Report 150
ISSN: 0889-3144
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning D.E. Packham
Volume 13, Number 6, 2002
Rapra Review Reports Expert overviews covering the science and technology of rubber and plastics
RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows: 1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References and Abstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstracts section. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstracts database, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc. 2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Polymer Library database. The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below. 3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to the abstracts records on the database to aid retrieval.
Source of original article Title
Item 1 Macromolecules
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83 EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han Akron,University The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs.
Location
GOODRICH B.F. USA
Authors and affiliation
Abstract
Companies or organisations mentioned
Accession no.771897
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Report 60
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Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.
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Report 62
Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.
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Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.
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Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University. Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, International Automotive Design.
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Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and 3M Belgium SA.
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Report 65
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Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems, Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
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Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.
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Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications, J.A. Brydson.
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Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.
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Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.
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Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université Pierre et Marie Curie.
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Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning D.E. Packham (Materials Research Centre, University of Bath)
ISBN 1-85957-357-6
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Contents 1.
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3
2.
The Underlying Causes of Mould Sticking and Fouling ...................................................................... 4
3.
2.1
Contact and Adhesion ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.2
Fundamental and Practical Adhesion ............................................................................................. 4
2.3
Failure Energy ................................................................................................................................. 5
2.4
Surface Activity and Incompatibility .............................................................................................. 6
2.5
Summary of the Underlying Causes ............................................................................................... 6
Investigations into Mould Release and Fouling .................................................................................... 6 3.1
Systematic Studies of Mould Release ............................................................................................ 6 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5
3.2
Systematic Studies of Mould Fouling .......................................................................................... 18 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4
3.3
Mould Release Agents ...................................................................................................... 24
Practical Aspects of Mould Release and Fouling ................................................................................ 25 4.1
Surface Treatment of Moulds ....................................................................................................... 25 4.1.1 4.1.2
5.
Early Work on Fouling of Rubber Moulds ....................................................................... 18 Filled Nitrile Rubber ........................................................................................................ 18 Japanese Work .................................................................................................................. 20 Mould Fouling: Other Studies .......................................................................................... 21
Mould Release and Fouling - General Discussion ....................................................................... 22 3.3.1
4.
Early Work on Release of Rubbers .................................................................................... 6 Release of Model Polyurethane Rubber ............................................................................. 8 Internal Release Agents .................................................................................................... 10 Emulsion Polymerised Nitrile Rubber ............................................................................. 10 Mould Release: Other Studies .......................................................................................... 15
Hardening Treatments ...................................................................................................... 25 Ion Implantation ............................................................................................................... 27
4.2
Practical Aspects: Selection of Release Agents............................................................................ 27
4.3
Cleaning ........................................................................................................................................ 28
4.4
Assessment of Release and Fouling Behaviour ............................................................................ 29
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 31 Additional References ................................................................................................................................... 32 Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .......................................................................................... 35 Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 103
1
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
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2
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
1 Introduction The enormous importance of materials technology to civilisation is shown by the practice of naming past cultures by the dominant material in use. During the twentieth century polymer-based materials - rubber, plastics and composites - joined metals and traditional ceramics, concrete and timber as major engineering materials. A high proportion of polymer artefacts are produced by moulding: the material is introduced into a cavity, sets and is removed. After a brief delay, the cycle is repeated. A significant attraction of polymers as practical materials for large production runs is that the manufacture of a useful article can often be made in a simple, one-step moulding operation. Where an intricate shape is involved - a tyre tread or a comb are mundane examples - the advantage over non-polymers is enormous. The free market economy, which is an important constituent in the social paradigm which dominates the Western industrialised world, and increasingly the rest of the globe, is strongly wedded to the eighteenth century concept of ‘progress’. This concept treats perpetual amelioration as an incontestable ‘given’. This translates to the polymer processing industry as a ‘need’ for ever-increasing production rates to reduce costs. These are sought by reducing moulding cycle times, for example by processing reacting materials at higher temperatures, and by replacing human operatives, wherever possible, by robots. An intrinsic problem with polymer moulding, which limits production rates, is the difficulty of removing the moulding from the mould. With some materials the problem of mould release is never far away, with most materials it is sporadic. The drive for shorter moulding cycles aggravates the problem, which is sometimes so bad as to seriously hinder the introduction of automated removal of the moulded product. Another problem which limits production rate, is the build-up of deposits on the mould surface after a number - sometimes quite a small number - of moulding cycles. This ‘mould fouling’ is often associated with mould release difficulties. It can lead to severe release problems, or at least to blemishes in the surface of the moulding. It is mould fouling, together with the tenuously-related problem of mould release, which are the subject of this review. Difficulties of mould release are generally reduced to acceptable levels by the use of mould release agents. These are conventionally classified into three types sacrificial, internal and semi-permanent release agents (21, 39, 137, 244, 346). Silicones provide an example
of sacrificial release agents when they are applied to the mould surface to give a release layer, which is worn away within a few mouldings and has to be applied again. Internal release agents, incorporated within the polymer, generally comprise surface active molecules. These come to the polymer-mould interface during moulding. Semi-permanent release agents are applied to the mould surface, and usually baked on. They provide a release surface which is effective over many moulding cycles, but they eventually wear away. The term ‘semi-permanent’ reflects a realistic assessment of their effectiveness, rather than the (so far) unobtainable aspiration of permanence. Problems of mould release and fouling are endemic in the polymer processing industry. They exert a serious limitation on production rate and represent a significant cost to the industry. The large number of commercial release products available from many different manufacturers is in itself evidence that there is no facile solution to these problems. About a decade ago estimates of $100M to $200M were being made for the world sales of polymer mould release agents (299, 346). This is merely the direct cost of the chemicals: to get a more realistic figure for the total cost of mould sticking and fouling problems the cost of labour, of mould cleaning agents and of the loss of productivity would have to be taken into account. This review is concerned with the related problems of mould sticking, fouling and cleaning. Despite the seriousness of these problems, there are few comprehensive, systemic scientific investigations to be found in the literature. Most of the publications in this field are to be found in the trade press, and are often written by manufacturers, with inevitable partiality, about their own products. In this review, major studies, first of mould release, and then of mould fouling will be discussed. The aim will be to elucidate the significant material and process variables affecting the phenomena. Recurrent themes and areas of dispute will be emphasised. In the next sections (Section 4), the focus will change to consider publications particularly relevant to practical guidance on the selection of surface treatment for moulds, on the selection of release agents, on the cleaning of moulds and on the measurement of mould release and fouling. However, before examining the literature on mould sticking and mould fouling as such, it is important to give some consideration to the underlying causes of the phenomena. Why are they so widespread? Indeed, are they inevitable? These are the subject of the next section of the review.
3
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
2 The Underlying Causes of Mould Sticking and Fouling 2.1 Contact and Adhesion Mould sticking and fouling are closely tied up with adhesion, surface activity and polymer-additive incompatibility, and are aggravated by the limited thermal stability of organic compounds. It might appear that the introduction of a polymer into a mould and the formation of an adhesive joint were two quite different processes. The moulding is merely a shaping process and the mould a temporary means of achieving this. The adhesive bond is usually designed to be permanent, and the bonded article as a whole is designed to serve some useful purpose. However, in both cases one material (the polymer or adhesive), usually in liquid or semi-liquid form, is brought into close contact with another (the mould or substrate), and then sets. The phenomenon of mould release is in many respects the same as the phenomenon of adhesion: a moulding is almost like an adhesive bond where very low, even zero, adhesion is desired. Over the past thirty years a considerably increased understanding of the phenomenon of adhesion has been obtained. It is now possible to describe with some confidence the relation between the fundamental molecular mechanisms at the interfacial level responsible for adhesion and the practical adhesion as represented by a macroscopic force or energy associated with the breaking of an adhesive joint in service or of a test piece in the laboratory (a.1-a.3). The essential requirement for adhesion is contact between adhesive and substrate. Once this occurs, adhesion of some sort will result. As Huntsberger said ‘Wetting and bonding are synonymous’ (a.4). Contact between polymer and mould is of course the aim of moulding, so some adhesion, even if at a low level, is to be expected. Behind Huntsberger’s assertion was the recognition that whenever two materials come into molecular contact, forces of attraction will occur between them. Where there are appropriate chemical groups present, there may be a chemical reaction forming covalent or other primary bonds. In other instances, groups which are capable of forming hydrogen bonds, acid-base- or polar interactions may be present. Irrespective of the chemical nature of the polymer and mould, London dispersion forces will come into play. These are associated with the transient dipoles always present where electrons orbit nuclei, and
4
so do not depend on the presence of any particular element or chemical grouping. Many of the materials moulded during polymer processing are chemically reactive and it is highly likely that some of these form chemical interactions with the material of the mould. Even in cases where such specific interaction does not occur, there will at least be van der Waals dispersion bonding between moulding and mould. Therefore some mould sticking, which may be at a low level, is inevitable.
2.2 Fundamental and Practical Adhesion In order to understand the underlying causes of mould sticking, it is necessary to discuss the factors which relate the fundamental forces at an interface to the practical strength of an adhesive bond, in the present context, to the level of mould sticking. In any particular moulding, the forces involved overcoming the mould sticking will depend in a complicated way on the interaction between the interface, the bulk phases and the interactions between interface and bulk phases joined. The manner in which the components interact will depend upon the geometric form of the moulding, and upon the way in which demoulding forces are applied to it. Despite this complexity, the salient features of this relationship can be expressed in simple mathematical form. Good applied the Griffith-Irwin theory of fracture to a joint comprising a bond between two phases (400). This leads to an expression for the fracture stress, σf, given by: σf = k(EG/l)2
(1)
where l is the length of the critical crack which leads to fracture and E is the modulus and G the fracture energy. The value of k a constant, which depends on the geometry. For complicated situations k is usually a function of the dimensions of the test piece. The modulus arises from the Griffith theory as its value determines the amount of elastically stored energy at a given strain. It is this stored energy which is released, providing the fracture energy, G when fracture occurs. Within the adhesive joint, E and G are semi-local properties. Fracture will occur where the term EG/l is lowest, whether at or near the interface or within one of the bulk phases. Factors which alter E or G or l locally within the joint may alter its strength and other properties.
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
The fracture energy G will involve a term associated with the energy required for bond breaking at the interface, which is formed where the joint fails. This bond-breaking may be of primary or of secondary bonds. The energy term will involve surface energies. By definition, if fracture occurs at the interface between polymer and mould, the energy term will be the thermodynamic work of adhesion Wa: if fracture is cohesive, it will be the thermodynamic work of cohesion Wc (a.1). Wa = γ1 + γ 2 - γ 12
(2)
Wc = 2 γ 1
(3)
The γ terms are surface energies of the phases indicated by the subscripts 1 and 2.
2.3 Failure Energy There was a time when a theoretical argument was strongly urged in the adhesion literature to the effect that true adhesive (interfacial) failure could not occur (a.5). Although few authorities would now accept this argument in its absolute form, it is a matter of common observation that true interfacial failure is rare. Cohesive failure, close to the interface, is much more common. It seems likely that this will occur with overwhelming frequency in the context of mould release. It is rare for fracture to occur simply by breaking bonds and forming new surfaces. Almost always other energy dissipating processes occur during fracture, for example viscoelastic losses and/or plastic deformation. Thus to the surface energy term must be added a term, ψ, representing these other energy absorbing processes which occur during fracture: G = G0 + ψ
(4)
where G0 is written for the surface energy term Wa or Wc. Usually for adhesive joints, ψ is very much larger than G0. This is why practical fracture energies for adhesive joints are almost always orders of magnitude greater than works of adhesion or cohesion. However a modest increase in G0 may result in a large increase in adhesion as ψ and G 0 are usually coupled. For some mechanically simple systems where ψ is largely associated with viscoelastic loss, a multiplicative relation has been found: G = G0 (1 + φ(c,T)) ≈ G0 x φ(c,T)
(5)
where φ(c,T) is a temperature and rate dependent viscoelastic term (401, 402, a.6, a.7). In simple terms, stronger bonds (increased G0) may lead to much larger increases in fracture energy because they allow much more bulk energy dissipation (increased ψ) during fracture. This is usually desirable in the context of adhesive bonding, but what about mould release? For easy release we require the bond to fail at the mould surface. Obviously critical cracks in the polymer moulding (length l, Equation 1) must be avoided, for this, if for no other reason. The stress (Equation 1) should to be a low as possible: this translates to a low value of G and thus of G0. Some typical values of surface energies are given in Table 1. As can be seen, surface energies of polymers are typically of the order of tens of millijoules per square metre. The surface energies of metals and oxides are generally an order of magnitude larger. Consequently, there will be a tendency for a low surface energy polymer to spread well on a high energy surface and to adhere strongly. Moulds are generally made from metals (which in atmospheric conditions have oxidised surfaces), so good contact and mould sticking is to be expected.
Table 1 Values of surface energy in mJ/m2 (a.1) Silicon
1240
Copper
1720
Nickel
1750
Calcium carbonate
230
Magnesium oxide
1200
PTFE
19.1
Polyethylene
33.2
PVC
41.5
PMMA
40.2
PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene PVC: polyvinyl chloride PMMA: polymethyl methacrylate
The value of work of adhesion can be reduced if the surface energy of the metallic mould is reduced. This can be achieved by coating the mould with a low surface energy material. Some mould release technologies adopt this approach.
5
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
If the work of cohesion of the polymer were lower than the mould, polymer work of adhesion, there could be a tendency for the polymer to fail cohesively during removal from the mould. This represents tearing of the moulding which sometimes happens and is usually undesirable. However if there were a thin layer of low work of cohesion at the mould-polymer interface, parting might take place within this layer, avoiding tearing. This, of course, is the basis of sacrificial mould release agents where the cohesively weak layer is applied externally. It is also the basis of internal mould release agents. How do they work?
2.4 Surface Activity and Incompatibility The composition of the surface layers of a solution is generally different from the composition of the bulk. This is because the components of the solution will generally have different surface energies, so an overall lowering of energy is obtained, if low surface energy components become concentrated in the interfacial region. This is called surface activity and is manifest in the common observation that soap becomes concentrated in the surface of aqueous solutions. Internal mould release agents are made up of molecules which are chosen so as to come to the surface in this way, forming a weak boundary layer. Most, probably all, polymer materials are multicomponent. The polymer itself is rarely pure and additives are incorporated. It is well-known that many additives are not thermodynamically compatible with the polymer into which they are introduced. The situation is like a suspension of oil in water, rather than a solution of salt in water. Thus during moulding there will be a tendency for many components of a polymer material to come to the mould surface, either as a result of surface activity or of incompatibility. These considerations are important in the context of mould release. They mean that a surface layer will tend to be formed at the mould surface, even if an internal release agent is not used. These surface layers will influence release. Depending on their composition, they may act as a ‘natural’ release agent, or they may have the opposite effect.
some level of mould sticking is inevitable. The relative values of the surface energies of most polymer-oxidised metal mould combinations imply that cohesive failure is likely in the polymer, or in a layer of additives and residues which forms at the surface. Thus when the moulding is removed, a layer will be left on the mould surface. If the problem of mould release is alleviated by use of sacrificial or of internal release agents, a surface layer will result from this process. Either way a layer containing organic material is likely to form and to build up on the mould surface. This may eventually lead to the problem of mould fouling. Most moulding cycles involve elevated temperatures, and polymers, like organic compounds in general, have poor heat stability. Thus we can anticipate that the organic deposit on the mould surface will become degraded, aggravating the difficulties it causes and making it more difficult to remove. Indeed, especially in hot moulding, straight degradation of the polymer itself may be expected to contribute to fouling, quite independently of any surface activity effect. Having discussed the underlying scientific basis of mould sticking and fouling problems, it is now appropriate to turn to a review of major studies of the phenomena and to consider what insights they give of practical value to the polymer processing industry.
3 Investigations into Mould Release and Fouling The phenomena of mould release difficulties and of the fouling of moulds are closely related. Some authors speak as if they were two sides of the same coin and make no attempt to distinguish separate causes. Nevertheless it will be convenient for purposes of organisation to concentrate first on studies principally concerned with mould release and then to move on to a consideration of those for which the emphasis is on fouling.
3.1 Systematic Studies of Mould Release 2.5 Summary of the Underlying Causes
3.1.1 Early Work on Release of Rubbers
The underlying causes of mould sticking can now be summarised. The polymer moulding will adhere to a metal mould because of dispersion forces, even for example where there are no specific interactions. Thus
Conventional rubbers are processed by heating reactive compounds at elevated temperatures within the mould. It is therefore not surprising that some of the most obvious problems of mould release and fouling occur
6
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
with such rubbers. Some of the earlier work of significance on mould release of rubber was done in France in the 1970s. Kandazoglou, who worked at the Institut Français du Caoutchouc published his work in 1976 (a.8). The object of Kandazoglou’s work was to study mould fouling. He argued that mould release became progressively more difficult as deposits built up, and, in fact, used a simple measure of mould sticking as a surrogate measure for mould fouling. He worked with compression moulding of polychloroprene compounds and identified factors such as type and level of filler, and extent of vulcanisation as having a significant influence on mould adhesion. Although in this work the type of carbon black filler was not found to have an influence, adhesion increased as the level of black was increased from 30 to 50 phr (parts of additive per hundred parts of rubber) and even more as it was further increased to 75 phr. With white fillers, the situation was more complex: the type of filler exerted a strong influence. For example, at a given filler loading, mould sticking was considerably greater with pyrogenic silica or hard kaolin than with untreated chalk filler. When a test compound was cured to an equivalent degree of vulcanisation (indicated by the rheometer torque), the rubber cured at 190 °C adhered to a greater extent than that cured at 170 °C. Similarly, under curing led to greater mould sticking. With all the variables on which Kandazoglou reported, sticking increased rapidly with successive cycles as the rubber was repeatedly injected into the initially clean
mould. No doubt this increase in sticking with repeated moulding is a general phenomenon, but too much significance should not be attached to the particular number of moulding cycles (generally between 6 and 15) at which limiting high sticking was reported, as this is likely to be a feature of the design of mould used. A major study of mould release and fouling of rubber was undertaken by the Laboratoire de Recherches et de Contrôle du Caoutchouc (LRCC) (a.9, see also (390)) in the late 1970s. This can be regarded as a sequel to Kandazoglou’s work, but is was much more comprehensive. Injection moulding, rather than compression moulding was used and whereas the largest number of moulding cycles Kandazoglou investigated was 15, the LRCC study often went up to 500, or even 1000 cycles. Despite the title of their publication, the LRCC report is mostly about mould sticking, as, like Kandazoglou, the authors took a measure of mould sticking to indicate a proportional level of mould fouling. Generally, the initial adhesion to a clean mould was found to be high, but reduced fairly rapidly as a thin film was deposited on the mould surface. Then followed a ‘working phase’ during which the level of sticking was low and fairly constant. After this, sticking would increase, followed by spalling (splintering) from the mould surface of parts of the deposited material. This is shown schematically in Figure 1. The detailed results, in particular the length of the industrially significant working phase, depended on the rubber polymer used, even the polymerisation conditions used to produce it. The
Figure 1 Schematic representation of variation of mould sticking with moulding cycle found by the LRCC workers (a.9). I: initiation, W: working phase, S: sticking, D: debonding of deposit. The length of each phase depends upon the variables discussed in the text.
7
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
compound chosen often had a large effect, especially the level of filler. The type of steel from which the mould was constructed also exerted an effect. The mould release properties of natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) were compared. The results show that, in terms of the working phase, NR was the poorest and NBR by far the best. This result must be treated with caution because within each rubber type change of level and type of filler incorporated and of accelerator system used strongly affects the results. For example, an emulsion SBR reinforced with 60 phr of carbon black had a working phase of about 600 cycles, compared with about 150 cycles for the corresponding unfilled (‘gum’) rubber. It is no doubt significant that the filled rubber was much harder and had a tensile strength over ten times greater than that of the gum rubber. The mould release characteristics of this gum SBR, based on a polymer produced by emulsion polymerisation, were compared with those of a similar compound produced from a solution polymerised SBR. The results were remarkably different (Figure 2). The initial phase of high sticking was longer for the solution polymer, but once the adhesion had fallen the working phase of low sticking extended beyond 600 moulding cycles.
The LRCC work also identified the nature of the mould steel as a factor influencing mould sticking. Four steels were compared, two medium carbon steels with a double temper tool steel and a ferritic/martensitic stainless steel (Table 2). The mould sticking results, shown in Table 3, show that with particular rubber formulations, differences in the steel had a strong effect on mould release. For example the EPDM compound could be released very easily from one of the medium carbon steels, but not from the other. On the other hand the level of adhesion of the natural rubber compound to both these steels was much the same.
3.1.2 Release of Model Polyurethane Rubber The work of Kandazoglou and the LRCC, reviewed previously, used commercial rubbers and identified a number of important parameters which are significant in the context of mould release and mould fouling. A project by Briscoe and Panesar, working in the 1980s at Imperial College, London, investigated the release properties of a polyurethane (PU) in order to get a better insight into the actual mechanisms of adhesion. Typically they cast a model PU rubber onto a stainless steel sheet and measured the detachment energy in a blister test. In many of their experiments the stainless steel sheet was polished, but the authors also investigated the effect of surface roughness. Rough mould surfaces have a
Figure 2 Schematic representation of mould release characteristics of gum SBR compounds based on (i) emulsion polymerised, (ii) solution polymerised SBR (a.9).
8
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Table 2 Composition and heat treatment of mould steels used in LRCC study (a.9) Steel Composition 35 C D4
Z 38 CDWV 5
Z 200 C12
Z 30 C 13
0.33-0.39
0.38
2
0.25-0.34
Mn (%)
0.6-0.9
0.3
0.3
<1
Si (%)
0.1-0.4
1
0.3
<1
Cr (%)
0.8-1.5
5
12
12-14
Mo (%)
0.15-0.30
1.25
-
-
W (%)
-
1.25
-
-
V (%)
-
0.5
-
-
Ni (%)
-
-
-
<0.5
P (%)
<0.035
-
-
<0.04
S (%)
<0.035
-
-
<0.03
Quench
oil @ 850 °C
air @ 1000-1050 °C
oil @ 950-980 °C
air @ 950 °C
Anneal
1 h @ 550 °C
525 °C then 500 °C
500 °C then 475 °C
1 h @ 650 °C
C (%)
Table 3 Steel composition and mould adhesion of different rubber compounds (a.9) Compound
35 C D 4
Z 38 CDWV 5
Z 200 C12
Z 30 C 13
EPDM
27.5%
0.1%
36.5%
35.9%
NBR
15.7%
8.0%
32.5%
43.8%
SBR
17.0%
26.2%
25.5%
31.3%
NR
27.0%
20.0%
20.0%
27.4%
Emulsion SBR
22.2%
20.0%
30.6%
27.2%
Solution SBR
46.6%
8.4%
17.5%
27.5%
Filled
Unfilled
reputation for making release difficult and of increasing fouling. The situation is actually more complex. Briscoe and Panesar were able to demonstrate that in the absence of externally applied release agents, release energy from the rougher stainless steel was actually lower than that from the smooth alloy. This was attributed to the difficulty of the PU in wetting the rough surface: thus voids at the interface facilitated release (298, 340). Briscoe and Panesar also investigated the influence of some model release agents and reached some interesting conclusions relating their structure to their effectiveness.
They worked with alkyl esters of aliphatic acids and found that those which were solids at room temperature, such as stearyl stearate, tended to be more effective at release than those which were liquids. However, the structure of the solid film was also important. If a solid particle array of the ester was deposited, (e.g., from a suspension), good release properties were obtained. If the particle array was able to re-organise to form a coherent and adherent solid, for example by heating and allowing it to recrystallise, release was significantly less effective (389).
9
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Silicones play a major part in mould release technology. Briscoe and Panesar studied the effectiveness of both silicone fluids [(polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), of various molecular weights)] and of silicone resins. Both fluids and resins used separately improved release, but the most effective release agent was a combination of a PDMS fluid with a permethyl silicone resin. The authors argue that this leads to a release layer consisting of fine resin particles loosely bound together with silicone fluid (384). It is not surprising that Briscoe and Panesar’s work on model release agents confirms that ester waxes and silicone systems are effective. What is particularly interesting is the importance that it implies for the structure of the release agent film. With both classes of release agent, the production of a friable, loosely bonded layer appears to be optimum.
3.1.3 Internal Release Agents Briscoe and Panesar’s work was with external release agents. Willkomm, Jennings and Macosko (320) have studied the effect of an internal release agent. Using reaction injection moulding (RIM), they produced polyurea into which they had compounded various levels of zinc stearate. The release properties were largely controlled by the extent of migration of the release agent to the mould surface. As with the LRCC results, discussed previously, they found initial high mould sticking which reduced to a working phase of easy release after a few moulding cycles. They attributed this to the need to build up a zinc stearate layer on the mould surface. This migration did, to some extent, depend on the concentration of release agent incorporated within the polymer using 0.1% of zinc stearate was found to be too little to be effective, but similar levels of easy release were found with levels of 0.5% or 2%. The effect of reaction temperature on mould release was interesting. When moulding was conducted at 25 °C, release was difficult. The moulding was tacky presumably indicating undercure - again there is a similarity with the LRCC findings. At 70 °C, after the initial high adhesion induction phase, easy release was obtained. As moulding temperatures were increased in the range 70 °C to 130 °C the length of the initial induction phase was reduced: this was ascribed by the authors to increased mobility of the release agent in migration to the interface. Above 130 °C, mould release became very difficult. The melting point of zinc stearate is 127 °C, and the authors argue that a solid film of
10
release agent is necessary for effective release. This is, of course, very similar to the findings of Briscoe and Panesar’s for a very different polymer.
3.1.4 Emulsion Polymerised Nitrile Rubber The LRCC study and other of the papers so far surveyed have identified a range of phenomenological influences on mould release such as the nature of the mould alloy, the nature of the rubber polymer and the compound used. We now turn to the results of a project conducted in Bath by the author and his colleagues in collaboration with the Avon Rubber Company. In this work, the mould release of NBR was investigated in detail. No external release agents were used: this was essentially a study of ‘natural’ mould release of the rubber compounds themselves. Many of the phenomena already mentioned were observed in this context. The study used the Turner, Moore and Smith (TMS) rheometer, in which a biconical rotor rotated within a mould cavity, and a blister test, based on that used by Briscoe and Panesar, to give quantitative measures of mould sticking (390, 396). By bringing to bear a range of experimental techniques, in particular sensitive methods of surface analysis to characterise the surface produced on removing the moulding, some insight into the underlying mechanisms was obtained. It was found that a very wide range of factors combined to determine the overall level of adhesion between the rubber and the mould, Figure 3. The chemical nature of the mould alloy and the condition of its surface exerted a strong influence. Of course, changes in the specification of the base rubber and of the formulation of the rubber compound also brought about changes in mould release properties. Less expected was that different base rubbers, of the same specification, could exert a strong influence on the adhesion to the mould. This was observed for rubbers from different manufacturers and sometimes even for different batches of the same grade of rubber from the same manufacturer.
3.1.4.1 Nitrile Rubber: Emulsion Polymerisation In order to understand these phenomena, it is necessary to remember that NBR is polymerised by an emulsion polymerisation technique. The monomer is finely dispersed in an aqueous medium, and polymerisation takes place in the dispersed droplets which are stabilised by use of emulsifiers. When the polymerisation is complete, coagulants are added to
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Figure 3 Factors affecting the release of NBR mouldings (305, 325, 335, 341, 390, 396, a.10-a.12)
break down the emulsion (181, 385). Then there is a washing stage, nevertheless residues of emulsifiers and coagulants remain to a greater or lesser extent in the polymer produced. The NBR is then subjected to the usual stages of rubber processing technology. It is compounded, moulded and cured. The emulsifiers are surfactants, often fatty acid-based, but sometimes they are organic sulfates or sulfonates. Coagulants are usually inorganic salts: sodium and calcium compounds are often used, sometimes compounds of magnesium or aluminium. In some experiments laboratory scale polymerisations were conducted giving complete control over the emulsifier and coagulant.
Typical examples of the rubber formulations and mould alloy compositions used in this work are given in Tables 4 and 5. In a characteristic experiment, a compound would be cured in the rheometer, and the mould adhesion measured giving a value for the ‘mould sticking index’. The surfaces of both the mould and the rubber exposed after release would be examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This technique gives information about the top few nanometres of a surface. From it, the elements present can be established, and some information about their state of chemical bonding can be deduced.
Table 4 NBR formulations parts by weight (a.11) N1 & N-AB
1
2
Polymer
100
100
100
GPF black
30
30
30
DOP
25
-
-
ZnO
2.5
2.5
2.5
Stearic Acid
1.0
-
1.0#
TMTD
1.5
3
3
MBTS
1.5
-
-
Sulfur
0.25
-
-
# In compound 2 the stearic acid is replaced by lauric acid at a molar equivalent level GPF: general purpose furnace black DOP: dioctyl phthalate TMTD: tetramethyl thiuram disulphide MBTS: dibenzo thiazyl dislufide
11
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Table 5 Composition of the mould alloys (390) (manufacturers' specifications: wt %, balance Fe) C
Mn
Cr
Ni
Si
Mo
V
S
P
Impax
0.36
0.2
1.4
1.4
0.3
0.3
-
-
-
S-420
0.38
0.5
13.6
-
0.8
-
0.3
-
-
EN8 (080M40)
0.4
0.6 to 1.0
-
-
0.05 to 0.35
-
-
0.06
0.06
3.1.4.2 Formation of an Interlayer Investigation of the surfaces formed on removing the NBR from the mould alloy shows that parting takes place in an interlayer of chemical composition different from both the alloy surface and the rubber. The oxidised surface of the alloy which contributes the iron and some of the oxygen to the spectrum, is partially obscured by compounds containing sulfur, zinc, sodium, calcium and oxygen. Similarly the rubber surface shows carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and zinc which may be associated with the rubber compound, but there is also sodium, calcium, oxygen and sulfur at a binding energy of 169 eV associated with organic sulfoxy compounds (a.10). The general nature of the constituents of this interlayer can be deduced by comparing the analysis of compounded and uncompounded rubbers, by comparing the electron spectra with those of model compounds, and by introducing selected ‘residues’ into rubber compounds and observing the nature of the interlayer formed from them. From these experiments it is clear that a significant part of the complex layer of ‘non-rubber’ material that forms at the interface during processing comprised residues of emulsifiers and coagulants. There are also derivatives of compounding ingredients present, especially of fatty acids and zincsulfur complexes. When the rubber-mould bond is broken, failure occurs dominantly within this interfacial layer, constituents of which remain on both the surfaces thus formed. The
detailed composition of this layer depends on the base rubber and the rubber compound selected. Changes in the rubber compound and of the base rubber itself, change the composition of the layer, and this changes the corresponding mould adhesion.
3.1.4.3 Coagulant Cations Coagulants tend to be inorganic salts which are cheap and readily available. The nature of the coagulant affects mould adhesion, cations of high charge being associated with higher adhesion. The results shown in Table 6 which illustrate this, were obtained by coagulating the same NBR latex with different salts at equivalent concentrations (325). Cations of higher valency tend to give more difficult mould release. Generally the higher the residue concentration of a particular coagulant, the higher the adhesion. The results in Table 6 also show that the nature of the mould alloy exerts an influence of the adhesion: this is discussed in Section 3.1.4.5.
3.1.4.4 Emulsifier Residues Emulsifiers are surfactant molecules. Organic sulfates and sulfonates are often used in this context, and their residues may form part of the interlayer. They give a characteristic XPS signal at 169 eV. These, like high charge cations, tend to be associated with high mould adhesion. The results presented in Table 7 illustrate
Table 6 Mould sticking indices (kPa) for NBR compounds N-AB (34%ACN) moulded against two mould steels. Coagulants: NaCl, CaCl2, Al2(SO4)3 Coagulant
Na
Ca
Al
Stavax-420
40
44
82
Impax
46
64
84
ACN: acrylonitrile
12
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Table 7 Effect of addition of emulsifier to NBR compound N1 on mould sticking index (kPa) to Stavax-420 (305) Emulsifier (phr)
NaDBS
0.5
110
1
120
1.5
122
NaSOl
90
1.75
118
2
130
3
148
4
157
NaDBS: sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate NaSOL: sodium salt of sulfated oleic acid C9 H18(OH)(SO3Na)C8H15 COONa
this effect. They were obtained adding the sulfoxy emulsifier to the rubber compound before cure (305).
Some of these effects have been clarified by comparing mould adhesion of a ‘skeleton’ formulation, compound 1 (Table 4), containing TMTD and zinc oxide, but no added fatty acid with that of compound 2, which was similar except that a traditional 1 phr of stearic acid was added. As the results in Table 9 show, the mould adhesion to compound 2, containing fatty acid, was considerably lower. The base polymer used in these compounds contained fatty acid residues from the polymerisation. Experiments were done with samples of the rubber which had been extracted with methanol to remove (or at any rate reduce) this fatty acid residue (a.11). The extracted polymers were compounded as before (now designated 1Ex and 2Ex) and the mould sticking indices measured. Considerably higher adhesion was found (Table 9). Not only does the concentration of fatty acid in the compounded rubber effect the adhesion, the nature of the acid is also important. A series of compounds were prepared from the same formulation as A2 except that the stearic acid in A2 was replaced by a
Fatty acid compounds provide an alternative to sulfonates and sulfates as emulsifiers. Table 8 shows a comparison between mould adhesion for similar NBR compounds derived from a latex differing in emulsifier. It can be seen that the commercial fatty acid mixture ‘tallow acids’ gives a lower adhesion than do the two sulfonates.
Table 9 Influence of fatty acid on mould sticking index (kPa) of NBR compounds, containing the same base polymer A, moulded against EN8 steel (a.11) Polymer
The effect of carboxylic acids on mould release is a complex one. It has to be recognised that, in addition to any residues in the base rubber, many rubber compounds use fatty acids, traditionally stearic acid, as part of the cure system. The stearic acid of rubber technology is of low and, this is also significant, variable purity. The situation is further complicated by the understandable tendency (cf. Table 8) to use commercial materials which are often mixtures of several molecular species.
Compound
Index
A
1
271
A
2
136
A-Ex
1
313
A-Ex
2
201
2L
288
A
Ex - base polymer extracted before compounding L - lauric in place of stearic acid
Table 8 Effect of change of emulsifier on the adhesion of otherwise similar NBR compounds (compound N-AB) to Stavax-420 (305) Emulsifier
Tallow acids*
NaDBS
α-OS
44
80
60
Mould sticking index (kPa) * Mixture of fatty acids, e.g., C16 to C18 α-OS: α-olefin sulfonate
13
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
molar equivalent quantity of other carboxylic acids. The result in Table 9 for compound A2L shows that lauric acid derivatives are associated with much higher adhesion than those from stearic acid. When a wider range of fatty acids were investigated it became clear that low molecular weight acids, such as caprylic (C 8 ) and lauric (C 12) give far poorer mould release than does stearic acid (C 18 ). Rheological measurements on NBR compounds containing different carboxylic acid residues indicate that the surface layers formed by the low molecular weight acids are more resistant to shearing, especially at low shear rates (341).
The effect of altering the surface hardness was also investigated by progressively tempering a hardened steel TMS rotor. As the Vickers hardness changes from 250 to 600, a large drop in mould sticking was found (Figure 5) (335). The LRCC report identified the nature of the mould alloy as a factor which influence mould release behaviour. In the project under discussion consistent and significant differences between the release properties of different alloys were observed with a range of different NBR compounds. This was noted previously in the discussion of Table 6, and is illustrated in Table 10 for two different NBR compounds. EN8 which, as can be seen from Table 5,
3.1.4.5 The Mould Surface The surface condition of a mould affects its release properties. Progressive roughening led to a monotonic increase in mould sticking (Figure 4) (335). This is the opposite of the effect of roughness reported by Briscoe and Panesar. The difference is likely to be that in these experiments the NBR was able to ‘wet out’ the rough surface, flowing into the surface pores and pits before it cured.
Table 10 Mould sticking indices (kPa) for two alloys. N1 and N2 are NBR compounds differing only in the manufacturer of the base rubber (390) Alloy
N1
N2
Stavax-420
98
153
EN8
117
182
Figure 4
Figure 5
Mould sticking index for cured NBR compound against surface roughness of Carrs 576 alloy (335)
Mould sticking index for cured NBR compound against hardness of Stavax 420 alloy (335)
14
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
is a medium carbon tool steel gave consistently more difficult mould release than did Stavax-420, a chromium containing steel (390, a.10). Evidence was found suggesting that the mould steel itself actually exerts an influence on the course of the cure reaction. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the cure kinetics of the rubber in the presence of different alloys. Tensile and dynamic mechanical property measurements were made on thin rubber films cured against the different alloys. From these results it was argued that the EN8, exerted a mildly accelerating effect on the cure on the rubber in its proximity, leading to a greater crosslink density than with Stavax 420 (331, a.12). It is well known in adhesion that the substrate can influence the structure and properties of the adjacent polymer adhesive, and so influence the strength of the adhesive bond. These results show that a similar influence can be found affecting the release of mouldings.
in the SAMPE Journal has a particular emphasis is on their use in the manufacture of composites (44). The emphasis of the article of Clarke and co-workers is on rubber: it was presented at the RubberChem 2001 conference (21). Also Martin and co-workers give details of three main types of release agent in use in the rubber industry, and describe the influences favouring a move towards semi-permanent release agents (226). Layman’s historical overview starts in 1937 and is linked to the development of composites manufacturing technology. Early use of waxes and soaps gave way to zinc stearate and silicone oils in the 1960s. By the 1970s semi-permanent release agents were available, and more recently the move, under pressure of increasingly important environmental regulation, has been away from solvent-based to water-based systems. Layman’s company, Zyvac, have developed mould release systems which produce ‘excellent results’ in the composites industry. There are three essential stages: cleaning the mould, sealing the mould and then application of the release agent itself (44).
3.1.5 Mould Release: Other Studies In the preceding Sections 3.1.1 to 3.1.4, a number of the more extensive experimental studies of mould release in the literature were reviewed. There are many articles, especially the trade literature, of more limited scope, but which assist understanding of the phenomenon. Some discuss one or two particular commercial products, some are unashamed publicity material for a particular product. Thus in 1998 at an American Chemical Society meeting Stephens and co-workers compared TSE Industries’ Crystal 1053 ‘premier non-silicone water-based mould release agent designed for the rubber industry’ with the performance of two rival release agents (166). Perhaps not surprisingly the authors conclude that their material ‘performed exceptionally well’ in terms of environmental safety, ease of release, durability, inertness and of cost effectiveness. They produce results for seven different rubber compounds representing a range of different rubber types, three of the compounds include zinc diacrylate coagent, reputed to be bad for mould release. Within its obvious limitations, such information may well be of value to the practitioner. A number of these more limited studies of mould release are discussed next.
3.1.5.1 Semi-Permanent Release Agents: Use with Composites and Rubber Two recent articles trace the historical development of release agents and make valuable points about the current use of semi-permanent release agents. Layman writing
In the rubber industry too, oils and waxes tended to be replaced by silicone oils, then by silicone emulsions. These produce very good release at very low dosage, but they generally have to be applied every cycle. As they are sacrificial they tend to coat the rubber moulding with a very low surface energy layer, which, as Equation 2 indicates, makes subsequent application of paint or adhesive very difficult indeed. A similar problem occurs with stearates (96). The mobility of silicones also means that they can be carried forward just ahead of the rubber stream, as it flows through the mould. This can lead to visible flow lines on the rubber surface and to poor knitting giving mechanical weakness where two streams of rubber converge. Despite their mobility, some silicone remains on the mould, eventually degrading and leading to severe mould fouling (21). The semi-permanent mould release agents, have been developed more recently and reduce the problem of mould fouling. Clarke and co-workers state that these are based on two (completely unspecified) prepolymers, one of which polymerises to form a strongly adhering coating on the mould surface, the other polymerises to form a low friction (presumably low surface energy) release coat. Like Layman, these authors emphasise the need for thorough prior cleaning of the mould. Conventional mechanical cleaning is acceptable, but use of specially designed mould cleaning compounds (supplied by Schill + Seilacher Struktol AG, the authors’ company) are said to be better (21).
15
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
The release agent is semi-permanent and reapplication is needed from time to time. Clarke give an example of a NBR compound where between 40 and 50 moulding cycles were achieved before respraying
(replenishment) was needed. In time, there is build up of material and thorough mould cleaning and thorough cleaning and re-application of the release agent is necessary, see Figures 6 and 7.
Figure 6 Use of semi-permanent release agents in rubber moulding (after (21))
Figure 7 Wear of semi-permanent release agent. A wear of 50 to 60% still gave sufficient release properties in this trial (schematic after (21)).
16
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
3.1.5.2 Physical Form of the Release Agent Franz and co-workers discussed the relative advantages and disadvantages of solid, liquid and paste-form release agents as a preliminary to presenting a comparison of the effectiveness of 14 release agents for use with rubber (199). The rubber mixes are stated to be ‘problematic’. We have to rely on the authors’ word for that, as no formulations are given, just the information that there were six mixes based on the following rubbers: epichlorohydrin, NR/SBR, butyl, polychloroprene, EPDM and SBR. Of the 14 release agents, two were powders, three pastes, eight liquids and one an emulsion. A brief qualitative description of the general nature of each is given. The details are certainly not adequate for anyone to be able to replicate the work with any confidence. Not least, the expression ‘fatty acid’, ‘fatty acid salt’ or ‘stearate’ occurs in many of the descriptions. The work described in Section 3.1.4.4 showed how important it is in the context of mould release to know which fatty acids are involved, and what the composition of a commercial purity stearate is. Franz and co-workers used the release agents at a range of dilutions and applied them to the surfaces of strips of rubber. After drying for 20 minutes at 100 °C, the adhesion was measured by a T-peel test (a.1) in which (unconventionally) the time to failure under constant load was taken as a measure of sticking. The authors conclude that no release agent gave good results with all the rubber compounds tested. Polychloroprene and NR/SBR mixes were particularly intractable. Broadly the liquid release agents gave the poorest results. This conclusion is consistent with that of Briscoe and Panesar, discussed in Section 3.1.2. O’Rourke and Morris have reviewed the different forms in which stearate release agents are used (dry, dispersed in water or alcohol, formulated with surfactants), and have discussed their use in rubber processing (164).
3.1.5.3 Miscellaneous Papers In 1987, Clayfield and Berry reported work with a semipermanent release agent. Although the agent is unspecified, it is of interest to know that it is a silanol which produced a close packed surface of methyl groups (391). Presumably the silanol groups react with the mould surface and the methyl groups give a low energy surface for easy release (see Equation 2). They measured release from a polyester gel coat. Despite the putative low energy surface, like the LRCC workers (see Section 3.1.1) and many others, they found initial
high adhesion before release energy fell to a low value after several mouldings. It is also of interest that they adapted a standard adhesion test, the tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) (a.1) to measure the energy of release. Andrew and Wasilczyk discussed a problem which can occur when water-based release agents are used with PU moulding of flexible parts such as car seating and head rests (366). Whereas with hot moulding conditions the water can quickly be flashed off, its removal is more difficult when moulding is at ambient temperatures. Water, of course, is capable of reaction with isocyanate, one of the precursors for PU. This can lead to disfigurement of the moulding surface, or even to impairment of properties. Air Products and Chemicals, the authors’ company were reported to have a solution to the problem in terms of its proprietary water-based mould release technology. Their product is claimed not to require a completely dry film before moulding. Rigby gives a useful, concise description of the action of the three types of release agent (346). He goes on to report a comparison of four semi-permeable release agents, all made by his company, Dexter Corporation. Some useful technical detail of each of the release agents is given. Cure rate, ease of release from cured epoxy resin, slip and transfer are compared. Like Clayfield and Berry (391), he used a TDCB to assess the release energy, and, again like these authors, found an initial high release energy, although only for three of the release agents. Frecote Aqualine R100, which performed best overall, gave low release energy from the first moulding. It is described as a ‘microemulsion formed by the high pressure homogenisation of a multifunctional polyorganosiloxane with water in the presence of a surfactant blend’. This emphasis on a microemulsion is similar to the work of Briscoe and Panesar, Section 3.1.2, with their conclusion that the production of a friable, loosely bonded layer appeared to be optimum. Nielsen was concerned with the use of ‘glycerol monostearate’ (GMS) as a mould release agent and antistatic agent for polyolefins, especially for various polypropylenes (144). GMS is used as an additive in the polymer, so is an internal mould release agent. Here we will be principally concerned with the mould release properties. Nielsen points out that GMS is used in commerce for a mixture mono-, di-and tri-esters of glycerol with long chain fatty acids (Figure 8). Indeed there is commonly a mixture of fatty acid groups, with stearic (C18) and palmitic (C16) acids being the most common. By purifying the mixture, he was able to show that an additive rich in the
17
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Figure 8 Some components of commercial GMS, ‘glycerol tristearate’: 1 – glyceryl monostearate, 2 – glyceryl distearate, 3 – glyceryl tristearate.
monoglyceride was the most effective as a release agent. Kulshreshtha and Awasthi also present some information broadly supporting this conclusion (162). This result has some similarities to those of Section 3.1.4.4 where the influence of different fatty acids on the release of nitrile rubbers was discussed.
3.2 Systematic Studies of Mould Fouling After reviewing work on mould release per se, attention is now directed to mould fouling. It has been emphasised in several places previously that mould sticking and mould fouling are closely related phenomena. The separation of their discussion in this review is merely an organisational convenience. Much of the discussion previously about factors relating to mould release are relevant to mould fouling. Attention is particularly drawn to the work of Kandazoglou and of the LRCC (Section 3.1.1), both of which gave mould fouling (encrassement) prominence in their title.
3.2.1 Early Work on Fouling of Rubber Moulds It is particularly apt that Rapra is publishing this present review as they have been greatly concerned with mould fouling since at least the early 1970s. In 1971 Fleming published a study, which Rapra had commissioned, in which he estimated that mould fouling was a significant problem, costing the British rubber industry in excess of £500,000 per year. He recognised its complex causes,
18
sometimes associated with degradation of release agent and corrosion products of the mould, sometimes involving the rubber itself (a.13). Fleming’s article was followed by publication of a three page literature survey in which rubber mixes high in filler, especially silica, and sulfur-free TMTD cures were associated with an especially severe tendency to mould fouling. Porosity and roughness of the mould surface were also identified in the survey as features to be avoided (a.14). An experimental study, sponsored by Rapra, was published in 1977 by McLean and Morrell (a.15). They assessed fouling gravimetrically and had great difficulty in obtaining reproducible results. They commented on the ‘unpredictable and variable nature of the phenomenon’. Variations in moisture concentration may play a part in this variability. McLean and Morrell investigated five different base rubbers, and found for their formulations (all of which contained 60 phr carbon black) that the tendency to mould fouling increased in the order NBR, NR, EPDM, CR, SBR. Hardening of the mould was reported to reduce fouling. Small variations of surface roughness had no effect, although grit blasted surfaces did cause more fouling.
3.2.2 Filled Nitrile Rubber A German Research Council research programme into fouling was published by Menges and Benfer in 1983
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
(373). They worked exclusively with one NBR compound which contained 50 phr carbon black and 30 phr kaolin. They took the area of contamination observed to be a measure of the degree of fouling. Obviously the validity of this can be questioned. A pragmatic point in its favour would seem to be that they did not appear to suffer from such difficulty of reproducibility as did McLean and Morrell. They reported a linear increase in fouling with number of moulding cycles (Figure 9) and a rapid increase in fouling when the mould temperature rose above 190 °C (Figure 10).
Menges and Benfer reported that deposits formed in particular parts of the mould, especially where there was high shear in positions such as corners, changes in cross-section and where air pockets might accumulate. Under the scanning electron microscope, the deposits had a ‘foamed’ appearance, presumably indicating that cavitation had occurred as the moulding tore away from the mould. Usually a complementary blemish could be observed on the surface of the moulding. The deposits were more thermally stable than the rubber itself, indicating that thermal degradation had to an
Figure 9 Mould fouling of test NBR compound: effect of injection rate and number of moulding cycles (schematic after (373))
Figure 10 Mould fouling of test NBR compound: effect of mould temperature (schematic after (373))
19
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
extent occurred on the mould surface. Elemental analysis (by electron probe micro-analysis) showed that the deposits contained iron as well as silicon, aluminium, sulfur and zinc. This suggests that they originate in corrosion products of the mould (Fe), residues from the rubber compound (Zn and S) and from the kaolin (Si and Al). As discussed in Section 3.1.4, polymerisation residues in rubber, particularly in NBR are often associated with mould release difficulties. In 1995 Musci discussed a new NBR grade, Europrene N Green made by Enichem, which was claimed to have low mould fouling characteristics (219). If Enichem have, in fact, achieved this, it may well be by applying the principles discussed in Section 3.1.4. Musci’s article emphasises careful control exerted over the different stages of the manufacturing process. Certainly less batch-to-batch variation, and absence of changes in emulsifiers and coagulants used would help the rubber processor to avoid sudden, unexpected changes in mould fouling characteristics of the compounds being used. Other claims for improved mould fouling characteristics of new products include DuPont’s introduction of a new fluoropolymer (35), and a patented formulation for polyolefin blends (108).
