Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Erythema Multiforme: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00416-X 1. Erythema Multiforme-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on erythema multiforme. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME......................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Erythema Multiforme ................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME ........................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 51 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 General References ....................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME ......................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 59 Chapters on Erythema Multiforme .............................................................................................. 60 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 65 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 67 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 71 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 74 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 77 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 77 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 83 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 86 ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME DICTIONARY............................................................................. 87 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 125

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with erythema multiforme is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about erythema multiforme, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to erythema multiforme, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on erythema multiforme. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to erythema multiforme, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on erythema multiforme. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on erythema multiforme.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and erythema multiforme, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “erythema multiforme” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Metastatic Crohn's Disease Source: Southern Medical Journal. 90(9): 897-900. September 1997. Contact: Available from Southern Medical Association. 35 Lakeshore Drive, Birmingham, AL 35209. (205) 945-1840. Summary: Metastatic Crohn's Diseases (CD) is the term used for granulomatous lesions of CD involving sites other than the gastrointestinal tract. Metastatic CD has been considered uncommon, but it may simply be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed since the clinical findings can be different. This article describes three patients with metastatic Crohn's disease (CD). The patients have lesions that are similar microscopically but different clinically: one has generalized plaques, another has perineal and perianal

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ulcerations, and a third has a painless forearm nodule. The authors note that skin involvement occurs in up to 44 percent of patients with CD. The incidence of cutaneous lesions is much higher in patients who have colon disease as compared with those having only ileal involvement. Other cutaneous disorders that can affect patients with CD include pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema multiforme, aphthous ulcers, erythema nodosum, and necrotizing vasculitis. The authors stress that in patients without documented gastrointestinal (GI) disease, non-caseating granulomas on skin biopsy should prompt a detailed GI history and workup (in 2 of the 3 patients reported on in this article, the GI and skin diagnoses were made concurrently). 3 figures. 25 references. (AA-M). •

Herpesvirus-Induced Diseases: Oral Manifestations and Current Treatment Options Source: CDA Journal. Journal of the California Dental Association. 28(12): 911-921. December 2000. Contact: Available from California Dental Association (CDA). 1201 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. (916) 443-0505. Summary: The dentist is often the first health professional to be contacted by patients who develop acute orofacial symptoms of viral conditions such as shingles (varicella zoster) or herpetic gingivostomatitis. This article reviews the natural history, typical and atypical oral manifestations, diagnosis, current treatment options, and advances in the prevention of common herpesvirus induced diseases, with particular attention to primary and recurrent varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex type 1 infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections tend to be chronic and recurring, with the list of known triggers of HSV reactivation including stress, surgical trauma, dental extraction, menses and other hormonal changes, infectious febrile (with fever) conditions and hyperthermia, ultraviolent radiation, and drugs such as corticosteroids and prostaglandin E2. Primary and recurrent oral HSV infections in patients with competent immune systems are self limited, generally requiring only symptomatic treatment. The author also discusses erythema multiforme, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein Barr virus. The author notes that the diagnosis, treatment, and management of virally induced oral diseases is a challenge because their presentation is atypical and may be complicated by immunosuppression. However, an increasing body of knowledge regarding the manifestations of viral infections in immunocompromised patients and the advances achieved in antiviral drug therapy during the past several years make the task less daunting for the dentist. 10 figures. 1 table. 64 references.

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Bullous Desquamative Lesions of Oral Mucosa Source: CDA Journal. Journal of the California Dental Association. 28(12): 928-932. December 2000. Contact: Available from California Dental Association (CDA). 1201 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. (916) 443-0505. Summary: The most common of the bullous or desquamative diseases that affect the mouth include the erosive form of lichen planus, erythema multiforme, pemphigoid, and pemphigus. This article provides an overview of the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases. Adequate population studies have not been done to establish incidence rates or occurrence, but lichen planus is the most common of these diseases. The blistering diseases occur in all ethnic groups, and the initial onset is most often beyond the third and fourth decades of life, with an increasing incidence beyond the age of 50. These diseases are almost always chronic and are often characterized by

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flares and mild remissions. The lesions can occur on any mucosal surface, but lichen planus most frequently presents on the buccal (cheek) mucosa and mucous membrane pemphigoid presents on the gingiva (gums). Treatment strategies are based upon modifying patient discomfort and pain by addressing the immunopathologic processes that are reacting with the epithelium (mucosa layers or lining of the mouth) and causing the symptoms. Corticosteroids are usually the agents of choice, administered topically or systemically. 11 figures. 2 tables. 8 references. •

Erythematous Oral Lesions: Which are Benign, Which are More Worrisome? Source: Consultant. 34(10): 1446-1451. October 1994. Summary: This article discusses erythematous oral lesions, with a goal of providing guidelines for determining which of these lesions are benign and which may be more serious. The author's discussion deals with true mucosal lesions, rather than focal areas of hemorrhage from trauma, hematologic disorders, or vascular abnormalities. Lesions discussed include erythroplasia and erythroplakia, stomatitis migrans, candidiasis, allergy, denuded bullous lesions, and psoriasis. Allergic reactions to several types of drugs (e.g., methyldopa, antibiotics, NSAIDs, and beta-blockers) and various dental products can induce a mucosal reaction resembling erythema multiforme or lichen planus. 4 figures. 1 table. 9 references. (AA-M).

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Bullous Oral Erosions: Clues to Identifying and Managing the Cause Source: Consultant. 38(11): 2657-2660, 2663-2668. November 1998. Contact: Available from Cliggott Publishing Company. 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. (203) 661-0600. Summary: This article on identifying and managing the cause of bullous oral lesions is the fifth in a series on oral lesions (previous articles covered white, pigmented, erythematous, and punctate lesions). The author notes that bullous lesions tend to be multiple and may involve the lips. They are essentially oral manifestations of dermatologic disorders, some of which may be life threatening. Certain clues can help the physician identify the cause of bullous oral lesions. Diffuse oral and labial bullous erosions, sometimes accompanied by target skin lesions, are indicative of erythema multiforme. In many conditions, however, the oral lesions themselves are nonspecific, and biopsy (which should be perilesional to include intact epidermis) is required. On light microscopy, the level of epithelial cleavage often suggests the diagnosis, especially for pemphigus vulgaris, a potentially fatal condition. Perhaps more importantly, a portion of the biopsy specimen should be sent for direct immunofluorescence, since many of these conditions are autoimmune and the type and location of the immune complexes present are diagnostic. For example, demonstration of IgG, IgA, and IgM in the intraepithelial layer confirms the diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris. 9 figures. 2 tables. 21 references. (AA-M).

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Drugs and Oral Disorders Source: Periodontology 2000. Volume 18: 21-36. October 1998. Contact: Available from Munksgaard International Publishers Ltd. Commerce Place, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018. (781) 388-8273. Fax (781) 388-8274. Summary: This article reviews the role of drugs as causal factors in oral diseases and disorders. The author stresses that the dental practitioner should maintain a high level of suspicion concerning the possibility that medications play a role when patients

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present with unexplained oral mucositis or other oral lesions. Topics include drug induced xerostomia (dry mouth), drugs that alter host resistance, the effects of tobacco products, drug induced gingival (gum tissues) overgrowth (anticonvulsive agents, cyclosporine, calcium channel blockers, sex hormones, cannibis, erythromycin), myelosuppression and agranulocytosis, drugs with direct effects on oral tissues (toxic irritants, drug allergies, erythema multiforme, fixed drug eruptions, oral contact allergy, lichenoid drug reactions, orofacial granulomatosis), and oral hyperpigmentation. The author concludes that drugs and medicaments may have a profound effect on the periodontal structures. In some instances, such as drug induced melanosis, the effect may be insignificant to the health of the patient. In other circumstances, drug induced disorders may initiate painful, destructive disease processes that will not be successfully managed unless the causal role of drugs is recognized and altered. Finally, the clinician must remain aware of the contribution of drug induced xerostomia and smoking to increased susceptibility to dental and periodontal diseases. 17 figures. 171 references. (AA-M). •

Viral Infections in the Immunocompetent Patient Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 14(2): 225-241. April 1996. Summary: This article, from a series on disorders affecting the oral cavity, provides an update of viral infections that affect children and adults who have normal immunosurveillance. The author focuses on new advances and knowledge regarding the herpes viruses and the human papillomaviruses. Topics include the shedding of herpes simplex virus, recurrent herpes simplex virus Type 1 infections (herpes labialis and recurrent oral herpes), treatment of primary infection, treatment of recurrent infection, erythema multiforme, oral cancer, varicella zoster virus (chickenpox), herpes zoster (shingles), cytomegalovirus (CMV), intrauterine infection with CMV, EpsteinBarr virus (EBV), infectious mononucleosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, lymphoproliferative diseases, Sjogren's syndrome, human herpesvirus 6, human herpesvirus 7, herpes B virus infection, human papillomaviruses, squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, and other human papillomavirus-induced lesions. For each condition, the author describes the clinical presentation, risk factors, and recommended treatment options. The author concludes that, although much is known about human herpes viruses and HPVs, disease eradication will remain challenging for years to come, because latent virus serves as a continual source of reactivated virus that is involved in the development of many oral lesions. 10 figures. 206 references. (AA-M).

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Orofacial Disease: Update for the Dental Clinical Team: 2. Ulcers, Erosions and Other Causes of Sore Mouth Part II Source: Dental Update. 26(1): 31-39. January-February 1999. Summary: This article, the third in a series on orofacial disease, discusses mouth ulceration in relation to blood dyscrasias, gastrointestinal disorders, skin and connective tissue disease. The authors note that oral lesions may be the first or only sign of systemic disease. Diseases discussed include leukopenia, leukemia, lymphomas, celiac disease (gluten sensitive enteropathy), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, epidermolysis bullosa, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, pemphigoid, pemphigus, and erythema multiforme. For most of the conditions, the authors discuss etiology, clinical features, and management strategies. Mouth ulcers may be seen in leukopenia and leukemias, associated with cytotoxic therapy, viral, bacterial or fungal infection. Ulcers may also be nonspecific. Other oral features of leukemia may include purpura, gingival bleeding,

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recurrent herpes labialis, and candidosis. A small percentage of patients with aphthae have gastrointestinal disease, such as celiac disease, causing malabsorption and deficiencies. Orofacial features of Crohn's disease include ulcers, facial or labial swelling, angular stomatitis (cheilitis) or cracked lips, mucosal tags or cobblestoning, and gingival hyperplasia. The term orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) has been introduced for oral granulomatous reactions that are unassociated with any detectable systemic disease or foreign bodies. 26 figures. 43 references. •

Orofacial Disease: Update for the Dental Clinical Team 2. Ulcers, Erosions and Other Causes of Sore Mouth Part II Source: Dental Update. 26(1): 31-39. January-February 1999. Contact: Available from Proact Marketing. Dental Update Subscriptions, The Foot and Bowden Building, 19 The Crescent, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3AD. 01752 675175. Fax 01752675176. Summary: This third article in a series about orofacial disease discusses mouth ulceration in relation to blood dyscrasias, gastrointestinal disorders, and skin and connective tissue disease. Mouth ulcers may be seen in leukopenia and leukemias, may be associated with cytotoxic therapy, viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, or may be nonspecific. Other oral features of leukemia may include purpura, gingival bleeding, recurrent herpes labialis, and candidosis. A small percentage of patients with aphthae (shallow, painful ulceration) have gastrointestinal disease, such as celiac disease, causing malabsorption and blood deficiencies. Orofacial features of Crohn's disease (one of the inflammatory bowel diseases) include ulcers, facial or lip swelling, angular stomatitis or cracked lips, mucosal tags or cobblestoning, and gingival hyperplasia (gum overgrowth). The term 'orofacial granulomatosis' (OFG) has been introduced for oral granulomatous reactions that are unassociated with any detectable systemic disease or foreign bodies. In some patients, OFG appears in reaction to common additives to food and drink. Skin disorders that may cause oral ulceration include lichen planus, pemphigoid, pemphigus, and erythema multiforme. Lesions resembling pemphigoid, however, may be caused by any of a heterogeneous group of autoimmune mucocutaneous disorders. The authors of this article review the symptoms, etiology, and recommended patient care management strategies for each of these conditions. 26 references. 6 tables. 43 references.

