Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ALOPECIA AREATA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Alopecia Areata: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84327-9 1. Alopecia Areata-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on alopecia areata. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALOPECIA AREATA................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Alopecia Areata ............................................................................. 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALOPECIA AREATA ......................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Alopecia Areata............................................................................ 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 54 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALOPECIA AREATA .................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ALOPECIA AREATA ............................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Recent Trials on Alopecia Areata................................................................................................. 65 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ALOPECIA AREATA ............................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patents on Alopecia Areata.......................................................................................................... 69 Patent Applications on Alopecia Areata ...................................................................................... 74 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ALOPECIA AREATA ................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 79 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 80 Chapters on Alopecia Areata........................................................................................................ 80 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ALOPECIA AREATA ........................................................................ 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALOPECIA AREATA ..................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 85 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 87 Academic Periodicals covering Alopecia Areata .......................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 89 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 90 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 93 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 95 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 97 The Genome Project and Alopecia Areata.................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 101

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Associations and Alopecia Areata.............................................................................................. 105 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 114 ALOPECIA AREATA DICTIONARY ........................................................................................ 115 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 159

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with alopecia areata is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about alopecia areata, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to alopecia areata, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on alopecia areata. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to alopecia areata, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on alopecia areata. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALOPECIA AREATA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on alopecia areata.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and alopecia areata, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

New Treatments for Alopecia Areata Source: Lancet. 349:222-223; January 25, 1997. Summary: This commentary for health professionals reports on new treatments for alopecia areata. Although treatment with topical and intralesional steroids, minoxidil, and anthralin are effective for most patients with limited alopecia areata, the lack of effective alternatives for individuals whose condition does not respond to established treatments has led to attempts to find new agents to treat this condition. Possible treatments for these cases include psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy and topical immunotherapy. The commentary highlights studies that have investigated the effectiveness of these treatments. 4 references.

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Alopecia Areata Update Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 42(4): 549-566. April 2000. Summary: This journal article discusses the etiology, clinical features, histopathology, and treatment of alopecia areata. Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder causing a patchy loss of hair on the scalp or body. Genetic, immunologic, and neurologic factors play a role in the origin of AA. Clinical features of AA include abrupt hair loss, hair shedding, scalp lesions, smooth spots on the scalp, and broken or short hairs that resemble an exclamation mark. Sometimes parasthesia accompanies hair loss. The prognosis of AA is unpredictable with patients experiencing multiple episodes of hair loss and hair regrowth. Most patients will regrow their hair on their own within one year. The amount of scalp involvement and the age of the patient affect treatment. Treatment with intralesional corticosteroid injections for localized patchy AA and topical immunotherapy for extensive AA have proven successful in the majority of patients, although all treatments are palliative and do not change the prognosis of the disease. 13 figures and 170 references. (AAM).

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Alopecia Areata: A Clinical Overview Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 107(7): 81-85,89-90. June 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of alopecia areata. This dermatologic disorder involving hair loss is a common problem seen in primary care practices. Although initial onset can occur at any time, the most common presentation is in children and young adults. The exact pathophysiology of alopecia areata has not been established, but it is generally considered to be a T cell mediated, organ specific, autoimmune disorder. The hair loss typically presents as patchy areas of hairlessness on various parts of the body. Severity ranges from localized hair loss to total loss of all body hair. Nail changes are sometimes seen with more extensive variants of hair loss. A punch biopsy may be useful in diagnosing alopecia areata. There is no single best treatment. One of the mainstays of treatment is intralesional and topical corticosteroids. The combination of topical anthralin and minoxidil appears to have a synergistic effect in patients who have alopecia areata. Topical anthralin used alone seems to be the most useful of the various irritants in treating alopecia areata. Treatment with topical sensitizers has proved effective for some patients. Other treatments include oral or topical cyclosporine, photochemotherapy with psoralens and ultraviolet A light, and cosmetic measures. 7 figures and 22 references.

Federally Funded Research on Alopecia Areata The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to alopecia areata. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to alopecia areata. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore alopecia areata. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for alopecia areata: •

Project Title: 4TH INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH WORKSHOP ON ALOPECIA AREATA Principal Investigator & Institution: Lavker, Robert M.; Professor; National Alopecia Areata Foundation Box 150760 San Rafael, Ca 94915 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Fourth International Research Workshop on Alopecia Areata will bring together investigators working in this field. The purpose of this conference is to review the current state of knowledge and foster international collaborations for further research on this disease. The hypothesis is that alopecia areata (AA) is a genetically determined, organ specific, autoimmune disease directed against the hair follicle and mediated by T cells. Speakers working in the field have, therefore, been selected to review the areas of autoimmunity, genetics, targets and controls, and treatment. The keynote speaker will focus on fundamental research dealing with hair follicle biology. Funding is requested to help defray the costs for invited speakers and trainee awards to enable young investigators or trainees to present their work at this meeting. This research conference will focus on the latest developments in the pathogenesis of AA. First, arguments for and against AA being an autoimmune disease will be debated including and overview of immunology of the skin and hair follicles. Next, progress in gene array and mapping studies using human patients and rodent models will be presented. Focus on the status of the National Alopecia Areata Registry and access to it will be given. Human patient and animal model studies will provide the background for updates on targets, triggers, and controls for hair follicles in general and AA in particular. Integration of the latest research findings with new AA therapies on the horizon will sum up the formal presentations. The evening session will be a poster discussion session in which new work will be presented. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CREATING AN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODEL OF ALOPECIA AREATA Principal Investigator & Institution: Chan, Lawrence S.; Assistant Professor; Dermatology; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alopecia areata is a chronic autoimmune hair loss disorder that affects 0.2-2 % of population. Although alopecia areata is a non-fatal disease, the disease itself and the treatment complication can cause significant morbidity. Clinical and laboratory data from studying of human patients suggests that alopecia areata may be caused by autoreactive lymphocytes, particularly CD8+ T lymphocytes. Although passive transfer experiments delineated the hair loss process once the autoreactive T lymphocytes are formed, the step-by-step immunological sequence of events accounting for the initiation, progression, and maintenance of the

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disease remain unclear. Moreover, the antigen targeted by the autoreactive lymphocytes remains unknown. Furthermore, currently there is no active experimental animal model of alopecia areata for dissecting these step by-step events. The PI, Lawrence S. Chan, M.D., was trained as a fellow in Immuno-dermatology under Dr. Kevin D. Cooper, a cellular immunologist at the Univ. of Michigan. For the current proposal, the PI aims at characterizing a newly generated mouse model of hair loss disorder, induced by subcutaneous immunization of a mouse hair follicle basement membrane component. This newly generated active mouse model of hair loss disorder has clinical and histologic findings resembling the human disease alopecia areata. Some affected mice developed autoantibodies to the immunogens. The same strain of mice developed autoreactive T cell response to the self proteins. The PI proposes to authenticate this model as a mouse model for human alopecia. areata with the following specific aims: 1). Authentication of the autoimmune nature of this hair loss disorder model 2). Characterization of the effector immune cell types. If established as a model of human disease, it may shed light to the pathogenesis of alopecia areata in human patients and thereby lead to eventual target-specific immunological treatments for human patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FUNCTION OF NOGGIN IN HAIR FOLLICLE GROWTH AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Botchkarev, Vladimir A.; Instructor; Dermatology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite different pathogenic mechanisms, most common hair growth disorders (androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata) are characterized by the development of hair follicle miniaturization with significant elongation of the resting stage, shortening of the growth stage of hair cycle, and hair loss. Molecular signals that trigger hair follicle transformation from resting to active growth and from active growth to the regression during postnatal development, in normal skin and in skin affected by hair growth disorders are still poorly understood. Noggin is a specific antagonist of bone morphogenic proteins 2 and 4 (BMP 2 and 4), members of TGF beta BMP superfamily. Noggin binds Bmp 2 and 4 with high affinity and prevents their interactions with BMP receptors. Noggin plays essential roles in controlling morphogenesis of ectodermal derivatives (neural tube, feather, hair follicle) and in regulating apoptosis during development. Noggin stimulates morphogenesis of ectodermal derivatives and downregulates BMP mediated apoptosis. Hypothesis: Noggin plays important roles in the initiation of new hair growth wave in postnatal skin and in the apoptosis driven hair follicle regression in normal skin and in skin affected by alopecia areata. Purpose: 1) Characterize expression of noggin, BMP 2 and 4, BMP receptors and BMP target genes during hair cycle in C5713L6 mice and in C3HHeJ mice affected by alopecia areata. 2) Define the roles for noggin and BMP 2 and 4 in hair growth control by pharmacologically manipulating hair cycle in normal C57BL6 mice and in C3HHeJ mice affected by alopecia areata. 3) Determine the in vivo function of noggin in the control of hair follicle growth by generating noggin-overexpressing mice using versican or K5 as promoters. 4) Characterize dynamics of alopecia areata development in C3HHeJ noggin transgenic mice induced by grafting C3HHeJ mouse skin affected by alopecia areata. 5) Analyze mechanisms of noggin and BMP 2 and 4 involvement in hair growth control by analyzing alterations in expression of their target genes in the experimental models mentioned above. Investigation of the in vivo functions of noggin and BMP 2 and 4 as putative modulators of hair follicle cycling in

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normal skin and in skin affected by alopecia areata is intended to provide new knowledge into hair cycle biology and could raise a possibility to explore BMP antagonists for the treatment of this disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TARGETING AUTOIMMUNITY

SIGNAL

TRANSDUCTION

PATHWAYS

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Rojas, Mauricio; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The ability to regulate and control the immune response has significant implications in areas like musculoskeletal and skin diseases, allergies, organ transplant and cancer. AA is an autoimmune disease of the hair follicle that causes loss of hair and is found in 2% of the population. The membrane- translocating sequence (MTS), which is a 12-aminoacid residue (AAVLLPVLLAAP) sequence with a function as a cellular import signal. In previous work we show that MTS sequence could efficiently deliver a large variety of proteins as fusion proteins, while also maintaining the function of the protein. In preliminary experiments to determine localization of the fusion protein we created a fusion protein, that contains a dominant negative form of the NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaB-alpha(deltaN). It was possible to visualize the protein in the cytoplasm of cell. These finding suggested that the IkappaB-alpha(deltaN)-MTS fusion protein can be delivered efficiently into other cell types, such a T lymphocytes where it will be function as an inhibitor of Rel/NF-kappaB translocation and block the NFkappaB cascade. In this project we propose to test this the potential function of MTS protein in modification of an autoimmune disease hypothesis in the autoimmune skin disease, alopecia areata(AA) with the long-term prospect of intervening in other important skin disorders such psoriasis and graft vs host disease. To test this hypothesis, I propose the following specific aims: -Verify the function IkappaBalpha(deltaN)-MTS fusion protein in vitro using Jurkat T cells, to show that this protein blocks Rel/NF-kappaB nuclear translocation following T cell activation. - Determine if IkappaB(deltaN)-MTS alters the course of an autoimmune disease using the animal model of AA. To characterize the histologic changes in cellular composition of skin lesions induced by IkappaB- alpha(deltaN) MTS and to use mice that express a reporter for NF-kappaB activation as a transgene. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with alopecia areata, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for alopecia areata (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A clinical study of childhood alopecia areata in Chandigarh, India. Author(s): Sharma VK, Kumar B, Dawn G. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1996 September-October; 13(5): 372-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8893235&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical study of childhood alopecia areata in Singapore. Author(s): Tan E, Tay YK, Giam YC. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 July-August; 19(4): 298-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12220271&dopt=Abstract

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A flowcytometric study of CD4+ & CD19+ cell lymphopenia in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Sharma VK, Agnihotri N, Ganguly NK, Vohra H. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1996 November; 104: 296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8979521&dopt=Abstract

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A molecular approach to alopecia areata. Author(s): Skinner RB Jr, Light WH, Leonardi C, Bale GF, Rosenberg EW. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 3S-4S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738384&dopt=Abstract

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Acquired eyelash trichomegaly and alopecia areata in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. Author(s): Grossman MC, Cohen PR, Grossman ME. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 193(1): 52-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8864621&dopt=Abstract

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Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica (Bazex syndrome) associated with primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the lower leg, vitiligo and alopecia areata. Author(s): Hara M, Hunayama M, Aiba S, Suetake T, Watanabe M, Tanaka M, Tagami H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 July; 133(1): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7669622&dopt=Abstract

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Acute diffuse and total alopecia of the female scalp. A new subtype of diffuse alopecia areata that has a favorable prognosis. Author(s): Sato-Kawamura M, Aiba S, Tagami H. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(4): 367-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444333&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an affected, human leukocyte antigen-matched sibling. Author(s): Barahmani N, Whaley K, Duvic M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 December; 49(6): 1192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14639420&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata and presence of cytomegalovirus DNA. Author(s): Skinner RB Jr, Light WH, Bale GF, Rosenberg EW, Leonardi C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 May 10; 273(18): 1419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7723153&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata and relapsing polychondritis or mosaic autoimmunity? The first experience of co-trimoxazole treatment. Author(s): Rozin AP, Schapira D, Bergman R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 August; 62(8): 778-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860737&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata arising in patients receiving cyclosporin immunosuppression. Author(s): Davies MG, Bowers PW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 May; 132(5): 835-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7772501&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata during interferon alpha-2b/ribavirin therapy. Author(s): Agesta N, Zabala R, Diaz-Perez JL. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(3): 300-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399683&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata in a patient with Turner's syndrome. Author(s): Lee WS, Yoo MS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 December; 135(6): 1013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8977739&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia Areata

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Alopecia areata in a renal transplant recipient on cyclosporin. Author(s): Dyall-Smith D. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1996 November; 37(4): 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8961599&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata in children: a clinical profile. Author(s): Nanda A, Al-Fouzan AS, Al-Hasawi F. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 November-December; 19(6): 482-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437546&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata in children: treatment with diphencyprone. Author(s): Schuttelaar ML, Hamstra JJ, Plinck EP, Peereboom-Wynia JD, Vuzevski VD, Mulder PG, Oranje AP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 October; 135(4): 581-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8915150&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata in humans and other mammalian species. Author(s): Sundberg JP, Oliver RF, McElwee KJ, King LE Jr. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 32S-33S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738387&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata in Korea (1982-1994). Author(s): Ro BI. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1995 November; 22(11): 858-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8557859&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata of the eyelashes. Author(s): Koblenzer PJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2002 September; 70(3): 161; Author Reply 161. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353889&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata: clinical perspective and an insight into pathogenesis. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Jain S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 April; 30(4): 271-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707464&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia areata: immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of infiltrate and identification of adhesion molecule receptors. Author(s): Ghersetich I, Campanile G, Lotti T. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 January; 35(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8838925&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Alopecia areata: psychiatric comorbidity and adjustment to illness. Author(s): Ruiz-Doblado S, Carrizosa A, Garcia-Hernandez MJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 June; 42(6): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786868&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of HLA-D locus alleles in alopecia areata patients and families. Author(s): Duvic M, Welsh EA, Jackow C, Papadopoulos E, Reveille JD, Amos C. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 5S-6S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738397&dopt=Abstract

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Antismooth muscle and antiparietal cell antibodies in Indians with alopecia areata. Author(s): Kumar B, Sharma VK, Sehgal S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 August; 34(8): 542-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7591433&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral keratoconus associated with Hashimoto's disease, alopecia areata and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Kocak Altintas AG, Gul U, Duman S. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 1999 April-June; 9(2): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435426&dopt=Abstract

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Blood lymphocyte subpopulations and antibody dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in alopecia areata and universalis. Author(s): Gu SQ, Ros AM, Thyresson N, Wasserman J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1981; 61(2): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6165187&dopt=Abstract

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Borderline tuberculoid leprosy and alopecia areata involving scalp. Author(s): Dogra S, Kaur I, Kumar B. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 2002 September; 70(3): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483973&dopt=Abstract

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CD44 expression in alopecia areata and androgenetic alopecia. Author(s): Sawaya ME, Bakshandeh H, Hordinsky MK, Penneys NS. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1994 June; 21(3): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7525670&dopt=Abstract

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Celiac disease and alopecia areata in a child with Down's syndrome. Author(s): Storm W. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 2000 October; 44 ( Pt 5): 621-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079358&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia Areata

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Celiac disease and alopecia areata: report of a new association. Author(s): Corazza GR, Andreani ML, Venturo N, Bernardi M, Tosti A, Gasbarrini G. Source: Gastroenterology. 1995 October; 109(4): 1333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7557104&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of infiltrating T cells in human scalp explants from alopecia areata to SCID nude mice: possible role of the disappearance of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the process of hair regrowth. Author(s): Tsuboi H, Tanei R, Fujimura T, Ohta Y, Katsuoka K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1999 December; 26(12): 797-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659500&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and alopecia areata as cutaneous expressions of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I. Author(s): Carboni I, Soda R, Bianchi L, Chimenti S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(1): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013209&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical evolution of alopecia areata with a male androgenetic alopecia pattern to sisaipho. Author(s): Camacho F, Garcia-Hernandez M. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2000 March; 10(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694313&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical-epidemiologic study of alopecia areata. Author(s): Roselino AM, Almeida AM, Hippolito MA, Cerqueira BC, Maffei CM, Menezes JB, Vieira RE, Assis SL, Ali SA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 March; 35(3): 181-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8655233&dopt=Abstract

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Coeliac disease and alopecia areata in childhood. Author(s): Fessatou S, Kostaki M, Karpathios T. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2003 March; 39(2): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603809&dopt=Abstract

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Colocalization of alopecia areata and lichen planus. Author(s): Dhar S, Dhar S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1996 May-June; 13(3): 258-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8806132&dopt=Abstract

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Colocalization of alopecia areata and vitiligo. Author(s): Adams BB, Lucky AW. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 September-October; 16(5): 364-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10571834&dopt=Abstract

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Concurrent appearance of alopecia areata in siblings. Author(s): Alsaleh QA, Nanda A, al-Hasawi F, el-Kashlan M. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1995 September; 12(3): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7501568&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital alopecia areata. Author(s): de Viragh PA, Gianadda B, Levy ML. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(1): 96-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9267757&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital alopecia areata: another case. Author(s): Bardazzi F, Neri I, Raone B, Patrizi A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(4): 369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640853&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of interleukin 1beta and KM loci to alopecia areata. Author(s): Galbraith GM, Palesch Y, Gore EA, Pandey JP. Source: Human Heredity. 1999 March; 49(2): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10077728&dopt=Abstract

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Current and potential agents for the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Freyschmidt-Paul P, Hoffmann R, Levine E, Sundberg JP, Happle R, McElwee KJ. Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2001 February; 7(3): 213-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311114&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous latanoprost in the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Mehta JS, Raman J, Gupta N, Thoung D. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 April; 17(3): 444-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724722&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporin A and alopecia areata. Author(s): Moreno JC, Ocana MS, Velez A. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 July; 16(4): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224710&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia Areata