3.2.3 Japanese Work A lot of work on mould fouling has been published in Japanese, a language in which, unfortunately, not many British scientists and engineers are able to read. Fortunately some of this work has been reviewed in English. Yokoyama published a useful review of mould fouling mechanisms for rubbers in 1985 (383). Details of reaction at the mould surface vary widely according to the rubber, cure system and fillers. Adsorption onto the mould surface followed by reaction and partial decomposition is responsible for the build up of a deposit. Examples which Yokoyama cites include the decomposition of organic peroxides catalysed by the iron of a steel mould. This tends to produce undercure and tackiness with peroxide cured rubbers. Exposure of the hot mould to air can alter the degree of fouling, the effect depending on the type of rubber. With a NR compound, intermittent moulding, leaving the mould open for 10 or 30 minutes between mouldings produced more severe fouling than did the same number of moulding cycles, run without unavoidable delay. With a CR rubber, the opposite effect was observed (383).
20
Yokoyama gives curves showing the build-up of mould fouling with number of moulding cycles for SBR, CR and epichlorohydrin rubber. The details depend on a wide range of parameters. The curves differ, not only according to the base rubber, but also depend also on the grade of rubber, nature and loading of the filler and type of accelerator. The LRCC study, in which mould fouling was inferred from release measurements, also established the significance of these parameters (Section 3.1.1). A further review, mainly concerned with Japanese work was published in 1993 by Yamaguchi and Yukawa (312). This gives an excellent and detailed account of mould fouling in the processing of different rubber types and of countermeasures which include the use of release agents and of special surface treatments for moulds. The wide range of factors contributing to mould fouling (discussed above) are reiterated: the chemical nature of the rubber polymer (including residues incorporated), the compounding ingredients, the material and design of the mould and the moulding conditions. Yamaguchi and Yukawa link the fouling potential of diene-based rubbers to their thermo-oxidative stability. On the basis of visual evaluation following the moulding of comparable compounds, they rank rubbers as follows, from most fouling to least: NR > isoprene rubber (IR) > polybutadiene rubber (BR) ≈ SBR > NBR Clearly this order could be altered if the many factors, mentioned in the previous paragraph were not kept constant. Yamaguchi and Yukawa describe the effects of different fillers and accelerators on fouling by SBR compounds. For carbon blacks (medium thermal black (MT), semi-reinforcing furnace carbon black (SRF), high abrasion-resistant furnace carbon black (HAF)), the more strongly reinforcing grades give rise to less fouling and talc and calcium carbonate give less still. The order given (from most fouling to least) is: MT > SRF > HAF > talc > calcium carbonate Again, other factors, such as particle size or filler surface treatment will have an influence. For accelerators, the order is: TMTD > MBTS/DPG > CBS > TMTD/MBTS (least fouling) Turning to NBR, Yamaguchi and Yukawa list the effect of factors involved in mould fouling. These are summarised in Table 11. This information should
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Table 11 Factors involved in mould contamination by NBR compounds (after 312) If factor increased:
Contamination increases (+) or decreases (-)
Acrylonitrile content
+
Viscosity
-
Filler dispersibility
-
Calcium silicate
+
Plasticiser compatibility
-
Plasticiser volatility
+
Plasticiser thermal stability
-
Sulfur
+
Zinc oxide
+
Stearic acid
+
Accelerator
+
Talc or mica
+
Vulcanising temperature
+
Vulcanising speed
-
External temperature
+
External humidity
+
obviously be taken as indicative, rather than definite, as the list cannot be exhaustive and the factors listed interact with one another (Sections 3.1.4 and 3.2.2). The authors then give an indication of factors important with other types of rubber. With silicones vinyl groups present as crosslinking sites represent points of instability. Incorporating phenolic antioxidants into PC can impart outstanding resistance to mould contamination. Softening agents, however, have an adverse effect. Different vulcanising agents for fluororubbers lead to different degrees of mould contamination (312). In order from most fouling to least, they list: diamines > polyols > triallyl isocyanurate > peroxides. The nature of the mould material is directly related to contamination. The widely-used mild steel and chromium-plated moulds are readily contaminated by all rubber types. Fouling is reported to be limited with moulds of stainless steel or aluminium.
Yamaguchi and Yukawa discuss the problem of analysis of mould deposits. They mention that recent use of attenuated total internal reflection infra-red spectroscopy (ATR), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XFS) have been important in this field. It should be remembered that these typically analyse microns in depth, rather than nanometres, and are much less surface-sensitive than XPS and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) used by other investigators (Section 3.1.4). Other information on the analysis of deposits in fouled moulds include papers by Makinen and co-workers who were concerned with acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene (ABS) and polystyrene (PS) (66) and by Sepe with experimental techniques in general (30).
3.2.4 Mould Fouling: Other Studies A detailed study of mould fouling by EPDM was published in 1988 by Chauffaille and Pigeyre (379). They used a spiral mould with right angle bends chosen to disrupt the flow pattern thereby encouraging fouling. They measured the force to detach the moulding which they found to be a sensitive measure of mould fouling. With successive moulding a thin film was first built up on the mould surface, and the force of detachment was low. At a certain stage there was a transition to a higher force of detachment with significant fouling of the mould and marks defacing the surface of the moulding. Chauffaille and Pigeyre compared the results for peroxide cured EPDM with those for accelerated sulfur cured material (Figure 11). The sulfur-cured rubber performed much better. Its force of detachment was one-third lower and many more moulding cycles were possible before serious fouling occurred. A concise account of the formation of deposits during thermoplastic moulding can be found in the article of Poppe and co-workers (150). They are ascribed to thermal decomposition or excessive shearing of polymer or of additives. Van Baarle reported in 1998 on a Dutch study in which a number of rubbers were evaluated and various semipermanent release agents and mould coatings investigated (a.16). He concludes that zinc oxide is the major source of mould fouling, perhaps on the basis of rather cursory analysis. Chromium-containing steels produced less fouling than did mild steels. NBR produced less fouling than peroxide-cured EPDM, and high temperature rubbers, such as silicone and fluorocarbon, were better still. Several semipermanent release coatings were compared. A siloxane material fared best.
21
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Figure 11 Mould release of EPDM: peroxide and sulfur cure compared (schematic after (379))
3.3 Mould Release and Fouling General Discussion Mould sticking and mould fouling are an inevitable result of the moulding process. Moulding and mould are brought into contact and adhesion follows (Section 2.1). When the moulding is removed this adhesion has to be overcome and in the majority of cases parting occurs within the polymer close to the interface with the mould, leaving a residue on the mould surface (Sections 2.3 and 2.4). The formation of such a layer on the surface of an initially-clean metal mould is often associated with a ‘running in’ phase during which mould sticking is reduced to an acceptable level. Presumably it is the lowering of the surface energy of the mould which causes the reduction in adhesion (Table 1 and Equation 2). With successive mouldings, however, the residue will tend to build up and will eventually constitute ‘fouling’ (compare with Figure 1). In many cases, especially at elevated temperature, the residue will become partially degraded, making it harder to remove. At this level of detail the phenomena are very easy to understand, but mould sticking and fouling are very complicated. This is because most of the variables implicit on moulding technology, individually and synergistically, can have a bearing on them. It is the intention of this section to reiterate and summarise the main themes developed in Sections 3.1 and 3.2.
22
In their review, discussed in Section 3.2.3, Yamaguchi and Yukawa draw up a simple list of factors affecting mould fouling (312). The list shown in Table 12 is adapted from this, and will serve to give a structure to the next part of this section.
Table 12 Variables affecting mould sticking and fouling (adapted from 312) 1
The polymer/pre-polymers being moulded
2
Resudues, impurities, etc., in 1
3
The vulcanising/cure system
4
The additives, fillers, stabilisers, processing aids, etc.
5
Moulding/cure conditions: temperature, time, atmosphere
6
Mould material, plating material
7
Mould surface roughness, surface treatments
8
Mould design: changes in section, points of confluence, etc.
9
Others: ambient temperature, humidity, state in which precursors stored
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
The nature of the material being moulded is obviously crucial. Problems are likely to be more severe where reactive moulding is involved. Thus mould release and fouling difficulties are much more common with rubbers than with thermoplastics. Moulding of crosslinking composites is intermediate in this respect. The basic chemical structure of the polymer, in particular its thermal stability and its potential for reacting with the mould surface, exert a strong influence. Thus CR (in which the chlorine tends to be labile) causes more problems, and high temperature rubbers (silicones and fluorocarbons), cause fewer problems than hydrocarbon rubbers. If the grade, or even the particular batch, of a polymer is changed, the mould release characteristics may change as well. This is a particularly difficult problem for the moulding technologist. It can be the result of quantitative or qualitative alteration in inpurities and residues in the polymer leading to changes in the nature of the layer formed on the mould surface (Section 2.4). This effect is well documented for emulsion polymerised NBR (Section 3.4.1) and is likely to be the reason for the better release and fouling properties which have been reported for solution than for emulsion SBR (Section 3.1.1). Synthetic polyisoprene is reported to give less fouling than NR. Again it may be presumed that this is because the synthetic material is ‘cleaner’. Changes in the chemistry reacting systems can have a strong effect. Thus EPDM cured with peroxide systems tend to foul moulds more severely than similar materials cured with an accelerated sulfur system. Changes in the accelerator used in sulfur curing of rubbers affects mould release and fouling: TMTD used on its own, has a particularly bad reputation. As already emphasised, the nature of the layer which forms at the interface during moulding is very important. Many of the additives, fillers, stabilisers, processing aids, etc., used in polymer technology tend to migrate to the interface, so changes in these can exert a strong effect on mould release. Some act as internal release agents (stearates often do this), others act more like bonding agents. These can be seen as changes in the energy term, ψ, (Equation 4) according to the properties of the layer. More subtly, the purity of the additive can be important. Commercial chemicals are often of low purity and the difference from batch-to-batch in the nature and level of impurities can affect release and fouling. This has been discussed previously particularly in respect to stearic acid and to glycerol monostearate (Sections 3.1.4.4 and 3.1.5.3). The same principle probably
applies widely. Unless materials are characterised before being used, erratic and incomprehensible moulding problems can be expected. Changes in time and temperature of moulding may alter the extent of degradation occurring, with consequent effects on mould release and fouling. Under and over cure will affect the mechanical properties of the moulding (affecting E and G in Equation 1) and thus its adhesion to the mould (Equations 1 and 4). Good temperature control can reduce formation of deposits (278). Even ambient humidity and temperature exert an effect on some materials. Remembering the part which thermo-oxidative degradation plays in these phenomena, it is not surprising that changes in the time a hot mould is open to the atmosphere between mouldings can affect the build-up of deposits. Surface reactions often play a part in mould release, so change in mould alloy can change release properties in ways which are sometimes impossible to predict. The corrosion resistance of the mould material is often a factor. Some general points can be made. Stainless steel and aluminium tend to be better than mild steel. Chromium plating is sometimes beneficial. Nickel reacts with the sulfur in many rubber cure systems and should be avoided in these cases. PTFE gives some benefit, but it is short-lived as the material becomes worn (93). For a given mould material, a range of different surface characteristics may produced. Rough surfaces are generally reported to increase sticking and fouling. This is essentially raising the surface energy and consequently the work of adhesion, Equation 2. It is important to avoid surface roughening during cleaning operations. Surface hardening is generally found to be advantageous. Sacrificial release agents applied to the mould surface can degrade and become a source of fouling. Oils and waxes which are readily pyrolysed are known to cause problems, but silicones can also contribute to fouling (93). It is well-known that mould design affects the formation of deposits. This appears to be because high shear stresses during flow of the polymer aids their formation. Changes in cross-sectional area, and sharp steps and corners are commonly found to be sites of mould fouling. There is evidence in rubber processing of volatile products being driven ahead of the flowing rubber. These may deposit at the point at which the flow stops, creating a site for mould fouling. Depending on the articles being moulded, there may be scope for reducing or eliminating such features. In many cases, steps and changes in cross sectional area are essential
23
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
to the product being formed. After all, one of the attractions of polymers is the ease with which they can be formed into intricate shapes.
3.3.1 Mould Release Agents The introduction of a low surface energy polymer into a high surface energy metallic mould is a situation which favours good wetting (molecular contact) and therefore adhesion. The consequent problems of release have been long been addressed by the use of release agents. These act by providing a coating which lowers the surface energy (Equation 2) or by establishing a weak boundary layer at the interface (low E and G, Equation 1). In practice both mechanisms will often apply. ‘Obvious’ substances like waxes and soaps, talc and mica were among the earliest release agents to be used. By the 1960s silicone oils were also being used. These were usually polymethylsiloxanes of molecular weight between 6,000 and 80,000 (39, 346). These are sacrificial release agents which have to be applied frequently, perhaps after each moulding cycle. Although they are effective in release, the coating of release agent on the moulding surface may cause problems, especially if subsequent adhesive bonding is necessary. The low surface energy making them good release agents makes them very difficult to bond to!
3.3.1.1 Environmental Damage An altogether more serious problem is damage to the environment. Sacrificial release agents were often applied as solutions in volatile organic solvents, sometimes by brushing or wiping, but often by spraying. Of course the spray propellants were usually chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and chlorinated solvents featured prominently in many solvent formulations (346). These included carcinogens like carbon tetrachloride and methylene chloride and CFC. The volatile organic solvents were (and still are) a serious cause of air pollution. They are greenhouse gases and also lead formation of ground level ozone and photochemical smog with attendant lung problems, other health hazards and damage to crops (a.17). CFC and chlorinated solvents are implicated in the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer (39). Recognition of these environmental problems, or more accurately the fiscal and regulatory changes which followed this recognition, has led to a move from solvent-based to water-based sacrificial release agents
24
(44, 143, 225, 263, 280, 346). At the same time the use of CFC is being eliminated. However the aerosol sprays still available are not environmentally benign. Although they are often advertised as ‘solvent-free’, the propellant may be a volatile hydrocarbon or ether or fluorocarbons such as HCF-134a or HCFC-141b (280). Hydrocarbons and ethers are, of course greenhouse gases and generators of photochemical smog. The CFC replacements, which are also used in refrigeration systems, are often represented as ‘environmentally friendly’, but are many times more active than carbon dioxide as greenhouse gases, Table 13 (a.18-a.21).
Table 13 Global warming potentials (GWP) over 100 year period and ozone depletion potentials (ODP) (a.18-a.21) Structure CO2 CFCl3 CH3CFCl2 C2H2F4
Code
GWP
ODP
Carbon dioxide
1
0
CFC-11
4600
1
HCFC-141b
700
0.1
HFC-134a
1300
0
This change to water-based agents was not without its problems, nor is it complete. Usually it was not possible simply to substitute water for an organic solvent and to produce an effective release agent (339). However recent papers claim that contemporary water-based agents are no less effective than the former solventbased products (21, 39, 44, 143, 263, 280, 339). It should be recognised that ‘water-based’ release agents are not necessarily free of organic solvent: some are, but others may still contain as much as 49% organic solvent (263). Further development is clearly necessary. The polyurethane industry still uses large quantities of solvent-based release agents. Part of the problem is the low processing temperature can lead to the reaction of unevaporated water with the isocyanate of the reaction mixture. Although water-based agents are available (225, 280, 327, 366), solvent systems are still widely used (39, 143). Semi-permanent release agents were developed more recently than sacrificial systems (339, 346). They too are moving from a solvent to a water base. In terms of mechanism, the balance has moved from the provision of a weak boundary layer (dominant for sacrificial agents), to the formation of a low energy surface for the mould. The release agents are applied by heating,
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
or even baking onto the mould surface, after thorough prior cleaning of the mould. A patent from a few years ago adopts a different approach: it describes the plasma polymerisation of thin deposits of a polymer to decrease surface energy of mould (171). In ideal circumstances these semi-permanent release agents have significant advantages over both sacrificial and internal release agents: easy application, quick drying, chemically inert and of long life (346).
4 Practical Aspects of Mould Release and Fouling Section 3 concentrated on literature which assisted an understanding of the mechanisms of mould release and mould fouling. The final Section 3.3 provided a summary of these mechanisms. Current understanding is largely confined to the level of broad principles. With so many materials, so many conditions and so few extensive research projects in the public domain, it is not surprising that there are few examples where the general principles can be translated into detailed understanding which can confidently be expected to solve release and fouling problems in a specific commercial context. To do this it is necessary to turn to literature aimed at those concerned with the practice of polymer processing, and to experiment, perhaps on a small scale, with new products and processes. Therefore the emphasis of the review now turns to these practically orientated papers. Although most of them are of a promotional nature, originating from the providers of materials and services, they often include useful comparisons and broad general advice on selection of products. Papers dealing with the main mould surface treatments are first discussed, followed by a review of advice available on choice of release agents and on cleaning of moulds. Because it will often be necessary to assess new materials or processes, the final section summarises some of the simple methods which have been adapted to measure mould release and fouling.
4.1 Surface Treatment of Moulds There is a conflict in the selection of materials for moulds between the need for ease of machining to produce the intricate shapes and high tolerances usually required and the need for hardness to resist wear over hundreds or thousands of cycles. In practice soft steels, aluminium and copper alloys are often used (a.22). Some kind of surface treatment may then be given. A
large number of these treatments are essentially hardening treatments designed to reduce abrasive wear of mould surfaces. Again there is a problem. Many surface treatments involve high temperatures which may adversely affect the metallurgical condition of the alloy or may lead to distortion of the mould. Some surface treatments are discussed in the sections below. First hardening treatments are broadly considered, and then attention is directed to ion implantation, a ‘new’ technique regarded as promising by several authorities. It should be remembered that a high proportion of the literature on surface treatment of moulds originates with the providers of proprietary treatments.
4.1.1 Hardening Treatments Yamaguchi and Yukawa’s review, discussed in Section 3.2.3, describes two systems available in Japan, Protonics TA and Protonics MIP (312). The latter is an electroless nickel plating bearing PTFE particles. The results in Yamaguchi and Yukawa’s paper indicate that the MIP treatment does not perform particularly well with rubbers, apparently because of reaction of sulfur with the nickel, a problem noted in Section 3.3 (93). However a few years later Bales Mold Services, Inc., were claiming ‘excellent release properties’ and prevention of corrosion from hydrogen chlorideproducing polymers such as PVC for a similarsounding coating called Nicklon (131). Rubbers are not mentioned in the abstract of Bales’ article. In contrast Yamaguchi and Yukawa’s assessment of the TA coating indicates excellent release with many types of rubber. The TA system consists of a hard chromium coating with cracked regions top coated with PTFE (312). Yamaguchi and Yukawa also mention advantages of ceramic coatings for aluminium moulds, but give no details of which ceramic is involved. In 1998 van Baarle published a comparison of six permanent coatings used with six rubber types (a.16). Unfortunately there is little detail about either the coatings or the rubbers used. Again the nickel proves to be poor and nitriding does not stand out as particularly good. A thick (50 μm) PTFE coating gave good release, but its mechanical properties were not adequate. It showed excessive wear. In 1995, Hamilton of Tech-Ni-Plant Ltd., presented a useful overview of surface treatments for moulds (120). She listed the principal treatments available and gave a summary of the scope for the application of each. Some of this information is summarised in Table 14. There
25
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Table 14 Principal techniques available for mould treatments (after 120) Technique
Thickness
Comment
Applied to
0.5-5 mm
Carbides dissolve and refined
(a) plain carbon steels (b) low alloy 0.35< C/%<0.6 as above and 0.2% C in addition
Thermal hardening Electrical induction Lasers
up to 1 mm
Austenite/martensite Transformation in surface layer
Electron beam
0.2 - 2.5 mm
In vacuo treatment limits size of piece
Thermochemical treatments
C or N introduced into surface at high temperature in gas or plasma
Carburising
0.25-4 mm
850-950 °C Carbon introduced martensitic case
Nitriding
0.4-6 mm
500-525 °C alloy nitrides 400-455 °C
Plasma nitriding (ion nitriding) Electrochemical treatments
<500 mm
Chromium most common
Chemical treatments
<250 mm
Metal deposition by controlled reduction, e.g., nickel
Chemical vapour deposition
2-10 mm
Titanium carbide and/or nitride furnace at 1000 °C
Physical vapour deposition
2-7 mm
Titanium nitride 250-400 °C TiN sputtered vacuum chamber
Spraying Ion implantation
<1 mm
Sometimes poor adhesion
Wide variety of materials
150 °C in vacuo. Ion (usually N) introduced
All materials can be treated
was no mention of assessing any of these methods in the context of polymer moulding. Dowler also has published a survey of treatment methods for mould surfaces (216). It is more restricted in scope than Hamilton’s (120), but gives more detail of those methods which are mentioned. Like Hamilton, he gives no information about the effectiveness of the methods with any particular polymer. Dowler’s survey is directly linked to suppliers of the treatments discussed. Thus, Dowler favours 2 to 5 μm coatings of titanium nitride or boron carbide for injection moulds where glassfilled polymers are to be moulded, and high surface hardness is required. The latter may be combined with tungsten disulfide, a compound with a lamellar structure which imparts low friction (216). Dowler discussed the use of nickel or chromium plating with cavities in the surface filled with PTFE. This ‘locked
26
Tool steels, low alloy steels, cast iron
in’ PTFE provides a low friction surface for a longer period than would a simple surface coating. In high volume moulds it will be necessary to strip and re-apply the coating periodically. An alternative coating mentioned consists of PTFE particles intermixed with a nickel-phosphorus matrix. These two coating systems appear similar to the Protonics treatments discussed at the start of this section in connection with Yamaguchi and Yukawa’s work (312). Blazers-Elay S.A. and Blazer Tool Coatings Inc., (presumably related companies) have published accounts of the advantages, in terms of better wear and corrosion resistance, of proprietary titanium nitride, titanium carbide and chromium nitride coatings (315, 362). Titanium nitride coatings are also reported to be associated with better resin flow, especially for glass-filled materials (362). A discussion of the potential of metal spraying technology for producing cheaper coatings on mould tools was published in 1994 (322).
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
As well as producing titanium carbide and nitride coatings (120), chemical vapour deposition has been used to produce hard carbon ‘diamond-like’ coatings. Applications Couches Minces (ACM) has developed such coatings - ‘carbone diamant’ - using plasmaassisted chemical vapour deposition (349). Apparently similar coatings are available from a British company Diavac Ltd. (254). They are formed by plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition. A hydrocarbon gas, such as acetylene, is introduced into a vacuum system in which is generated a 13.65 Hz radio frequency plasma. The coatings are described as consisting of extremely hard amorphous carbon exhibiting both sp2 (graphitic) and sp3 (diamond-like) hybridisation. In a trial of NBR cured in a mould coated by this process, a release agent had to be used for first four cycles, but after that, it ran for over 4000 cycles with none (254).
Many of the publications have originated from companies involved in providing an ion implantation service or equipment (138). Tech-Ni-Plant (Hamilton’s company) claimed that output from moulds implanted with nitrogen improved ‘by 22 times’ (337, 371). The polymers involved are not mentioned. More modest advantages (‘tool lifetime improved 3-4 times’) have been claimed by AEA Technology (253, 291).
Bienk and Mikkelsen of the Danish Technological Institute have discussed the application of advanced surface treatment technologies to plastics moulding (a.22). Their Institute ‘routinely’ treats moulding tools and their article summarises ten specific case studies. They point out the problems associated with the elevated temperatures usually needed for physical vapour deposition (PVD), and, a fortiori, for chemical vapour deposition (CVD) (see Table 14). Many tools are precision tempered at temperatures as low as 180 to 200 °C. The low temperature of ion implantation treatment (below 100 °C, they state) makes this an appropriate method, see Section 4.1.2. Also a form of PVD, unbalanced magneton sputtering, which can be used down to 180 °C, has been used for mould hardening at the Danish Technological Institute. They cite examples of a PVD TiAlN coating as giving best release properties against a ‘rubber-like plastic material’, and of PVD of TiN followed by N+ ion implantation as eliminating sticking problems in polyethylene moulding.
Perhaps it was in recognition of this need that the European Union helped fund an initiative, with Spanish, Danish and British partners, designed to help increase awareness of ion implantation as a means of surface treatment (a.26). This work emphasised that ion implantation should be considered as one of many techniques available, and it provided a comparison with PVD and CVD (see Table 14). A video recording giving details of this work is available and can be obtained from Imperial College London (a.27). A recent article by Rodríguez, who was associated with the work, gives a comparison (including a cost comparison) of ion implantation with other surface treatments for injection moulds (19).
4.1.2 Ion Implantation Hamilton’s view is that ion implantation is an ‘ideal’ treatment as it can be applied to almost any metal surface, and can be combined with other methods of treatment (120, a.23, a.24). In semiconductor applications, ion implantation is used to introduce boron, arsenic or phosphorus into a substrate. In treating mould tools the element introduced is generally nitrogen. Ion implantation has received increasing emphasis over the past dozen or so years. In 1989 Menough was suggesting ion implantation of steel with nitrogen to improve the hardness and wear hardness of moulds for rubber processing (370).
In 1993, Gerve of the Institut Angewandte Verschleissforsch at Karlsruhe gave a more critical view. He discussed the advantages which can follow from ion implantation of injection moulds, but warned, however, that the improvements to wear behaviour were not inevitably obtained. The results were difficult to predict, and there was need for more development work to improve confidence in the method (a.25).
According to Oñate and co-workers ion implantation is finding increasing use in Spain, and other parts of Europe for the treatment of mould cavities and nozzles for plastic injection and extrusion processes (a.28). Bienk and Mikkelsen also see ion implantation and PVD slowly becoming more popular in the ‘difficult market’ for plastics-moulding tools (a.22).
4.2 Practical Aspects: Selection of Release Agents From what has been written previously, the complexity of the problem of mould release and fouling will be obvious. In a real sense every situation is unique: the polymer, its grade and batch, the additives, the mould surface and design are all among parameters which can influence release properties. Add to this, the hundreds - if not thousands - of sacrificial, internal and semi-permanent release agents available, and the selection of the best release system,
27
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
becomes daunting, if not impossible. However, the situation is not as bad as this because no case is absolutely novel, with no relevant prior experience whatever. Moreover, it is important to remember that ‘the best is the enemy of the good’. Obviously inhouse experience is invaluable, but where in the literature can help be sought? As this review makes clear there are really not very many comprehensive, detailed studies of mould release and fouling in open publications. Inevitably the suppliers of release agents are an invaluable, although obviously prejudiced, source. In this section of the review attention is drawn to articles where help on the choice of release agents is given. First discussed are general accounts, relatively free from bias towards a particular manufacturer’s product. Useful comparisons of more limited focus are given later. This section is then followed by a discussion of mould cleaning (Section 4.3) and finally by a short review of some experimental methods which have been used to compare release and fouling properties (Section 4.4). In 1998, Kulshreshtha and Awasthi of the Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd., published a valuable article on lubricants and mould release agents for a wide range of plastics (162). They give a comparative discussion of different chemical types, concentrating on internal release agents. They discuss their use with engineering thermoplastics including ABS, acetal and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), with polyolefins, polypropylene (PP), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) and with PVC. Tables are given showing measures of the effectiveness of different release agents and of their effect on the properties of the moulded polymer. It is often forgotten that incorporation of a release agent will affect the properties of the polymer concerned. They include tables of producers and trade names of their products. Kulshreshtha and Awasthi conclude that ‘the most effective mould release agent (varies) with each of the resin types studied’. A survey of ‘cleaner and safer’ mould release agents, with a strong American focus, was published in 1995. It includes tables listing new release agents for thermoplastics, polyurethanes and other thermosets available from fourteen US suppliers which are listed with their contact details (280). An update on Speciality Products Company’s release agents for plastics moulding can be found in reference (95). Further information on polyurethane release agents can be found in an editorial survey listing types of release agent and producers, published in 1995 (299). Franklynn Industries has produced a PU guide for
28
processors aimed at solving RIM, structural reaction injection moulding (SRIM) release problems and giving advice on choosing a supplier (244). A study of flexible PU for automotive applications was published in 1988 by Air Products. This involved comparing the release performance of Air Products water-based release agents with one solvent-based agent, used as a control (366). Results for both toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 4,4´-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) formulations are given. A more recent reference to release agents for the automotive industry is Axel’s claims of improvements from its new ‘Xtend’ (sic) semi-permanent release agents (87, 157). Different grades are said to be appropriate for PU foam and for highly filled polyesters. Further information on release agents for reinforced plastics can be obtained from a list published in 1999 of suppliers, with contact details and descriptions of the scope and applicability of their products reinforced plastics (98). Advice was given by Starr on the choice and correct use of release agents for the composites industry (319). Layman has given an account of a case study using Zyvac release agents, and emphasises three steps to ensure success: cleaning and sealing of the mould and then correct application of the release agent (44). Guidance on rubber materials includes troubleshooting guides from release agent manufacturers (281, 329), and an article giving a table comparing 14 solvent-based and 13 water-based release agents available from McLube and Lotréc (a.29). The table gives an assessment of the agents’ success with the moulding of 35 materials (mostly rubbers) and some plastics (225). Attention may be given to Dyneon’s water-based multifunctional fluorocarbon additives for rubbers. Improved flow and release properties are claimed and a report covers their application to seven different rubber types (74). Further data are available (75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82).
4.3 Cleaning It is obvious that mould cleaning is a serious issue in the polymer processing industry. As the extent of mould fouling varies widely with the type of material and the moulding conditions, the frequency of cleaning will vary similarly. The importance of cleaning before application of surface treatments to moulds or of semi-permanent release agents has been discussed above (21, 44).
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Many different techniques are employed (376, a.30). Blasting the mould surface with particles can be used on its own or in combination with other methods. It may leave the mould in an ‘active’ condition where subsequent fouling is more severe. This is a particular danger of the blasting medium is too hard. Fine ground English walnut shells are the traditional medium for cleaning aluminium tyre moulds. Recently Cold Jet Inc., have developed solid carbon dioxide pellet blasting for mould cleaning (92, 116, 118). The use of supercritical carbon dioxide has also been advocated. It is claimed to have similar solvent properties to hydrocarbon solvents (313). Chemical cleaning using inorganic or organic chemicals is used. A sequence of alkali cleaning, followed by acid can be used to remove hydrocarbon deposits. As with blasting, too aggressive a treatment can cause damage to mould surface, removing surface layers, and etching or pitting. Worse fouling may result (a.30). Some deposits are removable by heating the mould, almost burning off. Cleaning in high temperature salt baths is also used (a.30). Ultrasonic cleaning provides a more moderate method of treatment. It may be used on its own or in combination with chemical treatment (183, a.30). A recent patent describes a plastic film which is placed in intimate contact with the fouled mould. On peeling off, it is claimed to remove the contaminants, leaving a clean mould (48). Mould cleaning is an area where proprietary materials come into their own. Obviously up-to-date information can be obtained from specialise suppliers, or from the trade press. For example, references (61) and (64) provide surveys of the mould cleaning products of two different companies. Other information of this nature can be found through the ‘cleaning’ entry in the index of this review. An alternative to methods of cleaning which require the mould to be removed from the moulding machine is provided by proprietary mould cleaning compounds. These are injected into the mould and have the ability to remove deposits from the mould surface. Sommer and co-workers described a compound associated with a General Tire & Rubber Company patent (a.30). Their paper produced ATR infra-red spectroscopic evidence for the ability of an EPDM compound containing 30 phr of an aminohydroxy additive (2-amino-2-methyl-1propanol) to remove deposits formed from ‘high fouling’ test compounds. The paper lists some 13 additives which are said to be efficacious in mould cleaning. Other cleaning compounds are available. Yamaguchi and Yukawa give some general information about six proprietary
compounds available in Japan (312). A recent patent describes a purging agent containing ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer for use with thermoplastic resins (188).
4.4 Assessment of Release and Fouling Behaviour It will often be necessary to evaluate possible release agents or surface treatments before use in a production context, and it will often be inconvenient or impossible to work on production equipment. Thus some sort of experimental scale evaluation is desirable. Whereas almost any sort of machine and mould will enable some sort of qualitative assessment of mould release and fouling to be made, quantitative measures are more difficult. This is not a simple problem to solve. There are many widely used tests of adhesion which could be used in principle (a.1), but the very low forces involved in mould release make them difficult to apply. Several of the authors reviewed previously have adapted traditional adhesion tests. Franz and coworkers measured mould adhesion by a T-peel test (199). A fracture energy is easily calculated from the results of a peel test (a.1). The T-peel test is shown schematically in Figure 12. Anyone wishing to adapt this procedure would be confronted with the problem of reliably measuring the small forces likely to be involved. Franz and co-workers avoided this by taking the time to failure under constant load as a measure of sticking. A better procedure might be to measure the peel rate under a series of small peeling loads (a.1).
Figure 12 Geometric arrangement of T-peel test
29
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
Figure 13 TDCB test. Fracture energy depends on force P required to propagate the crack (a.1).
The standard TDCB test, Figure 13, has also been used in mould release studies (346, 391). This gives a measure of the energy of release (a.1). Again there is a problem associated with the low forces involved. The TMS rheometer consists of a biconical rotor (representing the mould surface). The polymer is placed in the transfer chamber, injected around the rotor, Figure 14. It has been used in mould release studies with rubbers (191, 320, 396), but it is not obvious that the same idea could not be adapted for use with other polymers. With rubbers the material cures in situ, and then the shear stress required to free the rotor is taken as the ‘mould sticking index’. The rheometer has the advantage that small experimental mixes of rubber can be evaluated, the rotors are easily changed, so as to
evaluate changes in mould surface, and the parted surfaces are amenable to examination by XPS and other methods of surface analysis. The obvious disadvantage is that access to special equipment (the TMS rheometer) is required. The blister test requires a special mould, but could probably be used with any moulding machine. It is well suited to measuring the low levels of adhesion involved in mould release (298, 340, 390). Essentially a disc, like a beer mat, is moulded and the pressure is applied to displace it through a small hole (‘penny-shaped crack’) at its centre. The detachment pressure can be related to the fracture energy (a.31).
Figure 14 TMS rheometer showing biconical rotor. The angle α is 6 °.
30
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
A relatively simple way of testing mould fouling is to use a spiral mould (362, 379). This enables mould fouling to be observed qualitatively, although with a little development (weighing of inserts, for example) a quantitative measure could be obtained, if thought necessary. Chauffaille and Pigeyre measured the force to detach the spiral moulding which they found this to be a good measure of mould fouling (379). Obviously the force would be directly related to mould adhesion.
5 Conclusions When a polymer is introduced into a mould it will to some extent stick. When removed it is very likely that parting will occur in an interfacial layer, leaving some of the polymer, or some component of the polymer, on the mould surface. In most cases the build-up of this residue will constitute mould fouling. These potential problems are generally reduced to manageable levels by the use of mould release agents and/or the surface treatment of moulds. Sacrificial, internal and semi-permanent release agents have been used for many years and are all in current use. In the past decade or so two trends have been evident. The first is an increasing emphasis on semipermanent release agents which much of the literature presents as making the moulding process generally more efficient. The second trend has been to replace the use of organic solvent-based release agents with water-based agents. This has been driven by a different concept of efficiency: the increasing recognition of the cost of environmental damage and of the increasing need to make the polluter pay. This replacement is not complete, especially where polyurethane moulding is concerned, and further movement can be expected. The surface treatment of moulds has been practised for many years. Often these aim to form a hard surface layer. Many of the older methods of surface hardening involve treatment at high temperatures, which cause particular problems for precision moulds. Advances in surface engineering have led to the development of varieties of physical vapour deposition and of ion implantation applicable at modest temperatures. The literature - admittedly mainly that originating from providers of surface treatments - sees these as giving great scope for reducing problems of release and fouling in moulds for plastics and rubber processing.
Abbreviations α-OS
α-olefin sulfonate
ABS
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer
ACN
Acrylonitrile
ATR
Attenuated total internal reflection infra-red spectroscopy
BR
Polybutadiene rubber
CBS
N-cyclohexylbenzothiazylsulfenamide
CFC
Chlorofluorocarbon(s)
CR
Polychloroprene rubber
CVD
Chemical vapour deposition
DOP
Dioctyl phthalate
DPG
Diphenylguanidine
DSC
Differential scanning calorimetry
EPDM
Ethylene propylene diene rubber(s)
EPMA
Electron probe microanalysis
GMS
Glycerol monostearate
GPF
General purpose furnace black
GWP
Global warming potential
HAF
High abrasion-resistant furnace carbon black
HDPE
High density polyethylene
IR
Polyisoprene rubber
LDPE
Low density polyethylene
LRCC
Laboratoire de Recherches et de Contrôle du Caoutchouc
MBTS
Dibenzothiazyldisulfide
MDI
4,4´-diphenylmethane diisocyanate
MT
Medium thermal carbon black
NaDBS
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate
NaSOL
Sodium salt of sulfated oleic acid
NBR
Nitrile butadiene rubber(s)
NR
Natural rubber
ODP
Ozone depletion potentials
31
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
a.4
J.R. Huntsberger in Treatise on Adhesion and Adhesives, Volume 1, Ed., R.L. Patrick, Arnold, London, UK, 1967, p.119.
Parts of additive per hundred parts of rubber
a.5
J.J. Bikerman, The Science of Adhesive Joints, Academic Press, New York, USA, 1961.
PMMA
Polymethyl methacrylate
a.6
PP
Polypropylene
A.N. Gent and A.J. Kinloch, Journal of Polymer Science, 1971, A2, 9, 659.
PS
Polystyrene
a.7
PTFE
Polytetrafluoroethylene
M. Barquins, Étude Théorique et Experimentale de la Cinetique de l’Adhérence des Elastomères, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 1980. [PhD Thesis]
PU
Polyurethane
a.8
PVC
Polyvinyl chloride
PVD
Physical vapour deposition
RIM
Reaction injection moulding
J. Kandazoglou, L’encrassement des Moules Mise au Point d’une Méthode de Measure Étude des Facteurs d’Encrassement, Rapport Technique, Institut Français du Caoutchouc, Paris, France, 1976.
a.9 SBR
Styrene butadiene rubber(s)
SIMS
Secondary ion mass spectroscopy
SRF
Semi-reinforcing furnace carbon black
Étude sur l’Encrassement des Outillages Destinés au Moulage du Caoutchouc, Rapport Technique no. 120, Laboratoire de Recherche et du Contrôle du Caoutchouc, Montrouge, Paris, 1979.
SRIM
Structural reaction injection moulding
a.10
M. Lotfipour, D.E Packham and D.M. Turner, Surface and Interface Analysis, 1991, 17, 516.
TDCB
Tapered double cantilever beam
a.11
TDI
Tolylene diisocyanate
L.A. Reeves, D. Kiroski and D.E. Packham, Surface and Interface Analysis, 1995, 23, 229.
TMS
Turner, Moore and Smith (Those who developed the rheometer)
a.12
D. Kiroski, D. Burke and D.E Packham, Videcouches Minces, 1994, 272, supplement, 454.
TMTD
Tetramethylthiuram disulfide
a.13
C. Fleming, Rapra Bulletin, 1971, 25, 2, 29.
XFS
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
a.14
A. Mclean, Rapra Members’ Journal, 1974, 2, 12, 296.
XPS
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
a.15
A. Mclean and S.H. Morrell, Measurement of Mould Fouling and its Application, Rapra Members’ Report, No.7, 1977.
a.16
B. van Baarle, Kunststof en Rubber, 1998, 51, 4.
a.17
Ozone Control Strategies, US Environment Protection Agency, New England, Boston, MA, USA, http://www.epa.gov/region01/eco/ airqual/voc.html (16.8.02).
PBT
Polybutylene terephthalate
PDMS
Polydimethyl siloxane
phr
Additional References a.1
Handbook of Adhesion, Ed., D.E. Packham, Longman, Harlow, UK, 1992.
a.2
Handbook of Adhesives Technology, 2nd Edition, Eds., A. Pizzi and K.L. Mittal, Marcel Dekker, to be published in 2003.
a.18
Adhesion Science and Engineering, Volume 1, Mechanics, Eds., D. Dillard and A. V. Pocius; Adhesion Science and Engineering, Volume 2, Surfaces, Chemistry and Applications, Eds., M. Chaudhury and A.V. Pocius, Elsevier, to be published in 2002.
Global Warming Potential (GWP), Climate Action Network Europe, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.climnet.org/resources/GWP.htm (16.8.02).
a.19
D.J. Williams and P. Verbiest, Energy Efficiency of Refrigerators using HFC-245fa, Honeywell, http://specchem-apps.alliedsignal. com/scfluoro/ pdf_files/UTECHAPPLIANCE.pdf (18.9.02)
a.3
32
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
a.20
a.21
M. Villarrubia, Comportamiento Medioambiental de los Refrigerantes. La Capa de Ozono y el Efecto Invernadero. Energuia, http:// www.energuia.com/guia/images/DirFich/ BIB802.pdf (21.8.02) National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Sydney, NSW, Australia, http://www.nicnas.gov.au/publications/CAR/ new/NA/NAFULLR/NA0900FR/ NA920FR.pdf (16.8.02).
a.26
R.J. Rodríguez, N.J. Mikkelsen and T.J. Tate, Surface and Coatings Technology, 1996, 84, 584.
a.27
Ion Implantation - The Invisible Shield, Imperial College, Television Studio, London, UK, http://www.lib.ic.ac.uk/av/videos_ intro.html (16.8.02).
a.28
J.I. Oñate, F. Alonso, I. Braceras, A.L. Sanz and R.J. Rodríguez, Surface and Coatings Technology, 1998, 103-104, 185.
a.29
The McLube and Lotréc LF range of products, McLube, http://www.lotrec.se/LF-Mclube/ Eng/LF-McLubeENG.html (14.8.02).
a.22
E.J. Bienk and N.J. Mikkelsen, Wear, 1997, 207, 6.
a.23
T. Yamanishi, Y. Hara, R. Morita, K. Azuma, E. Fujiwara and M. Yatsuzuka, Surface and Coatings Technology, 2001, 136, 223.
a.30
J.G. Sommer, H.N. Grover and P.T. Suman, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 1976, 49, 1129.
a.24
Description of Ion Implantation Process, Spire Biomedical, http://www.spirebiomedical.com/ Biomedical/ionimpl.html (18.9.02).
a.31
a.25
A. Gerve, Surface and Coatings Technology, 1993, 60, 521.
B.J. Briscoe and S.S. Panesar, Proceedings of the Royal Society (London), Mathematical, Physical & Engineering Sciences, 1991, 433, 23.
