating spray finishes. Unlike mould-incolour and in-mould coating systems, dry paint film gives

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

moulders the ability to achieve a conductive primer, or high gloss base coat finish on parts during the moulding process. The ways in which injection moulded plastic parts can be primed and top-coated using dry paint film technology are described. Emphasis is placed on how a dry paint film laminate is manufactured and applied to parts, benefits it offers over spray painting and commercial applications. USA

Accession no.575830 Item 322 Decorating and Joining of Plastics. Retec proceedings. Farmington, Ct., 17th-18th Sept.1995, p.203-7. 8(10)8(11)34 INNOVATIVE PRODUCT ENHANCEMENT THROUGH IN-MOULD ASSEMBLY AND DECORATING Mauro L J Ferromatik Milacron (SPE,Connecticut Section; SPE,Decorating Div.) The use of the multi-component injection moulding process to reduce overall part costs through in-mould assembly and to enhance the overall product quality and appearance through in-mould decorating is discussed. The basic concepts of multi-component moulding, including materials selection, are described. Use of this technology is increasing rapidly worldwide. Various applications are addressed with examples of actual usage. Also included are brief details of the patented mono-sandwich process for the production of plastics sandwich structures. 2 refs. USA

Accession no.575801 Item 323 Decorating and Joining of Plastics. Retec proceedings. Farmington, Ct., 17th-18th Sept.1995, p.135-42. 8(10)8(11)34 INJECTION IN-MOULD LABELLING Engel G Permanent Label Corp. (SPE,Connecticut Section; SPE,Decorating Div.) An overview of the technology required for in-mould labelling injection moulding components is presented. The essence of any in-mould decorating system is the transfer of total graphics to the injection moulded component during the injection moulding cycle, thereby eliminating secondary screening, stamping, spray painting and assembly operations. Volatile organic compounds created in secondary screening and spray painting are eliminated. Aspects covered include essential elements of in-mould labelling, steps in the in-mould cycle, in-mould foil design, foil feeder, moulds and the advantages of in-mould decorating. USA

Accession no.575796

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Item 324 Decorating and Joining of Plastics. Retec proceedings. Farmington, Ct., 17th-18th Sept.1995, p.63-7. 8(10)8(11)34 MOULD TEXTURING Osetek S Mold-Tech (SPE,Connecticut Section; SPE,Decorating Div.)

Item 327 Patent Number: EP 685310 A2 19951206 PROCESS FOR PREPARING COLOUR CONTRASTS ON ARTICLES OBTAINED BY MOULDING FROM POLYMERISABLE COMPOSITIONS Marciandi F; Bertani M Atohaas Holding CV

Mould texturing is related to photo-engraving in that all patterns originate as a piece of artwork. This artwork can be generated by drawing the pattern in black and white, optically scanning a sample, or by taking a rub-off transfer. From here the possibilities are limitless as the artwork may be photographically reduced or enlarged to fit, create a positive or negative image and vary the depth. The Mold-Tech process is a chemical etch rather than a machining process, so there are therefore no size limitations. Details are given.

The surface of or part of the surface of the mould is coated with a coloured composition polymerised before filling the mould with a polymerisable fluid composition. The coloured composition is a fluid, stable and redispersible dispersion, which comprises a solvent consisting essentially of polymerisable liquid monomers, optionally in admixture with a non-polymerisable volatile organic solvent, from 0.1 to 10 wt.% of a colouring composition as inorganic pigment or from 0.0001 to 1 wt.% of a pigment or organic dye and from 1 to 30 wt.% of an unsaturated polyester resin soluble in the solvent, the solvent being at least 20 wt.% of the total composition.

USA

Accession no.575791 Item 325 Decorating and Joining of Plastics. Retec proceedings. Farmington, Ct., 17th-18th Sept.1995, p.1-32. 8(10)8(11)34 DESIGN FOR DECORATING Stumpek E S GE Plastics (SPE,Connecticut Section; SPE,Decorating Div.) The relationship between design and decorating are addressed. Aspects covered include decorating methods and processes, product development factors and design for decorating. By utilising a combination of processes, decorating formerly difficult-to-decorate profiles can often be achieved. The restrictions and design limitations unique to each process, however, remain factors which must be considered at the concept stage. USA

Accession no.575788

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.574305 Item 328 Eureka 15, No.8, Aug.1995, p.6 IN-MOULD EMC SHIELDING CUTS ENCLOSURE COSTS Polymer enclosures can now have an EMC shielding layer applied during the thermoforming process. The innovation is based on a novel flexible laminate, comprising two thin, porous non-woven layers - one a mat of uniform low melting temperature solderable metal alloy fibres, the other an EVA mat acting as a hot melt adhesive. The article supplies details of the process and its applications. 3M EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 326 Brookfield, Ct., 1995, pp.207. USD.100. 11ins. 4/12/ 95. 8(10)-8(11)34 DECORATING AND JOINING OF PLASTICS. PROCEEDINGS OF A REGIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE HELD FARMINGTON, CT., 17TH-18TH SEPT.1995 SPE,Connecticut Section; SPE,Decorating Div.

Accession no.568658

This collection of fifteen papers focuses on developments in techniques for the decorating and joining of plastics. Aspects considered include design of plastic parts for assembly, flame plasma surface treatment, innovative product enhancement through in-mould assembly and decorating, industrial production bonding of plastics, hot plate welding, and mould texturing.

Automotive Moulding says its corporate goal is to continuously reduce waste in material and labour and thereby reduce loss to its customer, employees, shareholders and society as a whole. A value management programme is spearheaded at grassroots level by employee committees called Continuous Improvement Teams. Engineering development is said to be behind many of the cost-savings ideas. The company is actively working on gas-assist injection moulding and is

USA

Accession no.574641

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Item 329 Plastics World 53, No.10, Oct.1995, p.36-40 VALUE IS THE CATCHWORD FOR GROWING PROCESSORS Smock D

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References and Abstracts

conducting research on in-mould film laminations with 3M and Avery Dennison. AM recently opened an automated large-part paint line at its LaGrange Moulding plant, plans to buy nine new injection moulding machines and is looking for a new plant site on Interstate 75. AUTOMOTIVE MOULDING CO. USA

Accession no.567530 Item 330 Plastics News International July 1995, p.4-6 IML FOR INJECTION MOULDED CONTAINERS The article supplies comprehensive details of new inmould labelling technologies which are opening up more applications for injection moulded thin wall containers. Information is included on the advantages of the IML process and considers the difficulties of cost comparisons between IML and traditional container printing. WORLD

Accession no.566515 Item 331 Patent Number: WO 9504642 A1 19950216 MOULD FOR MAKING A PLASTIC LAMINATION Carlson R Aotec Inc. A method and apparatus for plastic in mould lamination are described together with articles made therefrom. A press has a plurality of press plates attached to a press platen which is driven by the ram of the press and a plurality of fixed plates attached to a fixed platen of the press. A film feeder and take-up device are mounted to the press for feeding a Mylar film. This film includes patterns or designs which are silk screened onto one of its surfaces. The press plates include a press mould plate having mould protrusions at a surface of the plate. A hydraulically driven hold-down bracket is used to hold down the Mylar film. The fixed plates include a fixed mould plate having cavities which are receptive to the protrusions on the press mould plate when the press is closed. USA

Accession no.566372 Item 332 Plastics on the Road ’94. Conference Proceedings. Solihull, 28th-29th Nov.1994, paper C. 63Tr.Ro ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS OVER VOCS AND GRANULAR INJECTED PAINT TECHNOLOGY Easterlow R; Rowberry P J Rover Advanced Technology Centre; Warwick Manufacturing Group

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(Institute of Materials; Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Industrial Technology Magazine) The amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) being released into the atmosphere from some finishing industries using solvent-based paints is resulting in increasing environmental concern. This has led to a tightening of legislation for their reduction. The finishing industry must therefore improve fume filtration or seek an alternative. The development of a granular injected paint technology, based on the formulation of a thermoplastic paint and which can by using the dual injection moulding process be incorporated into a moulded component in a single operation, is described. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.564918 Item 333 Utech Asia ’95. Conference Proceedings. Suntec City, 23rd-25th May 1995, paper 37. 43C6 LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN SPRAY-APPLIED URETHANE COATINGS, ELASTOMERS AND STRUCTURAL RESINS Jarboe R Futura Coatings Inc. (Crain Communications Ltd.) An overview is presented of the latest progress and technological advancements of spray-applied PU coatings, elastomers and structural resins and their applications. Aspects covered include chemistry, coatings, spray application of PUs, coatings and elastomers, solventless coatings and elastomers, in-mould coatings, reaction spray moulding/structural resins and processing/ spraying equipment. USA

Accession no.564871 Item 334 London, 1994, pp.144. LS.25. 8ins. 20/3/95. 63Tr.Ro PLASTICS ON THE ROAD ’94. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE HELD SOLIHULL, 28TH29TH NOVEMBER 1994 Institute of Materials; Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Industrial Technology Magazine Seventeen papers are published on aspects of plastics applications in the automotive industry. New materials developments for interiors, fascias, and safety systems are presented, as well as advances in exterior applications such as composite chassis development, trends in RTM resins, and in-mould painting of plastics. Four concluding papers consider some of the recycling issues currently facing the automotive sector. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

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Item 335 Reinforced Plastics 39, No.10, Oct.1995, p.28/31 RAISING THE STANDARDS FOR GEL COATS Humberstone J Cray Valley Total Armorcote IMC is a new and technically advanced inmould coating that has been introduced to the UK GRP market by Cray Valley-Total. This new product has been developed by Cook Composites & Polymers to perform in a similar way to a standard unsaturated polyester gel coat and is therefore applied in mould and “backed up” in the normal way. The product was developed in order to meet the growing demands for a GRP composite which met automotive standard weathering requirements without the need for post painting. Armorcote IMC has also been extremely well accepted in the marine and construction market sectors. Armorcote IMC provides much improved exterior durability, excellent gloss retention, excellent colour fade, improved water resistance, low water absorption, reduced risk of blistering, higher tensile elongation at break, reduced chance of cracking and longer service life. COOK COMPOSITES & POLYMERS USA

Accession no.563848 Item 336 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 46, No.9, Nov.1994, p.41-2 French SEQUENTIAL INJECTION MOULDING: AN ALTERNATIVE The principles and advantages of sequential injection moulding are discussed, with particular reference to the possibility of eliminating or relocating weld lines. The use of the process in the insert moulding of decorative products and the manufacture of GRP structural parts is described. SISE; POLE EUROPEEN DE PLASTURGIE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.563179 Item 337 Plastics Technology 41, No.9, Sept.1995, p.44-8 AUTOMOTIVE PLASTICS’ CHALLENGE: 10YEAR PAINT DURABILITY De Gaspari J It is reported that both the automotive industry and the US Environmental Protection Agency have higher performance expectations for plastics coatings. Producers of paints, pretreatments and plastics resins are making attempts to satisfy stiffer specifications for durability and

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volatile organic compounds. A review of new products introduced by US companies is presented. USA

Accession no.562919 Item 338 Technical Innovations in Blow Molding. Retec Proceedings. Itasca, Il., 12th-13th Oct.1994, p.163-75. 832 NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR SHUTTLE INMOULD LABELLING Morrissey K T; Helfman B D Avery Dennison Corp. (SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Blow Molding Div.) The growth of in-mould products has historically been heavily focused in large volume brands such as laundry detergents and jug-sized orange juice. These markets have been well served by rotary wheel blow moulders with inmould labelling capabilities. Recent technological advances in both clear and white film substrates have renewed interest among major health and beauty aids, and speciality household chemical companies in this labelling method. In addition, new label insertion technology is now available for most shuttle blow moulding machines. This allows the consumer package goods marketplace the opportunity to utilise in-mould labelling across a wider spectrum of packages. Emphasis is placed on film requirements, small volume brands and label insertion equipment. USA

Accession no.562704 Item 339 Canadian Plastics 53, No.3, April 1995, p.26 IN-MOULD DECORATING ADDS EXTRA APPEAL Shelley M This article investigates how Petrolia Plastics Inc. of Edmonton, Alberta, has used in-mould decorating (IMD) technology to gain attention and customers from telecommunications and other major markets. PETROLIA PLASTICS INC.; ENRO MACHINE LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; JAPAN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.561266 Item 340 Injection Molding 3, No.8, Aug.1995, p.33-4 IN-MOULD DECORATING FITS BEZEL CURVES Maniscalco M Due to SPM’s vast experience in in-mould foil decorating, Ford Motor Co. has selected the Anaheim, California-

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References and Abstracts

based company to mould instrument panel bezels for the 1996 Taurus and Mercury Sable. The bezel has multiple contours, six colours and a clear window for LCD display. One in-mould foil decorates the entire part. The window has proved to be the biggest design challenge, because its curved surface has distorted the LCD display in testing. Details are given. FORD MOTOR CO.; SPM INC. USA

Accession no.560589 Item 341 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1599, 18th Aug.1995, p.11 MERCURY: A UNIQUE APPROACH TO COLOUR Mercury Plastics estimates that its research and development into cadmium-free masterbatches now gives it a clear lead over the competition. The company claims UK market leadership in universal manufacture. Non-UK sales of universal and polymer specific account for about 18% of the total, and the Mercury Plastics turnover is divided approximately 50:50 between universal and polymer specific. At Mercury’s Wigan site, investment has been continuing in plant and machinery to produce the company’s polymer specific masterbatch. The product applications for Mercury colours include packaging, household, industrial and fashion. A new blow moulding machine is due for commission at Wigan in September and will help Mercury’s continued expansion into blow moulding sectors such as cosmetics and toiletries. MERCURY PLASTICS LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.559558 Item 342 Popular Plastics and Packaging 40, No.3, March 1995, p.47-8 BLOW MOULDING TECHNIQUES FOR LIQUID PACKAGING Bhattachayya P K Reifenhaeuser (India) Marketing Ltd. Blow moulding techniques for the production of lube-oil containers are described, and the advantages are included of using blow moulding machines such as the KEB 5 from Krupp Kautex. Considerations include the aesthetic appeal of the containers, automation, in-mould labelling, multilayer and coextruded jerry cans, and the use of regrind. INDIA

Accession no.559190 Item 343 Antec 95. Volume I. Conference proceedings. Boston,Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.760-4. 012

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SIMULTANEOUS CO-INJECTION MOULDING PROCESS Somnuk P; Smith G F Warwick,University (SPE) The simultaneous co-injection moulding process is studied and a new method of mould filling is suggested. The main advantage of this technique is that the coinjection process is controlled in virtually an identical manner to conventional ‘compact’ injection moulding due to the fixed length of the simultaneous phase. A further advantage of this technique is that materials with a broader range of viscosities may be utilised. Generally, in order to obtain an optimum product, it is necessary to select materials which lie within the specified viscosity ratio range. The implication of this technique requires further investigation with regard to the mould filling pattern for more complex geometries. 16 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.558971 Item 344 Patent Number: US 5387750 A 19950207 TWO-COMPONENT URETHANE IN-MOULD COATING COMPOSITION Chiang N Sherwin-Williams Co. A method is described for producing an in-mould coated plastic article having an adherent coating in which the coating composition has improved surface coverage properties and a fast cure rate. The coating composition contains (a) a first component comprising at least one polyol having at least 4 hydroxyl groups and a viscosity at room temperature of 6000 cps or less; and (b) a second component comprising a solvent-free isocyanate prepolymer. The viscosity of the coating composition is 15000 cps or less at room temperature. USA

Accession no.558125 Item 345 Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings. San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.III, p.30558. 012 PROPERTY TESTING OF HDPE BOTTLE AND LABEL COMBINATIONS Dzeskiewicz L A; Farrell R E Pennsylvania,State University (SPE) A study was made of the properties and recyclability of HDPE bottles to which labels made from HDPE fibres had been applied in-mould. The tensile, impact and rheological properties of virgin and recycled materials were investigated, and blow moulding trials were undertaken to determine the effects of recycled

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References and Abstracts

label material on the properties of bottles made from HDPE regrind. USA

Accession no.557746 Item 346 Patent Number: US 5391399 A 19950221 IN-MOULD COATING WITH EPOXY ACRYLATE AND OH OR AMIDE-CONTAINING MONOMER Cobbledick D S; Reichenbach D F; Sullivan B; Spencer R L GenCorp Inc. glass fibre reinforced plastic can be in-mould coated using a free-radical peroxide initiated thermosetting composition of at least one polymerisable epoxy-based oligomer having at least two acrylate groups, at least one copolymerisable ethylenically unsaturated monomer, at least one copolymerisable monoethylenically unsaturated compound having a -CO- group and a -NH2, -NH- and/ or -OH group, and other conventional components, such as at least one zinc salt of a fatty acid, at least one accelerator, at least one filler and the like. The compositions use a very low or nil amount of an adhesion agent, such as PVAc, and unexpectedly achieve better flow and good coverage at reduced coating weights. USA

Accession no.557402 Item 347 Patent Number: WO 9501862 A1 19950119 METHOD OF ROTATIONAL MOULDING AND MOULDING MADE THEREBY Easterlow R A; Smith G F Rover Group Ltd. A first plastics material is introduced into a mould, which is then rotated to cause the molten plastics material to coat the surface of the mould. A second plastics material is then introduced into the mould and the mould is rotated. One of the plastics material is formed from or is in the form of a powdered plastics paint. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.557150 Item 348 Plastics World 53, No.7, July 1995, p.60-4 MODERNISED PROCESS OFFERS NEW DESIGN OPTIONS Miller B The rotational moulding industry now serves a wide range of markets where its products compete on appearance, consistency and sophistication, not just toughness. Chemical and water tanks, tool boxes and refuse

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containers are classic markets, but the industry has steadily diversified into applications such as play equipment, toys, canoes, automotive parts, outdoor signs and material handling equipment. Rotational moulds still have a substantial cost edge over other moulding processes. Developments in quality include dimensional tolerance, surface finish and, in particular, moulded-in graphics. Moulding machines and moulds have been evolving to meet the widening range of processor needs. Foamable material grades and flame retardant grades have also expanded the application slate for rotational moulding. USA

Accession no.556729 Item 349 Plastics Technology 41, No.5, May 1995, p.48-53 IS IN-MOULD LABELLING IN YOUR CARDS Knights M This comprehensive article supplies a detailed assessment of the market for in-mould labelling. Customers of personal care products and household cleaners like the superior aesthetics and durability of in-mould film labels vs. post-mould paper labels; however processors are uncertain that the demand justifies the high cost of investment in new labelling equipment and higher costs. The article explores both sides of the issue. MCKECHNIE PLASTIC PACKAGING; CAPTIVE PLASTICS; BATTENFELD BLOWMOULDING MACHINES INC.; BEKUM AMERICA CORP. USA

Accession no.556431 Item 350 Thetford, 1992, pp.6. 12ins. 20/3/95. 2832 AUTOMA PLUS. AT 2 BLOW MOULDING MACHINE SINGLE STATION 2LT, AT 2D BLOW MOULDING MACHINE DOUBLE STATION 2LT Bokor-Promac Ltd.; Automa SpA One and two blow moulding stations versions of the Automa Plus line of blow moulding machines, (the AT 2 and AT 2D respectively), are described. The machines facilitate in-mould labelling, have quick mould changing systems, an electronic control system, and a newly designed clamping system, details of which are given. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.555793 Item 351 Plastics Technology 41, No.6, June 1995, p.33/5 ROTOMOULDING GAINS IN SOPHISTICATION Knights M A review of developments in rotational moulding are presented, which were reported at the spring conference of the Association of Rotational Molders. Included are

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References and Abstracts

details of the introduction of gas pressure or vacuum during the moulding to reduce bubbles in a moulded part and help trim cycle time; software for optimising moulding cycle times; PTFE permanent release coatings; upgraded control systems for real time monitoring; a foamable LLDPE powder for smooth-skin foam structures; and in-mould colouring methods. ASSOCIATION OF ROTATIONAL MOLDERS USA