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Cytokines and dermal papilla function in alopecia areata. Author(s): McDonagh AJ, Elliott KR, Messenger AG. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 9S-10S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738400&dopt=Abstract

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Cytokines and growth factors influence hair growth in vitro. Possible implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Hoffmann R, Eicheler W, Huth A, Wenzel E, Happle R. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1996 March; 288(3): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8967784&dopt=Abstract

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Cytokines in alopecia areata: contrasting cytokine profiles in localized form and extensive form (alopecia universalis). Author(s): Teraki Y, Imanishi K, Shiohara T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 November; 76(6): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8982401&dopt=Abstract

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Dapsone versus topical immunotherapy in alopecia areata. Author(s): van Baar HM, van der Vleuten CJ, van de Kerkhof PC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 August; 133(2): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7547397&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased CGRP staining in alopecia areata. Author(s): Meyronet D, Jaber K, Gentil-Perret A, Cambazard F, Misery L. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 August; 149(2): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12932259&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased in vitro lymphocyte stimulation and reduced sensitivity to IL-2 in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Orecchia G, Capelli E, Martinetti M, Cuccia Belvedere M, Rabbiosi G. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1988; 280 Suppl: S47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3261574&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased sweat-gland number and function in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Elieff D, Sundby S, Kennedy W, Hordinsky M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 August; 125(2): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1911295&dopt=Abstract

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Depression and suicidal ideation in dermatology patients with acne, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Author(s): Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 139(5): 846-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892952&dopt=Abstract

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Dermatoglyphics in alopecia areata. Author(s): Singh PK, Pandey SS, Singh G. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1985 July; 30(3): 3-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3843331&dopt=Abstract

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Dermatography as a new treatment for alopecia areata of the eyebrows. Author(s): van der Velden EM, Drost BH, Ijsselmuiden OE, Baruchin AM, Hulsebosch HJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 August; 37(8): 617-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9732013&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of antibodies to human melanoma cells in vitiligo and alopecia areata by Western blot analysis. Author(s): Hann SK, Koo SW, Kim JB, Park YK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1996 February; 23(2): 100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8839236&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis: alopecia areata or not? Author(s): Hoss DM, Grant-Kels JM. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1999 March; 18(1): 84-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10188847&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse alopecia with stem cell folliculitis: chronic diffuse alopecia areata or a distinct entity? Author(s): Kossard S. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1999 February; 21(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027527&dopt=Abstract

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Dinitrochlorbenzene in alopecia areata. Author(s): Warin AP. Source: Lancet. 1979 April 28; 1(8122): 927. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=86697&dopt=Abstract

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Alopecia Areata

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Dinitrochlorobenzene therapy in alopecia areata. Author(s): Kalam A, Tahseen MD, Islam SF, Rahmatullah MD, Faruqi NA. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1991 January; 89(1): 9-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2051045&dopt=Abstract

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Diphencyprone for the treatment of alopecia areata: more data and new aspects. Author(s): Happle R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 January; 138(1): 112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11790175&dopt=Abstract

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Diphencyprone immunotherapy alters anti-hair follicle antibody status in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Tobin DJ, Gardner SH, Lindsey NJ, Hoffmann R, Happle R, Freyschmidt-Paul P. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 July-August; 12(4): 327-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095876&dopt=Abstract

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Diphencyprone in the treatment of long-standing alopecia areata. Author(s): Hull SM, Norris JF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 September; 119(3): 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3052565&dopt=Abstract

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Direct immunofluorescence studies in alopecia areata and male pattern alopecia. Author(s): Bystryn JC, Orentreich N, Stengel F. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1979 November; 73(5): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=387883&dopt=Abstract

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Disappearance of pili annulati following an episode of alopecia areata. Author(s): Green J, Sinclair RD, de Berker D, Sinclair RD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 September; 27(6): 458-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372084&dopt=Abstract

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DNA polymorphism of HLA class II genes in alopecia areata. Author(s): Morling N, Frentz G, Fugger L, Georgsen J, Jakobsen B, Odum N, Svejgaard A. Source: Disease Markers. 1991 January-February; 9(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1683825&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of topical minoxidil in extensive alopecia areata. Author(s): Price VH. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 March; 16(3 Pt 2): 730-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3549809&dopt=Abstract

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DPCP for the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Bolduc C, Shapiro J. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2000; 5(5): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854342&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of superficial hypothermic cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen on alopecia areata. Author(s): Lei Y, Nie Y, Zhang JM, Liao DY, Li HY, Man MQ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 December; 127(12): 1851-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1845292&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of two consecutive earthquakes on outbreaks of alopecia areata. Author(s): Kavak A, Yesildal N, Parlak AH. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 29(7): 414-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184638&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of interleukins, colony-stimulating factor and tumour necrosis factor on human hair follicle growth in vitro: a possible role for interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in alopecia areata. Author(s): Philpott MP, Sanders DA, Bowen J, Kealey T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 December; 135(6): 942-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8977716&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of betamethasone valerate foam formulation in comparison with betamethasone dipropionate lotion in the treatment of mild-to-moderate alopecia areata: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled, investigator-blinded trial. Author(s): Mancuso G, Balducci A, Casadio C, Farina P, Staffa M, Valenti L, Milani M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 July; 42(7): 572-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839615&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of topical sensitizers in the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Rokhsar CK, Shupack JL, Vafai JJ, Washenik K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 November; 39(5 Pt 1): 751-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9810892&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophils in fibrous tracts and near hair bulbs: a helpful diagnostic feature of alopecia areata. Author(s): Elston DM, McCollough ML, Bergfeld WF, Liranzo MO, Heibel M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 July; 37(1): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9216531&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophils in fibrous tracts and near hair bulbs: A helpful diagnostic feature of alopecia areata. Author(s): El Darouti M, Marzouk SA, Sharawi E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 February; 42(2 Pt 1): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10642698&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology and genetics of alopecia areata. Author(s): McDonagh AJ, Tazi-Ahnini R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 July; 27(5): 405-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190641&dopt=Abstract

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Estrogen and progesterone receptors in androgenic alopecia versus alopecia areata. Author(s): Wallace ML, Smoller BR. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1998 April; 20(2): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9557785&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of oral minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Fiedler-Weiss VC, Rumsfield J, Buys CM, West DP, Wendrow A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 November; 123(11): 1488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3674909&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of thyroid function in north Indians with alopecia areata: response to intravenous injection of 100 micrograms thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Author(s): Sharma VK, Sialy R, Kumar B, Gupta S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 26(6): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10405476&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a complement-mediated inhibition and an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of dermal fibroblasts in alopecia areata. Author(s): Abdel-Naser MB, Blume-Peytavi U, Abdel-Fatah A, Orfanos CE. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1994 September; 74(5): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7817669&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a subclinical state of alopecia areata. Author(s): Hull SM, Nutbrown M, Thornton MJ, Cunliffe WJ, Randall VA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1991 December 26; 642: 478-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809112&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence-based treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Epstein E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 October; 45(4): 640-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568768&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental induction of alopecia areata-like hair loss in C3H/HeJ mice using fullthickness skin grafts. Author(s): McElwee KJ, Boggess D, King LE Jr, Sundberg JP. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 November; 111(5): 797-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9804341&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of extracellular matrix in hair follicle mesenchyme in alopecia areata. Author(s): McDonagh AJ, Cawood L, Messenger AG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1990 December; 123(6): 717-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2124919&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of neuropeptide-degrading enzymes in alopecia areata: an immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Toyoda M, Makino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 144(1): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167682&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of T6 antigen on keratinocytes in alopecia areata. Author(s): Lotti T, Knoepfel B, Zangheri M, Panconesi E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 February; 31(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1559731&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of tenascin in perifollicular connective tissue: comparison of normal scalp and alopecia areata. Author(s): van Baar HM, Perret CM, van Vlijmen-Willems IM, Cleutjens JP, Mackie EJ, Happle R, Schalkwijk J. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1991; 283(2): 86-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1712578&dopt=Abstract

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Extensive alopecia areata. Results of treatment with 3% topical minoxidil. Author(s): Ranchoff RE, Bergfeld WF, Steck WD, Subichin SJ. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1989 March-April; 56(2): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2659203&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of gluten-free diet in celiac disease-associated alopecia areata. Author(s): Bondavalli P, Quadri G, Parodi A, Rebora A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 July; 78(4): 319. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689318&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of passive transfer of serum from patients with alopecia areata and alopecia universalis to inhibit hair growth in transplants of human scalp skin grafted on to nude mice. Author(s): Gilhar A, Pillar T, Assay B, David M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 February; 126(2): 166-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1536782&dopt=Abstract

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Familial alopecia areata. HLA antigens and autoantibody formation in an American family. Author(s): Hordinsky MK, Hallgren H, Nelson D, Filipovich AH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 April; 120(4): 464-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6231002&dopt=Abstract

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Familial alopecia areata: no linkage with HLA. Author(s): Zlotogorski A, Weinrauch L, Brautbar C. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1990 July; 36(1): 40-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2247886&dopt=Abstract

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Familial alopecia areata--genetic susceptibility or coincidence? Author(s): Valsecchi R, Vicari O, Frigeni A, Foiadelli L, Naldi L, Cainelli T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1985; 65(2): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2408426&dopt=Abstract

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Fingerprint arches in alopecia areata. Author(s): Selmanowitz VJ, Victor S, Warburton D, Orentreich N. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 October; 110(4): 570-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4413474&dopt=Abstract

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Follicular mucinosis in alopecia areata. Author(s): Fanti PA, Tosti A, Morelli R, Cameli N, Sabattini E, Pileri S. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1992 December; 14(6): 542-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1471749&dopt=Abstract

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Functional analysis of the stratum corneum of scalp skin: studies in patients with alopecia areata and androgenetic alopecia. Author(s): O'goshi K, Iguchi M, Tagami H. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2000 December; 292(12): 605-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11214821&dopt=Abstract

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Gene array profiling and immunomodulation studies define a cell-mediated immune response underlying the pathogenesis of alopecia areata in a mouse model and humans. Author(s): Carroll JM, McElwee KJ, E King L, Byrne MC, Sundberg JP. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 August; 119(2): 392-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190862&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic analysis of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and its homologue IL-1L1 in alopecia areata: strong severity association and possible gene interaction. Author(s): Tazi-Ahnini R, Cox A, McDonagh AJ, Nicklin MJ, di Giovine FS, Timms JM, Messenger AG, Dimitropoulou P, Duff GW, Cork MJ. Source: European Journal of Immunogenetics : Official Journal of the British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. 2002 February; 29(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841485&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic control of cytokines. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in alopecia areata. Author(s): Cork MJ, Crane AM, Duff GW. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1996 October; 14(4): 671-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9238325&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic susceptibility and severity of alopecia areata in human and animal models. Author(s): McElwee K, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Ziegler A, Happle R, Hoffmann R. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2001 January-February; 11(1): 11-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174130&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of alopecia areata. Author(s): Green J, Sinclair RD. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 41(4): 213-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105363&dopt=Abstract

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Glucocorticoid regulation of hair growth in alopecia areata. Author(s): Sawaya ME, Hordinsky MK. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 30S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738385&dopt=Abstract

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Gm allotype associated resistance and susceptibility to alopecia areata. Author(s): Galbraith GM, Thiers BH, Pandey JP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1984 April; 56(1): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6424985&dopt=Abstract

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Growth factor mRNA levels in alopecia areata before and after treatment with the contact allergen diphenylcyclopropenone. Author(s): Hoffmann R, Wenzel E, Huth A, van der Steen P, Schaufele M, Konig A, Happle R. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 January; 76(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8721483&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for the management of alopecia areata. Author(s): MacDonald Hull SP, Wood ML, Hutchinson PE, Sladden M, Messenger AG; British Association of Dermatologists. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 October; 149(4): 692-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616359&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines of care for alopecia areata. Author(s): Drake LA, Ceilley RI, Cornelison RL, Dobes WL, Dorner W, Goltz RW, Lewis CW, Salasche SJ, Turner ML, Coskey RJ, et al. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 February; 26(2 Pt 1): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1552060&dopt=Abstract

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Hair follicle structures targeted by antibodies in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Tobin DJ, Hann SK, Song MS, Bystryn JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 January; 133(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9006373&dopt=Abstract

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Heritable factors distinguish two types of alopecia areata. Author(s): Price VH, Colombe BW. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1996 October; 14(4): 679-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9238326&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose pulse corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of severe alopecia areata. Author(s): Seiter S, Ugurel S, Tilgen W, Reinhold U. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 202(3): 230-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11385229&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose pulse corticosteroid therapy: is it indicated for severe alopecia areata? Author(s): Friedli A, Salomon D, Saurat JH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 202(3): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11385221&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose steroid pulse therapy for the treatment of severe alopecia areata. Author(s): Tsai YM, Chen W, Hsu ML, Lin TK. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 March; 101(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051021&dopt=Abstract

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Histopathologic features of alopecia areata: a new look. Author(s): Whiting DA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 December; 139(12): 1555-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14676070&dopt=Abstract

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Histopathology of alopecia areata in horizontal sections of scalp biopsies. Author(s): Whiting DA. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 26S-27S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738382&dopt=Abstract

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HLA and ICAM-1 expression in alopecia areata in vivo and in vitro: the role of cytokines. Author(s): Mcdonagh AJ, Snowden JA, Stierle C, Elliott K, Messenger AG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 September; 129(3): 250-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7506926&dopt=Abstract

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HLA associations with alopecia areata. Author(s): Zhang L, Weetman AP, Friedmann PS, Oliveira DB. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1991 August; 38(2): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1948977&dopt=Abstract

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HLA class II alleles in long-standing alopecia totalis/alopecia universalis and longstanding patchy alopecia areata differentiate these two clinical groups. Author(s): Colombe BW, Price VH, Khoury EL, Lou CD. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 4S-5S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738393&dopt=Abstract

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HLA class II alleles in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Akar A, Orkunoglu E, Sengul A, Ozata M, Gur AR. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 May-June; 12(3): 236-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978563&dopt=Abstract

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HLA class II antigen associations help to define two types of alopecia areata. Author(s): Colombe BW, Price VH, Khoury EL, Garovoy MR, Lou CD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 November; 33(5 Pt 1): 757-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7593774&dopt=Abstract

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HLA in alopecia areata. Author(s): Kavak A, Baykal C, Ozarmagan G, Akar U. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 August; 39(8): 589-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971726&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-D locus associations in alopecia areata. DRw52a may confer disease resistance. Author(s): Duvic M, Hordinsky MK, Fiedler VC, O'Brien WR, Young R, Reveille JD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 January; 127(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1670917&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-DP antigens in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Odum N, Morling N, Georgsen J, Jakobsen BK, Frentz G, Jensen GF, Fugger L, Svejgaard A. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1990 March; 35(3): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2375044&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-DR and HLA-DQ antigen expression of anagen and telogen hair bulbs in longstanding alopecia areata. Author(s): Hamm H, Klemmer S, Kreuzer I, Steijlen PM, Happle R, Brocker EB. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1988; 280(3): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3377529&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-DR expression by hair follicle keratinocytes in alopecia areata: evidence that it is secondary to the lymphoid infiltration. Author(s): Khoury EL, Price VH, Greenspan JS. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1988 February; 90(2): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2448391&dopt=Abstract

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Human leukocyte antigen-DQB1*03 alleles are associated with alopecia areata. Author(s): Welsh EA, Clark HH, Epstein SZ, Reveille JD, Duvic M. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994 December; 103(6): 758-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7798612&dopt=Abstract

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Hypnotherapy for alopecia areata. Author(s): Harrison PV, Stepanek P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 May; 124(5): 509-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2039737&dopt=Abstract

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Hypothesis: Superoxide scavengers or superoxide dismutase may potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of contact dermatitis against alopecia areata. Author(s): Namazi MR. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 December; 2(6): 616. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14711134&dopt=Abstract

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Identical twins with identical alopecia areata. Author(s): Scerri L, Pace JL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 November; 27(5 Pt 1): 766-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1430401&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia associated with disseminated flat warts and alopecia areata. Author(s): Gubinelli E, Posteraro P, Girolomoni G. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 29(10): 653-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12432998&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine in alopecia areata. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Perini G, Zara M, Cipriani R, Carraro C, Preti A, Gava F, Coghi P, Peserico A. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1994; 61(3-4): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8066157&dopt=Abstract

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Immunity to hair follicles in alopecia areata. Author(s): Tobin DJ, Bystryn JC. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 13S-14S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738373&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistologic and ultrastructural comparison of the dermal papilla and hair follicle bulb from “active” and “normal” areas of alopecia areata. Author(s): Hull SM, Nutbrown M, Pepall L, Thornton MJ, Randall VA, Cunliffe WJ. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1991 May; 96(5): 673-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1827135&dopt=Abstract

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Immunologic cytotoxicity in alopecia areata: apoptosis of dermal papilla cells in alopecia areata. Author(s): Norris DA, Duke R, Whang K, Middleton M. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 8S-9S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738399&dopt=Abstract

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Impaired responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to T-cell stimulants in alopecia areata patients with a poor response to topical immunotherapy. Author(s): Yoshino T, Asada H, Ando Y, Fujii H, Yamaguchi Y, Yoshikawa K, Itami S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 145(3): 415-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531830&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of alopecia areata in lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Werth VP, White WL, Sanchez MR, Franks AG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 March; 128(3): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1550369&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989. Author(s): Safavi KH, Muller SA, Suman VJ, Moshell AN, Melton LJ 3rd. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1995 July; 70(7): 628-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7791384&dopt=Abstract

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Increased HLA-DR+ T-lymphocyte population in peripheral blood of alopecia areata. Author(s): Imai R, Miura J, Takamori K, Ogawa H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1991 May; 16(3): 176-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1934567&dopt=Abstract

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Increased macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the sera of patients with extensive alopecia areata. Author(s): Shimizu T, Mizue Y, Abe R, Watanabe H, Shimizu H. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 March; 118(3): 555-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874501&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele 2 and familial alopecia areata. Author(s): Barahamani N, de Andrade M, Slusser J, Zhang Q, Duvic M. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 February; 118(2): 335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841553&dopt=Abstract

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Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide in alopecia areata amongst 62 Saudi Arabs. Author(s): Kubeyinje EP. Source: East Afr Med J. 1994 October; 71(10): 674-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7821250&dopt=Abstract

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Iron status of patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Boffa MJ, Wood P, Griffiths CE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 April; 132(4): 662-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7748762&dopt=Abstract