33
Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning
34
References and Abstracts
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database Item 1 6th World Pultrusion Conference: A Stronger Profile for the Future. Proceedings of a conference held Prague, 4th-5th April 2002. Leusden, EPTA, 2002, Paper 11, pp.12, 29cm, 012 INFLUENCES OF INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE ON PULTRUSION PROCESS Axel F Axel Plastics Research Labs.Inc. (European Pultrusion Technology Assn.) Results are presented of an experimental investigation of the effect of internal mould release agents on the pultrusion process. Particular attention is paid to the effects on gel time, miscibility/homogeneity, performance (resin viscosity, pull force, die corrosion) and mechanical properties (short beam shear, deflection, deformation). USA
Accession no.856329 Item 2 Neukirchen-Vluyn, c. 2002, pp.1. 29 cm, 30/4/02 QUALITY CLEANING FOR INJECTION MOLDING. CLEANING OF HOT RUNNERS Schwing Fluid Technik AG Schwing Fluid Technik offers a cleaning process for any sized hot runner. The Hydroltherm fluid bed cleaning oven is claimed to clean the mould completely, and is suitable for glass fibre-reinforced materials. It features a short cleaning time, low cost operation, and no stress to the hardware. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.854473 Item 3 Reinforced Plastics 46, No.5, May 2002, p.34/8 MAKING THE MOST OF YOUR MOULD Prince K Taking time and care over preparation and maintenance is essential to ensure a mould will produce smooth releases and parts with a good quality surface. TR Industries manufactures compounds, releases, polishes and related products for every stage of the moulding process from the the initial plug through to the finished part and recommends its customers follow a four step mould preparation procedure to ensure that a high quality surface is achieved on the finished part. Release agents, both internal and external, cleaning agents and mould repair are discussed USA
Accession no.853211
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 4 Japan Chemical Week 43, No.2167, 11th April 2002, p.3 MATSUMURA TIES UP WITH US FIRM FOR MOULD RELEASE AGENT It is briefly reported that Matsumura Oil Research has concluded a business alliance agreement with leading mould and diecast tool release agent manufacturer ChemTrend (Michigan) in the field of oil-based agents for diecasting. Matsumura Oil will manufacture products based on Chem-Trend technology in Japan starting this spring and will market them domestically. In the longer term, the agreement may be extended to include cooperation in the Southeast Asian and Chinese markets, and even in the US. The target for the first year is to manufacture 40 kl/m and then build the business up to the 100-kl scale within three years. MATSUMURA OIL RESEARCH CORP.; CHEMTREND INC. JAPAN; USA
Accession no.852394 Item 5 Injection Moulding 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Barcelona, 18th-19th March 2002. Barcelona, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 18, p.243-5, 30cm, 012 ORIGIN OF THE SURFACE DEFECT “SLIPSTICK” ON INJECTION MOULDED PRODUCTS Schepens A; Bulters M DSM Petrochemicals (Rapra Technology Ltd.; ASCAMM) An investigation was carried out into the influence of injection moulding parameters on the “slip-stick” effect on the surface of filled PP in order to identify the cause of this moulding fault. Flow instability at the melt front was identified as the cause of the effect and a remedy for eliminating this effect is suggested. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; SPAIN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.850461 Item 6 Polyurethanes Asia 4, No.9, March 2002, p.14. This issue is published within Plastics and Rubber Asia, Vol.17, No.109, March 2002 WATER-BASED POLYMERS AND RELEASE AGENTS It is briefly reported that Chem-Trend has made significant advances in the development of polymers with high resilience and moulded flexible foam for automotive and non-automotive applications. The water-based polymers
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References and Abstracts
are uniquely formulated to offer a high degree of processing flexibility, while maintaining foam aesthetics, promoting foam bonding and reducing mould build-up. The company has also developed a family of water-based release agents that are designed to impart low gloss while maintaining minimal build-up. CHEM-TREND INC. USA
Accession no.847801 Item 7 Journal of Materials Science Letters 20, No.21, 1st Nov. 2001, p.1989-91 BEHAVIOUR OF INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE AGENT DURING BMC THERMOSETS COMPOSITES CURE AND AGING Serre C; Vayer M; Erre R CNRS Details are given of the effects of calcium stearate internal mould release agent in the ageing of thermoset bulk moulding compounds. All samples were compression moulded. Ageing of BMC was investigated at 180 C under atmospheric pressure. Surface quality degradation was illustrated using atomic force microscopy and SEM. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.844614 Item 8 (Duxford), 2000, pp.4. 30cms. 4/1/2002 MOULD RELEASE AGENTS QZ 13 AND QZ 13 SPRAY Vantico Ltd. Information is presented on QZ 13, a low-viscosity, solvent-containing silicone oil for use in the de-moulding of epoxy resin castings, mouldings and laminates. The mould release agent is available in manual application or aerosol spray form and allows smooth de-moulding even at mould temperatures above 150C. It also offers short drying times and does not corrode Araldite epoxy or metal moulds. Properties data for QZ 13 are supplied, together with guidelines on the mould release treatment of porous and non-porous mould materials. Instructions for safe handling of the product are also included. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Schill & Seilacher “Struktol” AG (ACS,Rubber Div.) Mould release and mould fouling are discussed. A mathematical expression which can be useful in quantifying the overall productivity from a moulding operation is presented. Some of the well-established mould release coatings, such as silicone-based fluids, are examined and their performance assessed. The development of new generation mould release coatings, which are multifunctional, providing both lubrication, release and anti-mould fouling properties, is described and a review is given of typical results obtained in an injection moulding operation. The advantages in productivity and quality that can be achieved by using this new type of mould coating are considered. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.842943 Item 10 Plastics Technology 48, No.2, Feb.2002, p.23 LITTLE GOES A LONG WAY WITH NEW MOLD RELEASES Spotlighted in this concise article is a new line of waterbased mould release agents developed for PU foams and elastomers by Huron Technologies Inc. of the USA. These new agents can be used at much lower levels than solvent releases and lower-priced aqueous releases. HURON TECHNOLOGIES INC. USA
Accession no.842523 Item 11 Woodshed, 2000, pp.4. 27 cms. 4/1/02 EXTEND SEMI-PERMANENT MOLD RELEASES Axel Plastics Research Labs.Inc. Grades of Extend SEMI-permanent mould releases from Axel Plastics Research Laboratories are listed with details of suitable applications, types of moulds, resins or rubbers, processing temperatures and types of moulding activity. The products are available as water- or solvent-based formulations. USA
Accession no.841090
Accession no.843260 Item 9 160th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2001. Cleveland, Oh., 16th-18th October 2001, Paper 2, pp.10, 012 MOULD RELEASE AND MOULD FOULING, HOW CAN WE DO BETTER? Clarke C; Mergenhagen T
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Item 12 Tire Technology International Dec., 2001, p.18/22 STICKY PROBLEM Wood P Problems of mould sticking and release are discussed, with particular, but not exclusive reference to the tyre industry. Reasons for mould sticking are examined and
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
the influence of the mould design and mould materials is considered. The use of mould release agents, the different types and their mechanism of release is described. 5 refs. Accession no.840493 Item 13 PU Latin America 2001.Conference Proceedings. Sao Paolo, Brazil, 28th-30th August 2001, AutomotiveRelated Developments, Paper 1, pp.6, 012 RELEASE AGENT - THE MOST UNPOPULAR, BUT INDISPENSABLE MATERIAL IN THE MOULDED PUR INDUSTRY Thies W ACMOS Chemie (Crain Communications Ltd.) Release agents for PU are discussed with reference to internal release agents, permanent mould coating, semipermanent mould coating, water-based release agents, hydrocarbon-based release agents, high-solids, waterbased high-solids, pastes and mixtures of these types of agents. Selection of a suitable release agent according to technical and economic criteria is considered with particular attention to extended mould cleaning costs, post-treatment of the finished part, problem-free processing, lack of flammability, and price. Release agents manufactured by ACMOS are described. 5 refs. BRAZIL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.840118 Item 14 Woodside, N.Y., 2001, pp.6. 27 cms. 22/11/01 AXEL COMPOSITES Axel Internal and external mould releases from Axel are detailed with particular reference to the suitability of grades of XTend, MoldWiz and PasteWiz for various moulding applications. Products are classified under the headings of external mould releases for open moulding applications; external mould releases for cast polymers; external mould releases for filament winding; external mould releases for closed moulding; external mould releases for polymer concrete; mould sealers; and cleaners and strippers; internal mould releases for polyester/vinyl esters; internal mould releases for phenolics; and internal mould releases for epoxies. USA
Accession no.838800 Item 15 Mould Technology 2, No.4, July/Aug.2001, p.25 WS2 COATING It is briefly reported that Duraco Plastics, a major producer of decorative plastic planters, recently completed a 12month evaluation of the WS2 (tungsten disulphide) coating, the dry lubricant surface coating that enhances
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
flow and assists release. Two new four-cavity, 3L tools were used for the evaluation, both installed into a 250ton press moulding Amoco PP. On one tool the WS2 coating was applied to the cores and cavities, while the other tool was not coated and used as the controlled measure. After one day, the WS2 tool was operating with an 8.5% faster cycle, producing a better cosmetic finish and the engraved texture showed no washout. DURACO PLASTICS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.837993 Item 16 European Plastics News 28, No.10, Nov.2001, p.18 STICKING TOGETHER It is briefly reported that Ticona and Kraiburg have developed a technology to overmould TPE onto rigid acetal copolymer substrates. The technique overcomes the inherent surface lubricity of the POM, removing the need for adhesives or fasteners. It creates a chemical bond between the two materials that is stronger than the tear strength of the TPE. Either insert moulding or two-shot injection moulding can be used. TICONA GMBH; KRAIBURG GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.837944 Item 17 Reinforced Plastics 45, No.11, Nov.2001, p.18 SLIDE PRODUCTS CLEANS UP It is briefly reported that mould release manufacturer Slide Products has phased out a potentially ozone-depleting solvent from its products to comply with US EPA guidelines. HCFC-141b has been replaced with a less harmful agent that the company says is equally effective. SLIDE PRODUCTS INC. USA
Accession no.834728 Item 18 Plastics Technology 47, No.10, Oct.2001, p.25 MOLD RELEASES FOR OPEN AND CLOSED MOLDING This very small article highlights four new semipermanent mould-release agents from Axel Plastics Research Laboratories in the USA. Brief details are given of “Xtend 191T”, “Xtend SAM”, “Xtend 19WAM”, and “Xtend 19HAM”. All are solvent-based reactive resin solutions that crosslink and cure on the mould surface. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABORATORIES USA
Accession no.833880
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References and Abstracts
Item 19 Plast’ 21 No.101, April 2001, p.74-5 Spanish INCREASING THE USEFUL LIFETIME OF MOULDS Rodriguez R Asociacion de la Industria Navarra Ion implantation is examined as a method for the surface treatment of injection moulds to increase their service life, and the costs and technical aspects of this process are discussed in comparison with other surface treatment techniques. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.831328 Item 20 Packaging Magazine 4, No.19, 4th Oct.2001, p.6 NEW ADDITIVE KEEPS WATER CLOSURES CLEAN Pidgeon R Croda Universal has developed a new additive for bottled water closures, it is briefly reported. Incroslip C is a torque and mould release agent with superior organoleptic properties than products currently used. An advantage of Incroslip C is that it can replace existing additives with minimal reformulation. CRODA UNIVERSAL LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.829796 Item 21 RUBBERCHEM 2001 - THE INTERNATIONAL RUBBER CHEMICALS, COMPOUNDING AND MIXING CONFERENCE. Proceedings of a conference held Brussels, 3rd-4th April 2001. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, Paper 15, pp.4. 012 SEMI-PERMANENT RELEASE AGENTS THEORY AND APPLICATION Clarke C; Just B; Mergenhagen T Schill & Seilacher AG (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The use of semi-permanent release agents for rubber moulding is discussed. These release agents consist of water-based emulsions of two types of prepolymers that are polymerised to a structural backbone polymer and a lubricating polymer by heat. The polymerisation temp. can be significantly reduced by the use of catalysts. The chemistry and mode of operation of these semi-permanent release agents are considered and their advantages and disadvantages are outlined. 1 ref. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.829486
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Item 22 Industria della Gomma 44, No.9, Nov.2000, p.41-4 Italian SEMI-PERMANENT AND ONE-COAT MOULD RELEASE AGENTS FROM CHEM-TREND Reato A An examination is made of the functions and composition of release agents and lubricants used in rubber moulding, and the range of semi-permanent and one-coat mould release agents produced by Chem-Trend is described. CHEM-TREND INC. USA; WORLD
Accession no.828665 Item 23 RUBBER INJECTION MOULDING - TODAY’S TECHNOLOGY. Proceedings of a conference held Manchester, 20th November 2000. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2000, paper 7. 012 INJECTION MOULDING OF RUBBER PROBLEMS, CAUSES, SOLUTIONS Clarke C; Menting K-H; Mergenhagen T Schill & Seilacher GmbH (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The production of rubber articles via injection moulding techniques is discussed with reference to the complexity of the overall process, and the variety of problems that can occur. This paper aims to give an overview of typical problems encountered in injection moulding of rubber, their possible causes, and how these problems can be solved without compromising the quality or properties of the product, or the economics of production. Topics covered include porosity, pebbling/crazing, bloom, poor knitting, shrinkage, backrinding, distortion, tearing on demoulding, and sticking and fouling. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.826070 Item 24 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 27th July 2001, p.6 TRASYS TAKES SHAPE AT DUPONT It is briefly reported that DuPont Coatings and Release Systems has renamed its Permacote mould release agent range DuPont TraSys. DuPont bought the business from Tra Coatings in December 1999 and used it as the basis for its Coatings and Release Systems arm. TraSys products include semi-permanent water-based rubber mould release coatings, bake-on rubber release coatings, release agents suitable for the rotational moulding industry and mandrel built hoses. DuPont has also appointed AKM as its UK distributor. DUPONT CO. USA
Accession no.825508
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Item 25 Plastics and Rubber Asia 16, No.104, July/August 2001, p.18 SPRAY RELEASE FOR LARGE MOULDS Axel has developed a semi-permanent release agent, called Xtend 191T, which is a low viscosity, reactive resin intended for application to large moulds, e.g. for boat hulls. AXEL EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.824058 Item 26 Popular Plastics and Packaging 46, No.7, July 2001, p.18 NEW INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE FOR PULTRUSION FROM AXEL, USA - DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR RESIN CONTAINING LOW PROFILE ADDITIVE Axel Plastics Research Laboratories Inc. has developed an internal mould release, called MoldWiz INTPUL315LPA, for pultrusion. It is a mixture of organic phosphate esters, amines and hydrocarbon carriers and is designed specifically for polyester or vinyl ester resins containing PVAc, as a low profile additive. Customers have reported that addition of MoldWiz to resin/low profile additive mixes has resulted in a reduction in viscosity and an improvement in line speeds. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABS.INC. USA
Accession no.823033 Item 27 Bridwater, c. 2001, pp.4. 29 cms. 2/8/01 MOULDING PRODUCTS Ambersil Industrial Product descriptions are given for the range of products from Ambersil Industrial for use in moulding applications. Included are details of mould release agents, protection, lubrication, cleaning agents, and anti-stick sprays. A materials applications guide is included which indicates the most appropriate mould release agent for a variety of thermoplastic, thermosetting and rubber materials. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.822616 Item 28 Plastics Additives & Compounding 3, No.5, May 2001, p.9 SEMI-PERMANENT SPRAY RELEASE AGENT REQUIRES NO POLISHING It is briefly reported that Axel Plastics Research Laboratories has introduced a semi-permanent release
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
agent that can just be sprayed on and left to dry, with no polishing required. XTEND 191T is said to be equally effective at releasing boat hulls and decks as it is in the production of tractor trailer cabs. The product can also be used for high volume manufacture of tubs and showers. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABORATORIES USA
Accession no.819020 Item 29 Plastics Additives & Compounding 3, No.6, June 2001, p.6 INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE FOR RESIN WITH LOW PROFILE ADDITIVE Axel Plastics Research Laboratories An internal mould release agent for pultrusion, called MoldWiz INT-PUL315LPA, has been developed by Axel Plastics Research Laboratories. It is a mix of organic phosphate esters, amines and hydrocarbon carriers and is specifically designed for polyester and vinyl ester resin systems containing PVAc as a low profile additive. USA
Accession no.818700 Item 30 Injection Molding 9, No.4, April 2001, p.44-6 MATERIALS ANALYSIS. XXXXII. COMBINING TECHNIQUES TO FIND CONTAMINATION Sepe M Dickten & Masch Mfg.Co. An application has previously been highlighted where a semicrystalline material had contaminated parts moulded in PPO, causing a problem with a hot plate welding assembly process. Finding semicrystalline contaminants in an amorphous polymer is relatively simple because semicrystalline materials have melting points that dominate a DSC test. Amorphous resins show only a glass transition, an event that is much less energetic. But when there is contamination of one semicrystalline material by another semicrystalline polymer and the two materials have similar melting points, the problem is much more complex. In cases like this more work is often needed, particularly if the client wants to know the exact source of the contamination. Multiple techniques can complement one another in reaching a final answer. The use of thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and IR spectroscopy to identify a contaminating material, PETP, is described. USA
Accession no.815855 Item 31 Plastics Additives & Compounding 3, No.3, March 2001, p.16
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References and Abstracts
WATER-BASED MOULD RELEASE HANDLES NITRILE AND NEOPRENE MOULDING A compression moulder of nitrile and neoprene consumer goods is reported to have replaced a solvent-based mould release with a water-based one. The new release, MoldWiz EM-303SF2 from Axel Research Laboratories is reported to be suited to hot moulding applications. It is an emulsion of fatty acids, phosphate esters and fluoropolymers and contains 3% solids and no silicone. Advantages of its use are briefly outlined. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABORATORIES USA
Accession no.815467 Item 32 Japan Chemical Week 42, No.2122, 17th May 2001, p.5/11 SHIN-ETSU DEVELOPS SILICONE RUBBER WITH POLYAMIDE AFFINITY Shin-Etsu Chemical has developed a selectively adhesive liquid silicone rubber that exhibits adherence towards polyamide, while at the same time not sticking to metal mould surfaces. The latest development is part of its liquid silicone rubber injection moulding systems (LIMS) business. LIMS is a reactive injection moulding technology that entails injecting a two-component liquid silicone rubber into a mould, followed by heating. SHIN-ETSU CHEMICAL CO. JAPAN
Accession no.814716
Essilor International (Compagnie Gen.d’Optique) This involves uniformly heating the article in the mould to a mould release temperature in the range from Tg+ 20 to +80C without separating the article and the mould parts. An external mechanical force is applied to separate at least one of the mould parts from the article while it is at the mould release temperature. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.812482 Item 35 Rubber and Plastics News 30, No.15, 19th Feb.2001, p.14-6 NEW FKM CLASS PROVIDES LOWTEMPERATURE SERVICE. II. Bowers S; Thomas E DuPont Dow Elastomers A report is presented on the properties of a new class of DuPont Dow Elastomers’ fluorohydrocarbon elastomers(FKM) for low-temperature service. FKM are based on vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, a perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, such as perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, and a cure site monomer to facilitate crosslinking using an organic peroxide system. Low-temp. property testing and sealing are discussed and the demoulding performance of FKM is considered. The FKM polymers are shown to be processable like conventional hexafluoropropylenecontaining copolymers and terpolymers, providing extremely low mould fouling and part reject rates. USA
Item 33 British Plastics and Rubber April 2001, p.14 RELEASE AGENTS FOR WHEN SILICONES JUST WON’T DO Many automotive suppliers insist on non-silicone release agents being used to prevent contamination, it is briefly reported. For this reason, Ambersil has developed wax and polymeric release agents, which also reduce another source of rejection when using silicone release agents, flow marks and knit line failures. AMBERSIL LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.814507 Item 34 Patent Number: US 6171529 B1 20010109 METHOD OF RELEASING A TRANSPARENT POLYMER MATERIAL FROM A MOLD AND ITS USE IN THE FABRICATION OF A TRANSPARENT POLYMER MATERIAL ARTICLE SUCH AS AN OPHTHALMIC LENS de Marignan G; Derozier G
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Accession no.810627 Item 36 Plastics News International Jan./Feb.2001, p.15 MOULD RELEASE SAVES COST A US injection moulder of TPU cellular telephone antennas is now saving more than 2,000 US dollars/month in raw materials plus the added labour costs associated with the related processing activities by using XTEND 802 semi-permanent mould release from Axel Plastics Research Laboratories. In the injection moulding process, steel inserts that create the threaded cavity in the moulded parts are dipped in XTEND 802. After each moulding cycle is completed, the threaded steel inserts are unscrewed and reused in the next moulding cycle. The release agent is applied only every 90 minutes. Prior to this, the steel inserts were dipped into an expensive Teflonbased mould release before each moulding. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABS.INC. USA
Accession no.809390
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Item 37 European Plastics News 28, No.3, March 2001, p.7 RELEASE AGENTS JV Goldschmidt Polyurethane Additives of Essen and Ratec International of Wittenberg, both in Germany, have transferred their PUR release agents businesses into a new 51:49 joint venture, to be called Gorapur. It will be located in Wittenberg. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. GOLDSCHMIDT POLYURETHANE ADDITIVES; RATEC INTERNATIONAL EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.806895 Item 38 Your Ticket to Outstanding Color and Additives. RETEC 2000. Conference proceedings. Washington, D.C., 17th-19th Sept.2000, paper 17 DISPERSION OF PIGMENTS INTO ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS Hess R; Bott D R Clariant GmbH (SPE)
SPMRAs instead of solvent-based release agents or other processing aids, including economic, productivity and environmental advantages. 3 refs. USA
Accession no.801481 Item 40 Plastics and Rubber Asia 15, No.99, Nov./Dec.2000, p.18 FASTER, CLEANER MOULD RELEASE Trials carried out on chromed steel tools have indicated that Xtend 19W mould release agent, from Axel Plastics Research Laboratories, outperformed its competition when used in the reaction injection moulding of truck beds. A supplier of rigid PU elastomer parts performed the trials. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABORATORIES ASIA
Accession no.801475 Item 41 Plastics Additives & Compounding 2, No.9, Sept. 2000, p.12 WATER-BASED MOULD RELEASE AIDS ROTOMOULDING
The role of waxes as dispersing agents for the dispersion of pigments and for property modification in engineering plastics, is examined. An overview and definition of waxes and their types is presented. The growth of engineering plastics is discussed, and statistics are included for growth rates and consumption. These materials provide an important market for waxes due to increasing demands on mechanical and thermal properties, the high demand on appearance and quality, and complicated moulding methods. The main effects of the use of lubricants in plastics, including polycarbonate, polystyrene and styrenics, polyesters, and PMMA are examined.
XTEND-W-4002 is a new semi-permanent mould release agent for rotational moulding from Axel Plastics Research Laboratories. It is a water-based product that is designed to crosslink and cure on mould surfaces. It is reported to perform best when sprayed on warm moulds at 80 degrees C or higher, and provides multiple releases without further application. It is suitable for releasing a wide range of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins. Advantages of its use are briefly described. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABORATORIES Accession no.799505
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 42 Plastics Additives & Compounding 2, No.12, Dec. 2000, p.8 MOULD RELEASE PREVENTS BONDING AND EXCESSIVE BUILD-UP
Accession no.804351 Item 39 Rubber World 223, No.3, Dec.2000, p.40-4 WATER-BASED SPMRAS: IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY, QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE Rigby M Dexter Polymer Systems The types of mould release agents currently on the market, namely sacrificial mould release agents, internal mould release agents and semi-permanent mould release agents (SPMRAs), and factors, which influence their selection for the manufacture of rubber products, such as seals and tyres, are considered. Several case studies are presented, which illustrate the advantages of using water-based
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Xtend W-3201 is a semi-permanent mould release agent developed by Axel Plastics Research Laboratories specifically for HNBR automotive seal moulding applications. Advantages of the new product over a previously used fluoropolymer-based release agent by the seal manufacturer are described. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABORATORIES USA
Accession no.799284 Item 43 Patent Number: US 6096248 A1 20000801 METHOD FOR REDUCING MOLD FOULING
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Fraser C R; Hoover J W Flow Polymers Inc. Disclosed is a method of reducing fouling of a mould caused by vulcanisation of a rubber compound in the mould. About 0.2 to 20 phr of a fouling inhibitor composition comprising starch is added to the rubber compound before the rubber compound is vulcanised in the mould. The fouling inhibitor composition is substantially free of crosslinked fatty acids, asphalt, tackifying resins and synthetic plasticisers. More moulding cycles can be run before the mould is cleaned. USA
Accession no.795968 Item 44 SAMPE Journal 35, No.3, May/June 1999, p.14-21 NEW GENERATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY RELEASE AGENTS Layman N Zyvax Inc. The evolution of modern day, environmentally-friendly release agents for use in the reinforced plastics industry is outlined and it is shown that the new generation of water-based release agents from Zyvax enables composite part manufacturers to achieve good results and to be in full compliance with government/environmental regulations. A case study relating to the solution of General Composites’ release problems is reported. The three basic steps ensuring mould release success, i.e. cleaning the tool/mould, sealing the tool/mould and application of the release agent, are discussed. GENERAL COMPOSITES USA
Accession no.795907 Item 45 Patent Number: EP 1043135 A2 20001011 TEFLON MOULD-RELEASING FILM USED BY ENCAPSULATING SEMICONDUCTOR CHIP Tachibana T; Sato K; Imura M Nitto Denko Corp. The polytetrafluoroethylene film has a thermal shrinkage percentage in both the longitudinal and width direction of 5% or lower, the difference of the thermal shrinkage percentages being within 3%. The ratio of the elastic modulus of the longitudinal direction to that of the width direction is from 0.5 to 2.0 during encapsulation. By using the mould release film, resin encapsulation can be carried out with excellent yield while preventing resin covering the terminals or the top surfaces of the post electrodes. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.795397
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Item 46 Polymer Degradation and Stability 70, No.2, Nov.2000, p.253-8 ABSORPTION OF MOULD RELEASE AGENT BY EPOXY RESIN Shields A J; Hepburn D M; Kemp I J; Cooper J M Glasgow,Caledonian University; National Grid Co.PLC An investigation was carried out to determine whether an epoxy resin became contaminated by mould release agent during casting in moulds. Moulded samples were subjected to chemical, mechanical, electrical, thermal or radiation stressing to ascertain whether contamination influenced the performance of the moulded samples. Stressed samples were examined visually and by means of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and EDAX and compared with unstressed samples. 1 ref. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.795266 Item 47 158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000. Conference preprints. Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 98 NEW CABOT CARBON BLACK FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN PEROXIDE CURED INJECTION MOLDED COMPOUNDS Bussolari S; Laube S Cabot Corp. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Details are given of Spheron 4000, a furnace black developed by Cabot for use in peroxide cured injection moulded compounds. The product solves the problems normally associated with injection moulding peroxide cured systems, namely those relating to flow, and for which processing aides are often used, which can lead to an increase in mould fouling and consequently downtime. Lowering the viscosity of the compound through the use of a filler is an alternative to using processing aids. Cabot has developed Spheron 4000 furnace black with a surface area of about 32, which is demonstrated to improve flow properties and reduce mould fouling. USA
Accession no.794196 Item 48 Patent Number: US 6086798 A1 20000711 METHOD FOR REMOVING CONTAMINANT FROM SURFACE OF MOLD DIE Hirukawa K E Abante Corp. A removable plastic film is attached to the mould die whenever the mould dies needs to be cleaned. Using such a film, the problems with cleaning the mold dies are avoided because whenever the mould dies need cleaning, the film may simply be placed over the mould and simply
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
finish to moulded articles and has no influence upon secondary processability.
peeled off to remove all contaminants from the mould. The contaminants stick to the peeled off film and so are removed from the mould.
JAPAN; USA
USA
Accession no.792208
Accession no.793934 Item 49 Patent Number: US 6077469 A1 20000620 SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR APPLYING A BLADDER RELEASE BETWEEN A GREEN TIRE AND A BLADDER IN A TIRE MOLDING MACHINE Golightly R W; Coyne M S; Crisp S A; Newman J E Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Disclosed are a machine and methods for automatically spraying a mist of mould release into the confined space between a tyre and an inflatable bladder in a tyre moulding machine so that the mould release covers the outer surface of the inflatable bladder and/or the interior surface of the tyre and does not get onto the walls of the mould. Bladder release is pre-sprayed onto the interior surface of the green tyre prior to positioning the green tyre within the tyre mould. USA
Accession no.793570 Item 50 Rubber World 223, No.1, Oct. 2000, p.82 NATURAL RUBBER RELEASE Franklynn Industries has added a new mould release agent to its line of releases for natural rubber. Designed to replace some of their more popular semi-permanent releases, this improved product is claimed to provide more heats, (up to 20% increase) before touch-up, whilst not sacrificing lubricity or tool cleanliness. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES USA
Accession no.792434 Item 51 Patent Number: US 6074588 A1 20000613 MOLD RELEASING AGENT, CURED FILM OBTAINED THEREFROM AND MOLDING METHOD USING SAID MOLD RELEASING AGENT Yamana M; Hosomi T; Sakashita H; Kashiwagi M Daikin Industries Ltd. The mould release agent comprises a silicon-containing compound of given formula and a silicon- and/or fluorinecontaining compound having at least two hydroxyl groups or alkoxyl groups in one molecule. It exhibits excellent mould release, has a long life, provides a good surface
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 52 Bremen, c.2000, pp.6. 30 cms. 26/10/00 German; English; French RELEASE AGENTS Acmos Chemie GmbH & Co. An overview is presented of the company Acmos and its products. The company develops and manufactures barrier-layer products for all industrial applications where contact between two materials must be prevented or minimised. Typical products are release agents, lubricants, anti-corrosive agents, metalworking fluids and high temperature resistant coatings. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.789694 Item 53 Woodside, N.Y., 1998, pp.2, 27 cms. 16/10/00 POLYURETHANE MOLD RELEASES AND INTERNAL LUBRICANTS Axel Plastics Research Labs.Inc. A product selector chart is presented for grades of MoldWiz mould releases and internal lubricants for use in polyurethane moulding applications. Products are listed under solvent-based release agents, film-forming barrier release agents, paste release, water-based release agents, and internal lubricants. Forms of polyurethane and specific end-use applications are listed with the appropriate MoldWiz product. USA
Accession no.788945 Item 54 Woodside, N.Y., 1998, pp.2, 27 cms. 16/10/00 RUBBER MOLD RELEASES AND INTERNAL LUBRICANTS Axel Plastics Research Labs.Inc. A product selector chart is presented which indicates the most appropriate MoldWiz external or internal mould release product for a particular rubber moulding application by rubber type. USA
Accession no.788944 Item 55 Woodside, N.Y., 1998, pp.2, 27 cms. 16/10/00 INJECTION MOLDING. MOLD RELEASES AND INTERNAL LUBRICANTS Axel Plastics Research Labs.Inc.
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References and Abstracts
Details are given of MoldWiz mould releases and internal lubricants for injection moulding applications. There are over 30 specific MoldWiz internal lubricants in the forms of aerosol external releases and internal lubricants in powder, pellet and liquid form. MoldWiz product numbers are listed and their suitability for use with various polymers is indicated in the form of a product selector chart. USA
Accession no.788942 Item 56 Patent Number: EP 1028139 A2 20000816 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE MOLDED ARTICLES COATED WITH FUSED FLUOROPOLYMER RESIN Nishio T DuPont-Mitsui Fluorochemicals Co.Ltd. Disclosed is a moulded article of polytetrafluoroethylene or modified polytetrafluoroethylene having a fluoropolymer resin coating. The coating comprises a heat-flowable tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and has a surface with a reduced roughness compared to the moulded article prior to coating. The coating is preferably a fused powder, most preferably formed by electrostatically applying a fluoropolymer powder resin to the moulded PTFE article. The fluoropolymer powder preferably comprises a mixture of heat-flowable tetrafluoroethylene copolymer powder and a polytetrafluoroethylene that has a temperature of crystallisation of at least 305C and a heat of crystallisation of at least 50J/g. The surfaces of the articles are smoother than the original articles so that they resist adhesion of chemical contaminants and have applicability for chemical containers and transport pipes in the rigorously clean environment of the semiconductor industry. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.785558
Item 58 Rubber World 222, No.4, July 2000, p.126 SILICONE ELASTOMER RELEASE It is briefly reported that water-based, semi-permanent release agents are based on chemistry that delivers excellent release for difficult to work with silicone elastomers that are very soft and sticky. The products have been providing excellent release of typically difficult to release silicone rubber gaskets, seals, o-rings, spark plug boots, electrical connectors and medical devices. These release agents are for use in injection, compression and transfer presses. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES INC. USA
Accession no.785185 Item 59 Patent Number: US 6046301 A1 20000404 POLYCARBONATE COMPOSITIONS HAVING REDUCED TENDENCY TO SPLAY Bolton D H; Krishnan S; Newcome J M; Tennant J M; Derikart D M; Pisipati R M; Ebert W Bayer Corp.; Bayer AG A transparent thermoplastic moulding composition having good release properties is disclosed. The composition, which contains no magnetic elements, contains a polycarbonate resin and 0.01 to 0.3 wt.% of a mould release agent, which is the product of the reaction of a compound of given formula with at least one compound of given formula. USA
Accession no.784532 Item 60 Geneva, 1988, pp.7. 28cms. 12/7/2000 RELEASE AGENTS FOR COMPOUNDS OF VAMAC Hagman J F; Brodoway N DuPont de Nemours International SA DuPont EA-400.2
It is briefly reported that KantStik 91WX release agent uses the latest dry film technology for lubrication of moulds. This product has been formulated with a polymeric-base material which can withstand hightemperature moulding conditions well over 450F. The product was specifically designed for the moulding of rubber items. SPECIALTY PRODUCTS INC.
A bulletin describes the use of internal release agents in compounds of Vamac ethylene acrylic elastomer. Where heat build-up during processing is severe, or if highly plasticised compounds are used, efficient release behaviour can be obtained by using alkyl acid phosphate in addition to octadecylamine and stearic acid in the compound. Alkyl acid phosphates do not affect vulcanisate properties noticeably when amine curing systems are used, and do not interfere with stock knitting or adhesion to primed metal inserts. With peroxide curatives, some retardation of cure may occur. Product descriptions are given for three alkyl acid phosphate release agents, while tables of data illustrate their performance in Vamac compounds.
USA
USA
Item 57 Rubber World 222, No.4, July 2000, p.126 MOULD RELEASE AGENT
Accession no.785187
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Accession no.783715
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Item 61 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 79, No.524, Feb.2000, p.191-2 Spanish LUBRICATION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME FOR KEEPING INJECTION MOULDS IN OPTIMUM CONDITION Celen Quimica A survey is made of lubricants, greases and cleaning and protective agents developed by Celen Quimica of Spain for application to injection moulds. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.783059 Item 62 Patent Number: US 6033724 A1 20000307 GOLF BALL MOLD PREPARATION TECHNIQUE AND COATING SYSTEM Molitor J P Spalding Sports Worldwide Inc. A coating system and method for a golf ball injection mold having a land area and a patterned wall defining a hemispherical cavity is characterised by the application of a primer and a fluoropolymer top coat layer at least to the patterned wall. The combined thickness of the coatings is no greater than 0.0007 inches. Owing to the thin coating, a golf ball moulded in the cavity is easily ejected therefrom. USA
Accession no.781273 Item 63 Additives for Polymers May 2000, p.2 NEW RELEASE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING Axel Plastics Research Laboratories Inc. of the USA claims a new release technology designed for reinforced plastic parts moulded by resin transfer moulding. Brief details are given here in this small article. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABS.INC. USA
Accession no.777900 Item 64 Hanover, Ma., 1997, pp.4. 27 cms. 9/7/00 MAX CLEAN Cri-Tech Inc. Product information and materials safety data are presented for Max Clean, a preventative maintenance mould cleaning product for rubber moulds. It works by an initial vaporisation of the cleaner, followed by the penetration of the cleaner through a layer of mould foul. Finally, Max Clean attaches to the compound’s foul in
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
the cavity. When fully cured, it can be removed from the mould, and the mould foul will come out with it. The product is intended for use as a cost-effective method for the prevention of mould fouling as well as mould cleaning. USA
Accession no.777830 Item 65 Woodside, N.Y., c.2000, pp.14. 30 cms. 27/6/00 AXEL MOLD RELEASES AND INTERNAL LUBRICANTS. SHAPING CHEMISTRY Axel Plastics Research Labs.Inc. Axel Moldwiz internal lubricants and mould release agents are described with reference to their applications in polyurethane processing, composite moulding, injection moulding and in rubber processing. Grades of external and internal release agents are listed with details of their suitability in specific applications, and their product form. Benefits afforded by their use are also described. USA
Accession no.776518 Item 66 Journal of Injection Molding Technology 4, No.2, June 2000, p.84-91 ANALYSIS OF STYRENE PLASTIC RESIDUES ON INJECTION MOULDING TOOLS Makinen M; Astola J; Poutanen J; Alen R; Paakkonen E Tampere,University of Technology; Jyvaskyla,University The contaminating substances formed during the injection moulding of ABS and PS parts were removed from the mould surface. The residues were characterised using FTIR, gas chromatography, pyrolysis gas chromatography, elemental analysis, detection reaction test of bromine, and different dissolving tests. The chemical composition of the contamination was clarified and suitable solvents for dissolving these products were selected. 6 refs. EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.776471 Item 67 Jersey City, N.J., c. 2000, pp.8 (folded). 21 cms. 15/ 6/00 MOLD RELEASE AGENTS AND OTHER PRODUCTS FOR PLASTICS AND RUBBER MOLDING Specialty Products Co. A product selector chart is presented from Specialty Products Co. which gives information on the company’s range of mould release agents and processing aids. A brief description is given for each product, and its
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References and Abstracts
suitability for use by process and material and end product is indicated. USA
Accession no.775921 Item 68 Jersey City, N.J., c. 2000, pp.6. 27 cms. 15/6/00 INTRODUCTION TO OUR MOST SPECIALIZED MOLD RELEASE AGENTS. Specialty Products Co. Product information is presented for a range of products from Specialty Products Co., including mould release agents and moulding cleaning and maintenance products. Products are considered under the headings of cultured marble applications, high performance semi-permanent products for composite and polyester resin and thermoset applications, RIM and casting polyurethane release agents, internal lubricants, release agents for use in the friction material market, rubber industry, and filament winding applications. USA
Accession no.775912
capable of withstanding high moulding temperature conditions in excess of 700 degrees F without deterioration. It is semi-permanent and non-transferable, and therefore, post-processing operations are unaffected by its use. USA
Accession no.775910 Item 71 Jersey City, N.J., c. 2000, pp.2. 27 cms. 15/6/00 KANTSTIK 91WX HIGH TEMPERATURE WATER-BASED SEMI-PERMANENT RELEASE AGENT FOR RUBBER MOLDING. TECHNICAL DATA Specialty Products Co. The use is described of KantStik 91WX, a high performance, water-based, semi-permanent release agent designed for high-temperature moulding conditions over 450 degrees F. It is composed of a polymeric material which provides a coating with excellent thermal stability and film strength, whilst minimising mould build-up. Methods of application are described. USA
Item 69 Jersey City, N.J., c. 2000, pp.2. 27 cms. 15/6/00 KANTSTIK 94X SEMI-PERMANENT MOLD RELEASE AGENT Specialty Products Co. The method of application is outlined for KantStik 94X, a film-forming release agent for plastics with extra slip features, designed using the latest dry film lubrication technology. Its specialised organic base is claimed to provide easy part release and exact reproduction of part detail with a matte satin finish. Although multiple pulls can be obtained by the use of KanStik 94X, the frequency of application of the release agent is said to be determined by the type of resin used and existing moulding conditions. Its compatibility and suitability for a range of materials and fabrication processes is indicated.
Accession no.775907 Item 72 Jersey City, N.J., c. 2000, pp.1. 27 cms. 15/6/00 KANTSTIK 91WSR WATER BASE MOLD RELEASE AGENT FOR SILICONE RUBBER. TECHNICAL DATA Specialty Products Co. Product details are given for KantStik 91WSR, an aqueous solution of a polymeric material designed as an external mould release agent for moulding silicone rubber compounds. It can be applied by wiping or spraying, and can withstand high moulding temperatures of above 600 degrees F. USA
Accession no.775906
USA
Accession no.775911 Item 70 Jersey City, N.J., c. 2000, pp.2. 27 cms. 15/6/00 KANTSTIK SPC SEMI-PERMANENT EXTERNAL MOLD RELEASE AGENT. TECHNICAL DATA Specialty Products Co. Product information is presented for KantStik SPC. It is an external mould release agent designed for use when fabricating thermosets and thermoplastics composite resin systems, providing positive release with accurate surface reproduction. Its dry film lubrication technology allows multiple moulding cycles between applications. The film produced is composed of a non-silicone organic polymer
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Item 73 Patent Number: US 5981679 A 19991109 ORGANOPOLYSILOXANE Takei M; Sumi A; Kimura K; Suzuki H; Hattori T Toagosei Co.Ltd. The present invention provides an organopolysiloxane having acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups at both terminals thereof, where silicon atoms at both terminals of the organopolysiloxane are each independently added to double bonds each of acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups of compounds each having at least two acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups; a curable resin composition comprising such an organopolysiloxane; and a process for producing such an organopolysiloxane; and a process for producing
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
such an organopolysiloxane comprising adding a compound having at least two acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups to an organopolysiloxane having SiH groups at only both terminals thereof. The curable resin composition has distinguished transparency, luster, peelability, surface lubricity and water and oil repellency, and therefore is useful as a resin for mouldreleasable paper, a coating agent, an anti-corrosive agent for printed substrate, etc. JAPAN
Accession no.774573 Item 74 Oakdale, Mn., 1997, pp.16. 28cms. 8/5/2000 DYNAMAR RUBBER CHEMICALS. PROCESSING ADDITIVES FOR ELASTOMERS Dyneon LLC Dynamar polymer processing additives, PPA 790 and PPA 791, are used to impart improved flow and release characteristics in a variety of elastomers. They are multifunctional, fluorochemical additives that have little or no effect on final product properties and part performance. This technical report reviews the effect of PPA 790 on the following elastomers: polyacrylate; chloroprene; ethylene oxide-epichlorohydrin; ethylenepropylene-diene terpolymer; nitrile-butadiene; styrenebutadiene; and silicone. Tables of data are presented for each compound, evaluating the enhanced flow and physical properties which arise from use of the Dynamar additive. Details of electrical properties and metal bonding capabilities are also given, together with descriptions of the mixing sequence and performance mechanism. Successful case histories are listed, while a summary of observations notes that use of PPA 790 or PPA 791 reduces mill sticking, increases extrusion rates and mould flow, and improves mould release.
Item 76 Oakdale, Mn., 1997, pp.2. 28cms. 8/5/2000 DYNAMAR POLYMER PROCESSING ADDITIVE PPA 790 Dyneon LLC A datasheet is presented for Dynamar PPA 790, a multifunctional additive which can be added to an elastomer formulation to provide enhanced release and flow during moulding or extrusion. Its use can reduce mould fouling and build-up and prevent cohesion at flash/ part interface, resulting in easier flash removal and reduced scrap levels. The grade’s typical properties are tabulated and guidelines provided on processing procedures and safety precautions. USA
Accession no.773271 Item 77 Oakdale, Mn., 1997, pp.4. 28cms. 8/5/2000 DYNAMAR POLYMER PROCESSING ADDITIVES PPA 790 AND PPA 791 Dyneon LLC Technical information is presented on Dynamar polymer processing additives, PPA 790 and PPA 791. The multifunctional, fluorochemical additives are used to impart improved flow and release characteristics in a variety of elastomers, improving mould release and greatly reducing mould fouling or build-up. Use of the aids prevents cohesion at flash/part interface, resulting in easier flash removal and reduced scrap levels. The additives are designed to function at temperatures up to 400F and are used most widely in silicones, fluorosilicones, polyacrylates and EPDMs. The effectiveness of Dynamar PPA is measured and data presented on its effects on the surfaces of several elastomers.
USA
USA
Accession no.773278
Accession no.773270
Item 75 Oakdale, Mn., 1997, pp.2. 28cms. 8/5/2000 DYNAMAR POLYMER PROCESSING ADDITIVE PPA 791 Dyneon LLC
Item 78 Oakdale, Mn., 1997, pp.2. 28cms. 8/5/2000 DYNAMAR MOLD RELEASE AGENT FX 5200 Dyneon LLC
Dynamar PPA 791 is a multifunctional additive which can be added to an elastomer formulation to provide enhanced release and flow during moulding or extrusion. Its use can also reduce mould fouling and build-up and prevent cohesion at flash/part interface, resulting in easier flash removal and reduced scrap levels. A datasheet presents technical information relating to processing procedures and safety precautions, and typical properties data for the grade are tabulated.
A datasheet presents technical information on Dynamar FX 5200, a water-based, fluorochemical mould release agent which provides a stable, low surface energy coating for multiple release without build-up or torn parts. It is designed for hot moulding operations and can be effectively used at moulding temperatures up to 400F. Good mould release performance can be expected when using the grade with a variety of peroxide-cured elastomer compounds. The datasheet gives details of the grade’s typical properties and presents processing and safety guidelines.
USA
USA
Accession no.773272
Accession no.773269
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
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References and Abstracts
Item 79 Oakdale, Mn., 1997, pp.2. 28cms. 8/5/2000 DYNAMAR MOLD RELEASE AGENT FX 5170 Dyneon LLC
FC 5163, FX 5170 AND FX 5200 Dyneon LLC Dynamar mould release agents FC 5158, FC 5163, FX 5170 and FX 5200 are water-based, multifunctional, fluorochemical additives which are also used to impart improved mould release, reduced mould fouling and reduced wetting of the mould surface by the elastomer compound. Their use has been shown to provide the advantages of non-transfer to the elastomer part, multiple release without build-up or torn parts, little or no buildup on mould surfaces, and use at concentrations of 1% solids or lower. The additives can be used with silicones, polyacrylates, EPDM, and peroxide-cured fluoroelastomers.
The features and benefits of Dynamar FX 5170 are noted in this datasheet from Dyneon. The water-based, fluorochemical mould release agent provides a stable, low surface energy coating for multiple release without buildup or torn parts. It is designed for hot moulding operations and can be effectively used at moulding temperatures up to 400F. Good mould release performance can be expected when using the grade with a variety of peroxide-cured elastomer compounds. Typical properties data for the grade are tabulated and recommendations made regarding processing procedures and safety precautions.
USA
USA
Accession no.773265
Accession no.773268 Item 80 Oakdale, Mn., 1997, pp.2. 28cms. 8/5/2000 DYNAMAR MOLD RELEASE AGENT FC 5163 Dyneon LLC Dynamar FC 5163 is a water-based, fluorochemical mould release agent which provides a stable, low surface energy coating for multiple release without build-up or torn parts. It is designed for hot moulding operations and can be effectively used at moulding temperatures up to 400F. Good mould release performance can be expected when using the release agent with silicone, polyacrylates, ethylene acrylic and fluoroelastomer compounds. The datasheet gives details of the grade’s typical properties and presents processing and safety guidelines. USA
Accession no.773267 Item 81 Oakdale, Mn., 1997, pp.2. 28cms. 8/5/2000 DYNAMAR MOLD RELEASE AGENT FC 5158 Dyneon LLC A datasheet is presented on Dynamar FC 5158, a waterbased, fluorochemical mould release agent which provides a stable, low surface energy coating for multiple release without build-up or torn parts. It is designed for hot moulding operations and can be effectively used at moulding temperatures up to 400F. Good mould release performance can be expected when using Dynamar FC 5158 with silicone, polyacrylates, ethylene acrylic and fluoroelastomer compounds. Typical properties data for the grade are tabulated and recommendations made regarding processing procedures and safety precautions. USA
Accession no.773266 Item 82 Oakdale, Mn., 1997, pp.2. 28cms. 8/5/2000 DYNAMAR MOLD RELEASE AGENTS FC 5158,
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Item 83 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1837, 19th May 2000, p.5 DEAL ADDS US MOULD AGENTS TO GRP MATERIAL SUPPLIES RANGE GRP Material Supplies of Portsmouth has acquired sole UK importership rights for the Finish Kare Products range of GRP mould preparation, mould release and mould care products from Chemiplas. Chemiplas is to be wound up at the end of June. GRP Material Supplies is the largest independent distributor of products to the GRP industry in the UK and for the past 12 years has stocked and sold the Finish Kare range. GRP MATERIAL SUPPLIES; FINISH KARE PRODUCTS; CHEMIPLAS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.772608 Item 84 Polymer Composites ’99. Conference proceedings. Quebec, Canada, 6th-8th Oct.1999, p.305-15 MOULD RELEASE AGENT EFFECT ON THE PROCESS INDUCED STRAIN DURING FABRICATION OF THERMOSETTING COMPOSITES Hojjati M; Hoa S V; Wang H Concordia University; National Research Council of Canada (SPE; National Research Council of Canada) The effect of mould release agent and tooling materials on process-induced strain is investigated. Three symmetric cross-ply flat plate laminates are made using an aluminium mould. Conventional spray type mould release agent, Teflon film, and no release agent are applied to separate the mould from the composite parts. Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometric (EFPI) fibre optic sensors are embedded in the samples to monitor the strain during the manufacturing. It is shown that the application of a good release agent
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
eliminates the effect of tooling on the residual strain buildup during the cooling stage of the cure process. On the other hand, the improper selection of mould release agent that gives good adhesion between composite and mould up to a certain temperature causes the case of process-induced strain during the cooling down stage of manufacturing. 8 refs. CANADA
Accession no.771718 Item 85 Journal of Injection Molding Technology 3, No.2, June 1999, p.54-60 ULTRASONIC DETECTION OF FILLER CONCENTRATION IN PLASTIC INJECTION MOULDING Ibrahim I A; Petersen P F Cleveland,State University The demand for precision moulded parts, such as automotive-electrical connectors and electronic circuit holders, is becoming a major segment of the overall plastics market. This new and fast-growing market segment is placing stringent requirements on the performance of polymer materials and is pushing the limits and capabilities of current manufacturing processes and controls. Raw material variations constitute a significant source of problems in processing. Variations caused by contamination, moisture content, regrind levels, lot-to-lot variations, and filler concentration can significantly affect the performance and efficiency of the injection moulding process. In addition, the more stringent quality requirements of today’s products reduce the levels of tolerable variations in the material properties. To this end, a proprietary ultrasonic coupling device is developed to allow the use of ultrasonic sensors to detect the variations of material properties prior to injection. 11 refs. USA
Accession no.771537 Item 86 Rubber World 222, No.1, April 2000, p.57 WATER-BASED RELEASES Brief details are given of Diamondkote, a water-based, semi-permanent release agent. It is based on a unique, non-transferring chemistry that is said to deliver improved mechanical slip, while not sacrificing longevity. Products have been tested successfully in the automotive markets, including rubber to metal bonding applications. The company claims that these new product innovations work on virtually all types of rubber, including polychloroprene, nitrile rubber, ethylene, acrylics, SBR, fluoroelastomers, natural rubber, EPDM and others. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES USA
Accession no.771118
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 87 Plastics Additives & Compounding 2, No.4, April 2000, p.24-6 NEW MOULD RELEASE AGENT TECHNOLOGY BOOSTS PRODUCTIVITY Axel claims its new line of XTEND 800 semi-permanent mould release agents is improving the moulding process of truck bonnets. The new technology is specially engineered for RTM equipment with advanced multiple insert technology capability. XTEND 800 provided easy release with a minimum of build-up and the moulds only needed to be stripped after 80 to 100 parts. Also for automotive parts, XTEND 19W mould release works well even with the toughest resins, including the Modar product line. XTEND W7200 has been used by a manufacturer to centrifugally cast a highly filled polyester resin to produce piping for infrastructure applications. XTEND W7510 is helping to eliminate tearing and improve appearance in PU elastomeric foam applications. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABS.INC. USA
Accession no.768462 Item 88 Patent Number: US 6008280 A 19991228 POLYCARBONATE COMPOSITIONS HAVING GOOD MOLD-RELEASE PROPERTIES Krishnan S; Newcome J M; Johnson J B; Pisipati R M; Tennant J M Bayer Corp. These contain a polycarbonate and a mould release agent, which is a hydroxy ester of given formula. USA
Accession no.767715 Item 89 Injection Molding 8, No.3, March 2000, p.112 MOULD COATING SOLVES PC GLAZING PROBLEM The mould that produces polycarbonate rear windows in the MCC Smart Car has a highly polished surface which presented a problem for typically sticky polycarbonate. Balzers offered the moulder several options from its Balinit mould coatings line, finally settling on a chromium nitrite to solve the problem. BALZERS LTD. LIECHTENSTEIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.764504 Item 90 Reinforced Plastics 43, No.6, June 1999, p.19 MOULD PRODUCTS PROMISE EASE OF USE Highlighted in this short item are three mould release products from Specialty Product Co. of the USA. Brief
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details are provided of Honey Plus Mould Cleaner, Honey Plus Liquid Compound, and Honey Plus Glaze & Seal. SPECIALTY PRODUCT CO. USA
Accession no.760042 Item 91 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2000, p.95, 30 cms. 4/10/99, Rapra Review Rept.109, Vol.10, No.1, 2000. NALOAN RUBBER INJECTION MOULDING - A PRACTICAL GUIDE Lindsay J A Edited by: Dolbey R (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Rapra.Review Rept.No.65 A review is presented of rubber injection moulding and machinery with emphasis on practical advice. Sections are devoted to the composition of rubber compounds for injection moulding; the principles of the moulding process; the design and operation of modern injection moulding machinery; and moulds. 373 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.759541 Item 92 156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999. Conference preprints. Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 176 REMOVING FOULING RESIDUE FROM RUBBER PRODUCTS MOULDS IN THE PRESS WITH SOLID CO2 PELLET BLASTING Young F C Cold Jet Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.) From the viewpoint of fixed (purchasing the system equipment) and operating (electricity, compressed air, CO2 pellet media) costs, cost-to-benefit ratio studies conducted by major moulded rubber products manufacturers have proved that CO2 particle blasting technology is currently the best choice for rubber mould cleaning. The single hose ‘direct acceleration’ solid CO2 particle blasting system is preferred over a two-hose inductive system as the most capable for maintaining rubber moulds in an unfouled condition throughout a rubber product production run. It is the high level of kinetic energy provided which is capable of removing fouling residue from deep cavities, undercuts, sharp part details, and for removing the quickly built-up residue resulting from rubber-to-metal bonded parts and excess release agent. It is also the thermal effect of the CO2 media for quick removal of the glass-like fouling residue that gives the single hose system its ‘double punch’ for quick, efficient and complete rubber mould cleaning.