Federally Funded Research on Erythema Multiforme The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to erythema multiforme. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to erythema multiforme. 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore erythema multiforme. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for erythema multiforme: •

Project Title: MOLECULAR STUDIES OF ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME Principal Investigator & Institution: Aurelian, Laure; Professor; Pharmacol & Exper Therapeutics; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-MAR-1994; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) - Erythema multiforme (EM) is a hypersensitivity reaction caused by many provoking agents including herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection (HAEM). HSV DNA sequences were identified in HAEM lesions, but infectious virus was not isolated. T cell responses were also implicated in HAEM pathogenesis, but their HSV specificity and function are still unclear. The applicants showed that viral DNA clearance is impaired in HAEM relative to HSV lesions, but clinical HAEM symptoms correlate with HSV gene expression. The HSV DNA polymerase gene (Pol) is expressed in HAEM lesions, and they are positive for CD4+ Vbeta-2 T cells and IFN-gamma. Healed lesional skin were all negative. The investigator hypothesizes that HAEM is an immunopathological disease resulting from the combination of T cell responses to HSV antigens (likely Pol) and virus-mediated pathological effects. The specific aims are: (I) To examine the role of virus (Pol)-specific T cell responses in HAEM pathogenesis by establishing T cell lines/clones from HAEM lesional and healed skin and determining their HSV protein specificity and properties (viz. IFN-gamma production). ELISA spot assay will be used to estimate the clonal size of responding T cells in the skin. Both T cell clones and PBMC from HAEM and HSV patients will be examined for the presence of the skin homing receptor CLA. The second aim (II) is to examine the role of Pol in epidermal damage by determining(a) expression of the Pol accessory protein UL42 and Pol catalytic activity in HAEM lesions, and (b) the induction/activation of TGF-beta and p21waf in keratinocytes transfected with Pol or Pol/UL42 as it relates to growth arrest/apoptosis. Aim (III) is to define the route of HSV DNA transport to the skin. This will be done by determining the presence of HSV DNA fragments in CLA+ (and CD34+/CLA+) Langerhans cells (LC) precursors from HAEM and HSV patients and examining the ability of these cells to fragment HSV DNA/retain Pol DNA as they mature into LC in vitro. These studies will provide a better understanding of HAEM pathogenesis and its relationship to HSV, thereby allowing the development of novel therapies based on the targeting of disease-related HSV gene(s). They will also generate clinically relevant information for the diagnosis and management of HAEM patients as differentiated from those with EM caused by other pathogens or by drug sensitivity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with erythema multiforme, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “erythema multiforme” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for erythema multiforme (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of dermatomyositis presenting with erythema multiforme. Author(s): Suresh K, Radha R, Ananthasubramaniam G. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 July; 42(7): 567-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7868529

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A case of erythema multiforme with allergy to isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine of rubber. Author(s): Foussereau J, Cavelier C, Protois JC, Sanchez M, Heid E. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1988 March; 18(3): 183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3365977

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A case of herpes-associated erythema multiforme in a Japanese child. Author(s): Uemura T, Nagayama M, Kawashima M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1993 August; 20(8): 478-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8245308

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A case of herpetic whitlow associated with erythema multiforme. Author(s): de Ocariz MM, Vega-Memije ME, Munoz-Hink H. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 September-October; 15(5): 384-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9796591

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A clinico-pathologic correlation. Erythema multiforme. Author(s): Eng R, Gagari E, Papageorge MB. Source: J Mass Dent Soc. 2001 Spring; 50(1): 55-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11326711

with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of continuous acyclovir therapy in recurrent erythema multiforme. Author(s): Tatnall FM, Schofield JK, Leigh IM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 February; 132(2): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7888365

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A patient with an unusual localization of recurrent erythema multiforme. Author(s): de Jong EM, Koopman RJ, van de Kerkhof PC. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 March; 75(2): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7604649

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A prediction model to identify risk of developing Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients with erythema multiforme. Author(s): Tham LS, Tambyah PA. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2003 September; 32(5 Suppl): S46-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14968733

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A study on Epstein-Barr virus in erythema multiforme. Author(s): Chen CL, Chow KC, Wong CK, Liu HN, Chang YT. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1998 August; 290(8): 446-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9763308

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Acamprosate as cause of erythema multiforme contested. Author(s): Potgieter AS, Opsomer L. Source: Lancet. 1992 October 3; 340(8823): 856-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1357282

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Acarbose-induced generalised erythema multiforme. Author(s): Kono T, Hayami M, Kobayashi H, Ishii M, Taniguchi S. Source: Lancet. 1999 July 31; 354(9176): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437876

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Acrosyringeal concentration of necrotic keratinocytes in erythema multiforme: a clue to drug etiology. Clinicopathologic review of 29 cases. Author(s): Zohdi-Mofid M, Horn TD. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1997 April; 24(4): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9138115

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Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis with erythema multiforme-like lesions. Author(s): Lin JH, Sheu HM, Lee JY. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 September-October; 12(5): 475-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12370139

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Acyclovir for recurrent erythema multiforme caused by herpes simplex. Author(s): Huff JC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 January; 18(1 Pt 2): 1979. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3339142

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Allopurinol, erythema multiforme, and renal insufficiency. Author(s): Kumar A, Edward N, White MI, Johnston PW, Catto GR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 January 20; 312(7024): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8563541

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Altered expression of epithelial integrins and extracellular matrix receptors in oral erythema multiforme. Author(s): Mirowsk GW, Lozada-Nur F, Dekker NP, MacPhail LA, Regezi JA. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1996 October; 23(5): 473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8915856

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An association of acute herpes simplex hepatitis and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Isobe H, Nagase S, Satoh N, Sakai H, Nawata H. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994 October; 89(10): 1905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7942698

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An electron microscopic study of oral lesions in erythema multiforme. Author(s): Ruokonen H, Hietanen J, Malmstrom M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1990; 70(3): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1972830

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An erythema multiforme-like eruption caused by exposure to 1chloromethylnaphthalene. Author(s): Urano S, Tokura Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 January; 25(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9519603

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Analysis of the acute ophthalmic manifestations of the erythema multiforme/StevensJohnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis disease spectrum. Author(s): Power WJ, Ghoraishi M, Merayo-Lloves J, Neves RA, Foster CS. Source: Ophthalmology. 1995 November; 102(11): 1669-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9098260

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Antipyretics induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Dubey NK, Jajoo D, Gupta A, Sharma D. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1995 October; 32(10): 1117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8984054

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Apoptosis in oral erythema multiforme. Author(s): Chrysomali E, Lozada-Nur F, Dekker NP, Papanicolaou SI, Regezi JA. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1997 February; 83(2): 272-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9117761

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Arthritis associated with recurrent erythema multiforme responding to oral acyclovir. Author(s): Molnar I, Matulis M. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2002 September; 21(5): 415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12223995

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Association of herpes simplex virus-induced erythema multiforme with the human leukocyte antigen DQw3. Author(s): Kampgen E, Burg G, Wank R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1988 September; 124(9): 1372-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3415279

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Atypical bullous disease showing features of both erythema multiforme and bullous pemhigoid. Author(s): Hayakawa K, Shiohara T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(3): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12353711

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Atypical erythema multiforme occurring at the early phase of Lyme disease? Author(s): Lesire V, Machet L, Toledano C, de Muret A, Maillard H, Lorette G, Vaillant L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 May; 80(3): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10954224

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Atypical forms of herpes simplex-associated erythema multiforme. Author(s): Weston WL, Brice SL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 July; 39(1): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9674410

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Autoantibodies against desmoplakin I and II define a subset of patients with erythema multiforme major. Author(s): Foedinger D, Sterniczky B, Elbe A, Anhalt G, Wolff K, Rappersberger K. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 May; 106(5): 1012-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8618031

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Autoantibodies to desmoplakin I and II in patients with erythema multiforme. Author(s): Foedinger D, Anhalt GJ, Boecskoer B, Elbe A, Wolff K, Rappersberger K. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1995 January 1; 181(1): 169-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7807001

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Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) as a cause of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Shelley WB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 January 4; 243(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6985676

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Bandage lenses in atypical erythema multiforme. Author(s): Levy B. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1984 August; 61(8): 552-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6496653

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Benign mucosal pemphigoid and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Baum JL. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1973 Winter; 13(4): 211-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4784001

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Bulla formation in erythema multiforme. A preliminary report. Author(s): Orfanos CE, Schaumburg-Lever G, Lever WF. Source: Dermatologica. 1973; 147(3): 198-205. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4780209

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Bullous erythema multiforme associated with Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia. Author(s): Schwartz BK, Clendenning WE. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1985 September; 36(3): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3876911

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Bullous erythema multiforme concomitant with lupus erythematosus in the light of immunofluorescent studies. Author(s): Jablonska S, Blaszczyk M, Jarzabek M. Source: Pol Med J. 1971; 10(3): 773-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4941887

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Bullous erythema multiforme following herpes zoster and varicella-zoster virus infection. Author(s): Weisman K, Petersen CS, Blichmann CW, Nielsen NH, Hultberg BM. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1998 September; 11(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9784041

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Bullous erythema multiforme following topical diphenylcyclopropenone application. Author(s): Oh CW, Han KD, Kim TH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 April; 38(4): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9565301

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Bullous erythema multiforme with benign neoplasm. Author(s): Basler RS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 August 20; 225(8): 995. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4740575

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Bullous erythema multiforme. Author(s): Yaffee HS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 November; 113(11): 1613-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=931414

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Bullous mastocytosis: diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis with extensive blisters mimicking scalded skin syndrome or erythema multiforme. Author(s): Golitz LE, Weston WL, Lane AT. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1984 April; 1(4): 288-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6387670

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Bullous pemphigoid mimicking bullous erythema multiforme: an untoward side effect of penicillins. Author(s): Alcalay J, David M, Ingber A, Hazaz B, Sandbank M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 February; 18(2 Pt 1): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2964460

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Bupropion-induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Lineberry TW, Peters GE Jr, Bostwick JM. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2001 June; 76(6): 664-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11393509

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Carbamazepine and erythema multiforme major. Author(s): McDanal CE Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1988 September; 49(9): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2971035

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Carbamazepine-associated erythema multiforme with extreme eosinophilia. Author(s): Meisel S, North CQ. Source: Clin Pharm. 1984 January-February; 3(1): 15, 18-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6697672

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Case #8. Erythema multiforme. Author(s): Haring JI. Source: Rdh. 1989 August; 9(8): 9, 35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2637457

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Case 2. Diagnosis: erythema multiforme as a presentation of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis. Author(s): Warin AP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 January; 26(1): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11260195

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Castlemans disease: retroperitoneal tumor, lichen planus and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Waghela J, Murlidhar V, Nandgaonkar S, Kumar M, Iyer L, Jerajani H, Dhurat RS, Randive NU. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1998 July-September; 17(3): 107. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9695394

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CC and CXC chemokines are differentially expressed in erythema multiforme in vivo. Author(s): Spandau U, Brocker EB, Kampgen E, Gillitzer R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 August; 138(8): 1027-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12164740

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Celecoxib-induced erythema multiforme with glyburide cross-reactivity. Author(s): Ernst EJ, Egge JA. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2002 May; 22(5): 637-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12013363

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Characteristics of the oral lesions in patients with cutaneous recurrent erythema multiforme. Author(s): Farthing PM, Maragou P, Coates M, Tatnall F, Leigh IM, Williams DM. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1995 January; 24(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7722922

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Cicatricial pemphigoid and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Mondino BJ. Source: Ophthalmology. 1990 July; 97(7): 939-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2199891

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Cimetidine prevents erythema multiforme. Author(s): Kurkcuoglu N, Tuglular T, Oz G. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 February; 70(2): 180. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8430927

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Cimetidine prevents recurrent erythema multiforme major resulting from herpes simplex virus infection. Author(s): Kurkcuoglu N, Alli N. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 October; 21(4 Pt 1): 8145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2808810

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Ciprofloxacin-induced neutropenia and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Imrie K, Gold W, Salit I, Keating A. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1993 June; 43(2): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8342553

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Clinical and virological comparison of 3 patients with erythema multiforme. Author(s): Kokuba H, Kauffman CL, Burnett JW, Aurelian L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 May; 79(3): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10384939

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Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Bastuji-Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, Shear NH, Naldi L, Roujeau JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 January; 129(1): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8420497

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Clinical observations of erythema multiforme in children. Author(s): Yang YH, Tsai MJ, Tsau YK, Wang LH, Lin YT, Liu JC, Lo JT, Chiang BL. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 1999 March-April; 40(2): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10910597

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Clinical response to levamisole in thirty-nine patients with erythema multiforme. An open prospective study. Author(s): Lozada-Nur F, Cram D, Gorsky M. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992 September; 74(3): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1407989

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Clinicopathologic correlation in erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Cote B, Wechsler J, Bastuji-Garin S, Assier H, Revuz J, Roujeau JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 November; 131(11): 1268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7503570

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Complement activation and spleen function in erythema multiforme associated with herpes simplex virus reactivation. Author(s): Wansbrough-Jones MH, Collas DM, Bishop S. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1986 October; 21(2): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3029376

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Complement deposition in the skin of patients with herpes-associated erythema multiforme. Author(s): Grimwood R, Huff JC, Weston WL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 August; 9(2): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6350382

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Concurrence of erythema multiforme and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Moreno AJ, Weisman I, Kenney RL, Fort SL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1983 March; 31(3): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6839804

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Continuous erythema multiforme clearing on dapsone. Author(s): Duhra P, Paul CJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 May; 118(5): 731. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3395569

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Controversy: are systemic steroids indicated in the treatment of erythema multiforme? Author(s): Renfro L, Grant-Kels JM, Feder HM Jr, Daman LA. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1989 March; 6(1): 43-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2649872

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Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Author(s): Auquier-Dunant A, Mockenhaupt M, Naldi L, Correia O, Schroder W, Roujeau JC; SCAR Study Group. Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 August; 138(8): 1019-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12164739

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Corticosteroid treatment of erythema multiforme major (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) in children. Author(s): Kakourou T, Klontza D, Soteropoulou F, Kattamis C. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 February; 156(2): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9039508

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Cutaneous immunofluorescence study of erythema multiforme: correlation with light microscopic patterns and etiologic agents. Author(s): Finan MC, Schroeter AL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1984 March; 10(3): 497-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6373850

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Cutaneous larva migrans complicated by erythema multiforme. Author(s): Burkhart CG, Burkhart CN. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 October; 62(4): 170. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798103

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Cutaneous larva migrans complicated by erythema multiforme. Author(s): Vaughan TK, English JC 3rd. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 July; 62(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9675530

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Cutaneous relapse of nasal T-cell lymphoma clinically mimicking erythema multiforme. Author(s): Chan JK, Sin VC, Ng CS, Lau WH. Source: Pathology. 1989 July; 21(3): 164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2626270

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Cyclosporine therapy for bullous erythema multiforme. Author(s): Wilkel CS, McDonald CJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 March; 126(3): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2310215

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Danazol and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Gately LE 3rd, Andes WA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988 July 1; 109(1): 85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2967661

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Dapsone-responsive persistent erythema multiforme. Author(s): Mahendran R, Grant JW, Norris PG. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 200(3): 281-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10828645

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Delayed-type allergy to phenazone in a patient with erythema multiforme. Author(s): Landwehr AJ, van Ketel WG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1982 July; 8(4): 283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7105700

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Depot sulfonamid associated linear IgA bullous dermatosis with erythema multiforme-like clinical features. Author(s): Tonev S, Vasileva S, Kadurina M. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1998 September; 11(2): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9784046

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Dermal and epidermal types of erythema multiforme. A histopathologic study of 24 cases. Author(s): Orfanos CE, Schaumburg-Lever G, Lever WF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 May; 109(5): 682-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4828536

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Dermatology quiz #4. Erythema multiforme. Author(s): Dotson RL, Zurowski S, Walker KD. Source: Mo Med. 1993 May; 90(5): 221-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8336684

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Detection and genotyping of human herpes simplex viruses in cutaneous lesions of erythema multiforme by nested PCR. Author(s): Sun Y, Chan RK, Tan SH, Ng PP. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2003 November; 71(3): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966549

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Detection of a herpes simplex viral antigen in skin lesions of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Orton PW, Huff JC, Tonnesen MG, Weston WL. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1984 July; 101(1): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6329053

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Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in cutaneous lesions of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Brice SL, Krzemien D, Weston WL, Huff JC. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1989 July; 93(1): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2545789