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Is alopecia areata an autoimmune disease? Author(s): Randall VA. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 8; 358(9297): 1922-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747911&dopt=Abstract

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Is alopecia areata an autoimmune-response against melanogenesis-related proteins, exposed by abnormal MHC class I expression in the anagen hair bulb? Author(s): Paus R, Slominski A, Czarnetzki BM. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1993 November-December; 66(6): 541-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7716973&dopt=Abstract

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Is the dermal papilla a primary target in alopecia areata? Author(s): Randall VA, Hull SP, Nutbrown M, Calver NS, Parkin SM, Cunliffe WJ. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 7S-8S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738398&dopt=Abstract

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Is topical tacrolimus effective in alopecia areata universalis? Author(s): Feldmann KA, Kunte C, Wollenberg A, Wolfe H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 1031-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410729&dopt=Abstract

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Is trachyonychia, a variety of alopecia areata, limited to the nails? Author(s): Tosti A, Bardazzi F, Piraccini BM, Fanti PA, Cameli N, Pileri S. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 27S-28S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738383&dopt=Abstract

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Isoprinosine treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Thiers BH. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1991 May; 96(5): 72S-73S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1708797&dopt=Abstract

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JMM--past and present. Invited commentary on A. Blaschko: alopecia areata and trichorrhexis. Author(s): Paus R. Source: Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany). 2002 July; 80(7): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212553&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile versus maturity-onset alopecia areata--a comparative retrospective clinical study. Author(s): De Waard-van der Spek FB, Oranje AP, De Raeymaecker DM, PeereboomWynia JD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 November; 14(6): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2605805&dopt=Abstract

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Km1 allotype association with one subgroup of alopecia areata. Author(s): Galbraith GM, Pandey JP. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1989 March; 44(3): 426-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2916584&dopt=Abstract

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Langerhans cells that express matrix metalloproteinase 9 increase in human dermis during sensitization to diphenylcyclopropenone in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Heffler LC, Kastman AL, Jacobsson Ekman G, Scheynius A, Fransson J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 147(2): 222-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174091&dopt=Abstract

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Large doses of glucocorticoid in the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Burton JL, Shuster S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1975; 55(6): 493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=55045&dopt=Abstract

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Lens changes in alopecia areata. Author(s): Orecchia G, Bianchi PE, Malvezzi F, Stringa M, Mele F, Douville H. Source: Dermatologica. 1988; 176(6): 308-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3402643&dopt=Abstract

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Lesional alopecia areata T lymphocytes downregulate epithelial cell proliferation. Author(s): Thein C, Strange P, Hansen ER, Baadsgaard O. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1997 June; 289(7): 384-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248616&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Autoantibodies in alopecia areata. Author(s): Betterle C, Peserico A, Del Prete G, Trisotto A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1975 July; 111(7): 927-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1096828&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Circular regrowth in alopecia areata. Author(s): Tan RS, Delaney TJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1975 February; 92(2): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1148121&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Triangular hair patch as sign of alopecia areata. Author(s): Shelley WB. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 January; 109(1): 102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4809208&dopt=Abstract

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Leukonychia punctata and pitted nails in alopecia areata. Author(s): Dotz WI, Lieber CD, Vogt PJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1985 November; 121(11): 1452-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4051533&dopt=Abstract

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Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus generalisata, alopecia areata, and polymyalgia rheumatica found in the same patient. Author(s): Faergemann J. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1979 June; 23(6): 757-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=467098&dopt=Abstract

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Life events and alopecia areata. Author(s): Perini GI, Veller Fornasa C, Cipriani R, Bettin A, Zecchino F, Peserico A. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1984; 41(1): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6701270&dopt=Abstract

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Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Colon EA, Popkin MK, Callies AL, Dessert NJ, Hordinsky MK. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1991 May-June; 32(3): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1884604&dopt=Abstract

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Light therapy for alopecia areata. Author(s): White SW. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1982 May; 21(4): 228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7095952&dopt=Abstract

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Linear polarized infrared irradiation using Super Lizer is an effective treatment for multiple-type alopecia areata. Author(s): Yamazaki M, Miura Y, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 September; 42(9): 738-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956694&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term intramuscular triamcinolon-acetonide therapy in alopecia areata totalis and universalis. Author(s): Michalowski R, Kuczynska L. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1978 February 15; 261(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=147647&dopt=Abstract

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Lupus panniculitis clinically simulating alopecia areata. Author(s): Kossard S. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 43(3): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121404&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium content of the hair in alopecia areata atopica. Author(s): Cotton DW, Porters JE, Spruit D. Source: Dermatologica. 1976; 152(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=939335&dopt=Abstract

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Major locus on mouse chromosome 17 and minor locus on chromosome 9 are linked with alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice. Author(s): Sundberg JP, Boggess D, Silva KA, McElwee KJ, King LE, Li R, Churchill G, Cox GA. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003 May; 120(5): 771-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12713579&dopt=Abstract

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Malassezia (Pityrosporum) folliculitis occurring with granuloma annulare and alopecia areata. Author(s): Hanna JM, Johnson WT, Wyre HW Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 October; 119(10): 869-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6614954&dopt=Abstract

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Markers of immunologic injury in progressive alopecia areata. Author(s): Peereboom-Wynia JD, van Joost T, Stolz E, Prins ME. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1986 October; 13(5): 363-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3782574&dopt=Abstract

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Mediation of alopecia areata by cooperation between CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes: transfer to human scalp explants on Prkdc(scid) mice. Author(s): Gilhar A, Landau M, Assy B, Shalaginov R, Serafimovich S, Kalish RS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 July; 138(7): 916-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071819&dopt=Abstract

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Melanocyte-associated T cell epitopes can function as autoantigens for transfer of alopecia areata to human scalp explants on Prkdc(scid) mice. Author(s): Gilhar A, Landau M, Assy B, Shalaginov R, Serafimovich S, Kalish RS. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 December; 117(6): 1357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886495&dopt=Abstract

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Migratory poliosis: A forme fruste of alopecia areata? Author(s): Elston DM, Clayton AS, Meffert JJ, McCollough ML. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 June; 42(6): 1076-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10827416&dopt=Abstract

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Minimal benefit from photochemotherapy for alopecia areata. Author(s): Alabdulkareem AS, Abahussein AA, Okoro A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 December; 35(12): 890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8970852&dopt=Abstract

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Morphological analysis of hair follicles in alopecia areata. Author(s): Tobin DJ. Source: Microscopy Research and Technique. 1997 August 15; 38(4): 443-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9297694&dopt=Abstract

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Mosaic hair color changes in alopecia areata. Author(s): McBride AK, Bergfeld WF. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1990 June; 57(4): 354-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2364534&dopt=Abstract

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Multifocal alopecia areata during systemic cyclosporine A therapy. Author(s): Cerottini JP, Panizzon RG, de Viragh PA. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 198(4): 415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10490301&dopt=Abstract

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Multi-injection plate for intralesional corticosteroid treatment of patchy alopecia areata. Author(s): Ferrando J, Moreno-Arias GA. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2000 July; 26(7): 690-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10886282&dopt=Abstract

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Multivariate analysis in alopecia areata: risk factors and validity of clinical forms. Author(s): Garcia-Hernandez MJ, Rodriguez-Pichardo A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 August; 135(8): 998-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10456364&dopt=Abstract

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Myasthenia gravis and alopecia areata. Author(s): Korn-Lubetzki I, Virozov Y, Klar A. Source: Neurology. 1998 February; 50(2): 578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9484415&dopt=Abstract

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Myasthenia gravis and alopecia areata. Author(s): Kubota A, Komiyama A, Hasegawa O. Source: Neurology. 1997 March; 48(3): 774-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9065564&dopt=Abstract

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Myasthenia gravis with diffuse alopecia areata and pemphigus foliaceus. Author(s): Izumi Y, Kinoshita I, Kita Y, Toriyama F, Taniguchi H, Motomura M, Yoshimura T. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 October; 249(10): 1455-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532933&dopt=Abstract

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Nail changes in 1000 Indian patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Sharma VK, Dawn G, Muralidhar S, Kumar B. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1998 March; 10(2): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9553924&dopt=Abstract

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Nail changes in alopecia areata: light and electron microscopy. Author(s): Laporte M, Andre J, Stouffs-Vanhoof F, Achten G. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1988; 280 Suppl: S85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2457356&dopt=Abstract

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Natural history of severe alopecia areata. Author(s): Vestey JP, Savin JA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 October; 117(4): 531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3314975&dopt=Abstract

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Natural killer cell and cytotoxic/suppressor T cell deficiency in peripheral blood in subjects with alopecia areata. Author(s): Lutz G, Niedecken H, Bauer R, Kreysel HW. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1988 April; 29(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3250436&dopt=Abstract

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New treatments for alopecia areata. Author(s): Lebwohl M. Source: Lancet. 1997 January 25; 349(9047): 222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9014905&dopt=Abstract

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Nickel sensitivity as a complication of squaric acid dibutylester treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Valsecchi R, Cainelli T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1985 April; 12(4): 234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4017578&dopt=Abstract

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Nickel sulphate in the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Garcia-Bravo B, Rodriguez-Pichardo A, Sanchez-Pedreno P, Camacho F. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1989 March; 20(3): 228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2721188&dopt=Abstract

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No cell-surface-reactive antibodies against cultured autologous melanocytes found in alopecia areata sera. Author(s): Khoury EL, Price VH. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 24S-25S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738380&dopt=Abstract

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No correlation between cytomegalovirus and alopecia areata. Author(s): Tosti A, La Placa M, Placucci F, Gentilomi G, Venturoli S, Zerbini M, Musiani M. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 September; 107(3): 443. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8751985&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence of cytomegalovirus DNA in alopecia areata. Author(s): Garcia-Hernandez MJ, Torres MJ, Palomares JC, Rodriguez-Pichardo A, Aznar J, Camacho F. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 February; 110(2): 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9457919&dopt=Abstract

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No increased prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Rigopoulos D, Katsambas A, Karalexis A, Papatheodorou G, Rokkas T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 January; 46(1): 141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756964&dopt=Abstract

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Non-ionizing radiation exposure causing ill-health and alopecia areata. Author(s): Isa AR, Noor M. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1991 September; 46(3): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1839918&dopt=Abstract

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Normal sweat secretion rate in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): De Berker D, Rees JL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 March; 132(3): 402-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7718456&dopt=Abstract

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Notch4, a non-HLA gene in the MHC is strongly associated with the most severe form of alopecia areata. Author(s): Tazi-Ahnini R, Cork MJ, Wengraf D, Wilson AG, Gawkrodger DJ, Birch MP, Messenger AG, McDonagh AJ. Source: Human Genetics. 2003 April; 112(4): 400-3. Epub 2003 February 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589427&dopt=Abstract

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Nuchal nevi flammei and alopecia areata. Author(s): Van Baar H, Penet CM, Happle R. Source: Dermatologica. 1989; 179(1): 52-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2767300&dopt=Abstract

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Nuchal nevus flammeus and alopecia areata. Author(s): Orecchia G, Perfetti L. Source: Dermatologica. 1989; 179(2): 93-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2792499&dopt=Abstract

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Nuchal nevus flammeus as a skin marker of prognosis in alopecia areata. Author(s): Hatzis J, Kostakis P, Tosca A, Parissis N, Nicolis G, Varelzidis A, Stratigos J. Source: Dermatologica. 1988; 177(3): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3169340&dopt=Abstract

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Nuchal nevus flammeus in alopecia areata. Author(s): Camacho F, Navas J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1992; 184(2): 158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1498382&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational alopecia or alopecia areata? Author(s): Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Bergfeld WF, Camacho F, Dawber RP, Happle R, Olsen EA, Price VH, Rebora A, Shapiro J, Sinclair R, Vanneste D, Whiting DA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4): 636-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271321&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of alopecia areata in a patient receiving systemic cyclosporine A. Author(s): Misciali C, Peluso AM, Cameli N, Tosti A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 July; 132(7): 843-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8678589&dopt=Abstract

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Ocular abnormalities occurring with alopecia areata. Author(s): Tosti A, Colombati S, Caponeri GM, Ciliberti C, Tosti G, Bosi M, Veronesi S. Source: Dermatologica. 1985; 170(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3979632&dopt=Abstract

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Ocular alterations in alopecia areata. Author(s): Recupero SM, Abdolrahimzadeh S, De Dominicis M, Mollo R, Carboni I, Rota L, Calvieri S. Source: Eye (London, England). 1999 October; 13 ( Pt 5): 643-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696317&dopt=Abstract

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Ocular and testicular abnormalities in alopecia areata. Author(s): Brown AC, Pollard ZF, Jarrett WH 2nd. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 August; 118(8): 546-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7103523&dopt=Abstract

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Onion juice (Allium cepa L.), a new topical treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Sharquie KE, Al-Obaidi HK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 29(6): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126069&dopt=Abstract

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Ophiasis inversus: a rare pattern of alopecia areata. Author(s): Muralidhar S, Sharma VK, Kaur S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 July-August; 15(4): 326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9720707&dopt=Abstract

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Oral contraceptives and alopecia areata. Author(s): Orentreich N, Berger RA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1966 February 19; 5485: 483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5902689&dopt=Abstract

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Oral contraceptives and alopecia areata. Author(s): Vallings R. Source: British Medical Journal. 1965 October 23; 5468: 1005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5826895&dopt=Abstract

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Oral cyclosporin and alopecia areata. Author(s): Paquet P, Arrese Estrada J, Pierard GE. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1992; 185(4): 314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1477433&dopt=Abstract

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Oral cyclosporine for the treatment of alopecia areata. A clinical and immunohistochemical analysis. Author(s): Gupta AK, Ellis CN, Cooper KD, Nickoloff BJ, Ho VC, Chan LS, Hamilton TA, Tellner DC, Griffiths CE, Voorhees JJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 February; 22(2 Pt 1): 242-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2138175&dopt=Abstract

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Paroxetine in alopecia areata. Author(s): Cipriani R, Perini GI, Rampinelli S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 40(9): 600-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737460&dopt=Abstract

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Partial response of severe alopecia areata to cyclosporine A. Author(s): Ferrando J, Grimalt R. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10449964&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral blood lymphocyte populations and phagocytic functions in patients with active alopecia areata. Author(s): Luckac J, Burek B, Kusic Z. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 1993; 47(3): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7509661&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent depigmented regrowth after alopecia areata. Author(s): Wade MS, Sinclair RD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 April; 46(4): 619-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907522&dopt=Abstract

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Practical management of alopecia areata and outlook for the future. Author(s): Shapiro J. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1999 August; 8(4): 298. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10439229&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive model for immunotherapy of alopecia areata with diphencyprone. Author(s): Wiseman MC, Shapiro J, MacDonald N, Lui H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 August; 137(8): 1063-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493099&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of alopecia areata in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Safavi K. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 May; 128(5): 702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1575541&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of nail abnormalities in children with alopecia areata. Author(s): Tosti A, Morelli R, Bardazzi F, Peluso AM. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 June; 11(2): 112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8041648&dopt=Abstract

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Profile of alopecia areata in Northern India. Author(s): Sharma VK, Dawn G, Kumar B. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 January; 35(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8838924&dopt=Abstract

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Profile of alopecia areata: a questionnaire analysis of patient and family. Author(s): Shellow WV, Edwards JE, Koo JY. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 March; 31(3): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1568816&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic factors in the treatment of alopecia areata with diphenylcyclopropenone. Author(s): van der Steen PH, van Baar HM, Happle R, Boezeman JB, Perret CM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 February; 24(2 Pt 1): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2007667&dopt=Abstract

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Pronounced perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrates in alopecia areata are associated with poor treatment response to diphencyprone. Author(s): Freyschmidt-Paul P, Hamm H, Happle R, Hoffmann R. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1999 March; 9(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10066958&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric diagnoses in children with alopecia areata. Author(s): Reeve EA, Savage TA, Bernstein GA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996 November; 35(11): 1518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8936919&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosomatic factors in first-onset alopecia areata. Author(s): Picardi A, Pasquini P, Cattaruzza MS, Gaetano P, Baliva G, Melchi CF, Papi M, Camaioni D, Tiago A, Gobello T, Biondi M. Source: Psychosomatics. 2003 September-October; 44(5): 374-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12954911&dopt=Abstract

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Pulse of methylprednisolone in alopecia areata. Author(s): Perriard-Wolfensberger J, Pasche-Koo F, Mainetti C, Labarthe MP, Salomon D, Saurat JH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1993; 187(4): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8274789&dopt=Abstract

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Pulse steroid therapy for children's severe alopecia areata? Author(s): Kiesch N, Stene JJ, Goens J, Vanhooteghem O, Song M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194(4): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9252774&dopt=Abstract

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Pulsed administration of corticosteroids in the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Sharma VK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 February; 35(2): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8850047&dopt=Abstract

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PUVA treatment for alopecia areata--does it work? A retrospective review of 102 cases. Author(s): Healy E, Rogers S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 July; 129(1): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8369209&dopt=Abstract

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PUVA treatment of alopecia areata partialis, totalis and universalis: audit of 10 years' experience at St John's Institute of Dermatology. Author(s): Taylor CR, Hawk JL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 December; 133(6): 914-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8547044&dopt=Abstract

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PUVA treatment of alopecia areata totalis and universalis: a retrospective study. Author(s): Whitmont KJ, Cooper AJ. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 44(2): 106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752182&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative image analysis of hair follicles in alopecia areata. Author(s): Kim IH, Jo HY, Cho CG, Choi HC, Oh CH. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 May; 79(3): 214-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10384920&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in the treatment of alopecia areata with 0.25% desoximetasone cream. Author(s): Charuwichitratana S, Wattanakrai P, Tanrattanakorn S. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 October; 136(10): 1276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11030789&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized trial of aromatherapy. Successful treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Hay IC, Jamieson M, Ormerod AD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 November; 134(11): 1349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9828867&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized trial of aromatherapy: successful treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Kalish RS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 May; 135(5): 602-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328210&dopt=Abstract

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Reappraisal of Ikeda's classification of alopecia areata: analysis of 356 cases from Chandigarh, India. Author(s): Sharma VK, Muralidhar S, Kumar B. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 February; 25(2): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9563278&dopt=Abstract

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Recurring chemotherapy-associated alopecia areata: case report and literature review. Author(s): Motl SE, Fausel C. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 January; 23(1): 104-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523468&dopt=Abstract

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Red lunulae in severe alopecia areata. Author(s): Bergner T, Donhauser G, Ruzicka T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1992; 72(3): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1357860&dopt=Abstract

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Red nails associated with alopecia areata. Author(s): Misch KJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1981 September; 6(5): 561-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7318251&dopt=Abstract