Item 93 156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999. Conference preprints. Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 39 MOULD FOULING INHIBITOR Fraser C; Hoover J Flow Polymers Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.) As rubber products, including tyres, are vulcanised in hot moulds, the moulds, gradually build up a residue of materials (oils, waxes, zinc, sulphur, etc) from the rubber. This is commonly called mould fouling. When moulds become too fouled, they must be removed from service and cleaned. A material has been found which, when added to rubber compounds, reduces mould fouling significantly. This inexpensive material does not affect the green or cured characteristics of compounds. Extending the interval between mould cleaning should benefit the producers of vulcanised rubber products by reducing cost and increasing capacity. USA
Accession no.758336 Item 94 Patent Number: US 5916939 A 19990629 INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE COMPOSITIONS Gillis H R; Mackey P W Imperial Chemical Industries PLC An internal mould release system is provided which comprises (a) a polysiloxane compound; and (b) an amine salt of a carboxylic acid. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.758269 Item 95 Jersey City, N.J., 1999, pp.20. 30cms. 29/11/99 RELEASE AGENTS FOR THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY Specialty Products Co. Collected information is presented on the mould release product line of Specialty Products. The company supplies internal and external release agents as well as processing aids to thermoplastic, thermoset and engineered resin processors worldwide. The Kantstik range encompasses external release waxes, internal lubricants, friction resistance materials, mould cleaners, and products for use in filament winding and in rubber moulding. Specialised products include Styrid styrene suppressants and Honey mould maintenance compounds. Datasheets are included for several grades and provide product descriptions together with guidelines for application and safety.
USA
USA
Accession no.759432
Accession no.755254
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© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Item 96 Polymers for Advanced Technologies 10, No.4, April 1999, p.237-43 CHARACTERISATION OF THE SURFACE OF BULK-MOULDED COMPOUNDS Vallat M F; Schultz J; Mauzac C; Jacquin M Institut de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces; PSA Etudes et Recherches Centre Technique de Belchamp The surface characterisation of bulk moulding compound (BMC) automotive parts using complementary techniques of surface analysis, i.e. SEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, glow discharge spectroscopy and contact angle is described. Similarities and differences between BMC surfaces and sheet moulding compound (SMC) surfaces are pointed out. Particular emphasis is placed on mould release agents (polymeric and stearate) on the surface which can influence future bonding behaviour. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.754736 Item 97 Rubber World 221, No.2, Nov.1999, p.50 MOULD RELEASES It is briefly reported that DiamondKote products are water-based, environmentally compatible, solvent-free mould releases designed for applications to ambient and hot metallic mould surfaces. DiamondKote will provide for multiple releases for many elastomeric compounds with the possible exception of silicone rubbers. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES INC. USA
Accession no.754579 Item 98 Reinforced Plastics 43, No.12, Dec.1999, p.32-5 MOULD RELEASES: PRODUCTS AND SUPPLIERS This article provides a selection of many commercial mould release products now available, tailored for particular processes and applications. These include a water-based PTFE releasing agent that can be used with carbon and glass reinforced polymer resins, an antistatic/ release agent and a non-silicone/non-waxy mould release designed to release a variety of in-mould coatings. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.754243 Item 99 Reinforced Plastics
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43, No.12, Dec.1999, p.24-9 CHOOSING THE CORRECT MOULD RELEASE Axel F Axel Plastics Research Labs.Inc. Developments in mould release agents have occurred in parallel with developments in other advanced manufacturing techniques in the reinforced plastics industry. The properties of an effective mould release agent are discussed. Mould release agents include PVA, waxes, polymeric such as PTFE and internal mould releases. USA
Accession no.754242 Item 100 Reinforced Plastics 43, No.12, Dec.1999, p.17 RELEASE AGENT AIDS TRUCK HOOD MOULDING Axel Plastics Research Laboratories has introduced a new line of Xtend 800 semi-permanent mould release that has reportedly improved the moulding process of truck hoods for a major composite manufacturer. The new technology is specially engineered for resin transfer moulding equipment, it is briefly reported. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABS.INC. USA
Accession no.754235 Item 101 Patent Number: US 5962561 A 19991005 INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING PHOSPHATE ESTERS Turshani Y Y; Neuzil R W; Boryslawski J Essilor International (Compagnie Gen.d’Optique) These include a mixture of (a) a mono C2 to C6 alkyl phosphate, (b) a di C2 to C6 alkyl phosphate and (c) a C7 to C18 mono- and/or dialkyl phosphate and are used in the moulding of PUs and polythiourethanes. Also disclosed are polymerisable compositions, which include one or more monomers containing 2 or more isocyanate groups, one or more monomers containing 2 or more functional groups, (thiol or hydroxyl groups) and the above mixture. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.753581 Item 102 European Plastics News 26, No.10, Nov.1999, p.86 MOULD RELEASE FOR POLYETHER SULPHONE Axel Plastics has added INT-40DHT to its MoldWiz line, it is briefly reported. This new internal lubricant/
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References and Abstracts
processing aid is specifically tailored for polyethersulphone and other engineering resins that are processed at temperatures of 260-371C. The new additive improves the release of parts from mould cavities, as well as increasing the melt flow of the resin and enhancing dispersion of other additives. AXEL PLASTICS
for example, intraocular contact lenses. The mechanical prying apart of such mating mould half portions with reduced application of force, while concurrently preventing, or at least ameliorating, any potential sticking together of the mould half portions, is effected by mechanical leverage applied to the upper mould half portion in addition to the application of heat thereto.
USA
USA
Accession no.752639
Accession no.749778
Item 103 British Plastics and Rubber June 1999, p.27 PMP RELEASE FILM AVOIDS CONTAMINATION FROM FLUORINE COMPOUNDS
Item 106 Modern Plastics International 29, No.10, Oct.1999, p.106 MOULD RELEASE AGENTS
USA
External release agent, Xtend release W7200, is a semipermanent aqueous emulsion that forms a uniform cured film on the mould surface upon drying. The selective adhesion of the mould surface prevents this film from being torn or ripped off by demoulding. A new line of Xtend semi-permanent mould release offers multiple, consistent part release and yield a Class A finish for cast polymers and cultured marble. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABS.INC.
Accession no.751346
USA
It is briefly reported that Trilar is a more economical fluorine-free alternative to FEP and PTFE release films. It is produced as a five layer coextrusion based upon poly4-methylpentene and withstands epoxy/fibre curing in autoclaves and ovens to 176C. ALLIEDSIGNAL INC.
Item 104 Rubber World 220, No.6, Sept.1999, p.74 WATER-BASED RELEASES Franklynn Industries continues to replace solvent-based mould releases with water-based formulations, this time with a silicone and fluorosilicone rubber. Not only did this product provide a safe alternative to the solvent-based incumbent, but it also exhibited increased performance as measured by the number of parts released before touchup. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES INC. USA
Accession no.751237 Item 105 Patent Number: US 5935492 A 19990810 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DEMOLDING OPHTHALMIC CONTACT LENSES Martin W A; Kindt-Larsen T; Walker C W Johnson & Johnson Vision Products Inc. Methods and apparatus which are utilised for the production of ophthalmic lenses, and more particularly, a method for the removal or demoulding of ophthalmic contact lenses from the individual moulds in which they are produced, are disclosed. The apparatus implements the demoulding of such ophthalmic lenses, the latter of which may consist of suitable hydrogel contact lenses or other types of high-precision ophthalmic lenses such as,
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Accession no.749354 Item 107 Patent Number: US 5889109 A 19990330 SILICONE RUBBERS WITH IMPROVED MOLD RELEASE PROPERTIES Knies W; Guske W Wacker-Chemie GmbH The invention relates to polyorganosiloxane rubber compositions which vulcanise to elastomers under the influence of heat and comprise: (A) 100 parts by weight of organopolysiloxane; (B) 10 to 200 parts by weight of filler; (C) 0.1 to 10 parts by weight of crosslinking agent which forms free radicals; and (D) 0.05 to 10 parts by weight of aliphatic alcohol with C8 to C30 alkyl radicals. The aliphatic alcohol (D) acts as an internal mould release agent. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.744249 Item 108 Patent Number: US 5889099 A 19990330 THERMOPLASTIC RESIN COMPOSITION IMPROVED IN TERMS OF PREVENTION OF MOLD CONTAMINATION Nagai T; Niimi T; Zanka Y; Tsutsumi I; Sato H Japan Polychem Corp.; Toyota Jidosha KK A thermoplastic resin composition, improved in terms of prevention of mould contamination, comprises the following components (A) to (G): component (A): 55 to
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
75% by weight of a propylene-ethylene block copolymer, including a propylene homopolymer moiety having a melt flow rate of 15 to 50 g/10 min. and an isotactic pentad fraction of at least 0.97, said block copolymer having a melt flow rate of 10 to 30 g/10 min. and an ethylene content of 2 to 6% by weight; component (B): 0 to 10% by weight of an ethylene-propylene copolymer rubber having a melting temperature of 30 to 100 deg C, and a melt flow rate of 0.2 to 2 g/10 min.; component (C): 5 to 15% by weight of an ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer rubber having a melting temperature of 60 to 100 deg C, and a melt flow rate of 0.3 to 2 g/10 min.; component (D): 15 to 25% by weight of a talc having an average particle diameter of up to 5 microns and a specific surface area of at least 3.5 m2/g, the total amount of components (A) to (D) being 100% by weight; component (E): 0.05 to 2 parts by weight of a hindered amine having a structure represented by a specified formula; component (F): 0.01 to 1 part by weight of a triaryl phosphite; and component (G): 0.05 to 4 parts by weight of a metal salt represented by the formula (RCOO)2X, wherein R is a monovalent hydrocarbon group having a molecular weight of 290 to 500, and X is zinc, magnesium or calcium. The respective amounts of components (E) to (G) are based on 100 parts by weight of the sum of components (A) to (D). JAPAN
Accession no.744239 Item 109 European Plastics News 26, No.7, July/Aug.1999, p.43 RELEASE FILM SAVES MONEY It is briefly reported that AlliedSignal has introduced Trilar, a new high-performance coextruded release film, which is claimed to be an economical, fluorine-free alternative to FEP and PTFE films. Trilar release film uses five-layer coextrusion technology and is based on poly-4-methylpentene. It withstands epoxy/fibre cures in autoclaves and ovens up to 176C in either pressurised nitrogen or air. ALLIEDSIGNAL INC. USA
Accession no.743095 Item 110 Patent Number: US 5804674 A 19980908 MOULD RELEASE AGENT, CURED FILM OBTAINED FROM SAID MOULD RELEASE AGENT, AND MOULDING METHOD USING SAID MOULD RELEASE AGENT Yamana M; Nakamae Y; Sakashita H; Kashiwagi M Daikin Industries Ltd. A mould release agent containing (A) a silane compound, (B) a silicon and/or fluorine-containing compound having at least two hydroxyl groups or alkoxy groups in one molecule and (C) a polymer of a perfluoroalkyl group-
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
containing (meth)acrylate ester gives a long mould release life and a good surface finishing property of a moulded article, and does not exert a harmful influence on fabricability such as painting and adhesion of the moulded article. JAPAN
Accession no.740242 Item 111 Plastics Additives & Compounding 1, No.2, June 1999, p.9 NON-SILICONE INTERNAL RELEASE AGENT OFFERS IMPROVED PROPERTIES Axel Laboratories has introduced MoldWiz INT-52EPR, it is announced, a proprietary rubber additive that improves flow characteristics and reduces tack, making it easier to process natural and synthetic rubbers. It is claimed to contribute to easier, cleaner release of cured parts, reducing or eliminating the need for external release agents, and lowering the incidence of mould fouling. Brief details are given of rubbers for which it is suitable. AXEL LABORATORIES USA
Accession no.739905 Item 112 Rubber World 220, No.3, June 1999, p.53 MOULD RELEASE AGENT Franklynn Industries’ water-based mould release agent has demonstrated excellent release ease when moulding hoses out of fluoroelastomer rubber, it is briefly reported. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES INC. USA
Accession no.739168 Item 113 Patent Number: US 5900456 A 19990504 COMPOSITION OF MOULD RELEASE AGENT FOR CASTING Hashiuchi F; Yusa S; Koike Y Nippon Mining & Metals Co.Ltd.; Toshiba Silicone Co.Ltd. This contains an organopolysiloxane of given general formula and exhibits excellent heat resistance and release properties. JAPAN
Accession no.737816 Item 114 Patent Number: US 5891384 A 19990406 METHOD OF OPERATING A MOLDING MACHINE WITH RELEASE FILM Miyajima F
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References and Abstracts
Apic Yamada Corp. An object of the present invention is to provide a resin moulding machine having moulding dies which have simple structures and which can be easily made. Another object is to provide a method of resin moulding using release film which is capable of employing various materials as a material for the moulding dies. In the resin moulding machine of the present invention, moulding dies have moulding sections including cavities, and the moulding dies are capable of clamping a member to be moulded. A pot pressurises and sends resin melt to the cavities. A fixing mechanism fixes release film which is capable of easily peeling off from the moulding dies and resin for moulding, on inner faces of the moulding sections and clamping faces, and the fixing mechanism fixes the release film by sucking air. JAPAN
Accession no.737409 Item 115 Cincinnati, Oh., c.1999, pp.11. 11/6/99 FRANKLYNN : EXCELLENCE IN QUALITY INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY - QUICK RESPONSE Franklynn Industries Inc. A profile is presented of Franklynn Industries, a manufacturer and global supplier of environmentally friendly functional coatings. A quality assurance statement outlines the company’s commitment to total quality management principles throughout the manufacturing process. Information is also provided on the Diamondkote line of waterbased, semi-permanent mould release agents for rubber moulding applications. A reactive technology allows the release agent to chemically bond to the tool surface while resisting the material being moulded, and a custom formulation service is available to match release agent with application. Instructions are given for the safe application of Diamondkote, together with a mould release troubleshooting guide. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
a cost-to-benefit ratio, and the single-hose direct acceleration solid carbon dioxide particle blasting system is preferred to a two-hose inductive system. USA
Accession no.736700 Item 117 Patent Number: US 5883166 A 19990316 LIQUID INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS FOR UNSATURATED POLYESTER THERMOSETTING MOULDING COMPOUNDS Jennings T C; Drasner J These are tertiary alkyl primary amine carboxylates and are liquid at room temperature. The moulding compounds also include a filler, reinforcement, a crosslinking monomer and a catalyst. USA
Accession no.735957 Item 118 Loveland, Oh., c.1999, pp.2. 11ins. 18/6/99. COLD JET PROCESS TO CLEAN RUBBER MOLDS AND MOLDING EQUIPMENT CREATES SIGNIFICANT PRODUCTIVITY GAINS Cold Jet Inc. The advantages of the cold jet rubber mould cleaning technique are described. The process uses dry ice pellets in a carbon dioxide media to blast away surface contamination. On impact, the pellets instantly vaporise, leaving no secondary waste. The process is claimed to be cost effective and leads to increased productivity when compared to other methods, since the moulds can be cleaned when still hot and in the press. Examples of its cost effectiveness when compared to bead cleaning in the tyre, footwear and automotive supply industries, are given. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.735696
Accession no.737046 Item 116 Rubber and Plastics News 28, No.21, 17th May 1999, p.14-7 CLEANING MOLDS WITH CARBON DIOXIDE BLASTING Young F C Cold Jet Inc. The cleaning of tyre moulds is discussed with particular reference to a carbon dioxide pellet blasting technology. This technique is described and compared to traditional methods. Case studies, comparative data, mould erosion studies, and contamination removal theories are reported. Carbon dioxide pellet blasting is found to be superior from
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Item 119 Pogliano Milanese, c.1999, pp.4. 12ins. 18/6/99. Italian; French; English MARBO FOR THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Marbo Italia SpA; Brian Ward (Manchester) Ltd. The range of products from Marbo’s rubber division is listed with brief descriptions. It includes release agents for batch-off, release agents for tyres, semi-permanent release agents, release agents for hoses, mould release agents for belts, and internal lubricants. The UK agent for Marbo Italia SpA is Brian Ward (Manchester) Ltd. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734994
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References and Abstracts
Item 120 Mouldmaking ’95. Conference proceedings. Solihull, 2nd Feb.1995, paper 2. 83 OVERVIEW OF SURFACE TREATMENTS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE TO THE MOULDING INDUSTRY Hamilton S Tech-Ni-Plant Ltd. (BPF; Gauge & Toolmakers’ Assn.) In today’s production environment, automation and high technology are playing an increasing role. With the increased use of more high performance polymers, containing glass and mineral fillers and additives, both processing equipment and moulds and dies are suffering much more accelerated wear and surface deterioration. The selection of the best tooling material and appropriate heat treatment methods for the job are taken for granted and specified. Further surface treatments however, are now often necessary in order to ensure prolonged life of intricate tooling and expensive machine parts, such that all required tolerances are met and maintained from first sample item, to the last product required. The majority of engineering failures arise from deficiencies of the surface material due to wear, friction, fatigue or corrosion. The achievement of desirable surface properties involves either a surface coating technology, if extra size is acceptable, or processes which modify the properties of the bulk material in the surface, in order to meet the processing environment. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734407 Item 121 British Plastics and Rubber May 1999, p.29 MOULD RELEASE WITHOUT COMPROMISING PROPERTIES Cornelius Chemical is offering a combined mould release and processing aid. Axel MoldWiz can be supplied in pellets, powder or liquid form for use variously as an internal/external/semi-permanent lubricant/process aid. Used in rubber or plastics, MoldWiz can increase MFI and reduce viscosity, reduce cycle time, ease mould release, improve cosmetic finish and reduce stress marks and flow lines. CORNELIUS CHEMICAL CO. USA
Accession no.734219 Item 122 Rubber World 220, No.2, May 1999, p.69 WATER-BASED SPRAY RELEASE Xtend W7510 water-based spray release is aimed at manufacturers of elastomeric foams used in filtration
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
systems, seating cushions and other low density applications. Xtend W7510 semi-permanent release is an aqueous emulsion based external release which dries quickly and forms a uniform cured film. The selective adhesion on the mould surface is said to prevent the film from being torn off the demoulded part. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABS.INC. USA
Accession no.734170 Item 123 Rubber World 220, No.2, May 1999, p.68 WATER-BASED RELEASES Recently released Diamondkote water-based, semipermanent release agents are based upon a non-transferring chemistry that delivers improved mechanical slip while not sacrificing longevity, it is claimed. Several experimental products have been tested successfully in the automotive markets, including rubber to metal bonding applications, working on virtually all types of rubber. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES INC. USA
Accession no.734164 Item 124 Rubber World 220, No.1, April 1999, p.61 RELEASE AGENTS German-based Acmos has developed and manufactured cost-effective and environmentally-friendly mould release agents, it is reported in this short article. Brief details are given of the agents, which cover all kinds of PU systems. ACMOS USA
Accession no.733890 Item 125 Reinforced Plastics 43, No.5, May 1999, p.19 EASIER RELEASE US mould release agent supplier, Zyvax, has reported that a composite tractor roof produced using resin transfer moulding (RTM) has seen an increased number of releases per application after changing to Zyvax products, SealerGP and Multishield. Brief details are presented here. ZYVAX USA
Accession no.733568 Item 126 European Plastics News 26, No.5, May 1999, p.46
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References and Abstracts
RELEASE AGENT FOR PU SYSTEMS It is briefly reported that Axel Plastics Research Laboratories has recently added a new water-based spray release agent, Xtend W7510, to its range for use with PU systems. The product dries quickly and forms a uniform cured film. The selective adhesion on the mould surface prevents the film from being torn off the demoulded part. AXEL PLASTICS RESEARCH LABS.INC. USA
Accession no.730550 Item 127 4th Rotamoulding Conference. Conference proceedings.. London, 1995, paper 5. 835 WATER BASED RELEASE AGENTS, ‘AN ENVIRONMENT COMPROMISE’ Pajaujis F Chemilease International Inc. (BPF) Developments in release agents are reviewed and details are given of the advantages both technically and environmentally of water-based reactive polymers, namely silicone resins. A brief history is traced of trends in release agent types up to the use of true reacted semipermanent water based materials, whose high temperature stability allows the user to increase the mould temperature and reduce cycle times, whilst increasing productivity. These chemically bonded silicone resins are reported to provide consistent release over a greater number of cycles when compared to regular silicone and fluorotelomer release agents. USA
Accession no.730327 Item 128 Patent Number: US 5861458 A 19990119 SILICONE WATER-BASED EMULSION MOULD RELEASE AGENT AND A MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR Naganawa T; Ishikawa H; Ona I Dow Corning Toray Silicone Co.Ltd. A silicone water-based emulsion mould release agent is discussed which is characterised by the fact that its principal ingredient is the condensation reaction product of a diorganopolysiloxane having a given formula. JAPAN
Accession no.728828 Item 129 International Polymer Processing 14, No.1, March 1999, p.3-9 POLYMER PROCESSING PROBLEMS FROM NON-RHEOLOGICAL CAUSES Nakajima N
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Akron,University Problems and cause considered include (a) gels or fish eyes resulting from non-uniform distribution of giant molecules, incomplete melting during extrusion, crosslinking in the extruder or contamination of machinery by material from a previous operation, (b) nonuniform PP filaments coming from spinnerettes, (c) microscopic foreign objects causing stress cracking in HDPE bottles, caused by changing grade of polymer to reduce costs and overcome by polymerisation in dedicated reactors for special objects, e.g. video and audio discs, (d) smear patterns in injection moulded fibre-filled polymers attributed to either non-uniform distribution of fibres or weld lines, (e) warping of blends resulting from immiscibility, (f) existence of pure polymer domains in PVC/NBR blends caused by restricted miscibility range, (g) inconsistent processing due to morphological effects in PVC and ABS, (h) reduced flow rate in HDPE caused by branching, (i) variation in weight and length of polyoxymethylene extrudates resulting from degradation and content of gas bubbles, (j) non-uniformity of plasticised PVC resulting from melting and reforming of crystallites during production, (k) unexplainable brittleness in rigid PVC containing small amounts of plasticiser, (l) difficulties in explaining variations in processing of successive batches of PTFE, and (m) difficulties moulding and extruding UHMWPE because it acts as a rubber rather than a true thermoplastic. Citations range from 1958 to 1986. 12 refs. USA
Accession no.728751 Item 130 Rubber World 219, No.6, March 1999, p.79 ANTI-BLOCKING AGENT This short article introduces a new anti-blocking agent from Franklynn Industries of the USA. Brief details are given of the silicone-free, water-based agent, which is known as Aqualift. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES USA
Accession no.726907 Item 131 Molding Systems 57, No.4, April 1999, p.10 COATING COMBINES NICKEL AND TEFLON Nicklon mould coating, which combines electroless nickel with PTFE, is said to offer excellent release properties in thin-wall moulding and other applications. The material has a very low coefficient of friction, resulting in smooth part releases and enhanced resin flow that allows the mould to fill with less pressure. The coating also prevents corrosion from gas-producing resins such as PVC. BALES MOLD SERVICE INC.
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References and Abstracts
USA
Accession no.726027 Item 132 Plastics Technology 44, No.12, Nov.1998, p.59/62 CLEAN COOLING WATER CLEARS UP MOLDING PROBLEMS De Gaspari J In this article it is explained that raising the quality of the cooling water in injection moulding systems translates into higher quality moulded parts. It examines closedloop cooling, which provides tight temperature control that in turn provides an improvement to moulding consistency. A closed-loop cooling system (such as that employed by Windsor Mold of the USA, an automotive injection moulder) is fully described. WINDSOR MOLD; AUTOPLAS; PRECISION AUTOMOTIVE PLASTICS; ENGINEERED PROCESS COOLING SYSTEMS
be based upon an unique, non-transferring chemistry that delivers improved mechanical slip while not sacrificing longevity. FRANKLIN INDUSTRIES INC. USA
Accession no.720668 Item 136 Journal of Materials Science Letters 17, No.24, 15th Dec. 1998, p.2061-2 EFFECT OF INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENT ON THE CURE AND PROPERTY VARIATION IN RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING COMPOSITES Karbhari V M California,University
USA
Details are given of the effect of an ester-based mould release agent on the transfer moulding of two polyvinylesters and their glass fibre-reinforced composites. Thermodynamic properties were examined using DSC. 7 refs.
Accession no.723869
USA
Accession no.720403 Item 133 Patent Number: US 5852107 A 19981222 INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE COMPOSITIONS Gillis H R; Mackey P W Imperial Chemical Industries PLC These comprise a polysiloxane compound and an amine salt of a carboxylic acid. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.721613 Item 134 Molding Systems 57, No.2, Feb.1999, p.51 MOULD RELEASES It is briefly reported that XTEND semi-permanent mould releases enhance release performance for plastic and rubber processes. XTEND release proprietary chemistry is available in water- and solvent-based formulations for moulding operations occuring at temperatures ranging from ambient to 1000F. AXEL USA
Accession no.721116 Item 135 Rubber World 219, No.5, Feb. 1999, p.74 WATER-BASED RELEASES The use of DiamondKote, water-based, semi-permanent release agents is briefly described. They are claimed to
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 137 Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference. London, Kluwer, 1998, p.559-60. 5 RELEASE AGENTS Pritchard G (Institute of Materials) Mould release agents are substances which help to separate the moulding, i.e. the product, from its mould when it has been made. The choice of release agent depends on the size and complexity of the moulding operation, and on the quality of the surface finish required. Aspects outlined include internal and external release agents. 1 ref. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.718871 Item 138 Molding Systems 57, No.1, Jan.1999, p.6-8 SURFACE TREATMENT IMPROVES MOULD LIFE Mould designers and builders have at their disposal an array of surface treatment and coating weapons to help curb mould wear. Sun Steel Treating specialises in ion nitriding, a surface hardening process. The company’s Ionitriding process uses glow discharge technology to propel nitrogen ions to the part surface for diffusion. The thickness and composition of the surface layer can be adjusted by varying voltage, current and atmosphere pressure and composition during processing.
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References and Abstracts
SUN STEEL TREATING INC. USA
Accession no.717141 Item 139 Rubber World 219, No.4, Jan.1999, p.80 WATER-BASED RELEASES It is briefly reported that water-based Diamondkote mould releases from Franklynn Industries provide excellent release-ease for moulders using difficult silicones and fluoroelastomers. The product is said to give good performance on a variety of parts, including spark plug boots, electrical insulators and high temperature seals and gaskets. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES INC. USA
Accession no.714438 Item 140 Industria della Gomma 42, No.3, April 1998, p.23-7 Italian RUBBER-TO-METAL BONDING AGENTS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY Zellner A Chemetall GmbH The characteristics of water-based adhesives used in rubber-to-metal bonding are examined, and analytical techniques for studying the composition and performance of water- and solvent-based bonding agents are described. The environmental advantages of water-based systems, methods for the pretreatment of metal substrates and problems associated with mould fouling are discussed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.710668 Item 141 Tire Technology International Dec.1998, p.44/9 SOLVENT ABUSE Rigby M Dexter Polymer Systems This article describes and compares mould release agents used in the rubber industry. Solvent-based sacrificial release agent usage may result in as much as 50,000 tonnes of organic solvent being released into the atmosphere each year. Semipermanent mould release agents reduce emissions significantly. Recent improvements in semi-permanent mould release technology have focused on water-based products, such as Dexter’s Aqualine range. 2 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.708870
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Item 142 Polyurethanes Expo ’98. Conference proceedings. Dallas, Tx., 17th-20th Sept.1998, p.685. 43C6 ‘FOAM AND FILM’: RELEASE AGENT-FREE TECHNOLOGY FOR FULLY AUTOMATED POLYURETHANE MOULDING PLANTS Taverna M Cannon Group (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) Cannon has recently developed a technology that eliminates the need to apply release agents over the mould surface between pourings. This solution also removes the manual mould-cleaning and visual inspection operations that, until now, has made it impossible to fully automate PU moulding processes. Whether used in combination with existing technologies or to produce a new family of ‘wrapped’ foam parts, Foam & Film opens up a multitude of new applications for flexible, semi-rigid and rigid moulded PUs. This innovative solution positions a thin thermoplastic film over the cavity of each mould half then vacuum forms it in order to perfectly adhere it to the entire surface; the foam injection and polymerisation cycles proceed as usual. When the curing is complete, the mould opens and the foam remains attached to the film. Extended abstract only. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.708468 Item 143 Polyurethanes Expo ’98. Conference proceedings. Dallas, Tx., 17th-20th Sept.1998, p.471-5. 43C6 ADVANCES IN WATER-BASED RELEASE AGENT TECHNOLOGY Knochel F-W; Shoesmith N (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) Nearly all of the 39.8 million cars produced in 1997 were fitted with moulded foam front seats, moulded foam back seats and headrests for all passengers. These cars also have one or more sound insulation parts; many of them have carpets which are foam-backed to reduce engine and road noise in the passenger cabin. For these high volume foam production facilities, the use of hydrocarbon solvents for release agents is becoming more and more limited by ecological and other legislative aspects. In Europe, one approach taken to minimise these problems has been the introduction of solvent-based high-solids release agents. This, with some improvement to the spray techniques, has reduced the amount of solvents per part by 50 to 70%. The type of hydrocarbon has been changed either to a higher purity free of aromatics or to isoparaffins. These very pure hydrocarbons - some are cosmetic grade - are not really accepted as a final solution as they still contain volatile organic compounds and are flammable. To reduce flammability or to speed up the evaporation time of the hydrocarbon solvent the release agent could be mixed with chlorinated solvents such as methylene chloride. However, chlorinated solvents are subjected to great
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
pressure due to environmental requirements. There are only two realistic ways to avoid all volatile organic compounds (VOC): 100% concentrated release agent and water-based release agents. 3 refs. USA
Accession no.708417 Item 144 International Conference on Additives for Polyolefins. Conference proceedings. Houston, Tx., 23rd-25th Feb.1998, p.123-32. 012 MOULD RELEASE AGENTS AND ANTISTATS FOR POLYOLEFINS Nielson B Danisco Ingredients (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) An improved understanding of the mechanisms that make glycerol monostearate (GMS) an effective antistat and mould release agent in a variety of PP applications has been the prime goal of several studies over the years. With this knowledge, the common use of GMS could be further optimised and a path established for the development of new and better products. The performance levels of selected GMS materials as antistat and mould release agents in homopolymer and random and impact copolymer PP injection moulding applications is compared. The antistat and mould release results are related to additive migration data. The purpose of this comparison is to demonstrate the functional properties of the GMS materials distilled monoglycerides and monodiglycerides and enable them to be understood. During the course of the investigation, knowledge is obtained which has led to the development of an improved antistat additive for impact copolymer PP. The results and a comparison with conventional GMS antistat recommendations are also included. 6 refs. Accession no.704302 Item 145 International Conference on Additives for Polyolefins. Conference proceedings. Houston, Tx., 23rd-25th Feb.1998, p.93-106. 012 ULTRA HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT SILICONE ADDITIVES IN POLYOLEFINS EFFECTS ON PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES Lupton K E; Pape P G; John V B Dow Corning Corp.; Dow Corning Ltd. (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) Two new types of solid silicone additives for plastics are described which give improved benefits compared to previous silicone additives. Ultra high molecular weight silicones are used in the new additives; traditional silicone plastic additives have used much lower molecular weight silicones. The silicone is converted into solid forms, either masterbatch pellets or powders, that are easy to feed, or
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
mix, into plastics during compounding, extrusion or injection moulding. Ultra high molecular weight silicones can be compounded into masterbatch pellets at higher silicone concentrations (50%) than previously possible. They impart improved processing, release, lower coefficient of friction and broader performance latitude compared to conventional lower molecular weight silicones. Ultra high molecular weight silicones have been formulated into powders that can also act as processing aids and mechanical property modifiers. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.704299 Item 146 Gillette, N.J., c. 1998, pp.2. 11 ins. 2/12/98. EASE RELEASE RELEASE TECHNOLOGY Mann Formulated Products Factors to be considered when selecting a mould release agent are briefly considered, and the range of Ease Release products from Mann Formulated Products are briefly described. Products are available for large scale industrial production and processing and also for limited run casting or developmental projects. USA
Accession no.703235 Item 147 Gillette, N.J., 1998, pp.2. 11 ins. 2/12/98. AQUALEASE WATER BASED RELEASE AGENTS Mann Formulated Products The range of Aqualease water based release agents from Mann Formulated Products is announced with brief details. The products are claimed to provide both process performance and environmental compliance. The formulations are based on soaps, waxes, silicones and blends, and are reported to be compatible with urethane elastomers and foams, epoxies, natural and synthetic rubbers, polyester, and vinylester. USA
Accession no.703234 Item 148 Boca Raton, Fl., 1996, pp.1. 11 ins. 2/12/96. CHEMLEASE SP95. TECHNICAL DATA Chemlease Chemlease SP95 release agent is recommended for rigid, flexible, foam and elastomer urethane mouldings, and is said to be ideal for dashboard backfill foam, arm rests, and many other automotive and non-automotive moulding applications. Brief product details are given, including recommended mould preparation, application, and safety data. USA
Accession no.703232
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References and Abstracts
Item 149 Clearwater, Fl., c. 1998, pp.8. 12 ins.2/12/98 CRYSTAL, THE FIRST TRUE SEMIPERMANENT WATER-BASED MOLD RELEASE TSE Industries Inc. Product data sheets are presented for grades of Crystal water-based, non-silicone, semi-permanent mould release agents. Formulations are available for the release of urethane integral skin foam and flexible foam and cast urethanes. Features of the products are briefly outlined. USA
Accession no.703047 Item 150 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.762, Oct.1997, p.29-32 French TEN TOPICS CONCERNING THE INJECTION MOULDING OF ENGINEERING POLYMERS. V. Poppe E A; Leidig K; Schirmer K; Jayle L Du Pont de Nemours (Deutschland) GmbH; Du Pont de Nemours France SA Factors influencing the shrinkage and warpage of components injection moulded from non-reinforced and glass fibre-reinforced semi-crystalline engineering plastics are discussed, and causes of the formation of deposits in mould cavities are also examined. Procedures which can be used to avoid these problems are reviewed. (Part I: Ibid., No.757, March 1997, p.25-9; Part II: Ibid., No.759, May 1997, p.27-30; Part III: Ibid., No.760, June/ July 1997, p.41-4; Part IV: Ibid., No.761, Sept.1997, p.2730). EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.702492 Item 151 Patent Number: EP 874021 A1 19981028 METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR INHIBITING MOULD FOULING Umetsu K; Hayashi S Zeon Chemicals Inc. At least 0.3 parts of a compound of given formula is added to an elastomer prior to curing the elastomer in a mould. USA
Accession no.701479 Item 152 Rubber World 219, No.1, Oct.1998, p.70 MOULD RELEASES It is briefly reported that manufacturers required to meet strict standards and regulations can choose from a range of solutions offered by the Econo-Spray line of mould releases, mould cleaners and rust preventive. The Econo-
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Spray line from Slide Products offers five mould releases designed for numerous applications. SLIDE PRODUCTS INC. USA
Accession no.700035 Item 153 Injection Molding 6, No.10, Oct. 1998, p.227 GREASELESS MOLD CARRIER The design is briefly described of a patented Greaseless Mold Carrier and Alignment System from Greaseless Concepts LLC. The system is designed to address the problems in mould alignment and protection and grease contamination. It aligns mould sections independently of mould guide systems, and also replaces the feet that slide on the machine’s tiebars, which are used for supporting the centre section of stack moulds. Its configuration is claimed to eliminate grease contamination and the frictional heat generated by leader pins and sliding systems. GREASELESS CONCEPTS LLC USA
Accession no.699538 Item 154 Cleveland, Oh., 1994, pp.8. 30cms. 2/10/98 FERROGLAZE GRP MOULD TREATMENT PRODUCTS Ferro Corp. Ferro’s products for GRP mould treatment are profiled. The Ferroglaze range includes sanding, cleaning and polishing products which impart a smooth, brilliant finish to the mould surface. A series of release agents is also offered, comprising conventional paste and liquid wax agents, as well as solvent-based and environmentally safe water-based multiple release systems. The main characteristics of each product type are briefly noted. USA
Accession no.699526 Item 155 Rubber World 218, No.6, Sept.1998, p.69 NON-STICK TYRE DEMOULDING Excalibur from Whitford is a super-tough, non-stick system which is said to solve problems caused when removing tyres from moulds. It is briefly reported that with Excalibur, tyres come out of the mould more easily, with a distinctive matt finish. Rubber does not stick to the mould and rejects are said to be greatly reduced. WHITFORD CORP. USA
Accession no.698787
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References and Abstracts
Item 156 Rubber World 218, No.5, Aug.1998, p.81 MOULD RELEASES It is briefly reported that Releasomers has added several products to its mould release line. RR-5 Hot WB is a completely water-based, general purpose semi-permanent release. RC-7 Hot Aerosol is designed for application to hot mould surfaces and is said to easily release silicone rubber, as well as other polymers and thermosetting plastics. RELEASOMERS USA
Accession no.695782 Item 157 Modern Plastics International 28, No.9, Sept.1998, p.132/5 MOULD RELEASE AGENTS The latest developments in mould release agents are outlined. These include semi-permanent internal mould release agents for applications that encompass processing temperatures up to 1000F, dry-film technology, a paintable mould release appropriate for medical and food-contact applications and a water-based external mould release for SMC and BMC. WORLD
Accession no.692912 Item 158 Patent Number: US 5726228 A 19980310 USE OF CARBONATES AS DEMOULDING AGENTS FOR THERMOPLASTIC POLYCARBONATES Kaufmann R; Ebert W; Loewer H; Kadelka J; Wulff C; Zaby G Bayer AG
disclosed are rigid cellular polyurethane SRIM articles produced therefrom. USA
Accession no.688338 Item 160 Popular Plastics and Packaging 43, No.6, June 1998, p.77-8 LUBRICANTS AND MOULD RELEASE AGENTS PROPELLING PLASTICS TO NEW HORIZONS. III Kulshreshtha A K; Awasthi S K Indian Petrochemicals Corp.Ltd. The surface-active properties of many lubricants assist the breakdown of agglomerated solids. The effect is widely used in the production of pigment preparations for plastics. The colouration of granular thermoplastics during processing is now only rarely carried out by dry blending with pigment powders. Concentrates (masterbatches) which contain the colourant fully predispersed and prediluted in a suitable carrier material are normally used. If lubricants are employed as the sole carrier material or in combination with another carrier, they can achieve several effects. Lubricants facilitate the shear breakdown in kneaders or extruders of the very solid agglomerates, which often result from drying of precipitated pigments. Consequently, colour yield is increased and speck-free coloration is achieved. At the same time, the melt viscosity of polymeric carrier materials is lowered. This is important for good dispersion of a pigment preparation in the melting section of processing machines, which often have a relatively inefficient mixing action. In this way, homogenous, streak-free colouration is achieved. Some formulations are outlined, together with the use of mould release agents and combined lubricants. INDIA
Accession no.687888
These demoulding agents are cyclic carbonates. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.690505 Item 159 Patent Number: US 5716548 A 19980210 POLYURETHANE SRIM COMPOSITIONS HAVING INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE PROPERTIES Harrison R P; Brown B W; Rossio R C; Aviles G M; Dexheimer E M; Ho D BASF Corp. Disclosed is a polyol composition having an isocyanate reactive polyol (A) having a number-average molec.wt. of from 100 to about 10,000 and an effective amount of internal mould release composition (B) having a siliconcontaining polymer and an epoxidised ester. Also
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 161 Patent Number: US 5700390 A 19971223 POLYOL COMPOSITIONS HAVING INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE PROPERTIES Turnbach J BASF Corp. The invention provides polyurethane components and compositions capable of providing internal mould release properties in SRIM applications. The polyol composition of the invention has an isocyanate reactive polyol (A) having a number average molecular weight of 100-10000 and an effective amount of internal mould release composition (B) having a silicon-containing polymer (a) and an at least diester functional compound (b) which is the reaction product of an aromatic carboxylic acid, and alcohol having 2-30 carbons. The invention further provides an SRIM polyurethane composition useful in
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References and Abstracts
the preparation of moulded polyurethane articles having internal mould release properties, the composition comprising an isocyanate component and the isocyanate reactive polyol composition disclosed above. In another aspect of the invention, the invention provides methods of using the claimed compositions as well as the rigid cellular polyurethane SRIM articles resulting from such processes. USA
Accession no.686562 Item 162 Popular Plastics and Packaging 43, No.5, May 1998, p.65-76 LUBRICANTS AND MOLD-RELEASE AGENTS PROPELLING PLASTICS TO NEW HORIZONS PART II Kulshreshtha A K; Awasthi S K Indian Petrochemicals Corp.Ltd. A review is presented of the use of lubricants and mould release agents in plastics formulations. PVC lubricants are classified according to their structure, lubricants for polyolefins, engineering thermoplastics, and other thermoplastics are discussed, together with mould release agents and slip agents. Selective fatty chemicals as mould release agents are examined and their effects on engineering resins and polyolefins with respect to mechanical properties. Producers and trade names of lubricants and related compounds are listed, their active ingredients with comments on their effects and remarks. INDIA
Accession no.685892 Item 163 Patent Number: US 5710231 A 19980120 ISOCYANATE-REACTIVE COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS Fogg B; Gillis H R; Lin N W Imperial Chemical Industries PLC These contain a fatty polyamine of given formula and are used to make flexible foam articles. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.684786 Item 164 153rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 1998. Conference preprints. Indianapolis, In., 5th-8th May,1998. Paper 45. 012 METALLIC STEARATES: REVIEW OF THEIR FUNCTION AND USE AS RELEASE AGENTS FOR RUBBER COMPOUNDS O’Rourke S E; Morris R H Hall C.P.,Co. (ACS,Rubber Div.)
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Metallic stearates have a long history of use in the rubber industry as release agents. They have been primarily used to keep uncured rubber from sticking to itself. Metallic stearates have also been used as mould release agents for cured rubber. The applications of these products are numerous and many rubber companies have found unique ways to utilise their physical and chemical properties. These products are discussed in detail, including chemistry, physical properties, compatibility with elastomers, environmental concerns and their function as release agents for rubber. Metallic stearates can be supplied in various forms such as their dry neat state, dispersed in water and alcohol, and formulated with surfactants that provide a wettable grade. These various forms are discussed as to their function and use in a rubber manufacturing facility. USA
Accession no.683262 Item 165 153rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 1998. Conference preprints. Indianapolis, In., 5th-8th May,1998. Paper 44. 012 SERVICE CHEMICALS FOR THE TYRE INDUSTRY RELEASE AGENTS Schulz H; Breining M; Becker C Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH (ACS,Rubber Div.) In addition to the optimisation of the rubber compound according to the properties of the final article, adaption to the processing machinery of the individual rubber plants is the major focus of the rubber compounder. Release agents and tyre paints, most important in the case of tyre producers, make a significant contribution to product quality, factory output, reject rate and environmental issues that often is not taken into account. The right choice of these ‘service chemicals’ will improve productivity and reduce production costs. The Rhenodiv product range from Rhein Chemie is claimed to offer all the advantages that rubber factories can expect from modern, high technology release agents. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.683261 Item 166 153rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 1998. Conference preprints. Indianapolis, In., 5th-8th May,1998. Paper 43. 012 PERFORMANCE REVIEWS OF WATER-BASED MOULD RELEASE AGENTS Stephens W D; Mullins S M; Bertolucci P R TSE Industries Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Over the years, a number of water-based mould releases has been introduced into the rubber moulding industry.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
This is mainly due in response to environmental legislation toward the elimination of chlorinated and fluorocarbon solvents. This leaves questions as to which of these many new water-based mould releases delivers the highest level of productivity to a moulding operation while remaining environmentally friendly. Crystal 1053 is the premier non-silicone, water-based mould release agent designed for the rubber industry. Five determining factors should be kept in mind when choosing an optimal mould release agent: environmental safety, ease of release, durability, inertness and cost efficiency. A review is performed to determine an optimal mould release agent. The ease of release and number of releases of the mould release agents are evaluated for various compounds with and without zinc diacrylate co-agents. USA
Accession no.683260
formulations, which are available in both aerosol and bulk liquid form. The products offer multiple release cycles and minimal transfer, and can be used with most rubber and plastic materials. The brochure provides a materials selection chart, process selection indicators, and tabulated properties data for all grades, together with a guide to PTFE properties and details of application procedures. USA
Accession no.682549 Item 170 Molding Systems 56, No.5, May/June 1998, p.36-9 INJECTION MOULDING TROUBLESHOOTING DEMYSTIFIED Bryce D M Texas Plastic Technologies Inc.
Item 167 Canadian Plastics 56, No.6, June 1998, p.10 PROTECT MOLDS - IMPROVE PARTS
This article discusses the causes of and solutions for specific injection moulding defects. These include brittleness and delamination, contamination, cracking and crazing, and discolouration.
Physical vapour deposition of thin, wear resistant films on mould surfaces are briefly discussed, as a means of protecting moulds and improving part quality and release properties. The services offered by Blazers Tool Coating Inc. are described, and properties and applications of various PVD thin film wear resistant coatings are tabulated. BLAZERS TOOL COATING INC.
Accession no.682396
USA
Accession no.683096 Item 168 Focus on Plastics Additives No.2, 1997, p.4 INTERNAL RELEASE AGENTS, ANTISTATIC SOFTENERS Two new additives are announced with brief details from Schill & Seilacher. The first is Struktol VP 3821, a silicone-free internal mould release agent, intended for the die casting of hard thermoplastic polyurethanes, and the second, Struktol VP 3831, is a liquid antistatic softener intended for PVC. SCHILL & SEILACHER GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.683079 Item 169 Danbury, Ct., 1997, pp.12. 28cms. 15/4/98 RELEASE AGENTS, DRY LUBRICANTS AND ASSOCIATED PRODUCTS Miller-Stephenson Chemical Co.Inc. Information is presented on Miller-Stephenson’s range of PTFE-based mould release agents and dry lubricant
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
USA
Item 171 Patent Number: EP 841140 A2 19980513 METHOD OF ENHANCING RELEASING EFFECT OF MOULD USING LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMA PROCESSES Chun B H; Lee B C; Cho D L The injection or transfer mould surface is coated with a thin layer or layers of plasma polymer. The mould is pretreated with inert or reactive plasma gas and a thin film is plasma deposited thereon. The critical surface tension of the mould surface and carbonisation or polymerisation of the release agent are decreased. Plasma pretreatment and plasma polymerisation can be carried out using radio frequency, direct current, alternative current power supply and the mould can be used as a cathode or electrode. The system pressure during plasma processes is in the range of 0.001 to 30 torr. KOREA
Accession no.682200 Item 172 Molding Systems 56, No.4, April 1998, p.24-7 INJECTION MOULDING TROUBLESHOOTING DEMYSTIFIED Bryce D M Texas Plastic Technologies Inc. This second part of a five-part series looks at potential causes and solutions for common injection moulding defects. These defects are investigated as they are associated with the moulding machine, the injection
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References and Abstracts
HAYNES MANUFACTURING
mould, the plastic material and the machine operator, in that order.
USA
USA
Accession no.677106
Accession no.680057 Item 173 Polymer Testing 16, No.6, 1997, p.575-88 TRANSFER OF CONTAMINANT DURING THE PROCESSING OF THICK BI-LAYER FOOD PACKAGES MADE OF RECYCLED AND VIRGIN POLYMER LAYERS Perou A L; Vergnaud J M St.Etienne,University The process of contaminant transfer during the processing of the bi-layer package when the two polymer layers are pressed into the slabs of a heated mould over a given time and then cooled down in air was studied. The profiles of concentration of the contaminant developed during the heating stage in the mould and the cooling stage in air. A Fickian diffusion is considered with a temperature dependent diffusivity, and it was assumed that no convection takes place between the two polymer layers. Dimensionless numbers are used when possible. 20 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.678689 Item 174 Patent Number: US 5686187 A 19971111 MOULDED POLYURETHANE SRIM ARTICLES Turnbach J BASF Corp. These comprise the reaction product of an isocyanate component and an isocyanate-reactive polyol component, which comprises an isocyanate-reactive polyol having a molec.wt. of from 100 to about 10,000 and an effective amount of an internal mould release composition, which is composed of a silicon-containing polymer and a diester functional compound. The diester compound comprises the reaction product of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid and an alcohol having from 2 to 30 carbons. USA
Accession no.677854 Item 175 Rubber World 217, No.5, Feb.1998, p.65 SANITARY SPRAY LUBRICANT A sanitary silicone spray lubricant for a variety of machine parts is recommended as a release agent for rubber and plastics mould equipment, and as a rust preventive coating, it is briefly reported. The product, from Haynes Manufacturing, is said to have a high percentage of silicone to achieve optimum effect on various equipment.
