EU Regulation of Chemicals REACH: Rapra Review Report 181 (Rapra Review Reports)

Report 181

EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

D.J. Knight (Safepharm Laboratories Ltd)

Volume 16, Number 1, 2005

Expert overviews covering the science and technology of rubber and plastics

ISSN: 0889-3144

RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows: 1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References and Abstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstracts section. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstracts database, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc. 2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Polymer Library database. The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below. 3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to the abstracts records on the database to aid retrieval.

Source of original article Title

Item 1 Macromolecules

33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83 EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han Akron,University The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and etherbased commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. GOODRICH B.F.

Location

USA

Authors and affiliation

Abstract

Companies or organisations mentioned

Accession no.771897

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RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS VOLUME 16 Series Editor Dr. S. Humphreys, Rapra Technology Limited Rapra Review Reports comprise a unique source of polymer-related information with useful overviews accompanied by abstracts from hundreds of relevant documents. A Rapra Review Report is an excellent starting point to improve subject knowledge in key areas. Subscribers to this series build up a bank of information over each year, forming a small library at a very reasonable price. This series would be an asset to corporate libraries, academic institutions and research associations with an interest in polymer science. Twelve reports are published in each volume and these can be purchased individually or on a subscription basis. Format: Soft-backed, 297 x 210 mm, ISSN: 0889-3144 Order individual published Rapra Review Reports (see the following pages for a list of available titles), or purchase a subscription to Volume 16 (12 issues).

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Previous Titles Still Available Petrochemicals Inc.

Volume 1 Report 35

Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey, Hotpoint Ltd.

Report 36

Developments in Additives to Meet Health and Environmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 1

Conductive Polymers, W.J. Feast

Report 2

Medical, Surgical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers, D.F. Williams

Report 3

Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough.

Report 4

Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton.

Volume 4

Report 5

CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandland and M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology.

Report 37

Report 8

Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant.

Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright, University of Surrey.

Report 10

Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding, P.D. Armitage, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson

Report 38

Epoxy Resins, K.A. Hodd

Report 39

Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications, D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.

Report 40

Internal Mixing of Rubber, J.C. Lupton

Report 41

Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.

Report 42

Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, Bayer AG.

Report 43

Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources, J.M. Methven, UMIST.

Report 11

Communications Applications of Polymers, R. Spratling, British Telecom.

Report 12

Process Control in the Plastics Industry, R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries.

Volume 2 Report 13

Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics, A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology.

Report 44

Report 14

Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and Leisure Industries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics, J. Green, FMC Corp.

Report 45

Composites - Tooling and Component Processing, N.G. Brain, Tooltex.

Report 15

Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications, G. Woods, Consultant.

Report 46

Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson, J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.

Report 16

Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton.

Report 47

Report 17

Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, Leicester Polytechnic.

Report 18

Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for Plastics in Agriculture.

Report 48

Plastics in Building, C.M.A. Johansson

Report 19

Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging, R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd.

Report 20

Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 21

Volume 5 Report 49

Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics, H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.

Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry, H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.

Report 50

Automotive Applications of Polymers II, A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.

Report 22

Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey, Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd.

Report 51

Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein, Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.

Report 23

Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd.

Report 52

Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge, University of Manchester.

Report 24

Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division.

Report 53

Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building Research Establishment.

Report 54

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt, Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.

Report 55

Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing, E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for Industriforskning, Norway.

Volume 3 Report 25

Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom Technology Associates.

Report 26

Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 56

Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans, Consultant.

Plastics in High Temperature Applications, J. Maxwell, Consultant.

Report 57

Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University. Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 27 Report 28

Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Applications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd.

Report 58

Report 29

Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton, Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy.

Report 59

Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications, A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.

Report 30

Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, National NDT Centre, Harwell.

Report 60

Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 31

Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan, Dow Corning Ltd.

Report 32

Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and 3M Belgium SA.

Report 33

Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd.

Report 34

Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova

Volume 6 Report 61

Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 62

Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.

Report 63

Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.

Report 64

Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 65

Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, International Automotive Design.

Report 66

Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.

Report 67

Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation, V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.

Report 68

Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 69

Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell, Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.

Report 70

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center.

Report 71

Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s University of Belfast.

Report 72

Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, Econology Ltd.

Volume 7

Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart Chemical Company. Report 90

Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood.

Report 91

Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton, University of Surrey.

Report 92

Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles, A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.

Report 93

Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood Technologies Inc.

Report 94

Compressive Behaviour of Composites, C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.

Report 95

Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten & Masch Manufacturing Co.

Report 96

Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman, St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.

Volume 9 Report 97

Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 98

Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore & S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 99

Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes, Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.

Report 100

Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Mulhouse.

Report 73

Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, University of Bradford.

Report 74

Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.

Report 75

Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead Consulting Ltd.

Report 101

Report 76

Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials, R.C.P. Cubbon.

Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.

Report 102

Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves, Goodyear Technical Center.

Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 103

Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.

Report 104

Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram Technology Ltd.

Report 105

Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development, B.G. Crowther.

Report 106

Properties and Applications of Elastomeric Polysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.

Report 77 Report 78

PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications, J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.

Report 79

Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems, Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 80

Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.

Report 107

High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 81

Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications, J.A. Brydson.

Report 108

Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 82

Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization, Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada.

Report 83

Report 84

Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.

Volume 10 Report 109

Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide, J.A. Lindsay.

Report 110

Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers, R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 111

Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 112

Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications, J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.

Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing, P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.

Volume 8 Report 85

Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université Pierre et Marie Curie.

Report 113

Report 86

High Performance Engineering Plastics, D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.

Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula, University of Texas at Austin.

Report 114

Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene, V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Report 87

Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 115

Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky, University of Hamburg.

Report 88

Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications, A.S. Wilson.

Report 116

Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders, Y. Wang, Tunghai University.

Report 89

Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and

Report 117

Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing, R.J.M.

Report 118

Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.

Volume 13

Report 119

Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 145

Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship and J.C. Love, The University of Warwick.

Report 120

Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey, Shipley Ronal.

Report 146

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love and V. Goodship, The University of Warwick.

Report 147

Rubber Product Failure, Roger P. Brown.

Volume 11

Report 148

Plastics Waste – Feedstock Recycling, Chemical Recycling and Incineration, A. Tukker, TNO.

Report 121

Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials, I.B. Page, BIP Ltd.

Report 149

Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 122

Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.

Report 150

Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham, Materials Research Centre, University of Bath.

Report 123

Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research Council Canada.

Report 151

Rigid Plastics Packaging - Materials, Processes and Applications, F. Hannay, Nampak Group Research & Development.

Report 124

Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe, University of Exeter.

Report 152

Report 125

Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR, H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated.

Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers, A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk, University of Kassel.

Report 153

Report 126

Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd, University of Nottingham.

Polymers in Telecommunication Devices, G.H. Cross, University of Durham.

Report 154

Polymers in Building and Construction, S.M. Halliwell, BRE.

Report 127

Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant.

Report 155

Styrenic Copolymers, Andreas Chrisochoou and Daniel Dufour, Bayer AG.

Report 128

Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau, Lucent Technologies.

Report 156

Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact of Polymeric Products, T.J. O’Neill, Polymeron Consultancy Network.

Report 129

Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation, D.C. Wright.

Report 130

Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack, D.C. Wright.

Report 131

Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation, D.C. Wright.

Report 132

Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, Clariant Huningue SA.

Volume 12 Report 133 Report 134

Volume 14 Report 157

Developments in Colorants for Plastics, Ian N. Christensen.

Report 158

Geosynthetics, David I. Cook.

Report 159

Biopolymers, R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and N. Tucker, Warwick Manufacturing Group.

Report 160

Emulsion Polymerisation and Applications of Latex, Christopher D. Anderson and Eric S. Daniels, Emulsion Polymers Institute.

Report 161

Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc.

Emissions from Plastics, C. Henneuse-Boxus and T. Pacary, Certech.

Report 162

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers, J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University.

Analysis of Thermoset Materials, Precursors and Products, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 163

Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, Masami Okamoto, Toyota Technological Institute.

Report 164

Cure Monitoring for Composites and Adhesives, David R. Mulligan, NPL.

Report 165

Polymer Enhancement of Technical Textiles, Roy W. Buckley.

Report 135

Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.

Report 136

Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.

Report 137

Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH.

Report 138

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear, Khon Kaen University.

Report 166

Developments in Thermoplastic Elastomers, K.E. Kear

Report 139

Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 167

Polyolefin Foams, N.J. Mills, Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham.

Report 140

Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance, M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre.

Report 168

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments, J. Innes and A. Innes, Flame Retardants Associates Inc.

Report 141

Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N. Rothon, Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan University.

Volume 15

Report 142

Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh, Huntsman Polyurethanes.

Report 169

Engineering and Structural Adhesives, David J. Dunn, FLD Enterprises Inc.

Report 143

Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins, D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Loughborough University.

Report 170

Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture, Roger P. Brown.

Report 171

PVC Compounds and Processing, Stuart Patrick.

Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV.

Report 172

Troubleshooting Injection Moulding, Vanessa Goodship, Warwick Manufacturing Group.

Report 144

Report 173

Regulation of Food Packaging in Europe and the USA, Derek J. Knight and Lesley A. Creighton, Safepharm Laboratories Ltd.

Report 174

Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers for Drug Delivery, David Jones, Queen's University, Belfast.

Report 175

Tyre Recycling, Valerie L. Shulman, European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA).

Report 176

Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids, V. Goodship and E.O. Ogur.

Report 177

Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives & Processes, G. Polaski, J. Means, B. Stull, P. Warren, K. Allen, D. Mowrey and B. Carney.

Report 178

Mixing of Vulcanisable Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers, P.R. Wood.

Report 179

Polymers in Asphalt, H.L. Robinson, Tarmac Ltd, UK.

Report 180

Biocides in Plastics, Dean Nichols, thor Overseas Limited.

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

Derek J. Knight (SafePharm Laboratories Ltd.)

ISBN 1-85957-516-1

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

Contents 1

Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................3

2

Current EU Chemical Control Legislation for New and Existing Chemicals ...........................................3

3

2.1

Notification of New Chemical Substances .......................................................................................3

2.2

The Existing Chemicals Regulation .................................................................................................6

Classification and Hazard Communication for Dangerous Chemical Substances and Preparations in the EU ...............................................................................................................................7 3.1

Classification and Labelling of Dangerous Substances ....................................................................7

3.2

The Dangerous Preparations Directive.............................................................................................7

3.3

Safety Data Sheets ............................................................................................................................8

3.4

The Global Harmonised Scheme for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals ............................8

4

Objectives of the EU Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy: REACH ...................................................8

5

Registration of Chemicals ..........................................................................................................................9

6

Evaluation of Chemicals ............................................................................................................................9

7

Authorisation of Chemicals ......................................................................................................................10

8

Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic and Very Persistent and Very Bioaccumulative Substances ....................................................................................................................10

9

The Requirement to Register and Special Cases ......................................................................................11

10 Standard Safety Data for Registration ......................................................................................................12 11 Non-Standard Safety Data for Registration .............................................................................................12 11.1 Options to Adapt Standard Data ....................................................................................................12 11.2 Existing Studies and Literature Data ..............................................................................................12 11.3 Surrogate Data: Calculation, Read-Across and SAR/QSAR .........................................................13 11.4 Alternatives to Animal Studies .......................................................................................................15 11.5 Data Waivers and Weight of Evidence ...........................................................................................15 12 The Registration Dossier ..........................................................................................................................16 12.1 Technical and Administrative Information for Registration...........................................................16 12.2 The IUCLID Electronic Format .....................................................................................................16 13 The Chemical Safety Report ....................................................................................................................17 14 EU Risk Assessment ................................................................................................................................17 14.1 Framework for EU Risk Assessment..............................................................................................17 14.2 Human Health Risk Assessment.....................................................................................................18 14.3 Environmental Risk Assessment ....................................................................................................19 15 Confidentiality and Data Protection under REACH ................................................................................20 15.1 Publication of Registration Data ....................................................................................................20

1

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

15.2 Data Protection and the Substance Information Exchange Forum.................................................20 16 Preparing for REACH ..............................................................................................................................21 16.1 Status of REACH Legislation ........................................................................................................21 16.2 Preparing for REACH ....................................................................................................................22 17 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................................23 18 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................23 Additional References ......................................................................................................................................23 Abbreviations and Acronyms ...........................................................................................................................24 Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .................................................................................................27 Subject Index .................................................................................................................................................107 Company Index ..............................................................................................................................................115

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those of Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

2

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

1 Introduction Chemicals play a vital role in modern industrial society, and it is likely there are around 100,000 chemical substances in commerce, formulated into many times more preparations. Hence control and regulation of chemicals to make sure they are used safely is of the utmost importance. In the EU, the current chemical control measures, based on a network of legislation for hazard communication and safety assessment, are soon to be dramatically revised. To set the scene for this forthcoming fundamental change to chemical control in the EU, the key facets of the existing measures are described briefly: i.e., notification of ‘new’ chemical substances, the relativelylimited measures to evaluate ‘existing’ substances and hazard communication. There have been problems with the current scheme, principally the disparity between the safety data on ‘new’ and ‘existing’ substances. The core of the new EU scheme to control chemicals is REACH: Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (32, 93). REACH will place a duty on companies that manufacture, import and use chemicals in the EU to assess the risks arising from their use, which will often require safety testing, and manage any risks identified. Registration of all substances is an integral part of the new system, with a dossier of information on the technical properties, uses and hazardous properties. The safety data needed for registration will vary depending mainly on the supply volume as this gives an indication of the extent of exposure to humans or the environment. The intention is that test data will be shared to minimise the amount of new animal testing. There will be a phasein system lasting up to 11 years to deal with ‘existing’ substances: higher tonnage substances and high concern substances will require the most data, and will have to be registered first; lower tonnage substances would require less data and be registered later. The REACH scheme has been controversial, with many suggested changes and improvements, but it now seems certain that it will come into force: the best estimate is sometime in 2007 (63, 118). Industry has been concerned about the practicalities of the scheme, for example it will often be difficult to find out the necessary but commercially sensitive details of downstream use. Industry is also concerned about the costs of compliance, not only for testing, but also in-house management and administration and scientific and regulatory advice and consultancy. Nevertheless, some of the earlier impact assessments probably over-estimated the costs, because

in practice there is likely to be ample opportunity to reduce testing costs by sharing data and making use of surrogate data and data waivers for many chemicals. These uncertainties make budgeting difficult, especially as there will be ongoing costs as further studies are needed as tonnage triggers are reached, or when extra testing is triggered to clarify hazardous properties, or as an outcome of risk assessment.

2 Current EU Chemical Control Legislation for New and Existing Chemicals 2.1 Notification of New Chemical Substances Council Directive 92/32/EEC (392), the ‘Seventh Amendment’ of the Dangerous Substances Directive (DSD) (391), Council Directive 67/548/EEC, requires pre-marketing notification of new chemical substances. Notification ensures that sufficient information is available on the hazardous properties of new substances for labelling and risk assessment (see Section 14) which will ensure the necessary control measures are in place (67). ‘Existing’ chemical substances do not have to be notified. These are defined as those listed on the European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances (EINECS) (a.1), a list of approximately 100,000 substances reported as being supplied in the EU during the reporting period of 1 January 1971 to 18 September 1981 (389, 394). Also the DSD does not apply to medicinal products, cosmetic products, wastes, foodstuffs, pesticides, biocides and radioactive substances. If a substance is not listed in EINECS and not included in the scope of the DSD, it is considered to be ‘new’ and a prospective EU supplier has to notify it, unless an exemption applies, as discussed below. It is also possible that the substance has already been notified and there is an obligation to make a data-sharing enquiry (DSE) to find out it there is another notification already in place. The aim of the exercise is to reach an agreement to share the notification studies, in the interests of animal welfare. Some countries make data sharing mandatory for animal studies. Full notification is required 60 days before a substance is to be supplied in the EU at an amount of above 1 tonne per annum (or 5 tonnes cumulative). Notification

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at this level is commonly referred to as the ‘Base Set’ and the information required is specified in Annex VIIA of the Seventh Amendment (Table 1). The studies are conducted to the EU Methods of Annex V of the DSD

(a.2), which essentially correspond to the test guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (393) (a.3). Testing is conducted in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP).

Table 1. Information for full notification of a new substance in the EU Identity of the manufacturer and notifier Identity of the substance:

Name, formula, purity, impurities, spectra, methods of analysis

Information on production and use, including safety recommendations Physico-chemical properties:

Melting/freezing temperature Boiling temperature Relative density Vapour pressure Surface tension Water solubility Partition coefficient between n-octanol and water (Pow) Flash point (for liquids) Flammability Explosive properties Auto-ignition temperature (for liquids and low melting solids) or Relative self-ignition temperature (solids) Oxidising properties Granulometry

Toxicological studies:

Acute oral toxicity Further acute toxicity study (dermal and/or inhalation)

Toxicological studies:

Skin irritation rabbit test Eye irritation rabbit test Skin sensitisation study 28-Day repeat-dose rat toxicity study Ames test In vitro mammalian cell test (chromosome aberration test or mouse lymphoma assay) Assessment of toxicokinetic behaviour (by expert assessment)

Ecotoxicological studies

Acute toxicity to fish study Acute toxicity to Daphnia study Algal growth inhibition study Ready biodegradation test Activated sludge respiration test Abiotic degradation by hydrolysis Adsorption/desorption screening test

Suggestions for rendering the substance harmless

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New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

Although the testing programme is largely prescriptive, there is some degree of latitude, for example studies on a specific substance depend on the chemical structure and physical form and some may be technically impossible or scientifically unnecessary. It may also be possible to predict the results for certain properties by ‘read across’ to an analogue tested substance of closely similar chemical structure. Reduced notification applies at supply below 1 tonne per annum (or 5 tonnes cumulative), with Annex VIIB or Annex VIIC data needed for supply at above or below 100 kg per annum (or 500 kg cumulative) respectively (Table 2). Further information must be submitted after the amount of substance supplied to the EU reaches the Level 1 and Level 2 trigger points and the possible studies are given in Annex VIII of the Seventh Amendment. Some Level 1 testing may be required at 10 tonnes per annum (or 50 tonnes cumulative), but will definitely be required in full at 100 tonnes annually (or 500 tonnes cumulative).

Level 2 testing is required at 1000 tonnes per annum or (5000 tonnes cumulative). The testing programmes are agreed at each stage with the national Competent Authority who dealt with the notification, and supply continues while negotiation and testing is ongoing. Scientific arguments are taken into account in deciding if particular endpoints can be omitted. The studies listed in Table 3 are likely as a maximum Level 1 testing programme whereas it is not possible to tabulate likely Level 2 studies, as these are decided on a case-by-case basis. There are various exemptions and special cases for EU notification of new substances: •

Substances supplied at below 10 kg per annum are exempt from notification, but individual Member States may require reporting of technical and commercial information.

•

Substances intended solely for ‘scientific research and development’ at below 100 kg per year (per manufacturer) are exempt from notification.

Table 2. Information for reduced notification of a new substance in the EU Identity of the manufacturer and notifier Identity of the substance:

Name, formula, purity, impurities, spectra, methods of analysis

Information on production and use, including safety recommendations Physico-chemical properties for substances supplied at <100 kg per annum:

Flash point (for liquids) or flammability

Physico-chemical properties for substances supplied ≥100 kg per annum:

Melting/freezing temperature Boiling temperature Vapour pressure (if needed for risk assessment) Water solubility Partition coefficient Flash point (for liquids) or flammability

Toxicological studies for substances supplied at <100 kg per annum:

Acute oral toxicity

Toxicological studies for substances supplied at ≥100 kg per annum:

Acute oral toxicity Skin irritation rabbit test Eye irritation rabbit test Skin sensitisation study Ames test

Ecotoxicological studies:

None for supply at <100 kg per annum For supply at ≥100 kg per annum: Ready biodegradation Acute Daphnia toxicity (if needed for risk assessment)

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Table 3. Likely maximum EU Level 1 testing programme Toxicological studies:

1- or 2-Generation rat fertility study Rat teratology study 90-Day repeat-dose rat toxicity study Basic toxicokinetic information (by expert assessment or an animal study) A further mammalian cell genotoxicity test, with confirmatory in vivo test(s) if any in vitro tests are positive

Ecotoxicological studies:

21-Day Daphnia reproduction study Chronic fish toxicity study Fish bioaccumulation study (or an expert assessment of bioaccumulation potential) Earthworm toxicity study Sediment dwelling organism toxicity study (e.g., Chironomus riparius) Test on higher plants Further assessment of environmental persistence Further adsorption/desorption

•

Substances placed on the market for ‘processorientated research and development’ (PORD) are exempt from notification for supply at justified quantities to specified industrial users. The safety data needed for a PORD application varies between the Member States, and may be up to Annex VIIB level (Table 2). PORD exemptions are only valid for 1 year, with the possibility of a 1-year extension.

•

Substances intended exclusively for export to a country outside the EU are exempt from notification.

•

Substances in transit through the EU under customs control and which do not undergo any treatment or processing in the EU are exempt from notification.

•

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Polymers are treated as a special category of chemical substance, which potentially poses less risk to health and the environment, on the basis of their inherent inertness and physical properties. Polymers do not have to be notified if they are derived from ‘existing’ substances (i.e., listed in EINECS), or contain less than 2% in chemically bound form of a ‘new’ substance. Polymers derived from a ‘new’ substance do have to be notified, but there is a ‘family’ approach to cover groups of polymer differing only in molecular weight distribution or monomer ratio. There are also provisions for a ‘reduced test package’ for polymers meeting defined criteria to establish they are inert.

2.2 The Existing Chemicals Regulation The EU Existing Chemicals Regulation (ECR) (390) applied to all EU manufacturers or importers of ‘existing’ chemical substances listed in EINECS. Each manufacturer or importer had to report the administrative and technical information and the available data on hazardous properties for substances supplied at above 1000 tonnes per annum during the period 23 March 1990 to 23 March 1994. Only administrative and technical information had to be reported for substances supplied at 10 to 1,000 tonnes per annum. The information has been collated into a EU database, and a non-confidential version is available called the International Uniform Chemicals Information Database (a.4). Priority substances were selected, which are considered to be of particular concern to human health and/or the environment. The suppliers of these priority substances had to provide any missing studies to complete a EU notification Base Set (Table 1). A rapporteur Competent Authority evaluates the full review dossier on behalf of the EU. The final output is a risk assessment (see Section 14), with final recommendations on how to deal with the substance: i.e., it may be of no concern, require risk reduction or restriction, or further data may be needed before a decision is made.

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

3 Classification and Hazard Communication for Dangerous Chemical Substances and Preparations in the EU

Table 4. Categories of danger for EU classification of dangerous chemicals Explosive Oxidising Extremely flammable Highly flammable

3.1 Classification and Labelling of Dangerous Substances All chemical substances have to be evaluated to decide if they are classified as ‘dangerous’ according to the requirements of the DSD. These ‘dangerous’ properties are communicated to the user by standardised labelling, which consists of a dangerous symbol, information on hazardous properties (risk, R phrases) and advice on safety (S phrases). The criteria to enable substances to be classified and labelled are given in Annex VI of the DSD, which is consolidated in Commission Directive 2001/59/EC (a.5). The categories of danger are given in Table 4. Substances officially classified as ‘dangerous’ are listed in Annex I of the DSD: a consolidated version of this list is published by the UK Health and Safety Executive (a.6) and it can be searched at ecb.jrc.it/esis/. Self-classification by the EU supplier applies for other substances. Classification is undertaken by evaluation of physical, toxicological and ecotoxicological properties. Existing data (e.g., from non-GLP and/or non-EU/ OECD studies) can be used to classify ‘existing’ chemical substances. There is no obligation for suppliers to conduct new studies on existing substances, but many high tonnage or commercially important ones are tested voluntarily to obtain a definitive classification. For full classification of a new substance, the Base Set of tests for notification (Table 1) is effectively the minimum requirement.

3.2 The Dangerous Preparations Directive

Flammable Very toxic by acute exposure (by oral, dermal or inhalation administration) Toxic by acute exposure (by oral, dermal or inhalation administration) Toxic by prolonged exposure (by oral, dermal or inhalation administration) Harmful by acute exposure (by oral, dermal or inhalation administration) Harmful as an aspiration hazard Harmful by possible risk of irreversible effects from a single exposure Harmful by prolonged exposure (by oral, dermal or inhalation administration) Corrosive (causes burns or severe burns) Irritant to skin Irritant or severe irritant to eyes Irritant to the respiratory system Sensitiser by skin contact Sensitiser by inhalation exposure (and/or causes immunological contact urticaria) Carcinogenic (category 1, established carcinogenic in humans, category 2, to be regarded as carcinogenic in humans, or category 3, of concern as possibly carcinogenic) Mutagenic (category 1, 2 or 3, corresponding to carcinogens) Toxic to reproduction for fertility effects (categories 1, 2 or 3) Toxic to reproduction for developmental effects (categories 1, 2 or 3)

There is an EU scheme for classification and labelling of dangerous ‘preparations’ (i.e., formulations of substances): the Dangerous Preparations Directive (DPD) (a.7). The EU supplier has to keep a record of the evaluation for inspection by the regulatory authorities. There is no obligation to conduct new studies, but the available information has to be used and interpreted according to the DSD and DPD.

of Annex VI of the DSD. However, if none of the component substances have physico-chemical hazardous properties, it is possible to judge that the preparation is unlikely to have such properties.

In principle physico-chemical properties are determined by testing the preparation using EU Annex V methods (a.2) and then comparing the result to the criteria

Hazardous health properties of preparations are normally assessed on the basis of the hazardous properties and concentration of the dangerous

Dangerous for the environment

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components using the calculation procedure given in the DPD. Specific concentration limits for individual dangerous substances are given in Annex I of the DSD (a.6), but for dangerous substances not listed in Annex I general limits for individual properties are given in the DPD. Preparations containing substances which are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction (CMR) can only be classified by this calculation method, because these are considered properties of individual substances that are largely unaffected coformulants. For other general toxicological properties, there is the option to conduct a standard animal test and classify in accordance with Annex VI of the DSD, and this result takes precedence over the DPD calculation method. However, in the interests of animal welfare, no new animal studies can be done on a preparation unless the supplier can demonstrate that the particular health hazardous property cannot be evaluated satisfactorily by either the calculation method or using existing animal studies on the preparation. Environmental classification and labelling of preparations is also normally based on the DPD calculation method, i.e., on the environmental classification of the component substances and their percentage in the preparation. Nevertheless, there is also the option to test the preparation for acute effects in aquatic organisms, and the results of such tests on the preparation take precedence over the calculation method. The testing option is not usually taken, however, because tests have to be done in all three species needed for definitive environmental classification (i.e., fish, Daphnia and algae), unless the highest classification has already been assigned from testing in fewer species. The testing option does not apply to investigate persistence in the environment (i.e., biodegradation) or bioaccumulation, because these are considered properties of individual substances, which are unaffected by formulation into a preparation.

Table 5. Content of EU safety data sheets 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Identification of the chemical and supplier Composition/information on components Hazards identification First aid measures Fire fighting measures Accidental release measures Handling and storage Exposure controls/personal protection Physical and chemical properties Stability and reactivity Toxicological information Ecological information Disposal considerations Transport information Regulatory information Other information

3.4 The Global Harmonised Scheme for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals There is an international initiative to harmonise classification and labelling of dangerous chemical substances and preparations: the Global Harmonised Scheme (GHS) (a.9). The idea is to develop classification criteria first, which can be accepted worldwide, then develop labelling options for each of these classifications to be adopted by different regulators to give partially harmonised labelling. The new EU REACH scheme will adopt the GHS scheme, assuming it is ready in time for when REACH comes into force; otherwise the existing EU hazard communication scheme will have to be used initially until the GHS is ready.

4 Objectives of the EU Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy: REACH 3.3 Safety Data Sheets Hazard communication to users of dangerous chemical substances and preparations is accomplished by labelling and by means of safety data sheets (SDS), which give more detailed information to industrial users. An SDS has to be provided on request to the public for non-industrial preparations. There is a standard EU 16-heading format (Table 5) specified in the SDS Directive (a.8).

On 13 February 2001 the European Commission adopted the much-discussed White Paper ‘Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy’ (a.10). The current EU chemical control measures were considered to result in too great a disparity between new and existing substances, with the high cost of new substance notification stifling innovation. Furthermore, although existing substances account for >99% by volume of chemicals in commerce, they were considered to be relatively poorly assessed and controlled in comparison with new substances. The main objective of the new EU Chemical Strategy is to ensure a high level of protection for human health and

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New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

the environment, while maintaining an efficient internal market within the EU and stimulating innovation and competitiveness in the chemical industry. The White Paper also takes account of the need to increase transparency to decision-making and improve public access to information on chemicals. There will be integration with international initiatives. The Precautionary Principle will be applied, and substitution of substances with less dangerous alternatives will be encouraged. The European Commission published the first draft (a.11) of the REACH legislation to implement the White Paper on 7 May 2003. There was an 8-week Internet consultation on the ‘workability’ of this legislation from 16 May to 10 July 2003, and about 6,400 contributions were received. The final proposed Regulation (a.12), which took account of the Internet consultation, was presented on 29 October 2003. These formal legislative proposals have to be discussed by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament under the Codecision Procedure. The European Chemicals Agency (ECA) will administer REACH. This new agency will be set up in Helsinki. Under REACH manufacturers, importers and users of chemicals will have to assess the risks of their substances and make sure necessary control measures are in place to manage any risks. The intention is to transfer the burden of proof to industry for putting safe chemicals on the EU market. Registration of technical and safety information with the European Chemicals Agency (ECA) in Helsinki is an integral part of the new system. There will be a phase-in system lasting up to 11 years to deal with substances already on the market. At 100 tonnes per annum, and again at 1,000 tonnes per annum, substances will be evaluated with a view to further testing. A minority of ‘very high concern’ substances will have to be authorised at EU level, with approvals for specific uses based on the outcome of risk assessment and taking socio-economic factors into account if necessary.

As soon as the REACH scheme begins operating, registration will be needed for new substances. Manufacture or import can begin 3 weeks after the registration is submitted, unless the ECA informs the registrant that the registration is incomplete. The deadlines for registration of existing ‘phase-in’ substances are based on the date the new Regulation comes into force (Table 6). It is anticipated that ca 30,000 substances will be registered, and that around 80% will not proceed to the next ‘evaluation’ stage. It is important to note that new substances already notified under the current DSD scheme (Section 2.1) are considered as registered under the new REACH system, but further information will be required at the REACH trigger quantities.

Table 6. Timings for registration Register new substances at ≥ 1 tpa before manufacture or import • Phase-in for existing substances (from date Regulation in force): CMRs (> 1 tpa): 3 years > 1,000 tpa: 3 years > 100 tpa: 6 years > 1 tpa: 11 years • Phase-in for draft decisions for further testing following registration: CMRs (> 1 tpa): 5 years > 1,000 tpa: 5 years > 100 tpa: 9 years Note: CMR refers to substances classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction

6 Evaluation of Chemicals The information included in the registration of the ca 5,000 substances exceeding a production or import volume of 100 tonnes per annum will have to be ‘evaluated’. The proposed Regulation foresees that national Competent Authorities will act on behalf of the ECA to do this work.

5 Registration of Chemicals All substances manufactured or imported in the EU at ≥ 1 tonne per annum will have to be registered. The ECA will assign a registration number, perform a completeness check using an automated process, and maintain a database of registered substances.

When the volume reaches 100 tonnes per annum the manufacturer or importer has to make a proposal for a testing programme (according to Annex VII of the Regulation). The rapporteur Competent Authority, in consultation with other Competent Authorities and the ECA, agrees the final testing programme, and evaluates

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the studies when they are submitted. At 1,000 tonnes per annum an equivalent procedure is followed for Annex VIII testing. For phase-in substances already exceeding the evaluation trigger values, a tiered approach is proposed following initial registration (Table 6).

studies would be required. If the outcome of the risk assessment is unfavourable, the applicant can request the ECA to take into account socio-economic factors in deciding if the use of the substance can nevertheless be authorised. There is an emphasis on the substitution principle, and authorisation is more likely if another substance presenting a higher risk will be replaced.

7 Authorisation of Chemicals

The majority of very high concern substances will be those classified as category 1 or 2 CMRs. There are already around 850 such CMR substances based on current classifications, and it is likely that there will be another ca 500 identified from future testing. Most endocrine disrupters would require authorisation by being classified as carcinogenic or toxic for reproduction, but there is the option to add other endocrine disruptors on an ad hoc basis.

Substances of ‘very high concern’ will have to be authorised for use for specific purposes that have been demonstrated either to present a negligible risk or are essential for socio-economic reasons. It is estimated that ca 1,400 substances will be subject to authorisation. The first step is to identify existing substances, or particular uses of substances, that require authorisation, then to decide on deadlines for authorisation and any uses exempted from authorisation. As additional ‘very high concern’ substances are identified, largely from testing for registration and evaluation, they will be fed into the authorisation system. Applications for particular uses of ‘very high concern’ substances will be assessed at EU level, on the basis of the risk assessment submitted by the applicant, that covers all stages of the life-cycle for that use. The risk assessment is to focus on a more detailed estimation of exposure for the use, and generally no new safety

8 Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic and Very Persistent and Very Bioaccumulative Substances Authorisation will also be required for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) and very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) substances. The PBT and vPvB criteria are defined in Annex XII of the Regulation (Table 7). There are subtle differences in the

Table 7. Criteria for identification of PBT and vPvB Criterion

PBT criteria

vPvB criteria

Persistent (P)

Half-life > 60 d in marine water or > 40 d in fresh or estuarine water or half-life > 180 d in marine sediment or > 120 d in fresh or estuarine water sediment or half-life in soil > 120 d

Half-life > 60 d in marine, fresh or estuarine water or > 180 d in marine, fresh or estuarine water sediment or half-life in soil > 180 d

Bioaccumulative BCF > 2,000 in fresh or marine aquatic species (B)

BCF > 5,000

Toxic (T)

Chronic NOEC < 0.01 mg/l for fresh or marine water organisms, Category 1 or 2 carcinogen or mutagen or Category 1, 2 or 3 toxic for reproduction or chronically toxic (i.e., labelled with T or harmful (Xn) with R48)

Not applicable

Note:

(a) BCF is bioconcentration factor, NOEC is no-observed effect concentration. (b) For marine environmental risk assessment, half-life data in freshwater sediment can be overruled by data obtained under marine conditions. (c) Substances are classified when they fulfil the criteria for all three inherent properties for P, B and T. However, there is certain flexibility, for instance in cases where one criterion is marginally not fulfilled but the others are exceeded considerably. (d) R48 Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure.

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values adopted under the current EU notification scheme and by the US Environmental Protection Agency. It is recognised that there may be over-regulation of vPvB substances under the proposed REACH criteria. High molecular weight very poorly water-soluble substances would meet the vPvB criteria but may not present a hazard to the environment. Therefore additional criteria to exempt these substances are being developed taking into account molecular weight, molecular size and solubility in n-octanol. Restrictions for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) required under the Stockholm Convention will also be implemented through the provisions of the REACH Regulation.

9 The Requirement to Register and Special Cases Substances manufactured or imported at above 1 tonne per annum, either neat or in preparations, will have to be registered, unless otherwise exempted: substances at below this threshold are not registered. Some substances in manufactured articles are subject to registration. Under the proposed Regulation, substances in articles will have to be registered only if they are classified as ‘dangerous’ and are intended to be released from the article. Instead of full registration, a less onerous process of notification is proposed for ‘dangerous’ substances released incidentally to the use of articles. It is likely, however, that the final REACH Regulation will clarify and improve the provisions for registration of substances in articles. Substances notified under the DSD (392) are considered as having been registered. Similarly, substances used only as active substances for plant protection products, which are covered by the Plant Protection Products Directive (a.13), or for biocidal products, which are covered by the Biocidal Products Directive (a.14) are counted as registered under REACH. The Regulation as a whole does not apply to radioactive substances, genetically modified organisms, substances in transit and non-isolated chemical intermediates. In addition, certain other categories of substance are exempt from registration (Table 8). The original intention of the consultation document (a.11) was that polymers would have to be registered, but an outcome of the Internet consultation was that

Table 8. Categories of substance exempt from registration The specific substances listed in Annex II of the Regulation Substances covered by Annex III of the Regulation: - Radioactive substances - Degradants from environmental factors - Chemical degradants - Products from use - Products from reaction with additives - By-products - Hydrates, providing the anhydrous form is registered - Non-dangerous natural substances - Natural gas, crude oil and coal - Monomers bound into polymers, but note that registration is required if the monomer is present at ≥ 2% (w/w) in the polymer and is at ≥ 1 tonne per annum - Polymers

the scheme no longer to applies to polymers, although there remains the option to require certain polymers to be registered at a later stage. This is a considerable simplification of REACH, as it was estimated that around 30,000 polymer registrations would otherwise have been needed. Nevertheless, if a polymer contains a non-registered monomer or other starting substance at ≥ 2% (w/w) in chemically bound form, the starting substance itself is subject to the standard registration requirements (Section 10). The registration of chemical intermediates has been subject to much debate, and the provisions in the proposed Regulation (a.12) are less burdensome to industry than from the consultation document (a.11). As with all chemicals, registration is not required at below 1 tonne per annum. Also, non-isolated intermediates do not have to be registered. Isolated but site-limited intermediates are to be registered with only information on the identity of the manufacturer and substance, the ‘dangerous‘ classification and the available hazardous properties data. Limited registration also applies for transported isolated intermediates, providing they are transported between or supplied to other sites under contractual control (including for toll or contract manufacture) and for which there are strict conditions ensuring only very limited environmental release and human exposure. When these chemical intermediates are transported at below 1,000 tonnes per annum, they can be registered with the same information as sitelimited intermediates, but at 1,000 tonnes per annum

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the basic Annex V test data are needed (see Table 9). Standard registration will apply to other chemical intermediates. Substances used only for process-orientated research and development are exempt from registration for 5 years. The exemption can be extended for a further 5 years in exceptional circumstances, or 10 years for substances used exclusively to develop human or veterinary medicines. The manufacturer or importer has to inform the ECA of the substance identity, labelling and quantity, justify the quality, summarise the research programme and list the customers.

Table 9. Proposed REACH data for substances at ≥ 1 tonne per annum in the EU (Annex V of the Regulation) Boiling point Relative density Vapour pressure Surface tension Water solubility n-Octanol-water partition coefficient Flash point or flammability Explosivity Auto-flammability Oxidising properties

10 Standard Safety Data for Registration

Granulometry Skin irritation or corrosivity evaluation or in vitro tests

The information on hazardous properties is linked to the manufacture or import level, on the grounds that the potential for human or environmental exposure increases with the amount of the substance in the EU.

Eye irritation evaluation or in vitro test

Annexes in the proposed REACH Regulation specify the standard safety data requirements and give rules on the circumstances in which data may be omitted. These correspond to the current standard data waivers for notification of new substances. The Annexes also specify when extra data are triggered, either as an outcome of risk assessment or to clarify ambiguous study results. Annexes IV to VIII of the Regulation specify the supply-level triggered standard hazardous properties information needed for registration (Tables 9 to 12). Note that there are likely to be changes to these standard data requirements in the final version of REACH. The standard testing programmes are based around using EU test methods (a.2) or OECD guidelines (a.3) with the studies conducted in compliance with GLP. The standard laboratory studies on physico-chemical, toxicological, ecotoxicological and environmental fate properties are covered by Knight and Thomas (73).

Acute Daphnia toxicity

Skin sensitisation evaluation or local lymph node assay Ames test Possible additional studies: Further mutagenicity tests 21-day Daphnia reproduction study

information on the properties of the substance by alternative means: i.e., non-standard or non-GLP tests, historical human data, a weight of evidence, predictions by structure-activity relationship (SAR) or ‘read-across’ to tested analogues (Table 13). There is also a provision for ‘substance-tailored exposure-driven testing’ to allow data waivers at higher supply levels for low-exposure substances.

11.2 Existing Studies and Literature Data

11 Non-Standard Safety Data for Registration 11.1 Options to Adapt Standard Data In addition to these specific rules, the registrant can adapt the standard data set and provide adequate

12

In practice there will often be old studies or published papers that can provide adequate information to assess the properties of ‘phase in’ existing substances. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued useful guidance on searching for literature data (a.15). It is important to evaluate existing studies with regard to their adequacy and completeness, especially where test standards vary. Guidance on evaluating data for use under the EU chemical schemes is given in the

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

Table 10. Proposed REACH Data for Substances at ≥ 10 tonnes per annum in the EU (Annex VI of the Regulation)

Table 11. Proposed REACH data for substances at ≥ 100 tonnes per annum in the EU (Annex VII of the Regulation)

In addition to the Annex V data:

The registrant makes a testing programme proposal covering:

In vivo skin irritation (unless classified from Annex V data) In vivo eye irritation (unless classified from Annex V data)

Stability in organic solvents and identification of degradants Dissociation constant

In vitro chromosome aberration test

Viscosity

In vitro gene mutation assay

Reactivity to container material

Acute oral toxicity

In vivo mutagenicity studies

Acute inhalation or dermal toxicity

28-day or 90-day repeat-dose study in the rat (if not part of the Annex VI data)

28-day (or 90-day) repeat-dose study in the rat (normally oral exposure) Developmental toxicity screening study (OECD 421) Developmental toxicity study (OECD 414) Toxicokinetics assessment (a prediction based on the available data)

Developmental toxicity studies in two species (if not part of the Annex VI data) Two-generation fertility study in the rat (if there are adverse findings from the 28-day or 90-day studies) 21-day Daphnia reproduction study

Acute fish toxicity

Chronic fish toxicity study

Algal growth test

Simulation test on the ultimate degradation in surface water

Ready biodegradation Activated sludge respiration inhibition test Hydrolysis test

Soil simulation test Sediment simulation test

Adsorption/desorption screening test

Fish bioaccumulation study (unless there is a low predicted bioaccumulation potential)

Possible additional studies:

Further adsorption/desorption study

In vivo mutagenicity studies

14-day earthworm toxicity

Further repeat-dose study in the rat

Study of the effects on soil microorganisms

Second developmental toxicity study

Short-term toxicity to plants

Two-generation fertility study in the rat Chronic fish toxicity study Biodegradation simulation studies

Risk Assessment Technical Guidance Document (a.16), which will presumably apply to registration under REACH. The adequacy of each test can be defined by two basic elements: •

•

Reliability: the inherent scientific quality of a study relating to the test method, performance of the study and the reporting (Table 14); Relevance: the extent to which a test is appropriate for a particular hazard or risk assessment. For example the appropriate species and route of exposure should have been studied in a toxicology study or relevant species have to be studied for ecotoxicology studies.

The reliability of the data is a key initial consideration in filtering out unreliable studies, so focusing on more reliable studies. Klimisch et al. (a.17) have developed a scoring system for checking reliability (Table 15).

11.3 Surrogate Data: Calculation, Read-Across and SAR/QSAR There are many methods to estimate physico-chemical properties (a.18 and a.19), and calculate these using thermodynamic and empirical relationships (a.20). It is particularly important where estimation methods have been used to ensure that the results derived are consistent with one another and are reasonable based on chemical structure. If adequate test data are not available, Structure-activity relationships (SARs) or quantitative SARs (QSARs)

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New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

Table 12. Proposed REACH data for substances at ≥ 1,000 tonnes per annum in the EU (Annex VIII of the Regulation) The registrant makes a testing programme covering, if appropriate: Further mutagenicity studies Long-term repeat-dose (≥ 12 months) study in the rat Further toxicity study to investigate specific concerns Two-generation fertility study in the rat (if not part of the Annex VII data) Carcinogenicity study (often combined with a 2-year chronic toxicity study, usually in the rat) Further biodegradation in water, sediment and soil covering degradation rate and identification of relevant degradants Further environmental fate and behaviour studies Long-term earthworm toxicity Long-term toxicity to other soil invertebrates Long-term plant toxicity Long-term toxicity to sediment organisms Long-term or reproductive bird toxicity

Table 13. Options to adapt the standard REACH registration safety data Annex IX covers adapting the standard data requirements: • existing non-standard and/or non-GLP data • historical human data • weight of evidence • SAR • grouping and “read across” • data waivers, ie. the study is technically impossible • substance-tailored exposure driven testing (data waivers for high tonnage substances with low exposure)

Table 14. Factors to consider when evaluating the reliability of an existing study •

Purity/impurities and origin of the test substance

•

Complete test report is available or published in sufficient detail

•

Even if the reliability cannot be established or the study does not meet current standards, the data might still be used, taking into account: − Other studies or estimated results are consistent with the study results − Other studies on close chemical analogues give similar results − An approximate value is sufficient for use in the risk assessment − In cases where there are differing results from similar studies or an extensive data set is available for an individual species or a taxonomic group, it may be possible to use the distribution of these data to draw general conclusions on the toxicity

may be useful as surrogate data. There are validated QSARs for some physico-chemical properties and for the ecotoxicity of certain chemical classes. SARs are not well developed in relation to mammalian toxicity, and ‘expert judgment’ is applied, usually based on ‘structural alerts’.

14

The properties of substances can sometimes be assessed on a case-by-case basis using the ‘read-across’ approach. The properties of a substance are predicted from data on close chemical analogues with similar physicochemical properties. Similar biological properties are anticipated, since toxicokinetics, in particular

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

Table 15. Klimisch scoring scheme for reliability studies 1 = reliable without restrictions: Studies generated according to valid, internationally accepted testing guidelines, preferably performed according to GLP, or on a specific national guideline, or to a closely related or comparable method. 2 = reliable with restrictions: Studies, mostly not GLP compliant, that do not totally comply with the specific testing guideline, but which are nevertheless well documented and scientifically acceptable. 3 = not reliable: Scientifically flawed studies in which, for example, there was interference between the measuring system and the test substance, or in which the test system used was not relevant to the route of exposure or which were conducted to an unacceptable method. The documentation is not sufficient for assessment and not convincing to a scientific expert. 4 = not assignable: Studies that are not reported in enough detail to assess, i.e., only listed in short abstracts or secondary literature.

absorption and metabolism, would be comparable. As many matching toxicological properties as possible are required to provide evidence in support of read-across for missing endpoints. The use of SAR and ‘read-across’ to form chemical ‘categories’ of chemicals for evaluation as a group, is permitted in the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) OECD high production volume (HPV) schemes and encouraged for US HPV chemicals. There is guidance on SAR and categories in the OECD manual (a.21) and by the EPA (a.22 and a.23). These established principles will be useful for registration of new and ‘phase-in’ substances for REACH registration.

11.4 Alternatives to Animal Studies Russell and Burch defined a strategy for minimising animal use without compromising the quality of scientific work (a.24) by the use of three different categories of alternative testing, which they termed the ‘Three Rs’: reduction, refinement and replacement. Replacement methods are the ultimate goal, in that they do not involve conducting experiments on whole living animals, although some of these tests are only relative replacements because they require animal-derived tissues or organs for in vitro studies. There has been considerable progress in developing in vitro tests (a.25). The most success has been in local effects testing in biologically less complex systems, such as testing for skin and eye irritation. In contrast, efforts to develop in vitro tests to evaluate potential systemic toxicants have been hindered by the complexity of the systems involved, and it seems likely that a ‘battery’ of different in vitro assays will be needed.

Alternative tests will have to be validated scientifically and established as acceptable by industry and the regulators before being used for registration. The EU body which undertakes this validation process is the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), and the US equivalent is the Interagency Co-ordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM). The only in vitro studies fully validated and included in the EU test methods (a.2) are for skin corrosivity and phototoxicity, but efforts are underway to speed up validation for other endpoints. An original aim was that there would be no animal studies for the basic level of registration, but as there is currently no suitable in vitro test for skin sensitisation, the mouse local lymph node assay is included in Annex V of the Regulation (Table 9). The in vitro tests for skin and eye irritation are not fully validated, so as a compromise they are accepted for registration at up to 10 tonnes per annum (i.e., they are in Annex V), but if the results are negative they have to be confirmed by a standard animal test at 10 tonnes per annum (i.e., the Annex VI data, as shown in Table 10).

11.5 Data Waivers and Weight of Evidence The standard set of toxicological studies can be very extensive and use many experimental animals, so it is important to make maximum use of ‘data waivers’. Clearly any studies that are impossible for technical reasons have to be omitted, but there may be a justification for ‘data waivers’ on the grounds of low exposure or because the study is not scientifically necessary. There is provision within REACH for data waivers on the grounds of low exposure for the additional Annex

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VII and VIII testing (Tables 11 and 12) of evaluated substances at above 100 and 1,000 tonnes per annum as ‘substance-tailored exposure driven testing’. Insight into the type of approach which may justify such lowexposure ‘data waivers’ for registration under REACH might be gained from the EU biocidal products scheme (a.14). The technical guidance document for data requirements (a.26) makes provision for many of the long-term toxicology studies normally needed to be waived on a case-by-case basis, based on a consideration of the level, frequency and duration of exposure. A case can often be made to omit studies as scientifically unnecessary, because it is possible to conduct an adequate risk assessment without them. This is most often the case if the substance decomposes to degradants of known hazardous properties. For example the substance may hydrolyse rapidly to non-toxic products, so the key issue is to establish that this happens rapidly in the stomach before the parent substance can be absorbed. There may then be a case for omitting the expensive long-term animal studies, providing it is also established that there is no dermal or inhalation absorption from these exposure routes. In a similar way, it may be justified to omit ecotoxicity studies on a substance which hydrolyses or otherwise decomposes in the aquatic environment to stable products that have already been tested. Potentially it may be useful to have an expert report to collect, summarise and evaluate all the available literature data and in-house studies to get an overall view of the toxicity, environmental fate or ecotoxicity of a substance. A simple expert report would be on a single hazardous property, such as toxicokinetics or long-term general toxicity, and in effect would be a review article. More complex expert reports may cover a wider range of endpoints (e.g., all long-term toxicity data or effects on organisms in a particular environmental compartment). It might also take into account the chemical and physical properties, draw upon information on chemical analogues and perhaps make predictions based on biological processes, considering possible degradation by chemical, metabolic or environmental processes. This approach can in effect be a ‘data waiver’ argument to justify omitting studies as scientifically unnecessary taking a weight of evidence.