Accession no.553245 Item 352 Converter 32, No.4, April 1995, p.10/2 PLASTIC FILM LABELS Guise B This article looks in some detail at new products in the plastic film labels market. Plastic materials being used to produce these labels are said to be PE, PP and polyester. Information is also presented on in-mould labelling using these plastic labels. FASSON UK LTD.; COURTAULDS FILMS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.553107 Item 353 Reinforced Plastics 39, No.6, June 1995, p.28-31 CRAY VALLEY BRINGS US INNOVATION TO EUROPE Weaver A Cray Valley is taking advantage of the improving European composites market to introduce new technology from its American sister company CCP. Cray Valley is commercialising a number of products including dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) based resins, PU/ unsaturated polyester hybrid resins and two new gel coat families. The Enydyne range of DCPD resins is claimed to be unique in Europe. The adapted DCPD technology is said to offer a number of benefits including reduced styrene emissions and low water absorption. The processing flexibility offered by the PU/UP hybrid technology, Procore, will widen the market for composites into new applications, the company says. The automotive industry, for example, is interested because of the possibility it offers for improving mechanical strength. Cray Valley started to introduce the CCP Polycor and Amorcote gel coat products to the UK market in 1992. Amorcote offers improved exterior durability, gloss retention and reduced colour fade. CRAY VALLEY SA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.552726

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Item 354 Packaging Today 17, No.6, June 1995, p.27/9 FILM FINISHES Jenkins M Courtaulds Films Technical advances in the packaging films industry are reviewed. Examples of innovative products with different finishes, tailor made for specific end uses, are discussed. Included are details of white films, the revival of interest in regenerated cellulose, coextruded OPP films with nonreflective surfaces, and trends in snack food packaging. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.552265 Item 355 Patent Number: US 5368798 A 19941129 METHOD FOR PRODUCING AN IN-MOULD LABELLED VESSEL WITH AN ELONGATED BOTTOM PROJECTION Mizukoshi K; Katayama K; Hirata M; Maekawa K Nippla Co.Ltd.; Snow Brand Milk Products Co.Ltd. A label for in-mould labelling with a bottom portion and side wall portions is disclosed. Notches are formed in folded portions of the label as connections between the bottom portion and the side wall portions of the label. Alternatively, the label is formed using material of predetermined thickness, which permits breakage of the label at a particular resin temperature and an internal mould pressure. In order to form an elongated bottom projection integrally with the vessel bottom, the label is loaded into a mould and injection moulding is performed, the moulding resin flowing out through the notches or broken folded portions into an elongated bottom projection-forming recess formed in the mould. JAPAN

Accession no.552160 Item 356 Modern Plastics International 25, No.5, May 1995, p.52-5 PROCESSORS LOOK TO THE MOULD FOR FUNCTIONALITY Grande J A In automotive component manufacture the trend in injection and blow moulding technology is toward ways of incorporating more functionality into the mould to reduce finishing and assembly of parts after the production cycle. Processors are targeting virtual one-step operations that combine dissimilar materials and different functions. These technologies include backmoulding of textile-covered parts, three-dimensional and sequential blow moulding processes to produce seamless technical parts with essentially no flash, in-mould colour coating processes which use coinjection technology, and insert moulding. WORLD

Accession no.552127

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Item 357 Patent Number: EP 653287 A2 19950517 METHOD OF FABRICATING IN-MOULD GRAPHICS Abdala J A; Olkoski J C Motorola Inc. A layer of an etchable material is moulded on a contrasting surface and then etched to expose the contrasting surface and produce the in-mould graphics surface. Alternatively, a layer of hardcoat material is moulded over the etchable layer. Etching is effected using a laser beam to selectively etch the etchable layer, while not etching the contrasting surface. The hardcoat layer, etchable layer and contrasting surface can be moulded to a larger part during injection moulding. The graphic design is later etched in the part to produce a customised design. USA

Accession no.551210 Item 358 Thermosets for the 21st Century. Retec Proceedings. Rosemont, Il., 16th-18th March 1994, paper 3. 012 DECORATIVE THERMOSETS MARKET IMPACT FOR THE FUTURE Nunnery L E BMC Industries Inc. Historically, high performance thermosets and thermoplastics have not been good candidates for decorative applications. Many of these materials do not possess the surface properties necessary to take advantage of the different after treatments which are now available. Also, the manufacturers of these thermoset materials have been more interested in long term thermal and mechanical performance than they were of in aesthetic quality. Another problem was that manufacturers of after treatments have not been able to provide the materials that could withstand the normal working environments of the high performance thermoset composites. Processes, their benefits and relative costs of several treatments which are impacting the growth of thermoset composites are compared. 6 refs. SPE,CHICAGO SECTION; SPE,THERMOSET DIV. USA

Accession no.550280 Item 359 Chemical Marketing Reporter 247, No.17, 24th April 1995, p.SR22 AUTOMOTIVES PICK UP SPEED Cavanaugh T In the hotly contested areas of bumper fascias, under-thebonnet parts and interiors, makers of various plastics and engineering resins are competing to fill growing demand. Thermoplastic olefins seem to be sweeping the bumper fascia market. The trend toward moulded-in colour fascia is in decline, but DuPont points out that its Bexloy W

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modified ionomer offers significant cost advantages over painted fascia. Arco is looking into promotion of its PU energy absorbing foam, Flexure, to work behind the fascia. Solvay estimates the North American market for plastic fuel tanks will triple during the period from 1992 to 1998. By 1998, 9 million fuel tanks, about 60%, will be made of HDPE. About 10 million pounds of nylon 66 currently go into manifolds, but that figure may climb as high as 100 million pounds by the end of the decade. USA

Accession no.549637 Item 360 Patent Number: US 5354397 A 19941011 SHEET FOR COVERING A SUBSTRATE AND A METHOD FOR PRODUCING A MOULDING USING THE SAME Miyake A; Abe H; Oshikawa Y Sekisui Kagaku Kogyo KK A surface of a moulding is provided with soft touch feeling by making a sheet for covering a substrate having a soft touch layer adhere to the surface of the moulding. A covering film having soft touch feeling can easily be formed even on surfaces of products with unevenness and curves. This sheet for covering a substrate has a soft touch layer formed from a resin composition containing at least one substrate selected from the group consisting of elastic beads and a porous inorganic material, and a urethane resin as its main components. This sheet is placed in a mould and a resin is moulded in the mould, whereby a moulding having soft touch feeling can be obtained. The sheet for covering a substrate has extensibility and is not likely to be broken during the moulding. JAPAN

Accession no.549202 Item 361 Packaging 66, No.706, 1995, p.16-22 LABELLING DEVELOPMENTS Guise W A review is presented of labelling developments in which the progressive approach taken by the packaging industry is demonstrated, and details of the technological developments which are being achieved are described. These achievements include flexographic printing machines, self-adhesive labels, PP, PE and polyester film labels, in-mould labelling, and wet glue labelling EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.547678 Item 362 Patent Number: US 5350553 A 19940927 METHOD FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF DECORATED CHIP CARD

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References and Abstracts

Glaeser A A; Kaufhold H-J Mannesmann AG

Hutchison G E; Allen T M Universal Engraving Inc.

This involves introducing and positioning a film, which has applied on at least one surface thereof a decorative pattern in an open cavity of an injection moulding machine, closing the cavity so that the film is fixed and clamped in position, inserting an electronic circuit chip through an aperture into the mould cavity, injecting a support composition for the plastic card into the mould cavity and, after termination of the injection process, removing the gate or any excess material from the periphery of the card, opening the mould cavity and removing the decorated card.

A sign has a raised message-defining image, which may be read by sighted individuals, and a series of raised dots presenting a corresponding encoded message in Braille characters, which are of dome shaped configuration fully complying with Braille specifications. The visually observable message is flat and has relatively sharp outlines so that it can be readily seen. A visually impaired person may touch and decipher the Braille characters and also feel the relatively sharp outline of the message intended for visual observation in order to verify the content of the dual medium message of the sign. The sign is prepared using a metal female mould, which is engraved with the dual reverse messages. A curable epoxy resin in flowable condition containing a tinting agent is poured over an engraved matte face of the mould, a partially cured epoxy backing member of a different colour than the tinting agent is placed over the mould in covering relationship to the flowable resin, a compressible pressure-compensating sheet is placed over the backing member and the resulting sandwich of components is subjected to heat and pressure, which effects final curing of the resin composition as well as the backing member.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.546909 Item 363 Patent Number: EP 646451 A1 19950405 METHOD OF FORMING THERMOPLASTIC FILM WITH NON-WOVEN FABRIC-LIKE PATTERN Koseki T; Sugimura T; Hosokawa M Uni-Charm Corp. A mould is provided with a non-woven fabric-like layer composed of many individual metal fibres intertwined at random and a previously heat softened thermoplastic film is conformed to a pattern carrying the surface of the nonwoven fabric-layer under a vacuum effect by a vacuum pump or a squeezing effect by a squeezing roll. JAPAN

Accession no.546612 Item 364 Patent Number: US 5332542 A 19940726 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING LABELLED HOLLOW CONTAINER Yamanaka M; Yamanobe T Oji Yuka Goseishi Co.Ltd. The process described involves inserting a label having a multi-layer structure into a hollow mould and blow moulding a molten parison of thermoplastic. The label is composed of a base thermoplastic layer with a heatsealable resin layer on one side of a mixture of two thermoplastics of different melting points, but both having a melting point at least 20C lower than that of the base layer. The in-mould label suffers from no blistering even when the moulding cycle is shortened. JAPAN

Accession no.546392 Item 365 Patent Number: US 5336458 A 19940809 PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING EMBOSSED SIGNAGE FOR HANDICAPPED INDIVIDUALS

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USA

Accession no.545163 Item 366 Injection Molding 3, No.2, Feb.1995, p.72-3 IN-MOULD DECORATING The use is described of Lexan polycarbonate sheeting in in-mould decorating techniques. The process gets round the problem of applying graphics manually on curved surfaces. GE PLASTICS USA

Accession no.544991 Item 367 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.730, March 1994, p.55-6 French PAINTING OF PLASTICS: THE GIPT PROCESS, A MAJOR ADVANCE Forest J P An account is given of the GIPT (Granular Injection Paint Technology) process for the production of painted plastics components, developed by the EPIC research consortium comprising Evode Powder Coatings, Battenfeld, Caradon Rolinx, Clearplas, DSM, Moldflow, Rover and the University of Warwick. The process uses powder coatings for the in-mould coating of plastics products during injection moulding. EVODE POWDER COATINGS LTD.; BATTENFELD GMBH; ROVER GROUP PLC; EPIC; DSM NV;

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CARADON ROLINX LTD.; CLEARPLAS LTD.; MOLDFLOW PTY.LTD.; WARWICK,UNIVERSITY AUSTRALIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.544286 Item 368 Modern Plastics International 25, No.2, Feb.1995, p.52-3 IN-MOULD COLOUR COATING READIES FOR INDUSTRY DEBUT Graff G A small group of machinery builders and coating manufacturers are taking in-mould coating processes a step further, injecting colourants directly into moulds to produce parts with finished coloured topcoats that need no further surface treatment. The Krauss-Maffei system employs a coating consisting of a twocomponent PU system. The technology can coat injection moulded thermoplastics or RIM PU parts. A system developed by H.B. Fuller Coatings uses a slightly modified standard coinjection machine that injects proprietary coloured powder coatings into the mould before the core material. A process that uses powder coatings for applying colourants to compression moulded SMC parts has been developed by Ferro. The polyester-based powders are electrostatically sprayed on a heated opened mould, with suitable masking for the sections not requiring coatings. WORLD

Accession no.541407 Item 369 Modern Plastics International 25, No.1, Jan.1995, p.22 IN-MOULD LABELLING HEATS UP INJECTION MOULDED PACKAGING Mapleston P New systems for in-mould labelling of injection moulded containers are making the technology an increasingly costeffective alternative to separate moulding and labelling or direct printing options. One of the latest techniques will allow moulders to feed labels directly from a reel into the mould. SysTec is launching a retrofittable system for die-cutting labels from the reel immediately prior to moulding. The elimination of cutting and placing of the labels in the mould allows the reduction of label thickness from 70 micron to 40 micron and possibly lower, since the need for label stiffness during handling is also removed. The development of plastics labels to replace paper ones has also removed the question of recyclability of IML containers. NETSTAL AG; SYSTEC ENGINEERING EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.541297

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Item 370 Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings. San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.I, p.969-70. 012 SHUTTLE IN-MOULD LABELLING AND VALUE ADDED PACKAGING FOR THE 90’S Blucher T L Graham Engineering Corp.,Techne Graham Div. (SPE) Technical difficulties which have precluded the introduction of in-mould labelling systems to shuttle machines for bottle blow moulding are examined, and the development of a machine of this type based on the long stroke design is described. USA

Accession no.541238 Item 371 Patent Number: US 5318739 A 19940607 METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING MAGNETIC TAPE CASSETTE Katagiri S; Moriwaki M Fuji Photo Film Co.Ltd. A method of manufacturing the half body portions of a magnetic tape cassette etc. having an image transfer layer on its outer surface is described. An image transfer film is placed in a moulding cavity, the film including a base layer, a matting layer, and an image transfer layer. The function of the matting layer is to roughen the surface of the image transfer layer, while allowing easy subsequent peeling therefrom. A molten plastic is injected into the moulding cavity against the image transfer layer. After the resulting product solidifies, the product is removed from the moulding cavity, and the base layer and matting layer are peeled from the product, leaving the image transfer layer on an outside surface of the product. JAPAN

Accession no.538358 Item 372 Composites Plastiques Renforces Fibres de Verre Textile No.4, July/Aug.1994, p.36-40 French IMC HPIP: IN-MOULD COATING HIGH PRESSURE INJECTION PROCESS Coissac J C Becker Industrie An examination is made of the technical, economic and environmental advantages of the IMC HPIP high pressure injection process, patented by Sherwin-Williams and developed in Europe by Becker Industrie, for the in-mould coating of composite components. Some examples are presented of industrial applications of this process. SHERWIN-WILLIAMS CO.

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.537916 Item 373 Patent Number: EP 621575 A1 19941026 DECORATIVE PLASTICS ARTICLE Meyer T M; Hassler E G; Fye M E Delco Electronics Corp. An in-moulding foil with a decorative material applied thereto is received, a plastics body is moulded and the decorative material from the foil is in-moulded to the plastics body. An opaque layer is applied to the plastics body covering the decorative material and laser trimmed away from the decorative material in pre-determined patterns to define graphic characters. The decorative material is applied to eliminate witness lines. USA

Accession no.536271 Item 374 Plastics Southern Africa 24, No.5, Oct.1994, p.42 TECHNE’S 15000 LOOKS AT NEW DEMANDS Design and construction details are described for the 15000S blow moulding machine from Techne. In response to user demands, the machine offers such features as multilayer coextrusion and in-mould labelling, with multicavity linear production. It ensures optimum reproducibility, precision of control and output per cavity. TECHNE NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.534696 Item 375 Plastverarbeiter 45, No.11, Nov.1994, p.109-11 German IN-MOULD LABELLING:DECORATION PROCESS OF THE FUTURE Auer H; Hagenlocher B A; Pickel H; Volland W The in-mould labelling process is discussed, in terms of a process which offers a great rationalisation potential as well as numerous qualitative advantages as a method for the production and decoration of mouldings in a single work cycle. Developed for injection moulding production, the method is shown to be finding great interest amongst manufacturers of thin-walled mouldings for use as packagings. In addition, the suitability of the process is examined for the production of technical parts which are to be printed, decorated, or finished with protective layers. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.534652

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 376 Plastics Technology 40, No.12, Nov.1994, p.11/3 IN-MOULD LABELLING COMES TO CUT-INPLACE THERMOFORMING Naitove M H Information is presented in some detail on a new in-mould labelling (IML) system developed by German company Adolf Illig Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. for use with its RDM K line of mechanically driven cut-in-place pressure formers. The company is said to be continuing to improve the system. It is reported that a Dutch packaging plant has been using the system for about a year to produce PP margarine tubs with preprinted PP labels. ILLIG A.,MASCHINENBAU GMBH & CO.; TW PACKAGING TWENTE BV EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.534539 Item 377 Plastics and Rubber Asia 9, No.54, Oct.1994, p.40-1 THE HEAT IS ON Cooke F Machinery solutions are offered to the thermoforming industry in an effort to comply with environmental requirements regarding recycling and waste minimisation. Specific problems discussed include in-mould labelling, and the production of refrigerator door linings. ASIA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.532726 Item 378 Modern Plastics International 24, No.10, Oct.1994, p.60/3 PAINT SYSTEMS FOCUS ON COSTS, “GREEN” CONCERNS Mapleston P As pressure mounts to reduce production costs and protect the environment, large numbers of automotive OEMs and their component suppliers are likely to have switched to systems that use fewer coats and fewer solvents per coat. Two-component water-borne primers from Akzo contain no harmful azeridine-based crosslinking agents, have a high solids content of 55% and an organic content below 9%. Hyperion Catalysis International is working on incorporation of its carbon microfibres or fibrils into compounds. These improve conductivity without negatively affecting mechanical properties of the host polymer. BASF has one and two-component water-borne primers that it says work on a wide range of plastics. BMW and Ford are both moving to water-borne soft-feel paints for interior decor. Prepainted or otherwise decorated plastics films are being used for parts such as exterior mirror housings. WORLD

Accession no.531495

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References and Abstracts

Item 379 High Performance Plastics Sept.1994, p.11 LARGE CLASS A PARTS POSSIBLE WITH RIM POLYMERS Benefits to moulders of large size high performance body panels from the use of Telene reaction injection moulding polymers are described. Telene affords Class A surface capabilities, impact resistance, and good part design flexibility, it is claimed. The Telene RIM process is described, which involves the mixing of two liquid stream of resin into a mould at low pressure, resulting in an exothermic reaction and in-mould polymerisation. Further advantages are detailed. GOODRICH B.F.,CO. USA

Accession no.527521 Item 380 Plastics Design Forum 19, No.8, Sept.1994, p.22-6 HOW DID THEY DO THAT? DECORATING TECHNIQUES OFFER DESIGN SOLUTIONS Elber G The range of innovative decorating techniques for use on plastics goods are described. Aspects considered include new painting techniques such as dry film painting and in-mould painting; texturing methods using electrical discharge machining texturising electrodes; printing methods, including the use of water soluble films, and the manufacture of immitation natural materials. A glossary is included. Accession no.527461 Item 381 Plastics Technology 40, No.9, Aug.1994, p.45-7 BLOW MOULDING Naitove M H A review is presented of some of the machinery on display by various manufacturers at the recent NPE 94 exhibition. Included are details of machines for bottles, large industrial parts and stretch-blown PETP. Also outlined are new developments in continuous extrusion and reciprocating screw machines, as well as multi-cavity inmould labelling, multiparison coextrusion, preform testers, bottle leak testers, controls and downstream automation. USA

Accession no.525183

CLASS A FOR COMPOSITE PARTS Machinery developed by Societe Rambure and Morrell Co. for the in-mould coating of composite parts using the Sherwin-Williams HPIP high pressure process is described. SOCIETE RAMBURE; MORRELL CO.; SHERWINWILLIAMS CO.; SEVA; MENZOLIT SARL; BECKER INDUSTRIES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.520612 Item 383 Patent Number: US 5296183 A 19940322 METHOD FOR COMOULDING PROPERTY ENHANCING COATINGS TO COMPOSITE ARTICLES Carbone J W; Hoon D M Dow-United Technologies Composite Products Inc. A method for producing a unitary part having a property enhancing coating strongly bonded to a core of plastic or fibre reinforced composite is provided by applying the coating to a formed and shaped carrier substrate which is placed into the mould. Plastic is injected into the mould such that the plastic infiltrates the coating during moulding and therefore locks the coating to the part after cure. Utilising the present method substantially enhances the coating bond strength and reduces manufacturing costs by eliminating a post production step. USA