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Item 176 Injection Molding 6, No.3, March 1998, p.102/6 THE TROUBLESHOOTER. PART 21: FILL, PACK, AND STICKING PROBLEMS Hatch B Prime Alliance A polypropylene utility cart wheel was injection moulded using a hot runner mould with three channels per drop. The moulded wheel exhibited surface defects including flow lines and voids in thick sections, and in addition, was sticking in the front half of the mould. The problem was diagnosed as being restricted flow paths, insufficient heat in the gate area, and residual mould spray causing a vacuum and making the parts stick. A solution is offered and discussed, and includes increasing flow channels, the addition of beryllium copper heater tips, and an adjustment of the injection and holding pressures. USA
Accession no.675338 Item 177 Molding Systems 56, No.2, Feb.1998, p.14-23 COATINGS PUT MOULD WEAR ON HOLD Koelsch J R Convinced that their products could alleviate many moulding problems, coating companies have refined their physical vapour deposition (PVD) processes to run at lower temperatures. It is claimed that almost all moulding compounds flow further with less pressure in a PVD coated cavity or core than in an uncoated one. Coatings alleviate the foremost problems moulds experience: corrosion, release and abrasion. USA
Accession no.673025 Item 178 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1728, 20th March 1998, p.9 TOP 10 MOULDING PROBLEMS Wilkinson R; Poppe E A; Leidig K; Schirmer K DuPont Co. This article discusses the possible causes and remedies for deposits on the mould surface when injection moulding engineering thermoplastics such as POM, PA, PETP and PBTP. The most common reasons for the formation of mould deposits are thermal decomposition, excessive shear and inadequate venting. USA
Accession no.672988
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Item 179 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1729, 27th March 1998, p.13 CANNON SHOWCASES PU ADVANCE Cannon recently demonstrated its Interwet PU coinjection system for producing reinforced and filled parts. According to the company, the breakthrough in the new technology lies in the special coinjection chamber design which allows optimum wetting of the filler to be achieved. Other Cannon technologies highlighted included its liquid carbon dioxide blowing system and the Foam & Film moulding technique which addresses the problems of mould fouling. CANNON SPA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.672944 Item 180 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 88, No.2, Feb.1998, p.17-8 WHEN DEMANDS ARE GROWING Sauer R The selection of appropriate coatings for moulds is discussed, and the ways in which such coatings can reduce costs in injection moulding, are described. Coatings are described for abrasive and corrosive conditions, to provide sliding without lubrication, vapour deposited coatings for accurate reproduction of the surface structure and mould geometry, and to provide better demoulding through polishing and coating. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.671866 Item 181 Plast’ 21 No.55, Oct.1996, p.99-100 Spanish SEROPA: QUALITY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HIGH PRECISION MOULDS An examination is made of the activities of Seropa in the manufacture of precision injection moulds for plastics, and some company information is presented. SEROPA; TELEMECANIQUE; MBO; SCHNEIDER GROUP EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.670867 Item 182 Patent Number: EP 825004 A1 19980225 SILICONE WATER-BASED EMULSION MOULD RELEASE AGENT AND A MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR Naganawa T; Ishikawa H; Ona I Dow Corning Toray Silicone Co.Ltd.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
This mould release agent has, as the main ingredient, a condensation product of a diorganopolysiloxane of given formula. JAPAN
Accession no.669695 Item 183 British Plastics and Rubber Feb.1998, p.26 SHAKE MOULD CONTAMINATION LOOSE WITH ULTRASONICS Brief product details are given of an ultrasonic cleaning system from Branson Ultrasonics for moulds and dies. The system works by the rapid formation and violent collapse of micro bubbles in a cleaning liquid. The agitation creates a highly efficient scrubbing motion on all surfaces exposed to it, as theoretical pressures of more than 10,000 psi and temperatures greater than 20,000 degrees C can momentarily exist within the collapsing cavity, it is claimed. BRANSON ULTRASONICS LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.669233 Item 184 Molding Systems 55, No.12, Nov./Dec.1997, p.9 MOULDING CHEMICALS ARE CLEANER, GREENER Stoner Inc produces more than 100 different methylene chloride-free mould release products including silicone, non-silicone, food grade, paintable and UL-approved releases. Church & Dwight is offering the Armex Blast Cabinet system, which uses baking soda as a cleaning agent to remove mould release agents and other residues from moulds. STONER INC.; CHURCH & DWIGHT CO.INC. USA
Accession no.669122 Item 185 Reinforced Plastics 42, No.2, Feb.1998, p.13 MOULD RELEASE AGENTS IN SPRAY FORM It is briefly reported that Gulf Lubricants has launched two mould release agents in large capacity aerosol spray cans. Dry Film mould release is a PTFE-based film which is suitable for use where the final component will have paint, print or other surface coating finish. Silicone Xtra mould release is recommended for moulding of rubber and plastics where a high gloss component finish is required. GULF LUBRICANTS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.669044
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Item 186 Patent Number: US 5639820 A 19970617 AQUEOUS DISPERSION COMPOSITION, PREPARATION THEREOF, WATER- AND OILREPELLENT AND MOULD RELEASE AGENT Kubo M; Morita M Daikin Industries Ltd. The above composition, which contains a fluorocopolymer, is prepared by the emulsion polymerisation of a polymerisable compound containing a polyfluoroalkyl group and another copolymerisable compound non-compatible with the polymerisable compound in an aqueous solution containing a compatibiliser. This compatibiliser may be a low molec.wt. compound having a perfluoroalkyl group and a hydrocarbon alkyl group in a molecule, a low molec.wt. compound having a perfluoropolyether group and a hydrocarbon alkyl group in a molecule, a macromolecular compound prepared by copolymerising a polymerisable compound containing a perfluoroalkyl group and a polymerisable hydrocarbon compound or a hydrocarbon macromolecular compound having a perfluoropolyether group in a molecule, does not cause coagulation and can give an aqueous dispersion composition having improved compatibility between the polymerisable monomers. JAPAN
Accession no.667678 Item 187 Rubber World 217, No.2, Nov.1997, p.44 MOULD RELEASE COATINGS TRA Coatings has introduced two water-based, semipermanent fluorochemical mould release coatings and one concentrated touch-up release for moulded rubber parts. The products are free of silicone oils and siloxanes, and require only one application per shift, it is briefly reported. TRA COATINGS INC. USA
Accession no.664898 Item 188 Patent Number: EP 813948 A2 19971229 PURGING AGENT AND PURGING METHOD Taichi N; Syukiti K; Hiromichi N; Satoshi H Kuraray Co.Ltd. This purging agent contains an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer and satisfies specified conditions relating to weight loss on heating in nitrogen. It rapidly discharges residual thermoplastic resin from the moulding equipment for a thermoplastic resin containing EVOH and also rapidly discharges itself when a fresh resin is fed again to the equipment. This results in a remarkable reduction in loss due to residual purging agent. The purging agent also causes only a small amount of resin to stick to the equipment even
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after repeated purging. After purging, it is possible to restore normal operation within a short time. JAPAN
Accession no.664260 Item 189 Patent Number: EP 805184 A2 19971105 POLYCARBONATE COMPOSITIONS HAVING MOULD-RELEASE PROPERTIES Charles J J; Lundy C E; Mafoti R Bayer Corp. These contain a complex ester, which imparts excellent mould filling and release properties to the composition. USA
Accession no.663669 Item 190 Patent Number: US 5602208 A 19970211 AMINOALKANOLAMIDE ESTERS AS PROCESSING AIDS FOR THERMOPLASTICS Klamann J-D; Kramptiz D; Lippmann A; Ploog U Henkel KGA The invention relates to the use of aminoalkanolamide esters as processing aids, more particularly as lubricants and/or mould release agents, for thermoplastics. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.663375 Item 191 IRC ’97. Conference proceedings. Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.1056-62. 012 EXPERIENCES WITH QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR ASSESSING MOULD RELEASE AGENTS OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS Abidin M Z; Murray G A W; Freakley P K Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia; Loughborough,University of Technology (Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia) A simple technique for measuring the mould release property of an additive in a rubber formulation is assessed. The mould release of rubber compounds is simulated by a laboratory technique by use of a biconical rheometer with a smooth surfaced steel rotor. A multi-functional additive (RH2N(CH2)3NH3)2+ 2(C17H35COO)- (ntallow 1,3-propanediamine distearate) is found to act as an effective release agent. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; MALAYSIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.658853 Item 192 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997. Conference Preprints.
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References and Abstracts
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 22, pp.23. 012 ENGINEERING FOR ADHESION: KINETICS OF THE DURABLE BOND Hofmann N L Morton International Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.) A model of the processes leading to the achievement of the durable bond at the rubber-metal interface during the moulding of rubber-to-metal bonded articles was developed on the basis of experiments with a low sulphur content NR compound. The bonding process was correlated with rubber cure at the interface. During immersion testing in hot glycol at 130C, there existed a post curing process which in many cases would eventually halt the debonding process. The model could be extended to the more general and more realistic non-isothermal case to treat the general moulding situation. By coupling analysis of the heating of the bonding surface with kinetic knowledge of the adhesive reactions, the moulding process could be designed to obtain the desired level of adhesion. 4 refs. USA
Accession no.658276 Item 193 Patent Number: EP 803337 A2 19971029 RELEASE AGENT COMPOSITIONS Hoga T; Ohsawa H; Nakamura M; Ishida M Hoechst Japan Ltd. These enable easy release of a moulded article from a mould during the moulding of engineering plastics, such as polyesters, polycarbonates and polyamides, PS, ABS and AS resins, polyphenylene sulphides, modified polyphenylene oxide or ionomer resins. Shortening of the moulding cycle time and improved surface smoothness can be attained. JAPAN
Accession no.656111 Item 194 Patent Number: US 5607518 A 19970304 METHODS OF DEBLOCKING AND CLEANING POLYMERIC ARTICLES WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS Hoffman R J; Terry W L Ciba-Geigy Corp. Methods of deblocking a polymeric article from a mould and/or removing undesirable materials from a polymeric article by applying supercritical fluids (SCF) to the polymeric article are disclosed. A preferred process is the treatment of ophthalmic lenses, such as contact lenses. Supercritical fluid, composed primarily of carbon dioxide, is applied to a contact lens affixed to a mould subsequent to the polymerisation step. The application of SCF causes
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
the lens to separate from the mould efficiently and consistently, removes undesirable materials such as unreacted monomer, oligomers, or residual solvents from the lens core and/or cleans the lens surface of adhered debris. USA
Accession no.652806 Item 195 Patent Number: EP 773093 A1 19970514 COATED MOULD FOR MOLDING LATEX FOAMED ARTICLES Landwehr D Huls AG A coated mould for the production of foamed latex mouldings is disclosed, having a low-energy inside surface with a surface tension of less than 0.025 N/m. Also claimed is the production of such moulds by coating a mould with a low-energy surface as above. The use of (i) a preparation containing alkoxides of boron and/or aluminium and/or tin and/or titanium and/or zirconium, and/or organofunctional silanes and fluoro-organosilanes and/or hydrolysis and/or condensation products thereof, or (ii) ‘Teflon’ (RTM), for coating such moulds, is claimed. Preferably the mould is made of metal or plastic, especially aluminium, aluminium alloy, steel, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether, PTFE or other microwave-compatible polymers. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.652004 Item 196 Patent Number: US 5605762 A 19970225 POLYURETHANE SRIM COMPOSITIONS HAVING INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE PROPERTIES Harrison R P; Brown B W; Rossio R C; Aviles G M; Dexheimer E M; Ho D BASF Corp. Disclosed is a polyol composition containing an isocyanate reactive polyol (A) having a number-average molec.wt. from 100 to about 10,000 and an effective amount of internal mould release composition (B) having a silicon-containing polymer (a) and an epoxidised ester (b). Also disclosed are an SRIM PU composition comprising an isocyanate component and the isocyanate reactive polyol composition and rigid, cellular PU SRIM articles. USA
Accession no.651210 Item 197 Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings. Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.480-6. 43C6
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References and Abstracts
UNIQUE WATER-BASED RELEASE AGENTS FOR FOAM-TO-FABRIC AUTOMOTIVE SEAT APPLICATIONS Andrew G D; Boyer T C; Olari J R Air Products & Chemicals Inc.; Lear Corp. (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) The use of Pura water-based mould release agents (Air Products & Chemicals) in the manufacture of PU foam/ fabric vehicle seats is discussed. The effects of these release agents on foam-to-fabric adhesion are examined, and details are given of the SureBond process developed by Lear Corp. in which a thermoplastic adhesive film and steam are used to bond the sewn trim cover to a moulded foam cushion. Results are presented of studies which showed that open cells on the foam surface did not guarantee good fabric adhesion, and that adhesion could be improved by promoting chemical bonding through the modification of release agent chemistry. 4 refs. USA
Accession no.649928 Item 198 Modern Plastics International 27, No. 9, Sept. 1997, p.97/9 MOLD-RELEASE AGENTS New mould release products are described from US manufacturers. Brief details are given of a range of products, including those which can be used with thermosets, silicone masterbatches to reduce mould friction, a crystallising agent to assist PP demoulding, and easy-handling mould release agents for small moulds and white plastics. USA
Accession no.649419 Item 199 International Polymer Science and Technology 24, No.2, 1997, p.T/1-4 RELEASE AGENTS IN RUBBER PROCESSING INDUSTRY Franz M; Brunflicker E; Thiele K In the processing of rubber products there are always problems in the handling of mixes as a result of adhesion. This leads for example to difficulties in storage and transport of sheets inside the factory. There are a number of work stages that take place prior to vulcanisation which require the use of release agents. So far it has not proved to be possible to find a universal release agent which fully satisfies all of the application possibilities. Release agents can be solid, liquid or paste-form materials, or substances which, because of their physical condition or their chemical properties, are not adsorbed by unvulcanised rubber mixes without physical stress being applied. The effectiveness of release agents in the case of problematic rubber mixes is examined, and it is established whether
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these can be transferred to the production process. For this purpose conditions are standardised and a test apparatus is designed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.647835 Item 200 Patent Number: US 5556588 A 19960917 SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR APPLYING A BLADDER RELEASE BETWEEN A GREEN TIRE AND A BLADDER IN A TIRE MOLDING MACHINE Coyne M S; Crisp S A; Newman J E Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. The invention relates to apparatus and methods for automatically spraying a mist of mould release into the space between a tyre and a bladder in a tyre moulding machine so that the mould release covers the outer surface of the bladder or the inner surface of the tyre and does not get onto the walls of the mould. USA
Accession no.645133 Item 201 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1697, 1st Aug.1997, p.10 CRESSTALE HAS STICKING BEAT Cosmetics packaging moulder Cresstale was experiencing an occasional, but recurring sticking problem on a mould which was producing a lipstick case. The sticking worsened when running regrind. Cresstale approached WS2 Coatings, which provides a surface treatment service based around a low friction dry tungsten disulphide. The coating eliminated the sticking completely. In addition, the improved surface friction properties meant the mould filled faster, allowing a cycle time reduction from 8s to 7s. CRESSTALE; WS2 COATINGS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.642748 Item 202 Patent Number: US 5576409 A 19961119 INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE COMPOSITIONS Mackey P W Imperial Chemical Industries PLC An internal mould release system is provided which comprises a carboxylic acid and a compound selected from the group consisting of a fatty polyester, a fatty acid ester and a fatty amide. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.640960
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Item 203 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997, Conference Preprints. Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 91, pp.14. 012 EVALUATION OF RELEASE AGENTS USING A NEW TEST METHOD Shields K S; Beck R; Mattison S; Shook A DuPont Co.,Chambers Works; Virginia,Tech University; Drexel,University (ACS,Rubber Div.) A new technique for evaluating the performance of semipermanent mould release agents was applied to release agents based on a silicone polymer and ultra-low molecular weight PTFE. The release of hot melt adhesive, silicone rubber sealant and epoxy resin from steel and aluminium substrates was studied. The test method was validated through statistical analysis, and the relative performance of the release agents was determined by analysing the number of releases which could be achieved before a certain level of force was reached. 4 refs. USA
Accession no.639068 Item 204 Patent Number: US 5547608 A 19960820 POLYURETHANE SRIM COMPOSITIONS HAVING INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE PROPERTIES Harrison R P; Brown B W; Rossio R C; Aviles G M; Dexheimer E M; Ho D BASF Corp. The invention provides polyurethane components and compositions capable of providing internal mould release properties in SRIM applications. The polyol composition of the invention has an isocyanate reactive polyol (A) having a number average molecular weight from 100 to about 10,000 and an effective amount of internal mould release composition (B) having a silicon-containing polymer (a) and an epoxidised ester (b). The invention further provides an SRIM polyurethane composition useful in the preparation of moulded polyurethane articles having internal mould release properties, the composition comprising an isocyanate component (I) and the isocyanate reactive polyol composition (component II) disclosed above. In another aspect of the invention, the invention provides methods of using the claimed compositions as well as the rigid cellular polyurethane SRIM articles resulting from such processes. USA
Accession no.637695 Item 205 Goole, 1993, pp.22. 30CMS. 7/5/97 CRODAMIDE. FATTY ACID AMIDES FROM CRODA Croda Universal Ltd.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
The Crodamide range of fatty acid amides is described in this brochure from Croda Universal. The primary, secondary and secondary bis-amides function as lubricants, processing aids, and slip and antiblocking agents in plastics, and as mould release agents in rubber. The properties of the ten available grades are tabulated and several figures illustrate their effectiveness as slip and antiblock agents in various polymer materials. Information is given on typical applications and FDAapproved uses for the Crodamide range, together with health and safety details. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.636925 Item 206 Rubber World 216, No.1, April 1997, p.46 WATER-BASED RELEASES Features of Diamondkote semi-permanent mould release coatings from Franklynn Industries are briefly described. They are water-based environmentally friendly products for use by rubber manufacturers, and are said to offer release to difficult-to-release compounds, and provide moulders with multiple releases between applications. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES INC. USA
Accession no.636867 Item 207 Patent Number: EP 773091 A2 19970514 RELEASE COMPOSITION van Hoorn B Unichema Chemie BV A biodegradable oil and water emulsion release composition for facilitating the unmoulding of hydraulic bonding material comprises, as the oil component, an ester of a hindered polyhydric alcohol having no hydrogen atoms attached to any carbon atom in a beta-position to any hydroxyl group and a straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated C4 to C24 monocarboxylic acid. The ester may be partial and the partial ester may be alkoxylated. A straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated C8 to C24 monohydric alcohol is also preferably present. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.634590 Item 208 Plastics Technology 43, No.3, March 1997, p.29 SURFACE TREATMENTS EXTEND TOOL LIFE A review is presented of some recent advances in surface treatments for extending the life of tools and
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References and Abstracts
improving their performance. These modifications can make tools harder or enhance release capabilities, and include mould coatings, ion implantation and ion nitriding. GENERAL MAGNAPLATE; SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE; DICER CORP.
Item 211 Patent Number: EP 767207 A1 19970409 THERMOSETTING SILICONE GUM COMPOSITION Honma H; Matsushita T Dow Corning Toray Silicone Co.Ltd.
USA
This comprises a silicone base, an organic compound mould release agent, an organohydrogen polysiloxane, water and an organic peroxide. It has a rapid curing speed and excellent mould releasability.
Accession no.631826 Item 209 Patent Number: EP 771638 A2 19970507 MOULD CLEANING MECHANISM FOR RESIN SEALING/MOULDING APPARATUS Osada M; Maeda K Towa Corp. In a resin sealing/moulding apparatus for electronic parts, a cleaning UV application mechanism for removing mould surface contaminants, such as mould release agent contained in the resin material or volatile gas generated by heating, adhering to/accumulating on mould surfaces is mounted to be freely reciprocative to a retracted position not inhibiting an operation for supplying unsealed lead frames and resin tablets to each resin sealing/moulding part and an operation for taking out sealed lead frames and a position close to the mould surfaces in each resin sealing/moulding part. JAPAN
Accession no.631272 Item 210 Patent Number: US 5536465 A 19960716 LONG-GELLING INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE COMPOSITIONS FOR STRUCTURAL RIM PROCESSES Lesko M W Bayer Corp. The mould cavity has minimum dimensions of 1,000 mm times 100 mm times 3.5 mm. The reaction mixture contains an isocyanate component and an isocyanate reactive component at an isocyanate index of from about 90 to 400. The reinforcing fibre mat is present in an amount of from 50 to 65 wt.%, based on the combined weight of the reaction mixture and the reinforcing fibre mat. In particular, the isocyanate component is (I) a polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate having an isocyanate group content of from 25 to 40 wt.% and a diisocyanate content of 45 to 55 wt.% and (II) the isocyanate-reactive component comprises (a) from about 1 to 15 wt.%, based on the total weight of the isocyanate reactive component, of a fatty acid, (b) from about 0.5 to 10 wt.%, based on the total weight of the isocyanatereactive component, of a zinc carboxylate and (c) a polyol component. USA
Accession no.630882
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JAPAN
Accession no.630603 Item 212 Patent Number: US 5543231 A 19960806 RADIATION-CURABLE SILICONE RELEASE COMPOSITIONS Kidon W E; Hilston M D; Nguyen T Avery Dennison Corp. A radiation-curable silicone release composition is described which comprises (A) 2-7% by weight of an organopolysiloxane containing acryloxy groups, methacryloxy groups, or mixtures thereof, (B) 90-98% by weight of at least one acrylated or methacrylated organic polyhydroxy compound or polyamino compound, and (C) 0-5% by weight of a photoinitiator. In a preferred embodiment, (B) comprises a mixture of at least one acrylated or methacrylated organic polyhydroxy compound and at least one acrylated or methacrylated polyamino compound. A method of producing silicone release-coated substrates, the releasecoated articles thus produced and multilayer articles or constructions incorporating a silicone-release layer also are described. The release coated papers and the constructions embodying such release coated papers of the invention exhibit improved and desirable dimensional stability and remain flat under a variety of service conditions. USA
Accession no.629746 Item 213 Patent Number: US 5542171 A 19960806 METHOD OF SELECTIVELY RELEASING PLASTIC MOULDING MATERIAL FROM A SURFACE Juskey F J; Suppelsa A B; Nounou F Motorola Inc. A method of making a transfer moulded chip carrier is claimed. A semiconductor device is first electrically and mechanically attached to a substrate. The substrate is then treated by sputter etching so that it will provide good adhesion between the substrate and a moulding compound that is subsequently moulded to the substrate. Portions of the treated substrate are then selectively contaminated in order to reduce the adhesion between these selected
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
portions of the substrate and the moulding compound. The moulding compound is then formed around the semiconductor device so as to encapsulate it and also part of the surface of the substrate. Portions of the transfer moulded material that were moulded over the selectively contaminated portions of the substrate are then removed by breaking away. USA
Accession no.629708 Item 214 La Hulpe, 1992, pp.6, 12ins. 7/3/97. SILICONE RELEASE AGENTS. SELECTION GUIDE Dow Corning Europe A major applications chart is presented for silicone release agents from Dow Corning, which together with a general product information chart, provides details of the most suitable product for a specific application. Multiple and single release products are included. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.629650 Item 215 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1677, 14th March 1997, p.7 CABOT IN PIPE SOLUTION Cabot Plastics’ desiccant masterbatch is being used to solve problems caused by excess moisture in recycled compound, it is briefly reported. Moisture was causing gassing during the extrusion of pipe and ducting. PE8999 works by absorbing moisture and producing a chemical bond which is reversible during processing. Cabot has also recently introduced a mould release agent and an antistatic masterbatch targeted mainly at polyolefin injection moulding applications. CABOT PLASTICS LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.628962 Item 216 Injection Moulding International 1, No.1, Nov./Dec.1996, p.67-71 TREATMENT METHODS FOR TOOL SURFACES Dowler B Eastman Chemical Co. The variety of tool surface treatments and coatings are discussed. Surface treatments can provide longer mould life, by increasing the hardness of the tool surface, corrosion resistance and lubricity. The treatments reviewed include thin intermetallic coatings, PTFE infused coatings, nickel/phosphorus/PTFE codepositions,
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
metallic coatings, surface hardening treatments, thin-film/ high-hardness coatings and polymeric coatings. USA
Accession no.624830 Item 217 Rubber World 215, No.5, Feb.1997, p.65 RELEASE AGENT SEM206 from Silchem is a general purpose release agent consisting of a dimethyl silicone emulsion. This product provides consistent release for many rubber moulding operations such as automotive hose and fan belts, floor mats, shock mounts and o-rings. Water-based SEM206 is supplied as a concentrate which is then cut to an optimum dilution point for economy and release efficiency, it is briefly reported. SILCHEM USA
Accession no.622182 Item 218 Rubber World 215, No.5, Feb.1997, p.63 WATER-BASED RELEASE AGENTS Franklynn Industries has introduced a line of Diamondkote semi-permanent release agents which has been specially formulated for rubber-to-metal bonded moulded parts, as well as various automotive applications. The environmentally-friendly materials are said to offer better longevity, increased tool utilisation and improved demoulding cycle times. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES USA
Accession no.622175 Item 219 Industria della Gomma 39, Nos.7/8, July/Aug.1995, p.21-4 Italian RANGE OF TOXICOLOGICALLY SAFE, EASY PROCESSING NITRILE RUBBERS Musci R EniChem Elastomeri SpA An examination is made of the technical advantages of Europrene N Green nitrile rubbers developed by EniChem Elastomeri. These include reduced mould fouling in injection moulding and injection-compression moulding processes, and suitability for use in food contact applications due to their low levels of extractables and nitrosamines. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.616889
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References and Abstracts
Item 220 Patent Number: US 5510408 A 19960423 METHACRYLIC RESIN COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR PRODUCTION THEREOF Fuchigami Y; Warino K; Matsumaru S; Kobayashi Y Kuraray Co.Ltd. This composition comprises a methyl methacrylate copolymer and three lubricant components, namely 0.05 to 0.2 wt.% of a higher alcohol, 0.05 to 0.2 wt.% of a monoglyceride of a higher fatty acid and 0.02 to 0.15 wt.% of a paraffin, the total content of lubricants being in the range of 0.2 to 0.35 wt.%. It possesses outstanding easy release from the mould of an injection moulding machine without defilement of the stamper and the peripheral ring of the stamper holder and is suitable as a replica of laser disks. JAPAN
Accession no.616380 Item 221 Patent Number: US 5510407 A 19960423 MOULD RELEASE AGENT COMPOSITION Yamana M; Takubo S Daikin Industries Ltd. This contains (A) 10 to 95 wt.% of a copolymer of a polyfluoroalkyl acrylate or methacrylate ester having a polyfluoroalkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms and a vinyl compound having an alkyl group with 8 to 30 carbon atoms and (B) 90 to 5 wt.% of a silicone. It has only a slight amount of migration to a shaped article and gives no adverse effect on fabricability of a shaped article surface. JAPAN
Accession no.616379 Item 222 Plastics Industry News (Japan) 42, No.11, Nov.1996, p.5 POLYOLEFIN MODIFIER Toray Dow Corning Silicone has started marketing a polyolefin resin modifier, it is briefly reported. The modifier is a copolymer of silicone/olefin and has a high silicone reaction rate and dispersion properties. The modified compound exhibits high mould release, nonstick and slippery properties, and has a high impact strength. TORAY DOW CORNING SILICONE CO. JAPAN
Accession no.614693 Item 223 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1665, 6th Dec.1996, p.9 COATING GIVES DUNLOP A LIFT It is briefly reported that a quick release mould surface treatment by Armourcote has simplified the production
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of Dunlop’s aircraft tyres. The coating works so well that no rubber is left adhering to the mould following cure. Because no release chemicals are used, there is no residual surface contamination. The coating also results in a matt finish on the moulded tyre. The surface treatment features a hard stainless steel surface layer with a microscopic matrix of peaks and valleys impregnated with PTFE. DUNLOP AIRCRAFT TYRES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.614670 Item 224 Plastics Technology 42, No.11, Nov.1996, p.50-2 NO MORE STREAKS! Martin M; Salamon B Dow Plastics Black and brown streaks and splay are reported to be among the most common flaws seen in polycarbonate parts. Streaks are the visible signs of heat degradation caused by a combination of time and temperature. Another degradation effect, splay, is caused by bubbles of gas that form at the flow front. Typical causes of both problems include moisture from improperly dried resins, exposure of the melt to an iron-rich surface, or machine-design factors such as the screw, check valve, end-cap, or temperature control. Severity of streaking or splay can increase significantly when these factors combine to create a corrosive environment in which moisture-degraded polycarbonate reacts with exposed iron surfaces. The critical importance of these factors - especially those related to equipment design - was demonstrated by a laboratory study performed by Dow Plastics on a moulding project of a manufacturer of HVAC equipment. During the evaluation of materials to be used in an appliance cover, the moulder observed streaking in parts moulded from a beige ignitionresistant polycarbonate. Details are given. USA
Accession no.614280 Item 225 Industria della Gomma 39, No.6, June 1995, p.23-6 Italian APPLICATIONS OF SEMI-PERMANENT MOULD RELEASE AGENTS Murquist T; Brembati G P Lotrec AB; Eigenmann & Veronelli SpA Types of mould release agents and their applications are reviewed, and the composition and rubber industry applications of McLube and Lotrec Friction Free dry film mould release agents produced by Lotrec of Sweden are described. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.611869
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Item 226 Rubber Technology International 1996, p.248-50 RELEASING THE HOLD ON THE MOULD Martin D L; Hillman S J; Payne S J Dexter Frekote
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR APPLYING A SURFACTANT TO MOULD SURFACES Beaton S R; Martin W A; Kindt-Larsen T; Walker C W; Duncan G S Johnson & Johnson Vision Products Inc. A surfactant for assisting the release from each other of mould components of a multi-part mould used to make articles, such as hydrophilic contact lenses, is applied in the form of a film or coating on surface portions of one of the mould components to facilitate the disengagement between the mould components during demoulding and the removal of excess polymeric moulding material adhesively deposited on surfaces thereon.
Release agents are of the greatest importance for the rubber moulding industry in ensuring the easy and complete release of the finished moulded products. This comprehensive article supplies details of the three main types of release agents currently in use, and also describes the trends in rubber compounds and production methods which are pushing processors towards the use of semipermanent agents.
USA
USA
Accession no.608645
Accession no.610836 Item 227 Rubber World 214, No.6, Sept.1996, p.53 URETHANE FOAM RELEASE AGENT It is briefly reported that Crystal 8000SD from TSE Industries is a water-based urethane foam release agent that will release integral skin foam and allow immediate bonding or painting without the necessity of post-cleaning the moulded part. This technology is said to eliminate the costs involved with cleaning moulded parts and also the inherent environmental problems associated with solvent cleaning. TSE INDUSTRIES INC.
Item 230 Patent Number: EP 740988 A1 19961106 SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR APPLYING A BLADDER RELEASE BETWEEN A GREEN TYRE AND A BLADDER IN A TYRE MOULDING MACHINE Coyne M S; Crisp S A; Newman J E Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. A mist of mould release is sprayed into the space between a tyre and a bladder so that the mould release covers the outer surface of the bladder or the interior surface of the tyre and does not get onto the walls of the mould. Bladder release is pre-sprayed onto the interior surface of the green tyre prior to positioning it within the tyre mould.
USA
USA
Accession no.610571
Accession no.608642
Item 228 Patent Number: US 5500176 A 19960319 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MOULDED PRODUCTS USING INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS Parks K L; Mitesser R W; Lesko M W Bayer Corp.
Item 231 Patent Number: US 5484829 A 19960116 ISOCYANATE REACTIVE BLENDS AND INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE COMPOSITIONS Gillis H R Imperial Chemical Industries PLC
A reaction mixture, which includes an organic polyisocyanate and at least one organic compound containing isocyanate-reactive hydrogens, is reacted in the presence of a catalyst and an internal mould release agent in a closed mould to produce moulded SRIM parts having a density of from 1.3 to 2.0 g/cc. The internal mould release agent includes mixed esters including the reaction product of (i) aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, (ii) aliphatic polyols and (iii) monocarboxylic acids with 12 to 30 carbon atoms in the molecule. USA
Accession no.610322 Item 229 Patent Number: EP 740997 A2 19961106
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
The internal mould release compositions, which are suitable for use in the production of moulded articles by the RIM process, comprise a blend of a metal salt of an organic acid and a polysiloxane polymer having isocyanate reactive organic groups and, optionally, a compatibilising amount of an amidine or imidate compound. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.607783 Item 232 Reinforced Plastics 40, No.10, Oct.1996, p.72-4 WAX RELEASES: A THING OF THE PAST? Weaver A
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References and Abstracts
The traditional way of stopping GRP products sticking to their moulds has been to apply a wax coating. However, waxes are very hard work to apply, requiring significant buffing to get a high gloss surface. Chemical Release has supplied a water-based, non-silicone product, PAT 607, for filament winding. Specialty Products has launched an internal mould release, KantStick 906, designed for use in pultrusion of polyester resins and a water-based external release agent, KantStick 95W. Frewax from Dexter is both a wax and a polymer, providing moulders with the visibility of a wax and the multiple release benefits of a polymer.
DISPERSIONS IN AN ORGANIC SOLVENT AND DISPERSING AGENTS EMPLOYED THEREIN Montagna L; Strepparola E Ausimont SpA These dispersions comprise from 2 to 40 wt.% of PTFE in powder form, from 50 to 95 wt.% of an organic solvent and from 0.5 to 10 wt.% of a dispersing agent of given formula. They are used for the surface treatment of metals, glass fibres and the like and in particular as mould release agents.
WORLD
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.606815
Accession no.604571
Item 233 Rubber World 214, No.5, Aug.1996, p.78 RELEASE COATING
Item 236 Modern Plastics International 26, No.9, Sept.1996, p.112-3 MOULD RELEASE AGENTS
A water-based, semi-permanent release coating called McLube 2100 from McGee Industries has proven to provide maximum release, durability, flow and no transfer. It is said to be effective with difficult to release compounds and parts such as EPDM, fluoroelastomers, HNBR, NR, nitrile rubber, CR, SBR, BR, butyl rubber, polyacrylate and polyisoprene. It is suitable for use with injection, transfer and compression moulding of parts, it is briefly reported. MCGEE INDUSTRIES INC.
It is briefly reported that Cabot Plastics International has introduced Plasadd PE9171 mould release agent which helps reduce ejection problems in intricate mouldings or in parts with large surface areas. As a masterbatch it can be dosed into a mould automatically with the polymer and can be used with most polyolefins. Improved release properties, required with higher machine speeds, can be achieved with an additive from Grafe Color Batch. Intended for polycarbonate, GL306-PC is said to improve surface hardness on parts being manufactured. CABOT PLASTICS INTERNATIONAL; GRAFE COLOR BATCH GMBH
USA
Accession no.606717 Item 234 Patent Number: US 5489410 A 19960206 MOULDING THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS FOR PRODUCING TEXTURED ARTICLES Baumgartner C E; Hamly K D General Electric Co. A multilayered insulated mould structure is disclosed. An insulation layer is deposited on a mould core and a multilayered skin layer is deposited on the insulation layer. The skin is formed of a number of sublayers, including a corrosion-resistant phosphorous-rich nickel region on the insulation layer acting as an etchant stop, and a noncorrosion resistant or etchable phosphorous-poor nickel region on the corrosion-resistant layer. The upper layer is uniformly textured by selective etching down to a depth terminating at the interface between the layers, but the insulation layer is protected. Also disclosed is a method of making such a mould surface having bulk imperfections.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.604061 Item 237 European Plastics News 23, No.8, Sept.1996, p.66 US MOULD RELEASE AGENT RANGE It is briefly reported that Exotherm Sales in the UK is now the sole European agent for Slide Products’ range of mould release agents and cleaners. Products include PureEze release agent suitable for food and medical applications, Universal mould release agent for use if parts need to be painted, hot stamped or metallised, and Economist, a low-cost silicone spray. Super Grease is a cleaner that repels warm and cold water. SLIDE PRODUCTS INC. USA
Accession no.602669
USA
Accession no.604900 Item 235 Patent Number: EP 733666 A2 19960925 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
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Item 238 Patent Number: WO 9523056 A1 19950831 INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE COMPOSITIONS Gillis H R; Mackey P W Imperial Chemical Industries PLC
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
These comprise a polysiloxane compound and an amine salt of a carboxylic acid. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.599239
method of application. In other words, it cuts the need for a wipe-off or buff-off step in the process. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. FREKOTE MOLD RELEASE PRODUCTS INC. USA
Item 239 Patent Number: US 5468828 A 19951121 SILICONE RELEASE COMPOSITION Hurford S R; Parbhoo B Dow Corning Ltd. A release modifier for silicone release compositions comprises a silicone resin with given formula. Also claimed is a solventless release composition based on siloxanes having SiH groups and a catalyst in addition to the release modifier. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.597615 Item 240 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 86, No.6, June 1996, p.28-30 ECONOMICAL APPLICATION OF RELEASE AGENT Michaeli W; Fleischer D; Colberg M; Ellinghaus S Flexible PU foam mouldings are encountered daily in the form of seat cushions in automobiles, buses, trains, aircraft. Such mouldings are produced by injecting a reactive PU mixture into a mould and causing it to foam and cure. Ensuring a high-quality product requires maintaining defined boundary conditions, such as mould cavity temperature and mixture quality. The use of release agents for demoulding is necessary, since PU adheres strongly to metal surfaces. Quality assurance in the production of flexible foam mouldings involves primarily monitoring and controlling the various parameters of the plant. If the sum of all the influencing factors is considered, it emerges that secondary factors, such as the addition of release agent also have a critical effect on the quality of the moulding. These effects have been systematically investigated for an existing production plant. In this plant, release agent is introduced by a combination of automatic (spraying robot) and manual techniques. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.596177 Item 241 European Rubber Journal 178, No.7, July/Aug.1996, p.34 FREKOTE GOES SOLO Frekote has launched Solo, a mould release that the company claims will reduce labour costs by 90% compared to polymer release agents and 95% compared to paste waxes. It is named for its “spray-on-leave-on”
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Accession no.595069 Item 242 Patent Number: US 5464586 A 19951107 AQUEOUS SLIP AND MOULD RELEASE AGENT AND PROCESS FOR MOULDING AND VULCANISATION OF TYRES AND OTHER RUBBER ARTICLES Wagner H Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH An environmentally friendly aqueous slip and mould release agent contains 0.5 to 6 wt.% PTFE, 20 to 40 wt.% mineral fillers and at least 40 wt.% water. It is sprayed onto the inside of the tyre blank prior to moulding and vulcanisation so that the water contained therein evaporates, accompanied by development of a slip and release agent film. The slip and mould release agent results in, despite the high water content, quick evaporation of the water and thus rapid development of the slip and release agent film and in substantial prolongation of the life of the heating membrane used for moulding and vulcanisation. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.594039 Item 243 Patent Number: US 5466742 A 19951114 AQUEOUS OUTSIDE RELEASE AGENT COMPRISING DIATOMACEOUS EARTH AND PYROGENIC HYDROPHOBIC SILICA FOR MOULDING AND VULCANISING TYRES AND OTHER RUBBER ARTICLES Wagner H; Schuhmacher K-H Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH This contains 5 to 35 wt.% diatomaceous earth., 0.5 to 6 wt.% pyrogenic hydrophobic silica, 0.1 to 2 wt.% nonionic surfactant, 0.2 to 3 wt.% of a binder, 0.1 to 3 wt.% dye, 0 to 5 wt.% ethyl alcohol and the remainder water. Preferred binders are styrene-maleic acid or styrenemaleic anhydride copolymers and particularly ammonium salts thereof. It is sprayed onto a blank with the aid of airatomising guns before moulding and vulcanisation are performed. A very good release effect is thus achieved without vulcanisation being impaired. As only very small quantities of outside release agent are needed, cleaning of the press mould and hence interruption of the production process are required very much less frequently than when conventional outside release agents are used. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.593028
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References and Abstracts
Item 244 Plastics World 54, No.6, June 1996, p.17-20 WHAT PROCESSORS NEED TO KNOW ABOUT RELEASE AGENTS McCarthy D F; Dyer M R Franklynn Industries Inc. The thermosetting urethane materials used in RIM/SRIM and open casting are prone to aggressive sticking. Because these processes involve chemical reactions, it is critical that the release agent has a positive impact on the process. Water-based semi-permanent releasants alleviate many of the concerns raised with solvent-based systems including VOCs, exposure concerns, combustibility, and handling. Water-based systems are well proven for multiple release of injection moulded parts, with little or no transfer to the finished part. Given the wide number of variables in RIM and SRIM processing, it is critical to select a mould release supplier capable of providing a formulation specifically tailored to meet processor needs. A troubleshooting table is presented. USA
Accession no.592179 Item 245 Patent Number: EP 712707 A2 19960522 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MOULDED PRODUCTS USING INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS Jonsson E H; Pielartzik H; Parks K L; Rains R C Bayer Corp. A reaction mixture comprising an organic polyisocyanate and at least one organic compound containing isocyanatereactive hydrogens is reacted in the presence of a catalyst and an internal mould release agent having substituent groups, which are inert towards isocyanate groups at temperatures of 100C or less. The process gives high density moulded SRIM parts. USA
Accession no.591416 Item 246 Rubber World 214, No.1, April 1996, p.60 INSIDE TYRE RELEASE AGENTS It is briefly reported that the Lubrex LG line of waterbased inside tyre release agents from Harwick Chemical is said to impact improved stability and lubricity. Lubrex LG 2006 is a lightly-filled product offering maximum lubricity for radial passenger and light truck tyres. Lubrex LG 2520 is designed for tyre applications that require higher air-bleed, such as bias ply and truck and bus radials. HARWICK CHEMICAL CORP. USA
Accession no.589682
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Item 247 Rubber World 214, No.1, April 1996, p.60 RELEASE FORMULATIONS It is briefly reported that Franklynn Industries has developed a water-based, solvent-free family of release coatings for peroxide-cured rubber systems. These latest additions to the Diamondkote line are said to offer significant release-ease, mechanical glide and vastly improved tool cleanliness versus traditional releases. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES USA
Accession no.589679 Item 248 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1634, 3rd May 1996, p.10 NASA-PROVED MOULD COATING It is briefly reported that WS2 Coatings has been formed in the UK to sell permanent release coating technology to UK moulders. Benefits are said to include improved resin flow, reduction of sticking in the mould, elimination of galling and seizing of ejector pins or other moving mould parts, and a marked reduction in drag marks on finished mouldings. The coating comprises tungsten disulphide in a laminar form. WS2 COATINGS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.588591 Item 249 Rubber World 213, No.5, Feb.1996, p.64 INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE It is briefly reported that Inter Lube zinc stearate powder internal mould release is available from Slide Products. A dry, white, water repellent powder, Inter Lube is said to be economical to use and gives better finishes, resulting in fewer rejects and lower production costs. SLIDE PRODUCTS INC. USA
Accession no.587360 Item 250 Patent Number: US 5334670 A 19940802 ELASTOMER AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION THEREOF Uchida Y; Yoshida Y; Kaneda T; Moriya T; Kumazawa T Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Inc. An elastomer is moulded by reaction injection moulding of polyurethane resins, polyurea resins, polyurethane/urea resins and polyurea/amide resins in the presence of an internal release agent which is a polyester condensate of a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid have a hydroxy group
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
produced by transesterification of a molecular endaminated or iminated polyester condensate. The elastomer has good release properties and good coating properties. JAPAN
Accession no.586975 Item 251 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1630, 5th April 1996, p.9 CUSTOM SURFACES Smith C AEA Technology says ion implantation of mould and die surfaces can increase wear resistance, reduce mould sticking and improve flow. The company has introduced four new treatments targeted at specific problem areas. Ion-Hard improves wear resistance, Ion-Slip improves mould release and sliding resistance, Corro-Guard reduces corrosion and Alumi-Guard improves the wear resistance of aluminium tooling alloys. Wider marketing will be achieved through the company’s new marketing partnerships with KD Thermoplastics and Carrs Steels. In injection moulding applications, the Ion-Hard process can extend tool life by up to four times, it is claimed. AEA TECHNOLOGY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.585796 Item 252 Reinforced Plastics 40, No.4, April 1996, p.25 WATER-BASED RELEASE AGENT GIVES GOOD SURFACE FINISH It is briefly reported that Franklynn Industries has introduced a solvent-free and worker-friendly release agent for polyester and vinyl ester moulding. Diamondkote, a water-based product, is said to be effective for all manner of GRP and cultured marble applications, especially where surface cosmetics are critical. Diamondkote is designed for ambient applications using traditional methods and requires no additional sealer when applied to a new or reworked mold. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES INC. USA
Accession no.585735 Item 253 European Rubber Journal 178, No.4, April 1996, p.23 ION IMPLANT IMPROVES MOULDS Shaw D Ion implantation can improve the surface properties of a mould. It can be used to improve wear resistance, cut friction, reduce corrosion or a combination of these. AEA Technology Ion Implantation Service is launching a low
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
friction service to mould makers. The company has five machines at its Harwell, UK site, including the biggest in the world with a 1m beam diameter. The Ion-Slip process was developed to improve the friction properties of complex plastic moulds, but a number of rubber moulders also use the system. AEA TECHNOLOGY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.584486 Item 254 Rubber Injection Moulding: Today’s Technology, Theory and Practice. Seminar Proceedings. London, 24th Nov.1995, paper 7. 831 DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON COATING FOR RUBBER INJECTION MOULDS Franks J Diavac Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) The effectiveness of a mould release agent is determined by the extent to which it reduces interference in the production process. It must be inert to prevent contamination of the rubber and promote easy release, durable to minimise the frequency of re-application and impermeable to prevent corrosion and reduce fouling of the mould. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are wear and corrosion resistant, chemically inert and impermeable. The coatings therefore possess many of the properties required of a release agent. A method of depositing DLC is described and some examples given of the effectiveness of the coating. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.584099 Item 255 Patent Number: US 5441684 A 19950815 METHOD OF FORMING MOULDED PLASTIC PACKAGES WITH INTEGRATED HEAT SINKS Lee S S VLSI Technology Inc. A protective layer, preferably formed of a water or chemically soluble paste or a high temperature adhesive tape, is applied to the external surface of the heat sink prior to the formation of the package. It prevents mould flash from forming between the external surface of the heat sink and an inner surface of the mould during the moulding process, and after formation of the moulded plastic package, acts to prevent the external surface of the heat sink from scratches and/or contaminants. It is readily removable by either dissolving it in water or a chemical or peeling it off, depending upon whether the protective layer is formed of a water-soluble paste, chemically soluble paste or high temperature adhesive tape, respectively. USA
Accession no.583961
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References and Abstracts
Item 256 Urethanes Technology 13, No.1, Feb/March 1996, p.56 RELEASE AGENTS FOR ENERGY-ABSORBING FOAM A series of release agents is announced from Chem-Trend for use with energy absorbing foam systems. They are claimed to deliver excellent release and part surface, as well as post-moulding adhesion and less in-mould build-up. They have been designed to meet the requirements of the FMVSS302 flammability test, and are available as water based or CFC-free solvent based, and in paste form. They can be used with temperatures from 95-175F (35-80C). This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. CHEM-TREND INC. USA
Accession no.580818 Item 257 Urethanes Technology 13, No.1, Feb/March 1996, p.55 HURON RELEASE AGENTS FOR RIGIDS The 2000 series of release coatings from Huron Technologies is briefly described. It is designed for use with rigid and integral skin PU moulding, and is claimed to offer improvements in top coat adhesion. HURON TECHNOLOGIES
40, No.1, Jan.1996, p.14 FAST CURING RELEASE AGENTS REDUCE APPLICATION TIME It is briefly reported that Frekote Release Products claims its new release agents can cut application time by 2090%. Frekote 55-NC and 770-NC are claimed to be the fastest curing polymer release agents available. Frekote 55-NC was formulated for advanced composite applications where release agent transfer to moulded parts is highly undesirable. Frekote 770-NC provides maximum release performance with a high gloss finish. FREKOTE MOLD RELEASE PRODUCTS INC. USA
Accession no.578233 Item 260 Cardiff, c.1995, pp.1. 12ins. 13/6/95. 2830 PRODUCT UPDATE 1 Polymed Coatings Ltd. This product update provides an introduction to the range of products manufactured by Polymed Coatings. It includes release agents, specialist mould cleaners, and in-mould coatings. Brief product descriptions are given for each. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.577279
USA
Accession no.580815 Item 258 Rubber World 213, No.3, Dec.1995, p.18-20 CUT DOWNTIME AND MOULD WEAR USING PLASTIC Golubski M A Maxi-Blast Inc. AK Rubber, a custom manufacturer of precision rubber products, recognised the limitations of traditional mould cleaning methods and adopted a new method employing the use of plastic media as a blasting agent. In this process, millions of lightweight thermoset plastic particles are propelled by air pressure to remove relatively soft surface layers of paint, coatings or contaminants without damaging harder underlying substrates. In addition to reduced mould wear, plastic media blasting is nonhazardous to employees and the environment. Moulds can be cleaned more frequently because they are back in production in a matter of minutes. AK RUBBER PRODUCTS CO.INC. USA
Accession no.579895 Item 259 Reinforced Plastics
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Item 261 Patent Number: US 5428092 A 19950627 RELEASE AGENT COMPOSITION Ishikawa H; Naganawa T; Ona I Dow Corning Toray Silicone Co.Ltd. This comprises a mixture of amino-functional and aminefree PDMS, the viscosity, amine equivalent and content of dimethylsiloxane oligomers containing up to 20 silicon atoms being within specified limits. It does not evolve oily volatiles or silicon dioxide powder even during exposure to elevated temperatures. JAPAN
Accession no.577168 Item 262 European Rubber Journal 178, No.1, Jan.1996, p.17 COATING MIGHT HELP MOULDERS Diavac has developed a coating process for mould tools and other objects. The process deposits a layer of diamond-like carbon on the surface of steel or aluminium mould tools, extrusion dies and other materials. The coating is said to offer a permanent, hard-wearing, darkcoloured, non-stick surface. In mould tools, this means there is less mould fouling even without the use of release agents, the company claims. The process is described as a plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition system.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Working with Bull Rubber, the technology has been used to coat a number of moulds and extrusion dies. The most complicated mould was for thin-walled nitrile rubber tubes in a medical application. DIAVAC LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.576562 Item 263 Rubber World 213, No.2, Nov.1995, p.19-22 UNDERSTANDING WATER-BASED MOULD RELEASANTS McCarthy D; Moon D; Lytle S; Dyer M Franklynn Industries Laboratory research and practical user experience have shown that properly formulated and applied water-based release agents perform as well as or better than solventbased releasants at comparable or lower overall cost. This article discusses the types of release agents, and offers advise on selecting the right releasant, application of the releasant and what to look for in a releasant supplier. Property data and a troubleshooting guide are presented. USA
Accession no.576477 Item 264 Patent Number: EP 686469 A2 19951213 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR APPLYING A SURFACTANT TO MOULD SURFACES Matrin W A; Kindt-Larsen T; Walker C W; Beaton S R Johnson & Johnson Vision Products Inc. The surfactant is applied to a multi-part mould used in the moulding of articles, such as hydrophilic contact lenses, in the form of a film or coating on surface portions of one of the mould components to facilitate the disengagement between the mould components during demoulding and the removal of excess polymeric moulding material adhesively deposited on surfaces thereon.
abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. CHEM-TREND KOREA
Accession no.575363 Item 266 Plastics World 53, No.12, Dec.1995, p.64 AEROSOL RELEASE AGENT KantStick 406 Spray NOD from Specialty Products is an effective and economic release agent in aerosol form. Composed of a medium viscosity silicone oil in a nonflammable propellant system, the spray is said to assure improved mould coverage without run-off. It remains effective at elevated mould temperatures and the company says the applied film will provide accurate, clean and easy release of any plastic material from most mould surfaces. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. SPECIALTY PRODUCTS CO. USA
Accession no.574620 Item 267 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1615, 8th Dec.1995, p.13 IONISATION TREATMENT NOW AVAILABLE IN UK It is briefly reported that a new company, Merlos, is being set up in the UK to market an ionisation treatment process claimed to ease production of injection moulded parts by lowering the frictional coefficient of the mould surface. The surface treatment can be applied to complex shaped cavities. The process is said to improve wear, fatigue and corrosion resistance, while reducing surface friction. The lower friction is said to improve filling of complex geometries and provide easier mould release. MERLOS
USA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.575866
Accession no.574576
Item 265 Urethanes Technology 12, No.6, Dec.1995/Jan.1996, p.16 CHEM-TREND BOOSTS KOREA
Item 268 Rubber World 213, No.1, Oct.1995, p.75 RELEASE FORMULATIONS
Chem-Trend is to double its current capacity of release agents in Korea with a new facility in the Ansong Industrial Park, it is announced. The facility will make the full range of custom formulations for Korea, China and South-East Asia, responding quickly to the growing automotive industry in Korea. The company claims to be the largest global supplier of release agents for rubber and plastics moulding and die and squeeze casting. This
It is briefly reported that additions to Franklynn Industries’ Diamondkote line of semi-permanent, water-based mould releases for the rubber moulder are available. Traditional, difficult-to-release compounds such as peroxide-cured EPDM, Viton, low durometer silicone and fluorosilicone and many fluoroelastomers can now be moulded without excessive scrap and cycle time thanks to these new formulations, the company claims.