12 The Registration Dossier 12.1 Technical and Administrative Information for Registration The general technical, commercial and administrative information for the registration dossier is specified in Annex IV of the proposed REACH Regulation (Table 16).

Table 16. General Information for Registration under REACH (Annex IV of the Regulation) •

•

Technical dossier (in electronic format): - Annex IV technical data on the registrant, identification of the substance, manufacture and use and guidance on safe use - Robust summaries of safety data - Proposed classification and labelling - Statement whether animal testing was conducted - Proposal for any further testing Chemical Safety Report at > 10 tonne per annum.

Registrants will have to update the ECA with any change in their status, composition of the substance, significant changes in tonnage, new uses, significant new knowledge of risks, any change in classification and labelling and any update to the CSR.

12.2 The IUCLID Electronic Format The technical dossier, including robust summaries of the study reports, for registration of chemicals under REACH is to be submitted to the ECA using version 5 of the International Chemical Information Database (IUCLID) format (a.27). IUCLID is a well-established database format for communicating and storing information on chemicals. It was developed from the format used for reporting available data under the EU Existing Chemicals Regulation (Section 2.2), and the non-confidential database of existing data collected from the ECR process is published in the IUCLID format (a.4). The IUCLID software is also used for the OECD ICCA HPV programme and is one of the options for the US HPV scheme. The substance related data are structured according to ten chapters, each of which has several subchapters

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New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

(Table 17). IUCLID consists of several modules, both user modules and modules designed for the IUCLID system administrator. In all there are five components covering acquisition and information, a query module, a profile editor, administration and data exchange.

Table 17. IUCLID chapters of substance-related data 1.

General information (e.g., chemical name, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number, synonyms, impurities, additives)

2.

Physico-chemical data (e.g., melting point, density)

3.

Environmental fate and pathways (e.g., photodegradation, distribution, biodegradation)

4.

Ecotoxicity (e.g., to fish, Daphnia, and algae)

5.

Toxicity (e.g., acute, irritation, sensitisation and repeat–dose toxicity)

6.

Analytical methods for detection and identification

7.

Effectiveness against target organisms and intended use

8.

Measures necessary to protect man, animals and the environment

9.

References

10. Summary and evaluation

13 The Chemical Safety Report A Chemical Safety Report (CSR) is required for substances registered at 10 tonnes per annum (i.e., with Annex VI data). The burden on industry has been eased in the final proposal (a.12), because in earlier drafts, such as the consultation document (a.11), a CSR would have been needed for all registered substances. A CSR is a risk assessment, following the general provisions of Annex I of the proposed REACH Regulation, with extra guidance in Annex IB for substances that are components of preparations. These general principles correspond with the current EU practice for notified new substances and priority existing substances, as described more fully in Section 14. The ECA will develop software to help registrants prepare the CSR. It is essential to have input from downstream users to prepare the risk assessment for the CSR, which

in practice may prove problematic. The CSR is a key element in communicating important safety information to users, and a summary of the CSR is to be included with the SDS. Substances that are used only to formulate cosmetics or to manufacture food-packaging materials are dual regulated: they still have to be registered under REACH, although they are subject to separate EU measures that involve an evaluation of their safety to humans. Hence, in order to avoid duplication of work, the REACH CSR only has to include an environmental risk assessment. The CSR also includes an assessment of whether the substance is classed as PBT or vPvB according to the Annex XII criteria (Table 7). These substances would be of ‘very high concern’ and have to be authorised (Section 7).

14 EU Risk Assessment 14.1 Framework for EU Risk Assessment The risk assessment procedures for the CSR will certainly be based on the current procedures, although it would be useful if the ECA software simplified them to help registrants. The general principles of EU risk assessment are given in Commission Directive 93/67/EEC (a.28) for notification of new substances, and mirrored for evaluation of existing substances in Commission Regulation No. 1488/94 (a.29). The process (Table 18) involves hazard identification and, if possible, quantification of the hazard, then comparison with an exposure assessment to produce a risk characterisation. This process applies for both human health and environmental effects and for all stages in the EU lifecycle. There is an overall integration of conclusions. Detailed guidance for conducting risk assessment is given in the Risk Assessment Technical Guidance Document (a.16), although this is not mandatory and other methods or approaches can be used if they can be justified as more appropriate. Exposure to a substance can potentially occur during each stage of the life cycle of the substance in the EU, from production to ultimate disposal or recovery (Table 19). At each of the stages of the lifecycle, the exposure to the various environmental compartments and human populations has to be assessed.

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New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

Table 18. Principles of EU risk assessment Assessment of effects: a) Hazard identification (intrinsic hazardous properties of the substance) b) Elucidation of the dose (concentration) versus response (effects) characteristics Exposure assessment: a) For the human population, workers, consumers and indirect exposure via the environment b) For the different environment compartments likely to be exposed to the substances; water, sediment, soil, and air Risk characterisation: Comparison of information on hazardous properties and effective dose levels/ concentrations with exposure levels in order to characterise the degree of risk posed by the substance to human health or to the environment

Risk assessment is required for each ‘dangerous’ property that a substance has (Section 3.1) or if there are other ‘reasonable grounds for concern’ on the basis of exposure or predicted hazardous properties. If there are insufficient data for definitive ‘dangerous’ classification for a particular property, risk assessment for that hazardous property is only necessary if there are other reasonable grounds for concern. There are specific grounds for concern for human health and environmental risk assessment. In addition, there may be structural alerts for hazardous properties triggered by hazardous close chemical analogues. If a substance is contained in a preparation at certain stages in the EU life cycle, a risk assessment for the hazardous properties of the substance is only needed if the calculation method of the DPD (a.7) causes the preparation to be classified as ‘dangerous’ (Section 3.2). Life cycle with consumer exposure are exposure-based reasonable grounds for concern, so a risk assessment is needed irrespective of whether the substance is classified as ‘dangerous’.

14.2 Human Health Risk Assessment Table 19. Lifecycle stages for risk assessment •

Industrial production: This is the stage of the lifecycle where the substance is manufactured, but applies only if production occurs within the EU

•

Transport and storage: It is considered that there is in practice no exposure

•

Formulation: This is the stage where substances are incorporated into preparations or products by blending or mixing

•

Industrial or professional processing: This is where the substance, or a preparation or article containing the substance, is applied or used in the workplace

•

Professional/consumer use: This is where the substance, or a preparation or article containing the substance, is applied or used by consumers and in professional trades

•

Service life: Products and articles containing the substance may be used over extended periods of time during which exposure can occur due to migration, leaching, evaporation etc.

•

Waste disposal: Substances with a service life will eventually enter the waste disposal stage where treatment by incineration or removal to landfill may occur. Recovery may also occur and further assessments may be required for use of the recovered material

18

The ‘dangerous’ properties of explosivity, flammability and oxidising properties are evaluated in terms of the likelihood of an adverse effect, taking into account how the hazard is dealt with during transport, handling and storage. Overall the substance will be of no immediate concern, assuming it is adequately stored and handled, otherwise immediate risk management measures are necessary. The ‘dangerous’ properties of acute toxicity, irritation, corrosivity, sensitisation, repeated-dose toxicity and CMR are evaluated in terms of their potential toxic effects to workers, consumers and man exposed indirectly via the environment, based on the use for each stage in the lifecycle of the substance from which exposure can occur. Risk assessment is also required if there are ‘reasonable grounds for concern’ for potential hazardous properties, e.g., from positive in vitro mutagenicity tests or structural alerts. The risk assessment involves comparing the estimated occupational or consumer exposure levels with the exposure levels at which no adverse effects are anticipated. This may be a quantitative risk assessment, based on the ratio between the two values, or a qualitative evaluation. The principles of human health risk assessment are covered in detail by Illing (a.30) and more briefly in Chapter 7 of (73). Many toxic effects are not expressed until the amount of the chemical, or a toxic metabolite, in the target tissue reaches a threshold concentration. Whether or

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

not this threshold concentration is reached is related to the level of exposure to the chemical for each exposure route. It is often the case that toxicity studies are conducted using oral exposure, whereas human exposure is predominantly by inhalation or dermal exposure: hence route-to-route extrapolation is needed for the risk assessment. The magnitude of repeat-dose and reproductive toxicity is expressed from the dose-response relationship, where possible, as a ‘no observed effect level’ (NOEL) or ‘no observed adverse effect level’ (NOAEL). If it is not possible to identify a NOEL or NOAEL from a study, the lowest dose associated with an adverse effect applies, i.e., the ‘lowest observed adverse effect level’ (LOAEL). For each effect for which a NOEL (or NOAEL or LOAEL) has been identified, this value is compared with the estimated dose to which the relevant human populations will be exposed. If there are several toxicology studies, the most appropriate value to use has to be selected from the data set, normally the lowest unless there are scientific reasons why this one is not relevant. The ‘margin of safety’ (MoS) can be calculated by dividing the predicted human exposure level by the appropriate NOEL (or NOAEL or LOAEL) to give an idea of the level of concern. There are no set figures for what is considered an acceptable MoS for human health risk assessment, but the factors taken into account are shown in Table 20. For occupational risk assessment, a margin of safety of over 250 is usually considered acceptable, whereas an MoS of 10 or less means that risk reduction measures are required. For consumer risk assessment, at least a two-fold increase in the MoS is necessary, and in many cases much higher values still are essential, depending on the use of the substance. An alternative to the MoS approach for quantitative human health risk assessment is to use ‘assessment factors’ to modify the relevant NOEL (or NOAEL or LOAEL) to derive a maximum exposure level considered acceptable, for direct comparison with the estimated exposure level.

Table 20. Typical assessment factors for human health risk assessment •

interspecies variation (10)

•

inter-individual variation (10)

•

severity of effects (≤ 10)

•

duration of exposure (variable factor)

•

LOAEL instead of a NOAEL (3, 5 or 10)

•

incomplete dataset (variable factor)

For acute toxicity, corrosivity and skin and eye irritation, values for the NOEL (or NOAEL or LOAEL) are not derived. Therefore, the only option is to determine whether the substance has an inherent capacity to cause such effects and to make a qualitative risk assessment to evaluate the likelihood of an adverse effect occurring in use. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are generally considered to be non-threshold effects, unless a nongenotoxic mechanism can be established with a NOEL (or NOAEL or LOAEL). Risk assessment is based on establishing whether exposure is prevented. A similar process of preventing exposure also applies for skin and respiratory sensitisers, since there is no means of identifying a dose or concentration below which adverse effects will not occur in someone already sensitised to a particular substance.

14.3 Environmental Risk Assessment Environmental risk assessment is required for substances which are classified as ‘dangerous for the environment’, or if there are the following other ‘reasonable grounds for concern: •

Bioaccumulation potential.

•

The shape of the ecotoxicity/time curve from the ecotoxicity studies.

•

Adverse health effects from long-term toxicity studies.

•

Structural alerts.

Environmental risk assessment examines the potential adverse effects to ecosystems from exposure of the aquatic, terrestrial and air components. Initial assessment normally focuses on the aquatic compartment, including effects on microorganisms in waste water treatment plants. This first tier risk assessment can be extended to cover the sediment part of the aquatic compartment and the soil compartment. At higher tonnage levels, effects relevant to the food chain are evaluated, i.e., secondary poisoning. Diderich in Chapter 8 of (73) discusses the principles of EU environmental risk assessment. The objective is to predict the concentration of the substance below which adverse effects in a particular environmental compartment are not expected to occur, i.e., the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). However, in some cases, it may not be possible to establish a PNEC, and a qualitative estimation has to be made instead. An ‘assessment factor’ is applied to

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New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

the numerical results of acute and long-term ecotoxicity studies to generate the PNEC. The ‘assessment factor’ is an expression of the degree of uncertainty in extrapolation from test data on a limited number of laboratory species in standard tests to the real environment: in general the more extensive the data and the longer the duration of the tests the smaller is the degree of uncertainty and the size of the ‘assessment factor’. The aim of the exposure assessment is to predict the concentration of the substance that is likely to be found in the environment, i.e., the predicted environmental concentration (PEC). Again it may not be possible to establish a PEC, and a qualitative estimation of exposure has to suffice. Risk assessment for any given environmental compartment is a comparison of the PEC with the PNEC, i.e., the PEC: PNEC ratio. If this ratio is below 1, there is no immediate concern. If the ratio is above 1, the assessor decides on the basis of its value and other relevant factors what conclusions apply. If it has not been possible to derive a PEC/PNEC ratio, the risk assessment is a qualitative evaluation of the likelihood that an adverse effect will occur.

15 Confidentiality and Data Protection under REACH

Table 21. Confidentiality provisions under REACH: Information that cannot be claimed as confidential •

trade name and chemical name

•

physico-chemical properties and the results of toxicology and ecotoxicology studies

•

purity and impurity (if relevant to classification)

•

guidance on safe use

•

non-confidential SDS information

•

analytical methods for detection in humans or the environment

•

whether animal testing was conducted

published. Therefore it is necessary to make a datasharing enquiry (DSE) before beginning testing, to avoid duplication of animal studies on the grounds of animal welfare. Registration data are protected from use by subsequent registrants for 10 years. Thereafter all the data can be used of right by a subsequent registrant. Studies submitted less than 10 years before the DSE are still protected, but the two parties are put into contact with a view to reaching an agreement to share data. In principle there is no obligation to share non-animal data, but animal studies cannot be repeated: the second registrant is allowed to use the original animal data for the re-registration, but has to pay half the costs of the studies to their owner.

15.1 Publication of Registration Data The ECA will establish and maintain a publiclyaccessible database of registered substances, with a short profile of hazardous properties, labelling and what other EU legislation applies to them. The registrant can claim most information confidential (Table 21).

15.2 Data Protection and the Substance Information Exchange Forum Under the current proposed Regulation (a.12), once REACH is operating and substances have been registered, a new EU importer or manufacturer would have to re-register a previously-registered substance. The ECA database will enable the prospective registrant to find out if the substance has already been registered, but the identity of the original registrant will not be

20

In order to allow the data-sharing scheme to operate for ‘phase-in’ substances (i.e., before there have been any registrations), there is a duty to pre-register substances at least 18 months before the registration deadline (Table 6). The information in the pre-registration is the identity of the substance and registrant and a listing of the existing physico-chemical and safety data, including a short description of animal studies. The pre-registrants for a particular ‘phase in’ substance are participants in a substance information exchange forum (SIEF). There will be a mandatory data-sharing and datacompensation scheme for existing animal studies, and sanctions will be taken against companies who refuse to share animal studies. If a particular animal study is not available within the SIEF, participants must take all reasonable steps to reach an agreement and to conduct a single study and avoid duplicate animal testing. There is a proposal to change the basis of REACH registration, so that there will be only one registration

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

for each substance, i.e., one substance, one registration (OSOR). If this is adopted, data sharing will be facilitated, providing the administrative arrangements are sorted out, in particular to deal with intellectual property rights.

•

In early March 2005 the European Trade Union Confederation held a conference highlighting the health benefits of REACH to workers.

•

On 14 March 2005 Members of the European Parliament began discussion of detailed proposals for 111 amendments to the REACH proposals based on a report from the Environment Committee, the Industry Committee and the Internal Market Committee. It is unlikely that any proposals will be made for further amendments.

•

Malta and Slovenia presented a formal proposal for prioritisation of low-volume chemicals registered at below 10 tonnes per annum to the Council of Ministers in March 2005, which was discussed in April 2005, with formal proposals for amendments to REACH made in May 2005.

•

In April 2005, after consulting the UK Chemical Stakeholder Forum, the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs unveiled its intended input to EU negotiations on dealing with the highest risk chemicals under REACH. The Chemical Stakeholder Forum was also consulted on which organisation should be the UK’s competent body for REACH and on the Chemical Industry Association’s plan to create a database of chemicals marketed in the UK.

•

The impact assessment of REACH, commissioned from the consultants KPMG in March 2004 jointly by CEFIC and UNCIE, was discussed by the European Commission on 27 April 2005 and published in May 2005. The findings of the European Commission Joint Research Centre’s impact assessment were also discussed, although the study had not been published because of questions over the methodology used.

•

There was a workshop in Luxembourg on 10 to 11 May 2005 to review progress in drawing up impact assessments for REACH.

•

The British Retail Consortium and EuroCommerce published separate proposals to deal with imported articles under REACH in mid-2005.

16 Preparing for REACH 16.1 Status of REACH Legislation There has been much research on the possible impact of REACH and suggestions for its practical implementation and changes and improvements. These and the most recent political developments are listed below to give an indication of the status of the REACH scheme at the time of writing. Overall the best current estimate for when REACH will begin operating is 2007. •

In December 2004 the Council of Ministers informally supported the OSOR option proposed by the UK and Poland.

•

The 18-month building and testing of version 5 of IUCLID to be used for REACH dossiers began in January 2005.

•

In January 2005 the European Commission President, Jose Manuel Barroso, announced that the European Commission would back changes to make REACH more workable for industry.

•

The European Parliament hosted a joint hearing with the Commission and Council on REACH on 19 January 2005 to hear stakeholders’ concerns.

•

European retailers pushed for stronger legal obligations to supply more data on hazardous substances in a report published in February 2005 by the International Chemical Secretariat, a Swedish NGO, together with supporting demands from the European Tread Union Confederation, the Water Industry Body and the European Community of Consumer Co-operatives.

•

In early February 2005, Jose Manuel Barroso relaunched the Lisbon Agenda, the EU’s 10-year programme to enhance European competitiveness and economic growth, with an emphasis on REACH.

•

The UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs held a workshop on 10 June 2005 on ‘Solutions to REACH: Non-Animal Methods for Toxicology Testing’.

•

The European chemical trade association CEFIC produced a set of new proposals to improve the workability of REACH in late February 2005.

•

Insight Investment published a report in June 2005 of a survey of chemical firms, concluding that many are still unprepared for REACH.

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New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

•

•

The UK Metals Industry REACH Group was founded in June 2005 to lobby for exclusion of metal ores and secondary raw materials from REACH and recognition of alloys as special preparations of metal covered by registrations of their components. On 6 July 2005 the Strategic Partnership On REACH project results were published highlighting fundamental issues to simplify the scheme.

•

The UK Presidency began on 1 July 2005, with the aim of continuing discussion on sticking points to achieve political agreement by the end of 2005, although this is generally acknowledged to be an ambitious target.

•

The 6 to 7 June 2005 Competitiveness Council supported the French proposal to give the European Chemicals Agency extra responsibility in evaluating dossiers for substances at 100 and 1,000 tonnes per annum.

•

The first reading of the proposed REACH Regulation by the European Parliament is scheduled for November 2005 at the earliest. The rapporteurs for the lead Environment and Industry Committees, Guido Sacconi and Lena Ek respectively, have proposed extensive amendments to REACH. Hartmut Nassauer, the rapporteur for the Internal Market and Consumer Committee, also responsible for the European Parliament’s opinion on the REACH proposal, has issued a report suggesting extensive amendments, and in essence has suggested REACH is completely redrafted. The Internal Market and Consumer Committee vote has been postponed from 5 September 2005.

•

The EU Member States, through the Council of Ministers, will work towards a compromise position. The Council of Ministers has already suggested many amendments to the REACH proposal.

16.2 Preparing for REACH The chemical industry operating in the EU will be greatly affected by REACH, and there will be ramifications worldwide. The uncertainty in key final aspects of REACH and when the scheme will begin operating make it challenging for industry to plan how to prepare for REACH and develop budgets for the cost of new studies and registration work. It is certain, however, that considerable resources will be needed. In practice chemical companies should begin preparing

22

for REACH as soon as possible to avoid being caught out by unanticipated costs, regulatory hurdles and loss of important chemicals. A first step is to develop inventories of chemical substances supplied and purchased: this may not be as easy as it sounds for some industries involving a wide range of preparations. For purchased substances the next stage is to try and find out if the supplier is planning to support the substance, in particular by registering the purchaser’s use and including this in the risk assessment of the CSR. The status of supposedly supported substances is likely to change as suppliers make business decisions to withdraw some of them. There are almost certain to be some unsupported substances in each company’s inventory of purchased chemicals, so a decision then has to be made on how to deal with this problem. It may be possible to substitute unsupported chemicals with supported substances, although this may involve development work to develop new formulations. Alternatively, there may be different suppliers supporting the substance, although the cost is likely to be higher. As a last resort the purchaser might have to register the substance. A supplier of chemicals will have to decide which to support, and make plans to withdraw any that will no longer be profitable. To do this an evaluation of what existing safety data are available is an essential first step, taking into account in-house studies and literature data. This will enable a data gap analysis for each substance to be drafted, based on the EU tonnage, which determines whether Annex V or Annex VI standard data are needed for the initial registration (Tables 9 and 10 respectively), although the situation is likely to change when the Annex V and VI data requirements are finalised. At some stage this data gap analysis will have to be refined, to evaluate the reliability of literature data to make a judgment as to whether the existing information can be used for the registration, and to decide if ‘read across’ or other surrogate data can be used. Then it will be possible to have an indication of the initial cost to register the ‘phase-in’ substance. At the pre-registration stage, however, it may turn out that other companies are supporting the substance, with the opportunity to use their data and share the cost of developing new studies. Commercial decisions also have to be made about whether to join a testing consortium. Registration dossiers for substances at below 100 tonnes per annum will not be evaluated, so it is up to the registrant to make the case for using non-standard data and surrogate data. If and when the substance is evaluated, however, it may turn out that some new

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

studies are needed to complete the basic Annex VI data package, and there will certainly be extra cost for the Annex VII and VIII data (Tables 11 and 12). Finally there will be some ‘very high concern’ chemicals for which uses have to be authorised. Many of these will already be known, because the CMR classifications are already established. Other substances for authorisation will be identified as the initial registration data are developed and collated, perhaps especially for those found to be classed as PBT or vPvB substances. Other new CMR substances requiring authorisation will emerge at the evaluation stage when the additional studies are undertaken.

17 Conclusions Industry will be greatly affected by the new EU chemical control scheme, REACH, and should begin planning as soon as possible about which substances to support and how to deal with chemicals they purchase that will be withdrawn. A key element in deciding whether to register existing substances will be the cost of the testing programme. Hence, intelligent safety evaluation will be especially important. Decisions have to be made on whether to use literature data and/or ‘surrogate data’ and if ‘data waivers’ are appropriate at higher tonnage. A useful tool before the testing programme is finalised can be to conduct a preliminary risk assessment. This is to forecast whether restrictions are likely to apply, what extra data will be needed, and to indicate potential problem areas where new testing could initially be focused to get a rapid and more economical assessment of the final testing programme. This allows industry to decide whether the substance can still be supported, or if it is not commercially viable. The preliminary risk assessment is based on the available safety data, including a literature search, in combination with exposure assessment using EU models or adaptations of other models if the EU models are not yet developed. Overall it is of the utmost importance to have good regulatory advice in designing the testing programme and preparing the technical dossier and CSR.

18 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the contribution of various people who have helped with me with this Rapra

Review Report. Dr Sally Humphreys, Editor at Rapra, was patient with me during the inadvertently-delayed writing of this document. The SafePharm Laboratories Limited Board of Directors permitted me the necessary resources. Karmel Biring reviewed the manuscript, Vicky Mewett corrected my typing and reformatted the document and Jacqueline Billing dealt with the administration.

Additional References a.1

EC Communication 90/C 146A/01 European inventory of existing commercial chemical substances, Official Journal of the European Communities, 15:6:90, C146A, 1.

a.2

Annex V of Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 as amended and adapted to technical progress, available at http://erb.jrc. it//testing-methods/

a.3

OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, OECD, Paris, France, 1993, as updated.

a.4

IUCLID CD-ROM, European Commission Joint Research Centre European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra, Italy, 2000, second edition.

a.5

Commission Directive 2001/59/EC of 6 August 2001, Official Journal of the European Communities, 21:8:01, L225, 1.

a.6

Approved Supply List Information approved for the classification and labelling of substances and preparations dangerous for supply, Health and Safety Commission HSE Books, London, England, latest edition.

a.7

Directive 1999/45/EC of 31 May 1999 as amended, Official Journal of the European Communities, 30:7:99, L200, 1.

a.8

Commission Directive 2001/58/EC of 27 July 2001, Official Journal of the European Communities, 7:8:01, L212, 24.

a.9

Harmonised Integrated Classification System for Human Health and Environmental Hazards of Chemical Substances and Mixtures, OECD Series on Testing and Assessment Number 33, OECD, Paris, France, 2001.

a.10

White Paper on the Strategy for a future Chemicals Policy, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, COM(2001)88 final, February 2001.

23

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

a.11

a.12

Consultation Document Concerning the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH), European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, May 2003. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restrictions of Chemicals (REACH), European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 29:10:03.

a.13

Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991, Official Journal of the European Communities, 19:8:91, L230, 1, as amended.

a.14

Directive 98/8/EC of 16 February 1998, Official Journal of the European Communities, 24:4:98, L123, 1.

a.15

Guidance on Searching for Chemical Information and Data, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA, latest version.

a.16

Technical Guidance Document in Support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for New Notified Substances and Commission Regulation (EC) No, 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for Existing Substances, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 1996 and 2003 partial update and revision.

a.17

H.J. Klimisch, M. Andrene and U. Tillmann, A Systematic Approach for Evaluating the Quality of Experimental Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Data, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1997, 25, 1.

a.18

P.H. Howard and W.M. Meylan, Prediction of Physical Properties, Transport and Degradation of Environmental Fate and Exposure Assessments, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Environmental Sciences, VII, Chapter 13, SETAC Press, USA.

a.19

QSARs in the Assessment of the Environmental Fate and Effects of Chemicals, ECETOC Technical Report No. 74, Brussels, Belgium, 1998.

a.20

W.J. Lyman, W.F. Reehl, D.H. Rosenblatt, Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill, 1982.

a.21

Manual for Investigation of HPV Chemicals, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France, latest version.

a.22

The use of Structure-Activity Relationships in the High Production Volume Chemicals Challenge Program, Environmental Protection

24

Agency, Washington DC, USA, latest version. a.23

Development of Chemical Categories in the HPV Challenge Program, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA, latest version.

a.24

W.M.S. Russell, and R.L. Burch, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, Methuen Publishers, London, UK, 1959.

a.25

D.J. Knight and D. Breheny, Alternatives to Animal Testing in the Safety Evaluation of Products, Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 2002, 30, 7.

a.26

Technical Guidance Document in Support of the Directive 98/8/EEC Concerning the Placing of Biocidal Products on the Market Guidance on Data Requirements for Active Substances and Biocidal Products, Brussels, Belgium, final draft, October 2000.

a.27

International Uniform Chemical Information Database (IUCLID), European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy, latest version.

a.28

Commission Directive 93/67/EEC of 20 July 1993, Official Journal of the European Communities, 8:9:93, L227, 9.

a.29

Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 of 28 June 1994, Official Journal of the European Communities, 29:6:94, L161, 3.

a.30

Toxicity and Risk: Context, Principles and Practice, P. Illing, Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2001.

Abbreviations and Acronyms B

Bioaccumulative

BCF

Bioconcentration factor

CAS

Chemical Abstracts Service

CEFIC

European chemical trade association

CMR

Carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction

CSR

Chemical Safety Report

DPD

Dangerous Preparations Directive

DSD

Dangerous Substances Directive

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

DSE

Data-sharing enquiry

OSOR

One substance, one registration

ECA

European Chemicals Agency

P

Persistent

ECR

Existing Chemicals Regulation

PBT

Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic

ECVAM

European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods

PEC

Predicted environmental concentration

PNEC

Predicted no effect concentration

EINECS

European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances

POP

Persistent organic pollutant

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

PORD

Process-orientated research and development

EU

European Union

Pow

GHS

Global Harmonised Scheme

Partition coefficient between n-octanol and water

GLP

Good Laboratory Practice

QSAR

Quantitative SARs

HPV

High production volume

R

Risk

ICCA

International Council of Chemical Associations

R48

Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure

ICCVAM

Interagency Co-ordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods

REACH

Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals

S

Safety

IUCLID

International Chemical Information Database

SAR

Structure-activity relationships

LOAEL

Lowest observed adverse effect level

SDS

Safety data sheet

MoS

Margin of safety

SIEF

Substance information exchange forum

NGO

Non-governmental organisation

T

Toxic

NOAEL

No observed adverse effect level

tpa

Tonne per annum

NOEC

No-observed effect concentration

vPvB

Very persistent and very bioaccumulative

NOEL

No observed effect level

Xn

Harmful

OECD

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

25

New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH

26

References and Abstracts

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database Item 1 Chemical Market Reporter 267, No.26, 27th June-3rd July 2005, p.26-7 EUROPEAN PLASTICS INDUSTRY MOVES FROM 2-EH, DEHP Lerner I The rapid movement in the global phthalates market away from using plasticisers 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in favour of alternative products was underscored recently when BASF revealed plans to close its 2-EH and DEHP plants in Germany. The restructuring in Europe will have no effect on BASF’s plasticiser portfolio in Nafta and Asia, however, where the company will continue to offer 2-EH and DEHP. About 70% of the plasticiser market volume is phthalates, and plasticisers make up about 60% of the plastic additives market. PVC accounts for 80-90% of global plasticiser consumption. In October 2003, California added DEHP to the state’s list of more than 750 chemicals known to cause birth defects or reproductive harm. Previous studies had shown that the chemical can leach from plastic bags that contain intravenous fluids, blood, tube feedings or other medical treatment, and thereby enter the bodies of patients. WORLD

Accession no.943627 Item 2 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 8th July 2005, p.1 EU TAKES HARD LINE ON PVC PLASTICISERS Cundy C A decision by the European Parliament to put restrictions on the use of six phthalate plasticisers ignores scientific risk assessments and threatens the basis for Reach, the impending European legislation on chemical strategy. The Strasbourg parliament has voted to ban DEHP, DBP and BBP in children’s toys and childcare items. DINP, DIDP and DNOP will be banned from use if the toys or items can be put in the mouth by children. An EU scientific risk assessment said children were not at risk from DINP in toys. A similar study in the US by the Consumer Product Safety Commission reached the same conclusion. European Commission EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Diez S; Gondra K; Neira S GAIKER Centro Tecnologico Methods for achieving low styrene emissions in the unsaturated polyester resin industry are discussed. The necessity for new formulations to maintain the same mechanical properties as the previous ones is considered. The environmental requirements and working conditions that make essential the development of new formulations and processes that reduce volatile emissions are examined. The need for factories to adopt alternative technologies in order to comply with the latest environmental restrictions is discussed. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.944097 Item 4 Blowing Agents and Foaming Processes. Proceedings of a conference held Stuttgart, Germany, 10th-11th May 2005. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2005, Paper 1, pp.9, 29cm, 012 IMPACT OF REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS ON THE DEMAND FOR BLOWING AGENTS IN FOAMS Ashford P Caleb Management Services Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Factors affecting the market growth of insulating foams in Europe and the choice of blowing agents for their manufacture are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the recently-published IPCC/TEAP Special Report on ‘Safeguarding the ozone layer and the global climate system: Issues related to HFCs and PFCs’. It is shown that, overall, the foam industry can be confident of a vibrant market based on the environmental imperatives driven by concern over climate change, but that the industry needs to consider its own environmental responsibilities and to assess life cycle impacts at each stage. The need in the future for designing building products for decommissioning, particularly if the release of high global-warming-potential blowing agents is anticipated, is considered. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.944230

Accession no.943653 Item 3 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 89, No.585, March 2005, p.273-80 Spanish COMPOSITES WITH LOWER VOLATILE EMISSIONS

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 5 Injection Molding 13, No.4, April 2005, p.37-9 EU DIRECTIVES: CAN YOU COMPLY? Maniscalco M WEEE and RoHS are acronyms for upcoming European Union environmental legislation. With their advent, these

27

References and Abstracts

two directives will undoubtedly influence the way designers approach housings for electrical/electronic products. The US E/E industry is racing to find experts in this field to help them avoid issues when these laws come into effect. Under WEEE (Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment Recycling), electronics producers will need to pay for products sold in Europe to be recycled at the end of their life. After August 2005, electronics producers need to be compliant to avoid breaking the law in EU member states. RoHS (Restrictions on Hazardous Substances) supports the WEEE directive by preventing the following six hazardous substances from being put in products in the first place: cadmium, lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.942311

world. This attention has been triggered by a number of allegations, which are discussed in detail. Laboratory studies show that these phthalates rapidly degrade in the environment, so they are not persistent. These compounds also efficiently undergo biotransformation by organisms and do not biomagnify. Although they produce effects of various kinds in rats and mice when given for long periods of time at high levels, the relevance of these effects to humans is, at best, questionable. Several independent reviews, including some conducted by governmental agencies, have concluded that phthalates can be used safely in their current applications. Finally, recent investigations from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reveal that levels of human exposure are far below those that cause effects in laboratory animals. 20 refs. CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION USA

Item 6 Modern Plastics Worldwide 82, No.5, May 2005, p.23 REGULATORY SHOWDOWN? Deligio T According to the US FDA, substances that are not expected to become a component of a food stuff, or those that do not pose a health risk, are cleared using analytical chemistry data and extrapolation to show they pose no toxicological concern. In Europe, however, all materials present must be cleared using relatively exhaustive toxicological evaluations, regardless of the amount or likelihood of migration. As the European Union works towards a SuperRegulation, differences that require reconciliation seem likely, especially for companies looking to employ one packaging platform across continents. One current point of contention is migration, where, unlike the EU, the FDA offers some exemptions. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.941117 Item 7 Vinyltec 2004. Processing the perfect polymer - PVC. Proceedings of a conference held Iselin, New Jersey, 11th-13th Oct.2004. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, Paper 2, pp.7, CD-ROM, 012 PHTHALATE ESTER REGULATORY UPDATE Keller L H ExxonMobil Chemical Co. (SPE) Phthalate esters or phthalates are molecules predominantly used in commerce to make plastic flexible. The substances produced in highest quantity, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP or DOP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) are used almost exclusively as plasticisers in flexible PVC. Recently, these phthalates have been the focus of regulatory attention around the

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Accession no.941176 Item 8 Vinyltec 2004. Processing the perfect polymer - PVC. Proceedings of a conference held Iselin, New Jersey, 11th-13th Oct.2004. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, Paper 3, pp.7, CD-ROM, 012 RESIDUAL VINYL CHLORIDE LEVELS IN U.S. PVC RESINS AND PRODUCTS - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND UPDATE Borrelli F E; de la Cruz P L; Paradis R A US,Vinyl Institute; Keller & Heckman Inc.; Formosa Plastics Corp. (SPE) The vinyl industry made dramatic changes in the production of PVC in the 1970s to comply with regulations governing workplace exposure and environmental emissions of vinyl chloride monomer (VC or VCM), after it was recognised that vinyl chloride was a human carcinogen. These changes required extensive and costly modifications to the monomer and polymer production processes and the development of resin formulations from which residual monomer could be more easily removed from the polymerised matrix. Reductions of vinyl chloride emissions from PVC production facilities continued over the past two decades driven by both voluntary initiatives to optimise the manufacturing process and by regulatory requirements, such as state operating permit limits related to incremental production expansion or modification at existing facilities. Surveys of recent resin data, reviews of pipe product certification reports and recent food package testing by the US Food & Drug Administration show that current residual vinyl chloride monomer levels in all grades of PVC typically are significantly below applicable requirements and that resulting fabricated products are typically at non-detect levels to very low parts-per-billion levels. 25 refs. USA

Accession no.941177

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 9 Pack-Plus No.89, 9th-15th May 2005, p.2-3 COSHH REGULATIONS UPDATED

translated into a number of studies including ATSDR and the State of North Carolina examining the community exposures to TDI, the NIOSH Collaboration project with TDI producers, and storage concerns in several communities.

From 6 April 2005, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulation 2002 has been significantly updated. There is now a new focus on good practice to help employers prevent their employees’ health being harmed by workplace chemicals, and a change to the way limits are set for exposure to chemicals in the workplace. An outline of the updated regulations is given. UK,Health & Safety Executive

USA

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.940159 Item 10 Chemical Week 167, No.17, 18th May 2005, p.31 CONCERNS GROW ABOUT BISPHENOL A SAFETY Scott A

Accession no.940265 Item 12 T3 Technical Textile Technology 3, No.4, Dec.2004, p.18/20. This issue is published within International Fibre Journal, Vol.19, No.6, Dec.2004 FLUOROPOLYMER FINISHES GAIN IN POPULARITY, BUT ALSO COME UNDER INCREASING SCRUTINY Cole M D

A growing body of scientific evidence suggests that bisphenol A is an endocrine disrupting chemical and that BPA is present in extremely low, but biologically active, levels in the human body. BPA can leach from plastic products derived from it, including polycarbonate and epoxy resins, and could be the cause of several adverse human health effects. The American Plastics Council disputes that BPA presents a health risk, based on the findings of the bulk of research so far. However, regulators are becoming concerned. The European Commission introduced a regulation last February that limits the migration level of BPA from products including baby feeding bottles to 0.03 micrograms/millilitre.

As fluoropolymer-based finishes continue to find increasing favour in the textile industry, they are also being met with equal scrutiny. Known for their water repellency, stain resistance and easy cleanability, fluoropolymers (or fluorinated telomers) are being increasingly utilised as finishes for fabrics, especially as the textile industry rushes to find advantages in an increasingly competitive landscape. Their heightening popularity, however, is occurring in the midst of a preliminary risk assessment by the Environmental Protection Agency evaluating their hazardous effects. One issue is the levels of PFOA (perfluorooctanic acid) in fluoropolymer finished goods. The EPA issued a preliminary risk assessment in April 2003, still ongoing, to better understand the sources and exposure pathways leading to the presence of PFOA in human blood - and whether fluorinated telomers metabolise or degrade to PFOA, which does not break down in the environment. Details are given. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WORLD

USA

Accession no.940197

Accession no.939132

Item 11 Polyurethanes Expo 2004. Proceedings of a conference held Las Vegas, Nevada, 18th-20th Oct.2004. Arlington, VA., Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry, 2004, p.3-4, 28cm, 012 EH&S ISSUES FACING THE POLYURETHANE INDUSTRY Kasakevich J; Chapman J; Robert W Bayer MaterialScience (American Plastics Council; Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry)

Item 13 High Performance Plastics Feb.2005, p.8/9 STANDARDS FOR TOXIC ELEMENTS IN PE

An overview of issues focused on government perception of the PU industry and how that has translated into Agency activity is presented. A major focus of some agencies has been to reduce asthma in the general population. This has

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Two companies from Europe, PANalytical and DSM Resolve, have introduced a set of standards for the analysis of toxic elements in PE, as a tool to assist PE producers achieve compliance with international legislation governing emissions. Brief details are given of the new standards, available under the name of “Toxel”. PANALYTICAL BV; DSM RESOLVE EU; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.939737

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References and Abstracts

Item 14 Plastics Additives and Compounding 7, No.1, Jan.-Feb.2005, p.36-9 SAFEGUARDING THE ENVIRONMENT - XRF ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN POLYETHYLENE Wolksa J PANalytical BV The introduction of EU directives on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Reduction of Hazardous Substances has highlighted the need for precise and repeatable elemental analysis of heavy metals in the plastics production process. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy has emerged as the most economical and effective analytical tool for achieving this. A set of certified standards, known as TOXEL, is now available to facilitate XRF analyses in PE. Calibration with TOXEL standards is simplified by the fact that XRF is a multi-element technique. Therefore a single set of the new standards can be used to calibrate several heavy elements, covering concentrations from trace level to several hundred ppm. This case study is the analysis of heavy metals in PE using an Epsilon 5 XRF spectrometer. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.936835 Item 15 ACT 04. Proceedings of a conference held Warsaw, Poland, 23rd-26th Nov.2004. Gliwice, Institute for Plastics Processing, 2004, Paper 1, pp.5, 29 cm, ISBN 839176933X 012 EU CHEMICALS POLICY: REACH, A CHALLENGE FOR THE EUROPEAN PAINT INDUSTRY Drexler H J CEPE (Torun,Institute of Plastics Processing; Gliwice,Institute of Plastics & Paint Industry) The effect of European REACH legislation, which will cover all chemicals used in the European countries, on the paint industry is discussed and proposals made for a possible solution. REACH is the abbreviation for Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals. A case study involving vehicle refinish paints is described. Recommendations made by the industry for an improved REACH are considered. BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.937696 Item 16 ACT 04. Proceedings of a conference held Warsaw, Poland, 23rd-26th Nov.2004. Gliwice, Institute for Plastics Processing, 2004, Paper 2, pp.8, 29 cm, ISBN 839176933X 012

30

NEW EU REGULATIONS AFFECTING DIY PAINT Warnon J CEPE (Torun,Institute of Plastics Processing; Gliwice,Institute of Plastics & Paint Industry) Existing European legislation to reduce volatile organic compound(VOC) emissions is briefly reviewed and the political and technical reasons why further VOC reductions will be requested in the future are examined. The new European legislation relating to the reduction of VOC in decorative paints is discussed in detail and its consequences for coating manufacturers and their customers are considered. BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.937697 Item 17 ACT 04. Proceedings of a conference held Warsaw, Poland, 23rd-26th Nov.2004. Gliwice, Institute for Plastics Processing, 2004, Paper 46, pp.9, 29 cm, ISBN 839176933X 012 COATINGS, INKS AND ADHESIVE MANUFACTURE: DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE WITH THE SOLVENT EMISSIONS DIRECTIVE Newbould T British Coatings Federation (Torun,Institute of Plastics Processing; Gliwice,Institute of Plastics & Paint Industry) The effect of the UK legislation on solvent emissions on manufacture of coatings is discussed. Two choices are available for volatile organic compound emission control, i.e. either to maintain the total of all captured emissions plus uncaptured emissions below a specified percentage of the input solvents, or to maintain just the captured emissions below a specified percentage of the input solvents and to meet a specified concentration emission limit on all captured emissions. The use of a mass balance for compliance demonstration is described, together with the approach used by the British Coatings Federation (as published in The VOC Workbook). EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.937734 Item 18 Hot Colors, Cool Plastics 2004. Proceedings of a SPE Retec conference held Marco Island, Fl., 20th.-21st. Sept.2004. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, p.51-9, CD-ROM, 012 GOING GREEN WITH ULTRAMARINE BLUE Calvert D Holliday Pigments Ltd. (SPE,Color & Appearance Div.) The pigment ultramarine blue is examined with respect to its environmental impacts, health hazards and safety.

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Whilst the pigment has a favourable toxicity profile and a long history of application in sensitive applications such as cosmetics and in food-contact applications, in order to meet the requirements of discerning customers practice sustainable procurement and look for products with a beneficial life cycle analysis. This paper, therefore, outlines the results of a study which shows how a commitment to sustainable manufacture is an essential addition to the favourable toxicity profile. Areas for improvement are recognised and options for renewable energy resources are discussed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.935629 Item 19 Urethanes Technology 21, No.6, Dec.2004-Jan.2005, p.32-3 PRESSURE CONTINUES AS HFC’S COME UNDER EUROPEAN REGULATORS’ SPOTLIGHT Jeffs M ISOPA European regulators are still working on legislation to control emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), an issue close to the hearts of foam manufacturers in the region, as the legislation will effect the blowing agents which they are allowed to use. This article discusses the situation in some detail, with section headings including: impact on footwear, Greens defected, the battle is not over, and, energy saving cuts carbon dioxide. 1 ref. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT DENMARK; EU; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.935357 Item 20 Brussels, APME, 2003, pp.3, 29 cm, 3/3/05 POLYCARBONATE FOOD CONTACT APPLICATIONS ARE SAFE Association of Plastics Mfrs.in Europe Polycarbonate manufacturers have been working extensively with regulatory bodies and research associations to ensure the safety of polycarbonate in food contact applications. This report states that over 40 years of research and extensive use provides convincing evidence that polycarbonate is safe for all its intended uses, including food and beverage containers. Details are given of toxicological testing, including the safety of bisphenol A. 8 refs.

Item 21 ENDS Report No.361, Feb.2005, p.32 PVC INDUSTRY WELCOMES ALTERNATIVE TO PHTHALATES IN TOYS, MEDICAL ITEMS The PVC industry has “welcomed” the development by Danish food technology company Danisco of a new plantbased plasticiser as a potential alternative to phthalates in PVC toys and medical devices. The proposed EU Directive on phthalates, currently awaiting a second reading in the European Parliament, could make the temporary ban on the use of phthalates in PVC toys and childcare products permanent. In January, Danisco announced it had received EU regulatory approval to use its vegetable-based Grindsted Soft-n-Safe plasticiser in food contact materials such as PVC screw cap liners and cling film. The plasticiser is made from acetic acid and hardened castor oil. Danisco claims that its plasticiser will also be used in toys and medical equipment at a later stage and that US approval will come this year, with several other markets, including Japan, following suit. Danisco DENMARK; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.933803 Item 22 European Plastics News 32, No.2, Feb.2005, p.7 EUROPEAN COMMISSION HAS CHANGE OF HEART ON REACH It is briefly reported that the newly elected European Commission is prepared to tone down its predecessor’s proposed Reach chemicals legislation. The change of heart emerged during a public hearing in Brussels, organised by the European Parliament. During the meeting, EC officials acknowledged concerns about the impact of Reach on industry competitiveness and indicated a willingness to accept changes to the draft in the European Parliament. EuPC, the umbrella body for European plastics converters associations, has consistently voiced its concerns that Reach would force its members into costly reformulation and re-testing of finished items, as chemicals suppliers withdrew products due to the cost of registration. European Commission EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.932467

BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.933572

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

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References and Abstracts

Item 23 166th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2004. Proceedings of a conference held Columbus, Oh., 5th8th Oct.2004. Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2004, Paper 53, pp.20, 012 4-E CURE SYSTEMS: ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE ECONOMICAL EXPOSURE-LESS EASY TO USE Stuck B L; Czomba P M; Freeman R A; Schill M J; Decker D L Chem Technologies Ltd. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Environmental and health issues relating to nitrosamine generating curing agents and other suspected carcinogens, skin sensitisers, inhalation hazards and physical hazards encountered in the rubber industry are discussed and the costs entailed in replacing nitrosamine systems with non-nitrosamine systems are briefly considered. The development of a cost-effective non-nitrosamine cure booster/activator (CT(GP)100) designed to increase the cure rate and degree of cure of non-nitrosamine cure systems is reported and evaluated against a commonly used non-nitrosamine cure booster (zinc diamine dicyanato) in dense and sponge EPDM masterbatches. Rheometric data and Mooney scorch, tensile, elongation and modulus data for the EPDM masterbatches are included. USA

Accession no.932045 Item 24 Rubberchem 2004. Proceedings of a conference held Birmingham, 9th-10th Nov.2004. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2004, Paper 3, pp.10, 29cm, 012 NAPHTHENIC OILS - SAFE RUBBER PLASTICISERS Joona M Nynas Naphthenics AB (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic compound-rich tyre extender oils has lead to the proposal of a legislative ban on their use in Europe. The suitability of naphthenic oils as non-toxic plasticisers in tyre treads is discussed and results are presented of experimental studies of the use of these plasticisers in SBR, EPDM, sulphur-cured EPDM and peroxide-cured EPDM. Despite their low aromatic content, the naphthenic plasticisers are shown to give good results in SBR, probably as a result of the contribution to solvent characteristics of the naphthenic molecular structure. The use of naphthenic oils is expected to increase worldwide as they are said to be one of the best alternatives to aromatic extracts with regard to solvent properties, compatibility, performance and availability.