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Detection of herpes simplex virus genomic DNA in various subsets of Erythema multiforme by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Ng PP, Sun YJ, Tan HH, Tan SH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 207(4): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657624

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Detection of HSV-specific DNA in biopsy tissue of patients with erythema multiforme by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Aslanzadeh J, Helm KF, Espy MJ, Muller SA, Smith TF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 January; 126(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1311188

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Detection of viral DNA within skin of healed recurrent herpes simplex infection and erythema multiforme lesions. Author(s): Miura S, Smith CC, Burnett JW, Aurelian L. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1992 January; 98(1): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1309462

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Development of oral lesions in erythema multiforme exudativum. Author(s): Wooten JW, Katz HI, Hoffman S, Link JF. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1967 December; 24(6): 808-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5234868

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Diagnosis, classification, and management of erythema multiforme and StevensJohnson syndrome. Author(s): Leaute-Labreze C, Lamireau T, Chawki D, Maleville J, Taieb A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2000 October; 83(4): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10999875

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Diffuse erythema multiforme-like contact dermatitis caused by disperse blue 124 in a 2 year old child. Author(s): Baldari U, Alessandrini F, Raccagni AA. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 March; 12(2): 180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10343954

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Diffuse esophageal stricture caused by erythema multiforme major. Author(s): Carucci LR, Levine MS, Rubesin SE. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 March; 180(3): 749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12591689

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Dilantin-induced erythema multiforme major: report of a case with liver and kidney involvement. Author(s): Tucker MS, Fitzharris JW. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1985 August; 85(8): 511-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4044332

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Diltiazem associated erythema multiforme. Author(s): Berbis P, Alfonso MJ, Levy JL, Privat Y. Source: Dermatologica. 1989; 179(2): 90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2529152

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Dimorphic exanthema manifested as reticular maculopapular exanthema and erythema multiforme major associated with pyrazolon derivatives. Author(s): Chen W, Hsieh FS. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 September-October; 12(5): 488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12370143

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Disseminated granuloma annulare following erythema multiforme minor. Author(s): Abraham Z, Feuerman EJ, Schafer I, Feinmesser M. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 41(4): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11105369

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Drug eruption (erythema multiforme type) due to a digestive enzyme drug. Author(s): Miyoshi H, Kanzaki T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 January; 25(1): 28-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9519606

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Drug-induced erythema multiforme with photodistribution and genital lesions. Author(s): Leroy D, De Raucourt S, Deschamps P. Source: Photodermatol. 1987 February; 4(1): 52-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2956580

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Drug-induced erythema multiforme: a possible immunologic pathogenesis. Author(s): Delafuente JC. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985 February; 19(2): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3971857

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Drug-induced erythema multiforme-like bullous pemphigoid. Author(s): Mehravaran M, Gyulai R, Husz S, Dobozy A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 May; 79(3): 233. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10384926

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Drug-induced oral erythema multiforme. Results of a long-term retrospective study. Author(s): Gebel K, Hornstein OP. Source: Dermatologica. 1984; 168(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6698263

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Drug-induced, photosensitive, erythema multiforme-like eruption: possible role for cell adhesion molecules in a flare induced by Rhus dermatitis. Author(s): Shiohara T, Chiba M, Tanaka Y, Nagashima M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 April; 22(4): 647-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1969427

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Epidermal autoantibodies in erythema multiforme. Author(s): Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Stanley JR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 October; 21(4 Pt 1): 67780. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2808784

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Erythema multiforme and herpes simplex virus. Author(s): Malnick SD, Green L. Source: Lancet. 1990 February 3; 335(8684): 302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1967765

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Erythema multiforme associated with autoreactivity to 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Author(s): Pinto JS, Sobrinho L, da Silva MB, Porto MT, Santos MA, Balo-Banga M, Arala-Chaves M. Source: Dermatologica. 1990; 180(3): 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2340924

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Erythema multiforme associated with inflammatory ringworm on the hand. Author(s): Gilaberte Y, Coscojuela C, Garcia-Prats MD, Mairal MP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 149(5): 1078-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14632823

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Erythema multiforme associated with phenytoin and cranial radiation therapy: a report of three patients and review of the literature. Author(s): Ahmed I, Reichenberg J, Lucas A, Shehan JM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2004 January; 43(1): 67-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693027

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Erythema multiforme due to DNCB. Author(s): Viraben R, Labrousse JL, Bazex J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1990 March; 22(3): 179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2335091

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Erythema multiforme due to griseofulvin. Author(s): Rustin MH, Bunker CB, Dowd PM, Robinson TW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1989 March; 120(3): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2713262

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Erythema multiforme during cytomegalovirus infection and oral therapy with terbinafine: a virus-drug interaction. Author(s): Carducci M, Latini A, Acierno F, Amantea A, Capitanio B, Santucci B. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2004 March; 18(2): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009306

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Erythema multiforme ID reaction in atypical dermatophytosis: a case report. Author(s): Atzori L, Pau M, Aste M. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 November; 17(6): 699-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14761142

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Erythema multiforme in a 9-day-old neonate. Author(s): Nanda S, Pandhi D, Reddy BS. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 September-October; 20(5): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14521571

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Erythema multiforme in a patient with acute human parvovirus B19 infection. Author(s): Lobkowicz F, Ring J, Schwarz TF, Roggendorf M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 May; 20(5 Pt 1): 849-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2541181

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Erythema multiforme in children: unusual clinical features with seasonal occurrence. Author(s): Sakurai M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1989 October; 16(5): 361-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2600274

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Erythema multiforme minor associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Henkin Y, Vardy D, Horowitz S, Schlaeffer F. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1989 August; 25(8): 456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2767951

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Erythema multiforme minor following vaccination with paediatric vaccines. Author(s): Frederiksen MS, Brenoe E, Trier J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004; 36(2): 154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15061674

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Erythema multiforme with occupational rubber contact sensitivity. Author(s): Bara C, Milpied B, Geraut C, Stalder JF. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 November; 49(5): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996061

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Erythema multiforme, potential complicating factor in dental therapy. Author(s): Halk GJ, Gobetti JP. Source: J Mich Dent Assoc. 1989 November-December; 71(11-12): 618-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2639973

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Erythema multiforme: a review of its characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and management. Author(s): Hurwitz S. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1990 January; 11(7): 217-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2405362

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Erythema multiforme-like drug eruption with oral involvement after intake of leflunomide. Author(s): Fischer TW, Bauer HI, Graefe T, Barta U, Elsner P. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 207(4): 386-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657632

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Erythema multiforme-like eruption as a result of 'Solaraze' treatment. Author(s): Young J. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2003 September; 14(3): 189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522632

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Erythema multiforme-like eruptions associated with etretinate therapy. Author(s): David M, Sandbank M, Lowe NJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 May; 14(3): 230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2531640

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Erythema multiforme-like eruptions: a rare side effect of topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone. Author(s): Perret CM, Steijlen PM, Zaun H, Happle R. Source: Dermatologica. 1990; 180(1): 5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2137800

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Erythema multiforme-like fixed drug eruption. Author(s): Inserra DW, Camisa C. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1989 September; 44(3): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2791644

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Factors influencing the recurrence of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Ruokonen H, Malmstrom M, Stubb S. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1988; 84(3): 167-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3413055

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Famotidine-induced erythema multiforme: cross-sensitivity with cimetidine. Author(s): Horiuchi Y, Ikezawa K. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999 November 16; 131(10): 795. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577316

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Fenbufen-induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Peacock A, Ledingham J. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 August 29; 283(6291): 582. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6790089

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Ferdinand von Hebra on Erythema multiforme. Author(s): Saavedra-Delgado AM. Source: Allergy Proc. 1992 May-June; 13(3): 155-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1505757

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Generic carbamazepine and erythema multiforme: generic-drug nonequivalency. Author(s): Busch RL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 September 7; 321(10): 692-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2770798

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Genital herpes and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Epstein E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 March 25; 249(12): 1566. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6681852

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Halo naevus with histological changes resembling epidermal erythema multiforme. Author(s): Fabrizi G, Massi G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 141(2): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468829

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Head and neck manifestations of erythema multiforme in children. Author(s): Stewart MG, Duncan NO 3rd, Franklin DJ, Friedman EM, Sulek M. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1994 September; 111(3 Pt 1): 23642. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8084631

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Herpes simplex antigen in immune complexes of patients with erythema multiforme: presence following recurrent herpes simplex infection. Author(s): Kazmierowski JA, Peizner DS, Wuepper KD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 May 14; 247(18): 2547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6279897

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Herpes simplex virus antigens and inflammatory cells in oral lesions in recurrent erythema multiforme. Immunoperoxidase and autoradiographic studies. Author(s): Malmstrom M, Ruokonen H, Konttinen YT, Bergroth V, Segerberg-Konttinen M, Hietanen J, Nordstrom D, Haapala M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1990; 70(5): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1980974

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Herpes simplex virus associated erythema multiforme (HAEM) is mechanistically distinct from drug-induced erythema multiforme: interferon-gamma is expressed in HAEM lesions and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in drug-induced erythema multiforme lesions. Author(s): Kokuba H, Aurelian L, Burnett J. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999 November; 113(5): 808-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10571738

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Herpes simplex virus associated erythema multiforme in a prepartum woman without involvement of the newborn. Author(s): Amichai B, Meltzer S. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 September; 16(5): 546. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428866

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Herpes simplex virus in childhood erythema multiforme. Author(s): Weston WL, Brice SL, Jester JD, Lane AT, Stockert S, Huff JC. Source: Pediatrics. 1992 January; 89(1): 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1309395

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Herpes simplex virus-associated erythema multiforme in prepubertal children. Author(s): Weston WL, Morelli JG. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1997 October; 151(10): 1014-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9343012

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Herpes simplex virus-induced recurrent erythema multiforme. Author(s): Cohen PR. Source: J Gt Houst Dent Soc. 1995 April-May; 66(9): 17-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9594805

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Herpes simplex-associated erythema multiforme (HAEM): a clinical therapeutic dilemma. Author(s): Katz J, Livneh A, Shemer J, Danon YL, Peretz B. Source: Pediatr Dent. 1999 September-October; 21(6): 359-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10509338

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Herpetiform eruption with leukocytoclasis: a distinctive clinico-pathological variety of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Ferrandiz C, Peyri J, Henkes J, Romagosa V. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1982; 62(2): 141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6179338

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High-dose systemic corticosteroids can arrest recurrences of severe mucocutaneous erythema multiforme. Author(s): Martinez AE, Atherton DJ. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 March-April; 17(2): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10792793

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High-molecular-weight kininogen is cleaved in active erythema multiforme. Author(s): Lang DM, Sugimoto SL, Curd JG, Christiansen SC, Zuraw BL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 April; 83(4): 802-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2708741

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Histopathologic spectrum of oral erythema multiforme. Author(s): Buchner A, Lozada F, Silverman S Jr. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980 March; 49(3): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6928306

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Histopathological spectrum of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Bedi TR, Pinkus H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 September; 95(3): 243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=974014

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Histoplasmosis presenting as erythema multiforme and polyarthritis. Author(s): Friedman SJ, Black JL, Duffy J. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1984 October; 34(4): 396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6488894

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HLA antigen frequency in erythema multiforme and in recurrent herpes simplex. Author(s): Middleton D, Hutchison TH, Lynd J. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1983 March; 21(3): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6574617

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HLA DQB1*0301 allele is involved in the susceptibility to erythema multiforme. Author(s): Khalil I, Lepage V, Douay C, Morin L, al-Daccak R, Wallach D, Binet O, Lemarchand F, Degos L, Hors J. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1991 October; 97(4): 697-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1940441

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HLA-B15 association with erythema multiforme. Author(s): Duvic M, Reisner EG, Dawson DV, Ciftan E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 April; 8(4): 493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6406563

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Human orf infection complicated by erythema multiforme. Author(s): Agger WA, Webster SB. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1983 March; 31(3): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6682366

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Identification of herpes simplex virus DNA in lesions of erythema multiforme by the polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Darragh TM, Egbert BM, Berger TG, Yen TS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 January; 24(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1847956

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Idoxuridine and erythema multiforme after herpes simplex. Author(s): Dawber RP. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 November 4; 4(835): 300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5083908

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Immune complexes in erythema multiforme and the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Wuepper KD, Watson PA, Kazmierowski JA. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1980 May; 74(5): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7391609

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Immunologic mechanisms of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Huff JC. Source: Immunol Ser. 1989; 46: 387-402. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2535131

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Increased adherence to keratinocytes of peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes of a patient with drug-induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Bruynzeel I, Van der Raaij EM, Boorsma DM, De Haan P, Willemze R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 July; 129(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8369210

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Increased expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) in bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Brown LF, Harrist TJ, Yeo KT, Stahle-Backdahl M, Jackman RW, Berse B, Tognazzi K, Dvorak HF, Detmar M. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 May; 104(5): 744-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7738351

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Increased risk of erythema multiforme major with combination anticonvulsant and radiation therapies. Author(s): Micali G, Linthicum K, Han N, West DP. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1999 February; 19(2): 223-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10030773

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Infectious mononucleosis presenting as erythema multiforme. Author(s): Hughes J, Burrows NP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1993 July; 18(4): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8403481

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Interaction of HSV-1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells with cultured dermal microvascular endothelial cells: a potential model for the pathogenesis of HSV-1 induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Larcher C, Gasser A, Hattmannstorfer R, Obexer P, Furhapter C, Fritsch P, Sepp N. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 January; 116(1): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11168811

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Intraepidermal bile pigment in skin biopsy specimens for graft-versus-host disease versus erythema multiforme. Author(s): Dilday BR, Smoller BR. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1998 October; 11(10): 1005-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9796731

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Is erythema multiforme associated with bupropion use? Author(s): Drago F, Rebora A. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 April 8; 162(7): 843. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11926865

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Is systemic autoimmune disease a risk factor for terbinafine-induced erythema multiforme? Author(s): Goeteyn V, Naeyaert JM, Lambert J, Monbaliu L, Vermander F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 March; 142(3): 578-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10777271

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Isolation of herpes simplex virus type 1 from lesions of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Major PP, Morisset R, Kurstak C, Kurstak E. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1978 April 8; 118(7): 821-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=205333