Accession no.519335 Item 384 Utech ’94: Groundwork for Growth. Conference proceedings. Hague, 22nd-24th March 1994, paper 28, pp.8. 43C6 EQUIPMENT FOR THE SAFE PROCESSING OF POLYOLS CONTAINING CYCLOPENTANE AS BLOWING AGENT Bauer A Krauss-Maffei Kunststofftechnik GmbH Edited by: Reed D; Lee C A (Crain Communications Ltd.; Rapra Technology Ltd.) Mixing and metering equipment for flow moulding is described with emphasis on the control equipment to ensure reproducibility of products. The Circomat plant for RIM/RRIM processing is described and illustrated. The final section deals with dispensing and metering equipment for in-mould coating. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.518955 Item 382 Plastiques Flash 29, Nos.268/9, March 1994, p.96-7 French

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Item 385 Plastics Design Forum 19, No.3, April 1994, p.33-5

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES EXPAND ROTOMOULDING OPTIONS Dodge P Innovative use of materials, equipment and processes continues to improve performance, cut costs and expand the range of parts and products that can be rotationally moulded. Emphasis is placed on foam-filled, dual-walled parts, structural foam moulding, post-consumer resinvirgin resin blends, electron beam crosslinking, fluoropolymer mould coating, water-based release agents, moulded-in graphics and precoloured powders. USA

Accession no.518342 Item 386 Modern Plastics International 24, No.4, April 1994, p.20 BATTENFELD IS BRINGING NEW INJECTION TECHNOLOGY TO NPE Kreisher K R Injection machine builder Battenfeld GmbH has developed a new line of standard toggle presses that include added features such as increased clamp force, variable speed pump and thicker, more rigid platens, at no extra cost. The company will unveil these and other developments, including its in-mould painting system based on coinjection technology, at NPE ’94 in June in Chicago, USA. The article supplies full details. BATTENFELD GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.517404 Item 387 Patent Number: WO 9406611 A1 19940331 THERMOPLASTIC COATING COMPOSITIONS Dodd K H; Stephenson P J; Welton N J Fuller H.B.,Co. A thermoplastic coating material, such as reversibly crosslinkable materials or thermoplastic alloys, and a thermoplastic substrate material are moulded in the same mould to produce a coated substrate, e.g. a vehicle component having a high quality paint coating. A PPbased coating composition can be used to produce a paint layer on a PP vehicle component. USA

Accession no.516620 Item 388 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 46, No.2, March 1994, p.47-9 French INSERT MOULDING FABRICS AND DECORATIVE MATERIALS Rehm G

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Krauss-Maffei AG An account is given of the HSD low pressure injection moulding process developed by Krauss-Maffei, and its use in the insert moulding of plastics components containing fabrics or decorative materials. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.513233 Item 389 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 46, No.2, March 1994, p.39-42 French INJECTION MOULDING: FROM THE NONSTANDARD TO THE VERY SPECIALISED Desfilhes P A survey is made of developments by a number of companies in machinery for specialised injection moulding processes, particularly multi-material and insert moulding and in-mould coating. KRAUSS-MAFFEI AG; FERROMATIK MILACRON; HUSKY INJECTION MOLDING SYSTEMS LTD.; MANNESMANN DEMAG; DK-CODIM; PRESSES KAP; HETTINGA EQUIPMENT INC.; BATTENFELD GMBH; ARBURG MASCHINENFABRIK CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.513231 Item 390 Kunststoffe Plast Europe Vol.84, March 1994, p.18-21 MOULD AND HOT RUNNER FOR IN-MOULD LAMINATION Kaufman G; Bagusche G Busslinger AG; Waldbroel GmbH In-mould lamination is discussed with reference to its use in vehicle trim applications. Textile-laminated mouldings are possible with a one operation injection moulding process. Successful use of the process is assured by the careful choice of mould design and hot runner system. These aspects are considered.7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.512211 Item 391 Packaging Communique Winter 1993/4, p.2 OPP FILM HAS PACKAGING WRAPPED UP The advantages of oriented PP are described which make it so successful as a packaging film. These include relatively low production costs combined with good protective performance, the ability to perform in-mould labelling and to be coated or vacuum metallised. EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.512000

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References and Abstracts

Item 392 Automotive Engineer 19, No.2, April/May 1994, p.28-31 VEHICLE AND SYSTEMS MANUFACTURERS ARE INCREASINGLY MAKING IT WITH PLASTICS Langdon R Surface coating of automotive plastics is considered alongside simulation of the moulding operations in this review of trends in the production of automotive components. In-mould painting, the use of paint powders, sandwich moulding, gas injection moulding, and synthetic wood finishes are examined, and developments geared to improving process efficiency and to speed the design of moulds are also considered.

Item 395 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1993, pp.108. 12ins. 22/3/94. Rapra Review Rept. No.72, Vol.6, No.12, 1993. 831 ADVANCES IN INJECTION MOULDING Maier Econology Ltd. Edited by: Dolbey R (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Rapra Review Report No.72

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

A review is presented of injection moulding techniques and machinery. Processes such as multi-material moulding, hollow coring, lost core, and overmoulding are discussed in detail. Decorative processes, binder processes, structural processes, sheet metal reinforcement, outsert moulding, and hot mould encapsulation are also covered. 477 refs.

Accession no.510748

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 393 British Plastics and Rubber March 1994, p.15 IN-MOULD LABELLING - STILL AN EMERGING TECHNOLOGY Advantages of and equipment for in-mould labelling of packaging containers is discussed. Advantages include a reduction in downstream printing and labelling operations and the enhanced visual impact of a high quality label as an integral part of the container surface. Disadvantages include extended production cycles, and the need for additional high performance handling equipment. EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.509184 Item 394 Patent Number: WO 9403337 A2 19940217 PAINT FILM AND METHODS FOR ITS MANUFACTURE Duhme F E; Flatt D V; Janssen J R; McMullen C W; Niedermair S A; Peterson R W; Prioleau L-A S Minnesota Mining & Mfg.Co. The paint film includes an extruded clear coat layer, a detachable liner layer attached to the outer surface of the clear coat layer to assist in injection moulding of the paint film to a substrate, a colour layer on the other side of the clear coat layer from the liner layer, a reinforcing layer on the other side of the colour layer from the clear coat layer and an optional bonding layer on the other side of the reinforcing layer from the colour layer. The paint film may be applied to a deeply drawn injection moulded part during moulding without the use of preformed inserts. Slides may be used to provide undercut surfaces on the parts that are covered by the paint film. Contiguous pieces of different paint films may be applied to a substrate during moulding and paint film may be applied to opposite surfaces of a substrate during moulding. USA

Accession no.508271

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Accession no.508230 Item 396 Materials World 2, No.1, Jan.1994, p.14-5 PRODUCTIVE SYSTEM SOLUTIONS FOR CAR BUMPERS van den Otelaar J GE Plastics A concept is described for direct injection moulding of car bumpers with optimised wall thickness, using the Optiwall process, to produce bumpers which are also recyclable. The joint project was undertaken by GE Plastics, mouldmaker Zimmerman, and hot runner manufacturer Eurotool, and was intended to meet the two criteria of economics and environment. A thin blend of impact resistant modified PC/PBT, specially formulated by GE Plastics was used to enable a cost effective primerless paint system to be used. In-mould decorating techniques used are described. ZIMMERMAN AG; EUROTOOL BV EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.508215 Item 397 Patent Number: EP 584042 A1 19940223 PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR FORMING A COLOUR COATED ARTICLE Valyi E I A colour coated material is applied to an injection mould having mould halves, a mould cavity edge and a mould cavity therein. Molten plastic is injected into the mould cavity to form a laminated article with the colour coated material bonded to the injected plastic. The process uses a colour coated blank cut from a web and transfers the blank into registry with at least one of the mould halves. USA

Accession no.507681

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References and Abstracts

Item 398 Design Engineering Dec.1993, p.14 INJECTION PAINTING ADDS COLOUR TO PLASTICS MOULDED PARTS

Item 401 Patent Number: WO 9401267 A1 19940120 APPLYING COMPRESSIBLE SURFACE COATINGS ON INJECTION MOULDED ARTICLES Bastow A P; Mildenhall D C Clearplas Ltd.

A new in-mould colour coating material for plastics has been developed by Evode Powder Coatings Ltd. The article supplies details of the new process which provides a fully formulated solid paint coating as part of the dual injection moulding process. The company’s patented Injection Paint Technology product is solvent-free, with zero toxic volatile organic compound emissions. EVODE POWDER COATINGS LTD.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.504137

Accession no.504396 Item 399 European Plastics News 21, No.2, Feb.1994, p.21-2 EMISSION-FREE SYSTEM FOR FINISHING PLASTICS PARTS It is reported that environmental legislation is forcing many processors to investigate manufacturing techniques which would have been considered inappropriate a few years ago. These include the users and producers of painted plastics parts who are faced with tough regulations aimed at reducing the emission of volatile organic compounds. Launched at the Interplas exhibition at the end of 1993, the development of Granular Injected Paint Technology (GIPT) by EPIC of the UK now makes solid systems available to the plastics industry. GIPT technology is the result of a multi-member development project which includes the Rover Advanced Technology Centre, Warwick University, H.B. Fuller Coatings, Battenfeld, DSM, Caradon Rolinx, Clearplas and Moldflow. Details are given. EPIC; FULLER H.B.,COATINGS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.504212 Item 400 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1522, 11th Feb.1994, p.17 ‘DRAMATIC’ GIPT EXPANSION The conclusion of a seminar held at the University of Warwick held recently to explain the advantages of the GIPT (Granular Injected Paint Technology) process was that the market for injected solid paint will expand dramatically into plastics painting technology. The process was demonstrated by Battenfeld at Interplas in 1993. Battenfeld is a member of the EPIC group, based at the University, which developed and is promoting the process. Details are given of papers presented. WARWICK,UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.504206

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

The coating is placed and retained in the mould space to occupy a defined area of the surface of the mould space, molten plastic is introduced into the mould space at a relatively low pressure and the plastics material is pressurised by gas injection.

Item 402 In Tune with the Newest Decorating Technologies. Retec proceedings. Nashville, Tn., 12th-13th Oct.1993, p.67-71. 8(11)34 IN-MOULD FINISHING Carpenter R W Windsor Plastics Inc. (SPE,Decorating Div.; SPE,Tennessee Valley Section) In-mould finishing techniques are discussed with particular reference to insert moulding, in-mould foiling, methods for accurate registering of foils to allow for application of patterns and graphics in specific areas, and use of unconventional materials. The lower emissions of volatile organic compounds from in-moulding finishing techniques are mentioned. USA

Accession no.503906 Item 403 In Tune with the Newest Decorating Technologies. Retec proceedings. Nashville, Tn., 12th-13th Oct.1993, p.41-6. 8(11)34 KURZ-HASTINGS IN-MOULD DECORATION Bomberger R Kurz-Hastings Inc. (SPE,Decorating Div.; SPE,Tennessee Valley Section) The in-mould decorating(IMD) process is described with reference to the sequence of the IMD process, the foil feed device, IMD foil, tooling for IMD, designing IMD parts and moulds, and the economics of the IMD process. USA

Accession no.503903 Item 404 In Tune with the Newest Decorating Technologies. Retec proceedings. Nashville, Tn., 12th-13th Oct.1993, p.13-21. 8(11)34 IN-MOULD DECORATING AND FINISHING PLASTIC PARTS WITH DRY PAINT FILM Ellison T M; Shimanski M A

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References and Abstracts

Rexham Corp. (SPE,Decorating Div.; SPE,Tennessee Valley Section) Dry paint film finishing, an environmentally friendly route to a durable Class A automotive finish, is discussed. It is shown that a PVDF-based paint film has the durability and chemical resistance currently associated with stateof-the-art automotive paint finishes and that these properties are obtained without the over-spray waste, solvent emission, mottle and orange peel effect typically associated with spray painting. These benefits are shown to be transferred to injection-moulded plastics during the moulding process. 14 refs.

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THERMOSET RECYCLING AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PROCESSING SYSTEMS Hartel J J Krauss-Maffei GmbH (SPI,Polyurethane Div.; SPI Canada Inc.; European Isocyanate Producers Assn.) Changes in techniques and equipment needed to process recycled PU or formulations containing recycled PU are described with emphasis on vehicle components, particularly RIM and SRIM. Details of in-mould coating technology for wheel covers is also given. 7 refs.

USA

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.503899

Accession no.502760

Item 405 Brookfield,Ct., 1993, pp.120. USD.50. 11ins. 26/1/94. 8(11)34 IN TUNE WITH THE NEWEST DECORATING TECHNOLOGIES. PROCEEDINGS OF A REGIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE HELD NASHVILLE, TN., 12TH-13TH OCT.1993 SPE,Decorating Div.; SPE,Tennessee Valley Section

Item 408 Plastiques Flash 28, No.265, Oct.1993, p.90-2 French PAINTING IN INJECTION MOULDING

This collection of seventeen papers gives consideration to aspects of technologies used in plastics decoration. Applications for such processes as in-mould decorating, screen printing, laser etching, and hot stamping are examined. Other papers focus on the theme of environmentally friendly alternatives for the decoration of plastics. USA

Accession no.503787 Item 406 9th Annual High Performance Blow Moulding Conference: A Glimpse of What is to Come in Blow Moulding. Conference Proceedings. Cherry Hill, NJ, 4th-6th Oct.1993, p.181-6. 832 SHUTTLE IML AND VALUE ADDED PACKAGING FOR THE 90’S Blucher T M Techne North America; Graham Engineering Corp. (SPE,Philadelphia Section; SPE,Blow Molding Div.) The failure to develop an IML system for double sided extrusion shuttle machines in the 1980s is discussed. The design criteria necessary for an IML machine with fast label placement time are outlined and the advent of a shuttle IML system with label placement of 0.8 of a second on bottles is reported. USA

An examination is made of the IPT (Injected Paint Technology) process developed by Evode Powder Coatings, Rover and Battenfeld for the in-mould painting of injection moulded plastics products, particularly automotive components. EVODE POWDER COATINGS LTD.; ROVER GROUP PLC; BATTENFELD GMBH; WARWICK,UNIVERSITY; DSM NV; CLEARPLAS LTD.; MOLDFLOW PTY.LTD. AUSTRALIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.502613 Item 409 Plastiques Flash 28, No.265, Oct.1993, p.34-6 French PLANT FOR IN-MOULD DECORATION Details are given of an in-mould decorating process used by French injection moulder Techpack-Yoshida Manufacturing, a joint venture between LIR and Yoshida of Japan. The process is used chiefly in the manufacture of plastics containers for the perfume and cosmetics market. TECHPACK-YOSHIDA MANUFACTURING; TECHPACK; YOSHIDA KOGYO KK; LIR; TELEPLASTIC INDUSTRIES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.503115

Accession no.502605

Item 407 Polyurethanes World Congress 1993. Conference Proceedings. Vancouver, B.C., 10th-13th Oct.1993, p.218-23. 43C6

Item 410 Kunststoff Journal 26, No.10, Oct.1992, p.22-3 German

98

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References and Abstracts

HIGH PROCESSING QUALITY OF PLASTIC BOTTLES WITH IN-MOULD LABELLING Battenfeld Fischer offers two methods of in-mould labelling: the label may be placed into the blow mould in the blowing position or in the parison die position. In the first method, the label cassettes are positioned above the blow mould. The labels are removed by vacuum grippers and transported into the opened mould, which is then brought into the parison die position. The second method, the insertion of the label into the mould in the parison die position, is more suited to one-station machines arranged at an angle, with the clamping units at right angles to the extruder axis between blowing station and parison die. BATTENFELD GMBH

DECORATING AND COATING OF PLASTICS Robinson P J International Automotive Design Edited by: Dolbey R (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Rapra Review Report No.65

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

An overview is presented on coating and decorating of plastics materials, which provides an insight into the processes, materials and technology used therefor. In particular, emphasis is given to the adhesion of coatings; pretreatment of polymer surfaces; painting plastic components; metallisation, printing and transfer decoration of plastics; and specialised coatings. 459 refs. This item is available only by purchase from Rapra Technology Ltd.

Accession no.502229

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 411 Modern Plastics International 24, No.1, Jan.1994, p.70 NEW SUPPLIER UNVEILS PRESSES FOR INMOULD DECORATED PARTS Another supplier of compression moulding equipment for in-mould fabric decoration, ‘3-D’ blow moulding equipment and multi-colour injection moulding machines is reported to have appeared in Japan. Up until now Takahashi Seiki has supplied custom-built machines mainly to Japan’s automotive industry. With the prolonged downturn in that industry, however, the company now also offers standard machines for sale worldwide. Details are given. TAKAHASHI SEIKI CO.; EXCELL CORP.; MES CORP. JAPAN; USA

Accession no.501880 Item 412 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 70, No.727, Nov.1993, p.54-6 French ROBOTS IN THE SERVICE OF IN-MOULD LABELLING Billo R Sytrama The advantages of using industrial robots for the positioning of labels in the in-mould labelling of plastics products are examined. Brief reference is made to robots produced by Sytrama of Italy. MARTIPLAST EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.501135 Item 413 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1993, pp.104. 12ins. 21/ 6/93. Rapra Review Rept.No.65, Vol.6, No.5, 1993. 6A3

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.501038 Item 414 Mogadore,Oh., 1993, pp.6. 12ins. 21/6/93. 627-87 GEN-GLAZE IN-MOLD COATINGS. CLASS A FINISHING SYSTEMS FOR REINFORCED PLASTIC SURFACES GenCorp Polymer Products Gen-Glaze in-mould coating products are described in terms of performance, properties and methods of use. The one-component products are described to enhance the surface of a reinforced plastic by providing a smooth, seated surface which can be readily painted. USA

Accession no.500948 Item 415 Kunststoff Journal 26, No.1, Feb.1992, p.16-8 German INJECTION MOULDING WITH SIMULTANEOUS DECORATION An in-mould process developed by Leonhard Kurz GmbH & Co. enables ready-decorated mouldings to be produced in one process from the injection moulding machine. This latest development in decoration technology by hot stamping depends on the high quality of the polyester film used. Hostaphan from Hoechst is used here. KURZ L.,GMBH & CO.; HOECHST AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.500942 Item 416 Kunststoff Journal 26, No.7/8, July/Aug.1992, p.16-7 German HOT-STAMPING METHOD AND IN-MOULD TECHNOLOGY FOR DECORATION OF ENGINEERING PLASTICS

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References and Abstracts

a weatherable, metallic pigmented PVC film are said to be combined in the mould to produce automotive components without the use of metal, glue or paint. It is also reported that Geon Co. is developing substrate materials for the process - flexible Fiberloc glassreinforced PVC compounds. GEON CO.

The in-mould process, i.e. injection moulding and decorating in one process, has economic advantages for one- or two-colour decoration on injection mouldings. e.g. in the automotive sector. In-mould films have been developed for PS, ABS, polycarbonate, modified PPO, polyamide 6, polyamide 6,6, polyphenylene ether, PBTP and polycarbonate/ABS. KURZ L.,GMBH & CO.