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Regrowth of alopecia areata simulating the pattern of androgenetic alopecia. Author(s): Munoz MA, Camacho FM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 January; 133(1): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9006393&dopt=Abstract

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Renbok phenomenon in alopecia areata. Author(s): Bon AM, Happle R, Itin PH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 201(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971061&dopt=Abstract

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Response of alopecia areata to DNCB: influence of auto-antibodies and route of sensitization. Author(s): Friedmann PS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1981 September; 105(3): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7272208&dopt=Abstract

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Response of grafts from patients with alopecia areata transplanted onto nude mice, to administration of interferon-gamma. Author(s): Gilhar A, Etzioni A, Assy B, Eidelman S. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1993 February; 66(2): 120-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8095867&dopt=Abstract

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Response to minoxidil in severe alopecia areata correlates with T lymphocyte stimulation. Author(s): Fiedler-Weiss VC, Buys CM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 December; 117(6): 759-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3501310&dopt=Abstract

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Retinal pigment epithelium function in alopecia areata. Author(s): Tosti A, Colombati S, De Padova MP, Guidi SG, Tosti G, Maccolini E. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1986 May; 86(5): 553-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3745964&dopt=Abstract

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Retinitis pigmentosa associated with hearing loss, thyroid disease, vitiligo, and alopecia areata: retinitis pigmentosa and vitiligo. Author(s): Cowan CL Jr, Grimes PE, Chakrabarti S, Minus HR, Kenney JA Jr. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 1982; 2(2): 84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7178682&dopt=Abstract

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Role of cytomegalovirus replication in alopecia areata pathogenesis. Author(s): Offidani A, Amerio P, Bernardini ML, Feliciani C, Bossi G. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2000 April; 4(2): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11179926&dopt=Abstract

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Role of cytotoxic T cells in chronic alopecia areata. Author(s): Bodemer C, Peuchmaur M, Fraitaig S, Chatenoud L, Brousse N, De Prost Y. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000 January; 114(1): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10620125&dopt=Abstract

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Role of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene in alopecia areata: strong association of a potentially functional AIRE polymorphism with alopecia universalis. Author(s): Tazi-Ahnini R, Cork MJ, Gawkrodger DJ, Birch MP, Wengraf D, McDonagh AJ, Messenger AG. Source: Tissue Antigens. 2002 December; 60(6): 489-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542742&dopt=Abstract

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Role of the thymus gland in alopecia areata. Author(s): Fenton DA, Tobin DJ, Kendall MD. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 25S-26S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738381&dopt=Abstract

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Role of topical immunotherapy in the treatment of alopecia areata. Quality analysis of articles published between January 1977 and January 1988 about three treatments. Reading Group. Author(s): Naldi L, Parazzini F, Cainelli T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 April; 22(4): 654-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2138637&dopt=Abstract

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Roles of stress, stress perception and trait-anxiety in the onset and course of alopecia areata. Author(s): Brajac I, Tkalcic M, Dragojevic DM, Gruber F. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 December; 30(12): 871-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14739513&dopt=Abstract

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Scanning electron microscopy comparing exclamation mark hairs in alopecia areata with normal hair fibres, mechanically broken by traction. Author(s): Peereboom-Wynia JD, Koerten HK, Van Joost T, Stolz E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 January; 14(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2805386&dopt=Abstract

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Seasonal alopecia areata with atopy. Author(s): Crosby DL, Gammon WR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 October; 21(4 Pt 1): 8067. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2808801&dopt=Abstract

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Selective expression of chemokine monokine induced by interferon-gamma in alopecia areata. Author(s): Benoit S, Toksoy A, Goebeler M, Gillitzer R. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003 October; 121(4): 933-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14632215&dopt=Abstract

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Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and alopecia areata. Author(s): Ruiz-Doblado S, Carrizosa A, Garcia-Hernandez MJ, Rodriguez-Pichardo A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 October; 38(10): 798-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10561061&dopt=Abstract

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Seventeen cases of alopecia areata: combination of SADBE topical immunotherapy with other therapies. Author(s): Morita K, Nakamura M, Nagamachi M, Kishi T, Miyachi Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 29(10): 661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433000&dopt=Abstract

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Significance of cytokine patterns in alopecia areata before and after therapeutic allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Stricker RB, Goldberg B. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 February; 106(2): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8601746&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous development of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and alopecia areata universalis. Author(s): Taniyama M, Kushima K, Ban Y, Kaihara M, Nagakura H, Sekita S, Katagiri T, Sueki H. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1991 April; 301(4): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2012115&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous onset of alopecia areata and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: A potential association? Author(s): Levin RM, Travis SF, Heymann WR. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 16(1): 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027996&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneously occurring alopecia areata and Hodgkin's lymphoma: complete remission of both diseases with MOPP/ABV chemotherapy. Author(s): Chan PD, Berk MA, Kucuk O, Singh S. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1992; 20(4): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1376855&dopt=Abstract

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Sisaipho: a new form of presentation of alopecia areata. Author(s): Munoz MA, Camacho FM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 October; 132(10): 1255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8859050&dopt=Abstract

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Squaric acid dibutylester: indications for use and efficacy in alopecia areata. Author(s): Pardasani AG, Turner E, McMichael AJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 July; 137(7): 970-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453831&dopt=Abstract

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Strong expression of CD40, CD54 and HLA-DR antigen and lack of evidence for direct cellular cytotoxicity are unique immunohistopathological features in alopecia areata. Author(s): Sato-Kawamura M, Aiba S, Tagami H. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2003 March; 294(12): 536-43. Epub 2002 December 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624779&dopt=Abstract

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Structure and polymorphism of the human gene for the interferon-induced p78 protein (MX1): evidence of association with alopecia areata in the Down syndrome region. Author(s): Tazi-Ahnini R, di Giovine FS, McDonagh AJ, Messenger AG, Amadou C, Cox A, Duff GW, Cork MJ. Source: Human Genetics. 2000 June; 106(6): 639-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10942113&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of alopecia areata using the contact allergen diphencyprone. Author(s): Hull SM, Cunliffe WJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 February; 124(2): 212-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2004013&dopt=Abstract

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Sulfasalazine for alopecia areata. Author(s): Ellis CN, Brown MF, Voorhees JJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 April; 46(4): 541-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907504&dopt=Abstract

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Summary of alopecia areata research workshop and future research directions. Author(s): Goldsmith LA. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1991 May; 96(5): 98S-100S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2022899&dopt=Abstract

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Summary of the Third International Research Workshop on Alopecia Areata. Author(s): Goldsmith LA. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings / the Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc. [and] European Society for Dermatological Research. 1999 December; 4(3): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10674365&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic cyclosporine and low-dose prednisone in the treatment of chronic severe alopecia areata: a clinical and immunopathologic evaluation. Author(s): Shapiro J, Lui H, Tron V, Ho V. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 January; 36(1): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8996277&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic immunotherapy with topical dinitrochlorobenzene as additional treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Yoshizawa Y, Izaki S, Kitamura K, Kawana S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(2): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125944&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic steroids with or without 2% topical minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Olsen EA, Carson SC, Turney EA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 November; 128(11): 1467-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1444500&dopt=Abstract

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The pathogenesis of alopecia areata. Author(s): McDonagh AJ, Messenger AG. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1996 October; 14(4): 661-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9238324&dopt=Abstract

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The pattern and profile of alopecia areata in Singapore--a study of 219 Asians. Author(s): Tan E, Tay YK, Goh CL, Chin Giam Y. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 41(11): 748-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452996&dopt=Abstract

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The potential efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of recalcitrant alopecia areata. Author(s): Namazi MR. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2003 April; 60(4): 513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615511&dopt=Abstract

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The protective role of the HLA-DR locus in patients with various clinical types of alopecia areata. Author(s): Broniarczyk-Dyla G, Prusinska-Bratos M, Dubla-Berner M, Arkuszewska C, Borowiec M, Kowalski ML, Woszczek G. Source: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2002; 50(5): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455867&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic approach to alopecia areata. Author(s): Wiseman MC, Shapiro J. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1999 November; 3 Suppl 3: S31-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11749888&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid function, autoantibodies, and HLA tissue typing in children with alopecia areata. Author(s): Nanda A, Alsaleh QA, Al-Hasawi F, Al-Muzairai I. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 November-December; 19(6): 486-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437547&dopt=Abstract

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Topical diphencyprone for alopecia areata: evaluation of 48 cases after 30 months' follow-up. Author(s): Gordon PM, Aldrige RD, McVittie E, Hunter JA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 May; 134(5): 869-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8736327&dopt=Abstract

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Topical immunotherapy in alopecia areata. What, how, and why? Author(s): Hoffmann R, Happle R. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1996 October; 14(4): 739-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9238332&dopt=Abstract

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Topical immunotherapy in alopecia areata: anamnestic and clinical criteria of prognostic significance. Author(s): Weise K, Kretzschmar L, John SM, Hamm H. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 192(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8829494&dopt=Abstract

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Topical immunotherapy in children with alopecia areata. Author(s): Orecchia G, Malagoli P. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 35S-36S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738389&dopt=Abstract

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Topical immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester: unusual hair pigmentary changes in two cases of alopecia areata. Author(s): Mastrolonardo M, Diaferio A. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 March; 16(2): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046838&dopt=Abstract

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Topical nitrogen mustard in the treatment of alopecia areata: a bilateral comparison study. Author(s): Bernardo O, Tang L, Lui H, Shapiro J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 August; 49(2): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12894080&dopt=Abstract

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Topical squaric acid dibutylester therapy for alopecia areata: a double-sided patientcontrolled study. Author(s): Chua SH, Goh CL, Ang CB. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1996 November; 25(6): 842-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055014&dopt=Abstract

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Transfer of alopecia areata in the human scalp graft/Prkdc(scid) (SCID) mouse system is characterized by a TH1 response. Author(s): Gilhar A, Landau M, Assy B, Ullmann Y, Shalaginov R, Serafimovich S, Kalish RS. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2003 March; 106(3): 181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706404&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of alopecia areata with squaric acid dibutylester. Author(s): Micali G, Cicero RL, Nasca MR, Sapuppo A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 January; 35(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8838932&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Fiedler VC, Alaiti S. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1996 October; 14(4): 733-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9238331&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of severe alopecia areata with topical diphenylcyclopropenone and 5% minoxidil: a clinical and immunopathologic evaluation. Author(s): Shapiro J, Tan J, Ho V, Tron V. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 36S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738390&dopt=Abstract

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Trichotillomania in connection with alopecia areata. Author(s): Trueb RM, Cavegn B. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 July; 58(1): 67-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8823553&dopt=Abstract

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene polymorphism in alopecia areata. Author(s): Galbraith GM, Pandey JP. Source: Human Genetics. 1995 October; 96(4): 433-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7557966&dopt=Abstract

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Turner's syndrome associated with psoriasis and alopecia areata. Author(s): Rosina P, Segalla G, Magnanini M, Chieregato C, Barba A. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 January; 17(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602969&dopt=Abstract

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Ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, atypical lichen planus, alopecia areata, vitiligo. Author(s): Tan RS. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1974 March; 67(3): 195-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4820815&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural abnormalities in the dermal papillae of both lesional and clinically normal follicles from alopecia areata scalps. Author(s): Nutbrown M, MacDonald Hull SP, Baker TG, Cunliffe WJ, Randall VA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 August; 135(2): 204-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881661&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural observations on the hair bulb melanocytes and melanosomes in acute alopecia areata. Author(s): Tobin DJ, Fenton DA, Kendall MD. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1990 June; 94(6): 803-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2355182&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural study of exclamation-mark hair shafts in alopecia areata. Author(s): Tobin DJ, Fenton DA, Kendall MD. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1990 December; 17(6): 348-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2074281&dopt=Abstract

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Unsuccessful treatment of alopecia areata universalis with extracorporeal photopheresis. Author(s): Friedli A, Prins C, Chavaz P, Saurat JH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 August; 138(8): 1103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164761&dopt=Abstract

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Unsuccessful treatment of alopecia areata with dapsone. Author(s): Friedmann PS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1981 May; 104(5): 597-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7236522&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual complication of sensitizing therapy for alopecia areata. Author(s): Tosti A, Bardazzi F, Ghetti P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1988 May; 18(5): 322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3416602&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual response to DNCB contact sensitivity in an atopic patient with alopecia areata. Author(s): Valsecchi R, Cainelli T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1982 May; 8(3): 206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7094577&dopt=Abstract

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Vitiligo and alopecia areata in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Cho M, Cohen PR, Duvic M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1995 April; 88(4): 489-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7716609&dopt=Abstract

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Western blot analysis of serum antibody reactivity with human melanoma cell antigens in alopecia areata and vitiligo. Author(s): Galbraith GM, Miller D, Emerson DL. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1988 September; 48(3): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3042212&dopt=Abstract

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What is your Diagnosis? Alopecia areata of the eyelashes. Author(s): Elston DM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2002 January; 69(1): 15, 19-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11829171&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALOPECIA AREATA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and alopecia areata.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Alopecia Areata The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “alopecia areata” (or a synonym): •

A clinical study of childhood alopecia areata in Singapore. Author(s): National Skin Center, Singapore. Source: Tan, E Tay, Y K Giam, Y C Pediatr-Dermatol. 2002 Jul-August; 19(4): 298-301 0736-8046

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Alopecia areata and coeliac disease: no effect of a gluten-free diet on hair growth. Author(s): Istituto di Scienze Mediche, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Universita di Milano, Italia. [email protected] Source: Bardella, M T Marino, R Barbareschi, M Bianchi, F Faglia, G Bianchi, P Dermatology. 2000; 200(2): 108-10 1018-8665

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Alopecia areata during lithium therapy. A case report. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Padua, Italy. Source: Silvestri, A Santonastaso, P Paggiarin, D Gen-Hosp-Psychiatry. 1988 January; 10(1): 46-8 0163-8343

•

Alopecia areata. A clinical overview. Author(s): Hair Consultation Unit, New York University Medical Center, New York City, USA. Source: Bertolino, A P Postgrad-Med. 2000 June; 107(7): 81-5, 89-90 0032-5481

•

Alopecia areata. Update on therapy. Author(s): Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Source: Shapiro, J Dermatol-Clin. 1993 January; 11(1): 35-46 0733-8635

•

Analysis of the expression of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen on the peripheral blood and cutaneous lymphocytes of alopecia areata patients. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. [email protected] Source: Yano, S Nakamura, K Okochi, H Tamaki, K Acta-Derm-Venereol. 2002; 82(2): 825 0001-5555

•

Bilateral keratoconus associated with Hashimoto's disease, alopecia areata and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Hospital, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Kocak Altintas, A G Gul, U Duman, S Eur-J-Ophthalmol. 1999 Apr-June; 9(2): 130-3 1120-6721

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Celiac disease and alopecia areata in a child with Down's syndrome. Author(s): Kinderklinik St Vincenz Krankenhaus, Paderborn, Germany. Source: Storm, W J-Intellect-Disabil-Res. 2000 October; 44 ( Pt 5): 621-3 0964-2633

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Current and potential agents for the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Philipp University, Marburg, Germany. [email protected] Source: Freyschmidt Paul, P Hoffmann, R Levine, E Sundberg, J P Happle, R McElwee, K J Curr-Pharm-Des. 2001 February; 7(3): 213-30 1381-6128

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Decreased in vitro lymphocyte stimulation and reduced sensitivity to IL-2 in patients with alopecia areata. Author(s): Clinica Dermatologica, Universita di Pavia, Italy.

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Source: Orecchia, G Capelli, E Martinetti, M Cuccia Belvedere, M Rabbiosi, G ArchDermatol-Res. 1988; 280 SupplS47-50 0340-3696 •

Evaluation of oral minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680. Source: Fiedler Weiss, V C Rumsfield, J Buys, C M West, D P Wendrow, A ArchDermatol. 1987 November; 123(11): 1488-90 0003-987X

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Evaluation of thyroid function in north Indians with alopecia areata: response to intravenous injection of 100 micrograms thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. Source: Sharma, V K Sialy, R KuMarch, B Gupta, S J-Dermatol. 1999 June; 26(6): 339-42 0385-2407

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Expression of extracellular matrix in hair follicle mesenchyme in alopecia areata. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, U.K. Source: McDonagh, A J Cawood, L Messenger, A G Br-J-Dermatol. 1990 December; 123(6): 717-24 0007-0963

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Glucocorticoid regulation of hair growth in alopecia areata. Author(s): Division of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0277, USA. Source: Sawaya, M E Hordinsky, M K J-Invest-Dermatol. 1995 May; 104(5 Suppl): 30S 0022-202X

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High-dose steroid pulse therapy for the treatment of severe alopecia areata. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan. Source: Tsai, Ya Ming Chen, WenChieh Hsu, Ming Long Lin, Tzu Kai J-Formos-MedAssoc. 2002 March; 101(3): 223-6 0929-6646

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Nickel sulphate in the treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Seville, Spain. Source: Garcia Bravo, B Rodriguez Pichardo, A Sanchez Pedreno, P Camacho, F ContactDermatitis. 1989 March; 20(3): 228-9 0105-1873

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Onion juice (Allium cepa L.), a new topical treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Iraq. Source: Sharquie, Khalifa E Al Obaidi, Hala K J-Dermatol. 2002 June; 29(6): 343-6 03852407

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Randomized trial of aromatherapy. Successful treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Scotland. [email protected] Source: Hay, I C Jamieson, M Ormerod, A D Arch-Dermatol. 1998 November; 134(11): 1349-52 0003-987X

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Resistance to alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice is associated with increased expression of regulatory cytokines and a failure to recruit CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Philipp University, Marburg, Germany; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA. [email protected] Source: McElwee, K J Hoffmann, R Freyschmidt Paul, P Wenzel, E Kissling, S Sundberg, J P Zoller, M J-Invest-Dermatol. 2002 December; 119(6): 1426-33 0022-202X

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Seventeen cases of alopecia areata: combination of SADBE topical immunotherapy with other therapies. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan. Source: Morita, K Nakamura, M Nagamachi, M Kishi, T Miyachi, Y J-Dermatol. 2002 October; 29(10): 661-4 0385-2407

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Simultaneously occurring alopecia areata and Hodgkin's lymphoma: complete remission of both diseases with MOPP/ABV chemotherapy. Author(s): Division of Dermatology, University of Health Sciences/Chicago Medical School, IL. Source: Chan, P D Berk, M A Kucuk, O Singh, S Med-Pediatr-Oncol. 1992; 20(4): 345-8 0098-1532

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Therapeutic approach to alopecia areata. Author(s): Division of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Canada. Source: Wiseman, M C Shapiro, J J-Cutan-Med-Surg. 1999 November; 3 Suppl 3: S31-5 1203-4754

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Thymopentin in the treatment of severe alopecia areata. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Bologna, Italy. Source: Tosti, A Manuzzi, P Gasponi, A Dermatologica. 1988; 177(3): 170-4 0011-9075

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Treatment of alopecia areata with acupuncture. Author(s): Department of Acupuncture, Shen Yang Hospital, PLA Air Force. Source: Ge, S J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1990 September; 10(3): 199-200 0254-6272

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Treatments for androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata: current options and future prospects. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. Source: Meidan, V M Touitou, E Drugs. 2001; 61(1): 53-69 0012-6667

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to alopecia areata; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALOPECIA AREATA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to alopecia areata. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to alopecia areata and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to alopecia areata: •

A case study: massage, relaxation, and reward for treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Putt SC, Weinstein L, Dzindolet MT. Source: Psychological Reports. 1994 June; 74(3 Pt 2): 1315-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8084951&dopt=Abstract

•

Alopecia areata, a psychosomatic disorder. Author(s): EL-MOFTY AM, SHAHEEN O, RAKHAWY YT. Source: J Egypt Med Assoc. 1964; 47: 675-89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14271914&dopt=Abstract

•

Alopecia areata. Author(s): Mitchell AJ, Balle MR.