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Isolation of herpes virus from erythema multiforme. Author(s): Macdonald A, Feiwel M. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 June 3; 2(813): 570-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4338156

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Isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from erythema multiforme. Author(s): Brown T, Yen A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 September; 39(3): 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9738789

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Isomorphic phenomenon in erythema multiforme. Author(s): Huff JC, Weston WL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1983 July; 8(4): 409-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6627733

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Kawasaki's disease appearing as erythema multiforme. Author(s): Bitter JJ, Friedman SA, Paltzik RL, Mofenson HC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 January; 115(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=760662

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Kikuchi disease with facial rash and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Kaur S, Thami GP, Mohan H, Kanwar AJ. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737685

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Large granular lymphocytes within the epidermis of erythema multiforme lesions. Author(s): Ford MJ, Smith KL, Croker BP, Hacker SM, Flowers FP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 September; 27(3): 460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1401289

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Legionnaires' disease combined with erythema multiforme in a 3-year-old boy. Author(s): Andersen R, Bergan T, Halvorsen K, Kallings I, Orstavik I. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981; 70(3): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7246139

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Letter: Dermal and epidermal types of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Ackerman AB. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1975 June; 111(6): 795. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1137429

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Levamisole in erythema multiforme. Author(s): Dhar S, Kanwar AJ, Ghosh S. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993 December; 76(6): 678-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8284069

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Levamisole in the treatment of erythema multiforme: a double-blind trial in fourteen patients. Author(s): Lozada F. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1982 January; 53(1): 28-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7033866

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Lichen planus, erythema nodosum, and erythema multiforme in a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Author(s): Calista D, Landi G. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 June; 67(6): 454-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11419015

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Linear IgA bullous dermatosis mimicking erythema multiforme in adult. Author(s): Argenyi ZB, Bergfeld WF, Valenzuela R, McMahon JT, Tomecki KJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1987 October; 26(8): 513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3316076

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Lip adhesion: an unusual complication of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Marinho LH, Haj M, Pereira LF. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1999 August; 88(2): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468460

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Local erythema multiforme-like drug reaction following intravenous mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil. Author(s): Spencer HJ. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1984 May; 26(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6328125

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Localization of perforin in viral vesicles and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Sayama K, Watanabe Y, Tohyama M, Miki Y. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 188(4): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7514909

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Localized erythema multiforme due to lymphatic obstruction. Author(s): Heng MC, Feinberg M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1982 January; 106(1): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7059507

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Longitudinal study of a patient with herpes-simplex-virus-associated erythema multiforme: viral gene expression and T cell repertoire usage. Author(s): Kokuba H, Imafuku S, Burnett JW, Aurelian L. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 198(3): 233-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10393444

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Lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme-like lesions. Rowell's syndrome. Author(s): Mendonca R. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 1997 December; 3(2): 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9452370

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Lupus erythematosus associated with erythema multiforme: does Rowell's syndrome exist? Author(s): Shteyngarts AR, Warner MR, Camisa C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 May; 40(5 Pt 1): 773-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10321612

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Lupus erythematosus associated with erythema multiforme-like lesions in identical twins. Author(s): Lawrence CM, Marshall TL, Byrne JP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1982 September; 107(3): 349-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6889436

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Lupus erythematosus with an erythema multiforme-like eruption. Author(s): Roustan G, Salas C, Barbadillo C, Sanchez Yus E, Mulero J, Simon A. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2000 August; 10(6): 459-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10980468

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Lupus erythematosus with antiphospholipid syndrome and erythema multiformelike lesions. Author(s): Marzano AV, Berti E, Gasparini G, Caputo R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 October; 141(4): 720-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10583125

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Lupus erythematosus with erythema multiforme (Rowell's syndrome). A case report. Author(s): Heyl T, Meyer T. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1984 April 7; 65(14): 568-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6710265

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Lymphocyte subsets and Langerhans cells/indeterminate cells in erythema multiforme. Author(s): Margolis RJ, Tonnesen MG, Harrist TJ, Bhan AK, Wintroub BU, Mihm MC Jr, Soter NA. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1983 November; 81(5): 403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6631050

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Mast cells in oral erythema multiforme. Author(s): Ruokonen H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1992; 72(2): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1375427

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Meloxicam-induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Nikas SN, Kittas G, Karamaounas N, Drosos AA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1999 November; 107(5): 532-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10569318

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Meningococcal septicaemia presenting as erythema multiforme. Author(s): Raman GV. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1990 November; 44(11): 508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2126451

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Mephenesin contact dermatitis with erythema multiforme features. Author(s): Degreef H, Bonamie A, van Derheyden D, Dooms-Goossens A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1984 April; 10(4): 220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6734181

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Methotrexate-induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Taylor SW, Barnhill DR, Burke TW, Linville WK, Yevich I. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1989 June; 33(3): 376-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2722066

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Mixed cryoglobulinemia, 125I C1q binding and skin immunofluorescence in erythema multiforme. Author(s): Huff JC, Weston WL, Carr RI. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1980 May; 74(5): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6993578

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Multifocal fixed drug eruption mimicking erythema multiforme. Author(s): Sowden JM, Smith AG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1990 September; 15(5): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2146052

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Multiple recurrence of oral erythema multiforme after secondary herpes simplex: report of case and review of literature. Author(s): Nesbit SP, Gobetti JP. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1986 March; 112(3): 348-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3457073

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My concept of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Lever WF. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1985 April; 7(2): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4025730

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae and the erythema multiforme--Stevens Johnson syndrome. Author(s): McCormack JG. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1981 March; 3(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6821090

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, not erythema multiforme (von Hebra). Author(s): Tay YK, Huff JC, Weston WL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 November; 35(5 Pt 1): 757-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8912572

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Mycoplasmas and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Gordon AM, Lyell A. Source: Lancet. 1969 June 28; 1(7609): 1314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4182202

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Mycoplasmas and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Lyell A, Gordon AM, Dick HM, Sommerville RG. Source: Lancet. 1967 November 25; 2(7526): 1116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4168557

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Myocardial infarction and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Kardinal CG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1968 December 2; 206(10): 2321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5696097

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Naevocentric erythema multiforme associated with herpes labialis. Author(s): McKenna KE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 November; 141(5): 954-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10583204

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Natural rubber latex contact dermatitis with features of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Bourrain JL, Woodward C, Dumas V, Caperan D, Beani JC, Amblard P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 July; 35(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8896966

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Neonatal erythema multiforme major. Author(s): Johnston GA, Ghura HS, Carter E, Graham-Brown RA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 November; 27(8): 661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12472541

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Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection: relapse after initial therapy and transmission from a mother with an asymptomatic genital herpes infection and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Brown ZA, Ashley R, Douglas J, Keilly M, Corey L. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 November; 6(11): 1057-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2827097

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Oculocutaneous manifestations of the erythema multiforme/Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis spectrum. Author(s): Wilkins J, Morrison L, White CR Jr. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1992 July; 10(3): 571-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1617814

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Oral acyclovir for the prevention of herpes-associated erythema multiforme. Author(s): Lemak MA, Duvic M, Bean SF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 July; 15(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3722509

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Oral acyclovir prevents herpes simplex virus-associated erythema multiforme. Author(s): Molin L. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 January; 116(1): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3814506

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Oral and cutaneous lesions. Erythema multiforme. Author(s): Fantasia JE, Damm DD. Source: Gen Dent. 2001 March-April; 49(2): 149, 221. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12004692

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Oral erythema multiforme: clinical observations and treatment of 95 patients. Author(s): Lozada-Nur F, Gorsky M, Silverman S Jr. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989 January; 67(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2911444

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Oral lesions of erythema multiforme. Histologic and histochemical observations. Author(s): Shklar G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1965 November; 92(5): 495-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4221163

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Oral manifestations of erythema multiforme in children. Author(s): Shklar G, McCarthy PL. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966 June; 21(6): 713-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5219660

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Oral manifestations of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Ayangco L, Rogers RS 3rd. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2003 January; 21(1): 195-205. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622281

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Oral mouthwash and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Tal H, Dekel A. Source: J Oral Med. 1986 July-September; 41(3): 147-8, 209. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3463688

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Oral pathology quiz #30. Case number two. Erythema multiforme. Author(s): Cleveland DB, Doyle JL, Rinaggio J, Schneider LC. Source: J N J Dent Assoc. 2000 Fall; 71(4): 16-7, 54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11326405

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Oral pathology: erythema multiforme. Author(s): Handlers JP, Abrams AM, Melrose RJ. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1990 June; 18(6): 57-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1707448

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Oral terbinafine and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Todd P, Halpern S, Munro DD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1995 May; 20(3): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7671425

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Orf and erythema multiforme in a child. Author(s): Ferrando MF, Leaute-Labreze C, Fleury H, Taieb A. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1997 March-April; 14(2): 154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9144706

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Papular perniosis mimicking erythema multiforme: the first case report in Thailand. Author(s): Wessagowit P, Asawanonda P, Noppakun N. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 July; 39(7): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10940118

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Pathological cases of the month. Erythema multiforme (EM). Author(s): Darmstadt GL, Cohen B. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1994 April; 148(4): 429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8148948

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Pemphigus foliaceus or erythema multiforme. Author(s): Kierland RR, Perry HO, Winkelmann RK, Muller SA, Sams WM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1968 September; 98(3): 316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4299845

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Persistent erythema multiforme: a report of three cases. Author(s): Pavlovic MD, Karadaglic DM, Kandolf LO, Mijuskovic ZP. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 January; 15(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11451326

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Persistent erythema multiforme: report of two new cases and review of literature. Author(s): Drago F, Parodi A, Rebora A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 August; 33(2 Pt 2): 3669. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7615887

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Perspective. Erythema multiforme-1976. Author(s): Baer RL. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1976 January-February; 271(1): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1258896

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Phenothiazine--another possible etiologic agent in erythema multiforme. Report of a case. Author(s): Rees TD. Source: J Periodontol. 1985 August; 56(8): 480-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3869651

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Photosensitive erythema multiforme and erythema multiforme-like polymorphous light eruption. Author(s): Calzavara Pinton PG, Venturini M, Capezzera R, Zane C, Facchetti F. Source: Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 2003 June; 19(3): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12914602

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Photosensitive erythema multiforme apparently induced by phenylbutazone. Author(s): Leroy D, Le Maitre M, Deschamps P. Source: Photodermatol. 1985 June; 2(3): 176-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4022817

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Photosensitive recurrent erythema multiforme. Author(s): Fitzpatrick JE, Thompson PB, Aeling JL, Huff C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 September; 9(3): 419-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6630604

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Piroxicam induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Duro JC, Herrero C, Bordas X. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1984 August; 11(4): 554-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6237205

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Pityriasis rosea with erythema multiforme-like lesions. Author(s): Friedman SJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 July; 17(1): 135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3611442

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Possible association of erythema multiforme with acamprosate. Author(s): Fortier-Beaulieu M, Noblet C, Cardot F, Thomine E, Moore N, Hemet J, Bourreille J. Source: Lancet. 1992 April 18; 339(8799): 991. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1348822

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Possible drug-induced pemphigus-like antibodies with the clinical manifestation of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Ansel J, Petrozzi JW, Kumar V. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 December; 119(12): 1006-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6228194

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Post-herpetic erythema multiforme prevented with prophylactic oral acyclovir. Author(s): Green JA, Spruance SL, Wenerstrom G, Piepkorn MW. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1985 May; 102(5): 632-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3985514

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Precipitants in 42 cases of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Villiger RM, von Vigier RO, Ramelli GP, Hassink RI, Bianchetti MG. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 November; 158(11): 929-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10541951

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Probable herpes simplex virus type 1-related acute parotitis, nephritis and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Arditi M, Shulman ST, Langman CB, Christensen M, Unti S. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1988 June; 7(6): 427-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2839815

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Progesterone-induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Wojnarowska F, Greaves MW, Peachey RD, Drury PL, Besser GM. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1985 May; 78(5): 407-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3989808

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Prophylactic topical acyclovir for frequent recurrent herpes simplex infection with and without erythema multiforme. Author(s): Fawcett HA, Wansbrough-Jones MH, Clark AE, Leigh IM. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 September 17; 287(6395): 798-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6412833

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Pulmonary thromboembolism in erythema multiforme. Author(s): Santiago SM Jr, Klaustermeyer WB, Brockman G. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1977 June; 126(6): 505-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=878468

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Radiation-induced erythema multiforme. An unusual presentation with elastic tissue phagocytosis. Author(s): Pandya AG, Kettler AH, Bruce S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 November; 28(9): 600-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2583906

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Reactive arthritis and erythema multiforme following ornithosis. Author(s): Eeckhout E, Buydens P, Verbruggen L. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1987 June; 6(2): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3621851

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Recurrent and continuous erythema multiforme--a clinical and immunological study. Author(s): Leigh IM, Mowbray JF, Levene GM, Sutherland S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1985 January; 10(1): 58-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3872750

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Recurrent erythema multiforme and chronic hepatitis C: efficacy of interferon alpha. Author(s): Dumas V, Thieulent N, Souillet AL, Jullien D, Faure M, Claudy A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 June; 142(6): 1248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10848764

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Recurrent erythema multiforme due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Welch KJ, Burke WA, Irons TG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 November; 17(5 Pt 1): 839-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3119681

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Recurrent erythema multiforme following three different infections: is genetic predisposition more important than the infectious stimulus? Author(s): MacKenzie AR, Laing RB, Smith CC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 August; 137(2): 320-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9292100

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Recurrent erythema multiforme in a child. Author(s): Chan LY, Tang WY, Leung CY, Lo KK. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2000 September; 6(3): 331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11025858

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Recurrent erythema multiforme unresponsive to acyclovir prophylaxis and responsive to valacyclovir continuous therapy. Author(s): Kerob D, Assier-Bonnet H, Esnault-Gelly P, Blanc F, Saiag P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 July; 134(7): 876-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9681359

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Recurrent erythema multiforme. Author(s): Huff JC, Weston WL. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1989 May; 68(3): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2654536

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Recurrent erythema multiforme/Stevens-Johnson syndrome: response to mycophenolate mofetil. Author(s): Davis MD, Rogers RS 3rd, Pittelkow MR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 December; 138(12): 1547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12472339

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Recurrent erythema multiforme: a possible role of foodstuffs. Author(s): Lewis MA, Lamey PJ, Forsyth A, Gall J. Source: British Dental Journal. 1989 May 20; 166(10): 371-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2736168