USA

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.498366

Accession no.500938 Item 417 Plastiques Flash 28, No.264, Aug/Sept.1993, p.72-4 French LIVING HINGE AND IN-MOULD LABELLING Details are given of a PP food packaging container produced by IPL of Canada using injection moulds developed by French mouldmaker Rouxel SA. The container and its lid are joined by an integral hinge, and PP labels are applied to both parts in the mould. The general mouldmaking activities of Rouxel are also described. ROUXEL SA; IPL INC. CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.498590

Item 420 Modern Plastics International 23, No.11, Nov.1993, p.27-8 ROVING HELPS PREVENT FIBRE READTHROUGH IN SMC PARTS Lindsay K F PPG Industries claims to have solved the problem of fibre readthrough in parts fabricated from SMC with a materials system that provides a Class A finish for painted automotive components without application of in-mould coating. Components of the system include a new type of roving from the Fiber Glass Products Group, and a primer from the Coatings & Resins Group that is applied to moulded parts in place of an in-mould coating. Details are given. PPG INDUSTRIES INC. USA

Accession no.498136 Item 418 Plastiques Flash 28, No.264, Aug/Sept.1993, p.28-32 French HEBERT: EXCLUSIVELY A MOULDER OF PACKAGING An account is given of the activities of Plastiques P. Hebert & Fils SA of France in the injection and blow moulding of plastics packaging containers. Machinery, in-mould labelling processes and handling systems used by the Company are described, and turnover and employment figures are presented. PLASTIQUES HEBERT P.,& FILS SA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.498586 Item 419 Plastics Technology 39, No.11, Oct.1993, p.25 IN-MOULD PROCESS IMPARTS METALLIC LOOK TO CAR BODY MOULDINGS Manolis Sherman L The development of new in-mould film lamination technology is discussed in some detail. It is reported that the technology has been developed by Geon Co. to imitate metallic paint on injection moulded PVC car body side mouldings. A new flexible reinforced PVC compound and

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Item 421 European Plastics News Nov.1993, German Plastics Supplement, p.17-8 PLASTICS MACHINERY DEVELOPMENTS AIM TO BEAT RECESSION Smith A The present problems of the German machinery manufacturers is looked at from a historical viewpoint. Currently there is a great deal of idle capacity at plastics processing plants and, therefore, the only way to sell new equipment is to offer novel and advanced technology. Krauss Maffei is offering new techniques including back injection for automotive and other decor panels, direct lamination of large surface mouldings, LSR injection moulding, in-mould coating and novel recycling methods for thermoplastics and PU materials. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.497214 Item 422 European Plastics News 20, No.9, Oct.1993, p.48 SEARCHING FOR THE PERFECT FINISH It is reported that in-mould decorating can cut production costs but that it also has environmental benefits and opens new opportunities for product differentiation. Three new

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

techniques from the University of Warwick’s Advanced Technology Centre, Engel and GE Plastics are described. WARWICK,UNIVERSITY; ENGEL L.,KG; GE PLASTICS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.495523 Item 423 Modern Plastics International 23, No.10, Oct.1993, p.32/6 GRAPHIC INSERT RESISTS WEAR AND SCRATCHING Leaversuch R D Rotationally moulded polyolefin parts have been limited in terms of their graphics capability because inks, paints and stick-on decals and labels generally adhere to them poorly. Molded-in Graphics Systems has developed a polymer insert that can be hand-applied in seconds between cycles. The insert sandwiches the design between inner and outer PE layers. During the heat cycle, the bottom of the insert adheres to the molten PE that forms the part, while the surface layer forms a protective cover. Graphics are resistant to removal and scratching. Products which have been made using this technology include playground climbing structures, kayaks, refuse bins and tractors. MOLDED-IN GRAPHICS SYSTEMS INC. USA

Accession no.495231 Item 424 Modern Plastics International 23, No.10, Oct.1993, p.21-4 COINJECTED POWDER, LIQUID COATINGS ADD CLASS-A FINISH Mapleston P Two recently introduced technologies for in-mould coating of automotive parts are outlined. One involves the coinjection moulding of proprietary powder coating materials with thermoplastic substrates. The second technique, developed by Sherwin-Williams, involves liquid coatings delivered by reaction injection moulding machines for thermoset and thermoplastic parts. The coinjection process is covered by patents held by Evode Powder Coatings, Rover’s Advanced Technology Centre and Battenfeld. BATTENFELD GMBH; EVODE POWDER COATINGS LTD.; KRAUSS-MAFFEI KUNSTSTOFFTECHNIK GMBH; SHERWINWILLIAMS CO. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.495227 Item 425 Reinforced Plastics

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

37, No.10, Oct.1993, p.4 COMPOSITE COVER PERFORMS BETTER General Motors has adopted the first injection compression moulded composite rocker cover for its 4.3 litre V-6 Vortec engine. The component is produced from Derakane epoxyvinyl ester resin from Dow Plastics. The rocker cover weighs less than the replaced stamped steel part and permits reduced part and assembly costs. The composite rocker cover has moulded-in colour and does not need painting. In-mould texturing of the component improves the appearance. There is far greater part-to-part consistency, the fit has been improved through the design of the cover and gasket flange, and noise has been measurably reduced. DOW PLASTICS; GENERAL MOTORS CORP. USA

Accession no.495144 Item 426 Plastics World 51, No.9, Sept.1993, p.12 MOULDING SUCCESS HAS PROCESSOR EXPANDING INTO MACHINE BUILDING Kirkland C The solution to a processing and production problem regarding Northern Telecom’s Vista lines of phones is described, as offered by custom moulder Alvo Industries, in its design and building of a cost-effective multimaterial/multi-colour moulding system. The phones included an ABS body and a faceplate in acrylic whose function was to hermetically seal acrylic LED lenses. The success of Alvo’s multi-material/multi-colour moulding machines has led to the company being a machine builder. The multi-moulding system is described and methods of production of the telephone. ALVO INDUSTRIES LTD. CANADA

Accession no.492379 Item 427 Plastics World 51, No.9, Sept.1993, p.11 FORD EYES BLOW MOULDED PVC SKIN FOR ARMREST New approaches in processing, design and formulations will boost the role of PVC in automotive applications, it is claimed by the newly formed Geon Co. The use of blow moulding for PVC armrests, recyclable body side mouldings made by an in-mould film transfer process, and a dashboard skin reformulation, are all discussed. GEON CO. USA

Accession no.492377 Item 428 Plastverarbeiter 44, No.7, 1993, p.70/6

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References and Abstracts

German SURFACE DECORATION OF INJECTED MOULDED PARTS: A COMPARISON OF COMPETITIVE PROCESSES Wank J In-mould decoration is a relatively young technology which is still undergoing considerable development. The process is discussed, and suitable applications are described. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.490206 Item 429 Urethanes Technology Aug/Sept.1993, p.31 URETHANES OFFER CLEARLY SUPERIOR COVER White E The benefits of PU coatings are discussed with examples of several products from a variety of companies. Emphasis is placed on automotive applications, mining and quarrying, pipelines and bridges. The companies involved include Bayer, BASF, Sherwin-Williams, Weilburger, Gliddon, Futura, Metrotect Specialist Coatings, Ameron and Deroe Coatings. BAYER AG; BASF CORP.; SHERWIN-WILLIAMS CO.; WEILBURGER (UK) LTD.; GLIDDEN CO.; FUTURA COATINGS INC.; METROTECT SPECIALIST COATINGS LTD.; AMERON PROTECTIVE COATINGS DIV.; DEROE COATINGS; MILES INC. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.489518 Item 430 SPI 47th Annual Conference. Conference Proceedings. Cincinnati, Oh., 3rd-6th Feb.1992, p.14-C/1-14-C/3. 627 NEW GENERATION IN-MOULD COATING HIGH PERFORMANCE IN-MOULD TOPCOAT FOR SMC SANITARYWARE Liang T M; Campbell C A Sherwin-Williams Co. (SPI,Composites Institute) The development of a high-performance coating system for SMC, which is applied by injection in-mould coating, is reported. The coating offers superior performance in gloss, hardness, stain, chemical and water resistance and is available in several custom pastel colours. With some modification to coating composition and equipment, it may be used for parts requiring good weatherability or for parts made by resin transfer moulding. USA

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Item 431 Plastics News(USA) 5, No.13, 24th May 1993, p.12 IN-MOLD GRAPHIC SYSTEMS CONTINUES EXPANSION Goldsberry C In-Mold Graphic Systems is reported to have just added office space, a conference centre and more research and development facilities only a year after moving into a new 24,000 sq.ft. facility. The company serves the rotational moulding industry, supplying moulded-in graphics. Some company information is presented. IN-MOLD GRAPHIC SYSTEMS USA

Accession no.485024 Item 432 Die Makromolekulare Chemie- Macromolecular symposia No.70/71, May 1993, p.245-54 PROCESSING-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS FOR POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE SHEET COMPOSITES Bigg D M Battelle Institute Glass mat thermoplastics were produced from PETP by both melt impregnation and slurry deposition. While both processes resulted in strong, impact resistant composites, the melt impregnated composites, which had longer fibres and higher fibre concentrations than the slurry formed composites, had better tensile and impact properties. Test samples had been cut from solid-state formed parts. This process gave much better impact properties than injection moulding. The exposed surfaces of the formed parts were not smooth and uniform. An in-mould coating based on reversible crosslinked isocyanate copolymers produced a durable Class A finish. Adhesion between the coating and the PETP composites was quite good. 11 refs. (Presented at IUPAC Macromol. Div., 34th Int. Symp. on Macromolecules, (MACRO 92), Prague, Czechoslovakia, 13th-18th July 1992). USA

Accession no.484544 Item 433 Composites Plastiques Renforces Fibres de Verre Textile 33, No.1, Jan/Feb.1993, p.55-7 French INJECTION UNITS FOR CONVENTIONAL AND HIGH PRESSURE IN-MOULD COATING De Martelaer G L Societe Rambure Machinery developed by Societe Rambure in collaboration with Morrell for the high pressure in-mould coating of composite parts is described.

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References and Abstracts

MORRELL CO.; SHERWIN-WILLIAMS CO.; SEVA; BECKER INDUSTRIES; MENZOLIT SARL

MORRELL CO.; SHERWIN-WILLIAMS CO.; SEVA; MENZOLIT SARL; BECKER INDUSTRIES

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.483602

Accession no.475579

Item 434 Modern Plastics International 23, No.6, June 1993, p.34 PROGRAM ALLOWS RAISED BOTTLE MOULD DECORATIONS Vallens A

Item 437 Modern Plastics International 23, No.4, April 1993, p.42-4 LOW-PRESSURE PROCESS SIMPLIFIES PART DECORATION Mapleston P

It is reported that container mould design can be generated easily by computer aided design software. Embellishing such moulds with raised decoration is more difficult. Depending on the intricacy of the pattern, it can take so long to programme a design with conventional software, that many processors find it faster to manually engrave a mould. Delcam International has developed a program for adding 3-D reliefs onto existing computer aided design/computer aided manufacture software models, designated ArtCam; details are given. DELCAM INTERNATIONAL

The ability to injection mould in one shot decorative parts that normally require several finishing steps is being advanced with low-pressure moulding. These processes, largely confined to the automotive sector, can produce parts decorated with textiles, leathercloth, velour or carpet. Several processors now make decorated parts using lowpressure moulding on machines with minor modifications to hydraulics and control software. Several machine makers have developed variants such as injectionstamping and cascade injection moulding, which overcome drawbacks of the process. These include problems with filling long, narrow parts, and weaknesses and blemishes along weld lines in multigated parts. Hybrid techniques such as injection-compression moulding and back-forming decorative materials using injection moulded preforms are also outlined.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.482038 Item 435 Modern Plastics International 23, No.5, May 1993, p.21-4 TECHNOLOGIES CONVERGE WITH INMOULD DECORATING Details are given of a new form of thermoforming, waterbased ink technology and high precision injection moulding technologies which have been combined to produce highly contoured parts with detailed surface decorative effects that are completely abrasion resistant. The technique is described, which makes use of in-mould decorating, using reverse printed film in polycarbonate or polycarbonate-based blends. Applications are currently in automotive parts, with prototypes being developed for electronic products and household appliances. BAYER AG; GE PLASTICS EUROPE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.478184 Item 436 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 69, No.718, Nov.1992, p.33-4 French IN-MOULD COATING PROCESS GAINS GROUND de Martelaer G L Societe Rambure Details are given of machinery developed by Societe Rambure and Morrell Co. for injection moulding and high pressure in-mould coating.

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

WORLD

Accession no.475399 Item 438 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 44,No.9,Nov.1992,p.39-40 French PAINT DEVELOPMENTS FOR BETTER RECYCLING Based mainly on the experience of Herberts, a survey is made of some ecological developments in automotive paints, including the replacement of toxic solvents and pigments, in-mould coating processes and powder and UV curing coatings. Details are also given of studies undertaken by Societe Francaise Hoechst on the recycling of painted PP bumpers. HERBERTS GMBH; HOECHST AG; SOCIETE FRANCAISE HOECHST SA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.474200 Item 439 Plastverarbeiter 43,No.6,June 1992,p.50/2 German DECORATING INDUSTRIAL COMPONENTS IN PLASTICS. THE IN-MOULD PROCESS AS AN ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVE

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The in-mould process offers considerable advantages for single or multi-colour decoration of injection mouldings, e.g. for the automotive industry, because the injection moulding and decorating are combined in one operation. Also, no volatile compounds are released. This process is cost effective and is almost universally applicable, so considerable increase in its market share is predicted. Some applications are illustrated. KURZ KUNSTSTOFFE GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.472784 Item 440 Kunststoffberater 36,No.9,Sept.1991,p.42-46 German SIMULTANEOUS INJECTION MOULDING OF SEVERAL THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS Hagen R EMS Chemie AG (Paper presented at ‘Praxis-Forum 7’ of Deutsche Kunststoff-Finish). The simultaneous injection moulding of two or more thermoplastic materials is described, enabling, for example, components to be moulded with a skin of one material and a core (which can be foamed) of another. Possible combinations of materials are suggested. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.472527 Item 441 Blow Moulding Growth in Today’s Environment: 8th Annual High Performance Blow Moulding Conference. Conference Proceedings. Itasca,Il.,22nd-23rd Sept.1992,p.175-9. 832 GROWTH OF IN-MOULD LABELLING INTO NEW MARKETS Morrissey K Avery Denison Ltd. (SPE,Blow Molding Div.; SPE,Chicago Section) Developments in the in-mould labelling of blow moulded plastics bottles are reviewed. Labelling techniques developed by Owens-Brockway and Avery Denison are described. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO.; OWENS-ILLINOIS INC.; OWENS-BROCKWAY PLASTIC BOTTLES; BATTENFELD FISCHER BLOW MOLDING MACHINES INC.; BEKUM PLASTICS MACHINERY INC. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.471861 Item 442 Kunststoffe German Plastics 82,No.12,No.12,Dec.1992,p.6-9 QUALITY-ASSURED INJECTION MOULDING

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Michaeli W; Breuer P; Hohenauer K; von Oepen R; Philipp M; Poetsch G; Recker H; Robers T; Vaculik R A quality control system, based on a statistical process model, is described for following up machine settings connected with a quality characteristic in such a way that, even if disturbing factors are present, the target quality can be reestablished and retained. Its application to the quality assured injection moulding of an ABS slide puzzle, using, as the relevant quality characteristic, surface gloss, is demonstrated. Every finished puzzle is automatically bar-coded during laser decoration while still in the mould. This, in association with a databank system, allows for complete documentation of production conditions and product history. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.471352 Item 443 Paper, Film & Foil Converter 66,No.12,Dec.1992,p.54/6 INDUSTRY LEADERS EXAMINE IN-MOULD LABEL OPPORTUNITIES Miller M E This comprehensive article examines the opportunities for the US in-mould label industry. Niche market opportunities are being led by environmental concerns, shorter runs, material developments and increased European interest, especially in France and Germany. The article supplies full details of the processes involved, the markets and investment necessary in research and development in processes and materials. A discussion on the use of solventborne and water-borne adhesives in the industry is included. USA

Accession no.470144 Item 444 Plastics World 51,No.1,Jan.1993,p.11 DETROIT IN BIG SHIFT TO MOULDED-IN COLOUR Miller B It is claimed that there is a large-scale shift from painting to internal colouring of automotive ABS trim taking place and that no more than half of such parts will be painted by the end of the decade. Monsanto has confirmed that its continuous-mass ABS polymerisation capacity has doubled with the recent start-up of an 80 million-lb expansion at its Addyston plant. More than half of Monsanto’s Lustran ABS capacity is now continuousmass. It is claimed that continuous-mass ABS offers particular advantages for internal colouring over the suspension and bulk-emulsion resins, including highly consistent melt flow and less colour. MONSANTO PLASTICS & RESINS CO. USA

Accession no.469885

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References and Abstracts

Item 445 Reinforced Plastics 37,No.1,Jan.1993,p.46-8 WEATHERING THE HEIGHTS WITH GEL COAT Arment D Cray Valley Ltd. This article discusses how gel coats may weather, weathering tests, fabrication, maintenance and trends in new coatings with enhanced weathering characteristics. There are basically two effects that the elements will have on a gel coat, chalking and colour change. A study in the US revealed that the majority of work done on FRP boats was buffing and polishing to restore the gloss of the finish dulled by chalking. A laboratory development project has resulted in a new product which has been on sale in America for a few months. Called Armorcote, this inmould coating shows superior weathering properties to gel coats now on the market. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.468239 Item 446 PV International Plastics Magazine Oct.1992,p.21-2 IN-MOULD PROCESS AS AN ECONOMICAL ALTERNATIVE A description of the in-mould decoration process, its advantages and applications, are given. The process is a synthesis of injection moulding and hot-stamping, whereby the moulding and decoration take place in one operation. In addition, no volatile material is released, making the process environmentally friendly. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.467131 Item 447 Polimery Tworzywa Wielkoczasteczkowe 37,No.9,1992,p.418-20 Polish INJECTION MOULDING OF DECORATIVE ARTICLES Zenkiewicz M Metalchem A new method of manufacturing polymeric parts, called injection moulding of decorative articles, is presented. In this method it is possible in a single injection moulding operation to join the decorative material forming the surface layer of the article with its polymeric core. A characteristic feature of the method is the reduction or elimination of the compression and clamp phase during injection. Accurate control of the moulding parameters (injection temperature, pressure and time) as well as an appropriate design of the mould are required. 2 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Polymer Science and Technology. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.466043 Item 448 Packaging Week 8,No.24,18th Nov.1992,p.16 K’92-DUESSELDORF. THE BIGGEST PLASTICS SHOW ON EARTH Some of the exhibits on display at K’92 are highlighted. These include high-clarity PP, a foamed cushioning packaging material made from Novon biodegradable starch, various new machines, including a 6-mould rotating wheel blowing/moulding machine, and in-mould labelling with pearlised PP. GERMANY

Accession no.462044 Item 449 Plastics World 50,No.12,Nov.1992,p.12 SAVE MONEY BY MOULDING, PAINTING AT SAME TIME Miller B Romeo RIM recently installed an in-mould painting system in its custom reaction injection moulding plant. The equipment enables the company to combine painting with reaction injection moulding and obtain a ready-topack, finished part with each cycle of the moulding press. The two-component PU paint employed, Rimbond from Glidden, is designed specifically for reaction injection moulded parts; details are given. GLIDDEN CO.; KRAUSS-MAFFEI AG; ROMEORIM INC. USA

Accession no.462003 Item 450 Composites Plastiques Renforces Fibres de Verre Textile 32,No.2,March/April 1992,p.106-9 HIGH PRESSURE IN-MOULD COATING PAINTS Coissac J C BECKER INDUSTRIE (In French and English). Details are given of the IMC HPIP process for the high pressure in-mould coating of composite components. The process, developed by Sherwin Williams and licenced by Becker Industrie, uses unsaturated polyester or PU paints, depending on the mould temperature. MENZOLIT GMBH; SEVA; SHERWIN WILLIAMS CO. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