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Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1987 July; 5(3): 553-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3301112&dopt=Abstract •

Alopecia areata: an apparent relationship to psychic factors. Author(s): SANDOK BA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1964 August; 121: 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14194220&dopt=Abstract

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Bald spots on a young girl. Author(s): Usatine RP. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2004 January; 53(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709264&dopt=Abstract

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Biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral methods, and hypnosis in dermatology: is it all in your mind? Author(s): Shenefelt PD. Source: Dermatologic Therapy. 2003; 16(2): 114-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919113&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of antitumour activity of cepharanthin against a human adenosquamous cell carcinoma cell line. Author(s): Harada K, Bando T, Yoshida H, Sato M. Source: Oral Oncology. 2001 December; 37(8): 643-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590074&dopt=Abstract

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Computerized morphometry and three-dimensional image reconstruction in the evaluation of scalp biopsy from patients with non-cicatricial alopecias. Author(s): Shum DT, Lui H, Martinka M, Bernardo O, Shapiro J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 148(2): 272-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588379&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary soy oil content and soy-derived phytoestrogen genistein increase resistance to alopecia areata onset in C3H/HeJ mice. Author(s): McElwee KJ, Niiyama S, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Wenzel E, Kissling S, Sundberg JP, Hoffmann R. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2003 February; 12(1): 30-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631244&dopt=Abstract

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Exploration of “alternative” and “natural” drugs in dermatology. Author(s): Levin C, Maibach H.

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Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 February; 138(2): 207-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843641&dopt=Abstract •

Hypnosis in dermatology. Author(s): Shenefelt PD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 March; 136(3): 393-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724204&dopt=Abstract

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Hypnotherapy for alopecia areata. Author(s): Harrison PV, Stepanek P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 May; 124(5): 509-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2039737&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-1beta-induced inhibition of hair growth in vitro is mediated by cyclic AMP. Author(s): Hoffmann R, Eicheler W, Wenzel E, Happle R. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1997 January; 108(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8980284&dopt=Abstract

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Management of the psychogenic factors in dermatoses by use of chemotherapy. Author(s): SEGAEL A, ROGIN JR. Source: Med Times. 1964 February; 92: 113-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14127053&dopt=Abstract

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Onion juice (Allium cepa L.), a new topical treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Sharquie KE, Al-Obaidi HK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 29(6): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126069&dopt=Abstract

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Produced alopecia areata based on the focal infection theory and mental motive theory. Author(s): Ikeda T. Source: Dermatologica. 1967; 134(1): 1-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6030798&dopt=Abstract

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Psychologic aspects of industrial dermatoses. Author(s): SHELLOW H. Source: Gp. 1964 April; 29: 116-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14137552&dopt=Abstract

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Psychophysiology of stress in dermatology. The psychobiologic pattern of psychosomatics. Author(s): Panconesi E, Hautmann G. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1996 July; 14(3): 399-421. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8818550&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized trial of aromatherapy. Successful treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Hay IC, Jamieson M, Ormerod AD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 November; 134(11): 1349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9828867&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized trial of aromatherapy: successful treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Kalish RS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 May; 135(5): 602-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328210&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid whitening of the hair first reported in the Talmud. Possible mechanisms of this intriguing phenomenon. Author(s): Goldenhersh MA. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1992 August; 14(4): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1503208&dopt=Abstract

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Recurring chemotherapy-associated alopecia areata: case report and literature review. Author(s): Motl SE, Fausel C. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 January; 23(1): 104-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523468&dopt=Abstract

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Seventeen cases of alopecia areata: combination of SADBE topical immunotherapy with other therapies. Author(s): Morita K, Nakamura M, Nagamachi M, Kishi T, Miyachi Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 29(10): 661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433000&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneously occurring alopecia areata and Hodgkin's lymphoma: complete remission of both diseases with MOPP/ABV chemotherapy. Author(s): Chan PD, Berk MA, Kucuk O, Singh S. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1992; 20(4): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1376855&dopt=Abstract

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Social and psychological implications of alopecia areata. Author(s): Beard HO.

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Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 April; 14(4): 697-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3958288&dopt=Abstract •

The neurodermatosis. Author(s): HAVYATT M. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1965 March 20; 48: 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14274398&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of alopecia areata with acupuncture. Author(s): Ge S. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1990 September; 10(3): 199-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2277520&dopt=Abstract

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Treatments for androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata: current options and future prospects. Author(s): Meidan VM, Touitou E. Source: Drugs. 2001; 61(1): 53-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11217871&dopt=Abstract

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Use of aloe in treating leg ulcers and dermatoses. Author(s): Zawahry ME, Hegazy MR, Helal M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1973 January-February; 12(1): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4266516&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to alopecia areata; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Alternative Therapy Aromatherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html

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Chinese Medicine Gusuibu Alternative names: Fortune's Drynaria Rhizome; Rhizoma Drynariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Herbs and Supplements Lavender Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,799,00.html Topical Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ALOPECIA AREATA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning alopecia areata.

Recent Trials on Alopecia Areata The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to alopecia areata.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Alopecia Areata Registry Condition(s): Alopecia Areata; Alopecia Totalis; Alopecia Universalis; Autoimmune Hair Loss; Alopecia Partialis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: Alopecia areata is the loss of hair in oval patches that can proceed to loss of all hair (alopecia totalis or universalis). The purpose of the registry is to collect patient information and blood samples from people with alopecia areata. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589

•

Phase II randomized bilateral comparison of topical targretin gel 1% in alopecia areata Condition(s): Alopecia Areata Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Ligand Pharmaceuticals

5

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Purpose - Excerpt: The rationale for the use of bexarotene in alopecia areata comes from the drugs' immunomodulatory effects. It has been shown to be effective in inflammatory dermatoses, many of which are known to have T-cell mediated mechanisms. Alopecia areata is an organ-specific autoimmune reaction mediated by perifollicular T lymphocytes that clear upon resolution of disease. Therefore, since bexarotene is able to reduce or clear T-cell from the skin in CTCL lesions, we hypothesize that it may be effective in alopecia areata in eliminating the T-cells around the hair follicles. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “alopecia areata” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ALOPECIA AREATA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.6 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “alopecia areata” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on alopecia areata, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Alopecia Areata By performing a patent search focusing on alopecia areata, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 6Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on alopecia areata: •

Drug compositions for local treatment of alopecia areata Inventor(s): Happle; Rudolf (Schildstiege 2, D-4400 Munster, DE), Hausen; Bjorn (Wilhelmstrasse 4, D-2082 Tornesch, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,985,464 Date filed: January 22, 1985 Abstract: A drug composition for the local treatment of alopecia areata and other dermatological diseases is disclosed. The composition contains as an active ingredient an aliphatic, alkoxy or aryl substituted cyclopropenone. Diphenylcyclopropenone is a particularly preferred representative cyclopropenone useful in the context of the present invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to pharmaceutical compositions; and in particular, it relates to drug compositions for local treatment of alopecia areata and other dermatological diseases such as viral warts. Alopecia areata is a dermatogical condition of unknown etiology. The disease is manifested as circumscribed, noninflamed areas of baldness on the scalp, eyebrows and bearded areas of the face. Severe forms of the disease are called alopecia totalis or alopecia universalis. In the past, treatment of alopecia areata has involved the injection of corticosteriods, namely triamcinolone acetonide suspension, into the patches of dermatologic involvement. For more progressive disease states, the resort to systemic corticosteroid therapy has been made. For the most part, however, the above listed treatments are not warranted because of the serious side effects of corticosteroids as well as from a cost stand point unless there is serious emotional or economic impact on the patient as a result of the disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04985464__

•

Method for promoting hair growth Inventor(s): Hanada; Seigo (Dazaifu, JP), Yamamoto; Shinji (Dazaifu, JP) Assignee(s): Sansyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd. (onojo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,656,264 Date filed: February 24, 1995 Abstract: A preparation for promoting hair growth is disclosed, which contains as an effective ingredient or ingredients one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of purine compounds, pyridylurea compounds, diphenylurea compounds, pyrimidine compounds, imidazole compounds, benzoylaminourea compounds and 4substituted aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine compounds. This preparation exhibits an excellent effect of promoting hair growth or curing alopecia such as male alopecia or alopecia areata. Of the effective compounds, purine compounds and pyridyl compounds exhibit particularly remarkable effects. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a preparation for promoting hair growth containing, as an effective ingredient, a material showing remarkable effects of promoting hair

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growth and curing alopecia such as male alopecia or alopecia areata. Many preparations for promoting hair growth have conventionally been used for prophylaxis or treatment of baldness and thinning of hair. Ingredients contained in a preparation for promoting hair growth are generally intended to improve the circulation of the blood in scalp, attain cleaning, anti-inflammation and sterilization of scalp, activate enzymes of cells constituting hair follicles and surrounding tissue, improve energy metabolism of hairmatrix cells and depress the action of male sex hormone in scalp. For example, carpronium chloride, vitamin E, an extract of Capsieum annuum L., an extract of Japanese chirata and a garlic extract have been intended to increase the amount of blood stream in hair follicles based on their vasodilative action on peripheral blood vessel, thereby to activate hair-matrix cells. Since alopecia is known to be induced by inflammation, anti-inflammatory agents such as glycyrrhizin and allantoin and germicides such as hinokitiol and resorcin have been used for preventing inflammation or production of decomposition products which might be produced by bacteria from scurf or sebum and which can induce inflammation. Vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin B group, biotin and pantothenic acid derivatives have been used for activating enzymes of hair-matrix cells to promote synthesis of hair, pentadecanoic acid glyceride has been used for improving energy metabolism of hair-matrix cells, and female sex hormones such as estradiol and ethynylestradiol have been used for depressing the action of male sex hormone which is believed to be the primary cause of male alopecia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05656264__ •

Methods and compounds for the treatment of immunologically-mediated psoriasis Inventor(s): Tan; Paul L. J. (Auckland, NZ), Watson; James D. (Auckland, NZ) Assignee(s): Genesis Research & Development Corp. (auckland, Nz) Patent Number: 5,968,524 Date filed: December 23, 1997 Abstract: Methods for the treatment of skin disorders, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, alopecia areata and skin cancers are provided, such methods comprising administering multiple doses of a composition having antigenic and/or adjuvant properties. Compositions which may be usefully employed in the inventive methods include inactivated M. vaccae cells, delipidated and deglycolipidated M. vaccae cells, M. vaccae culture filtrate and compounds present in or derived therefrom, together with combinations of such compositions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the treatment by vaccination or immunotherapy of skin disorders such as psoriasis, atopic dermatis, allergic contact dermatitis, alopecia areata, and the skin cancers basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. In particular, the invention is related to the use of compounds which are present in or have been derived from Macobacterium vaccae (M. vaccae) or from the culture filtrate of M. vaccae. This invention deals with treatment of disorders of skin which appear to be associated with factors that influence the balance of thymus-derived (T) immune cells known as Th1 and Th2. These T cells are identified by their cytokine secretion phenotype. A common feature of treatment is the use of compounds prepared from M. vaccae which have immunomodulating properties that alter the balance of activities of these T cells as well as other immune cells. Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease which can be associated with various forms of arthritis in a minority of patients. The defect in psoriasis appears to be overly rapid growth of keratinocytes and shedding of scales from the skin surface. Drug therapy is

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directed at slowing down this process. The disease may become manifest at any age. Spontaneous remission is relatively rare, and life-long treatment is usually necessary. Psoriasis produces chronic, scaling red patches on the skin surface. Psoriasis is a very visible disease, it frequently affects the face, scalp, trunk and limbs. The disease is emotionally and physically debilitating for the patient, detracting significantly from the quality of life. Between one and three million individuals in the United States have psoriasis with nearly a quarter million new cases occurring each year. Conservative estimates place the costs of psoriasis care in the United States currently at $248 million a year. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05968524__ •

Methods for the treatment of baldness and gray hair using isoflavonoid derivatives Inventor(s): Kung; Patrick C. (Cambridge, MA) Assignee(s): Global Pharma, Ltd. (lexington, Ma) Patent Number: 5,639,785 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions of isoflavanoid derivatives useful for the treatment of male pattern baldness and alopecia areata, and their use in promoting the conversion of gray hair to the original pigment in hair follicles. Also described herein are methods for the synthesis of isoflavanoid derivatives. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of isoflavonoid derivatives for the treatment of male pattern baldness and alopecia areata, and to promote the conversion of gray hair to the original pigment in hair follicles. Also described herein are methods for their synthesis. More particularly, this invention relates to the methods of making and using substituted benzopyranyl-4-ones. The management of hair loss has been addressed using topical antihypertensive agents such as minoxidil. V. H. Price, J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology, 16, 749-750 (1987). Minoxidil enlarges vellus hair follicles and seems to maintain terminal follicles in the scalps of mammals. After four months of treatment, approximately 25% of patients achieve minimal regrowth of hair. Rogaine.RTM., the only compound approved to date to treat baldness, was developed because the oral administration of the drug stimulated hair growth. (Upjohn Co. Physicians Desk Ref., pp. 2578, 49th Ed (1995). Minoxidil is a substituted pyrimidine. The present invention relates to the use of daidzein, known as 7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-H-1benzopyranyl-4-one. Daidzein is an isoflavone with a variety of pharmacological effects. Along with isoflavone glycosides, such as daidzin (7-glycoside daidzein), isoflavones are found mostly in leguminous plants. (J. L. Ingham, Naturally Occurring Isoflavonoids, Vol. 43, pp. 1-226, Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products, Ed, W. Herz, H. Grisebach & G. W. Kirby, Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York, 1983). The synthesis of daidzein & its derivatives was reviewed & reported by G. Shao et al (Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 15(9), 538, 1980; Q. E. Ji and Y. L. Wei, Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 24(12), 906, 1989). They demonstrated that some of these isoflavones protected mice from hypoxia and increased their coronary blood flow. Some of the isoflavones including daidzein tested negative in mutagenicity using the Salmonella and mammalian microsomal assay (R. M. Bartholomew, D. S. Ryan, Mutat. Res. 78(4), 317, 1980). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05639785__

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•

Pharmaceutical composition comprising starch, a compound comprising boron, a compound comprising zinc, and water, and a method of using same to encourage hair growth Inventor(s): Antoun; Jacques (3630 General de Gaulle Dr., New Orleans, LA 70114) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,103,273 Date filed: June 21, 1994 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of alopecia areata and male pattern baldness is preferably made from boric acid, zinc oxide, and starch. The method of the present invention comprises applying the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to a person's scalp. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can comprise 10 parts by weight starch, 60 parts by weight boric acid, 40 parts by weight zinc oxide, and 500 parts by weight water. The dry ingredients (starch, boric acid, and zinc oxide) are mixed together, then the water is added. The mixture is boiled for 20 minutes, stirring continuously. The mixture will thicken, become smooth, and the final consistency will have minute lumps within the liquid. Preferably, before the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is applied to the scalp, the bald spots are scrubbed with either pure lamb's wool or a soft-bristled brush made of animal hair. This cleanses the residue from the skin. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is then rubbed on the bald spots. After 25 minutes, the scalp is rinsed, removing any excess composition. This procedure is repeated daily for 15 days. The inventor has found that it usually takes three-fifteen days for pores to open and fifteen days to three months for fuzzy hair to appear. The inventor has found that it takes approximately one to six months for hair to grow to the point where it appears normal. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for and methods of encouraging hair growth. Hair loss occurs in many persons. Two relatively common causes of hair loss are male pattern baldness and alopecia areata. Alopecia areata is a disease affecting about two million people in the United States. It causes hair to fall out quickly, from scattered spots in the size a quarter to complete loss of all bodily hair, including the hair on the scalp. More information about alopecia areata can be obtained from the National Alopecia Areata Foundation (NAAF), P.O. Box 150760, San Rafael, Calif. 94915-0760, (415) 456-4644, Fax: (415) 456-4274. The NAAF publishes a bimonthly newsletter. The inventor of the present invention is aware of a commercially available pharmaceutical composition for encouraging hair growth--Rogaine.RTM. with minoxidil, commercially available from the Upjohn Company. However, Rogaine.RTM. is relatively expensive and has been shown to cause hair regrowth in only about 63% of the women who have tried it (as opposed to 39% of women in a placebo group). According to an August 1991 newspaper article, only 39 percent of men using Rogaine.RTM. in clinical trials either grew new hair or stopped losing hair after six to eight months on the drug. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06103273__

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Patent Applications on Alopecia Areata As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.7 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to alopecia areata: •

Composition for delivery of dithranol Inventor(s): Gidwani, Suresh Kumar; (Mumbai, IN), Singnurkar, Purushottam Sharshikant; (Jalgaon, IN) Correspondence: Gibbons, Del Deo, Dolan, Griffinger & Vecchione; 1 Riverfront Plaza; Newark; NJ; 07102-5497; US Patent Application Number: 20030219465 Date filed: February 21, 2003 Abstract: Mixed vesicular system containing a nanoemulsion with bilayer nanovesicles mimicking noisome and liposome for the topical delivery of dithranol alone or together with salicylic acid to treat psoriasis, eczemas, dermatophytoses, alopecia areata and other dermatological diseases and methods for producing said system. Excerpt(s): Dithranol (1,8,9-trihydroxyanthracene) is used in the topical treatment of psoriasis, eczemas, dermatophytoses, alopecia areata and other dermatological diseases. It suffers however from some serious disadvantages. It is highly irritant to skin not affected by psoriasis and must therefore be applied with considerable care and often limits the time of exposure of such preparations to the skin. Currently in clinical practice the preparations are to be applied on the skin for short period of and to be removed after 30 minutes of application otherwise it becomes very difficult to tolerate the skin irritation. It is easily oxidized to brown or black products and has a powerful staining on clothing & normal skin. Commercially in European countries it is known that, dithranol is mixed with ointment base and compounded by the pharmacist in the pharmacy and given to the patient for immediate use. Also British Pharmacopoeia 2001, volume II, page 2035 states that Dithranol Cream should be stored at a temperature not exceeding 25.degree. C. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