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FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES USA
Accession no.574504 Item 269 Injection Molding 3, No.11, Nov.1995, p.112 RELEASE MEETS FDA AND USDA SPECS Slide Products’ newest product, Pure Eze mould release, is reported to be a white oil-based release that is 100% free of Class I or Class II ozone depleting chemicals, and was developed for medical and food applications. It meets US-DA and FDA standards for food applications and is recognised under UL-94 flammability tests for polycarbonates. Very brief details are noted. SLIDE PRODUCTS INC. USA
Koller H J BASF Corp. A two-component PU adhesive contains a siloxy-based carbinol compound, as a mould release agent. USA
Accession no.570960 Item 273 Patent Number: WO 9511789 A1 19950504 METHOD OF RELEASING CONTACT LENSES FROM THE MOULD Nandu M; Wrue R J Bausch & Lomb Inc. The cast lens and the mould are contacted with a release solution comprising isopropanol. USA
Accession no.573496
Accession no.568973
Item 270 Patent Number: US 5420188 A 19950530 INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENT FOR USE IN REACTION INJECTION MOULDING Dewhurst J E Miles Inc.
Item 274 Patent Number: US 5409979 A 19950425 LIQUID-CRYSTAL POLYESTER RESIN COMPOSITION CONTAINING SPECIFIED MOULD RELEASE AGENTS Nakai M Polyplastics Co.Ltd.
This comprises a zinc carboxylate containing from 8 to 24 carbon atoms per carboxylate group and a compatibiliser comprising an amidine group-containing compound of given formula. USA
Accession no.571405 Item 271 Patent Number: US 5420186 A 19950530 INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS COMPRISING METALLIC SOAPS COMPATIBILISED WITH LIQUID QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS Dewhurst J E Air Products & Chemicals Inc. In an active hydrogen-containing B-side composition for reaction with a polyisocyanate-containing A-side composition to make a PU or polyurethane-urea elastomer by reaction injection moulding, use is made of a mould release composition consisting of a liquid quaternary ammonium salt and a metal salt of a fatty acid. USA
Accession no.571404 Item 272 Patent Number: EP 679670 A1 19951102 POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE CONTAINING A SILOXANE INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AND ITS USE IN THERMOFORMABLE LAMINATES
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Liquid-crystal polyesters with improved processability comprise (a) 100 pbw of a liquid-crystal polyester resin, and (b) 0.01-5 pbw of a fatty acid ester of given general formula. The composition is found to exhibit good mould release and good retention of mechanical properties (i.e. flexural strength and flexural modulus) in resulting articles. The liquid-crystal polyester is found to be highly stable and to resist discolouration upon moulding, and to resist deleterious gas evolution when the resulting moulded article is heated. JAPAN
Accession no.567353 Item 275 Patent Number: US 5419529 A 19950530 REUSABLE MOULD FOR FORMING PREMOULDED PIECES AND A MODULAR CONTAINED MACHINE FOUNDATION Welch W L; Sluder D W; Cory R L APT Inc. Most pieces are moulded as hollow forms, which surround vertically extending reinforcement rods and are filled with a fortifying material to secure the hollow forms to slabs.The hollow form is preferably made of an aggregate filled thermosetting resin, which is a corrosion and chemically resistant material. USA
Accession no.565817
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Item 276 Patent Number: EP 677373 A1 19951018 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING AN OPHTHALMIC LENS MOULD Adams J P; Rastrelli E C; Heaton J C; Weber K J; Wagner T J Johnson & Johnson Vision Products Inc. Disclosed are a method and apparatus for causing the polymerised excess monomer to separate from a moulded lens by increasing the surface energy of the flange area of one mould piece, causing the polymerised excess monomer to stick thereto. Specifically when manufactured under inert atmospheric conditions, a particular manifold is needed to supply an oxygen bearing gas, air, to the area to be treated while preventing the oxygen from contaminating the lens manufacturing area of the moulds or diluting the nitrogen atmosphere of other lens process areas. It has been found that generation of the ionised oxygen by means of a corona treatment electrode sufficiently increases the adherence of the polymer to the mould piece so treated. Preferably, the flange around the convex, male piece of the lens mould is corona treated so that when the mould pieces are separated after lens polymerisation, the flashing of excess polymerised material surrounding the lens cavity adheres to that male, convex piece flange while the lens is removed with the female, concave piece. USA
Shekar A R DuPont South Asia Ltd. Methods of avoiding mould deposits formed by gas generated by overheating polyacetal material, are discussed. The approach of a streamlined injection moulding unit with good heat control, and the design of the mould in which a good venting system, and balanced runner system exists, is recommended. ASIA
Accession no.564515 Item 279 Patent Number: US 5399310 A 19950321 METHOD OF USING MOULD RELEASE AGENTS Payne J S; Martin D L Dexter Corp. The mould release agent, which is particularly applicable to PU-based reaction injection moulding systems, includes the lithium, sodium or potassium salt or a mixture thereof, of an oligomer of monomeric units or a mixture of the oligomers. The monomeric units may be carboxylic fatty acids having at least 14 carbon atoms, preferably 14 to 24 carbon atoms, and the salt of the oligomer is preferably soluble in water or water/alcohol. Preferably, the Li and Na salts of C36 and C44 dicarboxylic fatty acids are used. Water without alcohol is preferably used in the formulation.
Accession no.565376
USA
Item 277 Utech Asia ’95. Conference Proceedings. Suntec City, 23rd-25th May 1995, paper 16. 43C6 CONCENTRATED AQUEOUS RELEASE AGENTS Thies W Acmos Chemie GmbH & Co. (Crain Communications Ltd.)
Item 280 Plastics Technology 41, No.8, Aug.1995, p.42-5 MOULD RELEASES, CLEANER AND SAFER ARE THE WATCHWORDS Sherman L M
Moulded flexible components made of PU foam require a release agent. It is the target to minimise the use release agent, to increase productivity and to decrease costs. Concentrated aqueous mould release agents are certainly a great advantage in moulded PU processing but not necessarily the optimum solution for any kind of process. Therefore the choice of the appropriate release agent depends on the availability of release agents and the process in use.Details are given. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.564850 Item 278 Popular Plastics and Packaging 40, No.6, June 1995, p.47-8 ACETALS PROCESSING - THE PROBLEM OF MOULD DEPOSIT FORMATION
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Accession no.561860
More environmentally friendly mould releases are being developed and adopted, despite their higher costs, and some other drawbacks associated with water based products. New spray systems are being used which automate the task of mould coating. A guide to new mould release products is presented. USA
Accession no.561081 Item 281 Rubbercon ’95. Conference Preprints. Gothenburg, 9th-12th May 1995, Paper C10, pp.10. 012 CATIONIC SURFACTANTS OR SURFACTANT ACCELERATOR PROCESSING AIDS AS MULTIPURPOSE RUBBER COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS Hepburn C Ulster,University
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References and Abstracts
(Nordic Council of Rubber Technology) Results are presented of studies of the use of propanediamine dioleate and propanediamine distearate cationic surfactants as accelerators of sulphur vulcanisation and as processing aids in rubber. It is shown that these additives function as fast accelerators without the presence of zinc oxide and stearic acid activator systems, although the addition of a small amount of zinc oxide prevents reversion and enhances scorch times. As processing aids, such additives give good release from mill rolls and moulds and improved filler dispersion and flow properties. When the temperature of a rubber compound is raised to the vulcanisation range of 135C and above, the surfactant dissociates into both a primary amine which acts as the accelerator and a fatty acid which acts as a mould release agent. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
ESTER INTERNAL RELEASE AGENT Kusumoto M; Yamashita H; Nagata T Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Inc. This comprises a sulphur-containing acid phosphoric ester, such as thiophosphoric acid ester or dithiophosphoric acid ester. JAPAN
Accession no.557105 Item 285 Patent Number: US 5389696 A 19950214 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MOULDED PRODUCTS USING INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS (IMR) Dempsey M P; Symosko G; Lesko M W; Zacour R L Miles Inc.
Hydroxyphenyl-substituted polydiorganosiloxane oils having an average phenol equivalent within a specific range exhibit excellent heat resistance, release characteristics and lubricity. They are suitable for use as mould release agents, for toner release in electrostatic copiers and as lubricants during false twisting of textile fibres.
A reaction mixture of an isocyanate and at least one organic compound containing isocyanate-reactive hydrogens is reacted in the presence of a blowing agent, a catalyst, a surfactant, an IMR and, optionally, a reinforcing agent, in a closed mould. The IMR comprises (a) mixed esters comprising the reaction product of (i) aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, (ii) aliphatic polyols and (iii) monocarboxylic acids with 12 to 30 carbon atoms in the molecule. The IMR may additionally comprise (b) a compound comprising the reaction product of N,Ndimethylpropylene diamine with a tall oil, C8 to C20 monofunctional carboxylic acid or mixture of C8 to C20 monofunctional carboxylic acids and/or (c) a compound comprising the reaction product of oleic acid, adipic acid and pentaerythritol. The reaction product of (a) is different than the reaction product of (c). The foams produced have a low density.
JAPAN
USA
Accession no.557573
Accession no.557083
Item 283 Patent Number: US 5384351 A 19950124 ISOCYANATE REACTIVE BLENDS AND INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE COMPOSITIONS Gillis H R Imperial Chemical Industries PLC
Item 286 Patent Number: US 5384365 A 19950124 RELEASE AGENTS Hanada K; Misaizu I; Saito M; Torii K; Kuriyama K Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Mfg.Co.Ltd.; Ukima Colour & Chemicals Mfg.Co.Ltd.
Internal mould release compositions suitable for use in the production of moulded articles by the RIM process comprise a blend of a metal salt of an organic acid and a polysiloxane polymer having isocyanate reactive organic groups and optionally a compatibilising amount of an amidine or imidate compound.
A release agent comprising a resin containing siloxane segments is described. The resin has been modified with a silane coupling agent containing at least one free isocyanate group and contains one or more hydrolysable silyl groups in side chains of its molecule.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.556995
Accession no.560431 Item 282 Patent Number: EP 667388 A1 19950816 ORGANOSILOXANE LUBRICANT COMPOSITIONS Ishikawa H; Naganawa T; Ona I Dow Corning Toray Silicone Co.Ltd.
Accession no.557239 Item 284 Patent Number: US 5389708 A 19950214 SULPHUR-CONTAINING ACID PHOSPHORIC
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JAPAN
Item 287 Patent Number: US 5381735 A 19950117 PROCESS FOR PRINTING USING A PHOTOPOLYMERIC MOULD MADE FROM PHOTOPOLYMERISABLE COMPOSITIONS
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
WITH IMPROVED RELEASE PROPERTIES Fifield C C Hercules Inc. Release of a resin mould from a photopolymeric mould is enhanced by using an unsaturated fatty acid ester release agent in the photopolymeric composition. In addition to providing quick release of the resin mould, the incorporation of the unsaturated fatty acid ester improves the flexibility of the photopolymeric mould without sacrificing tensile strength or hardness. The resin mould is used to fabricate rubber plates for ink printing. USA
Accession no.554778 Item 288 World Class Injection Moulding. Retec proceedings. Charlotte, NC, 25th-27th Sept.1994, p.227-34. 831 TOOL SURFACE ENHANCEMENTS: THE EXTRA EDGE IN INJECTION MOULDING? Dowler B Eastman Chemical Co. (SPE,Carolinas Section; SPE,Injection Molding Div.) As the technology of mould surface enhancements and coatings continues to evolve, plastics processors are increasingly turning to them in the hope of gaining additional competitive advantages leading to smoother operation and higher profits from their injection moulds. Aspects covered include common benefits of surface treatments, types of mould surface treatments, a surface treatment effectiveness study and ejection force study results. USA
Accession no.553626
It is briefly reported that TSE Industries has recently added the 2000 Anti-Stick Agent to its line of release agents. It has been engineered to replace the silicone water emulsions currently being used for moulding retread tyres. The advantages of 2000 Anti-Stick Agent are said to include cleaner moulds, excellent adhesion properties, no housecleaning, no cracking or blistering on the lug area, and excellent process stability that eliminates frequent solution replacement. TSE INDUSTRIES INC. USA
Accession no.552119 Item 291 British Plastics and Rubber April 1995, p.18/20 MULTIPLE MOULD TOOL LIFE FROM ION IMPLANTATION Jackson P AEA Technology Ion implantation is being used increasingly in polymer moulding to improve the tribological behaviour of the surface of moulds and associated machine components. This article examines how ion implantation is applied and what benefits can be expected. The process is used on moulding tool surfaces to improve wear resistance, hardness and toughness, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance and reduce friction to improve mould release. Typically normal moulding tool steels show an improvement in tooling lifetime of 3-4 times after treatment. There are more cost savings to be gained from reduced downtime, as an example shows. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.549730 Item 289 Patent Number: US 5383775 A 19950124 POWDERY MOULD RELEASE AGENT SPRAY DEVICE Hanano T Hanano Corp. This includes a nozzle having spray ports on its tip end side wall, a nozzle having spray ports on its tip end surface and shut pins, all of which are assembled in through holes made on both metal moulds. The spray ports of the former and latter nozzles are exposed to the cavity inside at the time of spraying and are located in the through holes and the cavity is isolated from the spray ports of the latter nozzle by the shut pin. JAPAN
Accession no.552920
Item 292 Patent Number: US 5358985 A 19941025 IONIC SILOXANE AS INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENT FOR POLYURETHANE, POLYURETHANEUREA AND POLYUREA ELASTOMERS Dewhurst J E; Pearlstein R M Air Products & Chemicals Inc. In an active hydrogen-containing B-side composition for reaction with a polyisocyanate-containing A-side composition to make a polyurethane or polyurethaneurea elastomer by reaction injection moulding, a mould release composition is disclosed which is the reaction product of triethylenediamine and an epoxide reacted in the presence of a carboxy-functional siloxane. USA
Item 290 Rubber World 212, No.1, April 1995, p.54 ANTI-STICK AGENT
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Accession no.548522 Item 293 Rubber World
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References and Abstracts
211, No.6, March 1995, p.64 RELEASE AGENT It is briefly reported that a water-based release agent has been developed by Franklynn Industries for encapsulated glass applications such as windshields. Aqualift mould release can provide a solvent-free, stable alternative to other commonly used materials, such as wax-type systems. Aqualift leaves little or no transfer on finished parts and greatly reduces the build-up typically associated with wax-type release agents. FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES USA
Accession no.548225 Item 294 Rubber World 211, No.6, March 1995, p.64 RELEASE FORMULATIONS It is briefly reported that Chem-Trend’s formulations are said to give rubber moulders multiple releases regardless of the type of spray equipment used. In addition, the Mono-Coat 430W series is said to give excellent release performance, good film formation at low mould temperatures, instant cure and virtually no mould buildup or transfer to the part. These formulations are said to be especially effective for moulding automotive rubber parts where part appearance and low transfer are important. CHEM-TREND INC. USA
Accession no.548221
The layer formed by a water-based mould release agent was investigated by field emission electron scattering microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For optimal release a layer thickness in the range of 300 nm was found. AFM used in friction mode showed high friction forces on uncoated metal surfaces. Using a mould release system combining the application of a mould release agent and the use of a mould cleaning compound increases performance significantly. The rheometer curves of the mould cleaning compound are shown.Investigating the vulcanised mould cleaning compound no secondary N-nitrosamines could be detected. 8 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.544910 Item 297 Patent Number: US 5324759 A 19940628 RIM POLYOL BLENDS CONTAINING ACIDIC SILOXANE INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM PHENOXIDES Dewhurst J E Air Products & Chemicals Inc. In an active hydrogen-containing B-side composition for reaction with a polyisocyanate-containing A-side composition to make a polyurethane, polyurethaneurea or polyurea elastomer by reaction injection moulding, a mould release composition is disclosed consisting of (a) the reaction product of a mixture of a phenol compound, a tertiary amine, and a reactive epoxide and (b) a carboxy functional siloxane. USA
Item 295 Patent Number: US 5331020 A 19940719 ORGANOSILICON COMPOUNDS AND COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM Brown S S D; Hupfield P C; Lo P Y K; Taylor R G Dow Corning Ltd. Organosilicon compounds with a siloxane portion and groups of given general formula are described, which are useful in radiation curable compositions, in which they are mixed with an initiator. The compositions are particularly useful in UV radiation curable release coatings. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.545782 Item 296 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 48, No.2, Feb.1995, p.104-6 MINIMAL MOULD FOULING - A MIRACLE OR KNOW-HOW? Utz R; Hensel M; Sprenger S Schill & Seilacher GmbH & Co.
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Accession no.541009 Item 298 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 8, No.12, 1994, p.1485-504 ADHESION OF PU TO ROUGH COUNTERFACES: INFLUENCE OF WEAK BOUNDARY LAYERS Briscoe B J; Panesar S S London,University,Imperial College Details are given of the reduction of the adhesion of a flexible PU layer cured onto a rigid solid substrate by the combined action of the variation of the surface topography and also by the application of externally applied mould release agents. The influence of three interfacial variables is considered both singularly and in combination. 34 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.540901 Item 299 Urethanes Technology 11, No.6, Dec.1994/Jan.1995, p.34/6
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
RELEASE AGENTS: THE MATERIALS NOBODY WANTS TO USE, BUT CANNOT DO WITHOUT Reed D This comprehensive article supplies an assessment of the current size of the release agents business worldwide. The article highlights some of the major players in the field and describes the latest developments in mould release systems for polyurethanes. ACMOS CHEMIE GMBH & CO.; DEXTER CORP.; CHEM-TREND INC.; TSE INDUSTRIES INC.; AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS INC.; FRANKLYNN INDUSTRIES INC.; PURA GMBH & CO.; MANN G.,& CO.INC. WORLD
Accession no.539907 Item 300 Patent Number: US 5317075 A 19940531 HYDROXYL CONTAINING QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS AS INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE COMPOSITIONS Dewhurst J E; Pearlstein R M; Panunto T W; Machado R M Air Products & Chemicals Inc. The mould release composition is the reaction product of a C12-C36 fatty acid, a tertiary amine having at least one C12-C18 alkyl substituent and a C2-C21 reactive epoxide. It can be used in reaction injection moulding of polyurethanes or polyurethane/urea elastomers.
Gebhardt M; Beranek J; Knochel F An aqueous release agent for the production of polyurethane mouldings and more particularly of polyurethane foam mouldings, is provided, which in combination with a release substance contain one or more specific polyvinyl alcohols. The release agent preferably contains at least in part one or more unsaturated oligomeric or polymeric hydrocarbons with a molecular weight of at least 500 and iodine numbers of at least 60. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.538196 Item 303 Patent Number: US 5316716 A 19940531 MOULD RELEASING RESIN COMPOSITION AND MOULDING OF CURABLE RESIN USING THE SAME Sato S; Oohasi M; Inomata H Shin-Etsu Chemical Co.Ltd. A mould releasing resin composition is provided which contains at least one fluorinated compound end-blocked with a dimethylhydrogensiloxane group and optionally having a fluorinated polyether linkage. The composition is applied to the inner surface of a silicone rubber mould and cured before a curable resin is admitted into the mould. JAPAN
Accession no.537294
USA
Accession no.538326 Item 301 Journal of Cellular Plastics 30, No.6, Nov./Dec.1994, p.492-3 AIR PRODUCTS INTRODUCES INNOVATIVE PROCESS FOR CUSTOMISING WATER-BASED RELEASE AGENTS Air Products & Chemicals Inc. A brief report is presented on the development by Air Products & Chemicals of a process for its PURA line of water-based release agents that significantly reduces the time required to optimise the product formulation for an individual moulder’s specific process conditions and product needs. Emissions of volatile organic compounds are eliminated. USA
Item 304 Patent Number: EP 608784 A1 19940803 INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS COMPRISING METALLIC SOAPS COMPATIBILISED WITH LIQUID QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS Dewhurst J E Air Products & Chemicals Inc. In an active hydrogen-containing B-side composition for reaction with a polyisocyanate-containing A-side composition to make a PU or polyurethane-urea elastomer by reaction injection moulding, the improvement comprises the use of a mould release composition consisting essentially of a liquid quaternary ammonium salt and a metal salt of a fatty acid. USA
Accession no.532211
Accession no.538298 Item 302 Patent Number: US 5319015 A 19940607 AQUEOUS RELEASE AGENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POLYURETHANE MOULDINGS CONTAINING POLYVINYL ALCOHOL
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 305 Journal of Adhesion 47, No.1-3, 1994, p.33-40 INTERPHASE IN RUBBER-METAL MOULDING: INFLUENCE ON ADHESION OF SULPHURCONTAINING EMULSIFIER RESIDUES IN NITRILE RUBBER
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References and Abstracts
Lotfipour M; Reeves L A; Kiroski D; Packham D E Bath,University During moulding of a NBR-based compound, a complex interfacial layer was formed at the steel surface. This interphase exerted a dominant effect on the adhesion of the rubber to the mould. When the moulding was removed, parting occurred with this layer. The nature of the layer depended both upon the rubber compound and on the base polymer used. Coagulant and emulsifier residues in the polymer and zinc compounds from the cure reaction were among the components of this layer. The adhesion of NBR to mould steels was dependent on the nature of the interlayer formed, coagulant cations and sulphonate and sulphate emulsifier residues tending to be associated with high adhesion, fatty acids and zinc compounds with low adhesion. The composition of the layer could, to some extent, be controlled by alterations to the compound formulation. The residues in the base polymer employed could, however, still exert an important effect. 11 refs. (Adhesion Society Inc., 16th Annual Meeting, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, Feb.1993) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.532158 Item 306 Patent Number: US 5306788 A 19940426 ELASTOMER HAVING GOOD RELEASE AND COATING PROPERTIES AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION THEREOF Uchida Y; Yoshida Y; Kaneda T; Moriya T; Kumazawa T Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Inc. PU, polyurea, polyurethane-urea or polyurea-amide is reaction injection moulded in the presence of an internal release agent, namely a polyester condensate of a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having a hydroxyl group produced by transesterification or a molecular end aminated or iminated polyester condensate. JAPAN
Accession no.530467 Item 307 Patent Number: US 5306437 A 19940426 COPOLYMERS AND THEIR USE AS LUBRICANTS AND RELEASE AGENTS FOR PROCESSING THERMOPLASTICS, PARTICULARLY PVC, WITHOUT SCARCELY IMPAIRING TRANSPARENCY Heinrichs F-L; Hohner G; Lukasch A; Piesold J-P Hoechst AG The copolymers are prepared by free-radical polymerisation of a C12 to C60 alpha-olefin with a carboxylic acid of given formula, a carboxylic acid ester of given formula and, if appropriate, a styrene compound.
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EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.530243 Item 308 Patent Number: US 5302326 A 19940412 MANUFACTURING METHOD OF URETHANE FOAM MOULDED PRODUCTS Minegishi T; Kubo M; Nozaki R; Ogawa M; Tanaka M; Morimoto Y NHK Spring Co.Ltd.; Shin-Etsu Chemical Co.Ltd. In manufacturing moulded products of urethane foam, a release agent mainly composed of organopolysiloxane is applied on the inner surface of the mould maintained at 60C. Raw, cold curing, urethane foam is injected into the mould coated with this film of release agent and the moulded foam product is manufactured. Details of the release agent are provided. JAPAN
Accession no.525216 Item 309 Antec ’93. Conference Proceedings. New Orleans, La., 9th-13th May 1993, Vol.III, p.251521. 012 EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF EJECTION FORCES: FRICTIONAL EFFECTS Balsamo R; Hayward D; Malloy R Massachusetts,University (SPE) The effectiveness of external lubricants/mould release agents (calcium stearate and zinc stearate) in reducing ejection forces for injection moulded PS was investigated. A study was also made of the frictional characteristics of several polymers in contact with mould coatings based on electroless nickel and a PTFE/nickel composite, and of the forces required to eject mouldings from cores plated with nickel or PTFE/nickel. The results showed that the coefficient of friction between plastics parts and the mould core had a significant influence on the ejection force. Either the zinc or calcium stearate could be used as an ejection aid, and concentrations in excess of 600 ppm offered no significant improvement in release characteristics for the PS grade studied. PTFE/nickel mould coatings gave a considerable reduction in ejection force in comparison with conventional electroless nickel plating. 11 refs. LOWELL,UNIVERSITY USA
Accession no.524650 Item 310 Patent Number: US 5312845 A 19940517 RIM POLYOL BLENDS CONTAINING ACIDIC SILOXANE INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS AND TIN CATALYSTS
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Dewhurst J E Air Products & Chemicals Inc.
Edited by: Reed D; Lee C A (Crain Communications Ltd.; Rapra Technology Ltd.)
A mould release composition consists of (1) the reaction product of a mixture of a carboxylic acid, a tertiary amine and a reactive epoxide and (2) a carboxy functional siloxane. It is used in an active hydrogen-containing Bside composition for reaction with a polyisocyanatecontaining A-side composition to produce a PU or polyurethane urea elastomer by RIM.
OSi’s novel mould release technology (SERT or Solvent Emissions Reduction Technology) uses supercritical carbon dioxide to replace hydrocarbon solvents. Since SERT uses by-product carbon dioxide which has already been generated, no new carbon dioxide is created. The critical point for carbon dioxide occurs at rather mild conditions of temperature and pressure, 31C and 73.7 bar. Above these conditions, carbon dioxide is a supercritical fluid with solvency properties similar to hydrocarbon solvents. This paper discusses the principles of the SERT Mould Release Technology and its performance features. It also describes the commercially available blending/ metering and spray equipment for delivering SERT mould release agents to the mould surface. 2 refs.
USA
Accession no.523782 Item 311 Patent Number: EP 602592 A1 19940622 IONIC SILOXANE AS INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENT FOR PU, POLYURETHANE UREA AND POLYUREA Dewhurst J E; Pearlstein R M Air Products & Chemicals Inc. This is the reaction product of triethylene diamine and a C2 to C21 epoxide reacted in the presence of a carboxy functional siloxane. It is used in an active hydrogencontaining B-side composition, which is reacted with a polyisocyanate-containing A-side composition to make a PU or polyurethane-urea elastomer by reaction injection moulding. USA
Accession no.523736 Item 312 International Polymer Science and Technology 21, No.4, 1994, p.T/38-49 MOULD FOULING AND COUNTERMEASURES Yamaguchi K; Yukawa A Hyogo Prefecture,Industrial Technology Centre; Nohon Proton KK An account is given of the causes of the contamination of moulds for use with rubber, the observation of mould contaminants using apparatus for surface analysis, mould surface treatments for the prevention thereof, based on the use of various mould release agents and fluorine-based resins, and mould cleaning. 24 refs. Translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi, No.10, 1993, p.695 JAPAN
Accession no.522632 Item 313 Utech ’94: Groundwork for Growth. Conference proceedings. Hague, 22nd-24th March 1994, paper 14, pp.3. 43C6 SOLVENT EMISSION REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR MOULD RELEASE OF HIGH RESILIENCE MOULDED FOAM Derderian E J; Blakemore D L OSi Specialities Inc.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
USA
Accession no.518942 Item 314 Patent Number: US 5294251 A 19940315 MICROCRYSTALLINE WAX COATING COMPOSITION Urena F A J Myriad Utile Inc. The coating composition is prepared by heating a microcrystalline wax to about 70 to 82C and rapidly pouring the wax into a mixture of hexane and xylene at room temp. It exhibits corrosion inhibiting properties, electrical insulating properties, mould release properties and waterproofing properties. USA
Accession no.511493 Item 315 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 67, No.452, Feb.1994, p.176 Spanish SURFACE TREATMENT FOR MOULDS: BALINIT COATINGS Details are given of the properties and technical advantages of Balinit titanium nitride, titanium carbide and chromium nitride coatings (Balzers-Elay, Spain) for the surface treatment of injection moulds. BALZERS-ELAY SA; BALZERS AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.510130 Item 316 Patent Number: WO 9402301 A1 19940203 German USE OF ETHERS AS MOULD RELEASE AGENTS FOR THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTERS Hofer R; Krampitz D; Lippmann A; Lange F
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References and Abstracts
Henkel KGAA This invention concerns the use of monohydric or polyhydric alcohols as mould release agents for thermoplastic polyesters, as well as a method of producing thermoplastic polyester moulding compounds in the presence of ethers. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.508309 Item 317 Patent Number: US 5283309 A 19940201 EPOXY-CONTAINING ORGANOPOLYSILOXANE AND METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION THEREOF Morita Y Dow Corning Toray Silicone Co.Ltd. The polysiloxane has monofunctional siloxane units, tetrafunctional siloxane units, an epoxy group-containing organic group in the molecule, a polydiorganosiloxane residue bonded therein across a divalent hydrocarbon group and optionally alkoxysilylalkyl. It is useful as an internal stress-relaxing agent, internal mould release agent and adhesion promoter for curable organopolysiloxanes. JAPAN
Accession no.507928 Item 318 Patent Number: US 5283311 A 19940201 FATTY PREPOLYMERS AND FATTY-MODIFIED POLYISOCYANATES AS INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS FOR REACTION INJECTION MOULDED PARTS Narayan T; Tantillo A; Conger W G BASF Corp. A terminal fatty chain-containing molecule having a primary or secondary hydroxyl group, a primary or secondary amine group, an epoxide group or an isocyanate group is reacted with an organic aromatic polyisocyanate to yield a fatty prepolymer having a urethane linkage, urea linkage or oxazolidinone linkage or to yield a fatty modified polyisocyanate having an allophanate, biuret or carbodiimide-uretonimine linkage. The terminal chain on the molecule contains at least 8 branched or unbranched, saturated or unsaturated, hydrogen substituted aliphatic carbon atoms in succession or at least 5 branched or unbranched, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic perfluorinated atoms in succession.
Starr T Technolex This article discusses the choice and correct use of mould release agents for use in the composites industry, with the focus on those release agents applied directly to the tool surface. The development and increased variety of semi-permanent polymer blends spans only the last decade, while improvements are still being made to the traditional wax and/or PVAL release agents. In a recent American survey, 90% of the 524 companies who responded admitted that they had at least once experienced a serious ‘stick-up’ between mould tool and the ‘firstoff’ moulded component. As a result of that survey one authority has, at least in the context of composites tooling, proffered surface reactivity as the true suspect in this production problem. USA
Accession no.506395 Item 320 Plastics & Rubber & Composites Processing & Applications 19, No.2, 1993, p.69-76 QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS FOR POLYUREA RIM BY THE MEASUREMENT OF THE RELEASE FORCES Willkomm W R; Jennings R M; Macosko C W Minnesota,University The measurement of mould release forces was used to evaluate an internal mould release (IMR) agent for polyurea RIM. Two moulds were designed so that the entire release area consisted of shear release. One mould consisted of parallel plates mounted on a rheometer which rotated to give shear, while the other consisted of a rod and pipe where pull-out force was measured. Release forces from both moulds agreed under the conditions examined. Mould release forces were mapped out as a function of moulding conditions and IMR concentration. The polymer made was a 39% hard-segment polyurea system based on Jeffamine D4000, diethyl toluene diamine, and a uretonimine-modified diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Zinc stearate was the IMR. Moulding conditions examined were 25-138C mould temperature, 30s to 10 min demould time, and 0-2% zinc stearate. The presence of zinc stearate reduces release forces by over 80%. 16 refs. USA
Accession no.505505
USA
Accession no.507926 Item 319 Reinforced Plastics 38, No.3, March 1994, p.24-7 SOLVING THOSE STICKY PROBLEMS
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Item 321 Patent Number: EP 581749 A1 19940202 MOULD RELEASE COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF COATING A MOULD CORE Stephens W D TSE Industries Inc.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
The composition comprises an aqueous reaction mixture of a multifunctional PDMS emulsified polymer, a methyl triethoxy silane, a mixture of substituted nonyl or octyl phenol derivative surfactants and synthetic ethoxylated amine surfactants, and ethanol. The reaction mixture is coated on a mould core surface and cured with heat to form a mould release surface that can be used in excess of 20 times prior to recoating. USA
Accession no.503776 Item 322 Advanced Composites Bulletin Jan.1994, p.3-4 METAL SPRAYING PROCESS MAY OFFER CHEAPER MOULDING TOOLS Manufacture Using Spray Peening Technology (MUST) is being researched. The aim of the project is to develop a process capable of producing cheaper forming tools, dies and moulds for the wide range of manufacturing industries that use this equipment. The basis of the technology is spray forming, a process in which atomised molten metal particles impact with a substrate to form a coherent deposit. The process is similar to powder metallurgy, but the metal particles are not allowed to solidify during flight. SPRAYFORMING DEVELOPMENTS LTD.; ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.503456 Item 323 Plastverarbeiter 44, No.11, Nov.1993, p.54-6 German ULTRASONIC CLEANING SYSTEM FOR MOULDS Kehres R Production residues and deposits, e.g. oxides, demoulding agents, lubricants, material cakings, lime scale, rust, have to be thoroughly removed from time to time from the moulds and tools used in the plastics and rubber processing industry. Ultrasonic cleaning systems in which the deposits and coatings are removed quickly and reliably from the surfaces by cavitation (alternating high pressure and vacuum phases in a cleaning solution) without mechanical wear and without abrasion. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.499711
Stephens B D; Patterson D TSE Industries Inc. A test method is described which successfully differentiates between a range of water-based mould release agents and which may be applied as a tool for mould release evaluations. The study includes most of the difficult-to-release elastomers, i.e. EPDM, PU, Neoprene, Viton fluoroelastomer and Vamac polyacrylic. Test results indicate that the coefficient of friction is important in selection, but that it should only be considered where there are knitting problems or other secondary processing problems. USA
Accession no.499179 Item 325 Adhesion ’93. Conference Proceedings. York, 6th-8th Sept.1993, p.277-82. 9(12)4 WEAK BOUNDARY LAYERS: ADHESION IN RUBBER MOULDING Reeves L A; Kiroski D; Packham D E Bath,University (Institute of Materials) An account is given of the factors associated with the base polymer which influence the adhesion of nitrile rubber to steel moulds. Mould adhesion of nitrile rubber is largely determined by the nature of the layer which forms at the rubber mould interface during moulding and cure. 8 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.499061 Item 326 Polyurethanes ’92. Conference Proceedings. New Orleans, La., 21st-24th Oct.1992, p.199-205. 43C6 NEW REACTIVE INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE SYSTEM FOR POLYURETHANE/UREA REACTION INJECTION MOULDING Ueda H; Yatsugi S; Uchida Y; Matsuo M Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Inc. (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) A new reactive internal mould release system (Macrim 2100IMR) comprises a high molecular weight compound with fatty-acid-based polyester and a polyoxyalkylene backbone containing an aromatic amino end group. It provides a zinc stearate free surface for automotive fascia and exterior parts that require only washing with hot water. Peel tests were used to confirm lack of adhesion to metals and contact angle was correlated with paintability of mouldings. 4 refs. JAPAN
Item 324 Rubber and Plastics News 23, No.6, 25th Oct.1993, p.81-2 TEST FOR EVALUATING WATER-BASED MOULD RELEASES
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Accession no.498970 Item 327 Journal of Cellular Plastics 29, No.6, Nov/Dec.1993, p.514
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References and Abstracts
WATER-BASED MOULD RELEASE AGENT PREVENTS BUILDUP The use is described of Aqualease 2987, a water-based mould release agent which reportedly solves problems associated with mould building when casting urethane elastomers. It consists of a proprietary blend of inhibitors which prevent chemical reactions between the urethane isocyanates and the active ingredients in the mould release which result in deposition of the prepolymer on the mould. MANN G.,& CO.INC. USA
Accession no.497472 Item 328 International Polymer Science and Technology 20, No.6, 1993, p.T/47-52 EVALUATION OF MOULD FOULING WITH FINE PARTICLES OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE INCLUDED IN NICKEL OR CHROMIUM COATINGS Ikeda K; Okuno M; Yukawa A; Kakuda K; Yamaguchi K Chrome and nickel mould test pieces containing minute particles of PTFE were prepared and fouling by five types of rubber was compared by using changes in fluorine fluorescence X-ray intensity before and after moulding tests. In the case of nickel moulds, silicone rubber gave good results, but progressive fouling was observed with rubber compounds containing sulphur. In the case of chromium moulds, nitrile rubber, NR and silicone rubber gave good results, but with polychloroprene slight progressive fouling was noted. The good agreement of these results with practical tests indicated that quantitative evaluation of mould fouling by different rubbers was possible using laboratory-scale samples and numbers of mouldings. The causes of fouling were thought to be reaction between nickel and sulphur in the case of nickel moulds and interaction between chromium and the chlorine of chloroprene rubber and the dechlorination of chloroprene rubber in the case of chromium moulds. 8 refs. (Full translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi, No.11, 1992, p.694) JAPAN
Accession no.494737
behind a residue, and this build-up on the mould surface will eventually cause parts to stick or lose dimension. A mould release agent, correctly used, will reduce or eliminate this problem, thereby decreasing downtime for mould maintenance and preparation. There are two main categories of release agent - sacrificial and semipermanent. Details are given. USA
Accession no.494471 Item 330 Pigment & Resin Technology 22, No.3, May/June 1993, p.18-21 FATTY ACID AMINES IN POLYMERIC RESIN PROCESSING. PART II Lower E S Amides made from animal and vegetable oil fatty acids and the fatty acids of fats, by reaction with ammonia or various amines, have several uses in the processing and production of many polymers, e.g. anti-static agents, antiblocking agents, slip agents and mould release agents. This article reviews the various amides available for these outlets with full and comprehensive details. 148 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.488787 Item 331 European Plastics News 20, No.7, July/Aug.1993, p.48 NON-BUILDING RELEASE AGENT Aqualease 2987 is a water-based non-building release agent from the Formulated Products Division of George Mann in the USA, which is formulated for all types of PU elastomer moulding. 2987 is claimed to provide good release from the mould, while a proprietary inhibitor blend prevents chemical reaction between isocyanate and active ingredients in the release agent (normally the cause of mould build-up). The room temperature curing release agent is suitable for use with aluminium, steel, epoxy and urethane mould surfaces. It is available in concentrate or ready-to-use forms. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. MANN G.,& CO.INC. USA
Item 329 Rubber World 208, No.5, Aug.1993, p.32-4 TROUBLESHOOTING PROBLEMS WITH MOULD RELEASES Martin D L; Hillman S J Dexter Corp. Mould release agents act as an interface between the mould surface and the material being moulded, allowing the part to separate cleanly and easily from the mould. In any moulding process, the moulded material will leave
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Accession no.485498 Item 332 Polyurethanes World Congress 1991: The Voice of Advancement. Conference Proceedings. Nice, 24th-26th Sept.1991, p.877-84. 43C6 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY RELEASE AGENTS FOR MOULDED PU Andrew G D; Swaintek D J; Diem R; Nollen D Air Products & Chemicals Inc.; Air Products & Chemicals PURA GmbH & Co.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.; European Isocyanate Producers Assn.) The production parameters, application techniques, scaleup issues and cost benefits associated with two new environmentally friendly release agents, which eliminate or reduce solvent emissions, are described. The first (PURA) uses water to completely replace solvent as the carrier for release effective materials and the second is a sprayable concentrate, similar to the solvent-based product it is designed to replace, which reduces volatile organic compound emissions by up to 90%. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.485324 Item 333 Utech Asia ’93: Growth Through Technology. Conference Proceedings. Singapore, 2nd-4th March 1993, Paper 28. 43C6 NEW RELEASE AGENTS FOR MICROCELLULAR ELASTOMER APPLICATIONS Nollen D; Harakal M E Air Products & Chemicals PURA (Crain Communications Ltd.) Conventional release agents for PU elastomer applications have traditionally high levels of solvents. The solvent serves as the carrier in the formulation, providing a liquid film on the mould to allow for an even distribution of the release effective substances. These agents, however, are undergoing revaluation and change in response to new process requirements, in particular due to ever-increasing public awareness and environmental legislation. The CFC-based formulations are being replaced by three types of new technologies: alternative solvents, high solid concentrates and water-based formulations. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; SINGAPORE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.480816 Item 334 Advanced Composites 8, No.1, Jan/Feb.1993, p.46-7 HOW TO GET THE BEST RESULTS FROM SEMI-PERMANENT MOULD-RELEASE AGENTS Martin D L; Hillman S J Frekote Mold Release Products Semi-permanent mould-release agents (SPMRAs) are a cost-effective means of facilitating part/mould separation. This comprehensive article explains how to obtain the best results from an SPMRA and supplies detailed information on mould-preparation procedures, factors to consider in the choice of a mould-release agent, and a troubleshooting guide for common mould release problems. USA
Accession no.479087
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 335 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 45, No.5, May 1992, p.369-72 EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF MOULD STEELS ON THE RELEASE OF NITRILE RUBBER Reeves L A; Lotfipour M; Kiroski D; Packham D E Bath,University Interactions between the metal of the mould and the rubber during vulcanisation form a complex interfacial layer which affects release processes and may cause mould fouling. Measurements of adhesion between a nitrile rubber compound and various steel surfaces showed that the mould sticking index increased with increasing surface roughness and with decreasing alloy hardness. Investigations of the crosslinking reaction in the elastomer showed that the composition of the steel alloy affected the cure rate and, by inference, the crosslink structure in adjacent rubber layers and thence the mould release of the vulcanisates. Interpretation of the experimental results is discussed. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.473387 Item 336 142nd Meeting,Fall 1992,Conference Proceedings. Nashville,Tn.,3rd-6th Nov.1992,Paper 34,pp.15. 012 MOULD RELEASE AGENTS: A DIFFERENT VIEW Mann J B Mann G.,& Co.Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Developments in mould release agents for cast PU elastomers are reviewed. The situation regarding the regulation of organic solvents is discussed, and alternative technologies such as water-based mould release agents and semi-permanent coatings are examined. Details are also given of the Actilease system, developed by George Mann & Co.Inc. in conjunction with Kryptonics Inc., which uses a fluid application control technique to atomise and apply straight mould release agent without solvent or aqueous carriers, and without using CFC or CFCsubstitute propellants. KRYPTONICS INC. USA
Accession no.465567 Item 337 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1465,12th Dec.1992,p.11 JIT STIMULATES USE OF MOULD ION IMPLANTS Smith A Moulders are finding that ion implantation helps reduce downtime due to mould maintenance to a minimum. Tech
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Ni Plant in Birmingham treats 30 to 40 moulds in its three ion implantation machines each month, with the intake of work increasing. Ion implantation is claimed to increase the life of the mould by three or four times and many users have found that problems of plate-out are substantially reduced. Life of injection moulds in Duralumin can be extended two or three times and the company has applied the treatment where the life of prototype tooling in this material has needed to be extended for pilot production. TECH-NI-PLANT LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.465355 Item 338 Plastics Technology 38,No.7,July 1992,p.9 ATOMISE MOULD RELEASES WITHOUT USING SOLVENTS, WATER OR PROPELLANTS A new system developed by Kryptonics Inc. and George Mann & Co. of the USA, is said to atomise straight release agents without a solvent or aqueous carrier and without using CFC or CFC-substitute propellants. The article supplies brief details of the system, which is called Actilease, which can atomise mould release using only low-pressure compressed air. KRYPTONICS INC.; MANN G.,& CO.INC. USA
Accession no.455437 Item 339 141st Meeting,Spring 1992,Conference Proceedings. Louisville,Ky.,19th-22nd May 1992,Paper 12,pp.15. 012 SEMI-PERMANENT RELEASANTS FOR RUBBER INJECTION MOULDING Sunday S;Teachout L;Johnson M;Graff J CHEM-TREND INC. (ACS,Rubber Div.) A comparative study was made of the performance of water-based semi-permanent mould release agents and solvent-based ones and a conventional silicone release agent in the injection moulding of NR, EPDM, polyepichlorohydrin and an acrylic elastomer. Parameters evaluated included release ease, transfer, and release film durability. The data demonstrated that water-based release agents are effective with various rubbers, and showed that emulsifying the same components of a successful solventbased release agent does not necessarily produce a good water-based one. USA
Accession no.453258 Item 340 Journal of Physics D. Applied Physics 25,No.1A,14th Jan.1992,p.A20-7
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EFFECT OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY ON THE ADHESION OF POLYURETHANE-METAL CONTACTS Briscoe B J;Panesar S S LONDON,UNIVERSITY,IMPERIAL COLLEGE Results are presented of studies of the rupture or peeling energy, at a constant crack velocity, for a PU against a range of stainless steel substrates of varying topographical character. A range of elastomers of varying surface roughness was used. The adhesion was studied by use of the ‘blister test’. All the data showed a common trend in that adhesive peeling energy decreases as the roughness is increased. 16 refs. (International Conference on Frontiers of Tribology, Stratford-upon-Avon,UK,April 1991) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.445679 Item 341 Journal of Physics D. Applied Physics 25,No.1A,14th Jan.1992,p.A14-9 EFFECT OF COMPOUNDING ON THE ADHESION OF RUBBER TO MEDIUM CARBON STEEL Reeves L A;Packham D E BATH,UNIVERSITY The interface formed by moulding NBR against medium carbon steel 080M40 (a mould material) was examined in order to gain a better understanding of the factors affecting adhesion. The results indicated the presence of a complex interlayer formed between NBR and the steel during moulding. The layer consisted of residues, some derived from the compounding ingredients and some, such as coagulants and emulsifiers, from the base polymer. It was found that the nature of the interlayer exerted a strong influence on the bonding between the two surfaces and, in particular, that residues of different fatty acids affected the adhesion differently depending on their solubility in the rubber compound. 8 refs. (International Conference on Frontiers of Tribology, Stratford-upon-Avon,UK, April 1991) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.445677 Item 342 Plastics World 50,No.4,March 1992,p.64-5 RESIN SPECIFIC RELEASES CONTINUE TO EVOLVE Moskowitz M Suppliers of mould release agents have managed to maintain a high level of quality in their products despite having to reformulate them to ensure their environmental friendliness. New release agents are providing paintability, improved surface quality, reduced wax build-up, and good
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
part release over solvent-based products. Developments in mould release agents are outlined. USA
Accession no.445476 Item 343 Rubber and Plastics News 21,No.10,25th Nov.1991,p.37-40 WORKING WITH WATER-BASED MOULD RELEASES Rigby M DEXTER CORP. This paper details the development and characterisation of a water-based semipermanent mould release agent (SPMRA) and compares its properties (in terms of cure time, release efficiency and degree of transfer) with two solvent-based SPMRAS which are currently in use with many composite manufacturers. The advantages and disadvantages of both types of system are also discussed. 7 refs. USA
Accession no.437438 Item 344 138th Meeting Fall 1990.Preprints. Washington,DC,9th-12th Oct.1990,Paper 77. 012 DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERISATION OF A WATER BASED SEMI-PERMANENT MOULD RELEASE AGENT Rigby M DEXTER CORP.,FREKOTE PRODUCTS (ACS,Rubber Div.)