Very highly refined naphthenic products are shown to be good plasticisers for EPDM. 7 refs. USA

Accession no.932099 Item 25 JCT Coatings Tech 2, No.12, Jan.2005, p.36-43 VOC FACTOR. I. RESINS AND PAINTS Challener C A report on the volatile organic compound(VOC) factor in resins and paints is presented. Topics discussed include challenges to the coatings industry, financial impact, recognition of opportunities, response to regulatory challenges, technology developments (water-based technologies, solventborne paints, powder coatings, radiation-cured coatings) and future prospects. Tables are presented of Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) categories of industrial surface coatings operations, selected U.S. coating regulations by region and selected European coating regulations. US,Environmental Protection Agency EUROPE-GENERAL; USA

Accession no.932171 Item 26 Food Additives and Contaminants 21, No.9, Sept.2004, p.905-19 REVIEW OF THE TOXICOLOGY, HUMAN EXPOSURE AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR BISPHENOL A DIGLYCIDYLETHER(BADGE) Poole A; van Herwijnen P; Weideli H; Thomas M C; Ransbotyn G; Vance C Dow Europe GmbH; Dow Deutschland GmbH; EcoToxConsulting; Huntsman Advanced Materials; APME; ICI Paints A review of the literature is presented which describes the technical applications of BADGE (a component of epoxy resins), provides information on current European legislation on the use of BADGE in food-contact applications, examines the current knowledge on human exposure to BADGE from canned food, evaluates data from reproductive, developmental and repeat dose oral studies and compares this estimated daily intake of BADGE with the no adverse effect levels(NOAELS) from an appropriate sensitive toxicological study. Human exposure to BADGE from can coatings is shown to be 250,000- and 100,000-fold lower than the NOAELS from the most sensitive toxicology tests. These large margins of safety together with lack of reproductive, developmental, endocrine and carcinogenic effects supports the continued use of BADGE in articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. 74 refs. BELGIUM; EU; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; SWITZERLAND; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.929908

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References and Abstracts

Item 27 Plastics Engineering 60, No.11, Nov.2004, p.14/7 NANOTECHNOLOGY FACES SCRUTINY OVER ENVIRONMENT AND TOXICITY Toensmeier P A Concerns regarding the toxicity and environmental effects of polymer-based nanocomposites, such as those derived from clay nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes, throughout their life cycle, from formulation, polymerisation, compounding, fabrication, use, disposal and degradation, are described. The potential of nanoparticles to enter the body by skin contact or inhalation is discussed. Accession no.927669 Item 28 Additives for Polymers Dec.2003, p.2 ALBEMARLE, GREAT LAKES REPLACE, PHASE OUT PENTA-BDE This article reports on two related pieces of news: firstly that Albemarle Corp. of the USA has introduced a new reactive flame retardant, “Saytex RX 8500”, as a replacement for pentabromodiphenyl ether (penta-BDE) in the production of flame-retardant PU foam. Secondly that Great Lakes Chemical Corp., the only manufacturer of penta-BDE, has announced plans to voluntarily phase out and cease production of this, and also octa-BDE, at the end of 2004. ALBEMARLE CORP.; GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.904507

This article outlines the food contact legislation in the UK that applies to plastic articles and materials that come into contact with food. Key requirements are that materials must not transfer chemicals to food in quantities that cause a hazard to human health, or cause the food to become tainted with a strange taste or odour. The regulations also set out testing conditions that enable compliance with the requirements to be demonstrated. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.906399 Item 31 European Rubber Journal 186, No.4, April 2004, p.7 EC PROPOSES DIRECTIVE TO PHASE OUT PAH TYRE OILS Raleigh P Europe’s tyre industry is urgently seeking changes to a European Commission proposal to ban polycyclic-aromatichydrocarbon-rich (PAH) extender oils by the end of 2008. The EC ban covers tyres containing extender oils with over 10mg/kg of listed PAHs, which it claims can pose a human health risk under certain circumstances. Such additives, which have been phased out of car winter tyres and truck and bus tyres, are still used in car summer tyres, where they enhance processing and road-grip performance. The switch to low-PAH oils will involve a huge amount of discussion with vehicle makers to agree new formulations. Another worry for the tyre industry concerns the availability of the most promising replacement oils, MES (Mild Extraction Solvate) and TDAE (Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract). There are also concerns that there are no standards in place to measure the PAH content in the oil, or in the tyre. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROPE-GENERAL

Item 29 Wheat Ridge, Ray Publishing, 2004, pp.114, 25cm, 123 EMISSION CONTROL STRATEGIES: A GUIDE FOR COMPOSITE MANUFACTURERS This guide is a showcase for pollution prevention and addon emission control technologies that can reduce volatile organic compound and hazardous air pollutant from composite manufacturing facilities. This guide is designed to help facilities identify practical emission control. The emission control techniques section contains case histories of successful emission reduction projects. The guide also provides an overview of air quality regulations. USA

Accession no.906058 Item 30 Packaging Magazine 7, No.4, 19th Feb.2004, p.22 GET PLASTICS FIT FOR FOOD Kernoghan N Pira International

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.907188 Item 32 Toxic Substances Bulletin No.52, Sept.2003, p.10/2 NEW EU CHEMICALS STRATEGY In May 2003 the Directorates General (DGs) Environment and Enterprise jointly published a draft proposal for an EU Regulation to introduce the new REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation of Chemicals) scheme. This article explains in some detail the main themes of the new REACH system. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY,ENVIRONMENT COUNCIL; UK,DEPT.OF ENVIRONMENT,FOOD & RURAL AFFAIRS EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.907901

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References and Abstracts

Item 33 Flame Retardants 2004. Proceedings of a conference held London, 27th-28th January 2004. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2004, p.14, 25cm, 012 THE LATEST POSITION ON FLAME RETARDANT RISK ASSESSMENTS Steukers V; Kroon S; Drohmann D Albemarle Europe Sprl; Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals BV; Great Lakes Chemical Corp. (BPF; INTERSCIENCE COMMUNICATIONS LTD.; APME; EUROPEAN FLAME RETARDANT ASSN.) The current situation with regard to risk assessment in the use of several different types of flame retardant is reviewed with respect to EEC council regulation No.793/93. Included in the review are chlorinated, brominated phosphorous and antimony trioxide types of retardant. 0 refs. BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.909495 Item 34 Flame Retardants 2004. Proceedings of a conference held London, 27th-28th January 2004. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2004, p.514, 25cm, 012 PRIORITISING FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT Dungey S UK,Environmental Agency (BPF; INTERSCIENCE COMMUNICATIONS LTD.; APME; EUROPEAN FLAME RETARDANT ASSN.) The current situation with regard to risk assessment in the use of a wide range of different types of flame retardant is reviewed with respect to EEC council regulation No.793/93. The countries responsible for risk assessment on particular materials are listed and tonnages of materials used are noted. Three methods of prioritisation are used based on quantity used, environmental hazard potential and environmental risk ranking. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.909496 Item 35 Plastics Additives and Compounding 6, No.2, March-April 2004, p.26-9 FLAME RETARDANTS: EUROPEAN UNION RISK ASSESSMENTS UPDATE Steukers V; Kroon S; Drohmann D European Flame Retardant Assn. Flame retardants are recognised as providing lifesaving benefits to consumers by lowering product ignitability, fire development rates and smoke production. In recent years, some flame retardants have come under review by the European Union authorities in order to assess potential

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risks to the environment or to human health. Several chlorinated, brominated, mineral and phosphorous flame retardants are currently being reviewed. In the period 2004-2006, a number of these flame retardants will have completed European risk assessments. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.909606 Item 36 Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe 56, No.12, Dec.2003, p.768-75 German STUDIES ON VULCANISATION SYSTEMS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LATEX PRODUCTS Datta R; Gonlag A T Flexsys BV Issues relating to vulcanisation systems used in the manufacture of latex products are discussed and methods used to minimise allergy problems associated with dipped goods are briefly considered. Issues dealt with include industrial hygiene and zinc and nitrosoamines. Attention is also paid to food-contact regulations and legislation in Europe. 28 refs. (International Latex Conference, 27th28th July 1999, Akron, Ohio, USA) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.909883 Item 37 Additives for Polymers April 2004, p.10 CITRATE PLASTICIZER GETS EU GREEN LIGHT FOR TOYS A ruling has been passed by the European Commission’s scientific committee on toxicity, ecotoxicity and the environment, (the CSTEE), that the use of acetyl tributyl citrate as a plasticiser in children’s toys is safe. It has also ruled that the current risk assessment models are reliable. Brief details are given in this little article. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; TOXICOLOGY/ REGULATORY SERVICES INC. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.911264 Item 38 Polyurethanes Expo 2003. Proceedings of a conference held Orlando, Florida, 1st-3rd Oct.2003. Arlington, VA, Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry, 2003, p.3-8, 28 cm, 012 REGULATIONS! REGULATIONS! NOT MORE REGULATIONS! Miller D E Miller Environmental & Safety Devices (American Plastics Council; Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry)

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

There was a time when the way businesses were run was according to supply and demand accompanied by how much profit. The underlining truth today is regulations play an important on how businesses are run. Businesses have to comply with both federal and state environmental regulations. Too often it is possible to be in a situation where a regulation becomes apparent after the regulation has become law, or find oneself in a situation where a number of different regulations could apply, although it is not clear which one actually does. These issues and others impact today’s businesses to the point of frustration, confusion and beyond comprehension. In the past eighteen months, the EPA has proposed and promulgated no less than eleven National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant (NESHAP) Regulations, that may have the potential to have a profound affect upon the PU industry and the way business is carried out. Some of these issues are addressed. 17 refs. USA

Accession no.914038

Kroon S European Flame Retardant Assn. (American Plastics Council; Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry) An overview is provided of ongoing risk assessments on halogenated phosphate ester flame retardants in Europe. On the basis of the so-called second and fourth Priority lists on Existing Chemicals (Council Regulation No793/93) three chlorinated phosphate ester flame retardants are selected. The selection is based on their hazard profile, volume and use pattern. The three substances involved are TCPP, TDCP and TCEP (Antiblaze V6 from Albemarle is also involved but, due to confidentiality, is not discussed. An outline is provided from a European point of view on topics such as: methodology of risk analyses, data-gaps and worst case approach, industry involvement, downstream participation and possible impact of final report on industry. 2 refs. BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.914058 Item 39 Polyurethanes Expo 2003. Proceedings of a conference held Orlando, Florida, 1st-3rd Oct.2003. Arlington, VA, Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry, 2003, p.9-10, 28 cm, 012 COMBINING ISO 14001 AND RESPONSIBLE CARE FOR THE U.S. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Finnerty W BASF Corp. (American Plastics Council; Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry; American Chemistry Council) Member companies of the American Chemistry Council (ACC) are committed to support a continuing effort to improve the industry’s responsible management of chemicals. They pledge to manage their businesses according to the Guiding Principles of Responsible Care, placing a high priority on the protection of the environment, the health and safety of their employees and the public, and the implementation of the Responsible Care management practices. To do so effectively their environmental, health and safety, and Responsible Care activities must be conducted within a structured system that is integrated with their overall management activity and it must be done in such a way as to continuously improve performance. Details are given. USA

Item 41 ENDS Report No.353, June 2004, p.12-3 DECA-BDE GIVEN ALL-CLEAR DESPITE MOUNTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS EU member states have taken the highly unusual step of signing off a risk assessment of the widely used flame retardant deca-BDE despite mounting evidence of environmental contamination. Deca-BDE is the second most important flame retardant and is widely used in plastic casings for electrical goods and in textiles. A risk assessment of the compound has been under way since 1994, led the UK and France. The environmental risk assessment was essentially completed last year, but reports of neurotoxic effects in mice by Swedish researchers prevented completion of the human health risk assessment and threw up new concern over environmental exposures. Nevertheless, a meeting of EU authorities in Dublin at the end of May took the controversial decision to conclude and publish the environmental and health risk assessments, essentially giving deca-BDE the all-clear for the time being. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.914347

Accession no.914039 Item 40 Polyurethanes Expo 2003. Proceedings of a conference held Orlando, Florida, 1st-3rd Oct.2003. Arlington, VA, Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry, 2003, p.135-7, 28 cm, 012 EU RISK ASSESSMENTS OF HALOGENATED PHOSPHATE ESTERS

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 42 ENDS Report No.353, June 2004, p.32-3 LCA WEAKENS PROSPECT OF NEW EU CURBS ON PVC EU legislation to restrict PVC looks highly unlikely in the light of an official review of life-cycle assessments which found little to choose between PVC and competing

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References and Abstracts

materials. The study says that LCA cannot analyse the risks properly that are associated with products such as toys which can be sucked or chewed by infants. In addition, no comparative studies exist for materials used in medical applications such as blood bags. Faced with the prospect of legislation restricting the use of PVC, the industry launched its Vinyl 2010 voluntary programme, which includes a timetable to phase out lead stabilisers by 2015 and targets to recycle collectable, available PVC across a range of applications. European Commission EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.914349 Item 43 Chemical and Engineering News 82, No.26, 28th June 2004, p.28-9 WASTE NOT, WANT NOT Reisch M S Governments are taking note of calls to restrict hazardous substances in electronics. The European Union has adopted legislation that will soon restrict use of certain substances in the manufacture of electronics and mandate recycling of materials. A few US states have forbidden monitor disposal in landfills and incinerators. Japan and China, too, are attempting to limit hazardous material use in electronic goods. Residents in communities downwind from electronics manufacturing plants are concerned. New Mexico’s state Environment Department is investigating complaints about emissions from Intel’s semiconductor plant in Rio Rancho. The European Commission’s Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive will restrict the use of materials such as lead, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, mercury and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Underwriters Laboratories is now offering assistance to electronics makers who need help in reducing or eliminating restricted materials. WORLD

Accession no.914360 Item 44 Chemical Week 166, No.21, 23rd June 2004, p.8 SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS TO PHASE OUT HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES Sissell K The electronics business of Samsung says it plans to phase out the use of certain hazardous substances in its products, including brominated flame retardants, phthalates, PVC and organotin compounds, and that by January 2005 it will ban some applications of mercury and lead. The substances to be dropped by Samsung have been linked to liver, kidney and testicular damage and are suspected to cause cancer, according to Greenpeace. Samsung has also committed to an early phase-out in Europe of the products listed in

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the European Union’s Restriction of Use of Hazardous Substances directive. Samsung EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.914477 Item 45 International Polymer Science and Technology 30, No. 12, p.T/1-11 DIRECTIVE ON END-OF-LIFE VEHICLES AND THE RUBBER INDUSTRY - RUBBER AND TOXIC MATERIALS Kuschel R; Streit G Parker Hannifin GmbH Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Community deals with the treatment of end-of-life vehicles. Although rubber products are not hazardous materials, they may contain hazardous ingredients as defined by the Hazardous Substances Ordinance. Specific reference is made to rubber ingredients such as fillers, pigments, and metal oxides and organic compounds, with particular reference to disposal of rubber components. This article describes the problem of how to supply the required information. It specifies obligations for automotive manufacturers and their suppliers, including the time scales for the implementation of the requirements of the car industry, with the aid of examples. 15 refs. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No. 6, 2003, pp.379). EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.915005 Item 46 KGK:Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe 57, No.6, June 2004, p.310-2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE EUROPEAN LATEX INDUSTRY Gonlag A; Datta R Teijin Twaron BV Issues associated with the vulcanising systems used in latex product manufacture are summarised, including industrial hygiene (dust, packaging), zinc and nitrosamines. The allergy problems which appear to affect only dipped goods are briefly summarised by reviewing the treatments described in literature that might help minimise residual allergens. References are given on how to access information on food contact regulations and legislation in Europe. 25 refs. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.915418 Item 47 Urethanes Technology 21, No.3, June-July 2004, p.20/6 NEW CHEMISTRY PUSHES THE ENVELOPE

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References and Abstracts

IN PU COATINGS - BUT REGULATIONS BITE HARD White L This long and detailed article explains that a feast of original PU chemistry (ranging from PU films crosslinked with the nanomaterial carbon-60, to hyperbranched materials with tree-like structures, and novel blocked isocyanates based on cabonyl bis-caprolactam) is currently generating a variety of developments in PU coatings. The article describes the new developments, and looks also at regulations that have to be complied with, such as the European Union’s chemicals listing EINECS. BASF AG; DSM COATINGS RESINS BV; DOW EUROPE; DUPONT; NORTEL-CARLETON UNIVERSITY; FRONTIER CARBON CORP.; BAYER AG; HUNTSMAN URETHANE SPECIALTIES; EUROPEAN COMMISSION; BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE AG; ALBERDINGK BOLEY GMBH; GERMANY,GOVERNMENT; HOBUM OLEOCHEMICALS; HESSE-LIGNAL CANADA; CHINA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; SCANDINAVIA; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.915808 Item 48 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2004, pp. 120, 29 cm. Rapra Review Rept. No. 173, vol. 15, No. 5, 2004. NALOAN REGULATION OF FOOD PACKAGING IN EUROPE AND THE USA Knight D J; Creighton L A Safepharm Laboratories Ltd. Edited by: Humphreys S (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Rapra. Review Rept. No. 173 This report updates Rapra Review Report 61, and covers food packaging regulations in the EU, the general framework Directive and the main ‘daughter’ Directive on plastics. This is followed by a brief description of the national legislation relating to food packaging for most of the important European countries. Consideration is given to the safety of food packaging, whose absence from EU or national regulation, means that this is assessed largely from CoE Recommendations, draft Recommendations, other European national approvals, (in particular from Germany), or US approval. Safety evaluation of food packaging includes exposure assessments, toxicology testing and risk assessment. Future developments relating to food packing in the EU are discussed, and include the use of active and intelligent packaging materials, and the disposal and recycling of plastics, and control of migration is also addressed. 449 refs.

Item 49 165th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2004. Proceedings of a conference held Grand Rapids, Mi., 17th-19th May 2004. Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2004, Paper 19, pp.10, ISSN 1547-1977, 28cm, 012 NEED FOR LOW LEAD WIRE AND CABLE COMPOUNDS Pfeiffer J E; Smola J Advanced Elastomer Systems LP (ACS,Rubber Div.) There has been an increasing global trend in the wire and cable industry to restrict and remove the presence of lead in materials used for insulation and jacketing applications. The various standards that apply to lead in electrical applications are discussed. One of the issues is how to define the low levels of lead. Many minerals contain trace levels of lead as a chemical impurity. These minerals are used in rubber and plastics and thus the final composition is likely to contain trace amounts of lead. With modern analytical techniques, lead can be found at levels lower than five parts per million. Therefore, to satisfy increasing demands on wire and cable materials, a new series of thermoplastic vulcanisates (TPV) has been introduced that contains no added lead chemicals. These TPV materials have recently been granted a UL listing for flexible cord applications. The properties of these materials are presented and highlighted. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.918063 Item 50 London, Stationery Office, 2003, pp.4, 30 cm, 2/9/04. Plastics Processing Sheet No. 14 ASSESSING AND CONTROLLING STYRENE LEVELS DURING CONTACT MOULDING OF FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP) PRODUCTS. HSE INFORMATION SHEET. UK,Health & Safety Executive This information sheet from the Health and Safety Executive summaries the health hazards that can arise from exposure to styrene. It provides practical advance to FRP manufacturers on how to assess and control styrene levels in the workplace and how these control measures should be monitored and maintained in accordance with the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002. The document applies mainly to contact moulding processes, and aims to define what level of control is currently recognised as being reasonably practicable. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.919483

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.916375

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References and Abstracts

Item 51 Composites Technology 10, No.4, Aug.2004, p.8-9 DETERMINING ORGANIC HAP CONTENT Bassett S Cogent Regulatory Science Inc. For composite parts manufacturers subject either to the boat manufacturing or the reinforced plastics composites production Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards, one of the easiest ways to meet them is to use “compliant” resins and gel coats. Demonstrating compliance takes as few as two steps for each resin or gel coat. First, the organic hazardous air pollutant (OHAP) concentration of the purchased resin or gel coat must be determined. Second, the manufacturer documents that this concentration is less than the relevant MACT limit. Typically, step one can be accomplished by checking vendor-supplied information. When filling out MACT compliance forms, the manufacturer should report total OHAP content, measured in weight-percent. USA

Accession no.919820 Item 52 ENDS Report No.355, Aug.2004, p.42-3 DEFRA RECOMMENDS PFOS PHASE-OUT A risk reduction strategy for perfluorooctanyl sulphonate (PFOS) and related compounds commissioned by the Environment Department (DEFRA) recommends a ban on the use of the compounds. Only a handful of sectors would receive derogations, and these would be conditional on the development of alternatives and the disposal of all PFOS-bearing wastes by high temperature incineration. UK,Dept.for the Environment,Food & Rural Affairs EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.919835 Item 53 ENDS Report No.355, Aug.2004, p.58 COMMISSION SEEKS GLOBAL CURBS ON NINE POPS Proposals for the EU to press for nine hazardous substances to be banned or severely restricted under two international treaties on persistent organic pollutants were issued by the European Commission in August. The substances include polychlorinated naphthalenes and the flame retardant pentabromodiphenyl ether, concentrations of which were recently found to be rising in the Arctic environment and wildlife. European Commission EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.919836

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Item 54 ANTEC 2003. Proceedings of the 61st SPE Annual Conference held Nashville, Tn., 4th-8th May 2003. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2003, Volume 1-Processing Session M1-Color and Appearance, p.2414-8, CDROM, 012 PIGMENTS FOR FOOD PACKAGING - A REGULATORY JOURNEY Jackson D Eastman Chemical Co. (SPE) The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 forms the basis of food and drug law in the US today, and is administered by the Food And Drug Administration (FDA). Plastics used for food containers and packaging are considered food additives if there is a possibility that a component, such as a colourant, may migrate into the food. In 1988, a tentative rule for the use of colourants in polymers was issued, the final ruling being issued in 1991. This gathered together various listings of colourants in the different parts of the regulation governing colourants in polymers, 21 CFR 178.3297. An amendment issued in 1993 permitted the use of provisionally listed lakes of colour additives listed for direct food use as colourants in polymers. Procedures for obtain clearance from the FDA for the use of colourants in food contact-polymers are discussed. 5 refs. USA

Accession no.920023 Item 55 ANTEC 2003. Proceedings of the 61st SPE Annual Conference held Nashville, Tn., 4th-8th May 2003. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2003, Volume 1-Processing Session W6-Vinyl I, p.3080-2, CD-ROM, 012 ORGANOTIN STABILIZERS: GLOBAL REGULATORY REVIEW Johnson R W Rohm & Haas Co. (SPE) Regulation issues relating to the use of organotin stabilisers in poly(vinyl chloride) are briefly reviewed. Many countries have chemical inventory regulations, which control chemicals offered for sale. The major organotin stabilisers appear on all these lists, and producers are required to provide health and environmental hazard information when applying to have product listed. Information also has to be made available to satisfy regulations relating to work is safety and right-to-know legislation. There are 27 organotin compounds which have been produced in large volumes for many years, and for which all data is not available. Tin stabiliser companies have a joint project to establish necessary data. Countries may also have legislation governing the leaching of compounds from plastics in contact with potable water and food. Organotin compounds are included in such legislation. 3 refs. USA

Accession no.923225

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References and Abstracts

Item 56 GPEC 2004: Plastics - Helping Grow A Greener Environment. Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, Mi., 18th-19th Feb.2004. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, Paper 47, pp.8, CD-ROM, 012 ASSESSING THE WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF ORGANOTIN STABILIZERS USED AT PVC PROCESSING FACILITIES Boraiko C; Batt J; Johnson R W US,Tin Stabilizers Association; Atofina Chemicals Inc.; Rohm & Haas Co. (SPE,Environmental Div.) The results are reported of an investigation into the exposure of workers to organotin heat stabilisers at various PVC processing facilities. The presence of tin in the breathing zone of the workers was assessed and the results compared with the threshold limit value for organic tin compounds of 0.1 mg/cu.m. In-vitro dermal penetration studies were carried out on workers exposed to the stabilisers and the data obtained compared with those for rats. Detailed sampling data are provided for various sections of the processing facilities (blending, extrusion, injection moulding, milling and pelletising) along with dermal penetration values for various organotins. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.923298 Item 57 Urethanes Technology 21, No.5, Oct.-Nov.2004, p.4 HCFC REGS BEING REVISED Raleigh P We are told here that the European Commission is currently revising the way in which it grants exemptions to its ban on HCFC-141b blowing agents, under the terms of its ozonedepleting substances (ODS) regulations. The reasons for this move are explained fully in this informative article. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; ATOFINA; SOLVAY; HONEYWELL BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.925300 Item 58 Urethanes Technology 21, No.5, Oct.-Nov.2004, p.30/3 EUROPEAN CHEMICALS LEGISLATION WILL REACH ALL PARTS OF THE PU INDUSTRY Jeffs M ISOPA It is explained that, although the chemical industry in Europe will bear the brunt of the extensive new chemicals regulations, the PU industry will also be greatly affected

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

and must prepare for many changes. Estimates suggest that as many as 3,000 chemicals are used in the sector, making the new regulations a very significant concern for the industry’s future. The situation is fully explored. WORLDWIDE FUND FOR NATURE; EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT; EUROPEAN COUNCIL; EUROPEAN COMMISSION; UK,HOUSE OF COMMONS,ENVIRONMENT COMMITTEE BELGIUM; DENMARK; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.925312 Item 59 ENDS Report No.357, Oct.2004, p.50 PERMANENT BAN ON PHTHALATES IN TOYS Permanent bans on six phthalates in certain kinds of toys should replace the “temporary” ban in force for the past five years, EU Competitiveness Ministers agreed in September. Included in the proposed phthalates Directive, the provisions now face a second reading in the European Parliament. A common use of phthalates is as plasticisers to soften PVC. At the September meeting, Ministers agreed that three phthalates - DINP, DIDP and DNOP - should be banned at levels above 0.1% in toys and childcare articles intended to be sucked, while three others - DEHP, BBP and DBP - should be banned at the same level in all toys, regardless of whether they are intended for the mouth or of the age of child they are intended for. European Parliament EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.925725 Item 60 Composites Technology 9, No.4, Aug.2003, p.8-9 MACT COMPLIANCE TOOL FOR OPEN-MOLD BOATBUILDERS Bassett S Cogent Regulatory Science Inc. Boatbuilders who use composites have, at most, just one more year before they have to reduce emissions to meet National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP), also known as Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards. By 23rd Aug. 2004, most boat manufacturing facilities subject to NESHAP must comply with 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 63, Subpart VVVV. The deadline applies to existing boat manufacturing facilities that are major sources of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). ‘Existing sources’ are those that commenced construction on or before July 14, 2000. (‘New sources’, those that commenced construction after this date, must comply with emission limits at startup.) ‘Major sources’ are facilities that have the potential to

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References and Abstracts

emit 10 tpa of a single HAP or 25 tpa of combined HAPs (9.1 megagrams of a single HAP or 22.7 megagrams of combined HAPs). For open moulders who must comply, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has provided free, publicly available compliance software. Details are given.

Item 63 Chemical Week 165, No.35, 1st Oct.2003, p.12 BRUSSELS WATERS DOWN REACH TESTING PROGRAM Scott A

USA

The European Commission has bowed to government and industry pressure, and made a series of amendments to water down its proposed European Union chemical policy. Proposals to test polymers under the policy’s Reach programme have been all but scrapped, and the number of intermediates requiring testing has been drastically reduced. The concessions mean that the number of chemicals to be tested under Reach has fallen from about 30,000 to about 10,000. Some polymers may have to be registered under the revised version of Reach, but only after a review of the risks they pose, and taking into account the impact on competitiveness, innovation and protection of human health and the environment. EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Accession no.901082 Item 61 Chemical and Engineering News 81, No.46, 17th Nov.2003, p.43-4 RESTING EASIER Tullo A H The replacement of established chemistries with newer ones is one of the classic drivers of change in the chemical industry. One of the current hotbeds of this kind of change is the replacement of brominated flame retardants in polymer formulations. The brominated flame retardants under the most scrutiny have been polybrominated diphenyl ethers, particularly penta- and octabromodiphenyl ether, which have been shown to be persistent in the environment and to bioaccumulate. Great Lakes Chemical is voluntarily phasing out penta- and octa-BDEs by the end of next year. The phaseout is made possible by the clean bill of health granted by EPA for Firemaster 550, a replacement for penta-BDE in flexible PU applications. BRG Townsend claims the phaseout of penta-BDE and octa-BDE is not as earth shattering as would be an exit from deca-BDE, a styrenics additive that is produced in the highest volume of the PBDEs. WORLD

Accession no.900958 Item 62 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 14th Nov.2003, p.6 COMMISSIONER HAS FRS IN HER BLOOD It is briefly reported that flame retardants were among the chemicals discovered in the blood of Margot Wallstrom, European Commissioner for the Environment. Wallstrom submitted a sample for testing to illustrate the presence of persistent chemicals in the human body. The Department of Environmental Sciences at Lancaster University tested for the presence of 77 man-made chemicals. The laboratory discovered 28 chemicals in Wallstrom’s blood, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers, commonly used as flame retardants. LANCASTER,UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.900908

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.898663 Item 64 Nonwovens Industry 34, No.9, Sept.2003, p.22-3 EU ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY COULD IMPACT NONWOVENS Mayberry P; Franken J In what is being called the most far-reaching overhaul of European Union environmental policy ever, the European Commission released a draft policy proposal on May 7 that, if enacted, would require virtually all manufacturers of chemicals to provide risk assessments and other information regarding products they sell or ship into the EU. Chemicals would also have to be registered with the EC and many downstream users of products that contain chemical entities would have to file paperwork as well. The Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals, or REACH, proposal would apply to approximately 30,000 new and existing chemicals, and test data would have to be developed on some 5000 specific chemical entities, many of which have been commonly used for decades. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.897751 Item 65 ENDS Report No.344, Sept.2003, p.4 HIGH LEVELS OF FLAME RETARDANTS CONTAMINATE UK BREAST MILK UK breast milk samples are some of the most contaminated with brominated flame retardants in the world, according to

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References and Abstracts

research carried out by the University of Lancaster. Only women in the US have higher levels, apparently reflecting greater use of the compounds in products. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are used as flame retardants in plastics, PU foam and textiles. EU risk assessments have highlighted their environmental persistence and tendency to bioaccumulate in wildlife and humans. Little is known about their toxicity, but many scientists believe that they have toxicological properties like the structurally similar PCBs. LANCASTER,UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.897717 Item 66 Rubber and Plastics News 33, No.5, 6th Oct.2003, p.8 CAN YOU LEAD A HORSE TO WATER? Meyer B Upcoming Environmental Protection Agency rules are driving growth of aqueous adhesives in underhood automotive applications, as suppliers say the water-borne materials will comply with the directives easier than traditional solvent-based adhesives. Producers of rubberto-metal goods say that while the aqueous adhesives measure up on a performance basis with solvent-based materials, cost will continue to play a vital role in which materials get used. In August, the EPA signed off on the long-anticipated new final rule for Maximum Achievable Control Technology standards for a number of end-use categories to regulate and control emissions of hazardous air pollutants. With the new MACT directives, there are a number of ways a rubber-to-metal bonder can meet the regulation, including: using all water-borne adhesives; using a hybrid aqueous/solvent system; and continuing to use solvent-based adhesives in conjunction with a thermal oxidiser to burn off hazardous air pollutants. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.897669 Item 67 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 193, No.4467, Aug.2003, p.14/8 COMMON SENSE IN THE COMMON MARKET Vaughan-Lee D The Notification of New Substances scheme set out in Directive 92/32/EEC, which is designed to protect people and the environment from the possible harmful effects of new substances and to create a single market, is described. Methods for making notification easier, quicker and cheaper are considered. The determination of test requirements is discussed and the Read Across and Family Approach strategies for test reduction are outlined. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Item 68 PEplus No.23, 14th Aug.2003, p.1 POLYMER SHOULD BE EXEMPTED FROM NEW EU CHEMICALS REGULATIONS The CBI has written to Government suggesting major changes to the proposed EU chemicals regulations, including the demand that polymers and finished manufactured products should be exempted as their component substances will already have been tested. Unless major changes are made to the proposed regulations, the British and European chemicals industries risk being decimated as they will have to bear the cost of testing in excess of 30,000 substances. The CBI claims this could lead to thousands of jobs being lost and production moving to Far Eastern producers. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.894331 Item 69 Coatings World 8, No.6, June 2003, p.37-43 LOW-VOC COATING SYSTEMS FOR OAK FURNITURE van de Velde B; Beckers E SHR Timber Research The incorporation of the European solvent directive in Dutch law and additional agreements on increased environmental restrictions and enforced health regulations in the Netherlands will force furniture manufacturers to use lacquers with lower amounts of solvents. As a result, several research projects were set up to determine the suitability of low-VOC coatings for use in the furniture industry. The results of one of these projects, an examination of the suitability of low-VOC coating systems for 3D oak furniture, are reported in this article. The research is divided into three parts, namely, an examination of the aesthetic and qualitative performance of the coatings, small-scale practical experiments and VOC exposure measurements and large-scale experiments. Future work is also briefly considered. (Third Wood Coatings Congress, PRA, The Hague, Netherlands) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.891484 Item 70 Food Additives and Contaminants 20, No.5, May 2003, p.438-44 DETERMINATION OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANES BY PROTONNMR IN WINE AND EDIBLE OILS Mojsiewicz-Pienkowska K; Jamrogiewicz Z; Lukasiak J Gdansk,Medical University

Accession no.896325

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References and Abstracts

The quantitative determination of polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), commonly used as anti-foaming agents in food processing (E900), at trace levels in samples of wine and edible oil was investigated using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was found that by using an appropriate sample preparation procedure and by using hexamethyldisioxane as internal standard it was possible to determine levels of PDMS below the regulatory limit (10 mg per kg) for foodstuffs. 32 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.889955 Item 71 Elastomery 7, No.1, 2003, p.26-37 Polish COMPARISON OF THE US REGULATIONS FDA AND THE GERMAN REGULATIONS BGVV CONCERNING RUBBER GOODS INTENDED TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH FOOD Pysklo L Stomil A review and comparison of the US regulations contained in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the German ones contained in the Recommendation XXI BgVV concerning rubber goods intended to come into contact with food, with particular regard to the list of approved raw materials to be applied for production of these goods, are made. Based on available technical information, the schedule of commercial raw materials which, according to their producers, meet requirements of FDA and the Recommendation XXI BgVV is given. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

1998, the European Commission and Parliament adopted Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing on the market of biocidal products (1) (BPD), which came into force on 14th May 1998. Details are given. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.889327 Item 73 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2003, p.xx, 448, ISBN 185957372X, 25cm, 9T PRACTICAL GUIDE TO CHEMICAL SAFETY TESTING: REGULATORY CONSEQUENCES - CHEMICALS, FOOD PACKAGING AND MEDICAL DEVICES Edited by: Knight D J; Thomas M B (Safepharm Laboratories Ltd.) A Practical Guide to Chemical Safety Testing describes the different tests that must be performed on new chemicals and other materials to demonstrate to the regulatory authorities that they are safe for use. It is aimed at manufacturers, distributors and users and hence covers industrial and household chemicals, food packaging and medical devices. This book is divided into two main parts: Safety testing and assessment and Regulatory framework. Chapters within the safety testing section include mammalian toxicology, genetic toxicology, Physico-chemical properties, alternatives to animal testing, environmental risk assessment. Chapters within the regulatory section include EU chemical Legislation, chemical control in Japan, chemical control in the USA and the rest of the world, regulation of food packaging in the EU and US and regulation of biocides. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.889426

Accession no.888366

Item 72 Stick: European Congress on Adhesive and Sealant Raw Materials. Proceedings of a conference held Nurnberg, Germany, 9th-10th April 2003. Hanover, Vincentz Verlag, 2003, p.181-88, 29 cm, 012 BIOCIDAL PRODUCTS DIRECTIVE (BPD) AND THE 10-YEARS REVIEW PROGRAMME OF EXISTING ACTIVE SUBSTANCES Aschberger K EU,Joint Research Centre (Vincentz Verlag)

Item 74 Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001, pp.xii, 429, ISBN 0792367979, 25cm, 32C38 CHLORINE AND THE ENVIRONMENT: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHLORINE INDUSTRY Stringer R; Johnston P Exeter,University

Biocidal products are necessary for the control of organisms that are harmful to human or animal health and for the control of organisms that cause damage to natural or manufactured products. Although they are beneficial they can pose risks to humans, animals and the environment in a variety of ways due to their intrinsic properties and associated use patterns and therefore a comprehensive evaluation of the hazard and the risk and recommendations for safe use of such substances are required. In February

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This book examines comprehensively the chlorine industry and its effects on the environment. It covers not only the history of chlorine production, but also looks at its products, their effects on the global environment and the international legislation which controls their use, release and disposal. Individual chapters are dedicated to subjects such as end use processes, water disinfection and metallurgy, environmental release of organic chlorine compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, legal instruments and the future of the chlorine industry. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.888360

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References and Abstracts

Item 75 Plastics Additives and Compounding 5, No.3, May-June 2003, p.46-9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND RECYCLING ISSUES FOR PLASTICS ADDITIVES Markarian J While recycling in the US is generally voluntary and economically driven, Europe and Asia have regulated plastics’ recycling. Regulations are expected to drive innovation and create markets for recycled material, leading to growth for additives used in recycled plastics. Additives are needed to stabilise recycled resins and protect them during processing, long-term use and outdoor weathering. Additives allow closed loop recycling and can also enable resins recycled from short-term packaging applications to be used in long-term applications like pipe. Environmental issues concerning blowing agents, flame retardants and plasticisers are discussed. WORLD

Accession no.887314 Item 76 Composites Technology 9, No.2, April 2003, p.10 U.S. EPA SIGNS REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITES MACT RULE On February 28th, the US EPA signed into law the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standard for reinforced plastic composites. The final rule imposes new emission limits on hazardous air pollutants and considerably reduces VOC emissions, but is significantly less stringent that the original draft MACT. Affected manufacturing processes include open and closed moulding, centrifugal and continuous casting, continuous laminating, pultrusion, production of SMC and BMC, and any materials-mixing or equipment-cleaning operations. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.886039 Item 77 The Polyurethanes Book. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2002, p.39-62. 27 cm. 43C6 PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP Dobbs J; Daems D Edited by: Randall D; Lee S (Huntsman International LLC) The concept of Product Stewardship in the polyurethanes industry is discussed, as one of the six elements of the Responsible Care programme used by companies. A Product Stewardship programme is said to demonstrate commitment to Responsible Care and ensures health, safety and environmental protection through active assessment of products throughout their life cycle from

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

design and development, raw material selection and sourcing, to manufacture, transport, storage, handling, processing and use, to eventual disposal. Such an assessment involves the evaluation of potential health, safety and environmental issues at all stages in order to provide necessary risk management advice. Consideration is given to the regulatory framework, product design and development, use of raw materials, handling of polyurethane chemicals, occupational hygiene monitoring for isocyanates, storage and transport of polyurethane chemicals, the manufacture and handling of polyurethanes in the factory, and flammability. WORLD

Accession no.885567 Item 78 2002 PLACE Conference. Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 9th-12th Sept. 2002. Atlanta, GA, TAPPI Press, 2002, Session 16, Paper 57, pp.15, CD Rom, 012 FOOD CONTACT REGULATION WORLDWIDE Baughan J S Keller & Heckman LLP (TAPPI) This powerpoint presentation reviews food-contact regulations worldwide with reference to current systems for regulating food-contact materials. These include general safety requirements, licensing/registration, mandatory and voluntary positive lists, no objection letters, and combinations of the above and their applicability to various countries. USA; WORLD

Accession no.883521 Item 79 2002 PLACE Conference. Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 9th-12th Sept. 2002. Atlanta, GA, TAPPI Press, 2002, Session 16, Paper 55, pp.17, CD Rom, 012 OVERVIEW OF THE PAPER AND OTHER WEB COATING NESHAP Almodovar P (TAPPI) Environmental regulations relating to the paper and other web coating industries are examined, with reference to emissions. A proposed rule published in the Federal Register on September 13, 2000 (65FR55332) applies to major sources of hazardous air pollution (HAP) engaged in the coating of paper, plastic film, metallic foil and other web surfaces. Details are given of current emission limits, compliance dates, and implications of the rule. Affiliated operations affected by the rule are also discussed. This paper is a replication of a powerpoint presentation. USA

Accession no.883519

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Item 80 2002 PLACE Conference. Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 9th-12th Sept. 2002. Atlanta, GA, TAPPI Press, 2002, Session 16, Paper 54, pp.14, CD Rom, 012 NATIONAL AIR TOXICS PROGRAM Lancey S US,Environmental Protection Agency (TAPPI) The US National Air Toxics Program of the Environmental Protection Agency is discussed, with reference to its impact on the flexible packaging industry. Background information to the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments is given, and details are given of the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Program. Relevant standards for the flexible packaging industry are examined, and the Risk Program is discussed. This paper is a replication of a powerpoint presentation USA

finding that exposure risks to children from DINP are lower than previously estimated. ‘Rational, science-based decision-making has prevailed in this regulatory process,’ says Marian Stanley, manager of ACC’s phthalate esters panel. ‘For anyone willing to look at the evidence, the great vinyl toy scare is history,’ Stanley says. Members of the panel are BASF, Eastman Chemical, ExxonMobil Chemical, Ferro and Sunoco. Phthalate users PolyOne and Teknor Apex are associate members. The National Environmental Trust (NET; Washington), which submitted the petition, warns that the decision will weaken a 1998 recommendation by CPSC for toy manufacturers to remove such products from store shelves. NET also says that the European Union and Japan have already banned DINP in some soft toys. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION USA

Accession no.882739

Accession no.883518 Item 81 Tire Technology International Annual Review 2002, p.126-8 NON-LABELLED PROCESS OILS FOR THE TIRE AND RUBBER INDUSTRIES Nielsen S BP Global Special Products The carcinogenic properties of aromatic oils have resulted in a search for alternative products for the tyre and rubber industries. BP offers a series of non-labelled alternatives, known as the “VivaTec” range, manufactured to standards laid down by BLIC, the body that represents the interests of rubber organisations in Europe. BUREAU DE LIAISON DES INDUSTRIES DU CAOUTCHOUC DE L’UE EU; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.883318 Item 82 Chemical Week 165, No.9, 5th March 2003, p.29 CPSC VOTES TO ‘VALIDATE’ PVC TOY SAFETY FOR CHILDREN Leaders of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC; Bethesda, MD) have voted unanimously to deny a petition by environmental groups to ban the use of phthalates in soft PVC plastic toys intended for children aged five and younger. The three CPSC commissioners finalised 2002 recommendations last week that were submitted by the agency’s staff following five years of study. The decision validates in particular the use of diisononyl phthalate (DINP), the primary plasticiser in PVC toys, ACC says. CPSC released a report in 2002

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Item 83 Chemical Week 165, No.10, 12th March 2003, p.6 BRUSSELS TO EXCLUDE INTERMEDIATES, SOME POLYMERS FROM WHITE PAPER Chemical intermediates and some polymers will be excluded from the testing programme that forms a major part of the European Commission’s chemicals White Paper, it is briefly reported. The exclusions will apply to products that pose no threat to human health and the environment in the final-use substance. The testing programme would still require the testing of tens of thousands of other existinguse chemicals, however, costing Europe’s chemical industry Euro1.4bn-Euro7bn, the commission says. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.881682 Item 84 Adhesives Age 46, No.2, March 2003, p.8 FAR-REACHING REGULATIONS IN EUROPE Bowtell M There is currently much concern in Europe over an official and far-reaching piece of legislation which has been produced by the European Commission. This legislation sets out a strategy for a future Community Policy for Chemicals. The project is called Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH). Essentially, the requirements of the proposed legislative system depend on the proven or suspected hazardous properties, uses, exposure and volumes of chemicals produced and/or imported into the European Union. The key revision proposed for new substances is to change the volume threshold at which mandatory testing becomes

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References and Abstracts

a requirement. The British Adhesives and Sealants Association has concerns about a range of issues, including the cost to industry, where estimates are put at up to 100,000 pounds sterling per chemical substance, which it believes will lead to a significant loss of raw materials.

SCF

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Item 87 Plastic and Polymers in Contact with Foodstuffs. Proceedings of a conference held Edinburgh, 4th-5th Dec.2002. Leatherhead, Pira International, 2002, Paper 3, pp.5, 31cm, 012 PROGRESS IN THE LEGISLATION FOR COATINGS Feigenbaum A Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (Pira International)

Accession no.881666 Item 85 Plastic and Polymers in Contact with Foodstuffs. Proceedings of a conference held Edinburgh, 4th-5th Dec.2002. Leatherhead, Pira International, 2002, Paper 19, pp.5, 31cm, 012 ENFORCEMENT OF THE DIRECTIVES Pedersen G A Danish Veterinary & Food Administration (Pira International) The enforcement in Denmark of EU Directives on food packaging materials is discussed. Enforcement activities considered include studies of total migration from food contact materials, migration from kitchenand tableware made of melamine plastics and migration of di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate from plasticised PVC films. Activities which need to be undertaken to increase the effectiveness of enforcement activities in the field of migration are described, including development of selfinspection programmes in industry, European network of enforcement, more rapid analysis and provision of information to the consumer. 2 refs. DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881156 Item 86 Plastic and Polymers in Contact with Foodstuffs. Proceedings of a conference held Edinburgh, 4th-5th Dec.2002. Leatherhead, Pira International, 2002, Paper 14, pp.4, 31cm, 012 EXAMINATION OF SOME REGULATORY ISSUES SURROUNDING COATINGS IN CONTACT WITH FOOD Oldring P Valspar (Pira International) Some regulatory issues relating to food-contacting coatings in Europe are discussed, including realistic risk assessment, disclosure of information about restricted substances, removal of substances on SCF Lists 0-4 from 2002/72/EC 1st amendment, future of substances not on SCF Lists 0-4, Council of Europe Resolution for coatings in contact with food, and the question of whether some of the constituents of food are more harmful than migrants from its packaging. 1 ref.

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EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881151

Progress in legislation for coatings for use in contact with foodstuffs is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the safety of can coatings (including the migration of DGEBA), to the revision of the Council of Europe AP(96)5 Resolution and to integrated tools for safety assessment (SAFEPACK) for use in future research. Polymers mentioned include epoxy-phenolic resins, PVC organosols, epoxy-anhydride systems, epoxy-amine systems and polyester resins. COUNCIL OF EUROPE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881149 Item 88 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 44, No.12, 2002, p.1197-201 EVALUATION OF SELF-REPORTED SKIN PROBLEMS AMONG WORKERS EXPOSED TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (TDI) AT A FOAM MANUFACTURING FACILITY Daftarian H S; Lishniak B D; Reh C M; Lewis D M General Motors Corp.; US,National Inst.for Occupational Safety & Health; Gillette Co. Toluene diisocyanate, or TDI (CAS 584-84-9) is a wellknown asthmagen and respiratory irritant. TDI is also known for its ability to irritate the skin and mucous membranes. To further investigate the dermal effects of TDI, a cross-sectional study is conducted at a flexible foam plant. A total of 114 workers participate in the study. Participants complete a medical questionaire, provide blood for antibody testing to TDI and other allergens, and a subset of participants reporting skin symptoms undergo skin patch testing to a standard diisocyanate panel. Production line workers are more than twice as likely to report skin problems as those working in non-production areas (PRR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.14-16.32; P= 0.02). Age, gender and duration of employment at the plant are comparable among working in production and non-production areas. Of the 100 participants providing blood samples for antibody testing, specific IgG antibody to TDI is detected in two

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References and Abstracts

individuals, and none of the samples demonstrate specific IgE antibody to TDI. Of the 26 workers undergoing skin patch testing, none develop reactions to the diisocyanate allergens. These results suggest that the skin symptoms among study participants represent an irritant rather than an immunologic reaction to TDI, or to an unidentified allergen present in the foam. 30 refs.

The objective of this presentation is to provide an overview of the industry practices to fulfil the obligations in the field of food contact materials and articles, and in addition to discuss elements which are currently not fully covered by legislation. Obligations and burden of proof are discussed with reference to requisites for compliance, evidence of compliance, and liability.

USA

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.880325

Accession no.878473 Item 89 Adhesives Age 46, No.1, Jan.-Feb.2003, p.16-7 WHO’S LIABLE? Dore M Lowenstein Sandler PC Many adhesives- and sealants-related activities present significant process safety risks. These activities include chemical processing, material manufacturing welding and hazardous materials transportation. When accidents occur in connection with these or other activities, individuals and employers are exposed to potential civil and criminal liabilities. USA

Accession no.879257 Item 90 Packaging Digest 40, No.1, Jan.2003, p.24 PROGRAM TARGETS CANCER-CAUSERS Greenberg E F Ungaretti & Harris Recent years have seen a growing sophistication in cancer evaluations of chemicals, including those used in packaging. The US government has in place a programme to systematically evaluate and report on its assessments of chemicals for their toxicological properties, including their tendency to cause cancer. The National Toxicology Program recently issued its 10th formal report on carcinogens. The new, 10th report adds 15 new substances to the list, including 2,2-bis-(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol, styrene 7,8-oxide and vinyl bromide. USA

Accession no.879245 Item 91 Plastics and Polymers in Contact with Foodstuffs. Proceedings of a conference held Coventry, UK, 5th-6th Dec. 2001. Leatherhead, Pira International, 2001, Paper 19, pp.26, 31 cm, 012 REGULATORY COMPLIANCE: THE BURDEN OF PROOF Dainelli D Sealed Air Corp.