INHIBITION OF APOPTOSIS IN KERATINOCYTES BY A LIGAND OF p75 NERVE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR Inventor(s): ELLER, MARK; (BOSTON, MA), GILCHRIST, BARBARA A.; (BROOKLINE, MA), YAAR, MINA; (SHARON, MA) Correspondence: Hamilton, Brook, Smith & Reynolds, P.C.; 530 Virginia Road; P.O. Box 9133; Concord; MA; 01742-9133; US Patent Application Number: 20030175231 Date filed: February 4, 1998 Abstract: Methods to control, or manipulate, melanocyte and keratinocyte cell death are disclosed. In particular, a method of preventing epidermal melanocyte cell loss due to injury in a vertebrate is disclosed. Also disclosed is a method of inducing hair growth in

7

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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a vertebrate, a method of inducing hair color in a vertebrate, a method of inducing skin color in a vertebrate, a method of treating baldness in an individual, and a method of treating alopecia areata in an individual. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No.: 08/793,683 filed Aug. 30, 1995, which is the U.S. National Phase of PCT/US95/10971 filed Aug. 30, 1995 which is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/298,941, filed Aug. 31, 1994, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Normal hair follicles cycle between a growth stage (anagen), a degenerative stage (catagen), and a resting stage (telogen). The scalp hairs have a relatively long life cycle: the anagen stage ranges from two to five years, the catagen stage ranges from a few days to a few weeks, and the telogen stage is approximately three months (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, pp. 290291; Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), pp. 1-17 (1991)). Shorter hairs found elsewhere on the body have corresponding shorter anagen duration. The morphology of the hair and the hair follicle changes dramatically over the course of the life cycle of the hair. During anagen, the hair follicle is highly active metabolically (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), p. 4 (1991)). The follicle comprises a follicular (dermal) papilla at the base of the follicle; epidermal matrix cells surrounding the follicular papilla and forming the base of a hair shaft; and the hair shaft that extends upwards from the papilla through the hair canal (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993). The matrix cells are the actively growing portion of the hair (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), p.6 (1991)). At catagen, the matrix cells retract from the papilla, and other degenerative changes occur (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), pp. 13-14 (1991)). A column of epithelial cells pushes the keratinized proximal shaft of the hair upwards (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), p. 3 (1991)), and cell death occurs within the follicle (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 291). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of prophylaxis or treatment of antigen presenting cell driven skin conditions using inhibitors of the CD2/LFA-3 interaction Inventor(s): Cooper, Kevin D.; (Ann Arbor, MI), Wallner, Barbara P.; (Weston, MA) Correspondence: Louis Myers; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20020009449 Date filed: December 5, 2000 Abstract: Methods of using inhibitors of the CD2/LFA-3 interaction in treating skin conditions characterized by increased T cell activation and abnormal antigen presentation in the dermis and epidermis in mammals, including humans. Such conditions include psoriasis, UV damage, e.g., photoaging, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous T cell lymphoma such as mycosis fungoides, allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, lichen planus, alopecia areata, pyoderma gangrenosum, vitiligo, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, and urticaria. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/862,022, filed Apr. 2, 1992 and of PCT/U.S. 92/08755, filed Oct. 6, 1992, which is a continuation-in-

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part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/770,969, filed Oct. 7, 1991, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. This invention relates to methods of using inhibitors of the CD2/LFA-3 interaction in treating skin conditions characterized by increased T cell activation and abnormal antigen presentation in the dermis and epidermis in mammals, including humans. Such conditions include psoriasis, UV damage, e.g., photoaging, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous T cell lymphoma such as mycosis fungoides, allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, lichen planus, alopecia areata, pyoderma gangrenosum, vitiligo, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, and urticaria. There are numerous skin conditions characterized by increased T cell activation and abnormal antigen presentation in the dermis and epidermis. The pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the evolution of such inflammatory processes are poorly understood. However, it has become apparent that skin cells are important in the generation of a cutaneous inflammatory response (Kupper, "Immune and Inflammatory Processes in Cutaneous Tissues", J. Clin. Invest., 86, pp. 1783-89 (1990)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods and compounds for the treatment of immunologically-mediated skin disorders Inventor(s): Prestidge, Ross; (Auckland, NZ), Tan, Paul L.J.; (Auckland, NZ), Watson, James D.; (Auckland, NZ) Correspondence: Speckman Law Group; Suite 100; 1501 Western Avenue; Seattle; WA; 98101; US Patent Application Number: 20030007976 Date filed: June 13, 2001 Abstract: Methods for the treatment of skin disorders, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, alopecia areata, skin cancers, and related disorders, such as psoriatic arthritis are provided, such methods comprising administering a composition having antigenic and/or adjuvant properties. Compositions which may be usefully employed in the inventive methods include inactivated M. vaccae cells, delipidated and deglycolipidated M. vaccae cells, M. vaccae culture filtrate and compounds present in or derived therefrom, together with combinations of such compositions. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/324,542, filed Jun. 2, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/997,080, filed Dec. 23, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,524. This invention relates generally to the treatment by vaccination or immunotherapy of skin disorders such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, alopecia areata, the skin cancers basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, and related disorders, such psoriatic arthritis. In particular, the invention is related to the use of compounds which are present in or have been derived from Mycobacterium vaccae (M. vaccae) or from the culture filtrate of M. vaccae. This invention deals with treatment of disorders of skin which appear to be associated with factors that influence the balance of thymus-derived (T) immune cells known as Th1 and Th2. These T cells are identified by their cytokine secretion phenotype. A common feature of treatment is the use of compounds prepared from M. vaccae which have immunomodulating properties that alter the balance of activities of these T cells as well as other immune cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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•

Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of hair loss Inventor(s): Boch, Ronald Erwin; (Vancouver, CA), Hunt, David W. C.; (Surrey, CA), Lutwyche, Peter; (Vancouver, CA), North, John Robert; (Vancouver, CA), Richter, Anna M.; (Vancouver, CA), Simkin, Guillermo O.; (North Vancouver, CA) Correspondence: Kawai Lau; Morrison & Foerster Llp; Suite 500; 3811 Valley Centre Drive; San Diego; CA; 92130-2332; US Patent Application Number: 20040015214 Date filed: November 8, 2002 Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to stimulate and/or restore hair growth in areas of hair loss. Methods and compositions relating to PDT treatment for alopecia are disclosed. In light of PDT use to remove unwanted hair by inactivating or destroying hair follicles or destroying the tissue feeding the hair follicles, such methods and compositions relate to a surprising and unexpected discovery. PDT permits a means to treat conditions relating to hair loss such as androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata and drug-induced alopecia. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application 60/338,295, filed Nov. 9, 2001, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety as if fully set forth. This invention relates to the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the use of PDT with appropriate photosensitizers to stimulate hair growth. In particular, the use of photosensitizers and PDT for treating conditions relating to hair loss, such as androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata, is described. Alopecia is the general term referring to any disease or condition involving hair loss. There are several different types of hair loss, the most common being androgenetic alopecia (AGA; see Sawaya, M. E. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 17(4):276-283, 1998), alopecia areata (AA; see Fiedler & Alaiti, Dermatologic Clinics 14(4): 733-738, 1996, as well as druginduced alopecia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with alopecia areata, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on alopecia areata. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning alopecia areata. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ALOPECIA AREATA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to alopecia areata. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on alopecia areata include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on alopecia areata: •

Alopecia Areata: Understanding and Coping With Hair Loss Source: Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1996. 195 p. Contact: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2715 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-4319. Summary: This book for individuals with alopecia areata helps them cope with their condition by explaining what hair loss is and how it affects individuals. Initial chapters focus on understanding alopecia areata and coping with hair loss. A subsequent chapter provides medically reliable information on diagnosing and treating alopecia areata, presents guidelines for developing a treatment plan, describes alternative therapies for this condition, and presents the latest research on the condition and its treatment. Remaining chapters discuss the physical and psychological adjustments to wearing a hairpiece; offer suggestions for selecting, securing, and maintaining a hairpiece; explain

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how to deal with insurance companies to obtain compensation for a hairpiece; and discuss the special needs of children with alopecia areata. An epilogue recounts a day in the life of a woman with alopecia areata to illustrate the challenges she faces and the ways in which she copes with them. An appendix provides sample letters to an insurance company and presents resources. Numerous references. •

Coping With Alopecia Areata Source: San Rafael, CA: National Alopecia Areata Foundation. 28 p. Contact: National Alopecia Areata Foundation. P.O. Box 150760, San Rafael, CA 949150760. (415) 456-4644. Summary: This handbook for mental health professionals, counselors, and individuals with alopecia areata provides information about alopecia areata and the typical psychological responses to it. The condition is explained, and options for treating both mild, patchy alopecia areata and extensive alopecia areata are presented. A unified model of stages of adjustment to conditions like alopecia areata is described, focusing on the stages of initial impact, defense mobilization, initial realization, retaliation, and reorganization. Problems with stage theories of adjustment are highlighted. The relationship between stress and alopecia areata is examined. The unique psychological responses of children, parents, and adults to alopecia areata is discussed. In addition, the handbook identifies the major tasks involved in successful adaptation, offers strategies for coping with alopecia areata, discusses support groups, and outlines ways of finding a mental health professional. 1 figure.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “alopecia areata” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “alopecia areata” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “alopecia areata” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Alopecia Areata: Understanding and Coping With Hair Loss by Wendy Thompson, et al; ISBN: 0801864720; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801864720/icongroupinterna

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The Girl With No Hair: A Story About Alopecia Areata by Elizabeth Murphy-Melas, Alex Hernandez (Illustrator); ISBN: 0929173406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929173406/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Alopecia Areata In order to find chapters that specifically relate to alopecia areata, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and alopecia areata using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following

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hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on alopecia areata: •

Chapter 72: Nails Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 1. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 752-768. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on patterns of disruption of the components of the nail unit. The chapter begins with a description of variations in general nail contour, including clubbing, koilonychia, transverse overcurvature, brachyonychia, and anonychia. This is followed by a discussion of the causes of nail grooves, ridges, and pits. Poor nutrition to the matrix leads to a defective band of nail formation, resulting in a transverse groove of the thin nail plate. Ridging results from aging, lichen planus, rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral vascular disease, and Darier's disease. Pits are characteristic of psoriasis, and they may also occur in alopecia areata or eczema. The next topic is variations in nail color. These abnormalities include true leukonychia, pseudoleukonychia, apparent leukonychia, and splinter hemorrhages. This is followed by a description of disorders that result in variations in direction of nail growth, including onychogryphosis, malalignment of the nail plate, and hook nail. Another topic is pathologic reactions in periungual tissue, including abnormalities of paronychial tissue, faulty attachment of the nail plate and soft tissue, and variations in consistency. This is followed by a discussion of nail abnormalities associated with dermatologic diseases such as psoriasis, Hallopeau's acrodermatitis continua, parakeratosis pustulosa, lichen planus, alopecia areata, Darier's disease, and contact dermatitis as well as nail disorders associated with systemic illnesses such as collagen diseases, acroosteolysis, and acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex. In addition, the chapter describes hereditary and congenital nail disorders; tumors involving the nail area such as epithelial, fibrous, vascular, and osteocartilaginous tumors; and degenerative and melanocytic lesions. 51 figures, 5 tables, and 17 references.

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Chapter 200: Hair Disorders Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 3 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have hair disorders with information on the causes and treatment of excessive hairiness, baldness, and ingrown beard hairs. Excessive hairiness may occur in women and children as a result of a disorder of the pituitary or adrenal glands that causes overproduction of masculinizing steroids. Excessive hairiness is also common after menopause and among people who use anabolic steroids or corticosteroids and have porphyria cutanea tarda. Temporary treatments include shaving, plucking, or waxing the hair or using

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depilatories. Electrolysis is the only safe permanent form of hair removal. Baldness occurs more often in men than in women. Male pattern baldness is the most common type of hair loss affecting men. Female pattern baldness, which is less common than male pattern baldness, causes the hair to thin in the front, on the sides, or on the crown. Toxic baldness may follow a severe illness with a high fever or may occur as a result of using certain drugs. Alopecia areata is a condition is which hair is lost suddenly in a particular area. Hair pulling occurs most frequently in children, but it may persist throughout life. Scarring alopecia is hair loss that occurs at areas scarred from burns, severe injury, or x ray therapy. A biopsy may be needed to diagnose the type of baldness affecting a person. Most types have no cure. Treatment options include hair transplantation, medications to regrow hair, and corticosteroid injections. Ingrown beard hairs cause inflammation. The best treatment is to grow the beard. A depilatory made of thioglycolate or tretinoin can also be used.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ALOPECIA AREATA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on alopecia areata. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on alopecia areata is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “alopecia areata” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on alopecia areata: •

This Weird Thing That Makes My Hair Fall Out Source: San Rafael, CA: National Alopecia Areata Foundation. 1994. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Alopecia Areata Foundation. P.O. Box 150760, San Rafael, CA 94915-0760. (415) 456-4644. Fax (415) 456-4274. E-Mail: [email protected]. Website: www.alopeciaareata.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This video provides young people who have alopecia areata with suggestions on how to explain to their peers, classmates, friends, teachers, and other adults what alopecia areata is and how it feels to have it. Alopecia areata can occur in anyone, but it most often affects children. The condition can range from having patches of hair fall out to total body hair loss. Although hair may regrow at any time, it may also fall out again. Many children deal with their hair loss by wearing wigs or hats, but others keep their head uncovered. Children who have alopecia areata describe how they feel about having the condition, how other people react, and how they want to be

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treated. The video stresses that children with alopecia areata are normal in every way except that they have a condition that makes their hair fall out.

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALOPECIA AREATA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover alopecia areata.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on alopecia areata is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to alopecia areata. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “alopecia areata” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for alopecia areata: •

Diphencyprone the therapy of choice for extensive alopecia areata Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 04, 2001

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•

Topical diphenylcyclopropenone effective for extensive alopecia areata Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 19, 2001

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Pulse methylprednisolone effective for subset of severe alopecia areata patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 30, 1998

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Topical Immunotherapy Improves Alopecia Areata Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 03, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “alopecia areata” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to alopecia areata, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “alopecia areata” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on alopecia areata: •

Photodynamic Therapy Branches Out: Psoriasis, Alopecia Areata, Warts, and More Source: Dermatology Focus. 15(3):1,13-15; January 1997. Summary: This newsletter article for health professionals reports on the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of various immunologic, dermatologic, and other conditions. The difference between PDT and cosmetic surgery is explained. The discovery of the principle of photodynamic action is discussed. First and second generation PDT agents are described. One of the most promising systemic agents is benzoporphyrin-derivative monoacid ring A (BPD). A promising topical photosensitizer is 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Some research suggests that PDT, at certain lower dose photosensitizer/light combinations, targets activated T cells and may benefit conditions such as arthritis, psoriasis, and alopecia. Work with BPD and ALA in the treatment of psoriasis is highlighted. Evidence that suggests that topical ALA will be useful for treating alopecia areata is presented. In addition, other potential dermatologic applications of PDT are identified.

Academic Periodicals covering Alopecia Areata Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to alopecia areata. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering alopecia areata that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for alopecia areata. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with alopecia areata. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to alopecia areata: Anthralin •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Drithocreme; Dritho-Scalp; Micanol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202048.html

Methoxsalen •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: 8-MOP; Oxsoralen-Ultra http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202357.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1868 13 137 0 5 2023

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Alopecia Areata In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and alopecia areata. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).19 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for alopecia areata: •

Alopecia Areata Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=104000

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Alopecia Universalis Congenita Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=203655 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

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Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

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Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease,

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Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html •

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

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Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

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To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database20 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database21 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

20

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 21 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on alopecia areata can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to alopecia areata. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to alopecia areata. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “alopecia areata”:

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Other guides Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Hair Diseases and Hair Loss http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hairdiseasesandhairloss.html Head Lice http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headlice.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Taste and Smell Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tasteandsmelldisorders.html Teen Violence http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenviolence.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on alopecia areata. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

What You Should Know About Alopecia Areata Source: San Rafael, CA: National Alopecia Areata Foundation. 2002. 16 p. Contact: Available from National Alopecia Areata Foundation. P.O. Box 150760 San Rafael, CA 94915-0760. (415) 472-2780. Fax: (415) 472-5343. Website: www.naaf.org. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure discusses alopecia areata (AA), a common condition that results in hair loss on the scalp and elsewhere. Triggers of the condition, genetics, effects on other parts of the body, the impact on daily life, regrowth of hair, and treatment are discussed. Cortisone injections, topical minoxidil, and anthralin cream or ointment are used to treat mild cases of AA and cortisone pills, topical minoxidil, and immunotherapy are used for more extensive forms of AA. Wigs may be used by patients with extensive AA. This brochure also describes the history, mission, and activities of the National Alopecia Areata Foundation as well as research on the cause and treatment of AA.

Patient Resources

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Alopecia Areata Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have alopecia areata (AA) with information on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this autoimmune disease, which causes patchy loss of hair on the scalp or body. Scientists think that white blood cells from the immune system attack hair follicles and keep them from producing hairs. However, the follicles usually remain capable of regrowing hair even after years of attack by the immune system. AA is diagnosed by examining of the scalp closely and eliminating other causes of hair loss. Not all cases are obvious, so a dermatologist must take a small skin biopsy plug for microscopic examination. Treatment depends on the extent of the disease and the age of the patient. Intralesional steroid injections are the best method for small patchy disease. Other therapeutic options include topical minoxidil and prescription steroid lotions. Widespread disease is treated with short contact anthralin and contact hypersensitization. 2 figures.

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Alopecia Areata: A Children's Perspective Source: San Rafael, CA: National Alopecia Areata Foundation. 1998. 6 p. Contact: Available from National Alopecia Areata Foundation. P.O. Box 150760, San Rafael, CA 94915-0760. (415) 456-4644. Fax (415) 456-4274. E-Mail: [email protected]. Website: www.alopeciaareata.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This pamphlet for children who have alopecia areata presents their perspectives on their condition: how they see alopecia areata, what color they would give it, how their parents and friends would describe it, how their teachers see it, and how strangers see them. In addition, children respond to questions about how alopecia areata makes them feel, what the most frequent problem with alopecia areata is, whom they are most comfortable talking to about it, what helps them deal with it, and what positive changes have occurred as a result of having it.