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Item 451 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 69,No.713,April 1992,p.65-7 French HIGH PRESSURE IMC: PRINCIPLE AND APPLICATIONS Coissac J C BECKER INDUSTRIES A description is given of the IMC HPIP process, developed by Sherwin Williams and licenced by Becker Industrie, for the high pressure in-mould coating of SMC components. The coating is injected under high pressure without opening the mould and before complete polymerisation of the SMC. Advances over the conventional process include the avoidance of air entrapment in the mould, reduction of cycle times and improved uniformity of coating thickness. MENZOLIT GMBH; SEVA; SHERWIN WILLIAMS CO. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.457314 Item 452 Composites Plastiques Renforces Fibres de Verre Textile 32,No.2,March/April 1992,p.96-101 OPERATION IN A PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT OF MCP/FCP LOIRE PRESSES FOR THE MOULDING OF COMPOSITES Fricaud A ACB LOIRE; GEC ALSTHOM (In French and English). Operating features of ACB Loire’s MCP/FCP vertical presses for composites moulding are described. Processing techniques covered include compression, injection, injection-compression and extrusion moulding, all with or without in-mould coating. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.457288 Item 453 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1445,25th July 1992,p.7 BACKWAY INTO DECORATION INJECTS TIME, SAVINGS Krauss-Maffei has developed a method of in-mould decoration, called Back Injection of Decormaterial, which is a cross between injection moulding and lamination. The process involves producing a blank of the decor material, inserting it into the injection moulding tool, injecting the plastics behind the laminate, demoulding and trimming. The process uses a low-pressure, injection moulding process, which allows the plastic melt to flow into the cavity at reduced pressure, filling purely volumetrically. KRAUSS-MAFFEI AG GERMANY

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Item 454 British Plastics and Rubber Aug.1992,p.1214 TEXTILE INSERT MOULDING A summary is presented on the state-of-the-art with respect to textile insert moulding. Information is based on papers from Krauss-Maffei and Mannesmann Demag in which the process is referred to as In-Mould Surface Decoration and Back Injection of Decorative Materials. Details are given of the moulding process, the materials used, fundamental processing changes, including reduced melt temperature and injection pressure, and tooling. ENGEL GMBH; KRAUSS-MAFFEI GMBH; MANNESMANN DEMAG GERMANY

Accession no.455471 Item 455 Urethanes Technology April/May 1992,p.13 KEMIRA RENAMES UK UNITS Kemira Polymers and Kemira Coatings are, respectively, the new names of the previous Macpherson Polymers, the PU systems and plastics additives unit at Stockport, UK, and Macpherson Coatings, which makes speciality coatings including PU-based systems for in-mould coating of Rimbond plastic components. The background and business activities of Kemira and its subsidiaries are described. KEMIRA OY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.453579 Item 456 Plastics News International April 1992,p.20/2 JUST THE RIGHT CONTACT A rotary light switch for the VW Golf III is being injection moulded on a machine supplied by Battenfeld. The polycarbonate screen-printed film is integrally moulded with the switch housing, made from glass-reinforced polyamide, in the injection moulding machine. A detailed description of the complex process is given. A second injection moulding machine from Battenfeld is being used by TRW Messmer for the manufacture of interior baseplates for encapsulated multipole connectors. TRW MESSMER GERMANY

Accession no.453057 Item 457 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1440,20th June 1992,p.8-9 MACHINERY MAKERS CHASE ATTRACTIONS OF PETP MARKET

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Machinery developments for packaging applications on show at Pakex are outlined. The chief trend was the introduction of more versatile equipment for PETP bottle production. An automatic roll fed vacuum forming machine for the production of compartmented menu trays in PVC and APET was displayed. Bagmaking machines and an in-mould labelling process for PP injection moulded containers were also exhibited. WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.452204 Item 458 Plastics Technology 38,No.5,May 1992,p.23 IN-MOULD COATINGS ADVANCE ON MANY FRONTS Naitove M H;Gabriele M C Sherwin-Williams has introduced a one-component topcoating system for thermoset polyester SMC compression moulding. The new in-mould topcoats are non-automotive, polyester-based and eliminate the need for priming. The company is also pursuing new markets for its one-component systems in thermoset RTM and is continuing work on a two-component, PU-based in-mould coating for injection moulded thermoplastic components. SHERWIN-WILLIAMS CO. USA

Accession no.452046 Item 459 Pitture e Vernici 68,No.1,Jan.1992,p.15-22 OVERVIEW OF THE POWDER COATINGS MARKET WORLDWIDE Maggiore G HOECHST ITALIA SPA (In English, French and Italian). A survey is made of the world powder coatings market, and statistics are presented for world production and for production, consumption and markets in Europe, the USA and Japan. Technological developments aimed at extending the use of powder coatings are also reviewed. These include thickness reduction, faster cure rates, the use of other curing agents in place of triglycidyl isocyanurate, general quality improvements, and products for non-conductive substrates and car bodies. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; JAPAN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

One of the causes of scrap production is the secondary decoration process. Reducing this failure rate is one of the reasons behind the growth of processes for producing finished components from the mould. The most widely recognised method of applying a defined printed image in the mould is the in-mould foiling process, with the image being supplied on a continuous printed carrier film. In-mould labelling is being increasingly used to label blow moulded bottles, and pick and place robots are being promoted for this process. A similar technique, the Skinline process sold by Engel, uses foil technology and is strictly for higher value components. ENGEL; KURZ L.; SYTRAMA SRL WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.446313 Item 461 British Plastics and Rubber No.3,March 1992,p.13 AUTOMATIC MOULDING OVER FILM INSERTS A moulding cell based on a Battenfeld insert moulding machine, a twin-head robot and an insert storage system, is being used with thermoformed film inserts to make a multi-purpose lighting switch housing for the VW Golf III. The installation is at TRW Messmer in Germany. The thermoformed film insert is made from polycarbonate and is screenprinted by an external supplier. The housing is made from glass-reinforced nylon. TRW MESSMER GERMANY

Accession no.446234 Item 462 Eureka 12,No.2,Feb.1992,p.31-2 PLASTIC PANELS ARE COATED IN MOULD Barrett J Advantages and applications of high-pressure in-mould coating (HPIMC) technology are discussed in some detail. Applications are reported to include the priming of thermoset body panels on GM’s new plastic bodied ‘passenger carrier’, coating of baths and sanitaryware, and the application of EMI/RFI shielding layers for moulded electronics housings. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.; SHERWINWILLIAMS CO. USA

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Accession no.445505

Item 460 British Plastics and Rubber No.3,March 1992,p.15 IN-MOULD DECORATION TAKES ON NEW FORMS

Item 463 Macplas International Nov.1990,p.97-8 IN-MOULD COATING FOR STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES

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References and Abstracts

Signorelli E DSM ITALIA SRL The in-mould coating of SMC, BMC and KMC reinforced thermosets is discussed. The process consists of injecting the coating material into a closed compression mould containing the partially polymerised composite following by further pressurisation and curing. The High Pressure Injection system is compared to more conventional systems. The use of electrostatic powder coating is also described. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.420466 Item 464 Composite Polymers 2,No.4,1989,p.335-52 ON-LINE PAINTING OF IN-MOULD COATED SMC PARTS IN THE AUTOMOBILE AND TRUCK INDUSTRY Liebold R FIORON WOLFGANG MELLERT GMBH The use of in-mould coating of automotive components made from SMC, which avoids the use of defects, such as voids, craters and pores particularly in top coats, is discussed. Attention is paid to paint material and press developments, compression mould design and metering units for spraying on the in-mould coating. Application of the in-mould coating technology to the manufacture of a BMW tail-gate and the bonnet of a driver’s cab is described. 14 refs. WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.396706 Item 465 Packaging Week 4,No.43,8th March 1989,p.15 PEER GROUP A report is presented on Peerless Plastics Packaging, a firm whose strong commitment to technical innovation, specifically in the area of in-mould labelling, has kept it consistently ahead in the packaging field. The company has recently put into production a new system, called Rollodec, which has successfully solved the problem of robotically handling larger areas of thin film, thereby enabling labels to be fed automatically into an injection moulding machine from a preprinted reel. The process is currently being used in the production of oriented PP biscuit containers with labels made from 30 micron metallised film. PEERLESS PLASTIC PACKAGING LTD. UK

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© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

Subject Index A ABRASION RESISTANCE, 13 46 49 51 70 109 130 142 158 183 187 189 195 204 206 228 235 301 306 317 337 413 435 ACCELERATOR PEDAL, 68 ACCURACY, 130 296 ACID ETCHING, 279 ACRYLIC, 54 56 95 113 117 132 181 188 189 216 221 235 253 301 315 316 426 459 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENESTYRENE, 15 20 36 38 70 73 74 79 80 85 100 101 120 129 132 133 150 161 162 164 172 188 189 195 199 218 229 237 241 245 251 253 269 272 280 295 301 307 308 310 311 316 317 318 356 378 416 418 424 426 437 438 439 440 442 444 446 454 ACRYLONITRILE-STYRENEACRYLATE TERPOLYMER, 101 132 161 181 188 189 195 253 272 ADDED VALUE, 20 71 83 ADDITIVE, 5 65 67 129 135 146 172 180 182 229 240 262 345 438 450 451 459 ADHESION, 2 13 31 67 113 116 118 159 164 180 181 184 188 209 226 228 229 237 242 253 272 274 276 279 307 319 366 372 378 379 396 413 424 432 438 458 ADHESION PROMOTER, 162 182 346 ADHESION PROMOTION, 77 180 229 ADHESIVE, 22 23 118 163 164 201 221 226 239 280 283 284 295 302 304 311 326 366 443 ADHESIVE FILM, 133 ADHESIVE LABEL, 201 292 296 ADHESIVE STRIP, 198 AESTHETIC, 85 228 232 252 280 AGRICULTURAL APPLICATION, 84 AIRBAG, 231 334 359 AIRCRAFT, 169 ALUMINIUM, 5 105 229 279 ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT, 11 130 256 307 316 418

ANNEALING, 201 ANTENNA, 34 ANTI-SOILING PROPERTIES, 104 ANTISTATIC, 139 159 201 307 APPEARANCE, 6 7 54 67 141 236 290 APPLIQUE, 157 325 ARM REST, 269 427 ART, 55 ARTIFICIAL STONE, 102 ASSEMBLY, 7 34 103 116 136 217 285 326 356 AUDIO CASSETTE, 371 AUDIO EQUIPMENT, 307 408 AUTOMATION, 1 3 11 34 38 39 74 83 85 91 92 96 100 101 106 122 130 136 150 163 177 178 186 191 215 217 223 224 229 232 240 241 246 250 256 264 288 296 298 300 308 316 329 348 356 370 376 378 381 389 409 412 417 418 433 435 436 452 456 461 465 AWARD, 88 105 227 273 329

B BACK COMPRESSION MOULDING, 26 42 202 252 BACK INJECTION MOULDING, 26 42 85 164 187 188 252 295 298 300 302 310 BACKMOULDING, 17 126 158 161 195 272 305 356 BACKREST, 252 BADGE, 288 BAG, 15 457 BAKING, 319 BAR CODE, 229 240 361 423 442 BARREL, 38 356 368 BARRIER COATING, 320 353 BARRIER LAYER, 377 BARRIER PACKAGING, 232 BARRIER PROPERTIES, 144 232 354 391 BASECOAT, 117 165 189 228 BATHROOM FITTING, 131 317 372 BATTERY CASE, 73 BELT, 34 BEVERAGE, 179 BIAXIAL ORIENTATION, 39 144 160 336

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

BINDER, 31 101 221 239 242 367 395 BLANK, 302 397 454 BLEND, 5 15 20 32 33 45 56 70 72 73 74 80 101 117 119 132 152 161 162 164 172 173 181 188 189 190 195 199 206 220 230 237 247 248 251 253 272 308 310 318 319 356 378 385 387 396 435 437 438 439 BLOW MOULD, 345 370 412 418 441 448 457 BLOW MOULDING, 19 64 123 138 145 174 179 185 186 201 210 215 222 226 229 239 258 267 291 292 296 318 338 342 349 356 364 381 410 411 427 434 457 BLOW MOULDING MACHINE, 174 179 294 341 342 350 374 BOAT, 264 320 353 445 BODY PANEL, 5 8 10 18 61 62 64 72 75 105 116 132 150 161 181 188 195 218 247 248 251 253 295 300 301 302 318 329 356 372 378 379 424 BONDABILITY, 190 320 BONDING, 46 88 131 163 223 239 269 272 291 296 326 383 426 437 453 454 BOTTLE, 44 172 174 179 186 201 215 220 222 224 229 267 280 294 296 345 349 370 374 391 406 410 411 434 441 457 460 BOX, 72 131 417 418 465 BRAILLE, 365 BRIDGE, 13 BUILDING APPLICATION, 95 102 113 129 253 315 335 372 458 BULK COLOUR, 15 172 229 BULK MOULDING COMPOUND, 115 131 162 315 368 372 382 433 436 450 451 452 463 BUMPER, 5 20 57 60 61 64 66 67 77 110 111 112 162 164 181 188 230 233 248 268 269 298 301 318 353 356 359 378 389 396 438 BUSINESS MACHINE, 190 235 250 BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, 172

109

Subject Index

C CALENDERING, 37 57 229 421 CAN COATING, 113 CAP, 80 164 CAPSTOCK, 61 72 253 CAPTIVE MOULDING, 318 CAR, 5 60 62 100 129 152 180 217 218 228 237 241 280 307 334 367 372 382 388 389 408 417 438 450 451 452 459 CARBON BLACK, 229 242 CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 62 291 CARBON FIBRIL, 72 CARPET, 20 291 CARRIER FILM, 164 189 446 460 CASING, 15 408 456 461 462 CASSETTE, 15 CAST FILM, 116 CASTING, 6 CAVITATION, 319 CAVITY, 54 79 236 CAVITY PRESSURE, 100 269 CELLULAR MATERIAL, 4 7 17 21 22 46 49 50 51 57 69 79 83 90 94 100 101 118 137 145 155 172 206 220 240 261 263 264 267 351 448 454 CELLULAR PHONE, 183 215 CELLULOSE, 185 354 391 CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE, 142 CERAMIC, 6 83 235 306 CERTIFICATION, 15 172 251 285 417 418 CHAIR, 252 CHASSIS, 334 CHEMICAL ETCHING, 279 324 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, 9 38 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 23 93 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 2 32 33 61 70 75 111 128 130 131 133 158 165 183 204 228 235 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 2 32 33 61 70 75 111 128 130 131 133 158 165 183 204 228 235 292 295 300 302 315 316 367 404 430 CHIP RESISTANCE, 164 165 262 295 300 302 CHROME PLATING, 180 CLADDING, 301 335 359 CLAMP, 82 87 208 216 362 410 CLAMP FORCE, 5 11 15 62 74 78 83 85 96 100 106 137 140 164 183 189 217 223 240 245 252

110

265 272 288 295 300 302 307 329 336 388 389 417 421 437 CLAMPING UNIT, 38 42 100 117 127 217 307 348 350 CLARITY, 182 235 340 394 448 CLASS A FINISH, 217 CLEAN ROOM, 11 12 130 187 217 240 409 CLEANING, 180 271 433 CLEARCOAT, 113 117 132 165 181 CLOSED LOOP CONTROL, 83 189 217 240 246 295 300 374 CLOSED MOULD, 348 353 450 451 CLOTHING, 341 CO-INJECTION MOULDING, 4 14 73 127 156 223 238 240 255 265 343 CO-MOULDING, 86 COATED FABRIC, 100 249 COATED FILM, 95 158 221 300 COATED PAPER, 239 292 COATED PLASTIC, 20 COATING, 2 8 13 21 23 27 28 29 30 35 37 41 48 49 50 51 58 72 73 77 78 79 88 98 99 100 102 111 112 113 114 115 117 119 131 132 134 139 142 147 157 161 162 165 180 181 183 187 189 196 204 206 207 217 218 221 226 228 229 235 244 249 262 270 271 274 275 276 284 287 297 301 306 307 319 320 325 334 337 344 358 360 366 367 372 382 383 389 391 392 394 396 398 399 404 405 408 413 414 424 429 432 433 436 438 449 450 451 455 458 459 462 COCKPIT, 18 251 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION, 67 216 COEXTRUSION, 12 19 67 101 132 161 174 181 186 188 189 195 218 253 294 295 318 342 354 374 381 COHESION, 59 319 COIL COATING, 113 459 COINJECTION, 17 86 268 318 356 368 386 424 COINJECTION MOULDING, 4 14 73 127 156 223 238 240 255 259 265 313 343 389 408 COLD FORM, 272 280 COLD MOULD, 55 COLD RUNNER, 83 COLOUR, 7 15 48 52 65 67 75 94

100 102 105 119 141 172 175 219 225 228 242 253 268 307 327 365 367 394 397 405 408 417 423 430 439 COLOUR CHANGE, 281 445 459 COLOUR CHANGING, 100 113 186 307 378 COLOUR CONCENTRATE, 132 172 COLOUR MATCHING, 36 77 162 181 214 253 300 301 302 341 353 368 426 COLOUR PRINTING, 314 COLOUR RETENTION, 32 33 51 161 253 COLOUR STABILITY, 113 335 COLOUR TONE, 47 COLOURABILITY, 45 190 COLOURANT, 47 109 125 129 229 242 325 356 368 COLOURED, 189 315 317 COLOURING, 60 66 172 229 240 361 367 380 418 COMPACT DISC, 15 217 235 COMPATIBILISATION, 147 COMPATIBILISER, 14 156 COMPATIBILITY, 14 75 101 113 161 176 315 319 COMPOSITE, 8 10 12 37 49 62 64 94 95 101 102 105 112 115 117 118 121 131 134 139 142 143 161 171 182 184 195 206 207 210 211 229 242 247 248 251 262 272 275 276 278 281 284 286 291 297 299 311 315 320 334 335 336 346 353 356 358 359 368 372 382 383 384 397 407 413 414 419 420 425 430 432 433 436 445 450 451 452 456 458 459 461 462 463 464 COMPRESSION MOULD, 319 450 452 464 COMPRESSION MOULDING, 4 7 12 26 35 42 46 57 58 100 101 112 115 117 121 122 127 131 137 143 149 186 189 192 200 202 217 223 238 245 252 261 269 286 291 297 312 356 368 395 407 411 458 463 COMPUTER, 235 250 307 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN, 77 103 112 147 228 240 241 291 390 395 417 COMPUTER CONTROL, 1 38 83 191 217 240 250 264 296 300 307 325 336 342 370 382 389 412 433 436 452 COMPUTER MOUSE, 190

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

CONDUCTIVE COATING, 131 139 262 378 405 CONNECTOR, 18 456 CONSUMPTION, 20 38 85 113 165 235 251 253 284 285 359 459 CONTAINER, 7 11 15 19 39 90 96 100 106 170 174 186 201 210 226 227 229 232 239 294 330 355 364 376 412 417 418 441 443 465 CONTROL EQUIPMENT, 1 25 83 178 217 246 256 298 305 307 316 318 336 348 350 351 370 374 381 382 389 392 395 412 421 426 433 436 447 452 457 CONVERTING, 63 112 226 273 443 COOKER, 308 COOLANT, 377 COOLING, 67 100 215 217 225 240 243 252 271 300 319 345 348 370 388 COPOLYESTER, 239 CORE, 160 188 223 240 268 359 440 CORE-SHELL, 239 CORONA TREATMENT, 144 180 229 CORROSION RESISTANCE, 13 165 180 COSMETICS, 100 180 191 228 280 341 409 417 439 441 COST, 2 6 7 13 34 36 39 40 46 47 60 64 67 69 70 72 79 88 101 104 105 110 125 127 134 136 141 150 152 165 170 173 179 183 188 189 190 217 224 226 228 232 241 251 252 253 255 264 268 269 272 278 280 282 284 291 292 296 307 310 313 314 316 317 318 322 328 329 340 348 349 353 356 359 366 367 368 369 370 372 378 385 386 390 396 399 403 408 412 417 424 425 428 437 439 COUNTERFLOW INJECTION MOULDING, 238 COVER, 155 234 CRACK RESISTANCE, 281 335 CRANKCASE, 33 CRATE, 97 CREDIT CARD, 100 217 CURING, 2 13 16 27 35 49 50 98 99 113 114 131 142 180 262 281 320 344 348 365 367 368 372 405 408 438 450 451 458 459