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Item 92 Plastics and Polymers in Contact with Foodstuffs. Proceedings of a conference held Coventry, UK, 5th-6th Dec. 2001. Leatherhead, Pira International, 2001, Paper 16, pp.23, 31 cm, 012 PUTTING RISK FROM MIGRANTS INTO PERSPECTIVE Oldring P Valspar Corp. (Pira International) The actual risk to health arising from the consumption of canned foods is examined, with respect to the danger to human health from migrants from can coatings. The author challenges official statistics with reference to consumption data for canned foods, and the associated risk assessment strategies applied to migration from can coatings. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.878470 Item 93 Plastics and Polymers in Contact with Foodstuffs. Proceedings of a conference held Coventry, UK, 5th-6th Dec. 2001. Leatherhead, Pira International, 2001, Paper 15, pp.24, 31 cm, 012 EU CHEMICALS REVIEW AND ITS IMPACT ON PLASTICS MANUFACTURERS Montford J P Keller & Heckman LLP (Pira International) This presentation discusses current EU chemical legislation and examines the shortcomings of some of the regulations in place with respect to dangerous chemicals. The Commission White Paper is discussed, and in particular, the REACH system which involves the registration, evaluation and authorisation of chemicals used in foodcontact applications. The impact of the REACH system on food-contact plastic manufacturers is examined, with respect to suppliers of monomers and additives, plastic manufacturers, converters and packagers. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.878469

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References and Abstracts

Item 94 Plastics and Polymers in Contact with Foodstuffs. Proceedings of a conference held Coventry, UK, 5th-6th Dec. 2001. Leatherhead, Pira International, 2001, Paper 14, pp.4, 31 cm, 012 PRIMARY AROMATIC AMINE Castle L UK,Central Science Laboratory (Pira International) Primary aromatic amines may arise in plastics intended for food contact applications as a result of the presence of impurities or breakdown products from aromatic isocyanates to make polyurethanes or colourants prepared by diazo coupling. The scope of the 6th Amendment to Directive 90/128/EEC is examined with reference to migration values. Problems in detection limits for primary aromatic amines, (PPA) and the use of traditional test methods are discussed, and details are of the work of a task group of CEN TC 194-SC1 with reference to migration testing of PPAs. Their work involved the checking of around 20 authentic primary aromatic amines to see what response they give relative to aniline in the colourimetric assay, checking on about 20 other monomers and additives that may give a false response in the colourimetric assay, and the establishment of a robust method of test for the unambiguous testing of materials and articles for PAA migration, using a specific scheme as a framework, details of which are given. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.878468 Item 95 Plastics and Polymers in Contact with Foodstuffs. Proceedings of a conference held Coventry, UK, 5th-6th Dec. 2001. Leatherhead, Pira International, 2001, Paper 9, pp.24, 31 cm, 012 HOW DOES INDUSTRY ASSESS SAFETY OF SOLVENTS USED AS AIDS TO POLYMERISATION? Klatt M BASF AG (Pira International) This paper argues the case for there being no need for a positive list of solvents used as aids to polymerisation. Solvents used as aids to polymerisation are used to dissolve or suspend other materials during manufacture, are removed during manufacture, and are not intended to be present in the finished polymer. Current regulations for solvents are examined, and examples of national regulations are given. In Europe, Directive 90/128/EEC excludes aids to polymerisation from positive listings, and regulates them by Article 2 of Directive 89/109/EEC which states that migration must not endanger human health or cause deterioration to the organoleptic properties of foods.

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It is concluded that industry has different methodologies currently in place to ensure compliance with Article 2 of Directive 89/1-9/EEC. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.878465 Item 96 Plastics and Polymers in Contact with Foodstuffs. Proceedings of a conference held Coventry, UK, 5th-6th Dec. 2001. Leatherhead, Pira International, 2001, Paper 12, pp.17, 31 cm, 012 COMPLETION OF CEN MANDATE AND FUTURE PROGRAMMES Ashby B ICI (Pira International) CEN test methods and technical specifications relating to the testing polymers in contact with foodstuffs, are reviewed. CEN TC194 Subcommittee 1 has been granted a mandate by the European Commission with respect to preparation of test methods for overall migration, preparation of test methods for SML and QM, preparation of test methods for coatings on non-plastic substrates, preparation of test methods for measuring temperature at the food/plastics interface, preparation of test methods for free fat on food surfaces and, preparation of test methods for the determination of molecular weight. CEN methods for overall migration are listed, together with details of CEN standards for monomers. Also included are details of ongoing drafting of standards for monomers, and details of future mandates for CEN methods and future work in the fields of additives and new monomers, estimation of exposure and application of factors, modelling, and threshold regulations. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.878464 Item 97 Plastics and Polymers in Contact with Foodstuffs. Proceedings of a conference held Coventry, UK, 5th-6th Dec. 2001. Leatherhead, Pira International, 2001, Paper 8, pp.8, 31 cm, 012 PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING COMPLIANCE FOR ADDITIVES IN 6TH AMENDMENT TO 90/128/EEC Cooper I Pira International (Pira International) This presentation discusses testing implications of the new directive to determine compliance for additives in food contact applications, the responsibilities of the converter and polymer supplier with reference to demonstrating

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References and Abstracts

compliance, analytical methods and specific migration, and options for demonstrating compliance in order to minimise the compliance testing. A flow diagram is included which illustrates the steps needed to demonstrate compliance. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.878463 Item 98 Plastics in Contact with Foodstuffs. Proceedings of a conference held London, 12th Dec. 2000. Leatherhead, Pira International, 2000, Paper 8, pp.8, 31 cm, 012 DETERMINATION OF BADGE, BFDGE AND NOGE IN FOODS, FOOD SIMULANTS AND COATINGS Rijk R; Bas R TNO Nutrition & Food Research (Pira International) In order to enforce the draft EU directive which intends to exclude the use of Novolac diglycidyl ethers (BADGE) as a hydrogen chloride scavenger in organosol based coatings, analytical methods are required. TNO has been working for several years on the development of a suitable analytical method to determine both BADGE, NOGE (Novolac diglycidyl ethers), and BFDGE, (the smallest molecule in the series of NOGE) including their derivatives in food simulants, foodstuffs and coatings.. Details are given of the development of an analytical method and a confirmation procedure for the determination of the epoxides and their reaction products. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.878454 Item 99 Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the 21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca, Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 2, Paper 2, p.193202, 27 cm, 012 NEW PLASTICIZER FOR FLEXIBLE PVC Wadey B; Gans G BASF Corp. (SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) For some time now plasticisers, especially phthalates, have been under pressure from environmentalists and regulatory bodies. In the regulatory arena there is the RCRA and CERCLA requirements of the EPA, Proposition 65 in California and the EU labelling requirements of chemicals. Taking this into account, as well as customer demand for alternative plasticisers, BASF has undertaken a project to develop a plasticiser suitable in a wide range of applications and which would meet the following

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predefined requirements: low acute toxicity, no sensitising properties, no peroxisome proliferation, no genotoxicity, no reprotoxicity and biodegradability. The driving forces behind the development of a new plasticiser, di-isononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid ester, designated Hexamoll DINCH, are discussed. The manufacturing process, physical properties and a comparison of three homologue cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid esters is presented. The toxicology of Hexamoll DINCH is reviewed. USA

Accession no.877687 Item 100 Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the 21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca, Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 1, Paper 5, p.101-9, 27 cm, 012 PHTHALATE ESTER REGULATORY UPDATE Keller L H ExxonMobil Chemical Co. (SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) Phthalate esters or phthalates are molecules used predominantly in commerce to make plastic flexible. The substances produced in highest quantity, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) are used almost exclusively as plasticisers in flexible PVC. In recent years these phthalates have been the focus of regulatory attention around the world. This attention has been triggered by a number of allegations, which are discussed in detail. Among these, it has been asserted that these phthalates are persistent in the environment and may increase in concentration. It has also been claimed that these phthalates may cause harm to humans. Several of these issues are addressed, focusing specifically on the scientific evidence, and it is concluded that these phthalates can be used without risk to human health or the environment in nearly all of the current applications, although some specialised uses in medical devices require further studies. Laboratory studies show that these phthalates rapidly degrade in the environment, so they are not persistent. These compounds also efficiently undergo biotransformation by organisms and do not biomagnify. Although they produce effects of various kinds in rats and mice when given for long periods of time at high levels, the relevance of these effects to humans is, at best, questionable. Finally, recent investigations reveal that, except in some very rare situations, levels of human exposure are far below those that cause effects in laboratory animals. 17 refs. USA; WORLD

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References and Abstracts

Item 101 Latex 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Berlin, Germany, 4th-5th Dec.2002. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 12, p.159-72, 30cm, 012 SUSTAINABLE ACCELERATORS FOR THE LATEX INDUSTRY Chakraborty K B; Couchman R Robinson Brothers Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.)

During the course of the past year the project group on isocyanates in the Committee for Dangerous Substances (AGS) for Hamburg’s roads, railways and underground railways has created a system capable of being handled, which enables a more precise assessment of exposure in the work place during the use of PU adhesives (see issue 9/01 of ‘Adhaesion, Kleben & Dichten’, p.24). Since then technical regulatory controls for dangerous substances have been correspondingly reworked and approved. This article describes what all this means for the user. 9 refs.

It is accepted that many widely used latex vulcanisation accelerators - dithiocarbamates, thiurams and thiazoles - are capable of producing Type IV allergic response in certain individuals within the population and may also possess increasingly unacceptable eco-toxic and acute toxicity profiles. Thiurams and dithiocarbamates (derived from secondary amines) can also produce potentially harmful N-nitrosamines. Four safer accelerators developed and commercialised by Robinson Brothers are described. They are designed to reduce or eliminate the impact of the above problems using sustainable technology. At the same time these accelerators produce equivalent technological performances to those conventionally used. 10 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.877668 Item 102 Medical Device Technology 13, No.9, Nov.2002, p.8/12 EVEN MORE OPINIONS ON PVC, AND BROADER LESSONS Williams D Liverpool,University We are told that a Scientific Committee of the European Commission has addressed toxicity concerns about PVC plasticised with diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) when used in certain medical applications. It has reached conclusions which differ from those reached by some other organisations. This article discusses the basis for these opinions in detail. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH IN CANCER; US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HEALTH CANADA

Accession no.874839 Item 104 Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Budapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 3, p.3343, 29 cm, 012 PLASTICISERS FOR PVC: HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Cadogan D F European Council for Plasticisers & Intermediates (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Plasticisers, particularly, phthalates, have long been the focus of considerable media, legislative and scientific attention, with concerns raised regarding their possible negative impact on the environment and human health. This paper examines the reasons for the continued widespread use of phthalates, and the particular advantages of certain alternatives. The results of the latest studies are summaries, and their impact is considered on the risk assessments being conducted on five phthalates in line with the requirements of Council Regulation 793/93. The legislative and environmental pressures on plasticisers, including changes in the classification and labelling of phthalates, are presented, together with the response from industry. 53 refs. BELGIUM; EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE

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Accession no.875070

Item 105 Plastics News(USA) 14, No.38, 18th Nov.2002, p.10 LAWSUIT FILED AGAINST 36 VCM-RELATED FIRMS Esposito F

Item 103 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 46, No.9, 2002, p.30-5 German HANDLING PUR ADHESIVES WITHOUT RISK TO HEALTH Wilms V

A former employee of Pantasote, a defunct PVC processor in Passaic, N.J., is reported to have filed a class-action lawsuit against the company, its suppliers and insurers in Essex County Superior Court in Newark, N.J. The former worker claims the firms conspired to hide health risks associated with exposure to vinyl chloride monomer. ‘The claim is that all the VCM and PVC people knew about the danger and concealed it for 40 or 50 years,’ says Ron

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

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References and Abstracts

Simon, a Washington lawyer who represents Nicholas Lewis Jr. of Butler, N.J. Lewis worked for Pantasote for five years. His father, Nicholas Lewis Sr., worked at the Passaic plant for 30 years and later died of liver cancer, which Lewis Jr. claims was caused by exposure to VCM. The 36 suppliers named in the suit include current PVC makers Oxy Vinyls and Georgia Gulf, as well as companies that have exited the PVC market, such as Goodyear Tire & Rubber, Bridgestone Firestone and Monsanto. Details are given. PANTASOTE CO. USA

Accession no.873762

Proposition 65 as known as a carcinogen. USA

Accession no.871670 Item 108 Chemical Week 164, No.44, 6th Nov. 2002, p.7 EPA NAMES 1,3-BUTADIENE A CARCINOGEN The EPA has reassessed 1,3-butadiene and concluded that it can cause cancer in humans through inhalation. The chance of it causing cancer in humans over a lifetime are considered to be about 1 in 1 million. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Item 106 Hygenic Coatings. Proceedings of a conference held Brussels, Belgium, 8th-9th July 2002. Teddington, Paint Research Association, 2002, Paper 2, p.1-7, 29cm, 012 THE BIOCIDAL PRODUCTS DIRECTIVE AND THE NECESSITY FOR ALTERNATIVES Brown Y Paint Research Association (Paint Research Association) The requirements of Directive 98/8/EC (the Biocidal Products Directive) are briefly outlined and the possible effects of the implementation of this Directive on the market for biocides and development of biocides are considered. The general time-frame for the Directive is indicated and a list of the dossier requirements for the common core data set for active substances is included together with a list of the data required to be submitted under section VI on the toxicological profile for man and animals. 4 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.873113 Item 107 Packaging Digest 39, No.11, Nov.2002, p.28/30 FOOD FRONT ROUNDUP: ACRYLAMIDE, ORGANIC RULES AND OBESITY LAWSUIT Greenberg E Ungaretti & Harris In April this year, scientists in Sweden announced that they found higher-than-expected levels of acrylamide in foods that have been cooked at high temperatures, particularly those that are rich in carbohydrates. According to the FDA, it does not appear to be present in food before cooking. FDA has begun to measure acrylamide levels in various foods and will then derive some idea of the resulting dietary exposure levels. Acrylamide is not an unknown substance. Related chemicals are cleared for a variety of food packaging uses connected with creation of copolymers, but it is also listed by California’s

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Accession no.871515 Item 109 Adhesives Age 45, No.10, Oct.2002, p.41 CONTROLLING THE CHEMICALS Franz N The US Chemical Safety & Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) has released a set of recommendations that calls for expanded federal regulations on the management of highly reactive chemicals to prevent uncontrolled reactions. CSB also said that industry groups should improve Responsible Care programmes or provide separate voluntary guidance to better control reactions that have led to past accidents. US,CHEMICAL SAFETY & HAZARD INVESTIGATION BOARD USA

Accession no.869261 Item 110 Food Additives and Contaminants Vol.19, Suppl., 2002, p.185-91 COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF MIGRATES FROM FOOD-PACKAGING MATERIALS: A CHALLENGE Grob K Zurich Canton,Official Food Control Authority It is suggested that present European regulation of food packaging materials does not provide the assessment for safety corresponding to the opinion of toxicologists that migrants ingested in amounts exceeding a threshold of 1.5 microgram/day should be identified and evaluated toxicologically. Many substances that migrate are neither starting point materials nor obvious derivatives thereof and are, therefore, not covered by existing systems based on positive lists. Safety presupposes the comprehensive analysis of the migrating substances, ultimately to the limits in terms of concentration and molec.wt. considered to be of toxicological concern. Expected problems with this analytical challenge are considered, leading to the conclusion that it will be difficult to achieve

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

comprehensive analysis down to the concentrations presently considered safe, but that systematic work should start to define the possibilities and limitations of analytical chemistry for a migrate-oriented coating legislation. 12 refs. (2nd International Symposium on ‘Food Packaging: Ensuring the Safety and Quality of Foods, Vienna, Austria, Nov.2000) SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863618 Item 111 Chemical Market Reporter 262, No.3, 22nd July 2002, p.7 POLYURETHANE INDUSTRY GEARS UP TO TACKLE EMERGING REGULATORY AND PERFORMANCE ISSUES Hoffman J PU manufacturers and their suppliers are addressing a range of health, safety, environmental and performance issues. The industry’s most immediate focus is on helping the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the state of California devise new guidelines for the flammability of upholstered furniture containing PU foam. Suppliers to the PU industry are also focusing on reducing volatile organic compounds and replacing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) with blowing agents and technologies that do not harm the ozone layer. Both the federal Consumer Product Safety Commission and the California Bureau of Home Furnishings are working on drafting tougher fire resistance standards for residential upholstered furniture and mattresses containing PU foams, although the Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry executive director Richard E. Mericle does not expect either agency to have new regulations in place until late next year at the earliest. Plant security has also emerged as a hot-button issue in the wake of September 11, but Mr. Mericle stresses that plant safety is an ongoing concern that also encompasses to the safety of workers and surrounding communities. Details are given. USA

Accession no.860871 Item 112 ENDS Report No.329, June 2002, p.30 VINYL FLOORING FIRMS SHUN DEHP, LOOK TO NON-PVC FUTURE Producers of PVC floor coverings are reported to have begun to substitute the controversial phthalate plasticiser DEHP even before the outcome of an EU risk assessment of the chemical. Growing numbers are also developing nonPVC floorings, which they say have at least comparable properties. The trigger for several flooring producers to stop using DEHP was an EU decision in 2001 to upgrade its classification from a category 3 to a category 2 reproductive toxicant for fertility and developmental effects. Containers

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of DEHP must now be labelled as such and carry a skull and crossbones symbol. A full EU risk assessment of the chemical is still under way. Europe’s largest supplier of vinyl flooring to the commercial sector, Tarkett Sommer, says that even though the new label does not have to be applied to finished products, its own environmental policy led it to stop using DEHP. With the alarm bells sounding in 2000, it became the first flooring company to make a wholesale switch from DEHP to another phthalate DINP. Details are given. TARKETT SOMMER; AMTICO CO.; DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.860448 Item 113 Adhesive Technology 19, No.3, June 2002, p.7 CHEMICAL DANGERS ON THE INTERNET Cork A A free internet tool to help adhesives companies prevent harmful effects of working with chemicals has been launched in the UK. Called ‘Electronic COSHH Essentials’ (after the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations) it is an internet tool launched by the Health & Safety Executive in London but applicable to users of chemicals globally. Employers, employees and safety officers can log on to the website (www.coshh-essentials. org.uk) and work out how to work with chemicals safely. Speaking at the launch John Monks, Trade Union Council (TUC) general secretary, estimated the number of injuries and deaths possibly caused by chemicals. ‘The TUC is concerned about the effects which chemicals can have such as asthma, dermatitis - even cancer. There may be as many as 10,000 premature deaths every year in Britain due to occupational cancers and many more people suffer pain and disablement because of the way chemicals were used where they worked.’ Acknowledgement of the worldwide impact of COSHH Essentials come from end-user Chris Money of Exxon Mobil who said: ‘The impact will be more than in the UK, more than in Europe, but global.’ COSHH essentials was launched on paper in 1999. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.859961 Item 114 RubberChem 2002, Proceedings of a conference held Munich, Germany, 11th-12th June 2002. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, paper 9, p.6572, 29 cm, 012 SILICA DUSTS Bonal Y

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Rhodia (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Assessment of the health risks and occupational risk management decisions when using silica as a reinforcing filler in rubbers is discussed, with particular reference to the importance of determining the type of silica involved. The classification of silica is described, and the toxicity of crystalline and amorphous types is examined. Whilst there is no indication, based on available evidence, that precipitated silicas cause silicosis or are carcinogenic, it is recommended when handling them to respect the normal rules for good industrial hygiene practice which are relevant to any product that may generate dusts, details of which are given. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.859578 Item 115 RubberChem 2002, Proceedings of a conference held Munich, Germany, 11th-12th June 2002. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, paper 5, p.3342, 29 cm, 012 NEW OPTIMISED SYSTEM FOR THE LEAD FREE CROSSLINKING OF EPICHLOROHYDRIN (ECO) ELASTOMER Issel H M Rhein Chemie GmbH (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The development and optimisation is described of a new curing system to replace lead-based compounds used in epichlorohydrin elastomers currently used in automotive applications. The system is based on 2,4,6-trimercapto1,3,5-triazine and dialkyldithiophosphate, which is shown to produce a scorch-safe curing system and which confers excellent physical and ageing properties on epichlorohydrin rubbers. Trials are conducted in formulations for multilayer fuel hoses. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.859574 Item 116 Polyolefins 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Houston, Tx., 24th-27th Feb. 2002. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, Paper 45, p.359-76, 27cm., 012 REGULATION OF POLYMER ADDITIVES Reale M J International Product Safety Management Inc. (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.; Society of Plastics Engineers) The ways in which polymer additives are regulated by EPA and OSHA are clarified and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and Hazard Communication Standard are discussed, paying particular attention to important TSCA

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exclusions and exemptions. This paper is a replication of a PowerPoint presentation. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.859182 Item 117 High Performance Plastics June 2002, p.8 BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS FOUND IN ARCTIC ANIMALS A new study by three environmental chemists in Canada is the first to measure the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment. PBDEs are commonly used as fire retardants in plastics, and have been found by the researchers to be accumulating rapidly in animals in the Arctic. Details of the study and its unhappy findings are presented here. CANADA,DEPT.OF FISHERIES & OCEANS; CANADA,INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES; ENVIRONMENT CANADA CANADA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NORTH AMERICA; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.859075 Item 118 European Chemical News 76, No.2010, 17th-23rd June 2002, p.7 CEFIC CALLS FOR POLYMERIC EXEMPTION Cefic claims that polymeric materials, reaction intermediates and substances used for R&D should not be subject to the REACH evaluation and authorisation process being proposed by the European Commission in its White Paper on future chemicals policy, it is briefly reported. On specific issues, Cefic wants: a risk-based approach to chemicals assessment and regulation; realistic deadlines for the REACH process; and exemption from REACH of finished articles, so that it applies only to substances marketed as substances or as constituents of a preparation. CEFIC EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.857801 Item 119 Italia Imballaggio No.4, April 2002, p.214/22 MIGRATION UNDER CONTROL Rossi M; Neri Mari M; Bucaria F; Borsani M Sapici SpA A specific method of analysis has been developed by Sapici, a manufacturer of PU adhesives for flexible packaging, to

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References and Abstracts

determine primary aromatic amines migration by way of GC/MS. Primary aromatic amines (PAA) may be present in packaging materials intended to come in contact with foodstuffs. PAAs can be generated by reaction between free aromatic isocyanate monomers and water present in foodstuffs. Regulations regarding migration of PAAs from packaging are outlined and the methods of analysis based on the photometric method and the GC/MS method are described. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.857687 Item 120 Materials in Telecommunications (incorporating PIT IX). Proceedings of a conference held London, 26th27th September 2001. London, Institute of Materials, 2001, Paper 15, pp11, 012 SAFE CABLE TECHNOLOGY Robinson J E Assn.of European Producers of Flame Retardant Olefinic Cable Compounds (Institute of Materials) The manufacture of zero halogen cable products is either carried out by cable companies themselves or alternatively a number of relatively small independent companies specialising in compound manufacture. The dispersed nature of this group makes effective promotion of these materials difficult, and as a result the need for a trade association is highlighted. The result is the Association of European Producers of Flame Retardant Olefinic Cable Compounds (FROCC), which was formed in summer 2001. Over the past three years it has been claimed in numerous US publications (or from work carried out within Europe but sponsored by companies of US parentage) that ‘zero halogen’ cables exhibit excessive flame spread, self reignite, cause explosions and generate combustion fumes with significant toxicity. A response to the alleged deficiencies of zero halogen cable technology is recorded, and a belief in the continuing viability of these products is confirmed. 13 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.855847 Item 121 Reuse/Recycle 32, No.4, April 2002, p.26-7 EXPORTING HARM: TECHNO TRASH TO ASIA The Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition have released a report, Exporting Harm: Techno Trash to Asia, that states that electronic waste is the most rapidly growing waste problem in the world. The US and other countries that use most of the world’s electronic products, and thus generate most of the waste, have been exporting the electronic waste crisis to the developing

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countries of Asia. Because electronic waste contains toxic materials such as lead, improper handling of the waste in poor countries in Asia is causing pollution and exposing residents to harm. SILICON VALLEY TOXICS COALITION ASIA; USA

Accession no.853141 Item 122 Adhesive Technology 19, No.2, March 2002, p.11-2 DRYING NOT DEAD Godfrey P Caswell & Co.Ltd. The demise of solvent-based adhesives has been predicted for many years, although it has not yet happened. It is unlikely that the death knell will be sounded during the foreseeable future, unless an outright ban is globally introduced. However, this too is unlikely. For one thing it is obvious that there are circumstances where an alternative adhesive will not work. Bonding under cold, damp conditions is a typical example, because waterbased adhesives are slow to dry and hot melts do not adhere well to cold, damp surfaces. In addition, it seems unlikely that oil companies will easily accept a wholesale ban on solvents. Sales of solvents are a major part of their income and the political power and muscle of these massive corporations reaches across the globe. A general conclusion is that solvents are harmful and dangerous to the environment. But few have looked at the situation objectively, and evaluated the total energy demand for the production of the adhesive from raw material to bonded product. After all, hot melt adhesives require heat to be produced and heat to apply them. Water-based adhesives have an energy requirement when emulsions are made and forced drying is often required in bonding operations. Solvent-based adhesives, on the other hand, do not normally need heat in their manufacture and the solvent provides a benefit in that it can be used as a fuel to run dryers or heaters in a manufacturing plant. Health and safety issues have been concentrated on solvents more than other products over recent years. It is possible that this is due, at least in part, to the spectacular nature of results such as explosions and fires, when things go badly wrong. Recent developments are reviewed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.853030 Item 123 Adhesive Technology 19, No.2, March 2002, p.4 EU DIRECTIVE COULD MAKE SALE OF SOME ADHESIVES ILLEGAL Selling existing adhesives to the general public, containing anyone of 43 newly classed dangerous chemicals, could be illegal, if the European Union’s Council of Ministers

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References and Abstracts

accepts a proposal from the European Commission. The Commission wants to add 43 more ingredients to the existing list covered by the dangerous substances and preparations directive. It restricts the use of chemicals that are deemed to be carcinogenic, harm genes be toxic to reproduction. Professional users, who can safely handle the paints that contain the chemicals, could continue to do so. Enterprise and information society commissioner Erkki Liikanen stressed the need to protect both the needs of public health and the single market saying, ‘This proposal brings the EU’s chemicals legislation up to the latest state latest state of scientific evidence’. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.853021 Item 124 PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedings of a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002. London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 50, p.496-503, 21cm, 012 TIN STABILISERS. A HISTORY OF SAFE USE Atofina Chemicals Inc. (Institute of Materials) A discussion is presented on the safe use of tin compounds, as heat stabilisers, in PVC processing technology. Various aspects are addressed, including handling of tin stabilisers, worker exposure to tin-based heat stabilisers, regulations relating to the use of tin stabilisers in PVC products, such as toys, food packaging, food-contact applications and potable water pipes, product development over the years and life cycle and landfill studies on PVC containing tin stabilisers. 23 refs.

limiting the environmental risk posed by DEHP. CSTEE also says that the EU must put new measures in place to reduce risks posed by DEHP to human health and, in particular, to young children. DEHP can leach from child pacifiers and soft PVC toys, the assessment says. Industry group the European Council for Plasticisers & Intermediates (ECPI; Brussels) says that the CSTEE’s concern of the environmental impact is ‘premature’. ECPP says that a new study by BASF challenges CSTEE’s assumption that DEHP poses a risk to human health. CSTEE’s opinions on the risks to the environment and human health from DEHP will form the basis for a debate in the European Parliament and European Council of Ministers. The parliament and council have joint powers to determine whether new regulatory controls on DEHP are required. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.851914 Item 126 Composites Technology 8, No.2, April 2002, p.13-9 LOW-HAP COATINGS ROUNDUP Dawson D K

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

A survey is presented of developments by various U.S. manufacturers in gel coats, in-mould films and primers for composite materials which improve the composite fabricator’s work environment and clean up community air quality, without compromising product performance. The coatings developed comply with the Environmental Protection Agency’s standards on Maximum Achievable Control Technology for regulation of emission of hazardous air pollutants(HAPs). US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Accession no.852786

USA

Accession no.851507 Item 125 Chemical Week 164, No.10, 6th March 2002, p.14 EUROPE REVIEWS PHTHALATE SAFETY Scott A Edited by: 1 A European Union (EU) risk assessment of di-2ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) underestimated the substance’s potential damage to the environment, the commission’s scientific committee on toxicology (CSTEE) says. The study was completed by a team of Swedish scientists in September 2001 for the European Commission (EC). The Swedish scientists had recommended in September that no measures were required to reduce the risk of pollution from DEHP. But CSTEE will begin a new round of research shortly, as part of a review of the scientists’ assessment, to determine the extent of environmental risks posed by DEHP. CSTEE says that in many cases there is a need for

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Item 127 Gravesend, 2002, pp.2. 30cms. 25/4/2002 CATAPYRRIC SX545:CM540U SILANE CROSSLINKABLE LOW-SMOKE LOWTOXICITY HALOGEN-FREE FLAMERETARDANT COMPOUND, FOR INSULATION OF LV CABLES AND SHEATHING OF ALL TYPES OF CABLES AEI Compounds Ltd. A datasheet gives details of this low smoke, low fume, fire-retardant, silane cross-linkable compound which can be processed as a thermoplastic at high output rates and cured post-processing by exposure to moisture. The graft component SX545 is mixed with a crosslinking catalyst masterbatch CM540U in the ratio 95:5. The compound combines good mechanical, electrical and fire retardant properties to meet demanding insulation specifications,

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

including BS7211. The compound can also be used for sheathing of cables requiring high fire retardancy. The grade’s typical physical, mechanical, thermal, fire, electrical and cure properties are tabulated and information supplied on extruder temperature conditions, head and tool design, crosslinking, catalyst masterbatches, storage and shelf life. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.851449 Item 128 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 92, No.2, Feb. 2002, p.31-2 IN CONTACT WITH DRINKING WATER Woerner C Ticona GmbH The background to the forthcoming harmonisation of standards and testing procedures for plastics in contact with water is outlined and a brief discussion is presented on the expected unified tests, the synoptic documents in which raw materials, which pass these tests, will be included and the process optimisation carried out by Ticona to conform to the new requirements. (Kunststoffe, 92, No.2, 2002, p.77-9) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.850994 Item 129 Chemical Week 164, No.11, 13th March 2002, p.10 STATES TEST OHIO RIVER FOR TEFLON CHEMICAL Franz N Environmental officials in Ohio and West Virginia say that they will test the Ohio River and downstream wells for elevated levels of a controversial chemical that Du Pont uses to manufacture Teflon. The chemical, called aluminium perfluorooctanoate (C-8 or PFOA), is unregulated in drinking water. However, C-8 is the subject of a class-action lawsuit brought last year by residents near Du Pont’s Parkersburg, WV facility. The suit, filed in the Kanawha County Circuit Court (Charleston, WV), claims that the plant’s use of C-8 has contaminated drinking water supplies and threatened public health. The suit seeks an undisclosed amount of compensatory and punitive damages. ‘C-8 is a persistent chemical that is slow to be eliminated from the blood stream,’ says the Lubeck Public Service District (Washington, VW), the lead plaintiff in the case. Du Pont is fighting the lawsuit however. It says that it voluntarily set a drinking water guideline for C-8 at 1 part per billion, and that the facility’s discharges are safe. ‘There are no known health effects associated with C-8 exposure,’ according to Du Pont. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article.

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC. USA

Accession no.850121 Item 130 Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe 55, No.1, Jan.2002, p.20-9 German LATEX GLOVES IN SKIN CONTACT: ARE THERE RISKS? Stein G; Hampel M; Wuenstel E The authors describe experiments on six NR compounds commonly used for latex gloves to determine the potential hazards of skin contact with reference to curing compounds and accelerators, including mercaptobenzthiazole and zinc dialkyldithiocarbamates. Simulation methods and the influence of a common hand disinfectant were investigated. In the case of tetramethylthiuram disulphide, it was discovered that decomposition products could be formed on the skin which are not present in the original rubber. 6 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. Accession no.849747 Item 131 Medical Device Technology UK 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Birmingham, UK, 13th-14th Feb. 2002. Chester, Advanstar Communications (UK) Ltd., 2002, paper 4, pp.12, 30 cms. 012 RELATING REGULATION TO SCIENCE IN TISSUE ENGINEERING Williams D Liverpool,University (Advanstar Communications (UK) Ltd.) This presentation addresses tissue engineering and how it relates to biomaterials and medical devices. Consideration is given to risk analysis and risk management in tissue engineering, and current proposals are discussed for an approach to the regulation of tissue engineering products and regulatory processes in the European Union. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.849156 Item 132 Industria della Gomma 45, No.5, June 2001, p.17-21 Italian PROBLEM OF AIR DISPERSED POWDERS IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES Fantuzzi A Consideration is given to the nature of airborne powders and fumes found in the workplace, their effects on health and methods used in their sampling and analysis. Particular

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References and Abstracts

attention is paid to fumes arising from the vulcanisation and processing of rubbers. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.849041 Item 133 Asia Pacific Coatings Journal 15, No.1, Feb.2002, p.12/7 EVOLUTION OF ADDITIVES FROM APES TO POLYETHERS Lehmann K; Stuttgen A Tego Chemie Service Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) are used in the paint and coatings industry as emulsifiers for the emulsion polymerisation process and as dispersing additives for water-based pigment pastes. The APEs used in the coatings industry are often nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) which are toxic to aquatic organisms, even at low concentrations. It is likely that legislation will prohibit or limit the use of APEs in the future, and alternatives are being sought. A new class of dispersing additives, for pigment concentrates with universal use has been developed. A specially modified polyether (SMPE) structure has been synthesised. Non-ionic and anionic NPEs still play an important role in the paint market. For this reason they were tested against the anionic and non-ionic versions of the new SMPE wetting and dispersing additives. For the evaluation of gloss, colour strength and viscosity, four different pigment types were tested. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.847721 Item 134 Urethanes Technology 19, No.1, Feb./March 2002, p.22 ENERGY IS THE KEY ISSUE Honeywell Fluorine Products Europe BV In response to environmental legislation, a new substitute for HFC-245fa blowing agent, “Enovate 3000”, has been developed by Honeywell Fluorine Products Europe BV in Belgium. The blowing agent is non-ozone-depleting, nonflammable, and easy-to-handle when making rigid PU and polyisocyanurate foams. It is said to have outstanding thermal and mechanical properties. Full details are provided. BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL

Accession no.846838 Item 135 Chemical Market Reporter 261, No.5, 4th Feb.2002, p.3/24 DEHP FOUND TO POSE RISKS FOR SOME GROUPS

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A report by a scientific advisory panel to Health Canada is one of the most extensive to analyse the possible health risks from di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a plasticiser used to soften PVC medical products such as bags and tubing. This article gives details of the report, which has concluded that DEHP does pose health risks for some critical groups. HEALTH CANADA; US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HEALTH CARE WITHOUT HARM; AMERICAN CHEMISTRY COUNCIL; US,SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH NETWORK; CANADA,GOVERNMENT CANADA; USA

Accession no.845644 Item 136 Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, Paper 4, p.33-43, 24 cm, 012 FLAME-RETARDANT PLASTICS AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT SPECIFICATION O’Neill T J Polymeron Network (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) A review is presented on European regulatory initiatives focussing on products containing chemicals, which are potential sources of environmentally hazardous materials. Particular attention is paid to brominated flame retardants in the light of the European Commission’s official position in relation to the Precautionary Principle. 18 refs. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845157 Item 137 Retec 2001. Hot Colors, Cool Plastics. Conference proceedings. Marco Island, Fla., 23rd-25th Sept.2001, p.110-6 GLOBAL SUPPLY - LOCAL REGULATIONS: ARE THE TWO COMPATIBLE? Lawrence S G Ciba Specialty Chemicals (SPE,Color & Appearance Div.) Over the past decades there has been a big increase in chemical legislation; this is also true for regulations governing the use of colourants for food-contact applications. The various food-contact regulations worldwide are briefly examined from a pigment manufacturer’s point of view. The advantages of getting a product listed by FDA are discussed in detail, not only from the perspective of USA sales but also from that of the supply into other markets. USA

Accession no.845053

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 138 Reinforced Plastics 46, No.1, Jan. 2002, p.46/51 MACT: A MORE RESTRICTIVE WORLD FOR BOATBUILDERS? Marsh G The new rules for industrial air quality are discussed with reference to the US boat building industry and with special reference to MACT (Maximum Achievable Control Technology) legislation. These measures are due to come into effect during 2002, and will affect suppliers to the market. Any organisation emitting (or with the potential to do so) more than 10 tons per year of any single listed harmful air pollutant (HAP) is to be regarded as a ‘major source’. Previously, the limit was typically 100-250 tons per year. All operations including cleaning and preparation, gel-coating and lay-up, mould care, etc. are to be included, as are all chemicals- resins, solvents, adhesives and paints, etc. In boatbuilding, most of which is polyester based, the overriding pollutant is styrene. A points system is explained which is designed to allow various methods and materials to be compared in terms of their emissions. The effect of this legislation on the moulding industry, and the changes fabricators may have to implement to conform, are discussed. USA

Accession no.843847 Item 139 European Chemical News 76, No.1990, 28th Jan.-3rd Feb.2002, p.23 EUROPEAN BPA CLASSIFICATION European member states last week proposed classifying bisphenol A (BPA) as a category three reproductive toxicant. The classification of BPA had been discussed in three separate meetings in 2001, where it was indicated that the chemical might be classified at the higher category two. A category three classification indicates that the substance has shown some evidence of having reproductive toxicity. Cefic said it will continue to try to get the proposed categorisation overturned, believing there is no scientific basis for any classification of BPA. A planned multi-generational mouse study may convince regulators of this, it said. The classification would have little impact on the industry, according to David Thomas, Cefic’s BPA sector group manager. It will have to be added to the material, but the consequences beyond this will be minimal. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. CEFIC EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.843693

Item 140 Industria della Gomma 45, No.3, April 2001, p.16-9 Italian AD HOC ARCHIVE FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES Garlanda B An examination is made of the scope and functions of a database on hazardous chemicals planned for establishment at Istituto Superiore di Sanita in Italy. FEDERCHIMICA; ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITA; ASSOCIAZIONE ITALIANA COMMERCIO CHIMICO EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.842548 Item 141 Italia Imballaggio No.1-2, Jan./Feb.2002, p.88/94 English; Italian CONTACT WITH FOOD This article discusses legislation within the European Union with regard to packaging materials in direct contact with foodstuffs. Section headings include: the three orders of risk (toxicological, organoleptic alteration of the contents, environmental risk); innovatory and relatively-unknown materials; rubber, aluminium and inks; knowledge in order to prevent; positive lists and possible integrations; specific migrations and analytical methods; non-conformity - who is responsible?; from declaration to certification; recycled materials and foodstuffs; and changes. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; EUROPEAN COUNCIL; ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITA EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL

Accession no.842506 Item 142 European Chemical News 76, No.1989, 21st-27th Jan.2002, p.21 WHITE PAPER ON PVC IMMINENT It is briefly reported that the European Commission will issue a White Paper on PVC within the next couple of months. The Paper will probably be a mix of both legislation and voluntary commitments. A Green Paper on PVC was adopted by the EC in July 2000. This raised six issues to be addressed: substitution, production process, cadmium stabilisers, lead stabilisers, phthalates and waste management. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.842231

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References and Abstracts

Item 143 Surface Coatings International Part B 84, No.B1, Jan. 2001, p.11-20 COATINGS, REGULATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT REVIEWED Jotischky H Paint Research Association A review is given of the relationships between coatings, regulations and the environment. Mention is made of classification and labelling, the dangerous substances directive, the dangerous preparations directive, market restrictions, occupational exposure limits, and solvent controls. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.841967 Item 144 Plastics Additives and Compounding 3, No.12, Dec. 2001, p.12-5 ANTIMICROBIALS IN PLASTICS: A GLOBAL REVIEW D’Arcy N Dublin,University College Trends in the use of antimicrobials by the plastics industry are reviewed with details of the market by industry, region, types of antimicrobials used, and the industry’s distribution system. Also identified are manufacturers and formulators. Regulations regarding the development for new biocides are examined, and expected growth of the global plastic antimicrobial industry is forecasted, together with details of key drivers for the growth. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; NORTH AMERICA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.840514 Item 145 PU Latin America 2001.Conference Proceedings. Sao Paolo, Brazil, 28th-30th August 2001, Health, Safety & Environment Session, Paper 1, pp.4, 012 PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY Felippe W D Dow Quimica SA (Crain Communications Ltd.) The Product Stewardship philosophy of the Dow Chemical Co. is described. It is a management practice committed to making health, safety and environmental protection an integral part of every stage of a product’s life. The implementation of a multi-level training and auditing programme is discussed. 3 refs. BRAZIL

Accession no.840107

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Item 146 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 45, No.9, 2001, p.24/8 German PROBLEMS FOR PROTECTION OF LABOUR DURING THE USE OF POLYURETHANE ADHESIVES Wilms V Hamburg,Berufsgenossenschaft der Strassen-,U-Bahnen und Eisenbahnen Specialists for the protection of labour in the Committee for Dangerous Substances under the Federal Ministry for Labour and Social Order are at present developing handy means for facilitating a more accurate risk assessment in future during the practical use of polyurethane adhesives. Aids are also planned that enable users during their work to make a swift assessment of an exposure situation in the workplace. These should be published during the year 2002. This article sketches out the cardinal points of the draft, including dangers to health from isocyanates, exposure to skin, and exposure to airways from monomer diisocyanates and polymeric isocyanates. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.839196 Item 147 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 81, No.537, March 2001, p.321-2 Spanish SUBSTITUTION OF TGIC AS CURING AGENT IN POLYESTER BASED POWDER COATINGS Pinay A EMS-Primid The toxicity of triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) used as a curing agent in unsaturated polyester (UP) powder coatings is discussed, and the advantages of the Primid range of non-toxic beta-hydroxylamine curing agents (EMS-Primid) as a replacement for TGIC are examined. Results are presented of light ageing tests carried out on coatings cured with TGIC and Primid, and statistics show the growth in world production of Primid cured UP powder coatings between 1990 and 2000. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.839080 Item 148 Japan Chemical Week 42, No.2151, 13th Dec. 2001, p.4 RICOH HASTENS COMPLIANCE WITH EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE Ricoh is adopting the use of a bromine-based flame retardant for ABS used in casings for cameras and the like

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

to comply with European directives on harmful substances in electronic and electrical appliances. RICOH JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.838138 Item 149 European Plastics News 28, No.10, Nov.2001, p.8 EU QUASHES FLAME RETARDANT BAN The European Union has unanimously voted to reverse a proposal from the European Parliament to phase out two brominated flame retardants, penta- and octa-BDE. This formed part of a forthcoming directive on a third member of the PBDE family. The proposed directive now returns to the Parliament for a second reading in early 2002, by which time risk assessments should be completed. Parliament also agreed that deca-BDE should be banned by 2006, though only if the risk assessment validated this. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.837927 Item 150 Speciality Chemicals 21, No.9, Nov.2001, p.19 INNOVATION AND THE BPD Cornish A Avecia Protection & Hygiene CEFIC has estimated that more than 60% of the 2,000 biocidal active ingredients and of the 20,000 formulated biocidal products containing them currently marketed in the EU may eventually be withdrawn as a result of the implementation of the Biocidal Products Directive. Avecia believes the BPD is likely to restrict new product development and increase the costs of notifying and listing active substances, meaning that research on new actives will be difficult to justify. Avecia Protection & Hygiene develops and produces antimicrobials for more than 25 applications in industrial preservation, disinfection, plastics, textiles and personal care, and it continues to develop new products. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.837822 Item 151 Reinforced Plastics 45, No.12, Dec. 2001, p.32-5 REDUCING EMISSIONS BY RESIN FORMULATION Darby P; Bates A Cray Valley UK Structural Resins The current state of play with regard to legislative issues relating to styrene emissions in the composites workshop

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

and in the environment are examined and methods of reducing emissions during composite processing are considered. These methods include the formulation of resins with low styrene emissions, use of alternative diluents and end-of-pipe solutions. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.837234 Item 152 Reinforced Plastics 45, No.12, dec. 2001, p.24/30 REDUCED STYRENE CONTENT OFFERS ANSWER FOR LSE Marsh G The current strategies and products, which have been designed to reduce styrene emissions in the composites industry as a result of the tightening up of legislation on the emission of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere, are examined. These include the substantial lowering of styrene content through alternative chemistry systems and technology, substitution of styrene with other monomers and newly developed low and no-styrene resins. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.837233 Item 153 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, pp.x, 303, 29cm, 921 TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF DIISOCYANATES AND ANCILLARY CHEMICALS: A CODE OF PRACTICE FOR POLYURETHANE FLEXIBLE FOAM MANUFACTURE AND ELASTOMER MANUFACTURE (Rapra Technology Ltd.; British Rubber Manufacturers Assn.) This handbook provides detailed working procedures for those exposed to isocyanates and other chemicals used in flexible foam manufacture, supplying hazard data for individual chemicals and recommending handling practices. This second edition provides the most up-to date information regarding topics covered in the first edition and also includes a code of practice for the manufacture of polyurethane elastomers using MbOCA. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.836995 Item 154 Utrecht,University, NETHERLANDS, Ponsen & Looijen, 2001, 24cm, 921 GENOTOXIC EXPOSURE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN THE RUBBER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY:RELEVANCE OF THE DERMAL ROUTE

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Vermeulen R Utrecht,University This thesis describes a wide survey on genotoxic exposure and biological effects in the rubber industry. Chapters include skin aberrations; inhalable dust and dermal exposure and genotoxic exposure conditions within the rubber industry. Results are based on studies carried out in the rubber manufacturing industry in the Netherlands. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.836074 Item 155 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, pp.130, 29 cms. 22/11/01. Rapra Review Report 138, vol.12, No.6, 2001. NALOAN HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Chaiear N Khon Kaen,University Edited by: Ward S (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Rapra.Review Report No.138 Occupational health and safety in the rubber industry is discussed with reference to UK, US and European legislation. The review covers both natural and synthetic rubber industries. The first section outlines the laws affecting health and safety in the industry and the remainder presents specific health and safety issues of interest to employers and employees. Industrial safety is examined with reference to equipment, fire and explosions, solvents, epidemiology, NR latex allergy, skin irritations and dermatitis, dust and fume control, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, nitrosamines, 1,3-butadiene, and handling of rubber chemicals. 484 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.835872 Item 156 Rubber and Plastics News 2 23, No.2, 22nd Aug.2001, p.14 VIP RUBBER FINED FOR TALC-LADEN WATER DISCHARGE Wenger R The Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board is reported to have fined Vip Rubber 10,000 US dollars in August, after a July inspection revealed the company discharged talc-laden water into a flood-control channel from its La Habra manufacturing facility. During an inspection, water board staff said that they found evidence that a washing machine at the plant was leaking water full of talc, which is inert and Food and Drug Administration approved. The company says that the talc product is approved for rubber use and is absolutely no threat to the environment or any human or animal. The discharge was

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less than 1,000 gallons, but talc residue in the channel suggested other illegal discharges had previously occurred, according to water board reports. Details are given. VIP RUBBER CO.INC. USA

Accession no.835615 Item 157 Plastics News(USA) 13, No.16, 18th June 2001, p.3/40 TOY INDUSTRY WON’T RELEASE DATA Toloken S In the USA, the toy industry has decided not to disclose what chemicals are used in its products - a move which is against the hopes of Environmental Defense of New York, a group who believes that companies should disclose this information so that the public can make informed choices. Details of the debate are recorded here. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE; TOY INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION; US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION; US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; MATTEL INC.; HASBRO INC.; LEGO SYSTEMS INC.; AMERICAN CHEMISTRY COUNCIL; US,GOVERNMENT; TOY MANUFACTURERS OF AMERICA INC. USA

Accession no.832505 Item 158 Nonwovens Industry 32, No.9, Sept.2001, p.20/2 NEW EPA STANDARDS TO BE IMPLEMENTED Mayberry P US,Association of Non-Woven Fabrics Industry The US Environmental Protection Agency recently announced its intention to develop and implement new Clean Air Act Standards for industrial coatings operations within the next year. These emission standards will eventually require companies involved in fabric printing, coating and dyeing operations to comply with Maximum Achievable Control standards. The Hazardous Air Pollutants emission limits that will apply to facilities and the impact on fabric coating operations are discussed. USA

Accession no.829810 Item 159 Toxic Substances Bulletin No.46, Sept.2001, p.1 TRICHLOROETHYLENE - A CATEGORY 2 CARCINOGEN The reclassification of trichloroethylene as a category 2 carcinogen (from category 3) by the European Union is briefly discussed. The new classification with take effect in the UK from spring 2001 and will affect the way in

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

which trichloroethylene can be used in workplaces. Two common uses of trichloroethylene in the UK are in metal degreasing and as a solvent in adhesives. EUROPEAN UNION EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

A review is presented of some of the topics discussed at a conference on health, safety and environmental issues in the chemical industry, held in Modena, Italy, on 22nd September 2000. FEDERCHIMICA; ITALY,MINISTRY OF TRADE & INDUSTRY; ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITA

Accession no.829652

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Item 160 Medical Plastics 2000: Innovation, Opportunities and Challenges. Conference proceedings. Oakbrook, Il., 2nd-4th October 2000, p.107-13 VINYL MEDICAL PRODUCTS: THE FACTS Krause F US,Vinyl Institute (SPE)

Accession no.828660

For medical professionals, vinyl medical products are essential life-saving tools. Over the last several years, however, activist groups like Greenpeace and its affiliate Health Care Without Harm have attempted to discredit the use of vinyl by alleging health and environmental risks through its use and disposal. The fact is vinyl has been used safely in medical products for over 40 years, and hundreds of studies and billions of real-world patient exposures are a testament to its track record of safe use. The benefits and proven safety of vinyl medical products are described, and the validity of activist allegations is addressed. USA