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Recurrent erythema multiforme: clinical features and treatment in a large series of patients. Author(s): Schofield JK, Tatnall FM, Leigh IM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 May; 128(5): 542-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8504046

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Recurrent erythema multiforme: tissue typing in a large series of patients. Author(s): Schofield JK, Tatnall FM, Brown J, McCloskey D, Navarrete C, Leigh IM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 October; 131(4): 532-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7947205

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Recurrent herpes simplex virus infections and erythema multiforme: a report of three patients. Author(s): Fiumara NJ, Solomon J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1983 July-September; 10(3): 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6648749

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Recurrent herpes simplex virus-induced erythema multiforme: different HLA-DQB1 alleles associate with severe mucous membrane versus skin attacks. Author(s): Malo A, Kampgen E, Wank R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1998 May; 47(5): 408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9627123

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Recurrent oral erythema multiforme. Clinical experience with 11 patients. Author(s): Bean SF, Quezada RK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 May 27; 249(20): 2810-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6842790

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Recurrent post-herpetic erythema multiforme mimicking polymorphic light and juvenile spring eruption: report of two cases in young boys. Author(s): Wolf P, Soyer HP, Fink-Puches R, Huff JC, Kerl H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 September; 131(3): 364-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7918011

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Results of immunologic testing in patients with erythema multiforme. Author(s): Lozada F, Spitler L, Silverman S Jr. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1980 March; 59(3): 567-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6970761

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Reversal of erythema multiforme major with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Author(s): Eastham JH, Segal JL, Gomez MF, Cole GW. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1996 June; 30(6): 606-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8792946

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Ritodrine-induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Beitner O, Hod M, Friedman S, Ovadia J, Mimouni M. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1988 September; 22(9): 724. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3215118

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Sarcoidosis presenting with erythema multiforme-like cutaneous lesions. Author(s): Beacham BE, Schuldenfrei J, Julka SS. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1984 May; 33(5): 461-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6478870

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Selection of treatment of cefaclor-associated urticarial, serum sickness-like reactions and erythema multiforme by emergency pediatricians: lack of a uniform standard of care. Author(s): Joubert GI, Hadad K, Matsui D, Gloor J, Rieder MJ. Source: Can J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Winter; 6(4): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10601753

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Sensitization to tropical woods giving erythema multiforme-like eruptions. Author(s): Holst R, Kirby J, Magnusson B. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1976 October; 2(5): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=138525

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Severe allergic keratoconjunctivitis and erythema multiforme after a routine eye examination: discerning the cause. Author(s): Sherertz EF, Reed JW, Zanolli MD, Goldsmith SM. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1991 May; 23(5): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1750734

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Severe erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) after taking sustained release theophylline. Author(s): Hidalgo HA. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1989; 6(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2717247

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Severe erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) following telecobalt therapy. Author(s): Nawalkha PL, Mathur NK, Malhotra YK, Saksena HC. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1972 October; 45(538): 768-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5078946

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Severe erythema multiforme complicated by fatal gastrointestinal involvement following co-trimoxazole therapy. Author(s): Beck MH, Portnoy B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1979 June; 4(2): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=159145

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Skin reactions to radiotherapy--a spectrum resembling erythema multiforme: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Fleischer AB Jr, Rosenthal DI, Bernard SA, O'Keefe EJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1992 January; 49(1): 35-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1733657

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme) following ingestion of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on two separate occasions in the same person: a case report. Author(s): Azinge NO, Garrick GA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1978 August; 62(2): 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=670606

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are severity variants of the same disease which differs from erythema multiforme. Author(s): Roujeau JC. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 November; 24(11): 726-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9433029

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Stomatologic aspects of cutaneous diseases. Erythema multiforme. Author(s): Gorlin RJ, Sedano HO. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1977 September-October; 3(5): 498-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=925248

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Subcorneal pustules in erythema multiforme. Author(s): Sneddon IB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 June; 88(6): 605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4717417

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Successful desensitisation of allopurinol-induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Fonseka MM, Sathischandra H, Jayamanne SF, de Silva HJ. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1999 December; 44(4): 190-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10895280

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Successful use of oral acyclovir to prevent herpes simplex-associated erythema multiforme. Author(s): Lynn WA, Davidson RN, Wansbrough-Jones MH. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1987 September; 15(2): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3668275

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Systemic lupus erythematosus with erythema multiforme-like lesions and histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis--a case report. Author(s): Chua SH, Giam YC, Sim CS. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1996 July; 25(4): 599-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8893939

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T lymphocytes expressing HECA-452 epitope are present in cutaneous acute graftversus-host disease and erythema multiforme, but not in acute graft-versus-host disease in gut organs. Author(s): Davis RE, Smoller BR. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1992 September; 141(3): 691-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1381561

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Taking aim at erythema multiforme. How to spot target lesions and less typical presentations. Author(s): Katta R. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 January; 107(1): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10649667

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Target lesions on the lips: childhood herpes simplex associated with erythema multiforme mimics Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Weston WL, Morelli JG, Rogers M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 November; 37(5 Pt 2): 848-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9366850

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Terbinafine and erythema multiforme. Author(s): McGregor JM, Rustin MH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 October; 131(4): 587-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7947223

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Thalidomide as elective treatment in persistent erythema multiforme; report of two cases. Author(s): Conejo-Mir JS, del Canto S, Munoz MA, Rodriguez-Freire L, Serrano A, Hernandez C, Pulpillo A. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 January; 2(1): 40-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12852380

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Thalidomide for recurrent erythema multiforme. Author(s): Moisson YF, Janier M, Civatte J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 January; 126(1): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1536771

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The dermal type of erythema multiforme: a rare variant of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or cases of clinical misclassification? Author(s): Hering O, Mockenhaupt M, Rzany B, Schroder W, Schopf E. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 May; 77(3): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9188874

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The herpes-specific immune response of individuals with herpes-associated erythema multiforme compared with that of individuals with recurrent herpes labialis. Author(s): Brice SL, Stockert SS, Bunker JD, Bloomfield D, Huff JC, Norris DA, Weston WL. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1993; 285(4): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8342962

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The incidence of erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. A population-based study with particular reference to reactions caused by drugs among outpatients. Author(s): Chan HL, Stern RS, Arndt KA, Langlois J, Jick SS, Jick H, Walker AM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 January; 126(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2404462

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The overdiagnosis of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Weston JA, Weston WL. Source: Pediatrics. 1992 April; 89(4 Pt 2): 802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1557288

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The Rumpel-Leede sign associated with drug-induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Gross AS, Holloway RJ, Fine RM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 November; 27(5 Pt 1): 781-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1430409

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The treatment of erythema multiforme major with systemic corticosteroids. Author(s): Wright S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 June; 124(6): 612-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2064952

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Therapy and prevention of erythema multiforme with acyclovir. Author(s): Huff JC. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1988 September; 7(3): 212-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2856395

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Therapy with oral psoralen plus UV-A for erythema multiforme. Author(s): Morison WL, Anhalt GJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 November; 133(11): 1465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9371042

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Thiabendazole-induced erythema multiforme with lesions around melanocytic naevi. Author(s): Humphreys F, Cox NH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 June; 118(6): 855-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3401419

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Tiapride-induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Micheli F, Parera IC, Cabo H, Schteinschnaider A, Giannaula R. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1988 December; 11(6): 556-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3233592

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Toxic epidermal necrolysis and erythema multiforme following therapy with terbinafine. Author(s): Carstens J, Wendelboe P, Sogaard H, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1994 September; 74(5): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7817681

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Tropical-wood-induced bullous erythema multiforme. Author(s): Shimizu S, Chen KR, Pratchyapruit WO, Shimizu H. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 200(1): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10681619

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Two episodes of erythema multiforme affecting one individual: sequential causation by phenytoin and carbamazepine. Author(s): Green ST. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1986; 9(6): 561-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3802107

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Understanding the pathogenesis of HSV-associated erythema multiforme. Author(s): Aurelian L, Kokuba H, Burnett JW. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(3): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9812024

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Unusual leukoderma after erythema multiforme: a case report. Author(s): Fustes-Morales AJ, Soto-Romero I, Estrada Z, Duran-McKinster C, OrozcoCovarrubias L, Tamayo-Sanchez L, Ruiz-Maldonado R. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 March-April; 18(2): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358551

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Use of human immunoglobulin for treatment of severe erythema multiforme in a cat. Author(s): Byrne KP, Giger U. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 January 15; 220(2): 197-201, 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126130

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Vaginal stenosis due to bullous erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). Case report. Author(s): Graham-Brown RA, Cochrane GW, Swinhoe JR, Sarkany I, Epsztejn LJ. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1981 November; 88(11): 1156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7295607

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Varicella zoster virus infection associated with erythema multiforme in children. Author(s): Prais D, Grisuru-Soen G, Barzilai A, Amir J. Source: Infection. 2001 January-February; 29(1): 37-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11261757

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Very low dose acyclovir can be effective as prophylaxis for post-herpetic erythema multiforme. Author(s): Williams RE, Lever R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 January; 124(1): 111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1993137

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Virus induced erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Choy AC, Yarnold PR, Brown JE, Kayaloglou GT, Greenberger PA, Patterson R. Source: Allergy Proc. 1995 July-August; 16(4): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8566721

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What is erythema multiforme? Author(s): Weston WL. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1996 February; 25(2): 106-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8822035

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What is going on in erythema multiforme? Author(s): Roujeau JC. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 188(4): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8193394

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What's your assessment? Erythema multiforme. Author(s): Bielan B. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2003 February; 15(1): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12656002

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to erythema multiforme. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to erythema multiforme and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “erythema multiforme” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to erythema multiforme: •

Acute necrotizing dermatitis and septicemia after application of a d-limonene-based insecticidal shampoo in a cat. Author(s): Lee JA, Budgin JB, Mauldin EA. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 July 15; 221(2): 258-62, 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12118590

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Airborne erythema-multiforme-like eruption due to pyrethrum. Author(s): Garcia-Bravo B, Rodriguez-Pichardo A, de Pierola SF, Camacho F. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 December; 33(6): 433. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8706408

•

Allergic contact dermatitis to tea tree oil with erythema multiforme-like id reaction. Author(s): Khanna M, Qasem K, Sasseville D.

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Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2000 December; 11(4): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123417 •

Clinical features of 31 patients with systemic contact dermatitis due to the ingestion of Rhus (lacquer). Author(s): Park SD, Lee SW, Chun JH, Cha SH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 142(5): 937-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10809851

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Contact dermatitis associated with an erythema multiforme-like eruption. Author(s): Veien NK, Hausen BM. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2000 December; 11(4): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11187214

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Drug eruptions from phenylbutazone in Jamu. Author(s): Giam YC, Tham SN, Tan T, Lim A. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1986 January; 15(1): 118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2939787

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Erythema annulare centrifugum and Hodgkin's disease: association with disease activity. Author(s): Leimert JT, Corder MP, Skibba CA, Gingrich RD. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1979 April; 139(4): 486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=435007

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Erythema multiforme major and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog following application of a d-limonene-based insecticidal dip. Author(s): Rosenbaum MR, Kerlin RL. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995 November 15; 207(10): 1315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7591926

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Erythema multiforme-like eruptions due to exotic woods and ordinary plants: Part I. Author(s): Fisher AA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1986 February; 37(2): 101-2, 104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2937616

•

Erythema multiforme-like eruptions due to topical medications: Part II. Author(s): Fisher AA.

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Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1986 March; 37(3): 158, 160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2937617 •

Erythema-multiforme-like contact dermatitis due to capsicum. Author(s): Raccagni AA, Bardazzi F, Baldari U, Righini MG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 November; 33(5): 353-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565498

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Erythema-multiforme-like eruption following allergic contact dermatitis from sesquiterpene lactones in herbal medicine. Author(s): Mateo MP, Velasco M, Miquel FJ, de la Cuadra J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 December; 33(6): 449-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8706423

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Exudative papules due to Agaricus mushroom extracts. Author(s): Horiuchi Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 April; 29(4): 244-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027093

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Generalized erythema-multiforme-like eruption following allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Torinuki W. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1990 September; 23(3): 202-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2149331

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Ginseng as a cause for Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Author(s): Dega H, Laporte JL, Frances C, Herson S, Chosidow O. Source: Lancet. 1996 May 11; 347(9011): 1344. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8622550

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Ginseng as cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Author(s): Faleni R, Soldati F. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 27; 348(9022): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8684215

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Herbal medicine induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Chowdhury AD, Oda M, Markus AF, Kirita T, Choudhury CR. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2004 May; 14(3): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15139956

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High dose methotrexate in acute lymphocytic leukemia in childhood. Author(s): Moe PJ, Seip M.

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Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1978 May; 67(3): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=148830 •

Important role of prodromal viral infections responsible for inhibition of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the pathomechanism of idiopathic Reye's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, and hepatotoxicity of the therapeutic doses of acetaminophen used in genetically predisposed persons. Author(s): Prandota J. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2002 March-April; 9(2): 149-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11897929

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Kaposi's sarcoma of the vulva: a case report and brief review. Author(s): Hall DJ, Burns JC, Goplerud DR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 October; 54(4): 478-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=492632

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Levamisole and Chinese medicinal herbs can modulate the serum interleukin-6 level in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcerations. Author(s): Sun A, Chia JS, Chang YF, Chiang CP. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2003 April; 32(4): 206-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653859

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Local erythematous dermatitis after intravenous docetaxel. Author(s): Hirai K, Ishiko O, Nakajima S, Kanaoka Y, Nakamura Y, Oiso N, Ishii M, Ogita S. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53(2): 118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11961387

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Localized epidermal necrolysis (erythema multiforme-like reaction) following intravenous injection of vinblastine. Author(s): Arias D, Requena L, Hasson A, Gutierrez M, Domine M, Martin L, Barat A. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1991 October; 18(5): 344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1761786

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Oral medicine. Author(s): McCARTHY FP, McCARTHY PL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1955 June 23; 252(25): 1079-84; Contd. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14383967

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Paclitaxel: severe mucocutaneous toxicity in a patient with hyperbilirubinemia. Author(s): Payne JY, Holmes F, Cohen PR, Gagel R, Buzdar A, Dhingra K.