204,No.5,Aug.1991,p.34-8 DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERISATION OF A WATER-BASED SEMI-PERMANENT MOULD RELEASE AGENT Rigby M DEXTER CORP.,FREKOTE PRODUCTS A newly developed water-based mould release agent offers low toxicity, low VOC, is non-flammable and outperforms existing solvent-based release agents in terms of numbers and ease of release. Frekote Aqualine R100 is a microemulsion formed by the high pressure homogenisation of a multi-functional polyorganosiloxane with water in the presence of a surfactant blend. This article details the development and characterisation of this product. Its properties, in terms of cure time, release efficiency, slip and degree of transfer, are compared with three commercially available solvent-based semipermanent mould release agents. 8 refs. USA
Accession no.433768 Item 347 Darlington, c.1990, pp.9. 12ins. 5/12/90. 45C-839 SUPPLIERS OF PHARMACEUTICAL, TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS PENNINE CHEMICALS LTD.; PENNINE DARLINGTON MAGNESIA LTD.; RHODORSIL SILICONES
The development and characterisation of the release agent, Frekote Aqualine R100 is described along with its cure time, release efficiency, slip and degree of transfer. Results are compared with three commercially available solventbased semi-permanent mould release agents. 8 refs.
The Pennine Group product list is presented listing magnesia chemicals and other chemicals for pharmaceutical, technical and industrial applications. Also included are technical product data sheets on grades of Rhodorsil emulsions. These are non-ionic silicone oilbased aqueous emulsions for mould release applications in finishing applications and polishes. Characteristics and processing details are given for each.
USA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.436030
Accession no.433258
Item 345 Rubber World 205,No.1,Oct.1991,p.57 SEMI-PERMANENT MOULD RELEASE
Item 348 Polyurethanes 90.Conference Proceedings. Orlando,Fl.,30th Sept-3rd Oct.1990,p.58-61. 43C6 FM*C SERT RELEASE: SOLVENT EMISSIONS REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR MOULD RELEASE FOR MOULDED FOAM Derderian E J UNION CARBIDE CHEMICALS & PLASTICS CO.INC. (SPI,Polyurethane Div.)
Brief details are noted of Chem-Trend’s Mono-Coat 220w, a semi-permanent water-based system especially formulated as a general purpose release for rubbers. It is said to be effective for moulding operations when low transfer of release agent, high-temperature stability and multiple release are important. CHEM-TREND INC. USA
Accession no.435501 Item 346 Rubber World
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Union Carbide has developed and patented a novel mould release technology which allows 90% reduction in emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) relative to current hydrocarbon based mould release agents. SERT Release (Solvent Emissions Reduction Technology) uses carbon dioxide to replace hydrocarbon solvents. Key
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principles and benefits of the technology are discussed including commercially available spray equipments for delivery of SERT Release to the mould surface. 2 refs. USA
Accession no.432296 Item 349 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 67,No.700,Nov.1990,p.39-40 French MOULD COATING: DIAMOND HARD CARBON THE TRUMP CARD Casidiam is a plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method of surface treatment capable of producing a surface deposit of 3000 to 5000 Vickers Hardness. The coating has a coefficient of friction less than PTFE (0.02 to 0.2) and a thermal conductivity greater than copper, its non-stick properties greatly facilitating injection and mould release. The deposit consists of amorphous carbon, with an approximately 1/3 proportion of CH bonds, which is perfectly chemically inert. The 2 micron coating is deposited at about 150C and can withstand temperatures of almost 450C; it can be cleaned up with an oxygen plasma and reconstituted. Above 450C the coating degrades, i.e. graphitises. APPLICATIONS COUCHES MINCES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.425126 Item 350 Cellular Polymers.Conference Proceedings. London,20th-22nd March 1991,Paper 23. 6124 RELEASE AGENTS, IN-MOULD SYSTEMS, PRIMERS AND PAINTS WITHOUT ORGANIC SOLVENTS FOR CELLULAR AND OTHER PLASTICS Schroder W BOETTLER E.,KG (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The advantages and disadvantages of aqueous release agents against those containing solvents are summarised and recent developments in solvent-free release agents based on polysiloxane compounds, release agent concentrates, solvent-free lacquer and in-mould systems and in-mould skin systems are reviewed. 7 refs. GERMANY
Accession no.421539 Item 351 Utech 90.Conference Proceedings. The Hague,3rd-5th April 1990,p.157-9. 43C6 SOLVENT-FREE RELEASE AGENTS, LACQUERS AND IN-MOULD SYSTEMS FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
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Schroeder W CS*Boettler E.,KG Edited by: Crain Communications Ltd. Recent developments by Ernst Boettler in release agents, lacquers and in-mould systems for the production and processing of plastics, particularly PUs, are described. The emphasis is onaqueous release agent systems, solvent-free release agents, release agent concentrates, varnish systems without organic solvents, and water-based in-mould systems. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.418227 Item 352 43rd Annual Conference and Focus ’88;Proceedings. Cincinnati,Ohio,1st-5th Feb.1988,Session 12-A,pp.6. 627 USE OF PERFLUORINATED POLYETHERS AS MOULD RELEASE AGENTS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMOSET RESINS Werner J J SPECIALTY PRODUCTS CO. (SPI,Reinforced Plastics/Composites Institute) The requirements for a mould release agent are identified and the characteristics of perfluorinated polyethers are described. Amongst other properties they possess excellent inertness to chemicals, thermal stability up to 350C, biological inertness and excellent resistance to radiation. The polymers find applications in vacuum technology, aerospace and military outlets and the chemical industry. USA
Accession no.414796 Item 353 Automated Composites 88.Conference Proceedings. Noordwijkerhout,26-28th Sept.1988,Paper 5,pp.1. 627 AN HISTORICAL LOOK AT ADHESION AND ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN MOULD RELEASE Raymond P DEXTER CORP.,HYSOL DIV. (PRI) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.413789 Item 354 Elastomerics 122,No.12,Dec.1990,p.30-1 WATER-BASED RELEASE AGENTS OFFER SOLUTION TO PROCESSORS CFC PROBLEMS Fountas G N Health and environmental concerns are driving processors away from Freon and hydrocarbon solvents. The search for new mould release agents is being undertaken, the
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
most promising of which are the water-based compounds. Water-based wax emulsions have been successful in producing urethane foam, while water-based silicone release agents have been used in a variety of elastomer processes. In the casting of urethane elastomers, some process changes were required to transfer the process from a CFC-based formulation. Processors should investigate the technology before legislation makes its introduction necessary. MANN G.,& CO.INC.; PLAN TECH INC. USA
Accession no.413701 Item 355 Modern Plastics International 20,No.10,Oct.1990,p.112/7 EXTERNAL MOULD RELEASE Developments in CFC-free and water-based mould releases are reviewed. The proliferation of semipermanent mould release systems in recent years, which are claimed to offer multiple release capabilities and excellent surface finish properties has led to the prediction that they will replace more traditional topical coatings. By the end of 1989, most mould-release producers and suppliers had eliminated CFCs from their aerosol propellants and solvent carriers, in response to environmental issues. However, current legislation is moving to further curtail the use of some commonly-used chlorinated solvents, used as fast drying, non-inflammable carriers for mould releases and cleaners. As a result, waterbased mould releases, applicable for use with a broad cross-section of thermoset resins, are being introduced. USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.411566 Item 356 Urethane Plastics and Products 20,No.10,Oct.1990,p.1-5 NEW AQUEOUS RELEASE AGENTS THUS FAR THE MOST PROMISING ALTERNATIVE TO CFC - AND OTHER SOLVENT-BASED PRODUCTS New water-based release agents to replace CFC-based products are now being used and, in most instances are proving to be equal to or better than the products that they replaced. Costs are reported to be competitive. Factors behind the changeover in the USA are outlined and alternatives to CFC-based products are discussed. Of these, only aqueous release agents seem likely to provide a long-term environmental solution without requiring significant changes to the processing line. Water-based wax emulsions are commercially successful in urethane foam processes for finely finished products. Water-based silicone releases have been used successfully in a variety of elastomer processes. Commercial success has been mainly in applications such as cast PU, compression and
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
reaction injection moulding and blown urethane foam. Comments from four companies who have used Aqualease water-based release agent are included. MANN G.,& CO.INC.; MOLDED DIMENSIONS INC.; PLAN TECH INC.; SUPERIOR TIRE & RUBBER CORP.; THOMBERT INC. USA
Accession no.411532 Item 357 Rubber World 203,No.1,Oct.1990,p.66 MOULD RELEASE Quick mould releases, from Percy Harms, are formulated to work effectively in cold and hot moulds; chlorofluorocarbon-free, free of chlorinated solvents and free of volatile organic chemicals, the Quick range includes paintable lecithin and silicone release agents. HARMS P.,CORP. USA
Accession no.410485 Item 358 European Plastics News 17,No.8,Sept.1990,p.56 GOING SOLVENT FREE The development of solvent-free mould release agents is discussed with special reference to Ernst Boettler’s new sprayable solvent-free release agents based on polysiloxane compounds, which contain silicones. Applications, particularly in the footwear industry, are mentioned and environmental and safety issues are examined. Efforts are being made to develop completely biodegradable release substances. Boettler is also working towards water-based in-mould primers and coats but, as yet, these do not have the self-release action of solvent systems. BOETTLER E.,KG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.408036 Item 359 Essen, 1989, pp.1. 12ins. 14/6/90. 43C6-839 TEGO IMR 833 RELEASE AGENT GOLDSCHMIDT TH.,AG A description is given of TEGO IMR 833, an internal mould release agent for use in polyurethane foam formulations with integrated skin or high density polyurethane formulations, e.g. RIM or RRIM. By using TEGP IMR 833, it is possible to achieve a high air load in the resin component. Brief physical data are given, details of tooling and surface finishing of PU parts. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.407503
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Item 360 Brussels, 1983, pp.1. 12ins. 20/7/90. Data Sheet No.22207B-01. 45C-839 PRODUCT INFORMATION ABOUT DOW CORNING 7 COMPOUND. A HIGHLY EFFECTIVE, HEAT-STABLE RELEASE AGENT DOW CORNING EUROPE SA Dow Corning 7 compound is a heat-stable release agent, used for the release of plastics, rubbers, metals and adhesives. It is a silicone compound which is characterised by its thermal stability, long lasting efficacy, chemical stability and ease of use. Typical applications in the rubber and plastics industries and foundry and smelting applications are described, and methods of use are briefly explained. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.407046 Item 361 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1352,8th Sept.1990,p.16 MOULD CLEANING BY DRY STRIPPING After experimenting with various alternatives, Slippers direct has opted for dry stripping of its rubber slipper sole moulds, which are contaminated by the residue from the bonding process, with Aerolyte plastic media in a Clemco Crusade air strip suction hand cabinet. HODGE CLEMCO EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.403622 Item 362 Plastics Technology 36,No.6,June 1990,p.41/3 RESINS FLOW BETTER IN TITANIUM NITRIDE COATED MOULDS Fallon M The use of titanium nitride coatings on injection moulds for several years has demonstrated their ability to provide wear and corrosion protection and to provide a low coefficient of friction. Balzers Tool Coating now claims that its customers have observed better resin flow properties. This has been verified by spiral flow measurements and internal mould pressure measurements in comparison with uncoated moulds, particularly for glass filled materials. BALZER TOOL COATING INC. USA
Accession no.402592 Item 363 Polyurethanes World Congress 1987: 50 years of Polyurethanes.Conference Proceedings. Aachen,29th Sept-2nd Oct.1987,p.128-32. 43C6 German
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INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE FOR POLYURETHANE SYSTEMS Horn P;Schmidt H U;Ramlow G BASF AG (SPI,Polyurethane Div.;Fachverband Schaumkunststoffe eV) The development of self-releasing PU RIM systems is discussed. It is shown that, using a zinc stearate lubricant, the rapid reaction and solidification prevents film formation, even at high levels of zinc stearate. The selection of suitable amine-solvents for the stearate is considered and it is demonstrated that use of solvents facilitates the preparation of stable resin components and promotes film formation in the mould. Processing, mould release characteristics and part properties are discussed for a newly-introduced commercial system (Elastolit R4521 LT) and a rigid integral skin (Duromer) system. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.402564 Item 364 Wilmington,De., 1986, pp.4. 11ins. 25/3/87. 42D14-839 VPA NO.3 PROCESSING AID DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.,POLYM.PROD.DEPT Details are given of VPA No.3 processing aid, an additive which provides improved mould release properties for Viton fluoroelastomers cured with either bisphenol or peroxide systems. It is recommended for use in Viton in the manufacture of O-rings, seals, moulded shapes, diaphragms and tubing. Tabled information is presented to demonstrate its effects as a processing aid in Viton GF and Viton E-60, and comparative data are given for VPA Nos.1 and 2. USA
Accession no.401583 Item 365 Rubber and Plastics News 19,No.21,30th April 1990,p.5 WATER-BASED AGENTS OFFER ALTERNATIVE Water-based mould release agents and adhesives are a viable alternative to solvent-based agents, if changes are made to mould preparation. This was the conclusion of a panel of the Polyurethane Manufacturers Association. Solvent-based release agents are toxic, and will eventually be phased out, due to government action. Present water-based release agents need to be evaporated in the mould which requires heat, ventilation and time. Mould build-up is not a problem with the release agent provided it is built up in layers. POLYURETHANE MANUFACTURERS ASSN. USA
Accession no.400213
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References and Abstracts
Item 366 Polyurethanes 88.Proceedings of the SPI 31st Annual Technical/Marketing Conference. Philadelphia,Pa.,18-21,Oct.1988,p.447-54. 43C6 WATER-BASED MOULD RELEASE AGENTS FOR FLEXIBLE MOULDED APPLICATIONS Andrew G D;Wasilczyk G J AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS INC. (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) This history of mould release technology is outlined and recent developments in water-based mould release agents are described, with particular reference to use of the agents in PU foam automotive seating. 3 refs. USA
Accession no.400166 Item 367 Erie,Pa., 1983, pp.4. 11ins. 24/7/89. DS10-8040B. 839 OUTRITE MOLD RELEASE LORD CORP. The Outrite series of release agents is described, with details of its features and benefits and individual products in the series. The products are compatible with almost all rubber and plastics moulding operations, and can provide from 2 or 3 releases per single application to a system providing hundreds of releases per single treatment. Details are given of Outrite grades 100, 110, 120 and 130, including a sector and application guide. USA
Accession no.398498 Item 368 Fairfield,NJ, c.1988, pp.3. 11ins. 16/3/88. 839 HONEY PLUS MILLMASTER-ONYX V.I.LTD. The Honey Plus line of products is briefly described. They are designed for use as accessories to Honey Wax and Golden Wax Liquid mould release agents for fibreglass compounds. They include: Honey Plus Glaze, a seal for surface coating fibreglass tooling, and a mould cleaner; Honey Plus Liquid Compound, an abrasive liquid rubber compound; Part-Prep, for cleaning and polishing fibreglass parts; and Wax Stripper for mould cleaning. USA
Accession no.395970 Item 369 Brussels, 1985, pp.16. 12ins. 7/11/86. 45C-839 DOW CORNING SILICONE RELEASE AGENTS DOW CORNING EUROPE SA A series of technical product data sheets is presented for a range of silicone release agents from Dow Corning. General properties and typical applications in the tyre industry, cable manufacture, rubber and plastics
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
processing, and in the foundry industry are described. A selection table is included detailing type of release agent, a description and applications. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Accession no.395088 Item 370 Rubber World 201,No.2,Nov.1989,p.12-4 COATING THE SURFACE - WITH NITROGEN? Menough J This comprehensive article discusses the problems of wear on metal moulds and extrusion dies caused by rubber. One of the new methods of surface coating and hardening called ion implantation is described, using nitrogen as the implantation media and a steel substrate. The method improved the hardness and wear resistance of the metal surface and surface lubricity was increased. USA
Accession no.391927 Item 371 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1299,19th Aug.1989,p.9 XPELAIR BECOMES A FAN OF ION IMPLANTATION Xpelair is reported to have increased output from moulds producing critical insulation mouldings by 22 times, after ion implantation by Tech-ni-plant. The Tech-ni-plant process provides wear resistance by implanting nitrogen ions into the tooling surface, so that there is no dimensional change. Details are given. TECH-NI-PLANT LTD.; XPELAIR UK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Accession no.389360 Item 372 Rubber World 200,No.2,May 1989,p.52 RELEASE AGENT Faster cycle times and improved production rates are said to result from use of the release agent on PUR elastomers. It works effectively on all mould surfaces. Other advantages are also mentioned. MANN G.,& CO.INC. USA
Accession no.388146 Item 373 International Polymer Science and Technology 15,No.11,1988,p.T/1-7 MOULD FOULING IN INJECTION MOULDING OF ELASTOMERS Menges G;Benfer W
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9 refs. (Full translation of Gummi Asbest.Kunst.,36,No.4, 1983,p.161).
fouling outlined and various ways of cleaning moulds described. 17 refs.
WEST GERMANY
WEST GERMANY
Accession no.384195
Accession no.379266
Item 374 Stourbridge, c.1987, pp.3. 12ins. 13/7/87. 44C-839 PEELABLE MOULD RELEASE AGENT FOR USE WITH PHENOLIC RESINS GRAMOS CHEMICALS INTERNATIONAL LTD.
Item 377 Polymer News 13,No.12,1988,p.378 OLEOCHEMICAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS
Tak Peelable Coating Ref.6116 is used as a peelable mould release agent for use with phenolic resins. The catalyst used to cure phenolic resins is para toluene sulphonic acid (P.T.S.A.), which is seen to break down conventional agents such as PVA, waxes, silicone etc. The product consists of a clear solution of a vinyl copolymer dissolved in solvents which dries to a tough film, removable by peeling. Advantages of its use are described.
Brief details are given of new groups of oleochemicaltype internal mould release agents from Witco Corp. The products include Kemester 6000 and Kemamide E for PP; Kemamide E, Kemamide U and Kemamine AS-989 for HDPE; Kemamide E and Kemamide U for LLDPE; and Kemamide N-40 for acetal. WITCO CORP. USA
Accession no.376470
UK
Accession no.383414 Item 375 Kingsport,Tenn., 1985, pp.8. 11ins. 19/4/88. Publn.No.F-170E. 53HW EPOLENE WAXES. EFFECTIVE PROCESSING AIDS FOR RUBBER EASTMAN CHEMICAL PRODUCTS INC.; HARWICK CHEMICAL CORP. The uses of Epolene waxes as internal lubricants and mould release agents in formulating rubber compounds, and the advantages achieved by their use are described. The range of Epolene waxes available are outlined and their typical physical properties are tabulated. Data are also presented to illustrate the performance of Epolene N-11, N-14 and C-10 in typical nitrile, butyl and styrenebutadiene rubber compounds at four different concentrations and to demonstrate that they produce no adverse effect on mechanical and physical properties of the rubbers. USA
Accession no.379815 Item 376 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 41,No.10,Oct.1988,p.1003-8 German MOULD FOULING AND WAYS OF REMOVAL Barth P INSTITUT FUER KUNSTSTOFFVERARBEITUNG Mould fouling in injection moulding of rubber is discussed with reference to the effect of rubber compound formulation, processing conditions and mould design on fouling characteristics. Methods of calculating mould fouling behaviour are considered, possibilities of reducing
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Item 378 Plastics Technology 34,No.13,Dec.1988,p.21/5 NEW MOULD-RELEASE AGENTS MOVE AWAY FROM CFC’S Warren L M The pressure on injection moulders and others to move away from chlorofluorocarbon containing aerosol mould release agents is indicated. Possible alternatives are outlined, including alternative propellants and non-aerosal applicator systems. Particular mould release systems available are detailed and transfer to internal mould release systems is suggested. USA
Accession no.374498 Item 379 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.682,Nov.1988,p.107-111 French EPDM AND MOULD FOULING Chauffaille D;Pigeyre C Peroxide-cured and sulphur-cured Vistalon 2504 based EPDM compounds were injection moulded in a mould with a square configuration spiral. Factors investigated were mould temperature, the number of mouldings (mould cycles), and the force required to extract the moulded spirals. Results were analysed statistically. Fouling was found to be a 3-stage process, i.e. depending on the number of moulding cycles. The method used is claimed to be reliable and rapid. 8 refs. ECOLE SUPERIEURE DES INDUSTRIES DU CAOUTCHOUC FRANCE
Accession no.372235
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Item 380 Modern Plastics International 18,No.11,Nov.1988,p.70-2 MOULD RELEASE AGENTS Development of more efficient mould release agents is reported to be booming despite (and particularly due to) regulatory pressures. Among them are current and pending regulations limiting chlorofluorocarbon emissions. A review is presented of external mould release agents recently developed by Air Products & Chemicals, Axel Plastics Research Laboratories, Camie-Campbell, ChemTrend, Dow Corning, Du Pont, George Mann, Hysol, Park Chemical, Percy Harms, Releasomers and Stoner. EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
Accession no.367248 Item 381 Polymer Engineering Directorate,Major Review Meeting. Loughborough,15-17 April 1985,Paper 3,pp.7. 012 MOULD RELEASE RUBBER PROCESSING Champaneria R K;Harris B;Packham D E BATH,UNIVERSITY (Polymer Engineering Directorate) Details are given of a project to measure mould sticking of a rubber article using a modified version of the Mooney rheometer. Rotors for the rheometer were made from a range of alloys selected so that the effects of various alloying elements and of heat treatment could be assessed. Rubbers used were sulphur cured NBR and peroxide cured EPDM. 5 refs. UK
Accession no.366011 Item 382 Plastics Technology 34,No.11,Oct.1988,p.105 RELEASE COATING AIDS RTV SILICONE MOULDS George Mann & Co. is reported to have recently made available a new, semi-permanent release coating which dramatically extends the life of RTV silicone moulds. Permalease 2040 has been developed to provide a dependable, multi-pull release coating for PU, epoxy, rubber, aluminium and steel moulds, as well as for moulding presses, coating machinery and other surfaces. Very brief details are noted. MANN G.,& CO.INC. USA
Accession no.365139 Item 383 International Polymer Science and Technology 12,No.9,1985,p.T/40-6 MECHANISMS OF MOULD FOULING
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Yokoyama T 9 refs. (Full translation of Kyokaishi,58,No.6, 1985,p.345)
Nippon
Gomu
JAPAN
Accession no.364255 Item 384 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 2,No.4,1988,p.287-310 SILICONE-BASED RELEASE AGENTS FOR POLYURETHANE: A GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERFACE STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY Briscoe B J;Panesar S S IMPERIAL COLLEGE An evaluation of various silicone-based materials as mould release agents for a PU/stainless steel interface is presented. The release properties are characterised by the use of a blister test and data are provided for peeling energies over a range of peeling viscosities. 36 refs. UK
Accession no.363354 Item 385 Developments in Rubber Technology-4. Barking,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.,1987,p.57-85. 012 ADVANCES IN NITRILE RUBBER (NBR) Milner P W COMPAGNIE FRANCAISE GOODYEAR SA Edited by: Whelan A;Lee K S A detailed review is given of new trends in the development of nitrile rubber, including highly saturated and hydrogenated nitrile rubbers, bound-antioxidant nitrile rubbers, carboxylated nitrile rubbers, thermoplastic nitrile rubbers, nitrile rubber/PVC blends and developments in standard grades of nitrile rubbers. 74 refs. UK
Accession no.361062 Item 386 Plastics and Rubber International 13,No.3,June 1988,p.9 ROBOT APPLIES RELEASE FOR FOAM MOULDING Foam manufacturer Kay-Metzelev has installed a DeVilbiss TR 4016 robot at its automated Bollington, Cheshire plant for the production of car and aircraft seat cushions. The production system centres on the track and carousel system, giving continuous manufacture of flexible PU mouldings, with a 24-station plant commissioned in July 1986 at an investment of approx. 1 million pounds sterling. The robot is used to apply the
99
References and Abstracts
release coating to the mould - a critical part of the process - and the robotisation of this stage ensures even coverage of the mould avoiding overspray and wastage. Over 50 different seat cushions and squab combinations are in production, and a wide variety of moulds is on the carousel at any one time. Manual application of the release agent is an unpleasant and boring task for operators, and introduction of the robot has reduced reject rate. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. DEVILBISS CO.; KAY-METZELER LTD. UK
Accession no.357530 Item 387 Plastics Technology 34,No.7,July 1988,p.77 INTERNAL RELEASES An oleochemical-based internal mould release technology, introduced in 1987 for specific engineering and polyolefin resins by Witco’s Humko Chemical Division, has now been extended for use in other resin systems. The Spraybuster range of release agents is now being recommended for used with PS, nylon and PETP compounds. They are being offered as alternatives to silicone or fluorocarbon spray-on agents. This abstract includes all the information contain in the original artiele. WITCO CHEMICAL CORP.,HUMKO CHEMICAL DIV. USA
Accession no.357147 Item 388 Rubber World 197,No.5,Feb.1988,p.40-1 FATTY DERIVATIVE MOULD RELEASE AGENTS FOR ELASTOMERIC COMPOUNDS Marakas G N WITCO CORP. The problem of rejects in rubber processing is discussed and the need for enhanced elastomer processability and good mould release characteristics is outlined. The cost of mould cleaning and the release agents available are detailed. The use of internal release agents based on fatty oleo derivatives is suggested as a solution and a representative evaluation of their use with a polyacrylic elastomer is presented in a table which compares amide processing aids with two other materials. USA
Accession no.355484 Item 389 Abstracts.Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Adhesion Society. Charleston,SC,Feb.21-24,1988,p.62. 9(12)4
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EVALUATION OF MOULD RELEASE AGENTS USING A BLISTER TEST Briscoe B J;Panesar S S IMPERIAL COLLEGE (Adhesion Society Inc.) Modifications made to the established blister test, which allow a more precise estimate of the work of adhesion are described along with new experimental features, which allow a direct estimate of crack velocity to be made at or near the critical blister pressure needed to initiate required crack growth. The developments are illustrated for the measurement of the adhesion of PU against a smooth steel counterface and the data compared with results from peeling tests. Finally, the influence of mould release agents (model waxes, silicone systems and particle coatings) on the adhesion of PU cured against a steel substrate coated with the release agents are reviewed. UK
Accession no.354462 Item 390 Adhesion 12.Based on papers presented at the 25th annual conference on Adhesion and Adhesives held London,1987. Barking,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.,1988,p.69-81. 9(12) 4 ADHESION OF NITRILE AND ETHYLENEPROPYLENE RUBBER TO MOULD MATERIALS Champaneria R K;Lotfipour M;Packham D E;Brister D;Turner D M AVON RUBBER CO.LTD.; BATH,UNIVERSITY; VICTAULIC PLC Edited by: Allen K W (London,City University) A study was made of mould release of sulphur-cured NBR and peroxide-cured EPDM from moulds of carbon steel and a chromium-containing steel (Stavax 420) using the TMS rheometer and blister testing. In order to ascertain the mechanisms controlling release, the surfaces involved were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Three factors influencing mould release, namely compounding ingredients, base polymer and mould alloy, were identified and the suitability of the TMS rheometer and blister testing for assessing mould release established. 18 refs. UK
Accession no.354450 Item 391 Adhesion ’87.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. York,Sept.7-9,1987,p.A/1-A/5. 9(12)4 MEASUREMENT OF ADHESION TO EXTERNAL SEMI-PERMANENT MOULD RELEASE AGENTS USING THE TAPERED DOUBLE CANTILEVER BEAM
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Clayfield T E;Berry J P UMIST (PRI) The use of the tapered double cantilever beam as a quantitative method of measuring the low level of adhesion to external semi-permanent mould release agent is reported. The changes in the crack stability and locus of failure as successive releases are made from the coatings are discussed. Release agents employed are end-linked silanols. 4 refs. UK
Accession no.352010 Item 392 Rubber World 197,No.2,Nov.1987,p.52 MOULD RELEASE AGENTS Outrite mould release agents provide excellent durable release films and allow rapid mould cycling. All five in the series are designed for injection, transfer and compresion moulding as well as laminating operations. They can be applied to steel, aluminium or plated tooling by spraying, brushing, wiping or flow coating. They are capable of providing multiple release to a wide variety of rubbers without transfer to the rubber surface. Film repair is said to be simple. Little or no mould build-up is encountered, reducing the need for frequent mould cleaning. Significant cost savings are claimed since there is less need to halt production to clean moulds and less wear of the mould surface. The non-transfer of release agent to finished parts provides extensive savings in cleaning operations. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. LORD CORP.
Item 394 Plastics Engineering 43,No.11,Nov.1987,p.50 SEMI-PERMANENT ROTATIONAL MOULD RELEASE FROM CHEM-TREND INC. Brief details are provided on a semi-permanent mould release for rotational mould release of crosslinked PE. The material, called Mono-Coat E167, is a clear. water-thin solvent-based release system that forms a dry, tough, micro-thin stable release film on moulds, and is particularly suitable for the release of dark coloured resins. CHEM-TREND INC. USA
Accession no.350211 Item 395 Journal of Occupational Medicine 29,No.10,Oct.1987,p.817-9 POLYMER-FUME FEVER ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING AND USE OF A MOULD-RELEASE SPRAY CONTAINING PTFE Albrecht W N;Bryant C J US,NATIONAL INST.FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH Details are given of case studies of workers experiencing ‘polymer-fume fever’ caused by the combination of the use of a mould-release spray containing PTFE, poor general hygiene, and smoking during and after use of the spray. Various recommendations to relieve the symptoms are discussed. 6 refs. USA
Accession no.348647
USA
Accession no.351775 Item 393 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1220,16th Jan.1988,p.12 MOULD RELEASE STUDIES WILL HELP RUBBER PRODUCERS It is reported that substantial savings in rubber processing costs could result from a study carried out by the University of Bath’s School of Materials Science into the interaction between rubbers and metals during moulding. The findings of the study, which was supported by Avon Rubber, Victaulic and the Science & Engineering Research Council, may be applied to a wide range of moulding processes; details are given. AVON RUBBER PLC; BATH,UNIVERSITY,SCHOOL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE; SCIENCE & ENGINEERING RESEARCH COUNCIL; VICTAULIC CO.
Item 396 Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applications 8,No.3,1987,p.185-8 LABORATORY METHOD OF ASSESSMENT OF MOULD RELEASE OF CURED RUBBER USING A TMS RHEOMETER Champaneria R K;Harris B;Lotfipour M;Packham D E;Turner D M AVON RUBBER CO.LTD.; BATH,UNIVERSITY The use of the Turner, Moore and Smith (TMS) rheometer to obtain a measure of mould release is described. A blank of uncured rubber is moulded around a stationary biconical rotor, representing the mould surface. After curing the rubber in situ, an electric motor starts the rotor and the peak stress at its surface as the rubber breaks free is taken as the ‘mould sticking index’. The preconditioning of the rotor necessary for obtaining reproducible results is described. Some examples of effects of formulation changes in mould sticking indices are given. 5 refs.