Accession no.829194 Item 161 Medical Plastics 2000: Innovation, Opportunities and Challenges. Conference proceedings. Oakbrook, Il., 2nd-4th October 2000, p.99-105 SUMMARY OF PVC REGULATORY ACTIVITY, PVC ALTERNATIVES AND PLASTICISER ALTERNATIVES Galland P Teknor Apex Co. (SPE) The latest developments in the regulatory environment related to plasticised or flexible PVC used in medical devices, alternatives to conventional PVC plasticisers and alternatives to PVC as the polymeric material are described. An assessment of strengths and weaknesses of the options is also provided. 3 refs. USA

Accession no.829193 Item 162 Industria della Gomma 44, No.9, Nov.2000, p.16-8 Italian HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES: THE EXPERTS HAVE THEIR SAY Garlanda B

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Item 163 European Chemical News 75, No.1973, 17th-23rd Sept.2001, p.34 EU RULES BEFORE RISK RESULTS In an unprecedented step, the European Parliament has voted to ban two chemicals for which risk assessments are still pending. The chemicals, octabromodiphenylether and decabromodiphenyl ether, were lumped together with penta-BDE during a debate on the EC’s proposed ban on that chemical, which is based on a completed risk assessment. All three chemicals are used as flame retardants. Parliamentarians backed the call to extend a ban on penta-BDE to octa-BDE, which is used in office equipment and domestic electrical appliances, by mid2003. It is claimed that initial results of the ongoing risk assessments already indicate that the chemical is an environmental and public health hazard. MEPs have set a 2006 deadline for banning deca-BDE, adding that the ban should not come into force if the final results of the risk assessment show that deca-BDE is harmless. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.826807 Item 164 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, pp.142, 11cm, 42C382 THE ROLE OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) IN HEALTHCARE Blass C R Rapra Technology Ltd. This book reports upon the use of PVC in the healthcare industry. It discusses what key properties it has which make it the most widely used polymer within the global healthcare market despite recent media speculation as to the associated environmental damage and risk to human health. Main headings include: Global market size, composition, value and future trends; Benefits of PVC for healthcare; Composition and property profile for flexible and rigid PVC compounds; Toxicology, biocompatibility and regulatory status of PVC medical compounds; PVC medical device application fields; Processing and fabrication; Sterilisation of PVC based medical devices; Environmental issues - real and perceived; Recent advances in PVC medical compound technology; Key barriers to

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PVC replacement. The book concludes that while PVC replacement is an achievable objective a number of major obstacles have to be successfully overcome. 45 refs. and bibliography of useful document abstracts. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.826523 Item 165 ENDS Report No.319, Aug. 2001, p.33 PVC PRODUCERS BACK PHASE-OUT OF LEAD ADDITIVES EVC and Hydro Polymers are reported to be supporting requests to phase out lead additives because of lead’s politically sensitive nature. It is also reported that the UK,Government wants to phase out lead additives in response to the European Commission’s Green Paper on PVC and would like the European Commission to consider legislation to ban lead stabilisers. The UK,Government also wants a risk assessment of organotin stabilisers to be carried out and legislation to prohibit their use ‘brought forward as necessary’. EVC; HYDRO POLYMERS; UK,GOVERNMENT; EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.826461 Item 166 POLYMERS FOR THE MEDICAL INDUSTRY - INNOVATIONS IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY. Proceedings of a conference held Brussels, 14th-15th May 2001. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, Paper 21, p.13, 012 SUPPLYING MATERIALS TO THE MEDICAL DEVICES INDUSTRY - REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS Sibun H TUV Product Service Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) An overview is presented of the CE marking requirements for manufacturers of medical devices, the role of EU Notified Bodies and third party approval and the provision of relevant data to the manufacturers of medical devices. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.826448 Item 167 POLYMERS FOR THE MEDICAL INDUSTRY - INNOVATIONS IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY. Proceedings of a conference held Brussels, 14th-15th May 2001. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, Paper 20, p.16, 012

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POLYMERS AND BIOLOGICAL SAFETY TESTING: GENERAL AND SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT Baldrick P Covance Laboratories Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The general and specific risk assessment of medical polymers for biological safety testing is discussed. Consideration is given to defining the product, the marketing approval process, marketing approval requirements and biological safety tests. A possible polymer testing package used for risk assessment is presented and some comments are made on specific testing packages. Further considerations for safety testing with regard to methodologies and immunology are also included. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.826447 Item 168 BLOWING AGENTS AND FOAMING PROCESSES CONFERENCE 2001. Proceedings from a conference held Frankfurt, 13th-14th March 2001. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, Paper 17. 012 METHYLAL OR DIMETHOXYMETHANE AS A BLOWING AGENT FOR POLYURETHANE FOAMS? Beaujean M Lambiotte & Cie SA (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The use of methylal as a blowing agent for polyurethane foams is discussed in terms of its performance and environmental impacts. Since the number of blowing agents which can be used for the production of polyurethane foams is continually being reduced due to government legislation, the choice is becoming limited. The properties of methylal are examined, and its use alone or in combination with other blowing agents is examined. Properties examined include: flammability, solvent power, thermal conductivity, toxicology, ecotoxicology, miscibility and solubility of liquid and gaseous carbon dioxide. Its use in rigid, flexible, and integral foams is described. 5 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.826293 Item 169 Adhesives Age 44, No.7, July 2001, p.17-8 ARE SOLVENTS COMING BACK? Schwartz J The future of solvent-based adhesives is discussed. The technology, once thought to be dying due to environmental and worker safety concerns, is reported to be dormant in some cases and declining in others, but definitely not dead,

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References and Abstracts

it is claimed. Although projected growth is modest, (01%), it is seen as a turnaround for the industry. Stricter air quality regulations have forced solvent manufacturers to research new environmentally friendly solvents. The newer types of organic solvents, however, have met with limited success. The slight resurgence is claimed to be due to their reputation as a being a better performing technology than waterborne, especially for exterior applications, including automotive and construction. USA

Accession no.825860 Item 170 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 42, No.9, 1998, p.33-6 German HALOGEN-FREE AND DIFFICULT TO IGNITE Sprenger S; Utz R Schill & Seilacher GmbH Adhesives are being used increasingly in new applications. Quite a few products containing adhesives have to meet different fire safety regulations. At the same time, toxicological consequences from fires are being scrutinised more carefully as well as the harmlessness of flameretardants. By using the example of an epoxy adhesive, this article shows that halogen-free, flame-retardant adhesives can be formulated based on reactive organophosphorous compounds. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

DINP TOY RISK MINIMAL Toloken S The Toy Industry Association is reported to have interpreted the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s report on the risks of diisononyl phthalate to children as vindicating the use of this plasticiser in toys. Greenpeace’s view on the report is also indicated. US,TOY INDUSTRY ASSN.; US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION USA

Accession no.823083 Item 173 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 191, No.4439, April 2001, p.24-6 DIRECTING OUR FATES Carter N Industrial Copolymers The effect of environmental concerns on future developments in the paint industry is discussed. Particular attention is paid to volatile organic compound regulations, developments in powder coatings, and radiationcurable coatings. Tabulated information is presented on applications, backbone type and typical mechanical properties of Incorez W830 series PU dispersions and Incorez W2000 series urethane/acrylic hybrids. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.821738

Accession no.823361 Item 171 Chemical Week 163, No.28, 25th July 2001, p.18 BRUSSELS PROPOSES BAN ON TWO FLAME RETARDANTS Scott A It is briefly reported that the European Parliament’s environment committee has proposed a ban on the use of brominated flame retardants octabromodiphenylether and decabromodiphenylether, used in plastics and textiles, on health and environmental grounds. The two substances are scheduled to be banned from use in electronic and electrical equipment under separate EC draft legislation. The committee’s decision has been announced before risk assessments of octa-BDE and deca-BDE for the commission have been completed. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.823281 Item 172 Plastics News(USA) 13, No.17, 25th June 2001, p.18

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 174 ENDS Report No.317, June 2001, p.40 LACK OF TEST METHODS SLOWS EC PROGRESS ON ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS A summary is presented of a revised strategy on endocrinedisrupting chemicals set out in a progress report by the European Commission in June 2001. The need for suitable test methods is discussed. A new study will be conducted into the occurrence of endocrine disrupters in drinking water. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.820647 Item 175 Adhesives Age 44, No.5, May 2001, p.29/49 TACKIFIER SELECTION Mitchell R D Austin Marketing Resources The selection of tackifiers for use in hot melt adhesives is discussed with reference to the area in which to place the emphasis in seeking the information needed for this

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decision and to the issues underlying tackifier supply, performance and cost. The capacity of the tackifier manufacturer is considered, in relation to supplier strategy and return on investment, and global capability, technical support and health and regulatory aspects are examined. USA

Accession no.820529

components into food are discussed and a case study is described involving migration of styrene monomer in PS single-serve milk and cream packages. A final chapter describes the computer modelling of migration. BELGIUM; CZECH REPUBLIC; EASTERN EUROPE; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; RUMANIA; SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.817295 Item 176 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 42, Nos.7-8, 1998, p.12 German SOLVENTS INDUSTRY WELCOMES A STEP FORWARD WITH THE DIRECTIVE ON VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS The planned directive to limit volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from solvents has experienced a major step forward on its way to being implemented. The Council of European Environment Ministers was united on a common position regarding the draft directive. Provisions for VOC emissions are reviewed up to 2010. Sources of VOC emissions are discussed including fossil fuels and vegetation, as well as VOC contact with soil particles and sunlight, and ozone implications. WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.820036 Item 177 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 25th May 2001, p.13 REDUCING THE EMISSIONS Darby P Cray Valley The effects of amendments to the Environmental Protection Act (1990), which relate to pollution control and styrene emissions from installations, on UK fibre reinforced plastics processors are examined. Possible cost-effective abatement solutions are briefly considered. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818541 Item 178 Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2000, pp.xxx,576. 25cm. 6P PLASTIC PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR FOOD Edited by: Piringer OG; Baner AL (Fabes Forschungs GmbH; Nestle) This heavily referenced book describes the requirements and use of polymers in packaging, with a focus on permeation through food packaging and migration of packaging components into food. Brief descriptions of polymers and additives frequently used in food packaging are followed by detailed theoretical and empirical treatment of transport, diffusion and permeation. The physical, regulatory, and sensory aspects of migration of polymer

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Item 179 Rubber Asia 15, No.3, May/June 2001, p.25-30 PROTEIN ALLERGY GREATEST CHALLENGE TO NR LATEX GLOVES Long O E; Poon N K; Hassan A H Malaysian Rubber Board The demand for latex medical gloves is expected to be sustained by the enhanced hygienic awareness among healthcare workers. Healthcare institutions are now more aware of the problems posed by latex allergies and are shifting their preference to higher-priced powder-free and gloves with low protein and low allergen content. In less than two decades, Malaysia has transformed from a small and unknown rubber products manufacturer into a global supplier of premium quality medical gloves, latex thread and catheters. The underlying reason for the wide acceptance of NR latex is attributed to its inherent superior properties. The causes of latex allergy are discussed, including the adverse effects of glove lubricants. MALAYSIA

Accession no.816960 Item 180 Rubber World 224, No.2, May 2001, p.29-30 DISPELLING ORGANIC PEROXIDES’ MYTHS AND LEGENDS Eilo G W Hercules Inc. Organic peroxides have been used to crosslink elastomers and plastics for over 50 years. The organic peroxides utilised by the rubber industry react very predictably. Most are stable at room temperature and will decompose based on their half-life temperature curves. They can represent a severe hazard, however, if they are stored or used improperly. These issues are reviewed in detail. 4 refs. USA

Accession no.816766 Item 181 Chemical Week 163, No.21, 23rd May 2001, p.32 BIOCIDES TAKE AIM AT CONSUMER MARKETS Graff G

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References and Abstracts

New applications in plastics are expected to drive growth in the worldwide biocides market, although plastics producers say they have been hesitant to move ahead with the new biocide-containing products until the regulatory climate stabilises. Biocide makers view hygienic applications as a promising new market. However, the European Union Biocidal Products Directive, which will be implemented over the next nine years, requires huge volumes of toxicology and environmental effects testing for registration of all types of biocides. Worldwide biocide sales for plastics applications total about 175m US dollars/ year and are growing at about 4%/year. The newest outlets for biocides include air purification systems and waste disposal products such as trash cans. WORLD

Accession no.816638 Item 182 ENDS Report No.315, April 2001, p.53-4 MEPS SET DOWN PRIORITIES FOR PVC STRATEGY The European Parliament has set out where it believes EC policy should focus in tackling the environmental and health problems posed by PVC. In a resolution adopted in April, it called for a phase-out of lead and cadmium stabilisers, legislation to ensure the separate collection of discarded PVC products, and a complex strategy for substitution of PVC based on life-cycle comparisons with competing products. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.816632 Item 183 ENDS Report No.315, April 2001, p.21-4 INTERNET EXPOSURE BATTERS CHEMICAL INDUSTRY The chemical industry’s efforts to forge an international reputation as a responsible corporate citizen have been severely damaged by publication on the internet of an archive of confidential industry documents. The publisher, the Environmental Working Group, claims that the archive shows how the industry “spins, distorts and twists the facts” on the safety and environmental impact of its products. ENVIRONMENTAL WORKING GROUP USA

Accession no.816629

Item 184 ENDS Report No.314, Mar.2001, p.10-1 UK REGULATORS IN STORM OVER LOWDOSE EFFECTS OF BISPHENOL A Precautionary action to reduce the exposure of humans and wildlife to the oestrogenic plastics intermediate bisphenol A looks closer following an EC technical meeting in March. Member States rejected risk assessments put forward by the UK which set aside evidence of low-dose effects on fish and laboratory animals. Bisphenol A is an important plastics intermediate used in polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Global manufacturing capacity stands at two million tonnes per year. EUROPEAN COMMISSION Accession no.815830 Item 185 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.49, 5th Feb.2001, p.15 BREVET TO FIGHT DIOXIN LABEL Toloken S In the USA, the National Toxicology Program has declared dioxin a “known human carcinogen” - but injection moulder Brevet Inc. (who manufactures medical devices from PVC) plans to challenge the action in court. Brief details are given here. BREVET INC.; VINYL INSTITUTE; US,NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM USA

Accession no.815753 Item 186 Chemical Week 163, No.19, 9th May 2001, p.19/26 GULF COAST: HEAVY WEATHER Hunter D The Gulf Coast chemical industry is examined with reference to current economic and environmental conditions affecting its profitability. Increased natural gas prices combined with a weakening in demand has led to some plant closures, and losses in earnings, details of which are given. Houston-area chemical companies are faced with the need to invest billions of dollars to drastically reduce nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compound emissions under the State Implementation Plan, (SIP). Poor earnings and economic uncertainty means that in the medium term, investments are going to be mostly for the implementation of the SIP rather than adding capacity, it is stated. USA

Accession no.815322

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Item 187 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 91, No.4, April 2001, p.7-8 EUROPEAN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND PLASTICS Increasingly, guidelines resulting from political decision process of the European Union influence national markets and global competition. In order to have an influence on behalf of the interests of the plastics industry, the Association of Plastics Producing Industries, (VKE), is reported to wish to intensify its communication with European political institutions. The VKE sees the discussion about the EU book on the environmental problems relating to PVC as particularly controversial, and does not consider that it takes important points of view sufficiently into account. The treatment of the PVC theme, is examined as an example of so-called ‘europisation’ of the work of associations. (Article translated from Kunststoffe 91 (2001) 4, pp.26-27). VKE EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL

Accession no.815255 Item 188 Chimica e l’Industria 82, No.5, June 2000, p.549-55 Italian PAINTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A MARRIAGE WHICH CAN EXIST Ballotta S Inver SpA A review is presented of developments in paint formulations aimed at reducing their environmental impact, including high-solids, water-based and powder coatings, and Italian and European Union legislation relating to environmental aspects of coating compositions is examined. The activities of Italian paints manufacturer Inver are reviewed, and turnover and employment figures are presented for the Company. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.814820 Item 189 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 42, No.6, 1998, p.47 German NEW MS ADHESIVE/SEALANT GENERATION With a new generation of flexible adhesives/sealants on an MS polymer base, the firm of Henkel Teroson in Heidelberg is offering yet more application possibilities. The Terostat MS family of environmentally friendly products stands out above all for its expansion into yet greater toughness. Traction toughness has been increased up to 2.5 Mpa (DIN

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53283). This allows the flexible adhesives to improve the rigidity of structures while keeping a flexible tension balance at the same time. Its universal capability to stick on nearly all backgrounds means expensive primers are avoided. Since the new products are free of solvents and have practically no smell, they can be used in clean conditions and food transportation. There is no requirement for them to be identified under rules on dangerous substances. Terostat MS products also have high UV, weathering and ageing resistance as well as being able to be painted over. This abstract contains all the information of the original article. HENKEL-TEROSON GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.814450 Item 190 Paper Film and Foil Converter 74, No.11, Nov.2000, p.17 IS FOOD CONTACT NOTIFICATION A PROPRIETARY RIGHT? Millar S A Keller & Heckman LLP This article discusses in detail the food-contact substance notification programme in the USA, which came into effect in January 2000, where manufacturers must notify the US Food & Drug Administration of new substances they wish to use in such applications and, if there is no objection from the FDA within 120 days, the substance may be legally marketed. Unlike food additive regulations, the notification will be proprietary, and may be relied upon only by the submitter or notifier, and its customers. US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.813416 Item 191 Medical Device Technology 12, No.1, Jan./Feb.2001, p.8 LATEST POSITION ON PVC This item very briefly sums up a recently-published report from EUCOMED (the European medical device industry trade association) on the use of ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) as a plasticiser in PVC medical products, and the risks associated therewith. AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE & HEALTH; EUCOMED EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.813136 Item 192 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 80, No.529, July 2000, p.56-62 Spanish

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References and Abstracts

SOME ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PVC Marcilla A; Garcia-Quesada J C; Climent J E; Garcia S Alicante,University The environmental impact of PVC is discussed with reference to the toxicity of vinyl chloride, plasticisers and heavy metal stabilisers, the formation of dioxins and acid rain resulting from the incineration of PVC waste, and plasticiser migration from PVC products. A brief examination is also made of the recyclability of PVC. 18 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.812735 Item 193 Rubber and Plastics News 2 22, No.11, 12th March 2001, p.6 RULING ON CLEAN AIR ACT GARNERS MIXED REACTIONS Moore M The US Supreme Court has ruled that the Environmental Protection Agency must base Clean Air Act regulations on science, not costs, and has remanded the agency’s ozone standard, finding its interpretation of that part of the statute faulty and unreasonable. Responses from tyre industry spokespersons are discussed, with particular reference to compliance costs. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; US,SUPREME COURT USA

Accession no.812539 Item 194 Chemical Engineering 108, No.3, Mar.2001, p.51/4 FLAME RETARDANTS STILL UNDER FIRE Crabb C The impact of continuing concerns about the toxicity and bioaccumulation of brominated flame retardants on the market for other flame retardants is discussed, paying attention to directives being considered in Europe with regard to electrical and electronic applications and the green movement. The reaction of companies engaged in the flame retardant market to these concerns is considered as are recent scientific studies designed to evaluate flame retardants in the environment. Finally, flame retardants, which have been deemed safe for use in upholstery textiles by the US,National Research Council, are indicated along with those which are undergoing further risk assessment. US,NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.812375

Item 195 Engineer 290, No.7546, 30th March 2001, p.20-2 CLIMATE OF CONFUSION Cavenagh A The Climate Change Levy, which takes effect in the UK on 1st April, 2001, is considered. The Levy was conceived as a measure to encourage industry to cut carbon dioxide emissions. Industry claims that the measure is ill-thought out, unfair and could even be counterproductive. The opposing views are discussed. Data are presented on the effect of the Levy on the costs of the worst-hit sectors, including plastic products, recycling (non-metal), rubber products, automotive, fabricated metal products and aeronautics. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.810336 Item 196 Plastics Additives and Compounding 3, No.4, April 2001, p.16-20 FLAME RETARDANTS: TRENDS AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS Murphy J New solutions to flammability are being offered by the 2.3bn US dollars flame retardants market. From a host of 150-200 different materials, a few key groups are emerging, promising effective action, with low or zero evolution of toxic or hazardous by-products. The main flame retardant materials are discussed, including brominated FRs, melamine, metal hydroxides, intumescents and antimony trioxide replacements. Melapur 200 from DSM, classified as melamine polyphosphate, is expected to have a major impact on retarding electrical and electronic products. Properties of 25% glass-reinforced nylon 66 with Melapur 200 are outlined. A table detailing costs and properties of flame-retarded PP is also presented. WORLD

Accession no.810104 Item 197 Japan Chemical Week 42, No.2118, 12th April 2001, p.2 LOW-TOXICITY ACRYLIC ESTER MONOMER INTO VOLUME PRODUCTION Osaka Organic Chemical will embark on volume production of a low-toxicity acrylic ester monomer with extremely low skin irritation, it is briefly reported. Principal applications are as a diluent monomer for UV and EB coating materials and inks, and as a modifier in unsaturated polyester resins, acrylic resins and PVC. OSAKA ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES CO.LTD. JAPAN

Accession no.810063

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Item 198 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 23rd March 2001, p.3 EC VOTES ON ANTI-PVC DRAFT It is briefly reported that the European Parliament’s environment committee has voted to adopt a draft resolution on PVC legislation, scheduled to become law in June. The amendment aims to enshrine in European law the separation of PVC from other waste, the compulsory marking of PVC products and the differentiation between “soft” and “rigid” PVC. Opposition to these measures will be the focus of the industry’s lobbying, according to the BPF. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.809961 Item 199 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 7, No.1, March 2001, p.43-50 VINYL CHLORIDE IN RURAL WATER FROM PRE-1977 APPLICATIONS OF PVC PIPE Carroll W F; Eckstein D Vinyl Institute; Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Assn. A report is presented on the history of VCM discovered in water sampled from Rural Water District 5 of Doniphan County, Kansas, technical characterisation of the elevated VCM at the above location and the conclusions reached through field studies. Methods for determining possible candidate systems for dealing with the problem, potential non-compliance and remedial procedures are presented and a spreadsheetbased computer model for predicting a monotonically rising concentration of VCM in a closed pipe is illustrated. 19 refs. USA

Accession no.809170 Item 200 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 197, No.4437, Feb.2001, p.10/12 RAW POWER Bayliss E Lyondell Chemical Co. The author argues the case that the EU’s chemical notification scheme, introduced in 1981 to ensure that new raw materials are subjected to a rigorous environmental and toxicological evaluation before being allowed onto the market, is repressing innovation and keeping new and useful developments out of the market. The costs involved in the notification of MPDiol Glycol, a new material for polyester production, which exhibited no significant adverse environmental or toxicological effects, are cited to indicate the financial burden placed on companies by this regulation. 5 refs. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

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Item 201 Surface Coatings International Part A 84, No.A1, Jan.2001, p.20-3 RESIN TECHNOLOGY AT THE LIMITS OF REGULATION? Weaver W Resinous Chemicals Ltd. The current European legislative framework relating to the environment is reviewed and a discussion is presented on the effect of this legislation on the ability of the polymer industry, particularly the coatings industry, to meet new requirements. It is concluded that the polymer industry will either have to invest in partnerships with raw material suppliers to obtain novel raw materials or in new process technology and that future developments will probably be incremental, with the emphasis on niche markets. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.809029 Item 202 Chemical Market Reporter 259, No.10, 5th March 2001, p.20 PETP MAKERS GET EXTENSION FOR EQUIPMENT LEAK STANDARDS Facilities that produce PETP will have an additional six months, until August 27, to comply with new equipment leak standards, it is briefly reported. The EPA has said an extension of the February 27 compliance deadline was necessary because the agency is reviewing petitions filed by PETP producers for reconsideration of the 1996 standards, which are part of the National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants for group IV polymers and resins. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.806931 Item 203 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 23rd Feb.2001, p.2 BPF AND BRMA SAY PAPER FALLS SHORT OF EXPECTATIONS Hague C The BPF and BRMA have issued a joint statement criticising the government’s white paper on manufacturing for falling short of industry expectations and failing to tackle increasing government regulation and taxation. The BPF claims that the UK has the most complex, bureaucratic and expensive packaging waste directives in the EU. The forthcoming introduction of the climate change levy continues to cause concern. Meanwhile, a study by the Swedish National Board of Health & Welfare has reported that cancer risks previously believed to be associated with PVC plasticiser diethyl hexyl were exaggerated.

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References and Abstracts

BPF; BRMA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806818 Item 204 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 9th Feb.2001, p.2 EC BAN ON PENTABDE FROM 2003 It is briefly reported that the EC is proposing to ban the use of pentrabromodiphenyl ether, a flame retardant commonly used in production of PU furniture foams, from 1 July 2003. The proposal is based on the results of a risk assessment, which identified a number of environmental and health risks from pentaBDE. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.806808

Item 207 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.42, 18th Dec.2000, p.12 TESTING PROVES THAT ONLY THE STRONG SURVIVE Antosiewicz F Toys sold in the USA are regulated by the Consumer Products Safety Commission, and the Code of Federal Regulations covers the toy safety standards. In addition, there are a voluntary set of standards established by the American Society for Testing & Materials. This article visits a laboratory that helps test new toys, Specialized Technology Resources Inc., and discovers what some of the tests involve. US,CONSUMER PRODUCTS SAFETY COMMISSION; AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS; SPECIALIZED TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES INC.; OHIO ART CO.; PROCESSED PLASTIC CO. ASIA; CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; HONG KONG; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 205 European Chemical News 74, No.1946, 26th.Feb.-4th.March 2001, p.26-7 STABILITY PACKAGE Robinson S Additives used in the production of PVC are discussed with reference to the increasing pressure from environmental campaigners. In particular heat stabilisers and plasticisers are examined with data from the European Stabiliser Producers’ Association regarding market trends, materials substitution, and toxicity issues. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.804742 Item 206 Medical Device Technology 11, No.10, Dec.2000, p.8/9 PVC AND MEDICAL DEVICES: MAKING AN INFORMED CHOICE Ellerton A The debate over the use of soft PVC in medical devices continues. This article provides insights on the perspective of the medical device industry, and on the PVC industry’s response to a Green Paper on PVC published by the European Commission in July 2000. We are also told that the Commission is committed to issuing a final communication on PVC in 2001. 6 refs. EUCOMED; EUROPEAN COMMISSION; AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE & HEALTH; INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.804692

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Accession no.804389 Item 208 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.39, 27th Nov.2000, p.1/23 IND. ADOPTS NEW RULES FOR EMISSIONS Toloken S We are told that, while many US states are waiting for new federal regulations to cut styrene emissions from composites manufacturing facilities, in Indiana and Los Angeles new regulations have already been adopted which require lower-styrene-emission resins and gels, and newer application technology. This article reports fully. INDIANA,DEPT.OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; COMPOSITES FABRICATORS ASSOCIATION USA

Accession no.804151 Item 209 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 79, No.526, April 2000, p.418/23 Spanish HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Marcos A Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros Details are given of a Brite-Euram project which is aimed at meeting health, safety and environmental requirements in the European rubber industry through the development of improved formulations. Participants in the four year project, which began in September 1997, include 14

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industrial companies and 4 research organisations located in 8 European countries. BRITE-EURAM

the pressure sensitive tape and label surface coatings operations are considered. 4 refs.

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.801395

Accession no.803910 Item 210 Macplas 25, No.218, May 2000, p.37-8 Italian EUROPEAN COMMISSION WORKS ON PHTHALATES: PROPOSALS AND OPINIONS An examination is made of proposals for European Union legislation concerning the use of phthalate plasticisers in PVC toys. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT; EUROPEAN COUNCIL EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.803905 Item 211 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.40, 4th Dec.2000, p.15 GREENPEACE ALLEGES LAX VINYL RULES IN LA. Toloken S Greenpeace is calling for a federal investigation of what it claims is lax environmental regulation of vinyl manufacturing plants in Louisiana, home of the largest concentration of PVC plants in the US. The Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality denies any allegations of illegal permits, civil rights violations or lax enforcement of environmental laws and says it aggressively seeks out industries that may be operating outside the boundaries of their permits. GREENPEACE USA

Accession no.801794 Item 212 TAPPI Hot Melt Symposium 2000. Conference proceedings.. Bal Harbour, Fl., 25th.-28th. June 2000, p.225-43 COMPLIANCE WITH MACT Putnam R Intertape Polymer Group (TAPPI) The Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) program in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 are examined with reference to compliance by the coatings industries. The nature of hazardous air pollutants, (HAPs) are discussed, and methods to determine the HAP content of coatings are outlined. Compliance options under

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USA

Item 213 TAPPI Hot Melt Symposium 2000. Conference proceedings.. Bal Harbour, Fl., 25th.-28th. June 2000, p.97-104 SMART TACKIFIER SELECTION. KEY CONSIDERATIONS BEYOND PERFORMANCE Mitchell R D Austin Marketing Resources (TAPPI) The choice of tackifier for use in hot melt formulations is discussed, with reference to factors determining selection. A hot melt adhesive tackifier is frequently the most significant component in terms of both percentage and cost, and whilst obvious technical and commercial criteria apply in choosing a product, it is argued that other factors affecting both performance and supply can be hidden or overlooked. Consideration is given to raw material sources and feedstocks, the supply process, marketing, capacities, and health and regulatory issues. USA

Accession no.801120 Item 214 Plastics Additives and Compounding 2, No.6, June 2000, p.16-21 COMPOUNDING FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS Murphy J The use is examined of plastics in medical applications with reference to the US market for additives for these products. The use of plastics for medical applications, which include products and components of equipment, and packaging, is expected to exceed 4 billion US dollars in the next two years, with perhaps double or treble that figure for the world market, it is forecasted. The regulatory bodies governing the use of additives are reviewed, and specific additives discussed include plasticisers, stabilisers, conductive additives, and lubricants. The production of compounds for use in the medical sector is examined with reference to the activities of leading companies, and brief details of product developments are included. USA; WORLD

Accession no.799468 Item 215 Italia Imballaggio Nos.11-12, Nov./Dec.2000, p.119/40 Italian; English DEDICATED TO CONVERTERS (AND END USERS)

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Rocchelli V This article contains a detailed summary of the experiments carried out by LCA Coates Lorilleux aimed at evaluating the sensorial perception thresholds of ethyl acetate (and other solvents) used in rotogravure printing of flexible packaging for food. The methodological approach applied in the present study can be deemed a valid tool of study for the organoleptic behaviour of solvents and/or volatile compounds other than ethyl acetate that may be present in flexible materials. 8 refs. COATES LORILLEAUX SPA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.797119 Item 216 Coatings World 5, No.9, Oct. 2000, p.30-1 NEW FORMULATIONS FOR ANTIFOULING PAINTS Christiansen S Marine pollution problems encountered in Europe as a result of the use of antifouling paints containing toxic compounds, including PCBs, are discussed together with the actions being taken by European countries and the paint industry to deal with these problems in the light of potential new regulations promulgated by the International Marine Organization. These regulations will prohibit the use of organotin compounds, as biocides, in antifouling paint systems by 2008. Some of the new formulations being developed by such companies as Hempel AS and Jotun to comply with these expected regulations are briefly described. INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION; HEMPEL PAINTS AS; JOTUN PAINTS AS USA

Item 218 Adhesives Age 43, No.8, Suppl.Aug.2000, p.S7 GOVERNMENT RELATIONS Collatz M US,Adhesives & Sealants Council This detailed article discusses how new environmental regulations (in particular regarding volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, in solent products) affect research and development in the field of adhesives and sealants. US,NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS; CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD; US,OZONE TRANSPORT COMMISSION; US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION; US,GOVERNMENT CANADA; USA

Accession no.795831 Item 219 Rubber and Plastics News 2 21, No.22, 31st July 2000, p.4 ATTORNEY SUGGESTS UNIFIED APPROACH TO NR RULES Worley L B This article presents views expressed during a presentation made at the recent Third Annual International Latex Conference, held in Ohio, on the subject of stringent natural rubber latex regulations in the USA. There is a fear that over-zealous regulation of latex products is threatening the entire US latex industry. CARDINAL HEALTH INC.; MALAYSIAN RUBBER PRODUCERS’ COUNCIL; ALLEGIANCE CORP. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; MALAYSIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.795327

Accession no.796634 Item 217 Adhesives Age 43, No.8, Suppl.Aug.2000, p.S18-20 GREENER PASTURES Schwartz J It is explained that the concern for keeping the environment safe, and complying with tougher regulations, is a major force driving the market growth of water-borne adhesives in the USA. This article looks in detail at the situation. BAYER CORP.; CHEMQUEST GROUP; ARIZONA CHEMICAL; DPNA INTERNATIONAL; ECOSYNTHETIX INC.; NIKE; ADIDAS; REEBOK CORP.; DUPONT DOW ELASTOMERS USA

Accession no.795834

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 220 158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000. Conference preprints. Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 73 DISPELLING THE MYTHS AND LEGENDS SURROUNDING ORGANIC PEROXIDES Eilo G W Hercules Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Common myths and legends surrounding the use of organic peroxides as crosslinking agents in the rubber industry are discussed. An overview of regulatory requirements is included, as well as fundamental precautions for safe storage and handling. Aspects considered include shipping, fire hazards, health hazards, decomposition, storage and handling. The chemicals are claimed to be predictably reactive, and safe to use if they are not overheated, are

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stored in approved packages, kept away from incompatible materials, and spillages are cleaned up. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.794174 Item 221 Chemical and Engineering News 78, No.44, 30th Oct.2000, p.22-3 REGULATORY ISSUES HEAT UP FOR BLOWING AGENTS McCoy M In an unexpected response to a petition filed by fluorocarbon producer Atofina last year, the EPA has proposed accelerating the phaseout of three commonly used fluorocarbons used to blow PU and other foams. Atofina and other companies are now protesting the proposal, calling it fundamentally flawed. HCFC-141b, seen only as a stopgap measure until non-ozone depleters such as HFCs could be developed, was targeted for phaseout on 31 December 2002. Other products had until 2010. EPA has proposed moving the phaseout dates for HCFCs 142b and 22 to January 2005. Honeywell has won board approval to build an HFC-245fa plant, slated to start up by 1 July 2002, in time for customers to switch to the new product by the end of that year. Atofina maintains that existing non-ozone-depleting options are not adequate to replace 141b in all applications. WORLD

Accession no.792799 Item 222 Rubber and Plastics News 30, No.6, 16th Oct.2000, p.30 GOVERNMENT SAYS CURING AGENT UNSAFE Dawson B A May 1973 government standard restricting the handling of a curing agent used in PU processing set off long-term opposition by the industry, a set of conflicts known as the MOCA Wars. There has never been hard evidence connecting MOCA, methylenebis(2-chloroaniline), with cancer in humans and the industry considered the standard unwarranted and debilitating. The standard threatened the PU industry’s existence because there was no substitute for MOCA and compliance costs were high. The PU industry, on the shoulders of the Polyurethane Manufacturers Association, fought back. Today, the only US state with a MOCA exposure standard is California, which requires controlled access to workplaces using MOCA and urinalysis testing for workers exposed to it. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

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Item 223 European Chemical News 73, No.1932, 6th-12th Nov.2000, p.22 MTBE West European production capacity for MTBE is estimated at 3.61m tonne, unchanged since 1998. In 1999, west European production, at around 3m tonne, represented an 83% operating rate. Consumption was considerably lower at 2.2m tonne. Europe’s new gasoline specification, which came into force in January 2000, has lifted consumption to an estimated 2.7m tonne in 2000. MTBE is used to boost octane in gasoline and to promote cleaner burning and reduce harmful vehicle emissions. Demand to meet 2000 gasoline specifications in Europe boosted prices from 250 US dollars/tonne mid-1999 to touch 600 US dollars/tonne fob Rotterdam briefly in June 2000. There is increasing likelihood that the California ban on the use of MTBE, due to come into effect end 2002, will lead to further bans in the US marketplace. WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.792694 Item 224 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 90, No.10, Oct.2000, p.77-81 ‘MEDICAL GRADE’ PLASTICS Thaler D; Bohnisch N Med-Net GmbH Medical grade plastics are discussed with reference to biocompatibility and the tests that the end-product manufacturer should perform in order to ensure the safety of the material. Regulatory requirements are described, and tabulated data is presented on mostly European suppliers of medical grade plastics. The data shows that most companies rely on USP Class VI certificates to demonstrate the suitability of their materials for the medical industry. However, it is argued that most manufacturers of medical devices would benefit more from tests carried out according to ISO 10993. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.791795 Item 225 Chemical Market Reporter 258, No.15, 9th Oct.2000, p.37 CHEMICAL PROFILE: METHYLENE CHLORIDE A profile of methylene chloride is presented including US production capacities, demand, growth rate, price, uses, strength, weakness and outlook. Paint stripping and removal accounts for 30% of MeC by end-use application, adhesives 20%, metal cleaning 10%, aerosols 10%, pharmaceuticals 10%, chemical processing 10% and flexible PU foams 5%. Because of occupational concerns, users of MeC are under pressure to limit use, restrict

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

emissions, maximise recycling and eliminate worker exposure. USA

Accession no.790999 Item 226 Industria della Gomma 44, No.4, May 2000, p.16-8 Italian 1999/45/CE DIRECTIVE AND THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Garlanda B The 1999/45/CE European Union directive relating to substances hazardous to the health or the environment is examined. Its implications for chemicals used in the rubber industry are briefly discussed, and classifications are presented for a number of accelerators. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.790897 Item 227 Rubber Bonding 2000. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 15th-16th May 2000, paper 3 ASSESSING AND CONTROLLING EXPOSURE TO SOLVENTS; THE UK’S GUIDANCE AND LIMIT SETTING SYSTEM AND COMPARISON WITH THE REST OF EUROPE Topping M UK,Health & Safety Executive (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Hydrocarbon based solvents have a valuable role in many industrial processes. However, a well-known hazard of many hydrocarbon solvents is their flammability, but they can also have damaging effects on the environment and harm human health. Emphasis is placed on the latter. Some of the ill health effects are described together with how solvents users can get information on these; the UK approach to control, including the role of occupational exposure limits; a comparison of UK limits with those in other EU Member States; and finally a new approach taken by the UK Health & Safety Executive to help companies control health risks. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.790029 Item 228 Masterbatch 2000. Conference proceedings. Geneva, Switzerland, 4th-6th July 2000, paper 1 DIRECTIVES AND REGULATIONS ON THE USE OF COLOURANTS AND ADDITIVES IN FOOD-CONTACT APPLICATIONS, TOYS AND MEDICAL ARTICLES Haid M BASF AG

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

(Applied Market Information Ltd.) An ever-increasing volume of foodstuffs is sold in packaged form. The variety of materials used and the forms and functions taken on by the packaging are also constantly increasing. Given that foodstuffs may be stored for periods of up to several years under a wide range of conditions, there is always a risk that packaging components may cause contamination. Appropriate directives, laws and regulations aim to protect the consumer from the health risks associated with contamination and to preserve foodstuffs in their original state of purity. The legislation reflects ‘current’ technical standards for manufacturing safe food packaging. As the markets experience globalisation, it is important for the manufacturer of food packaging and its precursors to know what legislation is relevant. An attempt is made to provide an overview of the legislation currently in force. The most important regulations, some of which have an influence extendingacross national borders, are considered. Due to European Standard EN 7 1, Part 3, regulations covering the use of colourants in toys are widely consistent throughout Europe, which simplifies matters for toy manufacturers. The use of additives is partly controlled by national regulations but these are not covered. Finally, medical articles represent a relatively small application area with a disproportionately large degree of legislative uncertainty. In this area, product liability largely depends on testing of the final product, so that, in the absence of suitable regulations, suppliers of raw materials are in many cases unable to issue safety declarations. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.789862 Item 229 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 190, No.4432, Sept.2000, p.48 SCRUTINISING EMISSION VALUES Kershaw Y Paint Research Association A brief report is presented on the decision made by the European Commission regarding the implementation of a European Polluting Emissions Register and on two proposals, which aim to regulate and reduce water and air pollution. The decision requires member states to report to the Commission on emissions from all individual facilities with one or more specific activities. Some of the substances classified as pollutants are listed and the national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants agreed for each member country are indicated. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.789467

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Item 230 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, No.3, July/Aug.2000, p.427-85 CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO RUBBER Taylor J S; Yung-Hian Leow Cleveland Clinic Foundation A detailed review is presented of the literature on cutaneous reactions to rubber, the aspects covered including latex allergy, irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. The adverse cutaneous reactions to rubber occurring following industrial and occupational or consumer exposure to rubber chemicals or products or to natural rubber latex proteins are discussed. 261 refs. USA

Accession no.789319 Item 231 Modern Plastics International 30, No.9, Sept.2000, p.63 EVEN WITH SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE, PHTHALATES FIGHT UPHILL BATTLE Colvin R Recent studies in the US and Europe report no harmful effects of phthalate plasticisers to humans, but convincing the public and popular press with facts is not easy. Opponents of plasticisers, led by Greenpeace, want DEHP, used to soften PVC IV bags and tubing, and DINP, found in soft PVC toys, to be banned, claiming these phthalates can be carcinogenic in rats. In June, the European Parliament requested its 15 member nations to upgrade a temporary ban on phthalates in soft PVC toys. This was enacted as an emergency measure in December. The European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates, which says the decision was unjustified, is working with the commission since it signalled interest in making its final decision based on phthalate migration test methods which are still under development. EUROPEAN COUNCIL FOR PLASTICISERS & INTERMEDIATES WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBB and PBDEs in electrical and electronic equipment are substituted on 1 January 2008. Additionally, the commission is proposing that all plastics containing brominated flame retardants be separated out from electrical and electronic equipment before recycling or disposal. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.789163 Item 233 Pigment and Resin Technology 29, No.4, 2000, p.204-14 EC FOOD CONTACT LEGISLATION AND HOW IN THE FUTURE IT MAY BE APPLIED TO LACQUER COATED FOOD AND BEVERAGE CANS Tice P Pira International Metal cans are extensively used, in the retail distribution of foods and beverages, where packaging is required to be both robust and able to withstand sterilisation temperatures. Internal lacquer barrier coatings on the cans play an important role in maintaining the quality of the contents, by preventing any unacceptable metal contamination. It is, however, necessary to ensure that the presence of the lacquer does not itself make the contents unsafe. As yet, the European Commission has produced no directive relating specifically to safety rules for contact between foodstuffs and polymeric or plastic coatings on metal substrates (e.g. lacquer coated cans). It is therefore necessary to turn to individual national laws and regulations, or the Council of Europe Resolution on Coatings, for assurance on the safety of lacquer coated food and beverage cans. Existing EC food contact legislation is discussed together with its possible future application to lacquer coated food and beverage cans. 16 refs. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.787017

Accession no.789166 Item 232 Modern Plastics International 30, No.9, Sept.2000, p.56 EU LEGISLATION TURNS THE HEAT ON BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS Mapleston P The move by the European Commission to make three separate pieces of legislation out of an original single draft directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment has probably served to intensify the focus on brominated flame retardants in these applications. Under the draft, EU countries shall ensure that the use of lead, mercury,

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Item 234 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1845, 14th July 2000, p.3 EU TIGHTENS UP PHTHALATE LEGISLATION FOR BABY TOYS This short article tells us that the European Parliament has voted to tighten draft legislation on the use of all phthlalate plasticisers in PVC baby-teethers. Brief details of this decision are provided. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.786569

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References and Abstracts

Item 235 Progress in Organic Coatings 38, Nos.3-4, June 2000, p.163-73 HIGH-SOLIDS AUTOMOTIVE COATINGS Slinckx M; Henry N; Krebs A; Uytterhoeven G Shell Chemicals

are dry cleaning, surface cleaning where not associated with other regulated processes, and vehicle refinishing using 0.5-1.0 tonnes of solvents per year and vehicle manufacturing using 0.5-5.0 tonnes per year. UK,DEPT.OF THE ENVIRONMENT,TRANSPORT AND THE REGIONS

The requirement for automotive repair finish manufacturers to reduce the level of volatile organic compounds in their paints in order to comply with increasingly strict environmental legislation is discussed. The main parameters permitting a viscosity reduction in acrylic resins in general are reviewed and a report is presented on the use of a reactive epoxy-functional intermediate, Cardura E10 from the Royal Dutch group of companies, to reduce the solution viscosity of different resins and, hence, to increase the solids content of automotive paints while improving the final coating properties. 12 refs. ROYAL DUTCH SHELL GROUP

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.785954 Item 236 ENDS Report No.306, July 2000, p.39-40 COMMISSION BROADENS INQUIRY INTO PHTHALATES BEYOND TOYS The European Commission has accepted proposed European Parliament amendments to the draft Directive on phthalates which ask it to explore the potential health risks of phthalates in products other than PVC toys, particularly from floor coverings and food packaging of soft PVC. Another amendment would require the Commission to review other applications of PVC articles which may expose people to risks, especially PVC articles used in healthcare. The Directive would make permanent the temporary ban on the marketing of PVC toys and childcare articles intended for the mouth in children under three and containing six phthalates. EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Accession no.782545 Item 238 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 44, No.4, March 2000, p.46 German COMPLETE SOLUTION FOR DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES Under the trade name ‘MAGISWin basic’ a computer software data information system on substances has recently been launched specially for the public middleclass. It deals with administration of hazardous materials and makes it easier for the user to handle the preparation and management of safety data sheets, operating instructions, labels, laboratory instructions, IMO/IATA declarations, etc. The programme consists of a number of modules like transport classification, safety data sheet printing or hazardous materials cadastres, etc., from which a hazardous materials information system specially geared to the needs of a company can be compiled. This modular construction method allows the system to be enlarged in a purposeful way. A link-up with systems for managing materials is also possible. Appropriate forms are generated while managing a task in case of need. The hazardous materials database holds information on more than 10,000 different raw materials and more than 1,400 pieces of information per substance. A comprehensive phrase database in multiple languages is also included. This abstract contains all the information of the original article. MAGIS GESELLSCHAFT FUER UMWELT INFORMATIONSSYSTEME MBH

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.782546

Accession no.782484

Item 237 ENDS Report No.306, July 2000, p.31-2 DETR SETS OUT PLANS FOR IMPLEMENTING SOLVENTS DIRECTIVE

Item 239 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 44, No.3, March 2000, p.5 German RE-CLASSIFICATION OF ISOCYANATES Brenntag Eurochem GmbH

Proposals for implementing the 1999 EC Directive on solvent emissions in England and Wales were published by the DETR at the end of July. As expected, the Government is unlikely to opt for a solvent tax or tradable permit scheme, preferring direct regulation on grounds of cost and practicality. Three sectors regulated by the Directive are not controlled already in the UK, or only partly so. They

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

On 1st January 2000 the new regulations re-classifying isocyanates as resin components came into force. According to the new definitions TDI prepolymers with a clear TDI proportion of 1-7% must be rated as poisonous and provided with risk memoranda R23, R40 and R42/43. Clear TDI proportions of 0.1-1% must be rated as harmful

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and provided with risk memoranda R20 and R42, while clear TDI proportions below 0.1% (previously 0.5%) need to have no indication of toxicity nor any risk memoranda. The firm Baxenden Chemicals has already reacted to these changes and invested heavily in a vacuum drier. This allows for a more stable, lower vacuum in a thin-film distillation unit, so that products produced this way have clear TDI proportions of less than 0.1%. Accordingly, Baxenden Chemicals can offer PU prepolymers in future that are suitable for use in adhesives, chemical products for the building industry, bonding agents, sealants and elastomers with clear TDI proportions which lie within the limits required for denoting danger. This abstract contains all the information of the original article. BAXENDEN CHEMICALS LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.782415 Item 240 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.23, 7th Aug. 2000, p.38 CONGRESS APPROVES BILL PUSHED BY SPI Toloken S The Truth in Regulating Act of 2000 has been passed by Congress on July 25th, and will give legislators significantly more influence over how federal agencies write new environmental regulations and worker standards, it is claimed. The bill, pushed by the SPI for several years, sets up a watchdog organisation within the General Accounting Office of Congress, which will make detailed analyses of the costs and benefits of proposed regulations. The role and function of the organisation, and the implications and scope of the bill are briefly discussed. SPI USA

Accession no.781187

NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; SPAIN; SWEDEN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.780288 Item 242 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 77, No.783, Feb.2000, p.46/53 French DOSING OF N-NITROSAMINES Khalfoune H; Aubin C; Gomez E LRCCP; IFOCA Consideration is given to the toxicity of nitrosamines formed during rubber vulcanisation in the presence of certain accelerators, the mechanisms by which they are formed, and French, German and European Union regulations relating to nitrosamines in the workplace atmosphere and in rubber products. Methods used in the sampling and analysis of nitrosamines are also described. 6 refs. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL

Accession no.780260 Item 243 Paper Film and Foil Converter 74, No.5, May 2000, p.24 FDA BEGINS PUBLISHING FOOD CONTACT NOTIFICATIONS Millar S A Keller & Heckman LLP It is explained that the “Food Contact Notification” process of the US Food & Drug Administration has been in place officially for three months. This article asks, and then strives to answer, many questions about the system. US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.779092 Item 241 Plast’ 21 Nos.88/9, Jan./Feb.2000, p.37-8 Spanish PVC MEETS THE ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND IS NOT HARMFUL TO THE HEALTH Environmental aspects of PVC are examined on the basis of the findings of a number of studies carried out in Europe and the USA into recycling and waste disposal and the toxicity of phthalate plasticisers used in PVC toys and medical equipment. EUROPEAN COUNCIL OF VINYL MANUFACTURERS; DET NORSKE VERITAS; AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE & HEALTH; ASOCIACION ESPANOLA DE FABRICANTES DE JUGUETES; SARRIA,INSTITUTO QUIMICO; AIJU EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

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Item 244 Chemical Market Reporter 257, No.23, 5th June 2000, p.25 US PIRG DEMANDS STRONGER ACTION ON PHTHALATE PLASTICIZERS Hess G It is reported here that the US Public Interest Research Group (PIRG) is charging that the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s science advisory panel is moving too slowly, and relying on inadequate data, in evaluating the safety of a phthalate plasticiser, diisononyl phthalate. US,PUBLIC INTEREST RESEARCH GROUP; US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.778862

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References and Abstracts

Item 245 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.13, 29th May 2000, p.4 U.K. CAMPAIGN FIRES ON PC WITH CALL FOR BPA PHASE-OUT Toloken S In the UK, the World Wildlife Fund environmental group has launched a campaign to phase out bisphenol A, a key component of polycarbonate, arguing that evidence is growing that it leaches out of baby bottles and the linings of food cans, and causes harm at much lower levels than previously thought. Industry officials disagree. Both sides of the debate are presented here. GE PLASTICS; WWF-WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE; JOHN ADAMS ASSOCIATES; UK,GOVERNMENT EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.778825 Item 246 Additives for Polymers May 2000, p.12 UK HSE SETS NEW OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS This small article reports that the UK Health & Safety Executive has published its latest (and restructured) list of new occupational exposure standards. Some of the polymer additives which are mentioned in the list are highlighted. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.777909 Item 247 Macplas International No.5, May 2000, p.61-4 SCIENCE AND EMOTIONS This article is in two sections. The first discusses the use of phthalate plasticisers in PVC, claiming that science increasingly shows these additives to be safe. The second section discusses controversy about PVC-based products and their safety. EUROPEAN COUNCIL FOR PLASTICISERS & INTERMEDIATES; EUROPEAN COMMISSION; GREENPEACE; INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT; BAXTER HEALTHCARE; US,NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE; BASF; PVC INFORMATION CENTRE; FEDERCHIMICA BELGIUM; EU; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.077745

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 248 Journal of Coatings Technology 72, No.905, June 2000, p.67-72 FORMULATING WATER-BASED SYSTEMS WITH PROPYLENE-OXIDE-BASED GLYCOL ETHERS Rodriguez C L; Weathers J; Corujo B; Peterson P Lyondell Chemical Co.; Engineered Polymer Solutions; Avecia To comply with environmental legislation, coatings formulators have reformulated to water-based systems, which has wide-ranging effects on the properties of their products. Reformulating with non-hazardous air pollutants solvents such as propylene-oxide-based glycol ethers helps reduce VOC content, and is the subject of this detailed paper. 6 refs. ICI USA

Accession no.777272 Item 249 Industria della Gomma 43, No.10, Dec.1999, p.22-8 Italian HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE LIGHT OF THE 1999/45/CE DIRECTIVE Garlanda B An examination is made of the requirements of a European Union directive (1999/45/CE) relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of chemical substances considered harmful to the health or the environment. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.776766 Item 250 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1841, 16th June 2000, p.24 BISPHENOL A PRODUCERS DISMISS “ONESIDED” REPORT Murray S The bisphenol A industry would support the lowering of regulatory limits if there was “validated scientific evidence” to demonstrate the need for such action, according to the producers, a major group within the European Chemical Industry Council. Regarding the findings of a World Wildlife Fund report that endocrine disruption can be linked to BPA, CEFIC dismissed the claims as a “one-sided review of scientific information” which chooses to ignore the significant weight of the evidence from many well-conducted studies that do not support the WWF position. CEFIC WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.775844

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Item 251 Gummibereifung 75, No.8, Aug.1999, p.54-5 German ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IS PART OF A FIRM’S PHILOSOPHY Mutz K In the area of environmental protection the Japanese tyre firm Toyo is doing more as a tyre producer than the law demands. In this article Wilhelm Hoeppner, responsible for publicity at Toyo Reifen GmbH, explains in an interview how Toyo is involved. It looks at rubber mixtures, the problem of nitrosamines, legal environmental stipulations, economic impact and the future efforts by Toyo. TOYO REIFEN GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.775738 Item 252 Chimica e l’Industria 81, No.8, Oct.1999, p.1051-6 Italian KILLERS OF OZONE Novari G Genova,Universita Research into depletion of the ozone layer and the effects of ozone depleting gases is reviewed. An examination is also made of developments in Italian and European Union legislation aimed at reducing the emission of such gases, including proposals for the progressive reduction of the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbon blowing agents in the production of foams. 19 refs. NASA; EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY; CNR; EUROPEAN FLUOROCARBON TECHNICAL COMMITTEE; AUSIMONT SPA; EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.773227 Item 253 Packaging Technology and Science 12, No.6, Nov./Dec.1999, p.251-4 DEVELOPMENTS IN PLASTICS PACKAGING FOR THE TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Schilperoord T TNO Institute of Industrial Technology Several interesting developments in plastics packages and intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) for the transport of dangerous goods are of importance. Significant developments include the application of new materials and packaging concepts, the increasing re-use of packaging and the possibility of the application of recycled material. How these developments have influenced or should

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influence the UN recommendations and regulations on the transport of dangerous goods is discussed. The role of CEN and ISO standards, which are under development, is indicated. In this context the European project CHEMPACK funded by the EC within the framework of the Standards, Measurements and Testing programme, is outlined. This project is executed in cooperation with raw materials manufacturers, packaging/IBC manufacturers and research institutes, and is coordinated by TNO. The aim of the project is to develop harmonised test methods and procedures for the assessment of the chemical compatibility of plastics packages and IBCs. 4 refs. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.772297 Item 254 Plastics News(USA) 12, No.8, 24th April 2000, p.19 STUDY FINDS HIGH CANCER RATE AT VCM PLANT This article informs us that a new chemical industry study has confirmed that employees at a vinyl chloride monomer plant in Kentucky have a higher-than-normal rate of death from brain cancer. Brief details are provided. US,CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSN.; US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION; LOUISVILLE,UNIVERSITY; GOODRICH B.F.,CO.; ZEON CHEMICALS INC.; GEON CO.; OXYCHEM USA

Accession no.771433 Item 255 Chemistry and Industry No.7, 3rd April 2000, p.235 UK STRATEGY TARGETS HORMONE MIMICS It is announced that the UK Environmental Agency has published its long-awaited strategy addressing the problem of endocrine disrupting chemicals and their harmful effects on wildlife. This article provides information about the strategy, which environmental protection group Friends of the Earth feels is a “pathetic response to a growing problem”. UK,ENVIRONMENT AGENCY; FRIENDS OF THE EARTH; CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.771025 Item 256 Polymers for the Medical Industry. Conference proceedings. London, 29th-30th Nov.1999, paper 13 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS - WHAT IS THE CONCERN?