CURING AGENT, 113 182 450 451 459 CUSTOM MOULDING, 16 94 285 426 CUTTING, 2 103 208 217 224 239 395 CYCLE TIME, 1 11 35 51 54 74 83 96 100 127 130 134 150 183 186 189 217 224 232 235 240 251 262 265 269 272 280 298 300 320 348 349 351 368 370 372 378 382 396 408 412 417 424 427 437 441 450 451 452

D DASHBOARD, 51 126 211 241 251 280 334 340 427 DAYLIGHT MOULD, 90 DECAL, 157 DECORATIVE COATING, 28 29 30 405 DECORATIVE TRIM, 241 291 DEFECT, 100 279 307 345 367 372 412 464 DEFLASHING, 186 DEFORMATION, 59 212 221 438 DEFORMATION TEMPERATURE, 131 181 DELAMINATION, 262 319 DEMAND, 2 6 13 20 54 61 73 94 132 235 236 253 293 349 359 423 443 DEMOULDING, 11 100 217 243 252 257 300 320 388 452 DENSITY, 5 49 50 172 253 291 320 348 453 DEPOSITION, 229 235 DESIGN, 2 5 6 36 38 54 60 64 66 73 84 86 88 103 141 151 168 170 174 178 184 194 199 202 219 225 228 234 240 241 250 251 252 256 262 280 289 303 306 312 325 326 340 361 403 426 427 434 DEVELOPMENT, 4 6 7 13 20 34 60 61 66 67 68 70 71 74 80 88 89 94 104 112 147 158 165 170 181 183 188 189 190 192 195 204 235 241 251 281 284 299 312 386 430 464 DIE, 6 99 117 316 410 DIE CUTTING, 226 296 316 369 DIFFUSION, 325 DIGITAL VIDEO DISC, 15 127 235 DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 77 108 181 201 211 251

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCE, 348 DIPPING, 2 271 358 DIRECT COMPOUNDING INJECTION MOULDING, 38 DIRT REPELLENT, 104 DISC, 15 212 217 235 DISCOLOURATION, 315 DISPENSER, 21 138 384 418 DISTINCTION OF IMAGE, 164 301 DISTORTION, 2 54 DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 9 13 33 95 129 133 141 158 180 183 199 203 204 215 228 250 308 341 372 435 440 DOOR, 7 251 309 DOOR PANEL, 101 291 356 377 DOOR SILL, 21 DOUBLE WALLED, 264 348 DOUBLE-SIDED, 370 DOWNTIME, 370 DRAW RATIO, 158 181 183 189 204 295 DRY PAINT FILM, 132 164 269 301 321 380 404 DRYING, 2 180 240 271 418 438 DUAL HARDNESS, 73 356 DUAL INJECTION MOULDING, 4 14 73 127 156 223 238 240 255 259 DUPLEX MOULDING, 38 DURABILITY, 13 67 105 131 132 141 165 170 187 225 296 300 301 329 335 337 353 372 404 DUST, 100 101 DWELL TIME, 65 DYE, 247 327 380

E ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 2 6 13 15 20 38 54 60 61 63 68 73 85 89 94 101 113 132 147 155 165 172 175 179 213 217 220 226 235 236 237 241 251 253 273 284 285 333 349 403 421 439 459 EJECTION, 183 216 217 EJECTOR, 100 217 388 ELASTOMER, 5 7 17 38 40 49 52 57 59 64 67 73 86 87 94 108 109 110 111 112 118 119 124 128 166 171 172 180 190 201 206 208 210 217 229 230 257 260 263 269 270 275 283 284 293 319 327 333 334 356 359 360 378 383 384 386 407

111

Subject Index

ELECTRIC MOTOR, 38 83 91 136 ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 15 100 136 180 280 285 314 440 456 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, 93 119 242 438 ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR, 18 ELECTRICAL SWITCH, 461 ELECTRODEPOSITION, 165 229 ELECTROEROSION, 279 417 ELECTROLYTIC PLATING, 180 229 ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELD, 139 328 462 ELECTRON BEAM CURING, 226 385 ELECTRONIC APPLICATION, 9 15 20 33 38 65 68 76 93 141 204 209 212 228 251 285 307 316 328 359 362 408 417 462 ELECTROPLATING, 157 ELECTROSTATIC, 88 131 159 215 258 314 317 ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE, 106 159 243 ELECTROSTATIC COATING, 72 119 180 229 438 463 ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING, 113 180 368 378 ELONGATION, 49 51 114 281 302 345 ELONGATION AT BREAK, 22 46 335 EMBOSSING, 93 104 212 231 365 EMISSION, 2 5 13 88 307 367 372 378 398 402 ENCAPSULATION, 16 456 ENERGY ABSORPTION, 20 251 284 291 310 359 438 ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 5 62 217 284 308 372 391 ENGINE, 20 112 251 254 ENGINEERING APPLICATION, 36 38 100 180 190 229 240 252 253 268 285 295 359 416 438 ENGINEERING PLASTIC, 20 36 38 64 72 77 100 180 190 229 240 251 252 253 268 284 285 295 359 416 438 ENGRAVING, 6 28 232 279 ENVIRONMENT, 5 112 147 180 233 307 321 334 372 400 402 404 405 438 443 446 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 38 98 220 237 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION, 13 38 79 ENVIRONMENTAL

112

PROTECTION, 64 113 162 271 354 377 396 439 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY, 79 152 159 271 EPOXY RESIN, 79 94 113 131 320 356 365 425 459 EQUIPMENT, 2 13 49 103 151 174 192 194 213 222 236 256 271 349 376 393 403 405 ERGONOMIC, 5 83 ETCHING, 6 157 279 357 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 319 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENEDIENE TERPOLYMER, 67 162 378 438 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, 348 ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER, 268 359 EXTRUDER, 329 356 368 374 389 410 EXTRUSION, 15 22 33 58 61 95 104 152 172 179 186 226 229 256 321 345 349 374 394 438 441 EXTRUSION BLOW MOULD, 370 412 418 441 EXTRUSION BLOW MOULDING, 179 186 226 294 381 406 EXTRUSION MOULDING, 452

F FABRIC, 25 55 68 94 100 117 134 137 238 240 241 249 252 291 388 389 437 FADING, 253 FAILURE, 59 319 FASCIA, 45 57 58 77 89 110 111 188 251 301 318 334 FEEDER, 100 232 246 307 FEEDING, 2 11 100 232 240 296 307 348 369 433 FIBRE, 20 101 121 123 134 206 239 272 310 336 341 345 378 FIBRE OPTIC, 250 FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 35 62 121 270 276 FILLED, 190 310 FILLER, 5 117 135 146 229 276 346 FILM, 2 5 7 13 15 19 30 31 33 54 58 63 70 71 72 75 80 81 89 95 98 100 104 114 116 117 126 129 130 131 132 133 136 141 144 148 149 150 152 158 160

161 173 175 177 180 181 183 185 187 189 194 195 196 199 200 204 206 208 209 212 217 218 219 221 226 228 229 232 253 260 262 266 272 273 277 279 280 287 288 292 295 296 298 302 305 306 314 330 331 336 338 352 356 361 362 363 368 369 376 378 380 391 394 404 405 409 412 415 416 418 419 435 437 439 441 443 456 457 461 FINISHING, 13 49 79 88 92 132 164 174 217 236 245 269 300 304 307 317 354 356 402 404 405 414 FLAME TREATMENT, 162 180 229 FLAMMABILITY, 131 172 251 315 348 440 FLASH REMOVAL, 217 370 FLASHLESS, 252 356 FLEECE, 46 FLEXIBILITY, 49 51 67 128 219 267 270 333 354 FLEXOGRAPHIC PRINTING, 129 229 361 FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 22 33 49 59 67 77 105 108 110 117 133 134 149 172 211 252 320 348 379 438 FLOCK COATING, 229 FLOCKING, 341 FLOOR, 18 112 FLOW, 2 100 127 242 268 336 345 346 355 367 FLOW PROPERTIES, 20 32 33 72 101 235 FLUOROPOLYMER, 58 70 117 188 217 253 295 300 301 302 305 348 385 404 FOAM, 7 17 21 22 46 49 50 51 57 64 69 79 83 90 94 100 101 118 137 145 155 172 206 220 240 261 264 267 291 303 320 333 356 359 385 389 407 437 440 448 454 FOAM-CORE, 83 188 253 268 296 320 329 FOAMBACK, 263 FOGGING, 40 46 155 FOIL, 130 136 154 183 188 198 236 250 282 288 316 317 323 380 428 439 446 460 FOOD-CONTACT APPLICATION, 19 129 FOOD PACKAGING, 3 11 15 96 144 220 224 227 232 268 354

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

391 393 417 418 457 465 FORM-FILL-SEAL, 354 377 FORMING, 2 37 46 54 89 143 145 150 153 158 212 237 267 272 280 295 457 FORMULATION, 105 135 146 275 286 313 427 FUEL PIPE, 356 FUEL TANK, 318 334 359 FURNITURE, 100 113 129 133 252 307 382 388 FUSIBLE CORE, 4 240 389

G GAMMA-IRRADIATION, 180 GARDEN FURNITURE, 104 307 317 382 GAS INDUSTRY, 166 GAS INJECTION MOULDING, 38 85 100 127 211 217 238 240 241 251 265 269 313 329 356 389 392 395 GAS-ASSISTED, 4 17 83 100 145 240 241 246 305 395 401 GASKET, 34 425 GATE, 241 274 336 388 389 GATING, 38 132 183 265 268 301 362 GEAR BOX, 251 GEAR CHANGER, 214 GEARS, 2 GEL COAT, 49 262 281 315 320 335 353 445 GLASS, 216 GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 8 12 20 35 46 94 95 102 105 112 117 121 134 162 188 211 229 248 251 254 262 272 281 299 311 320 335 336 346 353 419 420 432 440 445 450 451 456 459 461 GLASS MAT, 356 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE, 70 114 216 272 440 GLAZING, 235 284 306 GLITTER, 341 GLOSS, 13 32 33 45 67 79 129 132 161 180 188 219 232 253 262 276 279 293 301 302 307 317 321 329 335 337 348 353 354 372 400 427 430 442 444 445 GLOSS RETENTION, 61 72 75 281 GOLF BALL, 99 GRAFFITI-RESISTANT, 315

GRAIN PATTERN, 18 229 GRANITE LIKE, 146 GRANULE, 101 172 307 332 408 418 GRAPHIC ART APPLICATION, 357 366 GRAPHICS, 2 225 373 GRAPHITE, 242 GRAVURE PRINTING, 129 154 157 GROOVED, 87 231 GROWTH RATE, 20 36 63 73 89 113 165 179 185 235 253 273 291 329 348 359 459

H HAND LAY-UP, 315 HANDLE, 97 HANDLING, 51 126 192 232 281 296 314 393 418 454 465 HARDNESS, 2 6 22 40 49 50 51 67 109 131 190 235 274 279 290 291 320 430 438 HEADLINER, 251 291 HEAT DISTORTION TEMPERATURE, 22 124 131 181 HEAT OF FUSION, 319 HEAT RESISTANCE, 16 20 31 46 65 72 113 117 228 251 292 396 444 HEAT SEAL, 144 292 354 364 HEAT SHRINKABLE, 201 HEAT TRANSFER, 29 157 167 191 296 316 358 HEATING, 2 38 130 134 150 178 212 225 317 320 333 348 HELIOGRAPHIC PRINTING, 228 229 HELMET, 9 169 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 14 15 106 179 186 264 345 349 356 359 389 440 441 HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE, 15 377 418 HIGH PRESSURE, 101 272 372 382 433 436 438 450 451 462 HIGH PRESSURE FORMING, 130 133 154 187 280 HIGH SPEED MOULDING, 11 217 246 HIGH TEMPERATURE, 31 51 70 HIGH VOLTAGE APPLICATION, 159 HINGE, 15 190 417 HOLDING PRESSURE, 336

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

HOLLOW ARTICLE, 123 138 210 229 240 264 348 364 HOLLOW CORE MOULDING, 395 HOLLOW GAS INJECTION MOULDING, 240 HOLOGRAM, 63 76 197 380 HORIZONTAL MACHINE, 137 389 HORTICULTURE, 84 88 HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 328 456 461 HOT RUNNER, 11 38 100 132 211 240 246 265 268 278 305 307 336 356 388 389 390 395 408 HOT STAMPING, 136 154 157 191 193 198 215 296 316 326 358 405 413 415 416 446 HOT TRANSFER, 325 HOUSEWARE, 33 341 HOUSING, 24 307 456 461 462 HYBRID, 113 131 168 253 284 320 353 HYBRID MOULDING, 83 HYDRAULIC, 25 53 83 100 217 241 300 307 350 382 421 433 436 452

I ICE SKATE, 45 ILLUMINATION, 183 272 IMPACT MODIFIED, 5 33 133 172 IMPACT PROPERTIES, 5 22 49 51 66 108 117 134 161 181 211 235 275 302 319 320 345 348 353 379 396 432 438 IMPRINTING, 6 IN-LINE, 150 256 IN-MOULD ASSEMBLY, 223 326 IN-MOULD BONDING, 68 461 IN-MOULD COATING, 8 21 27 35 41 48 49 50 51 78 99 100 102 112 113 115 117 131 134 147 165 182 184 189 195 205 221 233 242 244 253 254 259 262 263 269 270 275 276 281 286 290 295 297 298 299 300 307 318 320 327 332 333 335 337 344 346 353 356 360 367 368 372 382 384 387 389 392 397 398 399 400 401 407 408 413 414 421 424 427 429 430 432 433 436 438 445 449 450 451 452 455 458 459 462 463 464 IN-MOULD COLOURING, 18 40

113

Subject Index

47 62 65 72 77 132 155 181 251 291 293 356 359 368 395 398 425 444 IN-MOULD LABELLING, 3 11 15 19 33 38 39 44 63 90 97 106 107 123 144 151 159 160 166 170 176 178 179 180 185 186 201 210 212 215 217 220 222 223 224 226 227 229 232 238 239 243 257 258 260 273 280 282 283 289 292 294 296 314 323 326 330 338 342 345 349 350 352 354 355 361 364 369 370 371 374 375 376 377 381 391 393 406 410 412 417 418 441 443 448 457 460 465 IN-MOULD LAMINATING, 12 25 42 57 85 117 120 128 143 223 238 252 265 269 278 305 309 311 312 329 331 390 419 IN-MOULD PAINTING, 122 139 149 162 173 217 223 240 301 307 321 332 380 386 IN-MOULD PRINTING, 10 15 141 172 196 229 IN-MOULD SHIELDING, 68 328 INDUSTRIAL ROBOT, 3 11 100 122 217 229 232 240 241 370 389 412 417 452 456 460 461 INJECTION BLOW MOULDING, 267 INJECTION COMPRESSION MOULDING, 4 12 46 100 122 127 137 189 192 200 217 223 238 261 269 306 309 356 388 425 437 452 INJECTION MOULD, 5 11 74 100 103 104 128 151 217 232 238 240 241 280 307 319 336 345 367 382 388 389 395 397 401 408 409 412 417 418 430 433 436 438 442 450 452 465 INJECTION MOULDING MACHINE, 2 5 11 15 34 37 38 42 74 83 86 87 90 91 96 106 124 126 127 128 130 140 164 179 208 217 234 238 243 245 246 250 257 268 285 298 300 302 305 309 314 386 393 395 397 421 426 456 INJECTION PAINTING, 307 398 INJECTION PRESS, 5 11 15 INJECTION PRESSURE, 78 127 137 183 262 336 356 368 372 388 389 424 454 INJECTION SPEED, 100 217 240 274 298 319 388 389 INJECTION STRETCH BLOW

114

MOULDING, 179 224 INJECTION UNIT, 11 38 83 86 100 140 164 217 307 INK, 2 16 31 44 52 54 63 70 98 126 129 153 172 180 183 196 226 228 229 272 287 304 INK JET PRINTING, 129 180 229 INSERT, 28 117 138 240 279 280 336 389 461 INSERT MOULD, 5 100 128 238 249 280 285 336 388 389 417 418 454 461 INSERT MOULDING, 3 5 7 15 18 28 61 70 71 72 74 75 80 83 89 93 95 100 132 133 136 137 153 158 164 175 180 181 187 193 198 204 215 217 229 238 240 241 249 264 266 279 280 306 321 356 402 454 INSTRUMENT PANEL, 7 18 64 66 89 94 150 155 164 183 199 237 241 272 280 284 287 288 291 301 306 318 356 366 378 INSULATION, 49 139 359 INTEGRAL SKIN FOAM, 64 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT, 136 INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 14 156 INTRUSION MOULDING, 240 457 ISOCYANATE COPOLYMER, 432

K KAYAK, 225 423 KEYBOARD, 229 KEYPAD, 2 33 89 KNIT LINE, 67 75

L LABEL, 11 15 44 97 123 138 144 151 157 175 229 232 280 316 345 352 361 364 369 370 371 376 380 406 412 417 441 465 LABELLING, 11 15 39 74 96 151 174 180 191 215 217 219 220 222 229 232 256 273 280 289 304 323 330 345 354 364 370 371 375 391 410 412 417 418 438 441 LACQUER, 162 221 271 288 316 317 LAMINATE, 18 22 25 37 48 60 95 100 118 142 143 144 154 156 161 164 172 228 316 321 365 368 397 447 454 460

LAMINATED FILM, 5 89 101 114 133 160 232 272 302 329 378 409 LAMINATING, 4 6 7 12 25 42 46 57 85 98 104 117 120 126 128 143 150 219 223 238 245 252 265 266 269 278 311 315 331 421 453 LAMP, 197 LARGE-COMPONENT, 5 26 100 240 241 336 389 408 LARGE-MACHINE, 217 240 LASER, 6 357 373 442 LASER CUTTING, 217 295 296 298 300 302 LASER ETCHING, 288 405 LASER MARKING, 74 177 180 229 380 LASER PRINTING, 180 229 428 LAWNMOWER, 84 LEAD TIME, 34 73 284 291 348 LEATHER, 46 231 LEGISLATION, 13 38 79 113 332 341 438 LENS, 2 24 LICENCE, 117 211 288 368 369 450 451 LID, 11 106 170 220 227 232 369 412 417 LIGHT DEGRADATION, 172 253 315 423 LIGHT FITTING, 113 148 LIGHT TRANSMISSION, 95 LIGHTWEIGHT, 50 67 90 101 240 328 391 LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 246 351 LINING, 251 264 291 311 377 394 454 LIP SEAL, 164 LIQUID, 13 166 341 342 424 LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER, 20 207 211 240 251 LIQUID INJECTION MOULDING, 395 LIQUID MOULDING, 131 LITHOGRAPHY, 29 227 273 LORRY, 372 LOST-CORE PROCESS, 38 238 395 LOUDSPEAKER, 100 LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 144 264 LOW PRESSURE, 4 17 68 102 180 206 223 246 262 279 305 318 336 388 389 395 401 436 437 453 LOW-PRESSURE MOULDING,

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

42 100 241 LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES, 45 134 359 438