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Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1996 May; 89(5): 542-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8638189 •

Paraneoplastic pemphigus as the presenting symptom of a lymphoma of the tongue. Author(s): van der Waal RI, Pas HH, Anhalt GJ, Schulten EA, Jonkman MF, Nieboer C. Source: Oral Oncology. 1998 November; 34(6): 567-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9930372

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Quinine toxicity. Author(s): Bateman DN, Dyson EH. Source: Adverse Drug React Acute Poisoning Rev. 1986 Winter; 5(4): 215-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3548270

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Scleroderma-like cutaneous lesions induced by paclitaxel: a case study. Author(s): Kupfer I, Balguerie X, Courville P, Chinet P, Joly P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 February; 48(2): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12582404

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Serum interleukin-6 level is a useful marker in evaluating therapeutic effects of levamisole and Chinese medicinal herbs on patients with oral lichen planus. Author(s): Sun A, Chia JS, Chang YF, Chiang CP. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2002 April; 31(4): 196-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076322

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Severe cutaneous reactions to alternative remedies. Author(s): Monk B. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 September 13; 293(6548): 665-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2944560

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome and fatal pulmonary toxicity to combination chemotherapy containing bleomycin: a case report. Author(s): Giaccone G, Risio M, Bonardi G, Calciati A. Source: Tumori. 1986 June 30; 72(3): 331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2426851

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with etoposide therapy. Author(s): Jameson CH, Solanki DL.

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Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1983 November; 67(11): 1050-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6640556 •

Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with methotrexate treatment for nonHodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Cuthbert RJ, Craig JI, Ludlam CA. Source: Ulster Med J. 1993 April; 62(1): 95-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7685956

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome caused by a health drink (Eberu) containing ophiopogonis tuber. Author(s): Mochitomi Y, Inoue A, Kawabata H, Ishida S, Kanzaki T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 October; 25(10): 662-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9830266

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by paclitaxel in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: a case report. Author(s): Hiraki A, Aoe K, Murakami T, Maeda T, Eda R, Takeyama H. Source: Anticancer Res. 2004 March-April; 24(2C): 1135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15154637

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome: report of a case involving indigenous herbs. Author(s): Aguwa CN. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1981 April; 27(4): 68-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7261056

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The cutaneous manifestations and common mimickers of physical child abuse. Author(s): Mudd SS, Findlay JS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2004 May-June; 18(3): 123-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15129212

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Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a burns centre: a 6-year review. Author(s): Khoo AK, Foo CL. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1996 June; 22(4): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8781718

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Traditional healers: the dangers of unregulated practice. Author(s): Choudhury AD, Choudhury CR, Markus F.

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Source: Natl Med J India. 2003 July-August; 16(4): 231. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606776 •

Treatment of cold erythema multiforme with jia wei gui zhi tang (reinforced decoction of Ramulus Cinnamomi). Author(s): Jiang C. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1986 March; 6(1): 27-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3736097

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Tripterygium in dermatologic therapy. Author(s): Xu WY, Zheng JR, Lu XY. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1985 April; 24(3): 152-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3888878

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Use of banana leaves in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Dharnidharka VR, Kandoth PW. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 September; 11(3): 280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7971569

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Work-related toxic epidermal necrolysis? Author(s): House RA, Jakubovic H, Wong L, Holness DL. Source: J Occup Med. 1992 February; 34(2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1597767

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to erythema multiforme; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Cold Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Genital Herpes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to erythema multiforme. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on erythema multiforme include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “erythema multiforme” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on erythema multiforme: •

Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips Source: Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. 389 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This book is a clinically oriented atlas and text covering the symptoms and diseases of the oral mucosa and perioral skin. The authors focus on the essential aspects of each illness, concentrating on the clinical features that are important in the differential diagnosis. The authors include not only diseases confined to the oral mucosa but also those oral problems that may be signs of accompanying cutaneous (skin) or systemic diseases. Sixty-seven chapters are presented in three sections: the normal oral mucosa,

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general aspects of oral pathology, and diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips. Specific topics are inflammation of the lips, acquired diseases of the tongue, gingival hyperplasia, enlargement of the parotid gland, aphthous ulcers (stomatitis), pyostomatitis vegetans, disorders of pigmentation, urticaria and angioedema, psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, lichen planus, graft-versus-host disease, rosacea, perioral dermatitis, erythema multiforme, acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome), vesicular and bullous autoimmune diseases, desquamative gingivitis, necrotizing sialometaplasia, oral mucosal hemorrhage, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, protozoal and parasitic diseases, mechanical damage, trauma, allergic and toxic contact stomatitis, occupational diseases of the oral mucosa, drug reactions and side effects, morphea and scleroderma, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, dermatomyositis, lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, giant cell arteritis, plasma cell gingivitis, oral submucous fibrosis, halitosis, xerostomia, sialorrhea, selfinduced mucosal injuries, benign granulomatous processes, malignant granulomatoses, heterotopias and congenital malformations, genodermatoses and congenital syndromes, benign and malignant tumors, actinic keratosis, leukoplakia, paraneoplastic disorders, and oral signs of hematologic, nutritional, metabolic, and endocrine disorders. Each chapter includes full-color photographs and references are provided in individual sections. A subject index concludes the volume. (AA-M). •

Lip Complaints Source: in Scully, C. Handbook of Oral Disease: Diagnosis and Management. New York, NY: Thieme New York. 2001. p.300-338. Contact: Available from Thieme New York. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (212) 760-0888, ext 110. PRICE: $35.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1841840874. Summary: This chapter on lip complaints is from a handbook of oral disease that is intended to be used by all members of the dental team who need a ready office reference. The handbook covers the more common and important soft tissue orofacial disorders and gives clinically relevant aspects of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The chapter covers bleeding, blisters, chapping, cheilitis (inflammation of the lips), colored lesions, macrostomia (swelling of the lip), microstomia (reduction in the mouth opening), white lesions, abnormal labial frenum, actinic cheilitis, angioedema, carcinoma (cancer of the lip), cleft lip and palate, double lip, erythema multiforme, herpes labialis, Kawasaki disease, labial melanotic macule, lip pit and fistula, plasma cell cheilitis, and venous lake. For each condition, the authors note etiology (cause), diagnosis, symptoms, epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention (where possible). Much of the information is provided in table or outline format for ease of reference. Full color photographs illustrate some conditions. 28 figures. 4 tables. 29 references.

Chapters on Erythema Multiforme In order to find chapters that specifically relate to erythema multiforme, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and erythema multiforme using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type

Books

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“erythema multiforme” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on erythema multiforme: •

Erythema Multiforme Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 68-70. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses erythema multiforme (EM), a common complex skin disease. As the name suggests, the clinical lesions can take many forms. About 40 percent of EM patients have mucosal involvement. Typically, there may be oral mucosal blisters and erosions; ocular changes including conjunctivitis, uveitis, and scarring; and urethral and genital erosions leading to bowel and urinary retention. EM is self-limited and tends to resolve after two to three weeks. When it is recurrent, it is almost always connected with recurrent herpes simplex. The chapter covers etiology, clinical features, histopathology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and therapy. The authors caution that stomatitis caused by medications may appear similar to localized EM. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter. 5 figures. 13 references. (AA-M).

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute4: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

4

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.5 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:6 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

5

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 6 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway7 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.8 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “erythema multiforme” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3364 19 118 10 132 3643

HSTAT9 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.10 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.11 Simply search by “erythema multiforme” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

7

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

8

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 9 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 10 11

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists12 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.13 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.14 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

12 Adapted 13

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 14 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on erythema multiforme can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to erythema multiforme. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to erythema multiforme. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “erythema multiforme”:

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Behcet's Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/behcetssyndrome.html Dermatitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dermatitis.html Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ehlersdanlossyndrome.html Facial Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/facialinjuriesanddisorders.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html Metabolic Syndrome X http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicsyndromex.html Multiple Myeloma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/multiplemyeloma.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Smallpox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smallpox.html Tourette Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tourettesyndrome.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on erythema multiforme. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Stomatology Center, Baylor College of Dentistry Source: Dallas, TX: Baylor College of Dentistry. 199x. 3 p. Contact: Available from Terry Rees, D.D.S., M.S.D., Director, Stomatology Center. Department of Periodontics, Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246. (214) 828-8144. Price: Single copy free.

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Summary: This brochure describes the Stomatology Center of the Baylor College of Dentistry, located in Dallas, Texas. The Stomatology Center was established to serve as a referral site for the treatment of severe mouth problems that are difficult to diagnose and difficult to manage. The stomatopathologic conditions of concern are chronic, painful, ulcerative or debilitating diseases of the oral mucosa. Their focus includes, but is not limited to: lichen planus, pemphigoid, pemphigus, hormonally-mediated desquamative gingivitis, recurrent oral ulcerations, erythema multiforme, candidosis, xerostomia, burning mouth and tongue syndrome, and problems resulting from chemotherapy. The brochure is illustrated with full-color photographs of the Center. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Facts About Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) Summary: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is a severe adverse reaction to medication. Source: Stevens Johnson Syndrome Foundation (Julie Foundation for Allergic Drug Reactions) http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7712 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to erythema multiforme. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to erythema multiforme. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with erythema multiforme. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about erythema multiforme. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “erythema multiforme” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “erythema multiforme”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “erythema multiforme” (or synonyms) into the

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“For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “erythema multiforme” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.15

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

15

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)16: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

16

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on erythema multiforme: •

Basic Guidelines for Erythema Multiforme Brucellosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000597.htm Erythema multiforme Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000851.htm Pemphigus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000882.htm Stevens-Johnson syndrome Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000851.htm Toxic epidermal necrolysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000851.htm

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Signs & Symptoms for Erythema Multiforme Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Bullae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003239.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Erosion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003225.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Eye burning, itching and discharge Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003034.htm Eye pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003032.htm Eyes, bloodshot Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003031.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm General ill feeling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Joint aches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Macule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003229.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Mouth lesions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003059.htm Mouth sores Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003059.htm Nikolsky's sign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003285.htm

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Pallor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Papule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003233.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin lesions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Tearing, decreased Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003087.htm Vesicles Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Vision abnormalities Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Erythema Multiforme ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm Serology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003511.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Skin lesion biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Urinalysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003579.htm

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Nutrition for Erythema Multiforme Bullae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003239.htm

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Background Topics for Erythema Multiforme Allergic reaction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Antibody Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Central Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Iris Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002386.htm Macule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003229.htm Necrosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002266.htm Secondary infections Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002300.htm Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actinic keratosis: A precancerous condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agranulocytosis: A decrease in the number of granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and

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neutrophils). [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allopurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU]

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Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibodies, Anticardiolipin: Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic), antiphospholipid syndrome, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid antigen cardiolipin. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Anticonvulsive: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (antibodies, antiphospholipid). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (antibodies, anticardiolipin). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (lupus coagulation inhibitor). [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU]

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Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmune Hepatitis: A liver disease caused when the body's immune system destroys liver cells for no known reason. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH]

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Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the

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buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiolipins: Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal syphilis serodiagnosis. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual

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patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of cephalexin. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH]

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Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement

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activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condyloma: C. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to

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enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Co-trimoxazole: A combination of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cryoglobulinemia: A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal or abnormal quantities of cryoglobulins in the blood. They are precipitated into the microvasculature on exposure to cold and cause restricted blood flow in exposed areas. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH]

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Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Dermatophytosis: Any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitisation: Gradually increasing the dose of a medicine in order to overcome severe allergic reactions. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU]

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Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]

Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Eruptions: Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug. These may assume various morphologic patterns and produce various types of lesions. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolytes: Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH]

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Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epidermomycosis: An infection caused by dermatophytes. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Infectiosum: Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with rubella. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in

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temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus often caused by acid flowing back from the stomach. This condition may require surgery. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Etretinate: An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exanthema: Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (erythema infectiosum), and sixth (exanthema subitum) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root

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which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

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Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Gingival Hyperplasia: A pathological increase in the depth of the gingival crevice surrounding a tooth at the gum margin. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy: A general term that refers to celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Annulare: Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures. [NIH]

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Griseofulvin: An antifungal antibiotic. Griseofulvin may be given by mouth in the treatment of tinea infections. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Herpesvirus 6, Human: The type species of Roseolovirus isolated from patients with AIDS and other lymphoproliferative disorders. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6 (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of exanthema subitum and has been implicated in encephalitis. [NIH] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH]

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Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH]

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Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of

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crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH]

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Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leflunomide: An anticancer drug that works by inhibiting a cancer cell growth factor. Also called SU101. [NIH] Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Levamisole: An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil. [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]

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Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Maculopapular: Both macular and papular, as an eruption consisting of both macules and papules; sometimes erroneously used to designate a papule that is only slightly elevated. [EU]

Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and

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spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mastocytosis: A group of diseases resulting from proliferation of mast cells. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal

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cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitotic inhibitors: Drugs that kill cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitostis). [NIH]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]

Mouth Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH]

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Myelosuppression: A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some cancer treatments. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naevus: A circumscribed area of pigmentation or vascularization, usually in the form of a congenital benign neoplasm occurring in the skin or in various ocular tissues. [NIH] Necrolysis: Separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU]

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Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Orf: A specific disease of sheep and goats caused by a pox-virus that is transmissible to man and characterized by vesiculation and ulceration of the lips. [NIH] Ornithosis: Infection with Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to man by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected birds. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by pneumonitis and systemic manifestations. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Papule: A small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Parotitis: Inflammation of the parotid gland. [NIH] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch

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over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Perioral: Situated or occurring around the mouth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH]

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Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short

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oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the

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nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psittaci: Causal agent of ornithosis. [NIH] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyoderma Gangrenosum: An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyrethrins: The active insecticidal constituent of pyrethrum flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the

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pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester. [NIH] Pyrethrum: Species cinerafolium vis. and coccineum willd. of the genus Chrysanthemum (Compositae). The flowers contain pyrethrins, cinerolones, and chrysanthemines which are powerful contact insecticides. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be

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cancer in the body. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of

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old age. [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sialorrhea: Increased salivary flow. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of

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a disease. [EU] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH]

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Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombopenia: Reduction in the number of platelets in the blood. [NIH] Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]

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Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation

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due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Verruca: A circumscribed, cutaneous excrescence having a papilliferous surface; a small, circumscribed, epidermal tumor. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and