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Helping You Cope With Alopecia Areata Source: San Rafael, CA: National Alopecia Areata Foundation. 1996. 6 p. Contact: Available from National Alopecia Areata Foundation. P.O. Box 150760, San Rafael, CA 94915-0760. (415) 456-4644. Fax (415) 456-4274. E-Mail: [email protected]. Website: www.alopeciaareata.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This pamphlet for people with alopecia areata uses a question and answer format to provide information about the disease. It outlines common reactions to the disease and lists tasks that may help people successfully adapt to it. Other topics include the importance of alopecia areata support groups, the usefulness of the National Alopecia Areata Foundation conference, the possible need for professional counseling, and ways to find a mental health professional.

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Parents Talking to Parents About Alopecia Areata Source: San Rafael, CA: National Alopecia Areata Foundation. 1996. 6 p.

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Contact: Available from National Alopecia Areata Foundation. P.O. Box 150760, San Rafael, CA 94915-0760. (415) 456-4644. Fax (415) 456-4274. E-Mail: [email protected]. Website: www.alopeciaareata.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This pamphlet uses a question and answer format to provide parents of children who have alopecia areata with information about this common condition that results in the loss of hair on the scalp and elsewhere. Topics include whether children and adults react differently to alopecia areata; how children under the age of 5, between the ages of 6 and 12, and over the age of 12 react to the condition; and how parents should deal with a child who has it. The pamphlet also identifies other materials and resources available to parents and children and provides the address, telephone number, fax number, and e-mail address of the National Alopecia Areata Foundation. 4 photographs. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

FAQs: Alopecia Areata Summary: A general overview about alopecia Areata -- an autoimmune disease that results in the loss of hair on the scalp and elsewhere -- presented in a question and answer format. Source: National Alopecia Areata Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5605 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to alopecia areata. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

Patient Resources

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Associations and Alopecia Areata The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to alopecia areata: •

National Alopecia Areata Foundation Telephone: (415) 472-3780 Fax: (415) 472-5343 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.NAAF.ORG Background: The National Alopecia Areata Foundation is a voluntary health organization and the main source of funding for research on basic hair biology and alopecia areata. Established in 1981, the Foundation leads medical research efforts by raising private funds and awarding grants to qualified investigators at university centers in the United States, Canada, and Europe. It also seeks to inform government officials about Alopecia Areata in an effort to obtain federal funding for research studies on this disorder. The Foundation conducts on-going public awareness programs to increase the public s understanding of this disorder. As a worldwide center for educational materials, the Foundation supplies a wide variety of information, support, and resources for people with Alopecia Areata and their physicians. Numerous brochures, a handbook, a Foundation report, newsletters, a novel entitled 'Herman,' and a video called 'This Weird Thing That Makes My Hair Fall Out' are available from the Foundation. Relevant area(s) of interest: Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis, Alopecia Universalis

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to alopecia areata. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with alopecia areata. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about alopecia areata. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “alopecia areata” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “alopecia areata”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “alopecia areata” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “alopecia areata” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

113

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on alopecia areata: •

Basic Guidelines for Alopecia Areata Alopecia areata Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001450.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Alopecia Areata Alopecia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Hair loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Loss of hair Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Patches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003231.htm

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Diagnostics and Tests for Alopecia Areata Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm

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Background Topics for Alopecia Areata Subcutaneous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002297.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ALOPECIA AREATA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acrodermatitis: Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element,

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organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which a person receives stem cells, the cells from which all blood cells develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH]

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Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anabolic Steroids: Chemical derivatives of testosterone that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anthralin: An anti-inflammatory anthracene derivative used for the treatment of dermatoses, especially psoriasis. It may cause folliculitis. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of

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which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antitumour: Counteracting tumour formation. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU]

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Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical

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manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Bexarotene: An anticancer drug used to decrease the growth of some types of cancer cells. Also called LGD1069. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH]

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Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug

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therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange

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materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH]

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Clubbing: A proliferative change in the soft tissues about the terminal phalanges of the fingers or toes, with no constant osseous changes. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as

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standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex

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hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Co-trimoxazole: A combination of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections. [NIH] Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss

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of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis, Allergic Contact: A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]

Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Desoximetasone: Topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in dermatoses, skin allergies, psoriasis, etc. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required

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to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH]

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End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an

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intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored

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in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU]

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Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft vs Host Disease: The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the graft vs host reaction. [NIH] Graft vs Host Reaction: An immunological attack mounted by a graft against the host because of tissue incompatibility when immunologically competent cells are transplanted to an immunologically incompetent host; the resulting clinical picture is that of graft vs host disease. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Annulare: Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth Disorders: Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated

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hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions

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upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]

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In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage

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requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH]

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Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratoconus: A disorder characterized by an irregular corneal surface (cone-shaped) resulting in blurred and distorted images. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Koilonychia: Dystrophy of the fingernails, sometimes associated with iron deficiency anaemia, in which they are thin and concave, with the edges raises; called also spoon nail. [EU]

Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of

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epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphopenia: Reduction in the number of lymphocytes. [NIH]

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Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanophores: Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (melanosomes). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as melanocytes. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]

Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH]

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Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA adducts in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of

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a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]

Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action

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toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Night Blindness: Anomaly of vision in which there is a pronounced inadequacy or complete absence of dark-adaptation. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU]

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Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU]

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Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Photochemotherapy: Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photopheresis: A process in which peripheral blood is exposed in an extracorporeal flow system to photoactivated 8-methoxypsoralen (methoxsalen) and ultraviolet light - a procedure known as PUVA therapy. Photopheresis is at present a standard therapy for advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; it shows promise in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Photosensitizer: A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. [NIH] Photosensitizing Agents: Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms. [NIH]

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Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with temporal arteritis and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Porphyria, Hepatic: Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. Acute intermittent porphyria and porphyria cutanea

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tarda are types of hepatic porphyria. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the

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lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of

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pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyoderma Gangrenosum: An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called

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erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinitis Pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribavirin: 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH]

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Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH]

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Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the

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ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU]

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Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thymus Gland: A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the mediastinum, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the thyroid gland and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH]

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Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been

Dictionary 155

approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of triamcinolone. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions. [NIH]

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase: One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III by the conversion of four acetic acid groups to four methyl groups. EC 4.1.1.37. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH]

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Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be

Dictionary 157

placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

159

INDEX A Acantholysis, 115, 144 Acne, 15, 115, 154 Acne Vulgaris, 115, 154 Acrodermatitis, 81, 115 Adaptability, 115, 122 Adaptation, 80, 115, 142 Adipose Tissue, 115, 143 Adjustment, 11, 80, 115 Adjuvant, 71, 76, 115 Adrenal Cortex, 115, 125, 129, 146 Adrenal Glands, 81, 115 Adrenergic, 115, 118 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 115, 118 Adverse Effect, 115, 150 Affinity, 6, 115, 151 Algorithms, 116, 120 Alleles, 11, 23, 24, 116 Allergen, 22, 43, 116, 150 Allogeneic, 9, 116, 132 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 9, 116 Aloe, 61, 116 Alpha Particles, 116, 148 Alpha-helix, 116, 137 Alternative medicine, 86, 116 Amino Acid Sequence, 116, 117 Amino Acids, 116, 142, 144, 145, 147, 155 Aminolevulinic Acid, 87, 116 Ammonia, 116, 152, 155 Anabolic, 81, 117 Anabolic Steroids, 81, 117 Anaemia, 117, 137 Anaesthesia, 117, 135 Anaphylatoxins, 117, 124 Anatomical, 117, 128, 134, 150 Androgenic, 6, 18, 77, 117 Androgens, 115, 117, 126 Anemia, 99, 117 Angiogenesis, 117, 139 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 117, 118 Animal model, 5, 6, 7, 21, 117 Anions, 117, 136, 152 Anorexia, 117, 132 Anthralin, 3, 4, 90, 102, 103, 117 Antiallergic, 117, 126

Antibodies, 11, 15, 22, 33, 40, 117, 118, 119, 129, 132, 134, 138, 145 Antibody, 11, 16, 18, 48, 116, 118, 124, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 148, 150, 151, 157 Anticoagulant, 118, 147 Antigen, 6, 9, 19, 24, 43, 52, 75, 76, 116, 118, 124, 129, 133, 134, 135, 139, 150 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 118, 124 Antihypertensive, 72, 118 Antihypertensive Agents, 72, 118 Anti-inflammatory, 71, 117, 118, 126, 127, 131, 146, 155 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 71, 118, 126 Antimetabolite, 118, 149 Antineoplastic, 118, 126, 131 Antiseptic, 118, 157 Antitumour, 58, 118 Antiviral, 118, 135, 149 Anxiety, 41, 115, 118 Apoptosis, 6, 26, 118 Aqueous, 118, 120, 126, 133, 138 Arterial, 118, 134, 137, 147 Arteries, 118, 119, 121, 125, 140 Arteritis, 119, 145 Articular, 119, 155 Assay, 20, 72, 119 Astringent, 119, 157 Ataxia, 98, 99, 119, 153 Atopic, 11, 15, 48, 52, 71, 75, 76, 119 ATP, 119, 128, 131, 147 Atrophy, 98, 99, 115, 119 Atypical, 47, 119 Autoantibodies, 6, 28, 45, 119 Autoantigens, 30, 119 Autoimmune disease, 5, 7, 27, 103, 104, 119, 144 Autoimmunity, 5, 9, 119 Autologous, 33, 119 B Bacteria, 71, 118, 119, 140, 147, 150, 155 Bacterial Physiology, 115, 119 Barbiturate, 119, 153 Basal cell carcinoma, 71, 76, 119 Basal cells, 119 Basal Ganglia, 119 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 119 Base, 74, 75, 119, 120, 136, 153

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Basement Membrane, 6, 120, 129, 137 Benign, 120, 132, 142, 148, 156 Benzene, 120, 136 Bexarotene, 66, 120 Bilateral, 11, 46, 52, 65, 120, 149 Bile, 120, 130, 138, 152 Biochemical, 116, 118, 120, 150 Biological response modifier, 120, 135 Biological therapy, 120, 132 Biopsy, 4, 58, 82, 103, 114, 120 Biotechnology, 7, 86, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 120 Biotin, 71, 120 Bladder, 120, 146, 155 Blister, 120, 144 Blood Platelets, 120, 150, 153 Blood pressure, 118, 121, 131, 134, 140, 144, 151 Blood vessel, 117, 121, 122, 136, 138, 139, 144, 151, 152, 153, 156 Blot, 15, 48, 121 Bone Marrow, 120, 121, 126, 132, 134, 138, 141, 146 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 121 Boron, 73, 121 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 121 Bowel, 121, 127, 155 Bowel Movement, 121, 127 Brachytherapy, 121, 136, 148, 157 Branch, 111, 121, 138, 143, 151, 153 Buccal, 121, 138 Burns, 82, 121 Burns, Electric, 121 C Calcium, 118, 121, 124, 139 Calcium channel blocker, 118, 121 Calcium Channel Blockers, 118, 121 Candidiasis, 12, 122 Candidosis, 122 Carbohydrate, 122, 126, 131, 145 Carcinogenic, 120, 122, 135, 152 Carcinogens, 122, 141, 143 Carcinoma, 58, 122 Cardiac, 115, 122, 128, 141, 152 Cardiovascular, 122, 150 Case report, 39, 52, 60, 122, 123 Case series, 122, 123 Celiac Disease, 20, 122 Cell Death, 74, 75, 118, 122, 141 Cell Division, 98, 119, 122, 132, 140, 145 Cell proliferation, 28, 122, 136 Cell Survival, 122, 132

Cellulose, 122, 130, 145 Central Nervous System, 120, 123, 143, 150 Centrifugation, 123, 140 Cerebellar, 119, 123, 149 Cerebral, 119, 123 Cerebrum, 123, 155 Character, 123, 126, 131 Chemotactic Factors, 123, 124 Chemotherapy, 39, 43, 54, 59, 60, 123 Cholesterol, 120, 123, 152 Chorioretinitis, 123, 149 Choroid, 123, 149 Chromatin, 118, 123 Chromosome, 30, 123, 132, 138, 154 Chronic Disease, 123, 124 Chronic renal, 123, 145 Cicatricial, 58, 75, 76, 123 Clinical study, 8, 28, 52, 123 Clinical trial, 5, 65, 66, 73, 95, 123, 125, 126, 148 Cloning, 120, 123 Clubbing, 81, 124 Cofactor, 124, 147, 153 Colitis, 124 Collagen, 81, 120, 124, 130, 132, 139, 146 Collagen disease, 81, 124 Comorbidity, 11, 124 Complement, 18, 117, 124, 125, 150 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 63, 124 Complementary medicine, 57, 124 Complete remission, 43, 54, 60, 125, 149 Complete response, 125 Computational Biology, 95, 97, 125 Cone, 125, 137 Conjunctiva, 125, 137 Connective Tissue, 19, 121, 124, 125, 130, 138, 144, 149 Connective Tissue Cells, 125 Constitutional, 125, 141, 149 Contact dermatitis, 25, 42, 71, 75, 76, 81, 125, 127 Contraindications, ii, 125 Controlled study, 25, 46, 125 Cornea, 125, 137 Corneum, 21, 125, 129 Coronary, 72, 125, 140 Coronary Thrombosis, 125, 140 Corpus, 125, 146 Corpus Luteum, 125, 146 Cortex, 119, 125, 149

Index

Corticosteroid, 4, 22, 23, 31, 70, 82, 125, 146, 152 Cortisone, 102, 126, 146 Co-trimoxazole, 9, 126 Cryotherapy, 17, 126 Curative, 126, 153 Cutaneous, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 29, 30, 41, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 75, 76, 77, 122, 125, 126, 136, 138, 144 Cyclic, 59, 126, 146 Cyclosporine, 4, 31, 34, 36, 44, 126 Cytokine, 14, 21, 42, 71, 76, 126, 153 Cytomegalovirus, 9, 33, 41, 126 Cytoplasm, 7, 118, 126, 128, 132, 141 Cytotoxic, 32, 41, 126, 148 Cytotoxicity, 11, 18, 26, 43, 126 D Databases, Bibliographic, 95, 126 Degenerative, 75, 81, 126 Deletion, 118, 126 Dendritic, 126, 139 Depigmentation, 126, 156 Depressive Disorder, 126, 138 Dermal, 14, 18, 25, 26, 27, 47, 75, 127, 138 Dermatitis, 15, 33, 48, 53, 71, 75, 76, 127, 128 Dermatitis, Allergic Contact, 71, 76, 127 Dermatologist, 103, 127 Desoximetasone, 39, 127 Diabetes Mellitus, 42, 127, 131, 133 Diagnostic procedure, 69, 86, 127 Diarrhea, 127, 132 Diffusion, 127, 135 Digestive system, 67, 127 Digestive tract, 127, 151 Dinitrochlorobenzene, 16, 44, 127 Diploid, 127, 145 Direct, iii, 16, 43, 89, 127, 149 Dissociation, 116, 127, 136 Distal, 127, 147 Diuretics, Thiazide, 118, 127 DNA Topoisomerase, 128, 131 Drug Interactions, 90, 128 Dysplasia, 99, 128 Dystrophy, 98, 128, 137 E Eczema, 81, 128 Edema, 125, 128, 141 Effector, 6, 124, 128, 142 Efficacy, 17, 25, 43, 45, 128 Elastin, 124, 128, 130 Elective, 42, 128

161

Electrolyte, 126, 128, 140, 151 Electrons, 120, 128, 136, 148 Embryo, 128, 135 Emodin, 116, 128 Enamel, 128, 137 Endocarditis, 122, 128 Endotoxins, 124, 128 End-stage renal, 123, 129, 145 Environmental Exposure, 129, 143 Environmental Health, 94, 96, 129 Enzymatic, 121, 124, 129 Enzyme, 128, 129, 147, 152, 153, 156, 157 Epidermal, 74, 75, 129, 137, 138, 139, 156 Epidermis, 75, 76, 115, 119, 120, 125, 129, 133, 137, 138, 144, 146, 148 Epidermoid carcinoma, 129, 151 Epithelial, 28, 75, 81, 129, 137 Epithelial Cells, 75, 129, 137 Epithelium, 40, 120, 129 Epitopes, 30, 129 Erythema, 125, 129, 155 Erythrocytes, 117, 121, 129, 149, 150 Esophagus, 127, 129, 139, 152 Essential Tremor, 98, 129 Estradiol, 71, 129 Exogenous, 128, 129 Extensor, 129, 147, 156 External-beam radiation, 129, 136, 148, 156 Extracellular, 19, 53, 125, 129, 130, 139, 151 Extracellular Matrix, 19, 53, 125, 129, 130, 139 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 129, 139 Extracellular Space, 129, 130 Extracorporeal, 48, 130, 144 Extremity, 130, 137 F Family Planning, 95, 130 Fat, 115, 121, 126, 130, 138, 149, 150, 151, 153 Fibroblasts, 18, 125, 130 Fibrosis, 99, 130, 150 Fixation, 130, 150 Flexor, 129, 130, 137 Follicles, 5, 47, 71, 72, 77, 103, 130 Folliculitis, 15, 30, 117, 130 Fructose, 130, 131 Fungus, 122, 130, 141 G Gallbladder, 127, 130 Ganglionic Blockers, 118, 131 Gas, 116, 127, 131, 133, 141, 142

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Gastrin, 131, 133 Gastrointestinal, 131, 150, 152 Gastrointestinal tract, 131, 150 Gene, 5, 21, 34, 41, 43, 47, 99, 100, 116, 120, 131, 143, 154 Gene Expression, 99, 131, 154 Genetics, 5, 18, 21, 28, 34, 43, 47, 102, 131 Genistein, 58, 131 Genotype, 131, 144 Gland, 14, 115, 126, 131, 138, 143, 145, 146, 150, 152, 153, 154 Glucocorticoid, 21, 28, 53, 127, 131, 146, 155 Glucose, 98, 122, 127, 131, 133, 135, 150 Glucose Intolerance, 127, 131 Gluten, 20, 52, 122, 131 Glycine, 116, 131 Glycoside, 72, 131, 150 Gonadal, 132, 152 Governing Board, 132, 146 Graft, 7, 46, 132, 133, 134, 147 Graft Rejection, 132, 134 Graft vs Host Disease, 7, 132 Graft vs Host Reaction, 132 Grafting, 6, 132 Graft-versus-host disease, 132, 147 Granulocytes, 132, 156 Granuloma, 30, 132 Granuloma Annulare, 30, 132 Gravis, 31, 32, 47, 132 Growth Disorders, 6, 132 Growth factors, 14, 132 H Hair Color, 31, 75, 132 Hair follicles, 5, 25, 31, 39, 66, 71, 72, 75, 77, 103, 130, 132 Haploid, 132, 145 Haptens, 116, 132 Heme, 116, 132, 145, 146, 155 Hemoglobin, 117, 129, 132, 133, 146 Hemoglobinuria, 98, 133 Hemorrhage, 133, 148, 152 Hemostasis, 133, 150 Hepatic, 133, 145, 146 Hereditary, 81, 115, 133, 149 Heredity, 13, 115, 131, 133 Heterogeneity, 116, 133 Homologous, 116, 133, 150, 154 Hormonal, 119, 126, 133 Hormone, 18, 53, 71, 126, 129, 131, 133, 135, 146, 149, 153, 154 Horny layer, 129, 133