M MACHINING, 104 279 417 MAGNETIC DISC, 235 MAGNETIC TAPE, 371 MANIFOLD, 20 211 251 359 MANUFACTURE, 77 240 241 357 360 362 364 371 394 MANUFACTURING, 6 94 105 213 MARBLISING, 238 395 MARINE APPLICATION, 50 51 75 253 281 335 353 MARKET, 2 6 13 38 54 105 175 213 237 339 352 443 458 459 MARKET SHARE, 13 20 68 101 113 155 220 226 237 291 292 333 341 353 359 439 MARKET SIZE, 63 273 MARKET TREND, 13 38 86 94 MARKING, 11 180 197 229 316 MASKING, 77 133 188 MASTERBATCH, 36 40 140 172 341 367 418 MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 20 66 105 155 203 220 230 251 303 313 329 369 391 438 MATERIALS HANDLING, 187 246 348 456 MATERIALS SELECTION, 64 141 146 325 MATT FINISH, 129 307 MEAT PACKAGING, 15 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, 2 5 6 13 20 22 32 33 40 46 49 50 51 55 56 59 66 67 69 70 77 78 100 108 109 110 114 117 128 130 131 133 134 139 142 149 158 161 170 172 181 183 184 187 189 190 194 195 202 204 211 212 213 216 218 219 228 231 232 235 251 252 260 261 267 270 274 275 279 281 284 286 290 291 301 302 306 307 310 311 317 319 320 333 335 336 337 345 348 352 353 354 359 363 367 372 379 396 401 413 430 432 435 438 440 MECHANICAL RECYCLING, 307 345 MEDICAL APPLICATION, 34 417 MEDIUM-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 348 MELAMINE RESIN, 100 142 221

MELT FILTRATION, 38 MELT FLOW, 22 26 45 65 77 121 312 336 345 MELT FLOW INDEX, 172 235 348 438 MELT PRESSURE, 38 370 MELT TEMPERATURE, 117 132 235 274 287 319 356 370 454 MELT VISCOSITY, 172 235 345 MEMBRANE, 237 277 MEMBRANE SWITCH, 204 METAL, 2 6 13 60 93 105 279 299 METAL COATING, 113 229 METAL FIBRE, 363 METAL INJECTION MOULDING, 246 METAL INSERT, 240 389 METAL REPLACEMENT, 5 20 64 132 248 284 308 318 359 425 METALLIC, 47 72 73 75 77 113 132 300 301 419 METALLISATION, 23 93 100 144 157 180 217 228 229 280 282 299 307 318 325 354 358 367 372 408 413 439 465 METALLISED FILM, 129 130 180 229 409 METALLOCENE, 67 110 348 METERING, 47 101 136 187 368 464 MICRO INJECTION, 4 240 MICROMOULDING, 83 MICROPROCESSOR, 217 307 370 389 MINING APPLICATION, 429 MIRROR, 75 100 162 212 253 269 MISCIBILITY, 14 33 MIXING, 49 51 114 172 372 384 MOBILE PHONE, 7 13 15 24 33 34 36 54 73 74 81 89 92 126 158 190 199 MODIFIED, 7 72 306 396 416 439 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 279 281 319 MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 38 274 319 MOTOR CYCLE, 45 MOTTLING, 205 MOULD, 5 6 11 79 86 88 90 100 103 121 150 151 186 206 217 219 224 232 236 237 240 241 264 276 279 280 301 307 312 317 331 336 356 367 370 372 382 388 389 390 395 408 412 417 418 436 437 441 450 451 452 MOULD CARRIER, 21 150 197 MOULD CAVITY, 37 48 82 99

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

104 159 216 243 331 371 397 MOULD CHANGING, 38 83 174 217 240 370 395 MOULD CLAMPING, 78 87 124 217 307 MOULD CLEANING, 49 100 452 MOULD CLOSING, 41 87 100 217 243 307 336 362 372 388 MOULD COATING, 263 MOULD COOLING, 74 178 217 240 319 342 345 388 MOULD CORE, 212 232 336 MOULD CYCLE, 11 26 100 217 240 280 370 417 452 MOULD DESIGN, 5 38 64 103 178 184 194 202 234 240 241 250 252 262 295 324 342 390 392 395 403 417 418 447 464 MOULD FILLING, 27 100 102 137 194 211 216 217 240 252 268 274 307 327 336 343 388 437 452 453 MOULD FLOW, 336 MOULD FOULING, 235 MOULD HEATING, 452 MOULD INSERT, 298 MOULD MAKING, 74 103 192 224 246 252 285 348 417 MOULD OPENING, 87 216 217 243 362 372 450 451 MOULD PACKING, 27 MOULD PRESSURE, 41 102 131 252 355 401 437 453 MOULD RELEASE, 49 MOULD RELEASE AGENT, 264 271 348 385 MOULD SHRINKAGE, 194 307 388 MOULD SURFACE, 326 MOULD TEMPERATURE, 35 38 100 131 132 235 287 290 388 450 451 MOULD VENT, 38 MOULDING COMPOUND, 5 8 45 59 115 172 262 MOULDING FAULT, 100 279 MOULDING POWDER, 172 MOULDING PRESSURE, 117 279 336 388 389 MOULDING TIME, 364 MOULDS OF POLYMER, 131 196 MULTI-CAVITY, 74 138 374 MULTI-CAVITY MOULD, 11 86 121 151 186 217 224 232 240 314 369 370 381 412 417 418 441 MULTI-COLOUR, 55 70 100 223

115

Subject Index

316 409 439 MULTI-COLOUR MOULD, 86 217 240 255 389 411 426 MULTI-COLOUR PRINTING, 228 296 MULTI-COMPONENT, 11 17 38 85 127 128 238 322 392 MULTI-LAYER, 5 16 52 70 75 86 100 152 161 172 174 179 186 188 219 220 228 232 236 264 294 374 301 342 348 354 364 374 MULTI-MATERIAL MOULDING, 11 14 38 83 86 122 137 217 223 238 240 269 318 343 377 389 395 426 MULTI-SHOT MOULDING, 190 MULTI-STATION, 294

N NATURAL FIBRE, 101 356 NOISE REDUCTION, 49 112 240 425 NON-WOVEN FABRIC, 239 328 363 NOZZLE, 11 38 241 307 336 368 382 388 389 436 NYLON, 20 38 72 105 162 172 181 229 248 251 264 269 272 301 306 348 368 424 461 NYLON-12, 128 NYLON-4,6, 20 NYLON-6, 132 156 306 408 NYLON-6-6, 359 408

O OFFICE EQUIPMENT, 314 OFFICE FURNITURE, 252 OFFSET PRINTING, 167 229 232 ON-LINE PAINTING, 72 162 181 ONE-COMPONENT, 368 372 414 458 OPACITY, 2 32 33 54 129 146 296 354 373 OPEN MOULD, 320 OPTIC FIBRE, 250 OPTICAL DISC, 15 217 235 OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 11 15 32 45 95 100 129 161 172 180 218 228 232 279 307 319 367 372 408 417 442 OPTIMISATION, 8 27 35 233 312 396 ORANGE PEELING, 307 ORIENTATION, 39 144 160 211 336

116

ORIENTED, 63 152 160 354 381 391 465 ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT, 2 13 54 88 105 165 168 429 OUTDOOR APPLICATION, 45 75 131 184 OUTPUT, 34 77 132 186 235 256 272 296 314 316 318 320 329 348 356 378 437 456 459 OUTSERT MOULDING, 238 240 395 OVERMOULDING, 5 128 238 249 285 395 396

P PACKAGING, 3 11 15 19 38 39 63 86 90 96 97 98 100 129 144 159 169 170 172 174 178 179 180 186 190 201 212 220 224 226 227 228 229 232 258 267 280 316 341 342 345 349 352 354 355 361 370 376 377 388 406 409 412 417 418 421 434 441 443 448 457 465 PACKAGING CONTAINER, 19 174 186 227 292 296 314 338 342 348 364 369 374 375 393 434 465 PACKAGING FILM, 15 19 144 354 391 465 PAD PRINTING, 29 157 215 285 288 296 326 PAINT, 13 58 67 77 79 88 111 117 118 152 180 196 218 220 271 274 299 300 302 307 319 321 332 347 367 368 372 378 387 392 394 396 398 404 419 433 436 438 449 450 464 PAINTABILITY, 110 119 242 262 313 337 358 379 PAINTING, 10 34 36 72 100 131 132 150 155 157 162 180 181 188 189 195 217 229 240 253 297 307 318 319 329 347 359 367 372 386 389 400 408 413 420 438 444 460 PANEL, 2 7 21 79 139 309 PAPER, 55 63 123 129 144 226 232 239 369 PARISON, 174 294 342 364 370 410 412 441 PART REMOVAL, 91 224 295 298 302 PART WEIGHT, 73 106 132 300 PATENT, 6 7 18 43 70 72 74 80 101 132 137 205 208 229 231 258 272 301 322 362 363 399

424 451 PEARLESCENCE, 47 146 354 380 PEARLISED, 228 341 367 448 PEN, 205 228 PERFUME, 180 409 PERSONAL CARE PRODUCT, 222 PHENOLIC RESIN, 115 131 315 353 PHOTOCHROMIC, 73 341 PHOTOCURING, 180 PHOTOETCHING, 380 PHOTOGRAPHIC APPLICATION, 371 PICK-AND-PLACE, 317 PIGMENT, 33 37 47 56 60 65 67 75 101 109 116 132 135 146 160 165 172 180 182 184 188 221 229 237 239 262 301 302 310 315 327 345 380 419 438 445 PILLAR, 310 PIPELINE, 429 455 PISTON, 211 PLANT, 96 172 241 245 409 418 PLANT CONSTRUCTION, 20 235 293 329 353 378 PLANT EXPANSION, 20 89 187 235 253 293 431 444 PLANT START-UP, 20 165 179 187 235 359 PLASMA DEPOSITION, PLASMA TREATMENT, 229 235 326 405 PLASTICISATION, 11 38 90 117 127 217 240 388 389 PLATEN, 82 186 217 256 370 437 PLATING, 180 229 276 299 PLUMBING APPLICATION, 212 POLISHING, 79 103 180 279 301 POLYACETAL, 20 229 POLYACRYLATE, 182 POLYAMIDE, 20 38 72 105 162 172 181 229 248 251 264 269 272 301 306 307 348 368 408 418 424 438 446 454 456 461 POLYAMIDE-12, 128 440 POLYAMIDE-4,6, 20 POLYAMIDE-6, 132 156 306 408 416 439 440 POLYAMIDE-6,6, 359 408 416 439 440 POLYARYLSULFIDE, 207 POLYBUTADIENE, 359 POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 20 66 105 132 152 164 173 181 188 195 199 218 223 237 253 272 396

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

416 439 440 POLYCAPROLACTAM, 156 POLYCARBONATE, 2 14 15 20 31 32 33 65 66 70 71 72 73 74 75 80 89 95 100 101 105 120 130 132 136 150 152 153 154 158 161 164 172 173 175 177 181 183 187 188 189 195 199 204 207 209 214 218 235 237 247 253 272 280 284 287 288 295 306 308 310 316 318 340 348 366 378 396 416 424 435 438 439 446 456 461 POLYDICYCLOPENTADIENE, 353 POLYEPOXIDE, 79 94 113 131 POLYEPOXY ACRYLATE, 276 346 POLYESTER-URETHANE, 113 182 POLYETHER, 119 POLYETHER-ETHERKETONE, 275 POLYETHYLENE, 14 15 20 22 38 100 106 144 146 172 179 186 218 222 229 239 264 296 345 348 349 351 352 356 359 389 418 423 431 440 441 POLYETHYLENE NAPHTHALATE, 179 220 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 3 83 129 136 164 169 172 179 198 199 207 220 229 247 268 287 296 341 380 381 432 440 454 457 POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 229 POLYIMIDE, 79 207 POLYISOCYANATE, 114 181 275 286 344 POLYMERIC COMPATIBILISER, 156 POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE, 5 95 132 133 154 161 188 195 218 229 237 272 POLYOL, 182 344 POLYOLEFIN, 7 11 18 22 29 57 63 67 69 77 108 110 113 114 118 120 150 155 188 251 253 273 274 277 301 313 318 329 359 423 431 441 POLYORGANOSILOXANE, 55 235 POLYOXYMETHYLENE, 440 POLYPHENYLENE ETHER, 20 181 416 439 446 POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE, 72 248 253 310 416 439

POLYPROPYLENE, 5 7 11 14 15 20 38 39 46 56 63 67 85 94 117 118 119 120 133 134 137 144 149 155 156 160 162 170 172 181 190 207 211 215 217 220 222 224 227 229 230 232 239 241 245 248 251 252 269 274 280 295 296 300 301 302 304 307 310 311 312 317 319 330 343 352 354 356 359 361 367 368 369 376 378 387 389 391 393 398 408 417 418 424 437 438 440 448 454 457 465 POLYSILOXANE, 55 235 POLYSTYRENE, 14 15 20 38 100 129 172 224 229 232 307 316 330 377 389 408 416 418 437 439 445 446 454 POLYSULFIDE, 207 POLYSULFONE, 20 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, 229 POLYUREA, 49 132 263 320 POLYURETHANE, 7 13 21 41 49 50 51 64 88 99 101 105 113 132 139 164 165 180 182 188 195 206 218 221 230 244 253 254 263 271 272 284 291 297 303 320 329 333 344 353 356 359 360 368 372 378 380 389 405 407 421 424 429 437 440 449 450 451 454 455 458 459 POLYURETHANE-ACRYLATE, 276 POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER, 320 333 POLYURETHANE ESTER, 113 182 POLYVINYL ACETATE, 221 346 POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 239 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 38 117 129 155 172 229 253 291 293 301 316 329 348 359 366 419 421 427 439 454 457 POLYVINYL ESTER, 131 315 320 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE, 301 POLYVINYLBENZENE, 38 POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE, 20 POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE, 5 95 113 129 253 295 301 378 404 POROSITY, 131 372 438 451 POST-MOULD, 136 174 220 POWDER, 13 172 225 259 347 351 367 385 POWDER COATING, 8 113 115 131 165 290 308 337 356 367

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

368 392 408 424 438 459 POWDER INJECTION MOULDING, 38 83 POWDER MOULDING, 172 POWDER SLUSH MOULD, 118 PRECISION MOULDING, 11 83 91 240 389 435 PREFORM, 3 7 12 83 102 126 128 130 134 150 179 219 280 301 302 317 437 457 PREFORMING, 2 54 189 205 212 295 PREPAINT, 284 PREPREG, 101 115 131 437 457 PRESS, 2 79 96 169 245 273 316 331 386 452 PRESSURE, 2 4 6 7 17 68 78 99 102 180 206 223 228 246 262 279 280 290 311 316 320 336 351 382 447 453 PRESSURE MOULDING, 197 PRESSURE SENSITIVE, 58 185 215 296 PRETREATMENT, 180 405 PRICE, 33 62 101 105 179 186 215 280 294 318 341 368 386 423 PRIMER, 49 114 141 162 180 228 262 321 368 372 378 396 420 428 438 450 PRINTABILITY, 33 160 220 PRINTED CIRCUIT, 93 PRINTING, 2 10 15 16 29 31 34 39 44 54 63 70 71 80 81 89 91 95 96 101 129 130 136 150 153 154 157 158 167 172 176 177 180 185 187 201 204 215 219 224 226 228 229 232 236 239 271 272 273 285 287 292 304 325 330 336 352 354 358 361 369 375 380 409 413 418 443 457 460 PRINTING APPLICATION, 98 277 PRINTING INK, 16 31 63 70 126 129 153 172 180 228 229 272 296 354 PROBLEM PREVENTION, 55 135 146 464 PROCESS CONTROL, 1 38 96 174 213 240 246 315 348 412 PROCESSABILITY, 45 67 73 220 235 252 275 287 PROCESSING, 2 4 6 7 8 27 54 60 65 66 79 100 135 141 147 152 175 180 192 193 194 206 213 217 219 229 236 245 276 299 307 309 318 319 325 328 330 334 367 372 382 389 398 402

117

Subject Index

403 404 405 408 410 413 427 433 436 438 439 443 447 450 451 454 459 463 PRODUCT DESIGN, 199 225 228 240 241 406 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, 20 34 61 68 70 71 74 80 89 104 112 147 158 165 170 181 183 188 189 190 195 204 235 241 251 281 284 291 341 PRODUCTION, 2 6 7 68 96 141 175 219 236 237 291 311 312 339 459 465 PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 20 36 235 293 353 444 456 PRODUCTION CELL, 83 85 130 302 PRODUCTION COST, 64 127 189 217 232 241 280 306 391 PRODUCTION RATE, 11 179 215 457 PRODUCTIVITY, 1 11 74 88 90 136 178 186 232 240 280 308 318 348 356 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, 169 PROTECTIVE COATING, 181 295 PROTECTIVE FILM, 95 PROTOTYPE, 6 38 213 252 304 320 334 368 435 437 PUMP, 83 PUSH-PULL INJECTION MOULDING, 238

Q QUALITY, 2 13 54 141 152 312 339 342 410 415 459 QUALITY CONTROL, 1 11 15 77 103 112 172 251 265 273 285 329 381 417 418 442 461 QUICK COLOUR CHANGING, 113 186 QUICK MOULD CHANGING, 38 83 174 240 350 QUICK PRODUCT CHANGING, 11 186 296

R RADIATOR, 5 RADIO, 307 RAILWAY APPLICATION, 315 RAPID PROTOTYPING, 6 38 356 384 407 424 449 458 REACTION INJECTION MOULD, 115 438 451 REACTION INJECTION

118

MOULDING, 21 49 84 88 131 132 139 145 162 254 297 318 368 379 384 407 424 449 458 REACTION SPRAY MOULDING, 320 REACTIVE COATING, 297 REARVIEW MIRROR, 100 RECIPROCATING SCREW, 38 179 381 RECLAIM, 100 174 246 278 307 345 389 438 RECORDING MEDIA, 15 168 217 371 RECREATIONAL VEHICLE, 33 253 RECYCLABILITY, 63 136 220 226 227 241 280 302 308 345 391 RECYCLABLE, 7 165 188 239 251 252 269 369 396 RECYCLED CONTENT, 19 223 253 268 301 317 318 356 368 RECYCLING, 44 63 67 94 98 101 131 136 137 139 147 156 159 172 178 189 206 220 226 227 241 273 278 280 292 307 310 330 334 345 349 352 359 367 377 378 389 398 408 412 417 421 424 427 438 443 REEL, 150 369 457 REFRIGERATOR, 215 308 377 REFUSE CONTAINER, 106 423 REGRIND, 307 342 345 368 438 REGULATION, 13 113 226 310 320 332 337 378 399 REINFORCED PLASTIC, 8 10 12 35 49 62 64 94 95 101 102 105 112 115 117 118 121 131 134 139 142 182 184 195 206 210 211 229 242 247 248 251 262 270 272 275 276 278 281 284 286 291 297 299 315 320 334 335 336 346 353 356 358 359 368 372 382 383 384 407 413 414 419 420 425 430 432 433 436 445 450 451 452 456 458 459 461 462 463 464 REINFORCED REACTION INJECTION MOULDING, 230 297 384 REJECT RATE, 1 85 183 250 RELEASE AGENT, 264 271 RELEASE COATING, 394 RELEASE LAYER, 114 196 RELIEF PATTERN, 296 RESEARCH, 46 139 147 219 241 329 RESIDUAL STRESS, 319

RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING, 131 145 334 353 430 458 RETROFIT, 53 76 86 245 296 369 441 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 8 13 25 51 65 100 172 262 268 336 345 367 372 388 408 438 RIBBED, 11 252 310 ROAD SIGN, 104 ROBOT, 3 11 34 38 39 83 85 88 91 96 100 122 126 130 131 152 177 187 189 217 222 229 232 240 241 246 269 295 298 300 302 317 370 456 460 461 ROCKER ARM COVER, 425 ROCKER PANEL, 188 329 ROLL COVERING, 21 ROOF, 104 188 195 253 ROTARY MACHINE, 186 256 ROTARY MOULD, 294 ROTATING TABLE, 223 389 437 ROTATIONAL BLOW MOULDING, 441 ROTATIONAL MOULD, 294 423 ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 135 145 146 172 225 264 267 283 347 348 351 385 421 431 ROTOGRAVURE, 63 ROUGHNESS, 48 104 279 RUBBER, 5 7 17 38 40 49 57 59 64 67 73 86 87 94 108 109 110 111 112 118 119 124 128 166 171 172 180 190 201 206 208 210 217 229 257 260 263 269 270 283 284 293 319 327 333 334 356 359 360 378 383 384 386 407 438 440 RUBBER-MODIFIED, 5 274 310 438 RUNNERLESS MOULDING, 11 100

S SAFETY, 51 174 237 310 316 334 402 SAILBOARD, 228 SALES, 20 34 38 60 73 76 77 92 96 155 165 179 235 252 273 284 285 291 329 341 SANDING, 180 438 SANDWICH MOULD, 232 392 454 SANDWICH MOULDING, 11 86 238 240 395 454 SANDWICH PANEL, 21 139 SANDWICH STRUCTURE, 112 156 320 322 343 365 389

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

SANITARYWARE, 180 372 382 430 451 458 462 SATURATED POLYESTER, 2 20 32 33 66 71 100 101 183 204 239 251 280 287 291 301 308 316 352 361 378 409 415 439 440 460 SCENTED PLASTIC, 73 SCRAP, 172 241 307 345 367 389 408 412 417 SCRAP REDUCTION, 262 264 367 377 421 SCRATCH RESISTANCE, 2 5 45 61 75 109 131 161 181 214 235 262 272 279 287 306 307 316 367 444 SCREEN PRINTING, 2 16 31 70 71 80 81 89 91 136 153 158 187 204 272 296 306 358 366 405 456 SCREW DESIGN, 38 395 SCREW INJECTION MOULDING MACHINE, 217 SCREW PLASTICISATION, 11 217 SEAL, 11 105 164 SEALANT, 118 418 SEALING, 354 SEAM, 231 SEAMLESS, 264 310 356 SEAT, 94 112 137 202 251 253 284 SEAT BELT, 334 SECURITY APPLICATION, 63 76 SELECTIVE METALLISING, 180 SELF-ADHESIVE, 98 273 352 361 SELF-COLOURED, 61 181 SEQUENTIAL BLOW MOULDING, 356 SEQUENTIAL INJECTION MOULDING, 5 238 240 241 336 SERVICE LIFE, 6 73 106 232 318 335 337 SERVOMOTOR, 38 83 150 186 240 296 SHEAR, 146 211 274 275 286 319 345 367 395 SHEET, 2 13 67 82 129 141 143 214 216 219 234 249 256 275 328 360 366 377 SHEET MOULDING COMPOUND, 8 64 112 131 162 184 262 286 297 299 315 318 359 368 372 380 382 414 430 433 436 450 451 458 459 463 464 SHIELDING, 34 328

SHOCK ABSORBER, 66 448 SHOCK RESISTANCE, 180 SHOE SOLE, 21 SHRINK FILM, 15 SHRINKAGE, 49 59 126 194 272 298 307 310 345 352 391 453 SHUTTLE, 138 186 296 338 406 SHUTTLE PRESS, 83 294 370 441 SIDING, 253 SIGN, 104 348 365 SILICONE, 79 166 SILICONE ELASTOMER, 128 229 SILK SCREEN, 95 157 167 180 229 288 SINTERING, 6 54 407 SKI, 228 438 SKIN, 5 7 49 50 67 240 427 SKIN-CORE, 155 156 SKIN FORMATION, 268 368 SLUSH MOULDING, 69 427 SMALL COMPONENT, 228 240 389 SMALL-RUN, 264 314 SMART CARD, 246 314 SNOWMOBILE, 45 132 SOFT DRINK BOTTLE, 220 SOFT-TOUCH, 7 9 52 86 190 SOFTWARE, 1 6 42 77 166 336 392 400 434 SOLAR CELL, 104 SOLE, 21 SOLVENT, 2 13 37 79 196 220 285 327 337 378 438 443 SOLVENTLESS, 49 51 165 188 307 320 333 354 368 372 398 424 438 SOUND INSULATION, 49 SPECIAL EFFECTS, 32 33 47 73 131 181 188 195 SPECTACLES, 228 SPOILER, 165 188 SPORTS CAR, 62 SPORTS EQUIPMENT, 33 129 176 180 225 228 348 438 440 458 SPRAY COATING, 37 102 157 180 405 459 464 SPRAY DRYING, 2 180 240 271 SPRAY GUN, 131 320 333 SPRAY-UP, 315 SPRAYING, 2 13 49 88 113 152 165 180 271 320 333 335 429 STABILISER, 67 77 155 STABILITY, 65 105 113 117 STACK MOULD, 74 103 128 224 369 STAIN RESISTANCE, 72 430

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

STAMPING, 6 437 STANDARD, 42 47 51 315 318 339 359 STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL, 1 442 STEERING WHEEL, 303 STENCIL, 225 STIFFNESS, 22 67 77 105 110 133 134 172 211 252 320 379 STONE, 102 STORAGE TANK, 264 STREAKING, 146 STRENGTH, 134 161 211 252 352 STRESS, 133 202 261 319 336 STRETCH BLOW MOULDING, 381 STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE, 101 320 336 STRUCTURAL FOAM, 17 49 64 100 240 317 320 348 389 STRUCTURAL FOAM MOULDING, 238 240 265 385 STRUCTURAL REACTION INJECTION MOULDING, 115 131 353 407 STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, 253 269 272 STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER, 172 STYRENE-BUTADIENESTYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 172 STYRENE-ETHYLENE BUTYLENE-STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 73 217 440 SUBLIMATION, 129 180 228 229 SUBSTRATE, 13 55 67 78 88 196 338 394 419 438 SUNGLASSES, 33 SUNSHIELD, 101 291 SUPERCRITICAL GAS, 90 SURFACE, 2 6 7 13 44 79 152 218 219 236 237 245 SURFACE COATING, 35 344 414 SURFACE DEFECT, 100 SURFACE FINISH, 5 12 46 48 72 87 100 108 116 117 125 129 131 132 133 134 161 173 189 195 211 217 241 242 252 262 264 269 275 276 284 286 288 295 297 299 300 301 302 307 308 310 317 320 324 335 337 348 367 368 372 382 400 408 412 414 420 422 424 432 437 SURFACE PREPARATION, 29 104 180 229 SURFACE PROPERTIES, 8 56

119

Subject Index

286 299 345 367 379 392 SURFACE STRUCTURE, 104 180 279 SURFACE TREATMENT, 2 5 6 11 15 23 24 27 29 53 54 58 79 88 100 103 104 107 110 111 129 140 141 153 157 162 171 172 175 180 184 193 194 200 203 207 209 217 219 228 229 232 236 237 240 241 244 254 261 266 271 277 279 280 282 286 288 299 304 307 313 319 321 322 323 324 325 326 332 336 337 345 347 352 358 360 363 367 370 372 376 382 389 399 400 403 404 405 407 408 409 412 413 415 416 417 418 420 422 423 424 428 431 432 434 436 438 439 441 450 451 459 464 SWITCH, 52 89 456 SYNTHETIC LEATHER, 231 429 SYNTHETIC PAPER, 63 SYNTHETIC WOOD, 240 392

T TAILGATE, 10 188 189 195 464 TAMPER RESISTANT, 170 220 417 457 TAMPON PRINTING, 180 229 TANK, 264 348 TELECOMMUNICATION APPLICATION, 2 24 34 54 89 92 158 199 204 253 285 339 TELEPHONE, 15 180 183 215 228 280 426 TELEVISION, 280 307 TEMPERATURE, 2 13 67 79 124 134 152 219 228 272 279 311 355 372 438 447 TEMPERATURE CONTROL, 38 100 150 178 317 348 370 372 382 433 436 TENSILE PROPERTIES, 22 46 49 51 56 108 114 117 134 172 260 432 TEST EQUIPMENT, 117 136 381 TEST METHOD, 46 67 79 103 106 161 218 TESTING, 46 66 67 79 98 103 106 109 117 129 135 136 161 206 218 319 335 345 372 381 392 442 445 TEXTILE, 17 100 240 241 261 336 356 389 454 TEXTURE, 6 7 52 55 104 183 287 310 317 324 326 380 425

120

THERMAL PROPERTIES, 23 30 77 181 180 218 242 319 370 THERMAL STABILITY, 16 20 31 46 65 72 113 117 228 251 287 292 396 444 457 THERMOCHROMIC, 73 341 THERMOFORMABLE, 158 198 204 220 THERMOFORMED, 129 198 461 THERMOFORMING, 5 11 12 22 57 58 67 69 70 72 75 80 81 91 100 101 118 129 130 132 133 136 141 145 150 161 164 169 173 175 178 180 183 187 188 189 194 195 212 213 218 219 229 235 256 258 267 280 301 302 311 317 328 352 376 377 412 435 457 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER, 40 52 57 67 73 108 109 110 128 172 190 217 230 269 275 293 319 356 359 440 THICKNESS, 5 7 13 49 50 51 80 95 100 117 130 131 133 150 152 165 181 188 189 201 235 242 245 262 279 295 300 301 302 314 316 320 335 355 367 368 369 378 408 424 438 450 451 459 THIN FILM, 129 212 465 THIN-WALL, 5 11 20 65 72 77 83 100 110 127 158 168 220 223 224 240 246 285 307 311 330 345 359 369 375 396 418 THREE-COLOUR INJECTION MOULDING, 11 64 THREE-COMPONENT, 64 THREE-DIMENSIONAL, 9 55 89 93 103 128 154 158 168 193 198 212 228 241 272 279 280 317 356 411 434 THREE-LAYER, 189 THREE-PART, 64 THREE-SHOT MOULDING, 164 TIE LAYER, 19 117 253 TIEBARLESS, 38 83 91 395 TOGGLE PRESS, 83 386 TOLERANCE, 2 11 34 81 83 240 TOOLING, 2 6 34 79 92 105 141 147 183 204 245 262 264 272 279 288 291 301 302 304 316 318 325 348 454 461 TOPCOAT, 114 189 319 368 TOUGHNESS, 2 270 320 TOYS, 129 180 190 264 348 423 442 TRACTOR, 132 423

TRAILER, 101 TRANSFER COATING, 413 TRANSFER FILM, 196 228 279 287 TRANSFER MOULDING, 131 145 TRANSFER PRINTING, 129 176 228 229 TRANSLUCENT, 146 TRANSPARENT, 11 32 33 37 52 100 129 146 172 189 197 440 448 TRANSPORT APPLICATION, 101 379 TRIMMING, 2 126 150 153 164 186 295 298 300 302 373 TROUBLESHOOTING, 135 146 TRUCK, 72 132 464 TUB, 376 TUBING, 20 TWIN-PLATEN, 38 83 106 217 TWIN-WALL, 385 TWIST WRAP, 144 TWO-CAVITY, 217 300 TWO-COAT, 165 TWO-COLOUR, 103 148 TWO-COLOUR INJECTION MOULDING, 11 74 229 417 TWO-COMPONENT, 11 93 166 297 320 344 368 372 378 429 451 458 TWO-COMPONENT MOULD, 103 TWO-LAYER, 177 272 TWO-MATERIAL INJECTION MOULDING, 241 367 389 TWO-PART, 11 93 166 TWO-PLATEN, 38 83 106 217 TYRE, 284 101

U ULTRASONIC WELDING, 163 285 304 ULTRAVIOLET CURING, 2 13 16 113 162 226 296 438 ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION, 142 155 180 273 ULTRAVIOLET OFFSET LITHOGRAPHY, 227 ULTRAVIOLET RESISTANCE, 5 33 46 56 61 70 77 132 133 155 189 228 262 335 354 367 ULTRAVIOLET STABILITY, 67 77 155 253 315 423 UNDER-THE-BONNET APPLICATION, 251 356 359 425

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

UNDERCUT, 394 UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 113 115 131 262 270 290 315 320 327 335 353 368 372 445 450 451 454 458 459 UPHOLSTERY, 454

V VACUUM, 7 124 213 258 351 363 VACUUM BAG MOULDING, 134 VACUUM CLEANER, 139 VACUUM COATING, 358 VACUUM DEPOSITION, 229 413 VACUUM DRAWING, 221 VACUUM FORMING, 37 143 158 212 396 457 VACUUM METALLISATION, 157 229 VACUUM MOULD, 112 VALVE GATE, 223 305 VARNISH, 438 VEGETABLE PACKAGING, 15 VEHICLE BONNET, 372 464 VEHICLE BOOT, 12 VEHICLE DOOR, 251 305 318 334 452 VEHICLE FASCIA, 45 57 58 110 111 VEHICLE FLOOR, 18 112 VEHICLE GRILLE, 5 77 162 189 241 253 269 284 295 301 318 VEHICLE INTERIOR, 18 21 40 46 64 85 137 150 158 165 269 272 288 291 295 301 310 334 356 359 378 390 VEHICLE LIGHT, 158 165 183 187 318 456 VEHICLE MIRROR, 75 100 162 212 253 269 295 301 378 VEHICLE PANEL, 10 379 VEHICLE RADIATOR, 5 VEHICLE ROOF, 188 195 VEHICLE SEAT, 112 137 202 251

284 291 356 VEHICLE SHELL, 5 60 122 149 168 173 230 233 286 372 389 420 464 VEHICLE SPOILER, 165 188 VEHICLE TAILGATE, 248 VEHICLE TRIM, 25 26 37 40 43 51 57 64 75 86 110 120 121 122 132 133 163 177 193 202 241 251 280 298 305 311 318 337 388 390 424 427 444 454 VEHICLE WINDOW, 20 235 VEHICLE WING, 241 372 VENTING, 301 317 VERTICAL MACHINE, 83 136 137 174 246 305 452 VIDEO TAPE, 371 VISCOSITY, 13 51 262 268 344 345 367 372 388 408 VOID, 160 211 345 464 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND, 2 5 13 132 180 262 307 320 327 332 337 378 398 399 402 429

W WALL THICKNESS, 5 67 77 96 100 127 132 134 139 164 212 224 252 307 322 325 342 345 348 389 396 440 WARPAGE, 134 194 252 264 272 WASHING MACHINE, 372 WASTE, 136 172 271 307 329 345 367 389 408 412 417 438 WATER ABSORPTION, 281 320 335 353 WATER-ASSISTED INJECTION MOULDING, 17 WATER RESISTANCE, 335 430 WATER-BASED, 165 180 181 367 385 438 WATER-BORNE, 13 118 337 378 443

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

WEAR RESISTANT, 13 46 49 51 70 109 130 142 158 183 187 189 195 204 206 228 235 413 WEATHER RESISTANCE, 20 33 45 51 56 61 70 75 80 95 101 113 131 132 161 182 188 195 198 281 295 301 302 320 335 353 378 WEATHER STRIPPING, 293 WEATHERABILITY, 13 32 50 67 115 116 181 184 253 262 WEATHERING, 20 33 45 51 56 61 70 75 80 95 101 113 131 132 161 182 188 195 198 281 295 300 301 302 315 320 333 335 353 367 378 430 445 WEB, 2 239 443 WEIGHT REDUCTION, 5 11 60 64 72 105 127 155 189 235 241 248 284 291 308 313 318 320 329 342 353 359 396 425 WELD LINE, 79 100 137 211 240 265 336 367 408 437 WELDING, 68 163 285 304 306 326 440 WHEEL, 174 WHEEL COVER, 70 80 356 407 WHEEL TRIM, 180 367 389 408 438 WINDOW, 164 187 287 WINDOW FRAME, 95 253 421 WINDSCREEN, 20 235 306 WING MIRROR, 162 WOOD, 13 113 240 WOOD FINISH, 288 WOVEN FABRIC, 134 WRINKLE, 100

Y YELLOWING, 281 335 YOGHURT POT, 224

121

Subject Index

122

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

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We offer a fast turnaround service (within one working day) combined with a range of delivery options. Some full text documents are available as PDF files which can be downloaded immediately

SPEED OF DELIVERY Non-patent documents are despatched from Rapra within 24 hours of receipt (Monday - Friday) of request using first class mail within the UK, and airmail for the rest of the world. If you request e-mail or fax service, delivery will be within hours anywhere in the world.

HOW TO ORDER Orders can be made by post, fax, telephone, e-mail, on-line via the website database (http://www.polymerlibrary.com), or through an online host. When ordering please include your full company details and which documents you require, quoting one of the following: 1. Accession Number or Copyquest number or, 2. Full Bibliographic Details Please include which payment method you wish to use and how you wish to receive the article (i.e. e-mail, post, fax, etc.) Documents can be ordered from Rapra online using the appropriate command of your online host. In this case we will issue you with an invoice and statement every three months. For further information, please see www.rapra.net/absdocs/copyquest.htm or contact Sheila Cheese or Jackie McCarthy on +44 (0)1939 250383 or e-mail [email protected].

PLEASE TURN OVER FOR PAYMENT METHOD OPTIONS AND ORDER FORM

CREDIT CARD PAYMENTS This is preferable for people who only intend to use our service occasionally. The prices are per copy inclusive of postage and packaging if appropriate. Pre-payment is required by Credit Card payment. Delivery Method

Price

E-mail, Ariel, Fax, First Class / Airmail Post

£10 / Approx. US$15 or €17 (UK & Overseas) + VAT

PDF files

Prices – Please refer to online order form for details (these may vary – each publisher sets price)

ANNUAL DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS A more cost effective way to use our service is to open an annual deposit account. (Web subscribers can use their web subscription for both web access and document delivery) The minimum amount required to open an account is £200 / Approx. US$290 or €330 (UK & Overseas) Delivery Method

Price

E-mail, Ariel, Fax, First Class / Airmail Post

Documents are only priced at £7 / Approx. US$10 or €12 per item

PDF files

Prices – Please refer to online order form for details (these may vary – each publisher sets price)

Please Note: Any money remaining in an annual deposit account after 12 months is void. Patents are charged at a standard price of £10 / Approx. US$15 or €17.

ORDER FORM ❑ ❑

I would like to open/renew a deposit account for the following amount ___________________________________ I would like to order the following documents _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________

PAYMENT Name: ____________________________________________________ Company: _________________________________________________ Address: __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Postcode: ______________________ Country: __________________ Telephone: _____________________ Fax: ______________________

❑ Remittance enclosed

(use only for opening or renewing annual deposit accounts)

(If paying by cheque, please make payable to Rapra Technology Ltd. in £ Sterling/US$/Euros via UK banks only or make payment direct to Account No: 05625025, Sortcode: 55-50-05, National Westminster Bank Plc, 8 Mardol Head, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY1 1HE, UK)

❑ Please invoice my company (use only for opening or renewing annual deposit accounts)

❑ Please deduct from my annual deposit account (use this option when ordering documents if you already have a deposit account)

IMPORTANT - Value Added Tax (VAT) The above prices do not include VAT. Customers in EU member countries may be liable to pay VAT if their Registration Number is not supplied. Please enter your EU Registration Number (VAT - BTW - IVA - TVA - MWST - MOMS - FPA) below:

VAT Number: Rapra Technology Limited Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY4 4NR, United Kingdom Tel. +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 E-mail: [email protected]

Account Number _______________________________________

❑ Please charge my credit card American Express / Visa / Mastercard (delete as appropriate) Card Number:

Signature: ______________________ Exp. date: ______________