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Ruckmann S A Huntingdon Life Sciences (Rapra Technology Ltd.) For the last forty years, many reports have emerged on the hormone-like effects of chemical compounds such as pesticides and industrial chemicals upon wildlife and humans. The effects of these materials are believed to be either direct or indirect. Direct effects involve positive or negative interactions with the hormone receptors. Indirect effects may result when the synthesis of hormones or their receptors is altered, or the transport, metabolism, or elimination of hormones is modified in some way. The discovery of hormone-like properties of some compounds was made long after their release into the environment. It was shown soon after their introduction that aviation crop dusters handling DDT had low sperm counts and workers at a plant producing the insecticide kepone were reported to have low libido, sperm counts and to be impotent. Subsequently, experiments conducted in laboratory animals demonstrated unambiguously the oestrogenic activity of these pesticides. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.769481 Item 257 Polymers for the Medical Industry. Conference proceedings. London, 29th-30th Nov.1999, paper 9 MEDICAL DEVICE DIRECTIVES, AS SUCCESSFUL AS EXPECTED? Webster J L Medical Device Consultants International (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The EU Medical Device Directives are critically examined. Aspects covered advantages, issues and disadvantages, labelling, animal tissue, reuse of medical devices, additional controls, in vitro diagnostic directive, mandatory reporting of incidents and complaints, healthcare funding, reimbursement and mutual recognition agreements. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.769478 Item 258 Rubberchem ‘99. Conference proceedings. Antwerp, Belgium, 22nd-23rd Nov.1999, paper 17 ELASTOMERIC COMPOUNDS FOR CONTACT WITH FOOD Sidwell J Rapra Technology Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Although European Directives have been issued on legislative requirements for food contact plastics, European harmonisation of regulations for rubber or thermoplastic elastomers used in contact with food is yet

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

to occur. The current national requirements within Europe for food contact elastomers are reviewed, including a draft resolution being prepared by the Council of Europe. Findings of a study undertaken at Rapra for MAFF (UK) on the migration of species from a range of food-contact elastomeric compounds are also discussed. 3 refs. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.769259 Item 259 ARC ‘99. Conference proceedings. Detroit, Mi., 9th-11th Nov.1999, p.349-60 REGULATORY TRENDS TO WATCH Lewis C A Beveridge & Diamond PC (SPE,Plastics Recycling Div.) Regulatory trends are currently that environmental issues are driving the design, marketing, use and endof-life management of all kinds of products; they occur at international, national, state and local levels; they are increasingly ‘non-regulatory’ - greater reliance on market demands and effects. Aspects described include issues to watch, extended producer responsibility, import/export issues, solid waste and recycling, chemical testing, right-to-know and environmental information, children’s environmental health, ‘green’ procurement and ‘sustainable’ consumption. USA

Accession no.768702 Item 260 Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings. London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.131-45 COUNTERVAILING RISKS AND BENEFITS IN THE USE OF FLAME RETARDANTS Stevens G C Surrey,University (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.) A review is presented of a recent report for the UK Department of Trade and Industry Consumer Safety Unit on the risks and benefits of flame retardant use in consumer products. Some of its findings in the area of the toxicology of flame retardants and risk assessment during normal use, and also when fire conditions exist, are presented. Emphasis is placed on ways in which the balance of risk can be assessed relating to the presence and absence of flame retardants under pre and post ignition conditions. The role of flame retardants in reducing potential fire hazards is discussed against a background of the hazards associated with unrestrained fire processes. Definitive evaluation of the impact of flame retardants on fire hazards and associated risks is not straightforward. However, an approach to risk-benefit analysis is proposed in the context

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References and Abstracts

of considering balance of risk when faced with assessing countervailing risks during the use and operation of flame retardants, particularly in high fire risk consumer products. The role of fire statistics in assisting this approach is illustrated by reference to recent work on the life safety benefits of flame retardants and the UK furniture fire regulations. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768664 Item 261 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 190, No.4426, March 2000, p.11/6 CONCERNS OVER TOXICOLOGY DEMAND THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS OUTSIDE THE EU AND USA Meier M A; Gee P Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc. Technological concerns about lead and lead compounds have given rise to an increasing trend towards replacement of lead in industrial paint systems. The US and European Union already have detailed legislation and regulations, whilst other countries are in the process of implementing restrictions. Pigment manufacturers as well as paint companies are being forced to seek alternatives to lead pigments in both the yellow and orange colour areas. The current status of legislation is reviewed, and recommendations are given for lead replacement with reference to the range of colour pigments from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.768082 Item 262 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 190, No.4424, Jan.2000, p.35 RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES Kershaw Y Paint Research Association Under the Existing Substances Regulation, which was passed in 1993, individual member states are allocated substances for which they are responsible for the risk assessment. To date, three priority lists for assessment have been drawn up, which cover just over 100 chemicals. Following the conclusion of four risk assessments, the European Commission has recently issued a recommendation on the results on the risk evaluation and on the risk reduction strategies for the following substances: 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol; 2-,(-methoxyethoxy) ethanol; alkanes, C10-13, chloro; and benzene, C 10-13-alkyl derivatives. For two of the substances, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol and 2-(2methoxyethoxy) ethanol it is concluded that there is a need for specific measures to limit the risks to workers

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and consumers. Concerning 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol, specific measures to protect workers are outlined. For example, it is recommended that safety data sheets prescribe as good practice adequate eye and hand protection to all persons handling the substance. It is also recommended that information be provided on the risks resulting from the manual application of products containing the substance. Furthermore, adequate training and instructions should also be provided, and an occupational exposure limit should be developed at Community level. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.765197 Item 263 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 190, No.4424, Jan.2000, p.32 ADVANCE IN WATER-BASED PAINTS COMPLIES WITH GLOBAL LEGISLATION International Protective Coatings, part of Akzo Nobel, is reported to have launched a range of high performance water-based epoxy coatings that have been designed to provide the same levels of long-term properties as solvent-based epoxies. The range is the result of ten years development and testing. Globally, but with Europe taking a leading role, the coatings industry faces mounting legislation to minimise the impact of its products on the environment by removing solvents. At the same time, it is under pressure to offer better protection to the skilled operators who apply coatings by eliminating known hazards from product lines. Replacing traditional solvents with water-based technology is a major development in addressing both of these issues. Brief details are given. INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE COATINGS; AKZO NOBEL EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.765196 Item 264 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 44, No.1, Jan.2000, p.1-2 SILICA AND LUNG CANCER: HAZARD OR RISK McDonald C UK,National Heart & Lung Institute When the IARC Working Group met in Lyon in October 1996 to assess the carcinogenicity of crystalline silica, a seemingly interminable debate ensued, only curtailed by a reminder from the Secretariat that the IARC was concerned with the identification of carcinogenic hazards and not the evaluation of risks. The important distinction between the potential to cause disease in certain circumstances, as opposed to the probability of doing so, and in what circumstances, is not always appreciated. Scientific agencies such as the IARC are primarily concerned with the former, whereas national bodies

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References and Abstracts

responsible for regulation have to consider the magnitude of the risks and practical aspects of control. Even so, the debate in Lyon continued for some time, finally ending in a narrow vote, reflecting the majority view of the experts present at that particular time. Details are given. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.765047 Item 265 Occupational Hygiene 5, No.2, Feb.2000, p.145-66 MONITORING PCB CONTAMINATION USING THE WIPE SAMPLING METHOD Stancliffe J D; Wheeler J P; Dabill D W UK,Health & Safety Laboratory A laboratory assessment is conducted to quantify the efficiency of the wipe sampling method with respect to PCB surface contamination. Three surfaces are used to provide a range of surface roughness likely to be encountered in the workplace. Three wipe materials are used to establish their effect on sampling efficiency and reproducibility. PCB surface contamination levels of 1.0 mu gcm-2 and 0.1 mu gcm-2 are studied for PCB aroclors 1242 and 1260. A visit to a PCB incineration site is made to assess wipe sampling of PCBs in the field. Of the wipe materials assessed it is found that a brand of pre-injection swabs is most appropriate for wipe sampling in the field. This conclusion is based on their ease of use combined with their relatively consistent performance over a range of surface types, PCB aroclors and surface contaminant concentrations. The field visit reveals that vertical surfaces (such as walls) may acquire significant levels of PCB contamination and should not be overlooked as potential dermal contact sites. The results from the laboratory and field assessment are used to develop a standardised protocol for focusing resources when wipe sampling PCB surface contamination in the workplace. 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.764988 Item 266 European Chemical News 72, No.1897, 21st-27th Feb.2000, p.13 EA/BA ENJOY RAPID GLOBAL GROWTH This article considers the rapid market growth worldwide of ethyl acetate, which is used increasingly as a replacement for methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) in solvents. It reports that this growth is especially apparent in the USA where MEK has been defined as a hazardous air pollutant by the Environmental Protection Agency. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; TECNON UK EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; NORTH AMERICA; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Item 267 Urethanes Technology 17, No.1, Feb./March 2000, p.8 EU AGREES HCFC DATES The European Parliament has adopted phase-out dates for the use of HCFCs in rigid foam applications which are basically in line with those in the USA and Japan. From 1 January 2000, the use of HCFCs for integral skin PU and PE foams is prohibited. From 1 January 2002, the use of HCFCs in expanded PS foams is prohibited. From 1 January 2003, the use of HCFCs in flexible-faced PU foam laminates, appliances and sandwich panels is prohibited. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.764567 Item 268 Adhesives Age 43, No.2, Feb.2000, p.51 EPA ATTACKS AIR POLLUTION ON SEVERAL FRONTS The US EPA has taken the unprecedented action of granting petitions submitted by states seeking relief from smog-causing nitrogen oxide emissions that blow across state lines. As part of its overall strategy, EPA has announced it is to strengthen air pollution plans in 10 major urban areas. In Sweden, the US signed an international agreement designed to reduce air emissions of the pollutants that acidify lakes and streams, damage forests and cause smog. The EPA has also issued its final policy statement on establishing a category for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic new chemical substances. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.764537 Item 269 Additives for Polymers March 2000, p.5-8 FOOD CONTACT REGULATIONS: WHERE DO ADDITIVE SUPPLIERS COME IN? Additives are gradually being incorporated into European legislation covering substances permitted in contact with food. However, there are fears that the cost of testing regardless of the use of risk involved may have an adverse effect on the use of plastics compounds in food packaging. The relevant European Directive only contains a partial list of additives, with no restriction on the use of any. The 5th Amendment contains some restrictions mostly in the form of specific migration limits. PIRA INTERNATIONAL WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

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Item 270 Plastics Additives and Compounding 2, No.2, Feb.2000, p.18-22 FOOD PACKAGING - THE ROLE OF ADDITIVES Murphy J This article takes a look at plastics additives in food packaging, reporting that a wide range is available for enhancing the performance and appearance of the packaging, as well as improving the processing of the compound. The article also examines current legislation governing products that come into contact with food and drink. Section headings include: stabilisers/antioxidants; plasticisers; colourants; processing aids, lubricants and anti-statics, and information sources. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GERMANY,FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR HEALTH EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL

Accession no.763381 Item 271 ENDS Report No.300, Jan.2000, p.44-5 EC ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR INITIATIVE ATTACKED BY INDUSTRY, NGO’S This article describes the strategy on endocrine-disrupting substances issued by the European Commission last December, and details why its short-term goal to compile a priority list of chemicals for research and testing has been attacked by industry, environmentalists and scientists alike. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.763303 Item 272 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1999, pp.459. 921 TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF RUBBER CHEMICALS. BRMA CODE OF PRACTICE. FOURTH EDITION British Rubber Manufacturers Assn.; Rapra Technology Ltd. This reference book provides an essential guide to health and safety in the rubber processing industry. The British Rubber Manufacturers’ Association and Rapra Technology Limited have combined forces to update the information on hundreds of different rubber chemicals. New data has been compiled from reputable manufacturers and suppliers, and from standard sources of health and safety data. The book includes an introduction to the regulations governing the labelling and use of chemicals, together with definitions of toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and effects on reproduction. Specific hazard, risk and safety labels are

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explained. The issue of health surveillance in the industry is dealt with in detail. Many rubber chemicals are examined individually in the form of abbreviated safety data sheets. They are listed under categories of use: reinforcing agents and fillers, accelerators and retarders, vulcanising agents, antidegradants, organic peroxides, peptisers and processing aids, ester plasticisers, blowing agents, bonding agents, latex auxiliaries, pigments and miscellaneous. Each chemical has a data sheet including trade names, suppliers, physical data, fire hazards (including explosion risk), regulatory labelling, health hazards, emergency first aid and food contact listings (FDA and BgVV). New to this edition is the addition of CAS and EINECS numbers to aid identification of materials. Accession no.762158 Item 273 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 3 CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARD-SETTING ISSUES IN THE UK, EU AND ELSEWHERE FOR CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Levy L S Leicester,University Some of the solid particulate substances used in both the rubber and plastic industries make excellent examples of how substances which have traditionally been considered to be biologically inert are now being re-evaluated as new data becomes available. One problem that emerges is that if they all have similar toxicological and health risk profiles due to their physical form, then a more generic approach may still be appropriate for standard-setting rather than dealing with each ‘dust’ on a one-off basis. Some of these ‘dusty’ chemicals used in the rubber and plastics industries are used to illustrate some of the current systems used for their classification. Particularly important have been the more recent concerns regarding possible cancer risks - not based on human findings, but rat studies in which lung tumours have been induced following lifetime exposures. Examples selected are carbon black, amorphous silica and titanium dioxide. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.760310 Item 274 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH IN THE CARBON BLACK INDUSTRY McCunney R J Massachusetts,Institute of Technology Details are given of the occupational health related research sponsored and overseen by the International Carbon Black

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Association (ICBA), an organisation consisting of carbon black manufacturers in North America and Europe. Aspects covered include not only the occupational health research sponsored by the ICBA, but also an overview of the major health perspectives associated with carbon black and their corresponding regulatory implications. 19 refs. USA

Accession no.760309 Item 275 Toxic Substances Bulletin No.41, Jan.2000, p.4-5 EH40/2000: CHANGES TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS Dyne D UK,Health & Safety Executive A revised list of maximum exposure limits (MEL), and occupational exposure standards (OES), has been approved by HSC with the exception of dichloromethane, which will remain a maximum exposure limit pending further discussions. Tabulated data are presented of changes to occupational exposure limits with details of new MELs, new OESs, revised OESs, and withdrawn OESs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.759632 Item 276 Additives for Polymers Feb. 2000, p.6-7 GERMAN GOVERNMENT OPPOSES BAN ON FLAME RETARDANTS The German Environmental Ministry is reported to have attacked European proposals to ban substances such as specific flame retardants in forthcoming regulations for recycling electrical and electronic equipment. Initial proposals from the EU Commission on the disposal of waste electrical and electronic equipment, include a phaseout of PBDEs, despite preliminary findings under EU risk assessment that there is no need for risk reduction from the two types, decaBDE and octaBDE mainly used in such equipment. The Ministry is said to be concerned at the excessively prescriptive and restrictive system being proposed, and that substance restrictions should not be addressed in waste legislation, but should be based on life cycle risk assessments. GERMANY,MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.759568

Item 277 International Composites Expo ‘99. Conference proceedings. Cincinnati, Oh., 10th-12th May 1999, session 3-C LOWER USPE EMISSIONS BY VINYL TOLUENE MODIFICATIONS Van Fleet J; Duhon M BP Amoco Chemicals; Deltech Corp. (SPI,Composites Institute) The introduction of clean air act amendments in 1990, in the USA, may require changes in the formulation of polyester corrosion-resistant resins, which contained styrene, to reduce its emissions. Substitutions, including vinyl toluene which has a much lower vapour pressure, were evaluated. It was established that resin blends containing 15% vinyl toluene had corrosion resistant values comparable to those of styrene-based resins. USA

Accession no.759477 Item 278 Industria della Gomma 43, No.7, Sept.1999, p.16-21 Italian CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS: CHANGES IN VIEW Garlanda B Revised proposals put forward by a working group of the European Commission for the classification and labelling of hazardous chemicals are examined. Proposals relating to a number of individual chemicals are reviewed. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.758766 Item 279 Additives for Polymers Jan.2000, p.7 EU TIGHTENS RULES ON HAZARD LABELLING TDI: SUPPLIERS RESPOND Amendments to the EC Directives regulating the reclassification of free isocyanate levels came into effect on January 1. Under the new regulations, TDI prepolymers must be labelled according to the content of free TDI. In preparation for the new regulations, suppliers have been moving to offer finished products with lower levels of free TDI, if possible, to below the minimum required level for hazard labelling. BAXENDEN CHEMICALS LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

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Item 280 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 189, No.4423, Dec.1999, p.57 CHANGING ORDERS, FOR BETTER OR WORSE? Kershaw Y Paint Research Association Some of the main pieces of legislation that have been passed during 1999 are examined, firstly with respect to the European level, and also for the UK with reference to their implication for the UK coatings industry. Topics covered include the EU Eco-label for indoor paints and varnishes; the Solvents Directive; the Dangerous Preparations Directive; new COSHH 1999 regulations, new UK Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply (Amendment) Regulations; Regulations in the Control of Major Accident Hazards; the Pollution Prevention and Control Bill; and Dangerous Goods Safety Advisers Directive on the Appointment and Vocational Qualification of Safety Advisers for the Transport of Dangerous Goods. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.757652 Item 281 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 189, No.4423, Dec.1999, p.6 DANISH EPA TO CURB USE OF BFRS The Danish Environmental Protection Agency has started work to draft a national plan to control brominated flame retardants, and has published what officials claim to be the most exhaustive national survey analysing the flow of such substances and assessing possible substitutes for specific applications. The survey found that the major source of BFRs emissions in Denmark was from evaporation from products already in use, and underlines previous concerns about the possible harm due to bioaccumulation. Denmark is to join Sweden in urging international action to curb the use of brominated flame retardants. DENMARK,NAT.AGENCY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.757647 Item 282 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1791, 18th June 1999, p.6 CHEW TEST OFFERS HAPPY ENDING TO PVC TOY STORY In this short article it is reported that the successful validation of a Dutch method to measure the migration of plasticisers from PVC toys and child-care items means that a European Commission ban on phthalates is now less

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likely. Brief details are provided. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; DUTCH CONSENSUS GROUP; TNO; EUROPEAN COUNCIL FOR PLASTICISERS EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.757216 Item 283 Plastics News International Aug.1999, p.32 GOOD NEWS FOR CADMIUM PIGMENT USERS It is announced in this short article that the European Commission has voted for no further restrictions on the marketing and utilisation of cadmium pigments to colour plastics, thereby halting the trend of recent years in reducing the number of applications in which these pigments are permitted. Brief details are provided. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.757202 Item 284 1998 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Book 2. Conference proceedings. San Francisco, Ca., 30th Aug.-3rd Sept.1998, p.687-91 NEW TECHNOLOGY REPLACING TRADITIONAL GEL LACQUER EVA-BASED HEAT SEAL COATINGS Lopes M J Morton International Corp. (TAPPI) Three important advances have led to new product options for converters interested in discontinuing the use of hazardous air pollutant-solvent gel lacquer heat seal coatings (HSCs). These include the availability of a new, HAP-free solvent designed to replace toluene in EVAbased formulations, new formulation techniques that result in easier to handle modified polyolefin ambient liquid HSCs, and the development of EVA-based copolymer extrudable resins that perform effectively in traditional solution coating applications. These advances have led to new solvent-based and extrudable resin HSC options that - in combination with continuously improving waterborne EVA heat seal coating technology - provide converters with new opportunities to improve environmental compliance, handling safety, efficiency and convenience in the application of EVA-based heat seal coatings. USA

Accession no.756852 Item 285 Adhesive Technology 16, No.3, Dec.1999, p.31-2

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References and Abstracts

SOLVENT SOLUTIONS Davison P BP Amoco Chemicals The Solvent Emissions Directive was adopted in March 1999 by the European Council of Ministers and should be implemented by member states within two years. The adhesives industry uses about 130,000 tonnes of solvents in its products annually and has a key role to play in meeting the Directive’s targets. The main impact of emissions reduction will be on adhesives coaters because the adhesive film forms through the evaporation of solvent. For adhesives manufacturers, the main issue is the reduction of fugitive emissions. Both oxidation and recovery are well proven abatement techniques. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.756750 Item 286 Urethanes Technology 16, No.6, Dec.1999/Jan.2000, p.20 INDIA AGREES DEAL ON CFCS India has reached an agreement with the Multilateral Fund set up under the Montreal Protocol for phasing out production of CFCs and to shut down plants producing ozone-depleting substances. India is to receive 12m US dollars during 1999 and 11m US dollars for 2000 and 2001, with 6m US dollars for every subsequent year until 2009. Production is to fall from 20,706 tonnes in 2000 to 1130 tonnes by 2009. Complete phaseout will take place in 2010, except for CFCs to meet essential requirements. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. MONTREAL PROTOCOL MULTILATERAL FUND INDIA

Accession no.756604 Item 287 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1813, 19th Nov.1999, p.1 PHTHALATE TOY BAN ANGERS INDUSTRY The decision by the European Commission to impose an immediate ban on the sale of PVC toys and teethers containing phthalate plasticisers has drawn criticism from both within and outside of the plasticiser industry. The Commission says its decision was taken only after its scientific advisors reported that plasticiser release tests are unreliable for control purposes. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.756574

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Item 288 Tyretech ‘99. Conference proceedings. Prague, 27th-28th Sept.1999, paper 6 NEW UNLABELLED PROCESS OILS FOR THE TYRE AND RUBBER INDUSTRY Wadie J Mobil Oil Co.Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) To date, the tyre and rubber industry has predominantly used distillate aromatic extracts (DAE) for the oil extension of synthetic rubbers and plasticising rubber compounds in tyre manufacture. However, several studies have been conducted that found certain DAEs cause skin tumours in mouse skin painting assays. Mobil is well established as the leading supplier of process oils to the European tyre and rubber industries and has a long relationship of working closely with the industry on health and safety issues. To meet the technical, labelling and supply criteria set by BLIC (Bureau de Liaison des Industries du Caoutchouc de l’U.E.), Mobil is unique in offering both a Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract (TDAE) and a Mild Extraction Solvate (MES) product to address individual customer needs. Mobil Tyrex 20 is the most aromatic unlabelled and readily available process oil. It is a TDAE product demonstrating performance benefits over other types of unlabelled oils. It balances the benefits of higher aromaticity to give good rubber compatibility and performance, with low polycyclic aromatics (PCA) content. Mobil Prorex 15 is a MES product. It exhibits lower aromaticity than Mobil Tyrex 20 but meets specific customer requirements. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.755776 Item 289 Polyurethanes Expo ‘99. Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 12th-15th Sept.1999, p.461-8 VALIDATION OF TWO TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE EMISSION TEST METHODS USING EPA METHOD 301 Burdette J W Weston R.F.,Inc. (American Plastics Council,Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry) The manufacture of flexible PU foam (PUF) results in the emission of a variety of compounds, including TDI. There have been several concerted efforts to quantify TDI emissions from PUF manufacturing processes. While many measurement methods have been used to quantify TDI emissions, most of these methods have not been validated to establish their suitability for the quantification of TDI emissions from PUF processes. To properly address the global concern about the health effects of TDI emissions, reliable emission data, based on validated measurement techniques, are required. TDI emission measurements are typically made using adaptations of

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References and Abstracts

industrial hygiene methods. The most commonly used TDI emission measurement methods utilise a sampling train employing one of various derivatising agents. The sampling train components are recovered and analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with appropriate detection to measure the derivatised TDI. OSHA Method 42 and NIOSH Method 5521 were subjected to a validation protocol developed by the EPA. This protocol, known as EPA Method 301 (Field Validation of Pollutant Measurement Methods From Various Waste Media), establishes the procedures for systematically evaluating the precision and bias of pollutant measurement methodologies. OSHA Method 42 and NIOSH Method 5521 meet the requirements of EPA Method 301 with respect to bias and precision. Validation programme results indicate that acceptable emissions data can be obtained using equipment readily available to PUF manufacturers. 9 refs. USA

Accession no.755716 Item 290 Polyurethanes Expo ‘99. Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 12th-15th Sept.1999, p.455-9 REPORTING EMISSIONS TO EPA’S TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY: HOW SPI POLYURETHANE DIVISION’S COMPLIANCE ASSISTANCE TOOLS HELP MDI AND POLYMERIC MDI REPORTERS DO A BETTER JOB Miller D E (American Plastics Council,Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry) The SPI Polyurethane Division has established a regulatory compliance assistance programme to help MDI and polymeric MDI processors and users who are required to report emissions to the Toxic Release Inventory better fulfill their reporting obligations. The programme consists of printed materials and one-on-one technical assistance. The printed materials include sample calculations covering most of the processes which use MDI or polymeric MDI, as well as a description of the reporting requirements. The importance of accurately reporting emissions is explained. Some of the difficulties reporters have experienced in determining emissions are explained, and the reported emissions are compared with calculated emissions. The effectiveness of the SPI Polyurethane Division programme is assessed, and areas for future work are identified. USA

Accession no.755715 Item 291 European Plastics News 26, No.11, Dec.1999, p.23 PHTHALATES IN TOYS FACE BLEAK FUTURE Warmington A Although the EU has backtracked on a phthalate ban, the future for phthalate plasticisers in PVC toys and

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childcare items looks bleak. There is a wide consensus among the Member States on the objective to eliminate immediately phthalates from toys which are intended to be put in the mouth. The European Council for Plasticisers & Intermediates says there is no evidence pointing to a risk from phthalates. By forcing manufacturers to use alternative plasticisers which are not as well understood as phthalates, or to substitute PVC with other plastics, the EC could be putting children’s health at greater risk, it is claimed. WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.754598 Item 292 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 41, Nos.7-8, 1997, p.10 German ADHESIVES MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED SALES SECTORS This report summarises the topics discussed at the annual conference of the German trade association for the adhesives industry held during 3-5 June 1998. It includes improvements in environmental and consumer protection, the foundation of a self-regulating body for the application of adhesives in the building industry. Specific areas cover adhesives for floor coverings and related emissions, as well as corresponding legislation, the involvement of the EMICODE identification system and the system operated with the Gemeinschaft Emissionskontrollierte Verlegewerkstoffe e.V. (GEV). GEMEINSCHAFT EMISSIONSKONTROLLIERTE VERLEGEWERKSTOFFE EV; INDUSTRIEVERBAND KLEBSTOFFE EV; FEICA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; ITALY; JAPAN; SPAIN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.754454 Item 293 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 41, No.9, 1997, p.34-7 German EXPORT OF ADHESIVES: IGNORANCE DOES NOT PROTECT AGAINST PUNISHMENT Raw materials or goods which are exported to the USA are subjected to the same restrictions as those which are manufactured within the USA. There is also a duty to ensure that each delivery is authorised by the US customs authorities. Anybody who does not conform to these so-called TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) conditions must reckon on a high fine. This article examines in detail all the legal, administrative and financial steps that must be followed before making the first exports, including adhesives. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

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References and Abstracts

Item 294 European Rubber Journal 181, No.11, Nov.1999, p.32-3 RUBBER RISKS AND HOW TO AVOID THEM White E An outline of opinions presented at a meeting on hazards in the rubber industry, organised by Rapra Technology, is presented. There is no consensus in different countries on which health problems may be associated with working in the sector, and many of the long-term epidemiological studies on which conclusions are based are now rather dated, specialists at the meeting said. Rubber companies need to focus, as they have been doing for some time, on practical ways to control exposure to hazardous materials and hence reduce risks to their staff. RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD.; MICHELIN GROUP EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.754441 Item 295 Paper,Film and Foil Converter 73, No.8, Aug.1999, p.16 KOOP PANEL REPORT CONCLUDES PHTHALATE PLASTICISERS ARE SAFE Millar S A Keller & Heckman LLP A recent report concerning the possible health hazards of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP), both used as plasticisers in flexible vinyl products has concluded that they are safe. This article supplies details of the general recommendations contained in the report. These emphasise the value of the plasticisers and strongly reinforce the need to be sure that regulatory decisions should be made based on sound science in a way that realistically assesses the likely exposure potential of adults and children. USA

Accession no.753357 Item 296 Chemistry and Industry No.20, 18th Oct.1999, p.784 EUROPE REJECTS PVC SAFETY TEST Europe’s controversy over soft PVC toys looks set to continue after EU health experts rejected the best available method for assessing the dangers to children. The so-called ‘Dutch migration test’ was designed to mimic the way phthalate softeners leak out of PVC when it is sucked or chewed. Manufacturers had hoped the EU’s Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment would accept the method as a standard test for phthalate migration, allowing it to be used across the EU, but the committee ruled that the Dutch test was unreliable. It also rejected a similar test developed in the UK, and issued a list of changes that would have to be made before either

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

test could be adopted. The decision means the EU’s policy vacuum on phthalates is unlikely to be filled in the near future. In the absence of a standard test, the European Commission is unable to set safety limits and manufacturers cannot prove their products are safe. In the meantime, member states have been advised to issue their own policies. Several, including Austria, Denmark and Italy, have imposed restrictions on soft PVC. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.753194 Item 297 Plastics News(USA) 11, No.38, 8th Nov.1999, p.63 EPA: COMPOSITES FIRMS SHOULD REDUCE STYRENE Renstrom R Intentions by the EPA to more tightly regulate the emission of hazardous air pollutants through maximum-achievablecontrol-technology standards are briefly reported with reference to styrene emissions. The regulation would require that any facility that emits more than 100 tons of styrene annually, should retrofit with expensive ventilation equipment, and that a new facility of any size would have to install the same type of equipment. The composites industry considers this to be an expensive standard, which could put companies out of work. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.752937 Item 298 Industria della Gomma 43, No.5, June 1999, p.23-6 Italian HARD LIFE FOR SOLVENTS Garlanda B An examination is made of the provisions of European Union directive 1999/13/CE covering the reduction and control of emissions of volatile organic compounds arising from the use of organic solvents. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.752770 Item 299 European Chemical News 71, No.1885, 15th-21st Nov.1999, p.4 EC PHTHALATE BAN ANGERS ECPI It is briefly reported that the European Council for Plasticisers & Extenders has accused the European Commission of putting politics before science in its decision to ban phthalate plasticisers in children’s toys.

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References and Abstracts

The Commission has decided to ban phthalate products intended for children under three from 22 November, citing a serious and immediate health risk. ECPI claims there is no scientific evidence pointing to a risk to children. EUROPEAN COUNCIL FOR PLASTICISERS & INTERMEDIATES WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.752523 Item 300 Progress in Organic Coatings 35, No.1-4, Aug.1999, p.55-61 PRESENT AND FUTURE REGULATORY TRENDS OF THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY DeVito S US,Environmental Protection Agency The factors are discussed which lead to the formation of environmental regulations in the United States, following the growing realisation over the last 150 years of the environmental impact of the new chemicals which were being developed. Initiatives for new regulations often come from the public, and their concerns at the time, particularly in relation to pollution prevention, air quality, and the protection of children’s health. Current environmental regulations are discussed along with their impact on industrial research and development. Future trends are forecast to be related to air quality, children’s health, and pollution prevention. 11 refs. USA

Accession no.752434 Item 301 Pitture e Vernici 75, No.16, 1st-15th Oct.1999, p.7-8 Italian; English ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN THE EUROPEAN ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS MARKET Frost & Sullivan Inc. The effect of environmental legislation on the adhesives and sealants market in Europe is outlined. More efficient water-based and hot melt methods it is said are being developed in response to the tightening of environmental legislation. A report by Frost & Sullivan is said to indicate further changes and developments in the core adhesives, sealants and related products market. 3M (EUROPE); HENKEL AG; FASSON,ROLL DIV. EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.751968 Item 302 High Performance Plastics Oct.1999, p.1-2 BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS GET A GREEN LIGHT FOR RECYCLING

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Studies carried out in Germany have established that brominated flame retardants do not present a problem in the recycling of plastics containing them, and can withstand at least five recycling cycles, it is claimed. Tests carried out on high impact polystyrene flame retarded with decabromyl-diphenyl ether show that it meets the requirements of the German Banning Ordinance, which is regarded as one of the strictest regulations in the world. Commissioned by the Bromine Science and Environmental Forum, three studies were carried out: formation of dioxins and furans; debromination; and workplace exposure. GFA LABORATORY; ERLANGEN,UNIVERSITAT; BROMINE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.751704 Item 303 Journal of Coatings Technology 71, No.896, Sept.1999, p.14 EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOREGOES ADDITIONAL RESTRICTIONS ON CADMIUM PIGMENTS USED IN PLASTICS The European Commission will not impose further restrictions on the marketing and use of cadmium pigments for use in plastics, it is announced. This follows a recognition that the daily cadmium intake level for the general population has been well below the maximum tolerable cadmium intake level established by the World Health Organisation. In addition, recent analyses have shown that cadmium emissions associated with pigments represent a negligible fraction of the total human exposure to cadmium. Brief details are given. INTERNATIONAL CADMIUM ASSOCIATION; EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.751617 Item 304 European Chemical News 71, No.1882, 25th-31st Oct.1999, p.58/60 OVEREXPOSED? Little information is known about the long-term effects of short-term exposure to hazardous chemicals. In the UK, the Health & Safety Executive is looking to increase its knowledge and understanding of these exposures. Concealed within eight-hour time-weighted averages, which can be well within established exposure limits, may be substantial peaks of exposure arising from specific short-term tasks. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.751307

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References and Abstracts

Item 305 Chemical Market Reporter 256, No.15, 11th Oct.1999, p.FR18 ANTIFOULING PAINTS FACE INCREASED ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE Hess G

what influencing factors must be noted when a warehouse is put up.

The United Nation’s International Maritime Organization is considering a worldwide ban on tributyl tin-based paints because the chemical has been linked to marine animal kills throughout the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Antifouling paints are used to coat the bottom of ships to keep sea life from attaching itself to the hull, which slows down the ship and increases fuel consumption and operating costs. Current regulations banning TBT on pleasure craft are highly effective and it is claimed a blanket prohibition should be delayed until alternative antifoulants, which perform as well as TBT in environmental cost-benefit analyses, are available.

Item 308 Chemistry and Industry No.18, 20th Sept.1999, p.706-8 BRIDGING THE BIOCIDAL GAP Knight D

WORLD

Accession no.751220 Item 306 Chemical Market Reporter 256, No.15, 11th Oct.1999, p.FR8/10 ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN VOC RESTRICTIONS Milmo S The European Union’s 15 member states are currently bringing into effect far-reaching regulations on VOC emissions, which should accelerate the trend away from solvent-based coatings in Europe. However, the reduction in use of solvent-based coatings will be far less than originally predicted. Most coatings users will still rely on their existing products, although with a lower solvent content, or they will adopt abatement or recycling methods. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.751216 Item 307 Adhasion Kleben und Dichten 41, No.5, 1997, p.32-3 German DANGER TO WATER RULED OUT Industrieverband Klebstoffe eV Again and again cases of damage are making it abundantly clear how dangerous the association with water-threatening substances can be for man and the environment. With this in mind for minimising risks and for making appropriate provisions, regulations for operating plants have been enacted in the German water resources law which relate to substances that endanger water. The Shoe Adhesives Technical Committee for the German Adhesives Industry Association (Technische Kommission Schuhklebstoffe des Industrieverbandes Klebstoffe e.V.) has worked out

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.751044

The new Biocidal Products Directive is examined, which closes the gap in European legislation for products such as disinfectants and anti-foulants where there has not, until now, been a Europe-wide standard. The basic goals of the directive are to simplify and harmonise Europe’s regulatory framework for biocides, and to remove trade barriers within the EU, and to improve the protection of both human health and the environment. The new directive must be enforced as national legislation in all member countries by 14 May 2000. Details are given of products defined within the directive, and ways in which the directive will be put into practice in the UK are discussed. The implications of the legislation on the industry in terms of time and money spent on testing for each active substance involved are examined. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.750811 Item 309 Toxic Substances Bulletin 40, Sept.1999, p.7 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS WITH ‘LOW TOXICITY’ DUSTS Meldrum M UK,Health & Safety Executive Research carried out at the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Edinburgh into low toxicity dusts and lung inflammation is reported. Low toxicity dusts such as titanium dioxide and barium sulphate were tested on rats and a mathematical model was established for predicting thresholds for the onset of overload in rats, in order to develop health-based standards for respirable low toxicity dusts. The factor responsible for determining overload was thought initially to be the volume of dust particles internalised by lung macrophage cells, but the experiments showed a correlation with the estimated surface area of the dust deposited in the lung. When surface area was used rather than volume as a variable in the mathematical model, the outcomes of the six-month exposure tests were accurately predicted. UK,INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

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References and Abstracts

Item 310 Toxic Substances Bulletin 40, Sept.1999, p.1-2 BAN ON ASBESTOS Pedersen R UK,Health & Safety Executive Regulations regarding the banning of asbestos are examined, which were laid before Parliament on 24th August, and which will come into force in three months time. These Asbestos (Prohibitions) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/2373) represent the final stage in a process to ban the use of asbestos in the UK, which began 30 years ago with a voluntary industry ban on blue asbestos. Areas where the use and supply of white asbestos are prohibited are indicated, and exemptions to the regulations are listed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.750721 Item 311 Hazardous Substances 10, No.8, Sept.1999, p.10-1 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS - NEW STANDARD UK,Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards Brief details are given of a health-based standard for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, (PAHs) in air, which has been recommended to the UK Government by the Expert Panel on Air Quality. PAHs are organic compounds which are emitted from sources such as road traffic and certain industrial processes. The Panel has recommended 0.25ng/m3 measured as an annual average, suing benzo(a)pyrene as an indicator of the PAH mixture typically found in the air. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 313 PVC ‘99. Conference proceedings. Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.150-9 REGULATORY AND MARKETING UPDATE ON STABILISERS USED IN PVC Donnelly P J Akcros Chemicals Ltd. (IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF) Developments in the current legislation, and political views on stabilisers and their effects on customer choice, are outlined. It is updated to 16th March 1999 and is useful in conjunction with a detailed lifecycle paper presented at the OSPARCOM workshop in May 1997. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747886 Item 314 Packaging Digest 36, No.8, July 1999, p.44-45 MATERIALS: ‘NEW’ POLYMERS FACE CHALLENGES With the exception of ethylene vinyl acetate added in the 1980’s, the list of materials and polymers approved as packaging for food irradiated products has remained static for decades. This article supplies details of the approved list, which includes such polymers as polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride. The article provides an update on the latest proactive move to expand the list of packaging materials and polymers approved for the irradiation of foods. The expanded list would include ethylene vinyl alcohol, PVC film, ionomers, nylon 66, 6/12 and copolyesters among others. US,NATIONAL CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY & TECHNOLOGY USA

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Accession no.750383 Item 312 European Plastics News 26, No.9, Oct.1999, p.9 BATTLE LOOMS OVER BFR ACTION Proposals to ban two types of brominated flame retardants in electrical and electronic goods are raising controversy in Brussels. The EU DG XI (Environment) is circulating a draft proposed directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment under which polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers would be banned by 1 January 2004. The proposal is circulating despite risk assessments which show that there is no particular cause for concern and no need for further risk assessment. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.749161

Item 315 Packaging Digest 36, No.8, July 1999, p.44/50 FOOD IRRADIATION ACCELERATION Lingle R The National Centre for Food Safety & Technology, is spearheading several packaging related efforts to expand the list of polymers that can be used for packaging in food irradiation applications. This comprehensive article explains and describes the current situation in the field of irradiated foods and packaging and provides an update on impending approval for processed and red meats. The industry is concerned to uphold and maintain public confidence in the processed food and irradiated food supply. US,NATIONAL CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY & TECHNOLOGY USA

Accession no.747599

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References and Abstracts

Item 316 British Plastics and Rubber July/Aug.1999, p.42 MORE SPIN IN THE PHTHALATE PLASTICISER DEBATE The situation regarding the use of phthalate plasticisers in PVC toys is discussed with reference to Denmark, France, USA, UK, and Holland. Denmark and France are reported to have proposed bans, the USA has approved its use, and the method of testing for leaching is said to be controversial. STEVENS URETHANE; UK,DEPT.OF TRADE & IND.; UK,LABORATORY OF THE GOVERNMENT CHEMIST; SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON TOXICITY,ECOTOXICITY & ENVIRONMENT; AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE & HEALTH; EUROPEAN COMMISSION; TNO PLASTICS & RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE DENMARK; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; NETHERLANDS; SCANDINAVIA; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.747542 Item 317 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 189, No.4420, Sept.1999, p.49 VOC EMISSIONS: WHAT’S NEXT ON THE EUROPEAN AGENDA? Kershaw Y The aim of the European Solvents Directive is to assist Europe in reaching the reductions in VOC emissions that it has to make under the 1991 Geneva Protocol. The VOC Directive contains a solvent consumption threshold for the vehicle refinishing industry of 500kg solvent per year. To ensure that small refinish shops are covered, a product-based Directive, where the VOC content of paints used in the sector would be regulated, may be introduced. The current situation in the US regarding VOC limits on coatings used in the architectural and industrial maintenance sectors is examined.

EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.; TARGOR; DEMAG ERGOTECH EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.745778 Item 319 Plastics News(USA) 11, No.22, 19th July 1999, p.29 PU SUPPLIERS DISPARAGE MATERIAL CLASSIC CLASSIFICATION White E PU suppliers are complaining about a recent European Union directive that classifies TDI and MDI as dangerous substances. Udo Walber of Bayer calls the dangerous substance directive ‘quite deplorable’. The EU has ‘made many mistakes for these products’, largely, he suggested, because of poor recording of the minutes of a recent meeting, so that the materials are not described by their proper chemical names. Walber spoke in Wiesbaden at an April meeting of the Fachverband Schaumkunststoffe in Germany. The environmental session at the conference also included a discussion of the new EU directive on waste and recycling. Brief details are noted. BAYER AG EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.745550 Item 320 European Plastics News 26, No.8, Sept.1999, p.13 FRANCE AND GERMANY BAN PVC TOYS France and Germany both imposed bans on PVC toys in July. The moves came despite recent advances in developing test methods for the migration of phthalates from soft PVC toys and a decision by the Dutch Ministry of Public Health against a ban. Earlier, Denmark has introduced a plan to regulate the use of both PVC and phthalates, with the goal of reducing phthalate consumption by 50% by 2010.

USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

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Accession no.745238

Item 318 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 77, No.515, May 1999, p.549-56 Spanish ADAPTATION OF FOOD PACKAGING TO EUROPEAN UNION LEGISLATION San Roman J Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros

Item 321 Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd., pp.xi,332. 25.00. 016 DICTIONARY OF ENVIRONMENTALLY IMPORTANT CHEMICALS Ayres D C; Hellier D G

Developments in plastics materials and processing techniques for the manufacture of food packaging are examined, and Spanish and European Union legislation relating to packaging materials for use in contact with foods is reviewed.

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Around 600 substances are covered in this book which includes 70 pesticides. Details covered in the entries includes composition/structure, physical properties, sources, environmentally relevant reactions and pathways, detection and toxic effects, and regulatory limits. Many of the entries also include short case histories. Accession no.743908

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References and Abstracts

Item 322 Hazardous Substances 10, No.7, July/Aug.1999, p.5-6 NEW DIRECTIVE FOR ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS The European Commission has adopted a Proposal for a Directive on national emissions ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants and a Proposal for a Directive relating to ozone in ambient air. The national emissions ceilings Directive will set individual limits for each Member State’s total emissions in 2010 of the four pollutants responsible for acidification, eutrophication and ozone formation in the lower atmosphere: sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, VOCs and ammonia. The EU “Solvents Directive” has been formally adopted by the Commission. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.742841 Item 323 Coatings World 4, No.5, July/Aug.1999, p.87-8 BIOCIDES AND FUNGICIDES New product developments are reviewed in the light of environmental regulations regarding the formulation of biocides and fungicides for use by the coatings industry. Current and future environmental regulations such as the banning of mercury in architectural coatings and TBT in marine paints, and the EU’s Biocide Products Directive are discussed. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.742777 Item 324 Plastics Engineering 55, No.7, July 1999, p.67 ENVIRONMENTAL-REGULATION COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT The scope is briefly outlined of Chemmate 3.1 from Atrion International, which integrates environmental modules obtained through the company’s acquisition of Chemtox and Environmental Software Associates. The software system, which is directed to the environmental, health, safety and transportation sector is claimed to be the first commercially available end-to-end regulatory compliance management solution. ATRION INTERNATIONAL

Item 325 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 60, No.3, 1st May 1999, p.396-402 ISSUES AND CONTROVERSY: THE MEASUREMENT OF CRYSTALLINE SILICA; REVIEW PAPERS ON ANALYTICAL METHODS Miles W J Bentonite Performance Materials The analytical methods for crystalline silica polymorphs are reviewed and promising techniques for compliance with health-related regulations are summarised. X-ray diffraction analysis appears to be the most promising method of determining quartz and cristobalite content at this threshold in many bulk mineral and chemical systems. Other analytical techniques can be used in some mineral and chemical assemblages, but usually lack polymorph specificity or sensitivity. All analytical methods benefit from concentration techniques that do not alter crystalline properties of silicas. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Analytical Method 7601, as written, suffers from destruction of the mineral residue containing crystalline silica polymorphs after dissolution of many silicate minerals in phosphoric acid and may also include digestion-resistant minerals, but it is a promising concentration method for other analytical methods such as NIOSH Analytical Method 7500 (X-ray diffraction). 48 refs. USA

Accession no.742010 Item 326 Additives and Compounding 1, No.3, July 1999, p.12-8 HEALTH AND SAFETY WITH ADDITIVES Murphy J It is obvious that additives can be hazardous and, at the very least, they are often difficult to handle. Even something as innocuous as carbon black, if it gets out of the package, can cause havoc in a factory by spreading and contaminating. Other additives can create dust, irritating respiration and even causing an explosion. The aim of efficient compounding is to ‘lock’ the additives securely into the compound, in order to harness their properties. By doing this, it can also lock the additives in safely. Fortunately, for compounders and processors of thermoplastics, the hazard from additives is now safely contained upstream, where the additives are manufactured. In moulding and fabricating ‘wet’ polymer systems, such as polyesters and PUs, however, it is essential to take precautions. The current situation is reviewed.

USA

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

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Accession no.741835

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References and Abstracts

Item 327 Chemistry and Industry No.14, 19th July 1999, p.547/52 AN INDUSTRY UNDER THREAT? Reuben B London,South Bank University Situated between the solid and gaseous states as the only non-metallic element liquid at ambient temperature, bromine is sandwiched in the periodic table between the ubiquitous chlorine and the rather rare iodine. In terms of production volumes it is neither a bulk commodity chemical like chlorine, nor a speciality chemical like iodine. And commercially, bromine is beset by uncertainty. Until the 1970s, the major market for bromine was in dibromoethane - a co-additive for leaded petrol. The phase-out of lead in petrol could have spelled the collapse of the bromine industry, but alternative bromine markets developed and the industry both rationalised and flourished. However, although world bromine production continues to increase slowly, fresh environmental concerns have emerged and the industry is once more under threat. Details are given. 19 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.741728 Item 328 Additives for Polymers July 1999, p.7-8 DUTCH TEST FOR PHTHALATES IS VALIDATED AS EC PROPOSES ‘IMPOSSIBLE’ CONTENT LIMITS European legislation setting down migration limits for DINP (the most commonly-used plasticiser in PVC toys) but imposing a content limit of 0.00=5% on all other phthalates (which would be impossible to meet) is being proposed by the European Commission industry directorate DG3. Apparently looking for a compromise between conflicting pressures, it is, in fact, causing more concern to industry bodies than the emergency ban on phthalates proposed earlier by Commissioner Emma Bonino. This proposal would have had to demonstrate that phthalates present ‘an immediate and serious risk’ - a claim rejected by the European Parliament a year ago. However, a method for measuring the migration of phthalate plasticisers from flexible PVC products (such as toys and childcare items) has been validated by laboratories in The Netherlands, Germany and the UK. This is the so-called ‘Dutch Test Method’, and it opens the way to an objective scientific means of assessing the risk or otherwise of plasticisers, in the face of threatened bans on their use by legislative authorities, especially in the European Union. Also being assessed is a test method proposed by the UK Laboratory of the Government Chemist. The Dutch test simulates the extraction of plasticisers into saliva when products are sucked or chewed. It was originally developed by a Dutch Consensus Group during trials with adult human

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

volunteers last year. Since then, at the request of the Dutch health authorities, it has been undergoing international trials under the auspices of TNO, the independent Dutch research and testing institute. Details are given. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; TNO EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.741721 Item 329 Toxic Substances Bulletin No.39, May 1999, p.4 WHAT GOES IN MUST COME OUT Solvents are widely used in industry and many can enter the body through the skin as well as by inhalation. Controlling exposure to these substances depends not just on reducing air levels, but also on preventing skin contact. The substances are easily recognised because they have Sk notations in the HSE publication ‘Occupational exposure limits EH40/99’; assessment as to whether exposure is being properly controlled is carried out by biological monitoring - working on the principle that what goes in must come out. Biological monitoring is done by collecting blood, urine or breath samples. Blood sampling is less common these days; it is not popular with workers and is being replaced wherever possible by urine and breath samples. These are much easier to collect and can give similar information. Some new developments in biological monitoring are outlined. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.741652 Item 330 High Performance Plastics July 1999, p.8 NEW EUROPEAN PROPOSALS FOR PHTHALATES LEGISLATION CAUSE ALARM European legislation setting down migration limits for DINP, the most commonly-used plasticiser in PVC toys, but imposing a content limit of 0.05% on all other phthalates - which would be impossible to meet - is being proposed by the European Commission industry directorate DG3. This is causing more concern to industry bodies than the emergencies ban proposed by Commissioner Emma Bonino, which would have to demonstrate that phthalates constitute ‘an immediate and serious risk’, which was rejected by the Parliament a year ago. For the phthalates industry, the European Council for Plasticisers & Intermediates points to the apparent contradiction that the highest scientific body of the European Union, CSTEE, concludes that there are safe migration limits for phthalates, but this is ignored in legislative proposals. ECPI argues that the latest results of tests on monkeys disprove the link between phthalates

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and carcinogens or oestrogen mimicry indicated by earlier tests on rats, adding strength to the argument that there is in fact a species difference between rodents and monkeys (and consequently humans). On the latest evidence, the safety factor of 75 for DINP can effectively be raised to 200-1170. Details are given. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.741635 Item 331 ENDS Report No.292, May 1999, p.35 DETR BREAKS NEW GROUND WITH LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT OF PVC It is reported that the UK Department of the Environment, Transport & The Regions (the DETR) has announced an innovative study to compare environmental and health impacts of PVC and alternative building and packaging materials. The research will take a year and will be carried out by consultancies Entec and Ecobalance. Details are given. UK,DEPT.OF THE ENVIRONMENT,TRANSPORT AND THE REGIONS; EUROPEAN COUNCIL OF VINYL MANUFACTURERS; ENTEC; ECOBALANCE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.740785

Applications of plastics in agriculture and horticulture and technical and environmental requirements for products used in these sectors are examined. Italian standards relating to the use of plastics in these applications are reviewed, and statistics are presented for Italian, West European and world consumption of plastics in agriculture in 1995. UNI EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.740614 Item 334 Swedish Work Environment Fund Newsletter No.2, June 1999, p.2 CONTACT ALLERGY TO LOW MOLECULAR EPOXY COMPOUNDS Research is being carried out at the Occupational Dermatology Department of the University of Malmo into contact allergies derived from the use of epoxy resins based on diglycidyl ether bisphenol A and diglycidyl ether bisphenol F. The former is more well known as a health problem which can result in a contact allergy and also eczema if the skin comes into contact with it, but considerably fewer investigations of bisphenol F resin have been conducted. Details are given of the research project to identify and refine the isomers in bisphenol F resin in order to obtain more precisely identified test substances. SWEDEN,INSTITUTE OF DERMATOLOGY SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 332 ENDS Report No.292, May 1999, p.13-4 INCINERATOR EMISSIONS BREACHES FOCUS ATTENTION ON PVC This article discusses the incineration of PVC wastes, which it reports is facing renewed scrutiny in the UK in the light of numerous breaches of emission limits for hydrogen chloride. The issue is likely to attract further attention as operators grapple with tighter hydrogen chloride controls proposed in the draft EC Directive on incineration. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; UK,ENVIRONMENT AGENCY EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.740784 Item 333 Plasticulture No.117, Jan.1999, p.25-31 English; French TECHNOLOGICAL AND LEGISLATIVE UPDATING FOR PLASTICS MATERIALS USED IN AGRICULTURE Pacini L Istituto Italiano dei Plastici

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Accession no.739872 Item 335 Journal of Coatings Technology 71, No.893, June 1999, p.36B EC ADOPTS DIRECTIVE LIMITING VOC EMISSIONS The European Commission has adopted a directive which limits the emission of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain industrial activities. The directive sets emission limits for these compounds and lays down operating conditions for industrial installations. In addition, under the directive, new installations must be registered or be authorised to carry out their activities. Further requirements of the directive are listed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.739840 Item 336 Polymer Degradation and Stability 64, No.3, 1999, p.545-56 REGULATORY STATUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS UNDERGOING RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE EU: DBDPO, OBDPO,

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References and Abstracts

PEBDPE AND HBCD Hardy M L Albemarle Corp. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a structurally diverse group of compounds; their major point in common is not their chemical structure but rather that of their use as flame retardants. BFRs undergoing risk assessment in the EU under the existing chemicals regulation are polybrominated diphenyl oxides (ethers; PEDPO), decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO), octabromodiphenyl oxide (OBDPO) and pentabromodiphenyl oxide (PeBDPO), and the cyclic aliphatic, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). The toxicology and environmental properties of these flame retardants are addressed, as are research and regulatory activities affecting them. The physicochemical properties of BFRs minimise their potential to move into and in the environment irrespective of their lack of ready biodegradability. In addition, DBDPO, which has been extensively studied, hag been found to have a short half life in rats, minimal absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, rapid elimination and to lack bioaccumulation potential in fish. These properties, coupled with the minimal effects on mammalian species on repeated dosing of DBDPO and HBCD, and their lack of mutagenicity and skin sensitisation, indicate these brominated flame retardants can be used by society to provide needed protection from the hazard of fire. 15 refs. EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.739434 Item 337 Polymer Degradation and Stability 64, No.3, 1999, p.535-44 STANDARDISATION AND LEGISLATION IN EUROPE Dewitt R Solvay SA Fire behaviour of products constitutes a major and permanent preoccupation in multiple areas: building and construction, transport, electric and electronic engineering, furniture, etc. This theme possibly involves the largest number of standards, regulations or legislations at national level as well at international level. It is in this context that the use of flame retardants for plastics must be envisaged. Several themes are outlined. BELGIUM; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.739433 Item 338 Journal of Biomaterials Applications 14, No.1, July 1999, p.3-15 1998 BIOMATERIALS ACCESS ASSURANCE ACT In 1998 President Clinton signed legislation intended to protect biomaterials manufacturers from frivolous liability suits. The Act protects from lawsuits the makers

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of biomaterials used in medical devices. In signing the bill, President Clinton said that the law would ensure the ‘availability of life saving and life-enhancing’ medical devices. The bill contains one large, major exception: Ii does not extend protection to Dow Corning, maker of silicone breast implants, because that company manufactured the silicone material as well as the implants themselves. Device manufacturers argued the legislation was needed to re-establish the flow of materials needed to manufacture critical medical devices and implants. That flow was threatened because of the exorbitant cost of product liability suits. While raw materials suppliers have often been dismissed early in the litigation process, defence costs had the effect of outweighing potential profits, and several large companies stopped supplying the biomaterials. Consequently device manufacturers had difficulty obtaining these materials, often turning to foreign suppliers. The entire text of the Act is included. DOW CORNING CORP. USA

Accession no.739320 Item 339 Journal of Coatings Technology 71, No.892, May 1999, p.34B VOC DISCHARGES NEWLY REGULATED IN SOUTH KOREA As of March 31, 1999, South Korea began restricting the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by designating the ozone precursors as air pollutants under the nation’s Air Environment Conservation Act. The new rules require ten industry and business sectors producing VOCs to install anti-pollution devices that ‘retrieve, absorb, or burn the substances before their release into the atmosphere’. Oil refining and oil storage facilities must be in compliance by the end of 1999. Manufacturers of paint, automobiles, vessels and other large steel structures, as well as manufacturers using oil-based materials in processing their products, must be equipped with the devices by the end of 2000. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.739259 Item 340 Journal of Coatings Technology 71, No.892, May 1999, p.34B EUROPEAN UNION ISSUES VOC DIRECTIVE ON ORGANIC SOLVENT USE According to a directive issued by the European Union (EU) at the end of March, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the use of organic solvents in the EU must be significantly restricted. Under the directive, industrial sector-by-sector emission limits will be imposed, and the EU member states will be required to prepare action plans for cutting emissions from the activities and industrial

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installations covered by the plan. The measure aims at achieving a 70% cut in VOC emissions compared to 1990 levels. Certain existing plants will have until late 2007 to comply with the new regulations, but new installations must comply with the requirements as a condition of authorisation. Smaller plants in some sectors will be exempted if the annual solvent consumption is below fixed thresholds. In addition to the action-plan requirement for member states, individual companies must also devise new systems for switching to less polluting substances and/or changes in processes. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN UNION

Accession no.739258 Item 341 Journal of Coatings Technology 71, No.892, May 1999, p.33A EPA TO PROPOSE RULE FOR DYE AND PIGMENT WASTE The US Environmental Protection Agency is reported to be planning to propose a hazardous waste listing rule under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) for two or three dye and pigment wastes by June 30. A RCRA hazardous waste listing triggers rigorous cradleto-grave management and disposal standards. Two of the wastes subject to the upcoming proposed rule are spent filter aids from dye manufacture and waste water treatment sludge from the manufacture of triarylmethane. EPA is still deciding whether to include in the rule wastes from the manufacture of anthraquinone. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.739257 Item 342 Journal of Coatings Technology 71, No.892, May 1999, p.33A ENVIRONMENTALISTS URGE EPA TO SET ZERO THRESHOLD FOR TRI REPORTING Commenting on a January 5, 1999 proposal, environmental groups in early April called again on EPA to lower its proposed Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) reporting threshold to zero for certain chemicals. The chemicals include mercury, dioxins, and lead. Currently facilities are only required to report chemical releases if they manufacture or process at least 25,000 pounds or otherwise use 10,000 pounds annually of a listed TRI chemical. The environmental advocates argued that any releases of chemicals considered to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic should be reported as a threat to public health. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

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Item 343 Chemistry and Industry No.13, 5th July 1999, p.492 THIRD WORLD DELAYS CFC PHASE OUT The planned phase-out of ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons in the developing world is said to be under threat from attempts to integrate the Montreal Treaty Protocol on protecting the ozone layer with international agreements on climate change. Discrepancies between the two protocols arose because some chemicals used as ozonesafe replacements for CFCs, notably hydrofluorocarbons are listed under the Kyoto Protocol on climate change as contributing to global warming. Brief details are given of the problem in substituting CFCs. Accession no.738308 Item 344 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.773, Dec.1998, p.75-7 French STRENGTHENING LEGISLATION ON POLLUTION IN THE WORKPLACE Aubin C LRCCP A survey is made of French and European Union legislation relating to hazardous chemicals in the workplace, and particular attention is paid to regulations concerning exposure to chemicals in the rubber industry. The carcinogenicity of nitrosamines formed during vulcanisation processes is examined, and methods used in their detection are discussed. 2 refs. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.736308 Item 345 Industria della Gomma 42, No.9, Nov.1998, p.19-23 Italian HAZARDOUS MATERIALS: NEW LEGISLATION Garlanda B An examination is made of the provisions of Italian legislation relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of hazardous chemicals. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.736274 Item 346 Adhesive Technology 16, No.2, June 1999, p.34 LAW PROHIBITS USE OF VOC-CONTAINING ADHESIVES BY PROFESSIONALS FOR INDOOR USE

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References and Abstracts

Leppink M J From 1 January 2000, Dutch law prohibits the use by professional carpet fitters of solvent-based adhesives. The Organic Psycho Syndrome law concerns the adhering of coverings to floors, stairs, walls and ceilings in houses and any other buildings. Key issue in the OPS law is that professional users are no longer allowed to use products containing more than 0.5% solvents. The law also affects painters and parquet installers. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.735655 Item 347 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1785, 7th May 1999, p.6 PLASTICISER GROUP URGES STIFFER RESOLVE Raleigh P The European Council for Plasticisers & Intermediates is confident industry will fight off a proposed ban on the use of phthalates in toys, due to go before the EC later this year. New scientific findings from tests on monkeys disprove links between phthalates and carcinogenicity or oestrogen mimicry suggested by earlier tests on rats. ECPI and toys industry groups are pushing for migration limits to be built into the Marketing and Use Directive. EUROPEAN COUNCIL FOR PLASTICISERS & INTERMEDIATES

together with how industry is meeting the challenge, are reviewed. 21 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734447 Item 349 Antec ‘99. Volume III. Conference proceedings. New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.2880-4. 012 DYES IN PETP: A LOOK AT FDA COMPLIANCE ISSUES Phillips T; Helfer R A Hanna M.A.,Co. (SPE) The use of articles in food-contact applications involves both regulatory and scientific considerations where establishing the status of the individual product ingredients or components under the laws and regulations administered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is required. These considerations are considered by discussing the definition of food additive, FDA’s regulatory framework for substances used in food contact articles and general requirements for testing the materials to establish their appropriate FDA status. A general overview is also presented of the data necessary for supporting a Food Additive Petition submitted to FDA to clear a new foodcontact material or product such as dyes in PETP. 3 refs. USA

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WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.735520 Item 348 International Rubber Exhibition and Conference 1999. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 7th-10th June 1999, Environment paper 3. NITROSAMINES: A REGULATORY UPDATE AND AN ANALYST’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE INDUSTRY’S RESPONSE Stephens S Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (Crain Communications Ltd.) When the issue of nitrosamines and their possible harmful effects was first raised in the late 1970s, it was thought that the problem for the rubber industry would be solved quite quickly and go away. That proved to be far from the truth, and twenty years on it is still a significant source of concern for suppliers of raw materials, manufacturers, toxicologists, QC staff, end-users and environmentalists in general. The ability to detect nitrosamines at the low ppb level coincided with an escalation in Health and Safety legislation. Industry has responded at considerable cost by producing goods which comply with the legislation and accelerators which do not conflict with it, but the possibility of new areas becoming subject to control is ever present. Recent changes in legislation and law,

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Item 350 Antec ‘99. Volume III. Conference proceedings. New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.2854-8. 012 BANNING HEAVY METAL PIGMENTS IN MINNESOTA - THE NEXT ICEBURG? Golding T Clariant Corp. (SPE) For several years the Minnesota Legislature, guided by the MPCA (Minnesota Pollution Control Agency), has been evolving a law to significantly reduce heavy metal pigment use in the state. The finalised law takes CONEG (Coalition of Northeastern Governor’s) guidelines to a higher level. CONEG was intended to reduce the amount of heavy metals in the consumer waste stream by limiting their use in disposable packaging materials. The Minnesota law applies CONEG limits of lead, cadmium, mercury and hexavalent chromium to all pigments, including plastic colorants. The evolution of this law is reviewed. Its significance to the plastics industry if similar events occur in other states is discussed. 8 refs. USA

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Item 351 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1790, 11th June 1999, p.2 CADMIUM BAN TO BE REVERSED BY THE EC An EC study has found that cadmium pigments present no significant threat to human health or the environment, says the International Cadmium Association. In view of the positive life cycle assessment, EC Member States voted earlier this year that there should be no further restrictions on the marketing and use of cadmium pigments in plastics. INTERNATIONAL CADMIUM ASSOCIATION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.734173 Item 352 Additives for Polymers April 1999, p.9-10 FOR YOUR HEALTH’S SAKE, TAKE PVC (AND DEHP)! This article explores the arguments surrounding the use of PVC - including the use of grades plasticised with phthalates - for medical applications. It looks at both the views of environmentalists and healthcare groups, as well as the case for the defence of PVC. EUROPEAN COUNCIL FOR PLASTICISERS & INTERMEDIATES; US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.733779 Item 353 Hazardous Substances 10, No.4, April 1999, p.10 PCB REGS This is a short item that provides information on the European Union regulations regarding the disposal/ destruction of polychlorinated biphenyls and other injurious substances. Very brief details of the regulations are provided. UK,ENVIRONMENT AGENCY EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.732930 Item 354 Health and Safety at Work 21, No.4, April 1999, p.8 RINGING THE CHANGES WITH NEW COSHH REGULATIONS This short article reports that the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 1999, which came into force on 25th January and which replace the

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1994 regulations, have several changes in them. These are briefly highlighted. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.732927 Item 355 Plast’ 21 Special Issue, Oct.1998, p.146-7 Spanish PVC: THE VERDICT IS NOT GUILTY A review is presented of the findings of a study of PVC as a packaging material undertaken by a committee of experts set up by the Spanish Ministry of the Environment. It was concluded that PVC does not pose a threat to health or the environment, that it complies with requirements for specific packaging applications, and that PVC packaging waste can be easily recycled and safely incinerated. SPAIN,MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.732462 Item 356 Coloring Technology for Plastics. New York, N.Y., Plastics Design Library, 1999, p.87-98. 52 SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORY AFFAIRS FOR COLOURANTS USED IN THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY Smith H M Sun Chemical Corp. Edited by: Harris R M The subject of safety, health and environmental affairs is today so volatile and capable of change that it is anticipated that some of the information included will be obsolete in the months following this publication. A ‘snapshot’ of the state of affairs existing at the time of writing is presented. With continued focus on dyes and pigments assured over the foreseeable future by state and federal agencies, it is certain that this area of endeavour will continue to merit close attention. 8 refs. USA

Accession no.732203 Item 357 Pigment and Resin Technology 28, No.2, 1999, p.89-95 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND SOLVENT EMISSIONS DIRECTIVE. AN INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE Dobson I BP Chemicals Ltd. A review is presented of the status of volatile organic compound solvent emissions directive being adopted by

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References and Abstracts

the European Union’s legislative bodies. Reasons why the directive is required are given and its effect on over 30 industry sectors using solvents in manufacturing processes is discussed. How these industries can act to cut emissions is mentioned. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.729107 Item 358 Journal of the Adhesive & Sealant Council. Fall 1998. Conference proceedings. Chicago, Il., 25th-28th Oct.1998, p.135-7. 6A1 PROTECTING AGAINST ‘FAILURE-TO-WARN’ LAWSUITS Siegfried W A Eckert Seamans Cherin & Mellott LLC (Adhesive & Sealant Council) Product liability law is undergoing dramatic change; much of this change should be beneficial to the adhesives industry. The American Law Institute (ALI) recently issued Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability. This 400page analysis of current and future product liability law will influence how courts decide product liability cases, including those involving adhesives and sealants. The ALI comprises many prominent lawyers, judges and law professors. Its original pronouncement on product liability law, issued over 30 years ago, was largely responsible for the litigation explosion experienced since then. A failureto-warn lawsuit claims that a manufacturer has failed either to provide proper warnings about potential hazards or appropriate instructions to permit the safe use and handling of a product. However, unlike the ALI’s original pronouncement, the new Restatement moves product liability failure-to-warn law away from ‘strict liability’ towards a negligence-based system. The change means that juries will be asked to consider not if there could have been a ‘better’ warning - an easy thing for expert witnesses to concoct with 20/20 hindsight - but if the warning given was ‘reasonable’. Adhesives manufacturers can look forward with some optimism to more sensible product liability decisions as courts adopt the recommendations of the ALI. Meanwhile, a defensive posture against failure-to-warn claims is imperative. USA

Accession no.729097 Item 359 Polymers: Production and Global Market. Conference proceedings. Vicenza, Italy, 18th Oct.1996, p.17-24. 16 THE FUTURE OF DOP UNDER TECHNICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS Bruch A Hoechst AG (FITT SpA)

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DOP is the world’s leading plasticiser, due to its priceperformance relationship. It is usually offered below DINP/DIDP prices in the worldmarket and has wellbalanced properties in comparison to alternatives like DINP, DIDP and linear plasticisers. The properties of DINP, DIDP and linear plasticisers are not as evenly balanced as DOP with respect to their lower plasticising effects. On the other hand, DINP, DIDP and the linear plasticisers are less volatile than DOP. DOP is even more dominant over DINP and DIDP in those countries where the standard of living is relatively low compared to highly developed economies. Consumption in Europe is stagnant whereas the consumption of DINP/DIDP has increased until 1993. After 1993, partial substitution of DOP by DINP/DIDP ended with the result that DOP is still the prevailing plasticiser due to limited availability of C9/C10 alcohols and a successful scientific battle about toxicity. In the USA, DOP has been widely substituted by DINP/DIDP and is only used to a minor extent. The development of DOP consumption was linked to marketing campaigns by Esson for DINP/DIDP which was based on toxicology studies made by Exxon. These studies are still disputed and DOP is expected to regain some of its lost market share. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.725100 Item 360 European Chemical and Polymer Engineer Dec.1998, p.49-50 AVOID THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS OF ENVIRONMENTAL NON-COMPLIANCE Ruez P Atrion International Stringent global hazard regulations are driving chemical manufacturers to re-examine corporate practices for the creation and management of safety data sheets, which are used in the handling of chemical raw materials and products. Seven compliance mistakes - poor translation of material safety data sheets (MSDS), local non-conformance, inadequate monitoring of changes, insufficient manpower, poor corporate image, lack of consistency and accuracy, failure to keep up-to-date - which are now easy to commit are described, and some advice on how to minimise the risks of a fall from grace are presented. Many companies are now seriously considering the automation of document authoring and management for a wide variety of reasons, which may be special to their company or industry. Accession no.724239 Item 361 Tech XXI. Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 6th-8th May,1998, p.15-24. 6A7 EFFECT OF MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ON PRESSURE SENSITIVE TAPE MANUFACTURING

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Lipka B J Anchor Continental Inc. (Pressure Sensitive Tape Council) The United States Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for implementing the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Within the Clean Air Act Amendments, Title III specifically provides for Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards development. This presentation discusses issues relevant to MACT, and the anticipated effect this standard will have on the pressure sensitive tape manufacturing industry. Topics include the role so far of the Pressure Sensitive Tape Council’s MACT Task Force, the MACT development schedule from initiation in 1996 to promulgation in 2000 and compliance in 2003, the definition of the maximum degree of reduction in emissions that is deemed achievable, the hazardous air pollutants involved, transitionary arrangements, variations between states, reliability of monitoring equipment, and total environmental impact of different control devices, e.g. thermooxidation and solvent recovery. USA

Accession no.724120 Item 362 Design Engineering Feb.1999, p.33-4 SAFE AND SEALED - ASBESTOS FREE SOLUTIONS Hoyes J Flexitallic It is explained that the remaining uses of white asbestos (asbestos cement, friction materials, seals and gaskets, textiles and composites) are likely to become prohibited in the UK in the near future. This article examines in detail the choices available for its replacement. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 364 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 43, No.2, Feb.1999, p.131-41 DETERMINATION OF HYDROQUINONE IN AIR BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY Scobbie E; Groves J A UK,Health & Safety Executive In the investigation of methods for measurement of personal exposure, a method for measuring hydroquinone in air was evaluated, both in the laboratory and in the workplace. The method involved sampling the inhalable fraction onto a filter contained in a multi-holed sampler with a back-up of Tenax TA, followed by desorption into acetonitrile and analysis by HPLC. Desorption efficiency was shown to be effectively 100%. 13 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723062 Item 365 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 43, No.2, Feb.1999, p.117-24 MINERAL FIBRE SAMPLING AND SIZE SELECTION Morigi M P; Giacomelli G M; Prodi V Bologna,Universita In determination of health hazards due to exposure to fibre inhalation, the feasibility of using the inertial spectrometer (INSPEC) as a sampler that separates fibres according to their aerodynamic diameter was explored. Optical and electron microscopy demonstrated a satisfactory size separation of the fibres and alignment along the flow lines. 16 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723060

Accession no.723776 Item 363 Plastics Technology 45, No.1, Jan.1999, p.73 U.S. AGENCY CAUTIONS ABOUT SAFETY OF VINYL BABY TOYS This reports on the safety of diisononyl phthalate in soft vinyl baby toys, in the light of the recently-published report from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, which is considered to be the most comprehensive evaluation to date. Full details are given. US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION; CANADA,MINISTRY OF HEALTH; EUROPEAN COMMISSION AUSTRIA; CANADA; DENMARK; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

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Item 366 Kunststoff Journal 28, No.5, Oct.1994, p.24-8 German TAILOR-MADE:VENTILATION AND EXTRACTION IN GRP MANUFACTURE In manufacturing and processing in GRP plant, styrene and solvents must be extracted to prevent excessive concentrations in the air. In 1987 the permitted work-place concentration for styrene was reduced from 100ppm to 20ppm. From 31-12-94 values above 20ppm are no longer permitted where UP resins are processed manually. Exact measurement of concentrations is essential and suitable extraction systems installed. HEINRICH MACK GMBH & CO.; HOECHST AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.721509

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References and Abstracts

Item 367 Industria della Gomma 42, No.4, May 1998, p.17-22 Italian GUIDE TO THE CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES Garlanda B European Union and Italian legislation relating to hazardous chemicals is reviewed, with particular reference to classification and labelling requirements. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.715841 Item 368 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 42, No.6, Aug.1998, p.407-11 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION GUIDANCE ON ALLOCATING OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE BANDS Guest I Glaxo-Wellcome There are no occupational exposure limits for many hazardous substances which may require control of inhalation exposures. The necessary data and other resources required for setting such limits is restricted and unlikely to match the potential demand. A hazard categorisation scheme was, therefore, developed for application within the chemical industry. The scheme used readily-available information on toxicological endpoints to place hazardous substances into a limited range of hazard categories, expressed as Occupational Exposure Bands. These Bands could be used as a basis for risk assessment and the selection of appropriate control regimes. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713716 Item 369 Muanyag es Gumi 34, No.12, 1997, p.375-7 Hungarian CONTROL OF FOODSTUFFS PACKAGING MATERIALS BY THE HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM Sohar J Hungary,National Foodstuffs Research Institute A short review is given of the health-care control system concerning foodstuffs packaging materials and describes the importance of positive registers in establishing the safety of foodstuffs. General requirements and test methods for synthetic materials used in contact with foodstuffs are summarised, and new Hungarian legislation harmonising with EU regulations are listed. 5 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology.

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EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY

Accession no.713261 Item 370 Surface Coatings International 82, No.1, Jan.1999, p.14-8 OXAZOLIDINES AND TETRAMETHYLXYLEN EDIISOCYANATE BASED POLYURETHANES IN LEGISLATION-COMPLIANT ANTICORROSION COATINGS Howard G A Polyurethanes are frequently used in anticorrosion coatings. The R&D drive of most coatings and resin producers is the reduction of the solvent content of the paint and resin systems. One method of achieving the environmental aims demanded by legislation in the PU coatings industry is to use oxazolidines which are suitable as latent hardeners to enable production of single-pack moisture activated PUs. The isocyanate chosen for this research is tetramethylxylene diisocyanate, which has been available commercially only since 1988. 19 refs. INDUSTRIAL COPOLYMERS LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713235 Item 371 Packaging Digest 35, No.11, Oct.1998, p.28/30 TALE OF POSSIBLE “ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS” MAY JUST BE BEGINNING Greenberg E F This reports on one of the biggest enquiries ever into the possible effects of chemicals (including those that appear in packaging) on human and animal endocrine (hormone) systems, being carried out by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The article considers: legislation, the testing programme, and the amount of chemicals to be screened (87,000). US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; SOCIETY OF THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY; US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.711965 Item 372 Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Fall 1997. Conference Proceedings. Dearborn, Mi., 26th-29th Oct.1997, p.397-423 EPA AND FDA REGULATIONS AS FACTORS IN THE CONVERSION FROM SOLVENT TO WATERBORNE ADHESIVE SYSTEMS FOR FLEXIBLE PACKAGING Simmons R A Keller & Heckman LLP (Adhesive & Sealant Council)

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References and Abstracts

This paper discusses how tightening environmental regulations in the USA are encouraging a shift from solvent-based to waterborne adhesives for use in flexible packaging applications. It also looks at how new adhesive systems have a relatively easy path to Food & Drug Administration clearance for food packaging uses. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.711922 Item 373 Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Fall 1997. Conference Proceedings. Dearborn, Mi., 26th-29th Oct.1997, p.147-61 TOP TEN LIST OF TRADEMARK, PACKAGING AND LABELLING CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE LAUNCHING YOUR PRODUCT INTO THE CANADIAN MARKETPLACE Morton J L; Vogt S E Gowling Strathy & Henderson (Adhesive & Sealant Council) This detailed paper discusses Canadian legislation and requirements relating to trademarks, packaging, and labelling of adhesive products for the Canadian marketplace. It considers: trademark searching, registration, proper trademark use and notification, trademark license agreements, trademark notification for licensed users, basic labelling, Quebec and the Charter of the French Language, the Hazardous Products Act, environmental claims, and the marking of imported goods. CANADA,GOVERNMENT

Item 375 Urethanes Technology 15, No.6, Dec.1998/Jan.1999, p.19 MC RESTRICTED BY EPA Moore M A new US EPA air pollution ruling will drastically restrict the flexible PU foam industry’s use of the auxiliary blowing agent methylene chloride. Methylene chloride has been identified as 98% of the flexible PU foam industry’s toxic emissions, and foam facilities have until 7 October 2001 to comply with the new standards. Under a rule from the OSHA, PU foam makers must reduce methylene chloride emissions in the workplace to 25ppm by 10 October 1999. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.709464 Item 376 Chemical Engineering Progress 94, No.12, Dec.1998, p.59-64 SWITCH MATERIALS TO PREVENT POLLUTION Gessner A W The chemical process industries employ many substances that contribute to air and water pollution, hazardous waste generation, soil contamination, fire and explosion risks, and the exposure of humans, animals and plants to hazardous and/or toxic substances. This article discusses which substances are hazardous and identifies the opportunities for replacing these substances with lesshazardous substitutes.

CANADA; USA

USA

Accession no.711902

Accession no.709411

Item 374 IRC ‘98. Conference Proceedings. Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.283-8. 012 French RUBBER AND ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS: REGULATIONS AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Aubin C; Coupard A; Khalfoune H; Le Huy M LRCCP; SEP-DPPC (AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)

Item 377 Japan Chemical Week 39, No.2003, 3rd Dec.1998, p.4-5 ESSENTIAL FOR HIGHER FUNCTIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES NECESSARY

French and European Union legislation relating to the control of emissions in the workplace is examined, with particular reference to the rubber processing industry. Air sampling and analytical procedures used in the detection of nitrosamines formed in vulcanisation reactions are reviewed. 2 refs. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.710622

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Various types of additives are essential to give plastics new or enhanced properties. However, the safety of flame retardants, plasticisers and stabilisers, as regards potential health hazards, is attracting attention. Brome-based flame retardants have been the subject of safety disputes for several years and several substitutes have been developed. The shift to lead-free stabilisers is making further progress. JAPAN

Accession no.709381 Item 378 ENDS Report No.286, Nov.1998, p.25-6 TOY INDUSTRY SPLITS AS PHTHALATES BAN RE-EMERGES

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References and Abstracts

In April, an EC scientific committee concluded that there was reason for concern about estimated exposures of the phthalate DINP to toddlers chewing soft PVC toys. A study commissioned by the Dutch Health Ministry also failed to provide a robust defence of the plasticisers. Elsewhere, the Canadian Health Ministry has advised retailers to withdraw PVC teethers and find alternatives to soft PVC in other toddlers’ toys. Toys “R” Us has announced a worldwide withdrawal of teethers and other direct-to-mouth products containing phthalates. WORLD

Accession no.708772 Item 379 Farbe und Lack 103, No.1, 1997, p.14 German SOLIDARNOSHCH IN PAINT Eichstaedt D Verband der Lackindustrie eV The current problems facing the German paint trade are reviewed. Environmental issues are examined like reducing solvent emissions, observing laws on waste disposal and paint slurry. Also addressed is the need to attend to packaging containing harmful substances and the enormous costs of retrofitting storage areas regarding possible removal of the clause on viscosity in the regulations on flammable liquids (VbF). Further comment is given on the market situation and competition from Eastern Europe. Regulations and standards can present market barriers which an individual business cannot overcome. Only within the trade association can an individual business make its ideas heard and gain influence. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.708735 Item 380 Polyurethanes Expo ‘98. Conference proceedings. Dallas, Tx., 17th-20th Sept.1998, p.669-70. 43C6 POLYURETHANE DIVISION PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP IN ACTION SPI,Polyurethane Div. (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) SPI’s Polyurethane Division has an active Product Stewardship Issues Group, which has made available a variety of education materials and workshops. Emphasis has been placed on the educational materials, group’s stewardship philosophy, focusing on safety and health issues and the literature available. Some examples of the literature available are listed. USA

Accession no.708462

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Item 381 Polyurethanes Expo ‘98. Conference proceedings. Dallas, Tx., 17th-20th Sept.1998, p.633-8. 43C6 SOME CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE PROPER USE OF DIRECT-READING MONITORS FOR AIRBORNE MDI, TDI AND HDI Gardner C W Bacharach Inc. (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) Over the last few years, there has been greater attention given to the airborne levels of diisocyanates such as MDI, TDI and HDI present in the workplace. Organisations such as NIOSH, OSHA, and the ACGIH have all recommended exposure limits typically of 5 ppb for an 8 to 10 hour timeweighted average, or 20 ppb as a ceiling level. Because of this, many manufacturers of PU products are instituting diisocyanate monitoring programmes. These programmes should be designed to provide the greatest level of worker protection yet must be cost-effective to the manufacturer. This can only happen when the programme is based on an understanding of the exposure limits and the monitoring techniques used. A brief explanation of the three types of exposure limits commonly used in industrial hygiene practice is given. The 8 h time-weighted-average, the 15 min short-term exposure limit and the ceiling limit are defined and their significance to the monitoring process discussed. The characteristics of direct-reading monitors commonly used to estimate airborne diisocyanate concentration are presented. Monitor accuracy and precision are defined and typical instrument performance is presented. The concepts of monitor cross-sensitivity and interference are also defined and illustrated with actual data from a paper tape-based MDI monitor. Finally, the ideas of limit of detection and limit of quantitation of a monitor are introduced. How these are determined, how they depend on environmental factors, and more importantly, how they relate to meeting compliance levels are discussed. 4 refs. USA

Accession no.708452 Item 382 Slovak Rubber Conference ‘97. Conference proceedings. Puchov, 20th-21st May 1996, p.343-9. 4 Czech THE 21 DIRECTIVE ON THE ADAPTATION TO TECHNICAL PROGRESS OF THE DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES DIRECTIVE Valdauf J; Dejmalova M BP Czech Republic AS (Matador AS) Harmonised carcinogenity classifications were recently agreed by EU Member States for many petroleum substances and have been published in the 21st Adaptation to Technical Progress (ATP) of the Dangerous Substances Directive. The Directive was issued in December 1994 and

103

References and Abstracts

required all Member States to publish laws and orders to fulfil the requirements not later than 1st September 1996. Many petroleum products require labelling, as they may cause cancer. The influence of this Directive to aromatic process oils quality is discussed considering that these oils are a substantial part of rubber compounds. CZECH REPUBLIC; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.708412 Item 383 Technical Rubber Goods - Part of our Everyday Life. Conference proceedings. Puchov, 23rd-24th May 1996, p.228-36. 4 Slovak PROBLEMS OF RUBBER GOODS IN TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Bacakova M ITC AS (Matador AS) Many rubber products, when exported to the member states of the European Union, must comply with the requirements of the relevant legislation approach. The EU Directives of New Approach and Directives of Sectoral Approach are legislative provisions that must especially be followed. Directives of New Approach confine the requirements to the protection of health, property and environment and the safety requirements. The Directives of New Approach lay down the uniform procedure of approval of conformity. Harmonised European standards, giving detailed specifications of the product, follow these Directives. Detailed requirements are given in the Directives of Sectoral Approach and they have to be interpreted individually. The essential concepts are explained and a review of the most important documents is presented. CZECH REPUBLIC

Accession no.708370 Item 384 Plastics News(USA) 10, No.43, 7th Dec.1998, p.4 VINYL TOY CONTROVERSY MOUNTS WORLDWIDE Toloken S The battle over PVC baby toys has broadened, with opponents making allegations of fear mongering, obscene misinformation campaigns and unholy tactics. The controversy has escalated sharply in the past couple weeks, embroiling retailers, trade associations, environmental groups and the governments of several nations. Some say phthalates, a common vinyl plasticiser, are dangerous. Others say phthalates are harmless. The outcome is that 90% of the makers of teethers and soft rattles say they will remove phthalates from those products by early 1999, after

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US regulators asked them to remove them, according to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission. A growing list of major retailers, including Kmart, Sears, Target and WalMart, have removed from their shelves vinyl teethers, rattles, pacifiers and bottle nipples made with phthalates. CPSC says the following toy makers have stopped or will stop using phthalates in teethers and rattles by early 1999: Chicco, Little Tikes, Disney, Mattel, Evenflo, Safety 1st, First Years, Sassy, Gerber, Shelcore Toys and Hasbro. Details are given. TOY MANUFACTURERS OF AMERICA; US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION USA

Accession no.705887 Item 385 Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Spring 1997. Conference proceedings. Pittsburgh, Pa., 23rd-26th March 1997, p.173-86. 6A1 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCT LABELS Dsida P L ChemADVISOR Inc. (ADHESIVE & SEALANT COUNCIL) The labels which are the subject of this paper are those to be put on products to let the user know how to handle them safely and correctly. It covers the regulations issued by three different US government agencies: the Department of Labour, the Department of Transportation and the Consumer Product Safety Commission. US,DEPT.OF LABOR; US,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION; US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION USA

Accession no.703523 Item 386 ENDS Report No.284, Sept.1998, p.34 TOP TOY PRODUCER DROPS PHTHALATES FROM TEETHERS AS BANS BUILD UP In this article it is reported that the world’s largest toy producer, Mattel of the UK, is to phase out phthalate softeners from PVC teething toys for children under three. Also, Sweden and Norway are set to follow Austria and Denmark in restricting phthalates. The dispute around the use of phthalates is fully explored. MATTEL; UK,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH & THE ENVIRONMENT; DENMARK,NAT. AGENCY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; GREENPEACE; EUROPEAN COMMISSION AUSTRIA; DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.703422

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 387 Industria della Gomma 41, No.9, Nov.1997, p.16-8 Italian SOLVENTS UNDER CONTROL Garlanda B

as in the IUPAC nomenclature. An alphabetical index of tradenames is also included. EUROPEAN COMMISSION

An examination is made of a European Union directive aimed at limiting emissions of volatile organic compounds arising from the industrial use of organic solvents. Proposed emission limits applicable to the use of solvents in coatings, inks and adhesives manufacture, adhesive bonding and rubber processing are presented. COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Item 390 Official Journal of the E.C.: L Series 36, No.L84, 5th April 1993, p.1-75 COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO.793/93 OF 23 MARCH 1993 ON THE EVALUATION AND CONTROL OF THE RISKS OF EXISTING SUBSTANCES

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Details of the regulation are given including systematic data reporting and establishment of lists of priority substances, risk evaluation, list of existing substances produced or imported within the Community in quantities exceeding 1,000 tonnes per year, and list of substances exempt from the provisions of Articles 3 and 4.