Host, 122, 132, 133, 134, 155 Hydrogen, 120, 122, 129, 133, 140, 142, 147, 152 Hydrogen Peroxide, 133, 152 Hydroxylysine, 124, 133 Hydroxyproline, 124, 133 Hyperplasia, 133, 138 Hypersensitivity, 116, 127, 133, 149, 150 Hypertension, 115, 117, 118, 122, 134 Hypnotic, 119, 134, 153 Hypoxia, 72, 134, 153 I Id, 55, 61, 98, 104, 110, 112, 134 Idiopathic, 25, 42, 115, 134, 148 Imidazole, 70, 120, 134 Immune response, 7, 21, 115, 118, 119, 126, 132, 134, 150, 152, 155, 156 Immune Sera, 134 Immune system, 103, 119, 120, 134, 138, 139, 155, 156 Immunity, 25, 127, 134, 154 Immunization, 6, 134, 150 Immunodeficiency, 8, 48, 98, 134 Immunofluorescence, 16, 134 Immunohistochemistry, 10, 134 Immunologic, 4, 26, 30, 87, 123, 134, 148, 153 Immunology, 5, 22, 40, 46, 48, 115, 116, 134 Immunosuppressive, 131, 134, 153 Immunosuppressive therapy, 134 Immunotherapy, 3, 4, 14, 16, 26, 36, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 54, 60, 71, 76, 86, 102, 120, 134 Impairment, 119, 134, 140 Implant radiation, 134, 136, 148, 157 In vitro, 7, 14, 17, 23, 52, 59, 134, 135, 153 In vivo, 6, 23, 134, 135, 153 Indicative, 80, 135, 143, 156 Induction, 19, 117, 131, 135 Infantile, 115, 135 Infarction, 125, 135, 140 Infection, 48, 59, 120, 122, 123, 126, 134, 135, 137, 138, 149, 152, 155, 156 Infiltration, 24, 135 Inflammation, 71, 82, 115, 118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 135, 136, 137, 142, 143, 149, 152, 155, 156 Initiation, 5, 6, 135 Insight, 10, 135 Insulin, 42, 135 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 135 Interferon, 9, 40, 42, 43, 135

Index

Interferon-alpha, 135 Interleukin-1, 17, 21, 26, 59, 135 Interleukin-2, 136 Interleukins, 17, 136 Internal radiation, 136, 148, 157 Interstitial, 121, 130, 136, 157 Intestinal, 122, 136, 139 Intracellular, 121, 135, 136, 148 Intramuscular, 29, 136, 155 Intravenous, 18, 53, 136 Intrinsic, 116, 120, 136 Involuntary, 119, 129, 136, 141, 151 Ionization, 136 Ionizing, 33, 116, 129, 136, 148 Ions, 120, 127, 128, 133, 136 Irradiation, 29, 121, 136, 140, 157 Irritants, 4, 136 Ischemia, 119, 136 Isoflavones, 72, 136 J Joint, 119, 130, 136, 145, 152 K Kb, 94, 136 Keratin, 53, 137, 150 Keratinocytes, 19, 24, 71, 137 Keratoconjunctivitis, 11, 52, 137 Keratoconus, 11, 52, 137 Kidney Disease, 67, 94, 99, 137 Kinetic, 136, 137 Koilonychia, 81, 137 L Labile, 124, 137 Laminin, 120, 130, 137 Large Intestine, 127, 137, 148, 151 Leg Ulcer, 61, 137 Leprosy, 11, 137 Lesion, 132, 137, 138, 150, 155 Leukemia, 98, 137, 146 Leukocytes, 121, 123, 132, 135, 136, 137, 141, 155 Leukopenia, 132, 137 Library Services, 110, 137 Lichen Planus, 12, 47, 75, 76, 81, 137 Life cycle, 75, 138 Ligament, 138, 147 Linkage, 20, 138 Lipid, 135, 138 Liposome, 74, 138 Lithium, 52, 138 Liver, 120, 126, 127, 130, 133, 138, 145, 146, 155 Localization, 7, 134, 138

163

Localized, 4, 14, 130, 132, 135, 137, 138, 145, 155 Locomotion, 138, 145 Lupus, 26, 30, 124, 138 Lymph, 138, 139, 141 Lymph node, 138, 139, 141 Lymphatic, 135, 138, 151, 153 Lymphatic system, 138, 151, 153 Lymphocyte, 11, 14, 26, 36, 40, 52, 118, 138, 139 Lymphocytic, 37, 138 Lymphoid, 24, 118, 138, 153 Lymphoma, 43, 54, 60, 75, 76, 98, 138, 141, 144 Lymphopenia, 8, 138 M Macrophage, 26, 135, 139 Malabsorption, 98, 122, 139 Malignant, 98, 118, 139, 141, 142, 148 Malnutrition, 119, 139, 141 Manic, 138, 139 Manifest, 72, 139 Matrix metalloproteinase, 28, 139 Mediastinum, 139, 153 Mediator, 136, 139, 150 Medical Records, 139, 149 MEDLINE, 95, 97, 99, 139 Melanocytes, 33, 47, 139, 142 Melanoma, 15, 48, 71, 76, 98, 121, 139 Melanophores, 139 Melanosomes, 47, 139 Membrane, 7, 123, 124, 125, 137, 139, 141, 143, 149 Menopause, 81, 139 Menstrual Cycle, 139, 146 Menstruation, 139 Mental Disorders, 67, 140, 147 Mental Health, iv, 4, 67, 80, 94, 96, 103, 140 Metastasis, 139, 140 Methoxsalen, 90, 140, 144 MI, 75, 114, 140 Microbiology, 115, 119, 140 Microscopy, 31, 32, 41, 120, 140 Microsomal, 72, 140 Migration, 26, 140 Mineralocorticoids, 115, 126, 140 Mitochondrial Swelling, 140, 141 Mitosis, 118, 140 Mobilization, 80, 140 Modification, 7, 140, 148

164

Alopecia Areata

Molecular, 6, 8, 27, 95, 97, 120, 125, 140, 148, 152, 155 Molecule, 10, 118, 120, 124, 127, 128, 131, 140, 148 Monitor, 140, 142 Monoclonal, 136, 140, 148, 157 Monocytes, 135, 137, 141, 153 Mononuclear, 26, 132, 141, 155 Morphogenesis, 6, 141 Morphological, 31, 128, 130, 139, 141 Morphology, 75, 141 Motility, 141, 150 Mucocutaneous, 12, 141 Mucosa, 122, 138, 141 Muscle Fibers, 141 Muscular Atrophy, 98, 141 Muscular Dystrophies, 128, 141 Mustard Gas, 136, 141 Mutagenicity, 72, 141 Myasthenia, 31, 32, 47, 141 Mycosis, 75, 76, 141 Mycosis Fungoides, 75, 76, 141 Myocardium, 140, 141 Myotonic Dystrophy, 98, 141 N NCI, 1, 66, 93, 141 Necrosis, 17, 47, 118, 135, 140, 141 Need, 3, 79, 80, 83, 87, 103, 106, 123, 139, 141 Neoplasia, 98, 142 Neoplasm, 142, 155 Neoplastic, 138, 142 Nephropathy, 137, 142 Nerve, 115, 119, 139, 142, 143, 150 Nervous System, 98, 117, 123, 139, 142, 152 Neural, 6, 131, 142 Neurologic, 4, 142 Neuropeptide, 19, 142 Neuroretinitis, 142, 149 Neurotransmitters, 142 Neutrons, 116, 121, 136, 142, 148 Nevus, 34, 142 Night Blindness, 142, 149 Nitrogen, 17, 46, 117, 129, 130, 142, 155 Nuclear, 7, 119, 128, 141, 142 Nucleic acid, 142, 149 Nucleus, 118, 119, 123, 126, 141, 142, 147, 153 O Ocular, 35, 75, 76, 142 Ointments, 143, 157

Oncogene, 98, 143 Optic Nerve, 142, 143, 149 Organelles, 123, 126, 139, 141, 143 Ovary, 125, 129, 143 Ovum, 125, 138, 143, 146 P Palliative, 4, 143, 153 Pancreas, 120, 127, 135, 143 Pancreatic, 98, 143 Pancreatic cancer, 98, 143 Panniculitis, 30, 143 Papilla, 14, 25, 26, 27, 75, 143 Paroxysmal, 98, 143 Partial remission, 143, 149 Particle, 138, 143 Patch, 29, 143 Pathogenesis, 5, 6, 10, 14, 21, 41, 44, 143 Pathologic, 81, 118, 120, 122, 125, 133, 143, 147 Pathologic Processes, 118, 143 Pathophysiology, 4, 143 Patient Education, 102, 108, 110, 114, 143 Pelvic, 143, 146 Pemphigus, 32, 115, 144 Peptide, 137, 144, 145, 147, 154 Perception, 41, 125, 144 Perfusion, 134, 144 Peripheral blood, 26, 32, 36, 52, 71, 135, 144 Peripheral Nerves, 137, 144 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 81, 144 Pharmacist, 74, 144 Pharmacologic, 144, 154 Phenotype, 71, 76, 144 Photochemotherapy, 4, 31, 144 Photodynamic therapy, 77, 87, 144 Photopheresis, 48, 144 Photosensitivity, 144, 145 Photosensitizer, 87, 144 Photosensitizing Agents, 144 Physiologic, 139, 145, 148 Pigment, 40, 72, 126, 139, 145 Pituitary Gland, 126, 145 Placenta, 129, 145, 146 Plants, 72, 128, 131, 140, 141, 145, 150, 154 Plasma, 118, 131, 133, 140, 145, 150 Plasma cells, 118, 145 Pleated, 137, 145 Polycystic, 99, 145 Polymorphism, 16, 41, 43, 47, 145 Polymyalgia Rheumatica, 29, 145 Polypeptide, 116, 124, 145, 157

Index

Polysaccharide, 118, 122, 145, 147 Porphyria, 81, 145 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 81, 145, 146 Porphyria, Hepatic, 145 Porphyrins, 145, 146 Posterior, 119, 123, 143, 146 Postnatal, 6, 146, 152 Potentiate, 25, 146 Practice Guidelines, 96, 146 Precursor, 128, 129, 146, 155 Prednisolone, 146 Prednisone, 44, 146 Prevalence, 29, 33, 37, 146 Prickle, 115, 137, 146 Progesterone, 18, 146, 152 Progression, 5, 117, 146 Progressive, 30, 70, 123, 132, 141, 146, 149, 155 Progressive disease, 70, 146 Proline, 124, 133, 146 Promyelocytic leukemia, 146, 155 Prophylaxis, 71, 75, 146, 155 Prostate, 98, 146 Protein C, 7, 116, 137, 147, 155 Protein S, 99, 120, 147 Proteins, 6, 7, 27, 116, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124, 129, 135, 137, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 154 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 131, 147 Proteoglycans, 120, 130, 147 Proteolytic, 124, 147 Protons, 116, 133, 136, 147, 148 Protozoal, 126, 147 Proximal, 75, 127, 145, 147 Pruritic, 128, 137, 147 Psoralen, 3, 147 Psoriasis, 7, 15, 47, 71, 74, 75, 76, 81, 87, 117, 127, 141, 144, 147, 154 Psychiatric, 11, 29, 37, 140, 147 Psychiatry, 29, 37, 52, 58, 130, 147 Psychic, 58, 147, 150 Psychogenic, 59, 147 Psychosomatic, 38, 57, 147 Puberty, 147, 153 Public Policy, 95, 147 Pulse, 22, 23, 38, 53, 86, 140, 147 Purpura, 42, 148 Purulent, 148, 156 Pyoderma, 75, 76, 148 Pyoderma Gangrenosum, 75, 76, 148 Q Quality of Life, 72, 148

165

Quiescent, 148, 156 R Race, 140, 148 Radiation, 33, 129, 136, 144, 148, 156 Radiation therapy, 129, 136, 148, 157 Radioactive, 133, 134, 136, 142, 148, 157 Radiolabeled, 136, 148, 157 Radiotherapy, 121, 136, 148, 157 Randomized, 17, 39, 53, 60, 65, 128, 148 Reagent, 127, 148 Receptor, 21, 26, 115, 118, 125, 148, 150 Receptors, Serotonin, 148, 150 Rectum, 121, 127, 131, 137, 147, 148 Red blood cells, 129, 145, 148, 150 Red Nucleus, 119, 149 Refer, 1, 121, 124, 130, 138, 142, 149 Regimen, 128, 149 Remission, 72, 149 Retina, 40, 123, 142, 143, 149 Retinitis, 40, 149 Retinitis Pigmentosa, 40, 149 Retinoblastoma, 98, 149 Retroperitoneal, 115, 149 Retrospective, 28, 38, 149 Retrospective study, 38, 149 Rheumatism, 149 Rheumatoid, 81, 124, 149 Rheumatoid arthritis, 81, 124, 149 Ribavirin, 9, 149 Rigidity, 145, 149 Risk factor, 31, 149 S Salicylic, 74, 149 Salivary, 126, 127, 143, 149 Salivary glands, 126, 127, 149 Saponins, 150, 152 Scleroproteins, 137, 150 Sclerosis, 98, 124, 150 Screening, 123, 150 Sebaceous, 136, 150 Sebaceous gland, 136, 150 Sebum, 71, 115, 150 Secretion, 34, 71, 76, 115, 126, 135, 136, 140, 150 Seizures, 143, 150 Semen, 146, 150 Sensitization, 28, 40, 127, 150 Serotonin, 42, 148, 150, 155 Serum, 20, 48, 117, 124, 134, 140, 150, 155 Sex Determination, 99, 150 Shedding, 4, 71, 150 Side effect, 70, 89, 115, 120, 150, 154

166

Alopecia Areata

Signs and Symptoms, 149, 150 Skeletal, 117, 132, 141, 151 Skin graft, 19, 20, 151 Small intestine, 133, 151 Sneezing, 150, 151 Social Environment, 148, 151 Sodium, 128, 140, 151, 152 Soft tissue, 81, 121, 124, 151 Specialist, 105, 151 Species, 10, 116, 140, 141, 148, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156 Specificity, 116, 151 Sperm, 117, 123, 151 Spinous, 129, 137, 151 Spleen, 126, 138, 151 Sporadic, 145, 149, 151 Squamous, 8, 71, 76, 129, 151 Squamous cell carcinoma, 8, 71, 76, 129, 151 Squamous cells, 151 Standard therapy, 144, 151 Stem Cells, 116, 132, 151 Sterilization, 71, 152 Steroid, 23, 38, 53, 103, 126, 150, 152 Steroid therapy, 38, 152 Stimulants, 26, 152 Stomach, 127, 129, 131, 133, 151, 152 Stress, 41, 60, 80, 149, 152, 155 Stroke, 67, 94, 152 Subacute, 135, 152 Subclinical, 19, 135, 150, 152 Subcutaneous, 6, 114, 128, 143, 152 Subspecies, 151, 152 Substance P, 150, 152 Superoxide, 25, 152 Superoxide Dismutase, 25, 152 Support group, 80, 103, 152 Suppression, 126, 152 Sweat, 14, 34, 152 Sweat Glands, 152 Symphysis, 147, 152 Synergistic, 4, 152 Systemic, 31, 34, 44, 70, 81, 87, 90, 121, 122, 124, 135, 136, 146, 148, 153, 154, 157 T Tacrolimus, 27, 153 Tear Gases, 136, 153 Telangiectasia, 99, 153 Temporal, 145, 153 Teratogenic, 153, 154 Testicular, 35, 153 Testis, 129, 153

Testosterone, 117, 153 Thalamic, 119, 153 Thalamic Diseases, 119, 153 Thalidomide, 45, 153 Therapeutics, 90, 153 Thrombin, 147, 153 Thrombocytopenia, 132, 153 Thrombomodulin, 147, 153 Thrombosis, 147, 152, 153 Thymus, 41, 71, 76, 134, 138, 153 Thymus Gland, 41, 153 Thyroid, 18, 40, 45, 53, 153, 154 Thyroid Gland, 153, 154 Thyroid Hormones, 154 Thyrotropin, 18, 53, 154 Thyroxine, 154 Tooth Preparation, 115, 154 Toxic, iv, 82, 120, 126, 129, 134, 154 Toxicity, 128, 154 Toxicology, 96, 154 Toxins, 118, 128, 135, 154 Trace element, 121, 154 Trachea, 139, 153, 154 Traction, 41, 154 Transfection, 120, 154 Transfer Factor, 134, 154 Translocating, 7, 154 Translocation, 7, 154 Transplantation, 82, 123, 134, 154 Trauma, 120, 141, 153, 154 Tretinoin, 82, 154 Triamcinolone Acetonide, 26, 70, 155 Tryptophan, 124, 150, 155 Tuberculosis, 138, 149, 155 Tuberous Sclerosis, 99, 155 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 153, 155 Tumour, 17, 118, 155 U Ulcer, 137, 155, 156 Ulcerative colitis, 47, 148, 155 Unconscious, 134, 155 Urea, 152, 155 Urethra, 146, 155 Urine, 120, 133, 155 Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase, 145, 155 Urticaria, 75, 76, 155 Uterus, 125, 139, 146, 155 V Vaccination, 71, 76, 155 Vaccine, 115, 155 Vagina, 122, 139, 155, 156

Index

Vaginitis, 122, 156 Varicose, 137, 156 Vascular, 81, 121, 123, 135, 145, 154, 155, 156 Vasodilator, 118, 156 Vein, 136, 142, 156 Venous, 137, 147, 156 Ventricle, 148, 156 Vesicular, 74, 140, 156 Veterinary Medicine, 95, 156 Villous, 122, 156 Viral, 70, 156 Virus, 8, 48, 135, 156 Viscera, 141, 156 Visual field, 149, 156 Vitiligo, 8, 13, 15, 40, 47, 48, 75, 76, 147, 156

167

Vitro, 156 Vivo, 6, 156 W Warts, 25, 70, 87, 156 White blood cell, 103, 118, 137, 138, 139, 145, 156 Windpipe, 153, 156 Wound Healing, 139, 156 X Xenograft, 117, 156 X-ray, 136, 142, 148, 156 X-ray therapy, 136, 156 Y Yeasts, 122, 130, 144, 157 Z Zinc Oxide, 73, 157 Zymogen, 147, 157

168

Alopecia Areata