UK
UK
Accession no.351071
Accession no.346776
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References and Abstracts
Item 397 ANTEC 87.Plastics - Pioneering the 21st Century.Proceedings of the 45th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibit held Los Angeles,4-7 May 1987. Brookfield Center,Ct.,1987,p.1289-93. 012 NON-METALLIC FATTY CHEMICALS AS INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE AGENTS IN POLYMERS Percell K S;Tomlinson H H;Walp L E WITCO CORP. (SPE) A quantitative method for measuring the effectiveness of internal mould release agents in injection moulding was developed. Various aliphatic chemicals were tested in polyolefins and engineering resins. The type of chemical that was the most effective mould release agent in a particular resin varied widely with resin type. The required mould release pressure could be reduced for each of the resins without a significant change in the mechanical properties of the resin. USA
Accession no.346037 Item 398 China Rubber Industry No.8,Aug.1987,p.23-6 Chinese PREVENTION AND CLEANING OF CONTAMINATIONS OF CURING MOULDS Zhao L SOUTH CHINA,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY A review is presented of methods of the prevention and cleaning of mould contamination including ultrasound cleaning. 7 refs. CHINA
Accession no.345975 Item 399 Plastics Engineering 43,No.9,Sept.1987,p.33-6 SELECTIVE FATTY CHEMICALS AS MOULDRELEASE AGENTS Percell K S;Tomlinson H H;Walp L E WITCO CHEMICAL CORP.,HUMKO CHEMICAL DIV. A new test which measures the effectiveness of various non-metallic fatty chemicals as internal mould release
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agents for several resins is described. Test results suggest an optimal mould release additive for each resin. The resins tested were ABS, acetal, polybutylene terephthalate, PP, HDPE and LLDPE. USA
Accession no.343252 Item 400 Journal of Adhesion 4, No.2, June 1972, p.133-54 THEORY OF COHESIVE VERSUS ADHESIVE SEPARATION IN AN ADHERING SYSTEM GOOD R J The concept that true interfacial separation in adhering systems is highly improbable, is analysed using the griffith-irwin crack theory. 41 refs. (symposium on recent advances in adhesion, 162nd acs meeting,tsept. Accession no.30435 Item 401 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A,332, No.1590,27TH MARCH 1973, p.401-14 MECHANICS OF ADHESIVE FAILURE. II. ANDREWS E H; KINLOCH A J Using a variety of microscopical and spectroscopical techniques it is shown that for low-strength rubber to polymer joints, failure is wholly interfacial, but for high strength joints, substantial cohesive failure occurs during joint separation. 6 refs. (pt. I, ibid, p.385-99). Accession no.27635 Item 402 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A,332, No.1590,27TH MARCH 1973, p.385-99 MECHANICS OF ADHESIVE FAILURE. I. ANDREWS E H; KINLOCH A J The mechanics of adhesive failure were investigated using model adhesive joints between a crosslinked amorphous rubber and rigid polymeric substrates. The adhesive failure energy was determined over a wide range of temps. And rates of crack propagation. The results yielded a single master curve when reduced to a reference temp. By means of the williams-landel-ferry equation. It is shown that the failure energy is the sum of two components: the energy dissipated viscoelastically within the rubber at the crack tip and the ‘intrinsic’ adhesive failure energy. 26 refs. Accession no.27634
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Subject Index
Subject Index A ABRASION, 323 ABRASION RESISTANCE, 19 89 138 167 177 180 216 251 253 262 267 291 362 370 371 ABRASIVE MATERIAL, 19 154 258 315 ACCELERATOR, 219 281 383 ACETAL COPOLYMER, 16 ACETAL RESIN, 377 399 ACETATE POLYMER, 57 ACID RESISTANCE, 19 ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 221 ACRYLATE POLYMER, 74 77 78 79 80 81 82 ACRYLIC ELASTOMER, 22 60 77 78 79 80 81 339 388 ACRYLIC ESTER COPOLYMER, 221 ACRYLIC ESTER POLYMER, 74 77 78 79 80 81 82 ACRYLIC POLYMER, 164 324 ACRYLIC RESIN, 324 ACRYLIC RUBBER, 22 ACRYLONITRILE, 219 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENESTYRENE, 38 66 162 193 330 337 397 399 ACRYLONITRILE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, 193 ACRYLOYL GROUP, 73 ACTIVATOR, 281 ADDITIVES, 10 13 14 19 20 21 22 23 26 28 29 35 38 44 68 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 85 93 95 102 111 130 140 144 150 160 162 164 168 178 192 205 219 225 277 281 299 301 305 309 315 341 342 363 364 387 390 397 ADHESION, 12 22 32 61 96 99 110 140 141 150 192 197 225 257 276 290 298 305 325 326 335 340 341 343 346 353 389 390 391 400 ADHESION PROMOTION, 38 140 197 317 ADHESIVE FILM, 197 ADHESIVE TAPE, 255 ADHESIVES, 140 192 197 203 272 360 365 401 402 ADIPIC ACID, 285 AEROSOL, 8 22 169 185 203 266 280 336 355 378 382
AEROSPACE APPLICATION, 343 352 AGEING, 7 281 AIR ENTRAPMENT, 150 172 281 AIR FILTER, 6 AIR PRESSURE, 197 258 AIR RELEASE, 141 AIRCRAFT, 98 386 AIRCRAFT TYRE, 223 AIRLESS SPRAYING, 197 ALCOHOL, 107 162 174 207 220 279 316 355 ALKENE COPOLYMER, 222 ALKENE POLYMER, 144 145 157 162 205 215 222 ALKOXYLATION, 207 ALKYL HYDROXIDE, 107 162 174 220 ALKYL PHOSPHATE, 60 101 ALLOPHANATE, 318 ALLOYS, 19 22 251 325 335 370 390 ALUMINIUM, 19 22 203 337 382 392 ALUMINIUM OXIDE, 203 AMIDE POLYMER, 32 38 150 178 193 330 388 AMIDINE, 231 270 AMINATION, 306 AMINES, 26 29 94 117 133 238 261 281 318 321 330 363 AMINE POLYMER, 163 AMINOALKANOLAMIDE ESTER, 190 AMMONIA, 330 AMMONIUM SALT, 243 ANTI-ADHERENT, 22 150 225 ANTI-ADHESIVE PROPERTIES, 22 56 225 ANTI-BLOCKING AGENT, 130 162 205 330 ANTI-CORROSIVE COATING, 314 ANTI-STICK AGENT, 290 ANTI-STICK COATING, 27 178 248 ANTIFOULING, 43 ANTIOXIDANT, 385 ANTISTATIC AGENT, 144 215 330 ANTISTATIC PROPERTIES, 98 ANTITACK AGENT, 98 AQUEOUS ADHESIVE, 140 AQUEOUS DISPERSION, 22 186 197
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AQUEOUS EMULSION, 22 106 225 AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 186 225 358 ARC VAPOUR DEPOSITION, 180 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY, 7 296 ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY, 46 140 383 AUTOMATION, 142 179 280 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 4 6 19 33 40 42 53 86 87 96 99 118 123 132 135 140 148 192 197 217 218 219 244 251 253 294 326 333 351 356 366 386 AUTOMOTIVE HOSE, 219
B BACK PRESSURE, 172 BARREL, 251 291 BARRIER LAYER, 52 197 215 355 BARRIER PROPERTIES, 53 BASECOAT, 225 BATHROOM FITTINGS, 18 68 98 BERYLLIUM, 315 BIODEGRADATION, 207 355 357 358 BIODETERIORATION, 207 355 357 358 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 352 BISPHENOL, 364 BIURET, 318 BLADDER, 49 230 BLAST CLEANING, 116 184 BLASTING, 92 258 BLEND, 10 38 129 150 261 281 283 297 309 327 385 BLISTER TEST, 340 BLISTERING, 197 384 389 390 BLOCK COPOLYMER, 108 BLOOMING, 23 BLOW MOULDING, 185 248 337 BLOWING AGENT, 179 285 356 BLUSH RESISTANCE, 172 BOAT, 18 25 28 98 232 BODY PANELS, 87 99 BOND STRENGTH, 197 BONDING, 22 74 77 78 79 80 81 82 86 96 97 98 123 135 140 192 197 227 335 353 BONDING AGENT, 140 192 197 227 272
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Subject Index
BORON, 370 BORON CARBIDE, 309 BOTTLES, 20 177 BOUND ANTIOXIDANT, 385 BOUNDARY CONDITION, 173 BOUNDARY LAYER, 325 BOWING, 172 BRAKE HOSE, 219 BRAKE PAD, 68 BRASS, 335 BROMINE, 140 BRUSHING, 169 392 BULK MOULDING COMPOUND, 3 27 96 98 157 BUS TYRE, 246 BUSHING, 258 BUTADIENE POLYMER, 164 383 BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, 22 31 47 74 77 121 129 135 219 233 262 305 312 325 328 330 335 341 373 375 381 385 390 393 BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, 74 77 121 130 135 140 164 199 233 258 281 312 375 383 BUTYL RUBBER, 22 121 164 199 233 263 375 383
C CABLE, 219 336 369 CABLE INSULATION, 225 CALCIUM CARBONATE, 347 CALCIUM STEARATE, 7 164 309 CAR, 19 140 192 197 219 CAR SEAT, 197 366 CAR TYRE, 246 CARBINOL COMPOUND, 272 CARBODIIMIDE, 318 CARBON, 19 254 349 370 CARBON BLACK, 47 281 383 CARBON DIOXIDE, 92 116 118 194 197 313 348 355 CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 98 177 CARBON STEEL, 341 CARBONATE POLYMER, 32 38 59 88 89 121 158 189 193 224 CARBONISATION, 171 CARBOXYLATE, 117 385 CARBOXYLATE COPOLYMER, 307 CARBOXYLIC ACID, 94 133 228 238 285 310 325 CARBOXYLIC ACID COPOLYMER, 307 CARBOXYLIC ESTER, 298
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CARCINOGENICITY, 219 CARNAUBA WAX, 95 CAST MOULDING, 14 CASTING, 8 46 68 95 98 106 146 149 232 244 260 273 327 333 336 355 356 CATALYSTS, 117 228 245 285 310 CAUSTIC AGENT, 258 CAVITATION, 323 CAVITY, 62 114 CELL STRUCTURE, 197 CELLULAR MATERIAL, 6 10 68 87 98 122 124 126 142 149 159 161 163 179 195 196 197 227 348 350 354 355 356 358 359 363 366 386 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, 312 CHEMICAL BONDING, 16 127 141 197 215 CHEMICAL DEPOSITION, 19 181 349 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, 352 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 138 140 150 177 197 207 208 216 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 3 19 46 185 192 216 291 355 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 3 19 46 185 192 216 219 275 349 352 360 CHEMICAL STABILITY, 169 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 51 59 88 113 151 163 164 182 CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, 19 181 262 309 349 CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE, 78 79 CHLORINE, 140 CHLORINE-FREE, 225 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON, 334 336 338 343 354 355 358 378 380 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON FREE, 227 256 293 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON REPLACEMENT, 141 263 280 299 333 336 342 354 355 356 CHLOROFLUOROHYDROCARBON, 203 CHLOROPRENE POLYMER, 22 31 121 135 140 164 199 233 262 383 CHLOROPRENE RUBBER, 22 31 74 77 135 140 164 199 233 262 383 CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE, 78 79 164 CHROMATOGRAPHY, 66
CHROME, 309 CHROME PLATING, 19 309 370 CHROMIUM, 19 328 390 CHROMIUM ION, 19 CHROMIUM NITRIDE, 19 89 315 CLAMPING, 114 CLAMPING FORCE, 15 181 CLEANING, 2 10 43 44 48 61 90 116 118 150 154 183 184 194 225 227 243 358 361 398 CLEANING AGENT, 14 27 61 154 184 232 237 260 361 CLOSED LOOP, 132 CLOSED MOULD, 14 COAGENT, 166 COAGULANT, 305 325 341 COAGULATION, 219 COATABILITY, 250 COATING, 27 52 53 56 62 73 78 79 80 81 82 90 95 98 115 116 125 141 150 167 177 178 180 192 195 201 203 208 216 223 225 229 254 260 264 280 288 306 309 312 314 321 323 338 362 368 369 382 392 CODEPOSITION, 131 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION, 19 121 131 145 169 177 208 216 309 324 349 COEXTRUSION, 103 109 COHESION, 400 COHESIVE FAILURE, 141 COINJECTION, 179 COLD CURING, 358 COLD PRESS MOULDING, 3 COLOUR, 150 236 COLOURING, 38 COLOURLESS, 157 COMBUSTIBILITY, 244 COMMERCIAL INFORMATION, 4 16 37 52 83 181 265 354 356 365 370 386 COMPACT DISC, 19 177 COMPATIBILISATION, 38 162 186 294 COMPATIBILISER, 186 231 270 283 COMPOSITE, 3 5 7 14 18 19 22 28 29 44 63 65 67 68 69 70 83 84 87 90 95 96 99 100 103 106 109 121 125 129 136 149 150 154 157 161 169 177 180 210 216 219 232 251 252 259 299 309 315 316 319 330 334 343 353 355 359 COMPOUNDING, 60 91 164 165 192 341 376 381 388 COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS, 390
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
COMPRESSED AIR, 336 338 COMPRESSION, 197 COMPRESSION MOULD, 22 281 COMPRESSION MOULDING, 7 22 31 58 98 185 187 219 232 233 253 294 345 355 356 392 COMPRESSION PROPERTIES, 19 COMPRESSION RATIO, 170 COMPRESSION SET, 60 74 281 385 COMPRESSION STRESS, 19 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN, 181 COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURE, 181 COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL, 181 CONCRETE, 14 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING, 181 CONDENSATION, 19 170 306 CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION, 182 CONDITIONING, 99 CONTACT ANGLE, 96 326 CONTACT LENSES, 105 194 229 264 273 CONTAMINATION, 2 30 46 48 56 63 66 108 116 129 132 141 150 153 170 172 173 178 183 209 276 312 343 398 CONTAMINATION RESISTANCE, 173 CONTINUOUS COPOLYMERISATION, 219 CONTROL SYSTEMS, 91 COOLING RATE, 132 172 173 309 315 COOLING TIME, 236 COPOLYMERISATION, 219 COPPER, 315 337 349 CORONA TREATMENT, 276 CORROSION, 1 22 280 358 CORROSION INHIBITOR, 61 73 CORROSION RESISTANCE, 19 131 138 140 175 177 180 192 208 216 234 251 253 254 267 275 288 291 315 337 358 362 370 COSMETICS, 181 201 COUPLING AGENT, 38 140 286 COVALENT BONDING, 22 192 CRACK GROWTH, 389 391 CRACK PROPAGATION, 391 402 CRACK VELOCITY, 340 389 CRACKING, 170 391 402 CRAZE RESISTANCE, 23 170
CRAZING, 23 170 CROSS PLY TYRE, 246 CROSSLINK DENSITY, 219 259 CROSSLINKING, 18 41 117 121 127 134 140 141 192 385 394 402 CROSSLINKING AGENT, 107 CRYSTALLINITY, 129 CRYSTALLISATION, 30 198 267 CRYSTALLISATION TEMPERATURE, 56 CULTURED MARBLE, 68 CURE RATE, 140 192 211 219 281 346 CURE TEMPERATURE, 103 109 140 141 219 281 CURE TIME, 141 192 203 219 320 343 344 388 CURING, 7 18 41 51 73 92 97 99 110 121 125 134 140 141 151 203 212 219 225 263 295 303 317 325 335 346 364 396 CURING AGENT, 35 60 107 140 192 225 281 294 305 379 383 390 CURING BLADDER, 200 CURING SYSTEM, 219 CUSHION, 87 126 197 366 386 CUSTOM COMPOUNDING, 265 CYCLOALIPHATIC, 318 CYCLONE COLLECTOR, 258
D DEBLOCKING, 194 DEBONDING, 192 DECHLORINATION, 328 DECOMPOSITION, 150 178 DECOMPOSITION PRODUCT, 22 150 DECORATION, 351 DEFLECTION, 1 5 19 23 170 197 219 281 DEFORMATION, 1 DEGRADATION, 7 172 207 DEGREASING, 61 DELAMINATION, 170 197 DEMOULDING, 8 12 19 22 23 35 61 105 158 180 197 198 203 229 264 309 315 320 339 DENSITY, 8 109 175 228 245 258 DEPOSITION, 19 131 150 167 171 177 178 180 181 208 278 322 323 DESIGN, 12 91 150 181 309 320 338 376 DETERGENT, 22 DIALKYL PHOSPHATE, 101
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
DIAMINE, 281 DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON, 262 DIATOMACEOUS EARTH, 243 DICARBOXYLIC ACID, 174 228 279 285 DICUMYL PEROXIDE, 379 DIE CASTING, 4 168 DIE PRESSURE, 74 DIES, 1 114 183 251 262 291 322 337 370 DIETHYL TOLUENE DIAMINE, 320 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY, 30 136 140 335 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS, 30 136 140 DIFFUSION, 140 173 192 197 DIFFUSION COATING, 216 DIISOCYANATE, 210 DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 212 DIMETHYL SILICONE, 217 DIMETHYL SILOXANE POLYMER, 261 321 384 DIMETHYLPROPYLENEDIAMINE, 285 DIMETHYLSILICONE, 217 DIPHENYLMETHANE DIISOCYANATE, 320 DISC BRAKE, 68 DISCOLOURATION, 170 DISPERSING AGENT, 38 162 235 281 DISPERSION, 22 23 38 68 102 121 162 165 186 197 203 222 225 235 281 DISTORTION, 23 281 DITHIOPHOSPHORIC ACID ESTER, 284 DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 53 181 DOUBLE CANTILEVER BEAM TEST, 391 DRINKING STRAW, 19 DRINKING WATER, 20 DRUG PACKAGING, 181 DRY FILM, 27 57 69 70 98 157 DRY ICE, 118 DRYING, 8 10 18 140 150 170 224 225 280 358 DURABILITY, 141 167 192 197 208 233 258 260 324 339 346 DWELL TIME, 150 170 172 178 DYE, 38 243 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL THERMAL ANALYSIS, 343 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 160
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Subject Index
E ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 38 127 355 ELASTIC MODULUS, 45 ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 45 ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR, 58 ELECTRICAL INSULATOR, 139 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 46 74 314 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE, 185 ELECTROEROSION, 181 ELECTROFORMING, 322 ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION, 216 ELECTROLESS PLATING, 309 ELECTROLYSIS, 216 ELECTROLYTIC PLATING, 309 ELECTRON BEAM COATING, 180 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 219 ELECTRONIC APPLICATION, 56 181 209 ELECTROSTATIC COATING, 56 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, 66 ELONGATION, 388 ELONGATION AT BREAK, 60 140 EMISSIONS, 140 141 143 301 332 348 EMISSION CONTROL, 67 EMULSIFICATION, 339 EMULSIFIERS, 305 325 341 EMULSION, 21 22 27 31 106 128 141 182 207 217 225 347 354 356 365 EMULSION COPOLYMERISATION, 186 219 EMULSION POLYMERISATION, 186 219 ENCAPSULATION, 45 293 299 ENERGY ABSORPTION, 256 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS, 46 140 373 ENGINE MOUNTING, 140 ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS, 38 102 150 162 193 205 387 397 399 ENGINEERING PLASTICS, 38 102 150 162 178 193 205 215 387 ENGINEERING RESINS, 399 ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS, 38 162 178 215 397 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 141 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION, 127
106
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 39 147 332 343 354 378 EPICHLOROHYDRIN POLYMER, 22 339 383 EPICHLOROHYDRIN RUBBER, 74 77 199 383 EPOXIDES, 292 297 300 310 311 318 EPOXIDE RESIN, 8 14 27 46 63 103 109 157 203 EPOXY GROUP, 317 EPOXY RESIN, 8 14 27 46 63 103 109 157 203 342 343 382 ERUCAMIDE, 205 ESTERS, 159 189 196 207 228 285 ETHANOL, 321 346 ETHER, 316 ETHYL ALCOHOL, 243 321 346 ETHYLENE ACRYLIC RUBBER, 60 77 78 79 80 81 ETHYLENE BISOLEAMIDE, 205 ETHYLENE BISSTEARAMIDE, 205 ETHYLENE OXIDE POLYMER, 74 ETHYLENE POLYMER, 129 162 205 215 342 347 377 394 397 399 ETHYLENE STEARAMIDE, 205 330 ETHYLENE-ALPHA OLEFIN COPOLYMER, 108 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 108 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENEDIENE TERPOLYMER, 12 22 57 74 77 78 79 82 111 121 135 199 225 233 258 263 268 312 324 339 379 381 390 393 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, 121 ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER, 188 EVAPORATION, 61 197 242 365 EVAPORATION RATE, 244 263 EXTERNAL LUBRICANT, 68 162 309 EXTERNAL MOULD RELEASE, 12 14 95 157 225 232 286 319 342 367 380 382 EXTRUSION, 67 68 74 75 76 77 129 157 215 262 281 291
F FABRIC, 197 FAILURE, 30 141 192 391 401 402
FAN BELT, 217 FATIGUE, 19 FATIGUE RESISTANCE, 267 291 FATIGUE STRENGTH, 208 FATTY ACIDS, 22 31 162 210 220 271 279 281 300 304 305 330 341 FATTY ACID AMIDE, 205 388 FATTY ACID ESTER, 22 274 287 FATTY AMINE, 163 205 281 FIBRE, 129 179 282 FIBRE CONTENT, 87 FIBRE GLASS, 368 FIBRE ORIENTATION, 150 FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 98 149 177 FIELD EMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 296 FILAMENT WINDING, 3 14 68 95 98 232 FILLERS, 5 22 23 47 85 87 91 107 117 121 179 225 246 275281 315 383 FILM FORMING, 53 65 69 122 140 203 FILMS, 27 45 48 51 57 69 70 98 110 114 125 157 197 203 205 216 259 264 346 355 392 398 FILTERS, 6 87 122 126 184 FINISHING, 90 FISH-EYES, 129 FIXABILITY, 114 FLAME PROOFING, 150 178 FLAME RETARDANCE, 150 178 357 FLAMMABILITY, 8 13 97 157 256 269 280 336 337 346 357 374 FLASH, 19 23 FLASH POINT, 8 175 263 FLASH REDUCTION, 179 FLASH REMOVAL, 74 75 76 77 258 276 FLASHLESS, 32 255 FLEXURAL MODULUS, 274 FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 150 FLEXURAL STRENGTH, 274 FLOW, 15 74 75 76 77 85 150 233 248 281 373 FLOW AGENT, 111 FLOW CHART, 312 FLOW COATING, 392 FLOW CONTROL VALVE, 258 FLOW FRONT, 150 FLOW INSTABILITY, 5 FLOW LINE, 23 176 315 FLOW PATH, 176
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
FLOW PATTERN, 150 FLOW PROMOTER, 68 FLOW PROPERTIES, 5 38 47 251 362 FLOW RATE, 184 FLOW RESTRICTION, 150 FLUID RESISTANCE, 192 FLUIDISED BED, 2 FLUORINE, 110 225 FLUORINE COMPOUND, 51 FLUOROALKYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 221 FLUOROALKYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 221 FLUOROCARBON, 74 77 FLUOROCARBON RUBBER, 22 35 74 77 78 79 80 81 82 112 135 139 225 FLUOROCHEMICAL, 74 77 78 79 80 81 82 187 FLUOROELASTOMER, 22 35 74 77 78 79 80 81 82 112 135 139 225 233 263 268 312 324 364 FLUOROPOLYMER, 3 31 56 62 103 186 312 315 328 FLUORORUBBER, 22 35 74 77 78 79 80 81 82 112 FLUOROSILICONE RUBBER, 104 268 FLUOROTELOMER, 127 FOAM-IN-FABRIC, 197 FOAMING AGENT, 179 FOAMS, 6 10 68 87 98 122 124 126 142 149 159 163 179 195 196 197 227 240 244 256 277 285 302 308 313 333 348 350 354 355 356 358 359 363 366 386 FOOD APPLICATIONS, 237 FOOD PACKAGING, 173 215 236 FOOD-CONTACT APPLICATION, 157 205 214 219 236 269 FOOTWEAR, 6 118 219 333 358 361 FORMALDEHYDE POLYMER, 129 FORMULATIONS, 51 59 88 113 115 144 151 160 162 163 182 191 235 245 270 274 279 295 301 307 324 335 346 375 376 396 FOULING, 132 FOUNDRY APPLICATIONS, 360 369 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY,
46 66 FRACTURE, 298 391 FRACTURE ENERGY, 343 FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 47 FREE RADICAL COPOLYMERISATION, 307 FREON, 354 FRICTION, 61 145 225 253 291 296 FRICTION COEFFICIENT, 19 121 131 145 169 177 208 216 251 262 267 FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES, 19 145 198 309 FUEL RESISTANCE, 385 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS, 101 174 261 FURNACE BLACK, 47 FURNITURE, 386
G GAS, 19 171 GAS BUBBLE, 129 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 66 GAS EMISSION, 209 GASKET, 58 139 GATES, 176 GATING, 172 178 GEL COAT, 68 98 99 GEL TIME, 1 99 210 GELATION, 91 129 GELLING, 91 95 129 GLASS BEADS, 258 GLASS FIBRE, 235 368 GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTICS, 27 83 87 96 98 106 121 125 136 150 154 157 177 179 216 232 251 252 309 342 GLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS, 27 83 87 96 98 106 121 125 136 150 154 157 177 179 216 232 251 252 309 342 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE, 30 34 GLAZE, 154 368 GLOSS, 6 28 90 98 106 131 172 185 232 259 281 380 GLOW DISCHARGE, 138 GLOW DISCHARGE POLYMERISATION, 171 GLOW DISCHARGE SPECTROSCOPY, 96 GLYCOLS, 192 GLYCOL POLYMER, 225 GOLF BALL, 62 GRAFTING, 385 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 30
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
GREASE, 61 153 360 GREEN TYRE, 49 230 GREENHOUSE EFFECT, 313 GRIT BLASTING, 192 GROMMET, 258 GROWTH RATE, 38 GUM, 211
H HALOGEN-CONTAINING POLYMER, 140 HAND LAY-UP, 3 98 HARDENING, 208 HARDNESS, 19 22 60 91 138 140 177 192 216 236 251 258 268 281 287 288 291 335 370 372 388 HAZE, 38 HEALTH HAZARDS, 22 64 205 219 395 HEAT AGEING, 74 281 HEAT CURING, 41 141 358 HEAT DEGRADATION, 66 129 224 HEAT DISSIPATION, 150 162 HEAT FUSION, 203 HEAT OF CRYSTALLISATION, 56 HEAT RESISTANCE, 22 57 61 68 71 72 98 99 109 113 127 150 157 169 177 192 201 205 225 282 HEAT SINK, 255 HEAT STABILITY, 141 216 352 360 HEAT TRANSFER, 173 192 HEAT TREATMENT, 181 HEATING, 32 105 140 150 173 188 192 209 314 HEXANE, 314 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 129 162 215 377 399 HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE, 162 HINDERED AMINE, 108 HOMOGENISATION, 1 170 346 HOSE, 24 112 116 119 217 219 225 336 HOT CURING, 41 141 358 HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 203 HOT MOULDING, 31 72 78 79 80 81 HOT RUNNERS, 2 150 176 178 181 267 HOT STAMPING, 237 HOT WATER RESISTANCE, 192
107
Subject Index
HOT-TIP BUSHING, 176 HUMIDITY, 197 HYDROCARBONS, 13 26 29 74 77 143 162 302 348 HYDROCHLORIC ACID, 19 140 HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBON, 17 203 280 355 HYDROGELS, 105 HYDROGEN, 271 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE, 19 140 HYDROGENATED NBR, 22 42 233 HYDROGENATION, 385 HYDROXY GROUP, 51 101 HYDROXYESTER, 88 HYDROXYL GROUP, 51 101 250 300 306 318
I IMIDATE GROUP, 231 IMINATION, 306 IMPACT MODIFIER, 150 160 178 IMPACT PROPERTIES, 222 IMPACT STRENGTH, 222 IN-MOULD COATING, 53 98 260 350 351 358 IN-MOULD SKINNING, 358 INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS, 395 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE, 356 INDUSTRIAL ROBOT, 386 INFRA-RED SPECTRA, 30 140 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 30 66 140 281 INHIBITORS, 93 327 INITIATORS, 295 INJECTION COMPRESSION MOULDING, 219 INJECTION MOULDS, 19 22 61 150 177 180 181 203 216 225 288 309 315 329 339 362 373 INJECTION MOULDING, 5 9 15 16 19 22 23 30 32 36 47 55 58 61 62 66 68 85 89 91 129 132 144 150 157 161 170 171 172 176 177 178 180 181 184 185 187 191 203 205 215 216 219 220 224 225 226 233 248 251 262 267 269 278 283 288 291 292 294 297 309 315 322 325 329 337 339 345 355 359 362 363 373 376 378 379 392 397 INJECTION MOULDING MACHINE, 2 67 91 132 INJECTION PRESSURE, 170 219 315 INJECTION SCREW, 170 INJECTION SPEED, 150 278
108
INJECTION TEMPERATURE, 219 INJECTION TIME, 219 INK, 287 INSERT MOULDING, 16 32 87 INSULATION, 234 INTEGRAL SKIN, 257 INTEGRAL SKIN FOAM, 6 149 227 358 359 363 INTERFACE, 192 234 305 325 341 383 400 INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES, 298 INTERLAYER, 335 341 INTERMETALLIC, 216 INTERNAL FRICTION, 225 INTERNAL LUBRICANT, 22 53 54 55 65 67 68 102 119 162 INTERNAL MOULD RELEASE, 3 12 14 22 26 39 53 60 65 74 75 76 77 94 95 96 98 99 101 111 117 133 141 157 159 161 163 174 196 202 210 225 226 228 231 232 245 249 250 270 271 280 283 284 304 306 319 320 326 342 346 359 363 387 399 INTERNAL STRESS, 170 315 INTRAOCULAR LENS, 105 ION BEAM DEPOSITION, 19 177 ION BEAM IRRADIATION, 253 ION IMPLANTATION, 12 19 181 208 251 253 291 337 370 371 IONENE POLYMER, 193 IONISATION, 267 IONOMER, 193 IRON, 22 IRRADIATION RESISTANCE, 352 ISOCYANATE, 101 159 163 174 196 197 204 210 231 228 245 285 286 358 ISOCYANATE INDEX, 210 ISOPRENE POLYMER, 164 ISOPROPANOL, 273 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL, 203 ISOTACTIC, 108 ISOTHERMAL, 192
J JET CLEANING, 118 JOINT VENTURE, 4 16 37 253 322
K KINETICS, 173 192 KNIT LINE, 58 141
L LAMINATION, 8 63 272 392
LASER CLEANING, 116 LASER DISC, 220 LATEX, 140 195 219 LATICES, 140 195 219 LEAD FRAME, 209 LECITHIN, 355 357 LEGISLATION, 127 166 336 380 LEISURE APPLICATIONS, 356 LENSES, 34 105 194 276 LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 162 205 377 399 LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS, 203 LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER, 274 LIQUID RUBBER, 32 385 LITHIUM SALT, 279 LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 205 LOW PROFILE ADDITIVE, 26 29 LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES, 35 171 219 LOW VISCOSITY, 25 28 47 61 LUBRICANTS, 21 22 38 52 53 54 55 61 65 67 68 95 102 119 121 154 160 162 169 170 175 190 198 205 220 225 249 307 309 323 360 363 369 375 398 LUBRICATION, 9 22 61 LUBRICITY, 16 73 169 177 216 246 282 288 370 LUSTRE, 73
M MACHINERY, 2 19 22 43 44 49 61 63 67 91 132 150 172 175 179 181 203 209 219 224 230 234 253 258 264 276 289 309 315 337 361 376 383 386 389 MACHINING, 181 MAGNESIUM CARBONATE, 347 MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, 347 MAGNESIUM OXIDE, 347 MAGNESIUM STEARATE, 164 MAINTENANCE, 3 19 61 64 91 92 278 MALEIC ACID COPOLYMER, 243 MANIFOLD, 251 276 MANUFACTURING, 124 130 181 274 283 287 302 306 314 332 358 MARBLE, 95 MARINE APPLICATIONS, 53 98 232 MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 96 140
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
MASTERBATCH, 38 145 198 215 236 MATERIALS HANDLING, 172 MATERIALS REPLACEMENT, 17 31 36 103 127 166 254 290 332 342 343 365 378 MATERIALS SELECTION, 27 39 99 146 160 169 244 263 369 MATHEMATICAL MODELS, 373 MATT FINISH, 155 223 MATTING, 217 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, 1 6 16 19 22 23 38 46 47 53 58 60 74 87 91 103 109 121 131 138 139 140 145 149 150 162 163 169 170 177 178 192 197 198 208 216 219 222 225 236 251 256 258 262 267 268 274 281 287 288 291 309 315 317 320 323 324 335 375 388 391 399 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS, 58 157 237 262 267 269 MELAMINE RESIN, 157 MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN, 157 MELT COATING, 203 MELT FLOW, 102 150 162 177 MELT FLOW INDEX, 121 MELT FLOW RATE, 108 172 MELT INDEX, 121 MELT TEMPERATURE, 150 178 MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 121 MELTING POINT, 281 MELTING TEMPERATURE, 108 MELTS, 114 METAL, 19 22 40 61 140 192 203 234 235 296 305 335 340 341 358 360 370 383 390 393 METAL ADHESION, 22 140 192 METAL ALLOY, 19 22 315 METAL INSERT, 192 METAL ION, 19 METAL POWDER, 322 METAL REPLACEMENT, 258 METAL SALT, 108 231 279 304 METAL SOAP, 162 271 304 309 METAL STEARATE, 225 METALLISATION, 237 288 383 392 METALLURGY, 322 METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 221 METHACRYLIC ESTER COPOLYMER, 221 METHACRYLOYL GROUP, 73 METHYL ACRYLATE, 60 METHYL CHLOROFORM, 140 365
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE, 140 METHYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 220 METHYLTRIETHOXYSILANE, 321 MICA, 22 225 MICROEMULSION, 141 346 MICROPOROSITY, 329 334 MICROSCOPY, 219 401 MILITARY APPLICATIONS, 352 MINERAL FILLERS, 242 MISCIBILITY, 1 129 MIXING, 74 281 MIXING HEAD, 179 MOBILE PHONE, 36 131 MODULUS, 60 281 MOISTURE ABSORPTION, 215 224 MOISTURE CONTENT, 19 85 91 170 215 224 MOISTURE CURING, 346 MOLECULAR INTERACTION, 12 MOLECULAR MASS, 129 141 203 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 51 59 88 113 151 163 164 182 235 245 270 281 317 MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 129 141 145 174 186 203 204 MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION, 129 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE, 309 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID, 207 MONOGLYCERIDES, 220 MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOL, 207 MOONEY SCORCH, 60 MOONEY VISCOSITY, 74 281 MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 47 MOULD CARRIER, 153 MOULD CAVITY, 19 61 150 210 219 289 309 315 MOULD COATING, 13 15 89 131 195 225 262 277 374 MOULD COOLING, 84 309 315 MOULD CORE, 61 234 309 MOULD CYCLE, 40 43 193 MOULD DESIGN, 12 91 150 181 251 278 288 MOULD FILLING, 131 150 170 172 176 177 189 201 225 267 MOULD FLOW, 47 74 75 76 77 150 281 MOULD FOULING INHIBITOR, 43 74 75 76 77 82 151
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
MOULD HEATING, 34 150 MOULD INSERT, 150 MOULD MAKING, 120 180 181 MOULD OPENING, 172 281 309 MOULD PACKING, 176 MOULD PRESSURE, 15 MOULD PROTECTION, 61 MOULD REMOVAL, 347 MOULD SEAL, 14 263 MOULD SHRINKAGE, 150 309 MOULD SIZE, 253 MOULD SURFACE, 19 66 267 MOULD TEMPERATURE, 8 15 87 92 99 100 102 121 127 134 150 157 170 172 178 185 192 197 320 356 373 MOULD TREATMENT, 19 22 83 138 MOULD VENT, 150 278 MOULDING COMPOUND, 7 27 59 96 117 316 MOULDING FAULT, 5 19 219 281 MOULDING PRESSURE, 102 219 315 MOULDING TIME, 192 MOULDINGS, 56 195 283 302 MOULDMAKING, 120 180 181 234 254 288 337
N NATURAL RUBBER, 22 50 57 111 135 140 164 191 192 199 233 258 263 281 312 328 339 383 NEOPRENE, 22 31 121 135 140 164 199 NICKEL, 19 234 309 315 328 NICKEL PLATING, 19 309 NITRIDATION, 19 138 150 177 208 216 315 NITRILE RUBBER, 22 31 47 74 77 121 129 135 219 233 262 305 312 325 328 330 335 341 373 375 381 385 390 393 NITROGEN, 188 276 370 NITROGEN ION, 19 NITROSAMINE, 219 296 NITROSAMINE-FREE, 219 NON-STICK COATING, 27 32 178 222 248 253 262 309 NOZZLES, 19 150 172 258 289 338 NUCLEATION, 38 NUMBER-AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 159 196 204 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS, 173
109
Subject Index
O O-RING, 58 217 219 258 262 364 OCTADECYL AMINE, 60 OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS, 219 OIL HOSE, 219 OIL RECOVERY, 219 OIL REPELLENT, 73 186 OIL RESISTANCE, 219 385 OILS, 207 225 261 282 347 OLEAMIDE, 205 330 OLEFIN COPOLYMER, 222 307 OLEFIN POLYMER, 144 145 157 162 205 215 222 387 397 OLEIC ACID, 281 285 OLEOCHEMICAL, 387 OLEYL AMINE, 205 OPHTHALMIC APPLICATIONS, 194 276 OPTICAL APPLICATION, 34 229 273 276 OPTICAL DISC, 19 177 OPTICAL FIBRE, 84 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 373 OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 38 61 73 150 281 ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES, 20 ORGANOPOLYSILOXANE, 73 107 308 ORGANOSILICON COMPOUND, 295 ORGANOSILICONE POLYMER, 27 68 147 185 196 198 203 211 214 ORGANOSILOXANE POLYMER, 27 68 107 147 185 196 198 203 211 214 OUTGASSING, 215 OXAZOLIDINONE, 318 OXIDATION, 61 383 OXIDATION RESISTANCE, 19 OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION, 61 383 OXIDE, 323 OXYCHLORINATION, 140 OXYGEN, 276 370 OZONE DEPLETION, 17 263 336
P PACKAGING, 121 173 181 201 255 PACKAGING CONTAINER, 173 PAINT, 343 350 351 PAINTABILITY, 326 PAINTING, 110 227 237 359 PARAFFIN, 220
110
PARAFFIN WAX, 162 PARTICLE SIZE, 61 141 309 PARTING AGENT, 68 PEEL STRENGTH, 140 197 227 340 346 389 PEEL TEST, 140 197 326 PEELING, 114 255 340 384 PENTAERYTHRITOL, 285 PERCHLOROETHYLENE, 140 PERFLUOROALKYL GROUP, 186 PERFLUOROETHER POLYMER, 352 PERFLUOROPOLYETHER, 186 PERFLUOROVINYL ETHER COPOLYMER, 35 PERFUME, 181 PEROXIDE, 35 60 211 225 364 390 PEROXIDE VULCANISATION, 47 225 247 268 PETROLEUM, 225 PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS, 181 PHENOL COMPOUND, 297 PHENOLIC COMPOUND, 321 PHENOLIC RESIN, 14 157 251 342 374 PHENYLENE OXIDE POLYMER, 193 PHOSPHATE, 101 PHOSPHATE ESTER, 26 29 31 101 PHOSPHATISATION, 140 PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTER, 284 PHOSPHORUS, 234 PHOTOCOPIER, 282 PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, 96 PHOTOPOLYMER, 287 PHOTOPOLYMERISATION, 287 PIGMENTS, 19 38 121 140 150 162 178 315 PIPES, 56 87 132 215 320 PLANT POT, 15 PLANTS, 132 346 PLASMA, 370 PLASMA COATING, 349 PLASMA DEPOSITION, 171 309 PLASMA POLYMERISATION, 171 PLASMA TREATMENT, 171 177 216 262 PLASTICISERS, 330 385 PLASTISOL, 205 PLATE-OUT, 337 373 PLATING, 19 216 309 315 383 392
POLISHING, 3 18 154 309 347 POLLUTION, 378 POLYACETAL, 150 162 178 278 377 397 399 POLYACETATE, 57 POLYACRYLATE, 74 77 78 79 80 81 82 233 POLYALKENE, 144 145 157 162 205 215 222 POLYAMIDE, 30 32 38 150 157 170 177 178 193 342 387 POLYAMINE, 163 POLYBUTADIENE, 121 164 233 312 POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 32 38 150 162 178 397 399 POLYCARBONATE, 32 38 59 88 89 121 158 189 193 224 236 309 342 355 POLYCHLOROPRENE, 22 31 74 77 121 135 140 164 199 233 262 324 328 POLYCONDENSATION, 182 POLYDIMETHYL SILOXANE, 261 321 384 POLYEPICHLOROHYDRIN, 22 POLYEPOXIDE, 8 14 27 46 63 103 109 157 203 POLYESTER RESIN, 26 29 95 306 POLYETHER SULFONE, 102 POLYETHYLENE, 22 78 79 129 160 162 164 205 215 342 347 394 397 399 POLYETHYLENE OXIDE, 74 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 38 150 177 178 342 387 POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 22 27 45 56 61 78 79 98 99 129 131 169 185 POLYGLYCOL, 225 POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOL, 207 POLYIMIDE, 342 POLYIONENE, 193 POLYISOCYANATE, 228 245 271 304 310 311 318 POLYISOPRENE, 164 233 312 POLYMER CONCRETE, 14 POLYMERIC CLEANING AGENT, 361 POLYMERIC LOW PROFILE ADDITIVE, 26 POLYMERIC LUBRICANT, 21 22 61 282 307 POLYMERIC MOULD RELEASE AGENT, 22 25 57 96 99 113
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
133 182 203 221 225 232 235 238 242 243 250 261 282 283 300 303 306 321 336 384 POLYMERIC PURGING COMPOUND, 188 POLYMERIC RELEASE AGENT, 6 13 33 37 52 60 111 119 127 135 143 154 175 195 197 199 203 214 217 218 226 POLYMERIC SLIP AGENT, 242 POLYMERISATION, 21 171 219 POLYMERISATION INITIATOR, 295 POLYMERISATION TEMPERATURE, 21 219 POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE, 38 POLYMETHYL PENTENE, 103 109 POLYMETHYLENE OXIDE, 129 POLYMETHYLENE POLYPHENYL ISOCYANATE, 210 POLYOL, 159 174 196 204 210 228 285 297 310 POLYOLEFIN, 144 145 157 162 205 215 222 236 387 397 POLYORGANOSILOXANE, 27 68 73 107 147 185 196 198 203 211 214 308 343 346 POLYOXYMETHYLENE, 129 POLYPHENYLENE ETHER, 193 POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE, 193 POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE, 193 POLYPROPENE, 5 15 121 129 145 162 176 177 198 205 POLYPROPYLENE, 5 15 121 129 145 162 176 177 198 205 309 330 342 347 355 377 397 399 POLYSILICONE, 27 68 147 185 196 198 203 211 214 260 283 286 295 POLYSILOXANE, 27 68 94 113 128 133 147 182 185 196 198 203 211 212 214 231 238 239 282 283 286 303 317 350 355 358 POLYSTYRENE, 38 66 95 162 193 309 330 355 387 POLYSULFONE, 355 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, 22 27 45 56 61 78 79 98 99 129 131 169 185 203 216 223 225 235 242 309 315 328 395 POLYTHIOURETHANE, 101 POLYUREA, 250 292 297 306 311 320
POLYUREA AMIDE, 250 306 POLYURETHANE, 10 13 22 27 36 37 52 53 65 68 95 101 121 124 126 142 148 149 159 161 168 174 179 196 197 204 210 227 240 244 250 257 260 272 277 279 280 285 292 297 298 299 300 302 308 311 313 324 326 327 330 332 333 336 338 340 342 348 350 351 354 355 356 358 359 363 366 372 384 386 389 POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER, 6 22 40 53 87 271 304 306 310 311 331 333 336 POLYURETHANE-UREA, 250 271 292 297 300 304 306 310 311 326 POLYVINYL ACETATE, 26 29 67 99 POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 68 302 319 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 19 129 131 157 160 162 168 177 203 205 216 225 307 330 337 385 POLYVINYL ESTER, 14 26 29 136 252 POLYVINYLBENZENE, 38 95 162 POROSITY, 8 23 177 197 POST CURING, 192 POST-TREATMENT, 13 POTABLE WATER, 20 POTASSIUM SALT, 279 POUR POINT, 175 POWDER COATING, 56 PRE-TREATMENT, 140 171 PRECISION, 203 PRECISION MOULDING, 181 258 PREFORM, 125 177 232 PREHEATING, 140 169 PREPOLYMER, 21 318 PREPREG, 232 PRESERVATIVE, 360 PRESSURE, 8 114 150 171 197 236 258 323 362 389 PRIMARY AMINE, 117 281 PRIMER, 3 8 62 140 192 350 358 PRINTING, 73 PRINTING APPLICATION, 287 PRINTING INK, 287 PROBLEM PREVENTION, 23 30 99 170 172 176 178 224 244 319 334 PROCESS CONTROL, 132 PROCESS SELECTION, 169 PROCESSABILITY, 6 51 145 219
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
274 281 388 PROCESSING, 1 9 13 21 35 44 75 76 78 79 80 81 91 169 173 203 205 301 305 320 323 328 330 334 338 341 351 356 363 366 369 376 396 397 PROCESSING AID, 14 23 39 47 54 55 67 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 91 95 102 121 145 162 190 205 225 281 364 375 PRODUCT DESIGN, 150 309 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, 16 20 203 PRODUCTION, 90 132 PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 337 PRODUCTION COST, 180 249 PRODUCTION RATE, 87 100 141 177 PROPANEDIAMINE, 281 PROPANEDIAMINE DIOLEATE, 281 PROPANEDIAMINE DISTEARATE, 281 PROPELLANTS, 266 336 338 355 378 PROPENE COPOLYMER, 144 PROPYL ALCOHOL, 273 PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 144 PROPYLENE DIAMINE, 281 PROPYLENE POLYMER, 342 347 355 377 397 399 PROPYLENE-ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 108 PROTECTIVE AGENT, 61 PROTECTIVE COATING, 255 PULTRUSION, 1 3 26 29 98 121 232 280 342 PURGING, 91 150 188 PURGING COMPOUND, 150 188 249 PYROLYSIS, 383
Q QUALITY, 9 132 167 QUALITY ASSURANCE, 58 115 181 244 QUALITY CONTROL, 39 58 85 115 129 181 191 203 240 258 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, 320 QUARTZ, 315 QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND, 297 QUATERNARY AMMONIUM POLYMER, 300 QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALT, 271 300 304
111
Subject Index
R RADIAL PLY TYRE, 246 RADIATION CURING, 212 295 RADIATION RESISTANCE, 46 352 RADICAL COPOLYMERISATION, 219 REACTION INJECTION MOULD, 354 355 356 358 359 363 REACTION INJECTION MOULDING, 40 68 95 121 159 161 174 196 204 210 228 231 244 250 270 271 279 283 292 297 299 300 304 306 310 311 318 320 326 354 355 356 359 363 REACTION PRODUCT, 59 174 228 REACTION RATE, 222 REACTIVE POLYMER, 25 121 127 134 244 REACTIVITY, 159 196 231 319 REBOUND RESILIENCE, 281 RECREATIONAL VEHICLE, 232 RECRYSTALLISATION, 30 RECYCLING, 170 173 179 215 258 REGRESSION ANALYSIS, 203 REGRIND, 170 172 201 REINFORCED PLASTICS, 3 7 14 18 19 28 29 44 63 65 67 68 69 70 83 84 87 90 95 96 99 100 103 106 109 121 125 129 136 149 150 154 157 169 177 180 210 216 232 251 252 259 299 309 315 319 330 334 343 353 355 359 REINFORCED REACTION INJECTION MOULD, 355 359 REINFORCED RUBBER, 22 219 REINFORCED THERMOPLASTIC, 150 309 REINFORCEMENT, 117 179 275 285 315 REJECT RATE, 35 244 RELEASE COATING, 15 206 233 247 248 257 295 336 RELEASE FILM, 103 109 179 RELEASE FORCE, 203 RELEASE PROPERTIES, 59 113 167 203 208 225 250 251 263 281 282 287 306 320 339 343 344 346 364 RESIDENCE TIME, 150 170 172 178 RESIDUAL MONOMER, 219 276
112
RESIDUAL STYRENE, 99 RESIDUAL WATER, 197 RESIN, 73 108 114 355 RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING, 3 63 87 98 99 100 121 125 232 319 RETREAD, 223 290 RETROFIT, 258 REVERSION RESISTANCE, 281 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 1 5 8 18 26 61 74 91 121 150 160 175 191 281 296 390 396 RHEOLOGY, 5 61 74 150 160 191 296 390 396 RHEOMETRY, 93 192 281 296 320 324 381 390 396 ROOM TEMPERATURE CURING, 28 203 327 331 ROOM TEMPERATURE VULCANISING, 28 203 327 ROTATIONAL MOULD, 22 106 394 ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 22 24 41 127 157 ROUGHNESS, 56 61 203 335 340 RUBBER TO METAL BONDING, 22 74 86 97 98 123 135 140 192 RUNNERLESS MOULDING, 150 181 RUST PREVENTION, 61 152 183 249 RUSTING, 61
S SACRIFICIAL COATING, 141 SACRIFICIAL LAYER, 346 SACRIFICIAL MOULDING, 226 SAFETY, 8 64 75 76 78 79 80 81 95 115 205 339 358 SANITARY APPLICATIONS, 68 SATURATED POLYESTER, 29 193 250 274 309 316 SCALE-UP, 332 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 7 96 203 281 373 SCORCH, 91 281 385 388 SCORCH INHIBITOR, 281 SCORCH TIME, 47 281 SCREW, 19 251 291 SCREW DESIGN, 224 SCREW DIAMETER, 178 SEALANT, 3 203 368 SEALING RING, 140 SEALS, 35 39 42 58 139 140 170 219 364
SEATING, 122 143 179 197 244 386 SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 96 SECONDARY REACTION, 192 SELF-CLEANING, 150 232 SELF-DRYING, 8 10 18 140 150 170 224 225 SELF-LUBRICATING, 208 SELF-RELEASING, 363 SEMI-EFFICIENT VULCANISATION, 219 SEMICONDUCTOR, 56 213 SEMICRYSTALLINE, 30 150 SERVICE LIFE, 19 51 138 177 216 251 262 291 337 SERVICE PROPERTIES, 35 SERVICE TEMPERATURE, 175 SHEAR, 1 150 178 320 373 SHEAR FORCE, 197 SHEAR PROPERTIES, 197 SHEAR RATE, 47 74 145 SHEET MOULDING COMPOUND, 3 96 98 157 SHELF LIFE, 8 140 SHOCK ABSORBER, 140 217 SHOE SOLE, 244 SHOES, 361 SHOT BLASTING, 258 SHOWER TRAY, 28 106 SHRINKAGE, 23 74 150 309 SILANE, 140 SILANOL, 391 SILICA, 243 261 281 SILICATE, 22 108 SILICONE, 9 10 22 110 127 145 166 175 225 280 299 339 343 355 356 357 358 389 SILICONE COMPOUND, 51 221 298 SILICONE COPOLYMER, 222 SILICONE DIOXIDE, 261 SILICONE ELASTOMER, 22 32 58 72 74 77 78 79 80 81 82 104 107 139 156 203 225 258 263 268 303 328 369 SILICONE OIL, 8 22 225 266 SILICONE POLYMER, 27 68 94 107 113 127 128 133 147 159 174 182 185 196 198 203 204 211 214 231 238 239 260 282 283 286 295 303 317 327 336 342 343 346 347 350 354 355 358 360 382 384 SILICONE RESIN, 127 354 384 SILICONE RUBBER, 22 32 58 72 74 77 78 79 80 81 82 104 107 139 156 203 225 258 263 268
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
303 328 369 SILOXANE, 272 292 295 297 310 311 SILOXANE COPOLYMER, 222 SILOXANE POLYMER, 94 113 128 133 182 211 212 SILYL GROUP, 286 SIMULTANEOUS ENGINEERING, 181 SIZING, 347 SLIDING PROPERTIES, 180 251 SLIP AGENT, 162 205 242 330 SLIP PROPERTIES, 139 222 346 SLIP RATIO, 346 SLIP-STICK PROPERTIES, 5 SLIPPERS, 361 SOAP, 22 147 225 244 336 SODIUM DODECYLBENZENE SULFONATE, 325 SODIUM SALT, 279 SOFTENING AGENT, 168 SOLES, 361 SOLUBILITY, 66 140 164 169 203 255 341 SOLVENT, 3 14 17 22 61 68 95 140 141 150 235 260 299 313 314 332 336 338 339 355 358 363 SOLVENT EMISSION, 140 332 SOLVENT EVAPORATION, 365 SOLVENT-BASED ADHESIVE, 140 SOLVENT-FREE, 351 358 SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 8 109 175 SPECTROSCOPY, 46 96 140 401 SPINNING, 129 SPORTS EQUIPMENT, 53 SPRAY COATING, 115 SPRAY DRYING, 8 10 18 140 150 170 224 225 SPRAY-UP, 3 98 SPRAYABLE, 27 72 358 SPRAYING, 8 18 22 25 49 61 78 79 80 81 140 169 175 185 192 197 203 225 230 242 243 263 277 280 289 294 322 332 338 343 348 367 392 SPUTTER COATING, 216 SPUTTERING, 180 STABILITY, 20 32 68 71 72 98 127 150 169 177 205 225 246 STAINING, 251 STAINLESS STEEL, 19 203 315 337 340 384 STANDARD, 219 STARCH, 43 STATIC ELECTRICITY, 258 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, 38 291
203 356 STEAM, 197 STEARAMIDE, 205 STEARATE, 280 STEARIC ACID, 60 281 381 STEARYL AMINE, 205 STEEL, 19 22 40 140 181 192 203 305 309 315 325 335 337 340 341 370 382 384 389 390 392 STEERING WHEEL, 6 STIFFNESS, 150 STRAIN, 84 STRAIN ENERGY, 391 STRESS, 19 46 140 192 281 309 STRESS RELAXATION, 317 STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES, 60 STRUCTURAL FOAM, 244 STRUCTURAL REACTION INJECTION MOULDING, 159 161 174 196 204 210 228 244 STYRENE, 307 STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 16 STYRENE COPOLYMER, 16 243 307 STYRENE EMISSIONS, 67 68 STYRENE GROUP, 205 STYRENE POLYMER, 38 95 162 355 387 STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, 162 193 STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER, 74 77 121 130 135 140 164 199 233 258 281 312 375 383 STYRENE-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER, 243 SULFATE, 305 SULFONATE, 305 SULFUR, 140 192 281 305 379 390 SULFUR COMPOUND, 284 325 SULFUR CONTENT, 192 SULFUR POLYMER, 328 SULFUR VULCANISATION, 140 192 281 390 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID, 194 313 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 22 38 74 77 130 141 162 229 243 264 281 285 SURFACE ACTIVITY, 225 SURFACE ANALYSIS, 96 312 390 393 SURFACE COATING, 368 370 SURFACE DEFECT, 19 23
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
SURFACE ENERGY, 259 267 276 SURFACE FINISH, 3 5 12 15 33 51 56 58 61 87 97 106 110 120 121 131 137 146 155 172 185 187 193 197 215 219 223 224 225 232 244 249 252 259 281 309 322 335 347 355 359 365 380 SURFACE MODIFICATION, 208 SURFACE PREPARATION, 192 SURFACE PROPERTIES, 7 16 23 197 236 253 298 319 335 355 383 393 SURFACE STRUCTURE, 203 219 340 370 SURFACE TENSION, 58 99 140 171 195 225 263 SURFACE TREATMENT, 3 19 56 138 140 171 177 185 192 201 208 216 223 235 251 253 267 276 288 291 309 312 315 337 349 350 351 371 SURFACTANT, 22 74 77 130 141 229 243 264 281 285 346 347 SWELLING, 385 SWIMMING POOL, 232 SYNTHETIC MARBLE, 232 SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 10 111 263 SYNTHETIC WAX, 375
T TACK, 23 TALC, 22 108 225 TALCUM, 22 108 TALL OIL, 285 TALLOW AMINE, 281 TAPE WINDING, 3 14 68 95 98 TEAR STRENGTH, 60 109 192 197 TEARING, 23 87 192 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, 4 TELOMER, 127 TEMPERATURE, 18 19 34 61 63 71 90 132 140 177 192 236 248 251 255 261 266 267 281 309 354 356 TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT, 175 TEMPERATURE CONTROL, 150 172 178 278 291 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE, 173 192 TEMPERATURE RANGE, 98 TEMPERING, 181 TENSILE PROPERTIES, 38 60 109 388
113
Subject Index
TENSILE STRENGTH, 38 60 109 287 388 TERTIARY AMINE, 297 300 310 TEST EQUIPMENT, 203 346 TESTING, 5 63 66 93 136 140 144 160 191 192 197 203 219 256 281 296 298 309 320 324 328 346 373 383 384 385 389 390 391 393 395 396 399 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, 140 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 35 56 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE POLYMER, 395 THERMAL ANALYSIS, 30 140 THERMAL BLACK, 47 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, 192 349 THERMAL CROSSLINK, 321 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION, 150 178 THERMAL DEGRADATION, 66 74 129 224 THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 30 373 THERMAL POLYMERISATION, 21 THERMAL PROPERTIES, 46 136 150 192 203 281 THERMAL SHRINKAGE, 45 THERMAL STABILITY, 22 57 61 68 71 72 98 99 109 113 127 150 157 169 177 192 201 205 225 282 352 360 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER, 16 111 203 330 385 THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER, 16 111 203 385 THIOL GROUP, 101 THIOPHOSPHORIC ACID ESTER, 284 TIN COMPOUND, 310 TITANIUM, 150 370 TITANIUM CARBIDE, 315 TITANIUM NITRIDE, 19 167 309 315 362 TOOLING, 19 68 84 90 92 120 132 208 251 262 291 309 322 337 359 368 371 TOPCOAT, 62 192 225 TORQUE, 20 192 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT, 115 TOXICITY, 22 219 336 339 346 357 365 374 378 395 TOXICOLOGY, 75 76 78 79 80 81 219
114
TRACTOR CAB, 28 TRANSESTERIFICATION, 250 306 TRANSFER MOULD, 22 203 345 392 TRANSFER MOULDING, 3 22 58 63 87 98 99 100 136 171 187 203 213 233 294 345 392 TRANSPARENCY, 34 38 58 59 61 73 236 307 394 TRIARYLPHOSPHITE, 108 TRIBOLOGY, 19 291 340 341 349 TRICHLOROETHANE, 140 280 336 365 TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE, 343 TRIETHYLENE DIAMINE, 292 311 TRUCK, 40 87 100 TRUCK TYRE, 246 TUBING, 225 262 364 TUNGSTEN CARBIDE, 167 180 TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE, 248 309 TYRE INDUSTRY, 369 TYRES, 12 39 49 92 93 116 118 119 141 155 165 200 223 225 230 242 243 246 258 290 356
U ULTRA HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 129 145 ULTRA HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE, 129 ULTRASONIC CLEANING, 183 323 ULTRASONIC TESTING, 109 ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION, 209 UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 7 26 29 87 95 106 117 157 232 252 306 342 UREA, 318 URETHANE, 318 356 URETHANE POLYMER, 161 204 URETONIMINE, 318 320 UV LIGHT, 209 UV REFLECTION, 154
V VACUUM BAG MOULDING, 98 VACUUM CHAMBER, 251 VACUUM DEPOSITION, 19 VAPOUR DEPOSITION, 19 167 177 180 181 208
VAPOUR PRESSURE, 8 VARNISH, 351 VEHICLE BONNET, 87 100 VEHICLE INTERIOR, 16 VEHICLE SEAT, 143 179 197 240 386 VEHICLE SHELL, 40 VEHICLE SUSPENSION, 140 VEHICLE TRIM, 143 197 240 VEHICLE WINDOW, 89 VENTILATION, 365 VENTING, 150 172 178 VIBRATION DAMPER, 140 VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY, 30 140 VICKERS HARDNESS, 349 VINYL ALCOHOL POLYMER, 68 VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER, 385 VINYL COMPOUND, 221 VINYL COPOLYMER, 374 VINYL CYANIDE, 219 VINYL ESTER POLYMER, 14 26 29 136 VINYL ESTER RESIN, 252 VINYL ETHER COPOLYMER, 35 VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE COPOLYMER, 35 VIRGIN POLYMER, 173 VISCOSITY, 1 8 18 26 61 91 121 175 261 VOIDS, 129 176 197 281 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND, 156 299 301 313 329 334 338 346 VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTENT, 209 244 261 332 343 348 VULCANISATION, 22 43 47 93 140 165 192 199 200 219 225 242 243 281 296 312 335 390 VULCANISATION TIME, 141 192 203 219
W WALL THICKNESS, 150 WARPAGE, 150 172 WATER, 13 21 132 192 197 207 211 279 301 321 338 351 366 WATER ABSORPTION, 347 WATER BARRIER, 179 WATER CONTENT, 242 WATER HOSE, 219 WATER REPELLENT, 73 186 237 249 347 WATER RESISTANCE, 192
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
WATER SOLUBLE, 255 279 365 WATERPROOF, 314 WAX, 3 10 27 33 38 67 68 90 95 98 99 147 154 162 197 225 232 244 260 280 314 319 327 336 342 347 354 355 356 375 389 WEAR, 258 315 323 WEAR RESISTANCE, 19 89 138 167 177 180 216 251 253 262 267 291 362 370 371 WELD LINE, 102 150 315 WET-OUT, 99 WETTABILITY, 140 WETTING, 74 77 82 121 179 192 336 347 WETTING AGENT, 22 281 WINDSCREEN, 89 293
X X-RAY ANALYSIS, 46 140 373 383 X-RAY DIFFRACTION, 328 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, 96 390 X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY, 96 XYLENE, 140 314
Y YELLOWING, 227 YOUNG’S MODULUS, 45
Z ZINC, 140 ZINC CARBOXYLATE, 210 270 ZINC COMPOUND, 305 ZINC OXIDE, 281 ZINC STEARATE, 164 249 309 320 363
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
115
Subject Index
116
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
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