Accession no.702529 Item 388 Industria della Gomma 41, No.8, Oct.1997, p.15-9 Italian WHAT RESTRICTIONS ON HAZARDOUS MATERIALS? Garlanda B A survey is made of European Union directives regulating the use of hazardous chemicals and other industrial materials. A list is presented of carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic substances covered by Directive 97/10/ CE. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.702478 Item 389 Official Journal of the E.C.: C Series 36, C 130, 10th May 1993, p.2-143 English; Spanish; Greek; German; French; Italian; Dutch; Danish; Portuguese COMMISSION COMMUNICATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 2 OF COMMISSION DECISION 87/71/EEC OF 21 DECEMBER 1984 CONCERNING THE LIST OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES NOTIFIED PURSUANT TO COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 67/548/EEC ON THE APPROXIMATION OF THE LAWS, REGULATIONS AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE CLASSIFICATION PACKAGING AND LABELLING OF DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES The European List of Notified Chemical Substances (ELINCS) is published pursuant to Commission Decision. It consists of all chemical substances notified within the European Community between 18/9/81 and 30/6/92. Each entry in the list corresponding to a chemical substance has an EEC number and dossier number, identification by tradename and/or chemical name, a classification and name

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EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

Accession no.480880

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.479914 Item 391 Occupational Health Review No.38,Aug/Sept.1992,p.17-9 DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES DIRECTIVE Hewstone R The European Community’s Dangerous Substances Directive, DSD (67/548/EEC), was originally adopted in 1967. It regulates the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. Up until Spring 1992, six amendments have been adopted. A proposed seventh amendment appeared in February 1990, but it was not until April 1992 that it was finally adopted. The major differences between the requirements of the current directive and those which will apply once the seventh amendment is implemented are outlined. WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.463635 Item 392 Official Journal of the E.C. 35,L154,5th June 1992,p.1-29 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 92/32/EEC OF 30TH APRIL 1992 AMENDING FOR THE 7TH TIME DIRECTIVE 67/548/EEC ON THE APPROXIMATION OF THE LAWS, REGULATIONS AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE CLASSIFICATION, PACKAGING AND LABELLING OF DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES The Directive details the amended articles and annexes. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.451843

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References and Abstracts

Item 393 Polyethylenes 1933-1983: Past,Present and Future; Golden Jubilee Conference. London,June 8-10,1983,p.B4.1-B4.6. 42C11 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF LOW PRESSURE PROCESSES Raufast C BP CHIMIE (PRI) Main characteristics of the linear LDPE low pressure processes are presented. The heat transfer and kinetic aspects are discussed in a more detailed manner in the case of the fluidised bed technology. 3 refs. FRANCE

Accession no.239283 Item 394 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.966,4th Dec.1982,p.20 HSE GUIDE TO NEW EINECS RULES The Health & Safety Executive has published an Approved Codes of Practice and guidance booklet on the forthcoming European Investory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS). The booklet explains the scope of the EEC regulations and their requirements, including test methods by which the required data may be obtained . Three of the codes deal with physico chemical properties, toxicity and ecotoxicity. They describe methods for establishing the basic physical characteristics of a substance, its likely distribution and persistence in the environment, whether it possesses flammable, oxidising or explosive properties, etc. The fourth code deals with good laboratory practice. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EEC; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.223634

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Subject Index

Subject Index 1,3-BUTADIENE, 96 108 278

A ABS, 61 148 196 207 214 232 254 377 ACCELERATOR, 23 101 130 132 209 226 242 344 348 374 ACCIDENT, 77 89 155 278 ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, 89 109 ACETIC ACID, 21 96 242 ACETONITRILE, 278 364 ACETYL TRIBUTYL CITRATE, 37 ACID RAIN, 192 ACIDIFICATION, 322 ACRYLAMIDE, 96 107 278 ACRYLONITRILE, 96 178 278 344 374 385 ACTIVATOR, 115 209 242 ADHESIVE, 17 47 66 72 84 89 91 94 95 103 119 122 123 146 159 169 170 175 189 212 213 217 218 225 239 246 285 292 298 301 307 322 346 358 361 372 373 385 387 AEROSOL, 132 183 225 249 252 278 344 345 367 374 388 AIR POLLUTION, 29 51 56 60 66 76 80 126 132 138 151 152 155 158 169 177 186 188 192 193 208 209 212 218 229 248 249 266 268 297 298 300 311 322 344 372 374 375 387 AIR QUALITY, 29 138 193 300 311 317 AIR SAMPLING, 132 242 252 344 374 AIRBORNE, 132 311 ALCOHOL, 47 344 374 ALLERGEN, 73 155 179 219 ALLERGY, 36 46 88 101 179 209 226 230 265 334 345 AMENDMENT, 234 266 354 AMINE, 47 87 94 242 326 344 374 ANALYSIS, 13 14 69 70 97 98 110 132 153 174 178 192 199 209 226 242 249 252 265 325 344 345 364 374 390 ANIMAL TESTING, 7 58 73 102 109 135 147 185 192 242 244 245 247 249 254 352 355 367 371

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT, 144 181 214 ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE, 35 260 ANTIOXIDANT, 132 190 209 270 377 AROMATIC, 4 81 280 311 AROMATIC AMINE, 94 119 ARSENIC, 13 ARSENIC COMPOUND, 388 ARTIFICIAL SALIVA, 192 242 ASBESTOS, 310 344 362 374 385 388 ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION, 252 374 ATOMISING, 138

B BABY FEED BOTTLE, 10 BAG, 135 318 352 355 BAN, 165 276 281 310 316 323 343 BARIUM, 13 192 BARIUM SULFATE, 309 BENZENE, 183 262 304 344 354 374 388 BENZOQUINONE, 364 BENZOYL PEROXIDE, 47 BENZYL CHLORIDE, 246 275 BEVERAGE, 92 270 BIOACCUMULATION, 28 32 41 52 53 61 62 65 104 117 212 268 281 BIOCIDE, 72 73 144 150 181 216 305 308 323 BIOCOMPATIBILITY, 131 164 166 167 206 224 BIODETERIORATION, 99 104 117 141 179 209 BIPHENYL, 265 353 BISETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE, 1 7 102 112 125 135 206 210 241 352 355 BISMUTH, 47 BISPHENOL A, 10 20 139 184 245 250 334 BISPHENOL A DIGLYCIDYL ETHER, 26 92 98 178 BISPHENOL F, 334 BLOOD BAG, 1 42 59 102 231 BLOWING AGENT, 4 19 57 58 75 111 134 153 168 178 221 225 252 267 375 BOAT, 51 60

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BOAT BUILDING, 138 BOTTLE, 10 178 192 245 318 355 BRAKE LINING, 310 BROMINATED, 35 41 44 61 65 75 149 171 196 232 281 302 312 336 377 BROMINE, 13 28 117 252 327 BROMINE COMPOUND, 136 148 194 BROMOCHLOROMETHANE, 275 BUILDING APPLICATION, 19 57 75 77 112 117 134 147 182 209 217 218 239 310 331 333 337 377 BUSINESS MACHINE, 14 43 121 163 196 377 BUTADIENE, 81 96 108 155 178 278 BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, 132 178 179 258 BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, 24 81 101 132 178 BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE, 210

C CABLE, 49 117 120 127 246 332 CADMIUM, 13 187 205 262 283 303 313 345 350 351 388 CADMIUM COMPOUND, 192 CALCIUM, 192 355 CALCIUM CARBONATE, 344 374 CALENDER, 155 156 CAN COATING, 26 86 87 92 98 233 CANCER, 73 74 154 CAPROLACTAM, 96 CAR, 147 188 209 242 CARBON, 27 47 81 362 CARBON BLACK, 242 273 326 344 374 CARBON DIOXIDE, 19 47 134 192 195 CARBON MONOXIDE, 192 CARBON SULFIDE, 344 374 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, 388 CARCINOGEN, 7 8 23 32 51 81 90 94 102 104 105 107 108 113

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Subject Index

135 140 157 159 185 191 206 244 246 247 254 264 275 294 304 311 330 352 354 376 382 390 CARCINOGENIC, 154 183 203 231 367 CARCINOGENICITY, 24 132 159 162 192 226 242 249 278 298 318 344 345 355 374 387 388 CARPET, 117 346 CASTING, 76 279 CERTIFICATION, 58 141 209 293 333 CFC, 19 252 343 CFC REPLACEMENT, 221 252 286 343 CHEMICAL, 22 32 47 58 63 64 68 73 77 83 84 109 118 140 157 162 163 209 226 249 268 271 272 278 295 304 344 345 367 371 374 388 389 390 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 345 389 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, 45 155 162 177 183 186 187 203 229 254 376 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 28 47 58 117 261 390 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 47 102 114 133 164 168 370 CHINA CLAY, 18 344 374 CHLORINATION, 179 209 265 353 CHLORINE, 74 186 192 252 345 CHLORINE DIOXIDE, 252 CHLORINE-FREE, 196 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON, 19 57 252 343 CHLOROFORM, 388 CHROMATOGRAPHY, 98 119 132 215 242 252 344 374 CHROMIUM, 13 350 CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS, 388 CITRATE, 102 CLASSIFICATION, 32 93 104 159 185 226 239 249 271 278 279 280 345 352 367 385 392 CLIMATE, 195 252 COATING, 12 15 16 17 25 26 38 47 48 52 69 78 79 80 86 87 96 98 106 126 133 143 147 150 158 173 179 188 196 197 201 212 233 235 237 246 248 250 263 280 284 285 298 306 317 322 323 339 361 370 376 379 387 388 CODE OF PRACTICE, 30 272 394 COIL COATING, 298 306 387

108

COLOURANT, 48 54 78 94 133 137 228 270 349 355 COMBUSTION, 187 192 367 COMBUSTION PRODUCT, 192 COMPATIBILITY, 24 133 141 144 288 COMPENSATION, 183 COMPENSATION LAW, 155 COMPLIANCE, 17 96 97 148 199 COMPOSITE, 3 27 29 50 51 60 73 74 76 126 138 151 152 177 178 196 208 250 297 333 365 COMPOUND, 47 74 81 117 162 209 270 271 352 COMPOUNDING, 27 132 209 214 272 COMPUTER, 14 43 121 CONSUMER GOODS, 181 CONSUMER PROTECTION, 292 CONSUMPTION, 1 52 61 92 111 144 147 179 180 196 214 220 223 225 237 285 306 317 320 333 347 359 CONTAMINANT, 18 47 78 141 255 272 275 CONTAMINATION, 47 65 107 129 131 141 154 215 220 265 352 353 CORROSIVENESS, 140 162 249 278 345 367 COSMETICS, 1 CURING, 25 47 119 127 132 147 173 188 197 279 285 306 370 CURING AGENT, 23 24 36 87 115 130 132 147 180 209 220 222 226 242 246 279 326 344 348 367 370 374 CUTANEOUS, 230 CYANOACRYLATE, 345 CYCLOHEXANE, 344 374 CYCLOHEXYL BENZOTHIAZYL SULPHENAMIDE, 226 CYCLOPENTANE, 134 CYTOTOXICITY, 224

D DAMAGE, 19 307 373 DATABASE, 84 140 162 183 238 324 345 DECABROMODIPHENYL, 276 DECABROMODIPHENYL ETHER, 41 163 171 260 302 DECABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE, 336 DECOMPOSITION, 119 178 180 220 242 DEGRADATION, 27 127 147 302

370 373 DEGRADATION PRODUCT, 132 133 DERMATITIS, 88 101 154 179 230 265 334 DETECTION LIMIT, 14 94 119 242 344 374 DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE, 210 295 359 DIAMINODIPHENYL, 388 DIBENZODIOXIN, 192 DIBENZOFURAN, 192 DIBROMOETHANE, 327 DIBROMOPROPANE, 183 DIBUTYL PHTHALATE, 210 DICHLOROBENZENE, 278 DICHLOROETHANE, 355 DICHLOROETHYLENE, 388 DICHLOROMETHANE, 344 354 374 DIETHYLAMINE, 344 374 DIETHYLENE GLYCOL, 96 DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE, 85 DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE, 1 7 102 112 125 135 206 210 241 352 355 DIGLYCIDYL ETHER, 278 DIGLYCIDYL ETHER BISPHENOL A, 87 334 DIHYDROXYBENZENE, 96 DIISOCYANATE, 94 153 DIISODECYL PHTHALATE, 7 210 DIISONONYL PHTHALATE, 7 82 157 172 210 241 244 282 295 363 DIMETHYL AMINE, 275 344 374 DIMETHYL ETHANOLAMINE, 96 DIMETHYL SULFATE, 278 DIMETHYLAMINE, 275 344 374 DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL, 96 DIOCTYL PHTHALATE, 210 295 359 DIOXIN, 117 185 191 192 302 342 355 DIPHENYL ETHER, 117 DIPHENYLGUANIDINE, 226 DIPHENYLMETHANE DIISOCYANATE, 94 119 381 DIPPING, 36 46 188 DIRECTIVE, 5 13 14 19 21 31 35 41 45 48 59 65 69 78 81 91 93 94 95 96 97 98 106 118 132 140 148 149 150 155 162 166 176 181 188 209 210 224 226 232 234 236 237 242 249 261 269

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

271 276 278 279 280 285 291 298 308 310 312 322 323 332 335 344 347 352 353 354 367 374 378 387 388 DISEASE, 132 154 278 DOLL, 207 DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 134 163 181 221 252 267 DRINKING WATER, 124 128 174 209 DUMMY, 192 209 241 242 DUST, 114 155 309 344 DUST CONTROL, 155 209 DYE, 90 178 341 349 356

E ECOTOXICOLOGY, 73 162 168 210 367 ECZEMA, 334 EFFLUENT, 79 209 EFFLUENT TREATMENT, 355 ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 5 13 14 41 148 171 187 194 196 203 232 250 276 312 337 ELECTRICAL CABLE, 49 120 EMISSION, 8 13 19 29 38 41 43 47 64 69 79 122 127 151 152 160 177 182 185 188 192 208 210 218 229 247 252 281 283 289 290 292 298 332 344 355 357 372 374 387 388 EMISSION CONTROL, 9 18 29 66 76 158 169 176 186 193 202 212 268 285 292 297 298 306 317 322 335 361 374 375 379 387 EMPLOYEE, 58 217 246 254 271 354 385 ENDOCRINE, 74 117 245 247 255 271 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER, 20 104 174 ENVIRONMENT, 3 4 7 11 12 15 16 17 38 39 40 46 67 68 73 74 100 111 112 126 129 132 140 143 145 147 156 162 173 184 188 192 209 210 226 235 241 249 252 256 259 263 272 277 278 289 290 298 300 307 319 327 333 336 339 340 342 344 345 350 355 356 359 367 374 387 390 394 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD, 19 28 29 55 57 58 102 117 162 191 206 226 241 247 249 255 266 277 283 292 300 307 331 332 345 352 371 372 379 385

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 5 14 18 21 27 33 34 35 41 42 52 53 59 61 63 64 65 83 100 104 117 125 163 164 171 176 181 182 188 192 194 205 212 247 251 303 305 333 351 367 376 377 379 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION, 18 19 28 29 37 45 47 55 57 58 80 95 104 115 134 138 144 162 168 169 186 188 193 201 205 208 209 210 212 216 217 218 226 229 240 241 248 252 255 261 266 277 281 298 300 301 308 323 324 332 333 335 344 379 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 18 19 23 28 37 58 69 77 84 124 136 138 141 142 151 157 169 177 183 186 187 194 200 203 205 211 212 216 217 218 245 247 249 255 261 268 280 283 292 297 300 308 322 344 353 355 361 372 373 374 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY, 81 134 169 189 373 EPICHLOROHYDRIN, 178 344 374 EPIDEMIOLOGY, 155 226 274 EPOXY RESIN, 10 26 44 48 87 92 98 170 184 188 250 263 334 345 388 ESTER PLASTICISER, 172 192 210 ETHANOL, 242 262 ETHYL ACETATE, 215 266 ETHYL CYANOACRYLATE, 275 ETHYLENE OXIDE, 96 318 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENEDIENE TERPOLYMER, 23 24 132 178 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, 284 314 333 ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE, 191 EXPLOSION, 77 155 EXPLOSIVE, 345 392 394 EXPLOSIVITY, 140 168 249 367 EXPOSURE, 7 124 154 262 264 265 365 381 EXPOSURE LEVEL, 9 10 56 90 92 95 102 103 146 183 191 206 236 244 245 246 254 271 295 302 304 344 376 378 390 EXPOSURE LIMIT, 50 114 162 209 222 223 226 245 246 249

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

261 269 271 275 280 295 344 345 354 374 EXTRACTION, 31 132 192 242 366 EXTRUSION, 56 156 164 188 232 284 EYE IRRITATION, 147 249 278 345

F FEEDSTOCK, 57 186 213 223 FIBRE, 242 246 310 362 365 FILLER, 29 33 34 114 132 178 196 209 214 242 264 274 325 326 344 362 374 388 FILM, 21 47 79 85 178 215 217 239 248 270 314 316 318 333 355 FISH, 92 FLAME RETARDANT, 5 28 33 34 35 40 41 43 44 53 58 61 62 65 75 90 117 127 136 148 149 163 170 171 194 196 204 214 232 260 276 281 302 312 326 327 336 377 FLOOR, 112 236 292 332 346 FLUORINE, 47 FLUOROCARBON, 221 252 FLUOROCHEMICAL, 183 FLUOROHYDROCARBON, 4 19 57 FOAM, 4 19 28 38 40 52 57 61 65 77 88 90 111 117 134 149 153 168 196 204 221 225 252 267 289 319 333 375 FOAMING AGENT, 4 19 57 58 75 111 134 153 168 178 221 225 252 267 375 FOOD-CONTACT APPLICATION, 6 8 20 21 26 30 36 46 48 54 71 73 78 85 86 87 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 124 137 141 190 192 209 228 233 242 243 258 269 270 272 314 315 318 326 349 355 359 369 FOOD PACKAGING, 8 26 30 48 54 73 78 85 86 87 92 93 94 95 96 98 107 110 119 124 141 178 189 190 215 236 243 245 269 270 318 333 355 369 371 372 FOOD SIMULANT, 96 97 98 242 FOOTWEAR, 19 179 217 298 307 387 FORMALDEHYDE, 96 344 374 385 FORMULATION, 3 27 47 81 101 102 115 133 134 144 151 157

109

Subject Index

209 213 216 243 248 251 258 348 352 370 372 FUME, 127 132 155 209 344 374 FURAN, 192 302 355 FURFURAL, 246 275 FURNITURE, 28 47 69 77 111 117 149 163 204 260

G GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 119 132 215 242 252 344 374 GAS EMISSION, 252 GENOTOXIC, 140 147 154 162 226 249 278 345 367 387 388 GLOBAL WARMING, 4 19 195 252 376 GLOVE, 101 130 179 219 352 GREENHOUSE EFFECT, 19 195 252 GROUP IV A METAL COMPOUND, 44 55 56 124 165 216

H HALOGEN-FREE, 120 127 170 377 HALOGENATED, 35 61 75 196 HALON, 252 HAND LAY-UP, 50 HANDLING, 77 79 102 114 124 134 141 153 155 180 220 262 272 279 376 392 HARMONISATION, 78 91 128 308 HAZARDOUS MATERIAL, 5 9 13 14 22 28 29 32 37 43 44 45 53 55 57 58 81 93 102 109 117 130 135 136 140 141 157 162 185 191 205 206 207 209 210 212 220 226 238 243 244 245 246 249 253 254 255 265 266 270 271 272 278 280 282 283 298 300 318 331 344 345 353 354 363 367 371 372 373 374 385 386 387 388 389 392 394 HAZARDOUS WASTE, 13 121 249 278 345 376 HCFC, 19 252 HCFC-141B, 57 134 221 HCFC-FREE, 267 HEALTH, 140 147 153 162 209 210 272 298 300 324 355 387 HEAT STABILISER, 56 75 115 124 192 205 HEAVY METAL, 14 47 192 261 283 318 345 350

110

HEPTAFLUOROPROPANE, 252 HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE, 336 HEXACHLOROETHANE, 388 HEXAMETHYLENE DIAMINE, 178 HEXANE DIISOCYANATE, 381 HFC, 4 19 57 134 252 HISTOLOGY, 355 HORMONE, 32 117 185 206 245 247 255 256 HORMONE DISRUPTER, 20 HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 175 212 213 HPLC, 132 364 HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBON, 19 57 134 221 252 HYDROFLUOROCARBON, 4 19 57 134 252 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE, 192 332 HYDROHALOCARBON COMPOUND, 4 19 57 252 HYDROLYSIS, 98 168 HYDROQUINONE, 364 HYDROXYBENZENE, 388 HYDROXYLAMINE, 147 HYGIENE, 36 91 106 141 155

I IMMUNOLOGY, 167 IMPLANT, 214 224 338 IMPURITY, 249 269 INCINERATION, 18 182 192 196 206 306 326 332 333 355 INDUSTRIAL HAZARD, 12 25 88 89 100 108 111 112 113 122 132 146 154 162 192 209 226 227 242 246 249 254 264 265 271 273 288 294 326 329 344 345 356 367 368 385 INFLAMMATION, 309 INGESTION, 132 147 278 INHALATION, 23 27 108 114 132 147 154 192 278 298 309 345 364 365 367 368 387 388 INJECTION MOULDING, 56 318 INK, 17 48 95 119 141 197 212 215 298 387 INTEGRATED POLLUTION CONTROL, 280 INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT, 355 IRRIGATION PIPE, 333 IRRITANT, 23 56 73 88 130 132 140 147 155 197 230 249 278

334 345 367 ISOCYANATE, 11 47 77 94 96 103 153 279 345 ISOPROPYL PHENYL PHENYLENE DIAMINE, 226

K KAOLIN, 18 344 374

L LABELLING, 32 81 93 102 104 107 135 140 147 153 182 198 210 220 226 249 261 278 279 280 291 298 315 345 353 367 373 385 388 389 391 LAMINATE, 94 178 267 LAMINATION, 76 119 298 LANDFILL, 18 124 182 206 241 313 355 LATEX, 36 46 101 179 209 219 230 248 348 LATEX SENSITIVITY, 155 209 LAWSUIT, 43 105 129 185 218 240 LEACHING, 1 10 37 102 117 125 161 179 182 234 245 305 316 LEAD, 13 157 165 187 192 205 261 276 313 342 344 345 350 374 388 LEAD-FREE, 43 49 115 377 LIABILITY, 89 91 240 358 LIGHT STABILISER, 6 370 LITIGATION, 89 109 LOW EMISSION, 3 127 LOW TOXICITY, 197 309

M MANUFACTURING, 13 28 32 58 81 102 134 141 208 247 357 MARINE APPLICATION, 216 323 MASS SPECTROMETRY, 132 252 MASTERBATCH, 23 127 180 248 270 MATERIALS HANDLING, 238 MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION, 1 10 19 21 23 24 28 31 42 44 47 49 52 57 59 61 75 81 93 102 111 112 115 122 133 134 135 142 147 149 151 152 163 169 171 182 192 204 205 206 209 216 221 223 225 231 232 236 248 261 266 267 271 277 283 285 287 291 299 305 306 312 318 320 323 335 346 347 362 372 375 376 377 378 387

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

MATTRESS, 61 77 MEDICAL APPLICATION, 1 21 42 59 73 102 131 135 160 161 164 166 167 179 185 191 206 209 214 224 228 231 236 241 247 256 257 316 338 352 MELAMINE CYANURATE, 196 MERCAPTOBENZTHIAZOLE, 130 226 MERCURY, 13 342 350 MERCURY COMPOUND, 388 METABOLISM, 242 METHANOL, 344 374 METHYL CHLOROFORM, 192 388 METHYL DIPHENYL DIISOCYANATE, 19 47 58 METHYL ETHYL KETONE, 266 METHYL STYRENE, 277 METHYLAL, 168 METHYLBENZENE, 266 METHYLBUTYL ACETATE, 275 METHYLENE CHLORIDE, 225 375 METHYLENE DIPHENYL DIISOCYANATE, 290 319 METHYLENEBIS(2CHLOROANILINE), 222 METHYLETHYLKETONE, 266 MIGRATION, 1 6 10 21 26 42 48 85 86 87 91 92 94 95 96 97 98 102 110 117 119 125 137 141 160 161 192 207 210 215 231 233 234 236 241 242 247 256 258 269 282 287 291 296 299 316 318 320 328 330 347 349 355 372 378 386 MOCA, 222 MONITORING, 47 50 77 212 218 252 255 265 364 365 381 MONOMER, 8 78 93 96 98 108 152 178 192 200 241 243 254 278 318 344 355 366 374 388 MONTREAL PROTOCOL, 252 MORPHOLINE, 344 374 MOULDING, 29 60 156 164 MUTAGENICITY, 32 47 95 140 147 162 226 249 278 298 318 345 367 388

N NANOPARTICLE, 27 NAPHTHALENE, 388 NATURAL RUBBER, 101 130 155 178 179 209 219 230 258 387 NIPPLE, 192 209 242 NITRATE, 344 374

NITRITE, 242 344 374 NITROGEN OXIDE, 218 242 322 344 374 NITROSAMINE, 23 36 46 48 101 155 209 242 344 348 374 NITROSATING AGENT, 242 344 374 NONYLPHENOL, 262 NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATE, 133 262

O OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE, 153 154 275 368 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARD, 9 155 385 OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE, 77 OCTABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE, 336 OCTABROMODIPHENYLETHER, 28 163 171 276 ODOUR, 30 141 153 178 209 ODOUR REDUCTION, 181 OESTROGEN, 255 256 OLIVE OIL, 96 97 242 355 OPEN MOULD, 29 76 297 ORGANIC PEROXIDE, 180 220 367 ORGANIC SOLVENT, 188 298 317 387 ORGANOCHLORINE, 74 ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES, 95 215 318 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS, 33 34 170 ORGANOTIN COMPOUND, 44 55 56 313 388 OXIRANE, 96 318 OXYBISPHENOXYARSINE, 144 OZONE, 29 81 252 317 322 OZONE DEPLETION, 19 57 74 134 193 218 221 226 249 252 286 343 372 376 OZONE LAYER, 4 226 252

P PACKAGING, 6 8 21 26 28 44 75 80 85 90 110 119 140 141 162 178 190 192 203 214 215 224 226 228 233 243 247 249 253 270 280 301 314 315 318 331 333 345 355 367 369 371 372 373 388 389 391 392 PACKAGING OF CHEMICALS, 140 162 226 249 253 345 367 388 391

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

PAINT, 15 16 25 133 173 188 207 216 235 248 261 263 280 283 305 306 308 317 323 357 364 370 379 388 PARTICLE SIZE, 101 132 188 309 PATHOLOGY, 132 PENTABROMODIPHENYL ETHER, 28 53 PENTABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE, 278 336 PENTABROMOPHENYL ETHER, 204 PENTACHLOROPHENOL, 388 PEROXIDE, 24 180 209 220 367 PEROXIDE VULCANISATION, 132 209 PESTICIDE, 53 74 255 371 PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION, 209 214 224 225 228 318 PHENOL, 388 PHENYL HYDRAZINE, 278 PHOSGENE, 178 PHOSPHORUS, 35 PHTHALATE, 1 2 21 37 44 59 104 160 192 205 210 231 236 241 245 247 256 287 291 299 316 318 320 328 347 378 384 386 PHTHALATE ESTER, 7 100 102 PIGMENT, 6 18 58 75 133 178 188 261 270 283 303 341 345 350 351 356 388 PIPE, 42 124 134 182 192 199 209 332 333 377 PLASTICISED, 102 192 210 241 PLASTICISER, 1 2 7 10 21 24 37 42 44 59 75 82 85 99 100 104 112 125 132 135 142 160 161 164 172 178 182 191 192 203 205 206 210 214 231 234 236 241 244 247 270 280 282 287 291 295 298 299 316 318 320 326 328 330 347 352 355 359 377 378 384 387 POISON, 162 POLLUTANT, 32 53 229 268 POLLUTION, 29 32 51 56 60 66 74 76 80 104 121 126 132 138 143 147 151 152 155 158 169 177 183 186 188 192 193 199 208 209 212 216 218 226 229 235 247 248 249 252 266 268 272 278 297 298 300 311 322 333 344 355 357 372 374 375 376 387 POLLUTION CONTROL, 38 77 80 125 129 138 155 169 177 186 193 208 211 212 237 240

111

Subject Index

255 259 280 285 300 311 332 340 341 POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER, 62 65 276 312 POLYCARBONATE, 10 20 61 178 184 214 245 250 318 333 377 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL, 74 183 216 388 POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXIN, 192 POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN, 192 POLYCHLORINATED TRIPHENOL, 388 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON, 31 POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON, 132 344 POLYSTYRENE, 4 48 61 117 178 214 252 267 270 276 302 312 314 318 333 377 388 POLYURETHANE, 4 11 28 38 40 47 57 58 61 65 88 90 94 103 111 117 119 133 134 146 149 150 153 168 173 178 179 188 196 204 221 222 224 225 239 252 267 289 290 294 316 319 345 346 370 375 388 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 1 2 7 8 21 42 44 48 55 56 59 74 75 82 85 87 99 100 102 104 105 112 124 125 132 135 142 144 150 157 160 161 164 165 178 179 181 182 185 186 187 191 192 197 198 199 203 205 206 207 210 211 214 224 231 236 241 247 254 282 287 291 295 296 313 314 316 318 320 328 330 331 332 333 347 352 355 363 377 378 384 386 388 POLYVINYLBENZENE, 48 214 276 302 314 POTABLE WATER, 124 128 174 209 POWDER, 47 114 132 147 173 188 345 355 374 388 PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE, 169 212 285 301 361 PRIMER, 126 188 263 370 PRINTING INK, 212 215 298 387 PROCESSING, 56 58 81 124 132 151 153 164 187 188 191 209 248 270 298 315 318 344 366 374 387 393 PRODUCT LIABILITY, 240 358 PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP, 77 145

112

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, 162 278 310 PROTEIN, 209 230 PROTEIN SENSITIVITY, 179 209

R RAW MATERIAL, 10 18 47 58 74 77 84 140 146 164 197 200 201 213 217 223 225 239 250 293 344 RECYCLING, 5 14 42 43 48 74 75 96 121 141 164 178 182 187 188 192 195 196 206 209 217 225 232 241 243 253 259 276 281 301 302 312 318 319 333 355 373 REFRIGERATOR, 221 252 REPRODUCIBILITY, 14 178 209 RESIDUAL ADDITIVE, 163 RESIDUAL MONOMER, 8 94 96 132 192 269 RESIDUAL SOLVENT, 95 215 RESIN, 29 132 208 248 RESORCINOL, 374 RESPIRATION, 132 RESPIRATORY DISEASE, 132 278 RESPONSIBLE CARE, 77 109 150 183 RESTRICTED MATERIAL, 293 RISK ASSESSMENT, 2 9 10 12 32 33 34 35 37 40 41 48 52 58 59 63 64 65 75 77 80 84 86 91 92 93 95 102 104 107 109 118 131 135 138 141 146 149 162 163 165 171 182 183 191 203 204 205 206 210 226 232 239 246 247 249 254 269 271 295 298 304 308 312 331 344 345 363 368 371 386 RISK MANAGEMENT, 93 131 344

S SAFETY, 7 18 19 20 26 28 32 37 39 47 48 50 58 60 69 72 73 77 78 82 85 87 94 95 102 109 110 111 114 120 122 123 124 134 135 139 141 144 145 147 153 155 157 160 162 165 166 167 184 185 190 191 193 206 207 209 210 213 217 220 224 226 227 228 233 234 238 243 244 245 247 249 272 278 288 294 295 296 315 324 326 344 345 352 354 362 363 367 369 385 386 390

SALIVA, 192 SAMPLING, 56 70 132 199 242 252 344 364 365 374 SECONDARY AMINE, 242 344 374 SENSITISATION, 249 278 367 SENSITIVITY, 155 209 226 SILICA, 114 242 264 273 325 344 374 SKIN, 19 154 SKIN-CONTACT, 27 130 154 278 388 SKIN IRRITATION, 23 56 88 130 147 155 197 230 278 334 345 SOLVENT, 17 24 47 69 95 143 153 155 158 159 168 169 188 209 215 217 218 225 227 242 248 252 266 278 280 284 285 298 317 322 329 335 340 344 357 366 370 374 376 387 388 SOLVENT BASED, 66 122 133 169 188 298 306 346 372 387 SOLVENT BONDING, 387 SOLVENT EMISSION, 17 176 188 237 285 298 344 379 387 SOLVENT EXTRACTION, 132 242 SOLVENT RECOVERY, 285 387 SOLVENT REMOVAL, 95 SOLVENT RETENTION, 215 STABILISER, 5 13 42 44 55 56 75 115 124 142 165 178 182 187 192 205 214 270 313 355 364 377 388 STANDARD, 8 13 14 19 28 37 38 39 46 47 49 60 70 80 81 96 109 116 120 126 128 132 134 141 158 167 178 179 202 207 209 214 222 224 241 246 247 253 254 255 273 297 311 321 332 333 369 377 383 385 STYRENE, 3 50 51 81 151 152 177 178 208 277 297 326 366 STYRENE EMISSION, 76 138 SULFENAMIDE, 242 SULFUR, 18 24 81 242 SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE, 19 252 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 52 58 133 153 188 298 SURFACE MIGRATION, 92 SURGICAL APPLICATION, 101 135 179 256 338 SURGICAL TUBING, 21

T TALC, 156 344 374

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

TDI, 11 19 58 88 94 119 239 279 289 319 381 TEAT, 192 209 242 TEETHING RING, 287 291 378 TERATOGEN, 367 TESTING, 7 8 20 22 28 30 31 32 43 47 48 49 58 63 68 73 77 83 84 91 93 94 95 96 97 98 102 109 117 119 130 133 135 141 146 147 179 181 182 183 185 192 207 212 214 231 236 242 243 244 245 246 247 249 254 269 271 287 289 291 308 316 320 331 347 348 352 355 363 364 365 367 369 371 381 386 390 394 TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A, 260 TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOX IN, 192 TETRACHLOROETHANE, 388 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, 278 TETRAETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE, 226 TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE, 130 344 TETRAMETHYLXYLENE DIISOCYANATE, 370 TEXTILE APPLICATION, 41 47 65 117 194 237 362 388 THRESHOLD VALUE, 56 96 97 132 162 192 215 229 242 249 278 298 309 311 344 345 374 TIN, 47 205 355 TIN COMPOUND, 44 55 56 124 165 216 313 388 TITANIUM, 47 TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 273 309 326 TMTD, 130 344 TOLUENE, 266 TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE, 11 19 58 88 94 119 239 279 289 319 381 TOXIC, 45 73 293 TOXICITY, 13 18 23 24 26 27 28 32 33 34 37 47 52 53 56 58 65 67 74 78 80 81 85 86 87 99 100 102 110 112 114 116 117 120 121 127 128 131 132 133 134 137 139 140 141 144 147 153 154 159 161 162 169 170 172 183 191 192 194 196 200 203 209 210 212 214 216 224 226 231 234 239 241 242 243 245 246 247 249 252 260 264 268 269 270 271 272 274 275 278 279 290 295 298 299 302 305

309 314 315 316 318 319 321 323 326 329 336 344 345 355 359 363 365 367 368 370 371 374 376 385 386 387 388 390 392 394 TOXICOLOGY, 6 20 48 73 90 98 99 104 106 150 162 164 168 181 190 210 261 274 336 367 TOYS, 1 2 21 37 42 59 82 124 125 147 157 172 192 207 210 228 231 234 236 241 242 244 245 247 282 287 291 296 299 316 320 328 330 347 363 378 384 386 388 TRIBUTYL TIN, 255 305 323 TRICHLOROBENZENE, 246 275 TRICHLOROETHANE, 192 388 TRICHLOROETHYLENE, 159 278 TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE, 147 TRISCHLOROPROPYL PHOSPHATE, 260 TUBING, 1 21 135 231 352 TUMOUR, 100 192 TYRE, 31 38 81 114 154 179 251 288

U ULTRAMARINE BLUE, 18 UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 3 47 87 147 151 152 178 188 197 200 277 366 388 UPHOLSTERY, 65 149 194

132 164 209 242 344 374

W WASHING, 192 245 WASTE, 43 74 121 141 147 153 164 187 188 192 209 241 249 252 278 318 333 345 355 379 WASTE DISPOSAL, 14 18 48 77 147 169 191 192 196 206 232 241 276 278 312 320 332 333 341 353 355 379 WASTE MANAGEMENT, 18 142 203 205 281 331 332 355 WATER-BASED, 25 47 133 158 188 217 248 263 285 301 306 WATER-BORNE, 47 66 217 370 372 WATER PIPE, 199 209 333 377 WATER POLLUTION, 104 147 183 199 209 226 229 249 278 387

X XYLENE, 266 XYLIDINE, 278

Z ZINC, 13 23 36 47 130 192 209 226 242 263 313 323 344 355 374

V VANADIUM PENTOXIDE, 275 VENTILATION, 29 50 155 297 366 VINYL CHLORIDE, 48 183 192 199 241 254 344 355 374 385 388 VINYL CYANIDE, 96 178 278 344 374 385 VINYL TOLUENE, 277 VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE, 96 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND, 16 17 25 47 51 66 76 122 132 173 176 178 186 188 212 215 217 218 235 237 248 277 280 285 298 301 306 317 322 335 339 346 361 370 372 376 387 VOLATILITY, 3 132 188 192 242 298 344 374 387 388 VULCANISATION, 23 36 46 101

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

113

Subject Index

114

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Company Index

Company Index 3M (EUROPE), 301

A ADIDAS, 217 ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS LP, 49 AEI COMPOUNDS LTD., 127 AIJU, 241 AKCROS CHEMICALS LTD., 313 AKZO NOBEL, 263 AKZO NOBEL FUNCTIONAL CHEMICALS BV, 33 ALBEMARLE CORP., 28 336 ALBEMARLE EUROPE SPRL, 33 ALBERDINGK BOLEY GMBH, 47 ALICANTE,UNIVERSITY, 192 ALLEGIANCE CORP., 219 AMERICAN CHEMISTRY COUNCIL, 135 157 AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE & HEALTH, 191 206 241 316 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, 207 AMTICO CO., 112 ANCHOR CONTINENTAL INC., 361 APME, 26 ARIZONA CHEMICAL, 217 ASOCIACION ESPANOLA DE FABRICANTES DE JUGUETES, 241 ASSN.OF EUROPEAN PRODUCERS OF FLAME RETARDANT OLEFINIC CABLE COMP, 120 ASSOCIATION OF PLASTICS MFRS.IN EUROPE, 20 ASSOCIAZIONE ITALIANA COMMERCIO CHIMICO, 140 ATOFINA, 57 ATOFINA CHEMICALS INC., 56 ATRION INTERNATIONAL, 324 360 AUSIMONT SPA, 252 AUSTIN MARKETING RESOURCES, 175 213 AVECIA, 248 AVECIA PROTECTION & HYGIENE, 150

B BACHARACH INC., 381 BASF AG, 47 95 228 247 BASF CORP., 39 99 BAXENDEN CHEMICALS LTD., 239 279 BAXTER HEALTHCARE, 247 BAYER AG, 47 319 BAYER CORP., 217 BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE, 11 47 BENTONITE PERFORMANCE MATERIALS, 325 BEVERIDGE & DIAMOND PC, 259 BOLOGNA,UNIVERSITA, 365 BP AMOCO CHEMICALS, 277 285 BP CHEMICALS LTD., 357 BP CHIMIE, 393 BP CZECH REPUBLIC AS, 382 BP GLOBAL SPECIAL PRODUCTS, 81 BPF, 203 BRENNTAG EUROCHEM GMBH, 239 BREVET INC., 185 BRITE-EURAM, 209 BRITISH COATINGS FEDERATION, 17 BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN., 203 272 BROMINE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM, 302 BUREAU DE LIAISON DES INDUSTRIES DU CAOUTCHOUC DE L’UE, 81

C CALEB MANAGEMENT SERVICES LTD., 4 CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD, 218 CANADA,DEPT.OF FISHERIES & OCEANS, 117 CANADA,GOVERNMENT, 135 373 CANADA,INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES, 117 CANADA,MINISTRY OF HEALTH, 363

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

CARDINAL HEALTH INC., 219 CASWELL & CO.LTD., 122 CEFIC, 118 139 250 CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION, 7 CEPE, 15 16 CHEM TECHNOLOGIES LTD., 23 CHEMADVISOR INC., 385 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 255 CHEMQUEST GROUP, 217 CIBA SPECIALTY CHEMICALS, 137 261 CLARIANT CORP., 350 CLEVELAND CLINIC FOUNDATION, 230 CNR, 252 COATES LORILLEAUX SPA, 215 COGENT REGULATORY SCIENCE INC., 51 60 COMPOSITES FABRICATORS ASSOCIATION, 208 COUNCIL OF EUROPE, 87 COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, 387 COVANCE LABORATORIES LTD., 167 CRAY VALLEY, 177 CRAY VALLEY UK STRUCTURAL RESINS, 151

D DANISCO, 21 DANISH VETERINARY & FOOD ADMINISTRATION, 85 DELTECH CORP., 277 DEMAG ERGOTECH, 318 DENMARK,NAT.AGENCY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 281 386 DET NORSKE VERITAS, 241 DOW CORNING CORP., 338 DOW DEUTSCHLAND GMBH, 26 DOW EUROPE, 26 47 DOW QUIMICA SA, 145 DPNA INTERNATIONAL, 217 DSM COATINGS RESINS BV, 47 DSM RESOLVE, 13 DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC., 112 129

115

Company Index

DUBLIN,UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, 144 DUPONT, 47 DUPONT DOW ELASTOMERS, 217 DUTCH CONSENSUS GROUP, 282

E EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO., 54 318 ECKERT SEAMANS CHERIN & MELLOTT LLC, 358 ECOBALANCE, 331 ECOSYNTHETIX INC., 217 ECOTOXCONSULTING, 26 EMS-PRIMID, 147 ENGINEERED POLYMER SOLUTIONS, 248 ENTEC, 331 ENVIRONMENT CANADA, 117 ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE, 157 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 247 375 ENVIRONMENTAL WORKING GROUP, 183 ERLANGEN,UNIVERSITAT, 302 EU,JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE, 72 EUCOMED, 191 206 EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 2 19 22 31 32 37 42 47 53 57 58 63 64 68 83 102 123 136 141 142 149 165 174 184 198 204 206 210 229 232 236 247 252 270 271 278 280 282 283 287 296 303 316 322 328 330 332 363 386 389 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, ENVIRONMENT COUNCIL, 32 EUROPEAN COUNCIL, 58 141 210 EUROPEAN COUNCIL FOR PLASTICISERS & INTERMEDIATES, 104 231 247 282 299 347 352 EUROPEAN COUNCIL OF VINYL MANUFACTURERS, 241 331 EUROPEAN FLAME RETARDANT ASSN., 35 40 EUROPEAN FLUOROCARBON TECHNICAL COMMITTEE, 252

116

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, 19 32 58 59 163 171 182 210 234 247 267 EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY, 252 EUROPEAN UNION, 159 EVC, 165 EXETER,UNIVERSITY, 74 EXXONMOBIL CHEMICAL CO., 7 100

F FASSON,ROLL DIV., 301 FEDERCHIMICA, 140 162 247 FEICA, 292 FLEXITALLIC, 362 FLEXSYS BV, 36 FORMOSA PLASTICS CORP., 8 FRIENDS OF THE EARTH, 255 FRONTIER CARBON CORP., 47 FROST & SULLIVAN INC., 301

G GAIKER CENTRO TECNOLOGICO, 3 GDANSK,MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, 70 GE PLASTICS, 245 GEMEINSCHAFT EMISSIONSKONTROLLIERTE VERLEGEWERKSTOFFE EV, 292 GENERAL MOTORS CORP., 88 GENOVA,UNIVERSITA, 252 GEON CO., 254 GERMANY,FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR HEALTH, 270 GERMANY,GOVERNMENT, 47 GERMANY,MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, 276 GFA LABORATORY, 302 GILLETTE CO., 88 GLAXO-WELLCOME, 368 GOODRICH B.F.,CO., 254 GOWLING STRATHY & HENDERSON, 373 GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP., 28 33 GREENPEACE, 211 247 386

H HAMBURG,BERUFSGENOSSEN SCHAFT DER STRASSEN-,UBAHNEN UND EISENBAHN,

146 HANNA M.A.,CO., 349 HASBRO INC., 157 HEALTH CANADA, 102 135 HEALTH CARE WITHOUT HARM, 135 HEINRICH MACK GMBH & CO., 366 HEMPEL PAINTS AS, 216 HENKEL AG, 301 HENKEL-TEROSON GMBH, 189 HERCULES INC., 180 220 HESSE-LIGNAL, 47 HOBUM OLEOCHEMICALS, 47 HOECHST AG, 359 366 HOLLIDAY PIGMENTS LTD., 18 HONEYWELL, 57 HONEYWELL FLUORINE PRODUCTS EUROPE BV, 134 HUNGARY,NATIONAL FOODSTUFFS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 369 HUNTINGDON LIFE SCIENCES, 256 HUNTSMAN ADVANCED MATERIALS, 26 HUNTSMAN URETHANE SPECIALTIES, 47 HYDRO POLYMERS, 165

I ICI, 96 248 ICI PAINTS, 26 IFOCA, 242 INDIANA,DEPT.OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, 208 INDUSTRIAL COPOLYMERS, 173 370 INDUSTRIEVERBAND KLEBSTOFFE EV, 292 307 INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE, 87 INSTITUTO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA DE POLIMEROS, 209 318 INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER, 102 206 INTERNATIONAL CADMIUM ASSOCIATION, 303 351 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT, 247 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION, 216

© Copyright 2006 Rapra Technology Limited

Company Index

INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT SAFETY MANAGEMENT INC., 116 INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE COATINGS, 263 INTERTAPE POLYMER GROUP, 212 INVER SPA, 188 ISOPA, 19 58 ISTITUTO ITALIANO DEI PLASTICI, 333 ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITA, 140 141 162 ITALY,MINISTRY OF TRADE & INDUSTRY, 162 ITC AS, 383

MATTEL, 157 386 MED-NET GMBH, 224 MEDICAL DEVICE CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL, 257 MICHELIN GROUP, 294 MILLER ENVIRONMENTAL & SAFETY DEVICES, 38 MOBIL OIL CO.LTD., 288 MONTREAL PROTOCOL MULTILATERAL FUND, 286 MORTON INTERNATIONAL CORP., 284

N

JOHN ADAMS ASSOCIATES, 245 JOTUN PAINTS AS, 216

NASA, 252 NIKE, 217 NORTEL-CARLETON UNIVERSITY, 47 NYNAS NAPHTHENICS AB, 24

K

O

KELLER & HECKMAN LLP, 8 78 93 190 243 295 372 KHON KAEN,UNIVERSITY, 155

OHIO ART CO., 207 OSAKA ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES CO.LTD., 197 OXYCHEM, 254

J

L LAMBIOTTE & CIE SA, 168 LANCASTER,UNIVERSITY, 62 65 LEGO SYSTEMS INC., 157 LEICESTER,UNIVERSITY, 273 LIVERPOOL,UNIVERSITY, 102 131 LONDON,SOUTH BANK UNIVERSITY, 327 LOUISVILLE,UNIVERSITY, 254 LOWENSTEIN SANDLER PC, 89 LRCCP, 242 344 374 LYONDELL CHEMICAL CO., 200 248

M MAGIS GESELLSCHAFT FUER UMWELT INFORMATIONSSYSTEME MBH, 238 MALAYSIAN RUBBER BOARD, 179 MALAYSIAN RUBBER PRODUCERS’ COUNCIL, 219 MASSACHUSETTS,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 274

P PAINT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION, 106 143 229 262 280 PANALYTICAL BV, 13 14 PANTASOTE CO., 105 PARKER HANNIFIN GMBH, 45 PIRA INTERNATIONAL, 30 97 233 269 POLYMERON NETWORK, 136 PROCESSED PLASTIC CO., 207 PVC INFORMATION CENTRE, 247

R RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD., 164 258 272 294 REEBOK CORP., 217 RESINOUS CHEMICALS LTD., 201 RHEIN CHEMIE GMBH, 115 RHODIA, 114 RICOH, 148 ROBINSON BROTHERS LTD., 101 ROHM & HAAS CO., 55 56

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ROYAL DUTCH SHELL GROUP, 235

S SAFEPHARM LABORATORIES LTD., 48 SAMSUNG, 44 SAPICI SPA, 119 SARRIA,INSTITUTO QUIMICO, 241 SCF, 86 SCHILL & SEILACHER GMBH, 170 SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON TOXICITY,ECOTOXICITY & ENVIRONMENT, 316 SEALED AIR CORP., 91 SEP-DPPC, 374 SHELL CHEMICALS, 235 SHR TIMBER RESEARCH, 69 SILICON VALLEY TOXICS COALITION, 121 SOCIETY OF THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY, 371 SOLVAY, 57 SOLVAY SA, 337 SPAIN,MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, 355 SPECIALIZED TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES INC., 207 SPI, 240 SPI,POLYURETHANE DIV., 380 STEVENS URETHANE, 316 STOMIL, 71 SUN CHEMICAL CORP., 356 SURREY,UNIVERSITY, 260 SWEDEN,INSTITUTE OF DERMATOLOGY, 334

T TARGOR, 318 TARKETT SOMMER, 112 TECNON UK, 266 TEGO CHEMIE SERVICE, 133 TEIJIN TWARON BV, 46 TEKNOR APEX CO., 161 TICONA GMBH, 128 TNO, 282 328 TNO INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY, 253 TNO NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH, 98 TNO PLASTICS & RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 316 TOXICOLOGY/REGULATORY

117

Company Index

SERVICES INC., 37 TOY INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION, 157 TOY MANUFACTURERS OF AMERICA, 157 384 TOYO REIFEN GMBH, 251 TUN ABDUL RAZAK RESEARCH CENTRE, 348 TUV PRODUCT SERVICE LTD., 166

U UK,CENTRAL SCIENCE LABORATORY, 94 UK,DEPT.FOR THE ENVIRONMENT,FOOD & RURAL AFFAIRS, 32 52 UK,DEPT.OF THE ENVIRONMENT,TRANSPORT AND THE REGIONS, 237 331 UK,DEPT.OF TRADE & IND., 316 UK,ENVIRONMENT AGENCY, 34 255 332 353 UK,EXPERT PANEL ON AIR QUALITY STANDARDS, 311 UK,GOVERNMENT, 165 245 UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION, 354 UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE, 9 50 113 227 246 275 304 309 310 329 364 394 UK,HEALTH & SAFETY LABORATORY, 265 UK,HOUSE OF COMMONS,ENVIRONMENT COMMITTEE, 58 UK,INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE, 309 UK,LABORATORY OF THE GOVERNMENT CHEMIST, 316 UK,NATIONAL HEART & LUNG INSTITUTE, 264 UK,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH & THE ENVIRONMENT, 386 UNGARETTI & HARRIS, 90 107 UNI, 333 UNI-BELL PVC PIPE ASSN., 199 US,ADHESIVES & SEALANTS COUNCIL, 218 US,ASSOCIATION OF NON-WOVEN FABRICS INDUSTRY, 158 US,CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSN.,

118

254 US,CHEMICAL SAFETY & HAZARD INVESTIGATION BOARD, 109 US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION, 82 157 172 244 363 384 385 US,CONSUMER PRODUCTS SAFETY COMMISSION, 207 US,DEPT.OF LABOR, 385 US,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION, 385 US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 12 25 66 76 80 108 116 126 157 193 202 208 266 268 297 300 341 342 352 371 372 US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION, 102 135 190 243 270 352 371 372 US,GOVERNMENT, 157 218 US,NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS, 218 US,NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, 247 US,NATIONAL CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY & TECHNOLOGY, 314 315 US,NATIONAL INST.FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH, 88 US,NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, 194 US,NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM, 185 US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, 116 218 222 254 US,OZONE TRANSPORT COMMISSION, 218 US,PUBLIC INTEREST RESEARCH GROUP, 244 US,SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH NETWORK, 135 US,SUPREME COURT, 193 US,TIN STABILIZERS ASSOCIATION, 56 US,TOY INDUSTRY ASSN., 172 US,VINYL INSTITUTE, 8 160 UTRECHT,UNIVERSITY, 154

VINYL INSTITUTE, 185 199 VIP RUBBER CO.INC., 156 VKE, 187

W WESTON R.F.,INC., 289 WORLDWIDE FUND FOR NATURE, 58 WWF-WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE, 245

Z ZEON CHEMICALS INC., 254 ZURICH CANTON,OFFICIAL FOOD CONTROL AUTHORITY, 110

V VALSPAR, 86 VALSPAR CORP., 92 VERBAND DER LACKINDUSTRIE EV, 379

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