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kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 87, 113, 118, 122 Abdominal Pain, 87, 122 Abortion, 87, 89 Acantholysis, 87, 113 Acetaminophen, 54, 87 Acrylonitrile, 87, 118 Actinic keratosis, 60, 87 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 87 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 53, 87 Acyclovir, 10, 11, 12, 37, 40, 41, 42, 46, 48, 49, 87 Adenosine, 87, 114, 121 Adrenal Cortex, 87, 115 Adrenergic, 87, 98, 109 Adverse Effect, 87, 113, 119 Agonist, 87, 98, 109 Agranulocytosis, 6, 87 Algorithms, 88, 91 Alkaline, 88, 92 Alleles, 43, 88 Allopurinol, 11, 45, 88 Alopecia, 88, 96 Alpha Particles, 88, 117 Alternative medicine, 88 Ambulatory Care, 88 Amino acid, 88, 89, 96, 100, 115, 121, 122 Amino Acid Sequence, 88, 89 Anaesthesia, 88, 105 Analgesic, 87, 88 Analog, 87, 88, 101 Angioedema, 60, 88 Annealing, 88, 115 Antagonism, 88, 121 Antibacterial, 88, 119 Antibiotic, 88, 89, 91, 93, 100, 103, 119, 122 Antibodies, 40, 89, 90, 103, 104, 108, 114, 117 Antibodies, Anticardiolipin, 89 Antibody, 86, 89, 94, 96, 99, 103, 104, 105, 110, 117, 119 Anticoagulant, 89 Anticonvulsant, 30, 89, 92, 113 Anticonvulsive, 6, 89 Antidiabetic, 89, 102 Antifungal, 89, 103 Antigen, 12, 20, 26, 28, 89, 92, 94, 103, 104, 105, 106

Antihypertensive, 89, 109 Anti-inflammatory, 87, 89, 102, 115 Antimetabolite, 87, 89, 101, 109 Antimicrobial, 89, 93, 121 Antineoplastic, 89, 91, 96, 101, 109, 112, 114, 123 Antiphospholipid Syndrome, 33, 89 Antipyretic, 87, 89 Antiviral, 4, 87, 89, 106 Anus, 90, 94, 113 Apoptosis, 8, 12, 90 Arterial, 89, 90, 104, 115 Arteries, 90, 91, 96, 109, 114 Arteritis, 60, 90 Artery, 90, 96, 98, 112 Assay, 8, 90 Asymptomatic, 36, 90 Atrophy, 87, 90, 100 Attenuated, 90, 123 Atypical, 4, 12, 13, 23, 90, 105 Autoantibodies, 13, 22, 90, 97 Autoantigens, 90 Autoimmune disease, 30, 60, 90 Autoimmune Hepatitis, 54, 90 B Bacteria, 88, 89, 90, 91, 98, 109, 116, 118, 119, 123 Bacteriostatic, 90, 100 Basement Membrane, 90, 100 Basophils, 87, 90, 102, 107 Benign, 5, 13, 14, 60, 90, 101, 102, 111, 112, 117, 124 Bilateral, 90, 99 Bile, 30, 91, 106, 107 Bile Acids, 91 Bile Acids and Salts, 91 Bilirubin, 91, 104 Biochemical, 88, 89, 91 Biopsy, 4, 5, 20, 30, 85, 91 Biopsy specimen, 5, 30, 91 Biotechnology, 8, 67, 91 Bleomycin, 55, 91 Blister, 91, 113 Blood Coagulation, 91, 92 Blood vessel, 91, 92, 93, 99, 102, 108, 119, 121, 123 Bone Marrow, 87, 91, 96, 102, 104, 108, 110, 111, 119

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Bowel, 61, 91, 97, 105, 106, 113, 120, 122 Brachytherapy, 91, 106, 117 Broad-spectrum, 91, 93 Bronchi, 91, 121 Bronchial, 91, 121 Buccal, 5, 91, 108, 120 Bullous, 4, 5, 12, 13, 14, 19, 22, 29, 32, 48, 49, 60, 92, 97 Bupropion, 15, 30, 92 Burns, 54, 56, 92 Burns, Electric, 92 C Calcium, 6, 92, 94, 98 Calcium channel blocker, 6, 92 Calcium Channel Blockers, 6, 92 Candidiasis, 5, 92 Candidosis, 7, 73, 92 Capsaicin, 92 Capsicum, 53, 92 Carbamazepine, 15, 26, 48, 92 Carcinoma, 60, 92 Cardiolipins, 89, 92 Case report, 23, 34, 38, 45, 46, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56, 92 Causal, 5, 93, 116, 119 Cefaclor, 44, 93 Celiac Disease, 6, 7, 93, 102 Cell Adhesion, 22, 93, 106 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 22, 93 Cell Cycle, 93, 100, 116 Cell Death, 90, 93, 100, 111 Cell Division, 90, 93, 100, 110, 114 Cell membrane, 92, 93, 114 Cellulose, 93, 101, 114 Central Nervous System, 93, 101, 121 Cephalexin, 93 Cerebrovascular, 92, 93 Character, 93, 97, 102 Cheilitis, 7, 60, 93 Chemokines, 15, 93 Chemotherapy, 73, 93 Chickenpox, 6, 93 Cholesterol, 91, 93 Chromatin, 90, 94, 99, 111 Chronic, 4, 6, 32, 41, 73, 86, 94, 97, 103, 105, 113, 116, 118, 120, 121, 122, 124 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 6, 94, 103 Cleft Lip, 60, 94 Clinical trial, 8, 67, 94, 96, 98, 117 Cloning, 91, 94 Cofactor, 94, 115 Colitis, 94

Collagen, 88, 90, 94, 95, 101, 102 Colon, 4, 94, 105, 122 Combination chemotherapy, 55, 94 Complement, 17, 94, 95, 106 Complementary and alternative medicine, 51, 58, 95 Complementary medicine, 51, 95 Computational Biology, 67, 95 Concomitant, 14, 95 Condyloma, 6, 95 Congestion, 95, 99 Conjunctiva, 95, 107 Conjunctivitis, 61, 95 Connective Tissue, 6, 7, 89, 91, 94, 95, 97, 101, 108, 118, 121 Connective Tissue Cells, 95 Connective Tissue Diseases, 89, 95 Contact dermatitis, 21, 34, 36, 51, 52, 53, 95 Contamination, 95, 103 Contraindications, ii, 95 Convulsions, 89, 95 Cornea, 95, 107, 118, 123, 124 Corneum, 96, 97, 99 Coronary, 96, 109 Coronary Thrombosis, 96, 109 Corpus, 96, 115 Corpus Luteum, 96, 115 Cortisone, 96, 115 Co-trimoxazole, 45, 96 Cranial, 23, 96, 100, 113 Cryoglobulinemia, 35, 96 Cyclic, 96, 121 Cyclophosphamide, 43, 96 Cyclosporine, 6, 19, 96 Cysteine, 93, 96 Cytokines, 93, 96, 105 Cytomegalovirus, 4, 6, 23, 96 Cytoplasm, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 110, 111 Cytoskeleton, 96, 106, 109 Cytotoxic, 6, 7, 92, 96, 105, 117 D Decarboxylation, 97, 109 Degenerative, 97, 103 Deletion, 90, 97 Denaturation, 97, 115 Dermal, 19, 30, 31, 47, 97, 107 Dermatitis, 9, 14, 15, 19, 22, 23, 24, 29, 34, 36, 44, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 72, 97, 102 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 29, 97, 102 Dermatophytosis, 23, 97 Dermatosis, 19, 32, 60, 97

127

Dermis, 88, 97, 110, 118, 124 Desensitisation, 45, 97 Desensitization, 97, 104 Diagnosis, Differential, 61, 97 Diagnostic procedure, 97 Digestion, 91, 97, 106, 107, 120 Digestive system, 97, 110 Digestive tract, 97, 119, 120 Diploid, 97, 114 Direct, iii, 5, 6, 97, 98, 112, 117 Discrete, 97, 107, 124 Diuresis, 97, 121 Docetaxel, 54, 98 Dopamine, 92, 98 Dorsal, 98, 115 Double-blind, 10, 32, 98 Drug Eruptions, 6, 98 Duct, 98, 108, 118, 120 Duodenum, 91, 98, 120 Dystrophic, 98, 99 E Edema, 88, 95, 98, 110 Efficacy, 41, 98 Elastic, 41, 98, 102 Elective, 46, 98 Electrolytes, 91, 98 Electrons, 98, 106, 117 Embolus, 98, 105 Embryo, 87, 98, 105, 109 Encephalitis, 98, 103 Endocarditis, 92, 99 Endocrine Glands, 99 Endothelial cell, 30, 99 Environmental Health, 66, 68, 99 Enzymatic, 88, 92, 94, 99, 115 Enzyme, 22, 99, 114, 117, 124 Eosinophilia, 15, 99 Eosinophils, 87, 99, 102, 107 Epidermal, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 19, 22, 26, 31, 36, 45, 47, 48, 54, 56, 57, 83, 99, 107, 109, 123, 124 Epidermis, 5, 31, 87, 91, 96, 97, 99, 104, 107, 113, 115, 116 Epidermoid carcinoma, 99, 120 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 6, 99 Epidermomycosis, 97, 99 Epithelial, 5, 11, 99, 100, 103, 112 Epithelial Cells, 99, 103 Epithelium, 5, 90, 95, 99, 112, 124 Epitope, 46, 99 Erythema Infectiosum, 99, 100 Erythema Nodosum, 4, 17, 32, 99

Erythromycin, 6, 100 Esophageal, 21, 100 Esophageal Stricture, 21, 100 Esophagus, 97, 100, 120 Ethnic Groups, 4, 100 Etoposide, 55, 100 Etretinate, 25, 100 Evoke, 100, 120 Exanthema, 21, 100, 103 Exfoliation, 100, 111 Extensor, 100, 116, 124 External-beam radiation, 100, 117 Extracellular, 11, 95, 100, 101, 106 Extracellular Matrix, 11, 95, 100, 101, 106 Extracellular Space, 100 Extraction, 4, 100 F Facial, 7, 31, 72, 100, 112 Facial Nerve, 100, 112 Family Planning, 67, 101 Fat, 91, 98, 101, 107, 119 Fatigue, 94, 101 Febrile, 4, 60, 101, 112 Fibroblasts, 95, 101, 106 Fibrosis, 60, 101, 118 Fistula, 60, 101 Flexor, 100, 101, 107 Fluorouracil, 32, 101, 107 Forearm, 4, 101 Fungi, 89, 101, 109, 121, 123, 124 Fungus, 92, 101 G Gamma Rays, 101, 117 Ganglion, 101, 124 Gastrointestinal, 3, 6, 7, 45, 101, 121 Gastrointestinal tract, 3, 101 Gene, 8, 33, 88, 91, 101, 102, 106 Gene Expression, 8, 33, 102 Genetic testing, 102, 115 Genital, 22, 26, 36, 58, 61, 102, 124 Gingival Hyperplasia, 7, 60, 102 Gingivitis, 60, 73, 102 Ginseng, 53, 58, 102 Gland, 60, 87, 96, 102, 108, 112, 118, 120 Glomerulus, 102, 111 Glucocorticoid, 102, 115 Gluten, 6, 93, 102 Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy, 6, 102 Glyburide, 15, 102 Glycoprotein, 102, 122 Goats, 102, 112 Governing Board, 102, 115

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Erythema Multiforme

Graft, 30, 46, 60, 102, 105, 110, 116 Graft Rejection, 102, 105 Graft-versus-host disease, 30, 46, 60, 102, 110, 116 Granulocytes, 87, 102, 124 Granuloma, 21, 102 Granuloma Annulare, 21, 102 Griseofulvin, 23, 103 H Hair follicles, 97, 103, 124 Halitosis, 60, 103 Haploid, 103, 114 Hemorrhage, 5, 60, 103, 116 Hemostasis, 103, 106 Hepatitis, 11, 32, 41, 103, 105 Hepatitis A, 11, 103 Hepatocytes, 103 Hepatomegaly, 103, 105 Hepatotoxicity, 54, 103 Hepatovirus, 103 Heredity, 101, 103 Herpes virus, 6, 31, 103 Herpes Zoster, 6, 14, 103 Herpesvirus 6, Human, 6, 103 Heterodimers, 103, 106 Homologous, 88, 103 Hormonal, 4, 90, 103 Hormone, 96, 103, 115 Human papillomavirus, 6, 103 Hybridomas, 104, 106 Hyperaemia, 95, 104 Hyperbilirubinemia, 54, 104, 106 Hyperpigmentation, 6, 104 Hyperplasia, 104, 107 Hypersensitivity, 8, 97, 104 Hypertension, 92, 104 Hyperthermia, 4, 104 I Idiopathic, 54, 104, 116, 118 Ileal, 4, 104 Ileum, 104 Immune response, 47, 89, 90, 96, 102, 104, 105, 121, 123 Immune system, 4, 90, 104, 105, 108, 124 Immunization, 104, 105 Immunocompromised, 4, 104 Immunofluorescence, 5, 18, 35, 104 Immunoglobulin, 49, 89, 104, 110 Immunologic, 22, 29, 43, 104, 117 Immunosuppressant, 101, 104, 109 Immunosuppression, 4, 104, 105, 108 Immunosuppressive, 96, 102, 104, 105

Immunosuppressive Agents, 104, 105 Immunosuppressive therapy, 105 Immunotherapy, 25, 97, 105 Implant radiation, 105, 106, 117 In vitro, 8, 105, 114 In vivo, 15, 105, 108 Induction, 8, 105 Infarction, 36, 96, 105, 109, 114 Infectious Mononucleosis, 6, 105, 110 Infiltration, 105, 124 Inflammatory bowel disease, 7, 105 Ingestion, 45, 52, 98, 103, 105, 114 Inhalation, 105, 112, 114 Insecticides, 105, 117 Integrins, 11, 106 Interferon, 27, 41, 106, 108 Interferon-alpha, 106 Interleukin-6, 54, 55, 106 Internal radiation, 106, 117 Interstitial, 91, 100, 106, 111 Intestinal, 93, 106, 108 Intestinal Mucosa, 93, 106 Intestine, 91, 106, 117, 119 Intracellular, 92, 105, 106, 118 Intraepithelial, 5, 106 Intravascular, 52, 106 Intravenous, 32, 54, 106, 112 Ionizing, 88, 106, 117 Irritants, 6, 106 Isopropyl, 9, 106 J Jaundice, 104, 106 K Kb, 66, 106 Keratin, 107 Keratinocytes, 8, 10, 29, 107 Keratoconjunctivitis, 44, 107 Keratosis, 87, 107 L Larva Migrans, 18, 107 Latent, 6, 107, 115 Leflunomide, 25, 107 Lenses, 13, 107, 117 Lesion, 85, 102, 107, 108, 110, 119, 121, 122 Leukemia, 6, 7, 107 Leukocytes, 90, 91, 93, 96, 99, 102, 106, 107, 110, 111, 122 Leukopenia, 6, 7, 107 Leukoplakia, 60, 107 Levamisole, 17, 32, 54, 55, 107 Lichen Planus, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 55, 60, 73, 100, 107

129

Ligands, 93, 106, 107 Lip, 7, 32, 60, 94, 107 Lipid, 107 Lipopolysaccharide, 13, 107 Liver, 21, 87, 90, 91, 96, 97, 103, 107, 115, 118 Localization, 10, 32, 108 Localized, 33, 54, 61, 88, 102, 105, 107, 108, 110, 114, 118, 122, 123 Locomotion, 108, 114 Lupus, 6, 14, 33, 34, 60, 89, 108, 121 Lymph, 99, 105, 108, 118 Lymph node, 108, 118 Lymphadenitis, 46, 108 Lymphadenopathy, 105, 108 Lymphatic, 33, 105, 108, 119, 120, 121 Lymphatic system, 108, 119, 120, 121 Lymphoblasts, 87, 108 Lymphocyte, 34, 89, 104, 108 Lymphocyte Depletion, 104, 108 Lymphocytic, 108 Lymphoid, 89, 108 Lymphoma, 18, 55, 56, 108 Lymphoproliferative, 6, 103, 108 Lymphoproliferative Disorders, 103, 108 M Maculopapular, 21, 108 Malabsorption, 7, 93, 108 Malignancy, 108, 112 Malignant, 60, 89, 108, 109, 111, 117, 118 Malignant tumor, 60, 109 Mastocytosis, 14, 109 Maxillary, 94, 109 Medial, 94, 109 Mediate, 93, 98, 109 Medical Records, 109, 118 MEDLINE, 67, 109 Melanin, 109 Melanocytes, 104, 109 Melanosis, 6, 109 Membrane, 5, 43, 93, 94, 95, 109, 110, 113, 114, 118, 121 Mesoderm, 94, 109 Metastasis, 93, 109 Metastatic, 3, 109 Methotrexate, 34, 53, 56, 109 Methyldopa, 5, 109 MI, 11, 86, 109 Mice Minute Virus, 109, 112 Microbe, 109, 122 Microbiology, 90, 109 Micro-organism, 109, 119

Microtubules, 109, 112 Migrans, 5, 107, 110 Migration, 94, 110 Mitosis, 90, 110 Mitotic, 98, 100, 110, 123 Mitotic inhibitors, 98, 110 Molecular, 28, 67, 69, 91, 95, 110, 118, 122 Molecule, 89, 92, 94, 99, 110, 117, 123 Monoclonal, 104, 110, 117 Monocytes, 106, 107, 110 Mononuclear, 29, 30, 102, 105, 110, 122 Mononucleosis, 30, 110 Mouth Ulcer, 6, 7, 110 Mucocutaneous, 7, 28, 54, 110 Mucosa, 4, 5, 59, 61, 73, 108, 110, 120, 121 Mucositis, 6, 110 Mucus, 110, 122 Muscle relaxant, 110, 113 Muscle Spindles, 110, 113 Mustard Gas, 106, 110 Mycophenolate mofetil, 42, 110 Myelosuppression, 6, 111 Myocardium, 109, 111 N Naevus, 26, 111 Necrolysis, 10, 12, 16, 18, 36, 45, 47, 48, 54, 56, 57, 83, 111 Necrosis, 86, 90, 105, 109, 111, 118 Neoplasia, 100, 111 Neoplasm, 14, 111, 112, 118 Neoplastic, 104, 108, 111 Nephritis, 40, 111 Nerve, 87, 100, 101, 111, 118, 120, 122, 124 Neural, 103, 111 Neutrons, 88, 111, 117 Neutropenia, 16, 111 Neutrophils, 88, 102, 107, 111 Nitrogen, 96, 111 Norepinephrine, 87, 98, 109, 111 Nucleus, 90, 94, 96, 99, 101, 110, 111, 116, 120 Nursing Care, 111, 113 O Ocular, 61, 111 Oncogenic, 106, 111, 116 Ophthalmic, 12, 111 Oral Hygiene, 103, 112 Oral Manifestations, 4, 5, 112 Orf, 29, 38, 112 Ornithosis, 41, 112, 116 Orofacial, 4, 6, 7, 60, 112 Outpatient, 112

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Erythema Multiforme

Ovum, 96, 112, 115 P Paclitaxel, 54, 55, 56, 112 Paediatric, 24, 53, 112 Palate, 60, 112, 120 Papilloma, 6, 95, 112 Papillomavirus, 6, 112 Papule, 85, 108, 112 Parasite, 112 Parasitic, 60, 112, 118 Parasitic Diseases, 60, 112 Parenteral, 98, 112 Parotid, 60, 112, 118 Parotitis, 40, 112 Parvovirus, 24, 99, 109, 112 Patch, 107, 112 Pathogenesis, 8, 22, 30, 48, 113 Pathologic, 9, 90, 91, 92, 96, 104, 113, 116 Pathologic Processes, 90, 113 Patient Care Management, 7, 113 Patient Education, 72, 78, 80, 86, 113 Pemphigus, 4, 5, 6, 7, 38, 40, 55, 73, 83, 87, 113 Perianal, 3, 95, 113 Perineal, 3, 113 Perineum, 113 Periodontal disease, 6, 113 Periodontitis, 102, 113 Perioral, 59, 113 Peripheral blood, 29, 30, 106, 113 Peripheral Nervous System, 109, 113, 121 Peripheral stem cells, 102, 113 Peritoneum, 113, 118 Phagocytosis, 41, 113 Pharmacologic, 113, 122 Phenytoin, 23, 48, 92, 113 Phospholipids, 89, 92, 101, 114 Phosphorus, 92, 114 Physiologic, 87, 114, 117 Pigment, 30, 91, 109, 114 Pigmentation, 60, 104, 109, 111, 114 Placenta, 114, 115 Plants, 52, 102, 111, 114, 122 Plasma, 60, 89, 92, 93, 103, 114 Plasma cells, 89, 114 Platelets, 111, 114, 121 Pneumonia, 13, 95, 114, 122 Pneumonitis, 112, 114 Podophyllotoxin, 100, 114 Poisoning, 55, 114, 119 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 60, 114 Polyarthritis, 28, 114

Polymerase, 8, 20, 29, 114 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 20, 29, 114 Polymorphic, 43, 115 Polysaccharide, 89, 93, 115 Posterior, 98, 112, 115, 118 Practice Guidelines, 68, 115 Precancerous, 87, 115 Predisposition, 42, 115 Prednisolone, 115 Prednisone, 43, 115 Prickle, 87, 107, 115 Progesterone, 15, 40, 115 Prophylaxis, 42, 49, 100, 115, 123 Prospective study, 17, 18, 115 Protective Agents, 92, 115 Protein S, 8, 91, 100, 115 Proteins, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96, 100, 103, 107, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119, 122, 123 Protons, 88, 106, 115, 117 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 112, 116 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 112, 116 Protozoa, 116, 123 Protozoal, 60, 96, 116 Pruritic, 97, 107, 116, 121 Psittaci, 112, 116 Psoralen, 48, 116 Psoriasis, 5, 60, 100, 110, 116 Psychogenic, 116, 122 Psychomotor, 92, 116 Public Policy, 67, 116 Pulmonary, 41, 55, 116 Purpura, 6, 7, 116 Purulent, 116, 123 Pyoderma, 4, 116 Pyoderma Gangrenosum, 4, 116 Pyogenic, 116, 119 Pyrethrins, 116, 117 Pyrethrum, 51, 116, 117 R Radiation, 4, 23, 30, 41, 100, 101, 104, 106, 117, 124 Radiation therapy, 23, 100, 106, 117 Radioactive, 105, 106, 111, 117 Radioimmunotherapy, 117 Radiolabeled, 117 Radiotherapy, 45, 91, 117 Randomized, 98, 117 Reactivation, 4, 17, 117 Receptor, 8, 89, 98, 117 Rectum, 90, 94, 97, 105, 117 Recurrence, 25, 35, 117 Red blood cells, 111, 117

131

Reductase, 109, 117 Refer, 1, 91, 94, 101, 103, 108, 110, 111, 117 Refraction, 117, 119 Regimen, 98, 117 Relapse, 18, 36, 117 Remission, 117 Reticular, 21, 118 Retina, 118, 123 Retinoid, 100, 118 Retroperitoneal, 15, 118 Retrospective, 22, 118 Retrospective study, 22, 118 Rickettsiae, 118, 123 Risk factor, 6, 30, 60, 115, 118 Rubber, 9, 24, 36, 87, 118 S Salivary, 96, 97, 101, 118, 119, 124 Salivary glands, 96, 97, 101, 118 Sarcoidosis, 44, 103, 118 Sarcoma, 54, 118 Sclera, 95, 118, 123 Scleroderma, 55, 60, 118 Screening, 94, 118 Sebaceous, 97, 106, 118, 124 Sebaceous gland, 97, 106, 118, 124 Seizures, 92, 113, 118 Semisynthetic, 93, 100, 118 Senile, 87, 118 Septicaemia, 34, 119 Septicemia, 51, 119 Sequencing, 115, 119 Serum, 44, 54, 55, 94, 108, 119, 122 Shedding, 6, 119 Shock, 86, 119, 122 Sialorrhea, 60, 119 Side effect, 14, 25, 60, 87, 96, 111, 119, 121 Signs and Symptoms, 114, 117, 119 Small intestine, 98, 103, 104, 106, 119 Smallpox, 72, 119 Smoking Cessation, 92, 119 Smooth muscle, 92, 95, 119, 121 Sneezing, 119 Soft tissue, 60, 91, 119 Solid tumor, 91, 119 Specialist, 74, 119 Species, 92, 103, 109, 110, 112, 117, 119, 121, 122, 123 Specificity, 8, 119 Spectrum, 12, 28, 36, 45, 119 Spinous, 99, 107, 120 Spleen, 17, 96, 108, 118, 120 Splenomegaly, 105, 120

Squamous, 6, 56, 99, 120 Squamous cell carcinoma, 56, 99, 120 Squamous cells, 120 Stabilization, 113, 120 Stenosis, 49, 120 Sterility, 96, 120 Steroids, 18, 102, 120 Stimulants, 102, 120 Stimulus, 42, 120 Stomach, 87, 97, 100, 101, 103, 119, 120 Stomatitis, 5, 7, 60, 61, 120 Stool, 94, 120 Strand, 114, 120 Stress, 4, 115, 118, 120, 123 Stricture, 120 Styrene, 118, 120 Subacute, 105, 120 Subclinical, 105, 118, 120 Subcutaneous, 88, 98, 112, 120 Submucous, 60, 121 Substance P, 100, 121 Symptomatic, 4, 121 Symptomatic treatment, 4, 121 Systemic, 6, 7, 18, 28, 30, 46, 47, 52, 59, 86, 89, 92, 105, 112, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121 Systemic disease, 6, 7, 59, 119, 121 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 46, 89, 121 T Tea Tree Oil, 51, 121 Tear Gases, 106, 121 Teratogenic, 100, 121 Theophylline, 44, 121 Thermal, 111, 115, 121 Thrombopenia, 89, 121 Thromboses, 89, 121 Thrombosis, 106, 115, 121 Thrombus, 96, 105, 121 Thrush, 92, 121 Thymus, 104, 108, 121 Tinea Pedis, 97, 121 Tissue, 20, 28, 41, 43, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124 Topical, 14, 25, 41, 52, 121 Torsion, 105, 121 Toxic, iv, 6, 10, 12, 16, 18, 36, 45, 47, 48, 56, 57, 60, 83, 98, 114, 120, 121, 122 Toxicity, 54, 55, 122 Toxicology, 68, 122 Toxins, 89, 98, 105, 117, 119, 122 Transfection, 91, 122

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Translation, 88, 100, 122 Translocation, 100, 122 Transmitter, 98, 109, 111, 122 Trauma, 4, 5, 60, 111, 122 Trees, 118, 122 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 45, 122 Tuberculosis, 108, 122 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 27, 122 Tunica, 110, 122 U Ulcer, 122 Ulceration, 7, 112, 122 Ulcerative colitis, 6, 105, 116, 122 Uric, 88, 122 Urinary, 61, 122, 124 Urinary Retention, 61, 122 Urinate, 122 Urine, 97, 122 Urticaria, 60, 122 Uterus, 87, 96, 115, 123 Uvea, 123 Uveitis, 61, 123 V Vaccination, 24, 123 Vaccines, 24, 123 Vagina, 92, 123, 124 Vaginal, 49, 123, 124 Vaginitis, 92, 123 Varicella, 4, 6, 14, 49, 123 Vascular, 5, 29, 88, 92, 97, 105, 114, 121, 122, 123 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 29, 123 Vasculitis, 4, 114, 123 Vector, 112, 123

Vein, 106, 112, 123 Venous, 60, 89, 115, 123 Verruca, 6, 123 Vesicular, 60, 97, 103, 119, 123 Veterinary Medicine, 67, 123 Villous, 93, 123 Vinblastine, 54, 123 Vinca Alkaloids, 123 Viral, 4, 6, 7, 8, 20, 32, 33, 54, 60, 98, 111, 123, 124 Virulence, 90, 122, 123 Viscera, 107, 124 Visceral, 107, 113, 124 Visceral Larva Migrans, 107, 124 Visual Acuity, 107, 124 Vitiligo, 116, 124 Vitro, 124 Vivo, 108, 124 Vulgaris, 5, 6, 87, 124 Vulva, 54, 124 W Warts, 103, 114, 124 White blood cell, 87, 89, 105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 114, 124 Wound Healing, 93, 106, 124 X Xanthine, 88, 124 Xanthine Oxidase, 88, 124 Xerostomia, 6, 60, 73, 124 X-ray, 101, 117, 124 Y Yeasts, 92, 101, 124 Z Zoster, 4, 6, 14, 49, 124